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Recent Submissions

Risk factors and mitigation strategies for spillover of MERS-CoV and other infections at the camel-human-interface: Rapid research needs appraisal
(Journal Article, 2026-10-01) Spasenoska, D.; Araya, N.; de Swart, M.; Harriss, E.; Moetlediwa, M.; Ndlovu, M.; Ntamo, Y.; Probyn, K.; Villanueva, G.; Henschke, N.; Cheng, V.; Moldokmatova, A.; Saylors, K.; Bahkali, K.; Aden, J.; Abdi, M.M.Q.; Al-Abdullah, N.; Patel, Ekta; Al-Tawfiq, A.J.; Azhar, I.E.; El-Masry, I.; Gobat, N.; Al-Sayafi, A.; Simniceanu, A.; von Dobschuetz, S.; Van Kerkhove, D.M.; Ndwandwe, D.; Norton, A.; Sigfrid, L.; Kayali, G.; Alharbi, N.; Mohamed, Q.A.M.
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is a zoonotic disease transmitted from camels-to-humans. We applied a targeted rapid research needs appraisal (RRNA) to review evidence and gaps on spill-over risk, mitigation measures, associated social and behavioural research. We systematically searched PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science and WHO Global Index Medicus up to November 2024, studies on MERS and other zoonoses at the camel-to-human interface. The protocol and interpretation were informed by a WHO-coordinated MERS expert reference group and Secretariat. Of 82 records, 92.7% (76/82) were observational and 74.4% (61/82) focused on MERS. Most were set in the Eastern Mediterranean (69.5%, 57/82) region. Most studies explored spillover risk activities (n = 50), and host and occupational risk factors (n = 36). Current evidence overlooks social and cultural contexts of camel-to-human interactions, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary research and engagement with at-risk populations to inform mitigation strategies applicable to diverse contexts.
Opportunities and challenges for countermeasures against Rift Valley fever virus: A quintessential One Health pathogen
(Journal Article, 2026-08-17) Dawes, B.E.; Gerken, Keli N.; Bett, Bernard K.; LaBeaud, A.D.
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus transmitted by a wide range of mosquito vectors present across the African continent. RVFV has resulted in large-scale epidemics in East, West, southern, and northern Africa with additional epidemics affecting the Arabian Peninsula, Mayotte, and Comoros. In some areas, rather than large-scale isolated outbreaks, RVFV causes a fluctuating low-level endemic burden affecting livestock populations by resulting in pregnancy loss and significant production losses. RVFV risk extends into the human population when it is transmitted either by vector-borne transmission or direct contact with infected animals or animal products such as blood, meat, or milk. Following infection, 2%–3% of humans can develop severe disease manifestations including encephalitis/meningitis, hemorrhagic fever, and retinitis, with visual deficits commonly reported among survivors. While RVF cases in animals and humans have been spatially linked, the proportion and risk associated with spillover events is poorly classified. Given RVFV’s dual threat to human and livestock health, it has been designated a priority pathogen by WHO for development of countermeasures. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of RVFV epidemiology, infection, and control as well as highlight key recent advances in the understanding of epidemiology and vaccine development. Multiple next-generation vaccine candidates have advanced to phase two clinical trials which offer hope for approved and commercially available human vaccines in the coming decades. However, despite these promising advancements, key gaps in knowledge remain, particularly regarding the total burden and geographic distributions of endemic and epidemic infections, shifting epidemiologic patterns, optimal vaccine use cases, and the effects of RVFV infection on pregnancy in humans living in hyperendemic regions. Many gaps in understanding persist, and RVFV remains a quintessential One Health pathogen requiring coordinated human, animal, and environmental investigation and collaboration to translate scientific advances into effective national public health strategies.
Livestock vaccination during humanitarian crises in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review of evidence of impact
(Journal Article, 2026-07-27) Buke, Yusuf; Knight-Jones, Theodore J.D.; Jost, C.; Jafary, U.; Daborn, C.; Shauna, Richards
Background In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), livestock are central to livelihoods and food security for hundreds of millions of people, yet are acutely vulnerable during humanitarian crises including drought, conflict, and disease outbreaks. Mass vaccination is routinely deployed as an emergency livestock intervention, but evidence of its actual impact on herd survival, livelihoods, and human nutrition remains scarce and methodologically weak. Methods This scoping review synthesized available evidence on livestock vaccination during humanitarian crises in SSA, drawing on 57 sources identified through structured database searches supplemented by grey literature and expert workshop insights. Results Of these, only 20 directly addressed vaccination in crisis or disaster-response contexts, nine reported direct measures of impact such as mortality reduction, herd recovery, or economic outcomes and eleven comprising of guidance documents or programme reports without outcome measurement. Most relied on coverage figures, programme reports, or operational guidance rather than rigorous outcome evaluation. Findings are labelled according to their context of origin: crisis setting (CS), non-crisis setting (NCS), or programme guidance (PG). Three studies from Kenya and Ethiopia reported reduced livestock mortality, while one study from South Sudan reported a positive benefit-cost ratio in a crisis context with vaccination associated with reduced livestock mortality and positive economic returns, particularly when implemented early and integrated with feed, water, and veterinary support. Key barriers to effectiveness included cold chain failures, delayed delivery, antigenic mismatch, weak coordination, and inequitable access, with women consistently less likely to benefit from vaccination programmes. Conclusions Based on this review, we recommend: (1) shifting evaluation frameworks from coverage outputs to measurable livestock and livelihood outcomes; (2) investing in preparedness and pre-crisis vaccination before animals are debilitated; (3) adopting thermostable vaccine formulations for remote and crisis settings; (4) systematically integrating gender equity into programme design and monitoring; and (5) prioritizing rigorous crisis-specific evaluation to strengthen the evidence base. Evaluation of crisis-response livestock vaccination remains methodologically weak and further rigorous evaluation is urgently needed.
Papua New Guinea food price bulletin: August 2026
(Brief, 2026-08-28) International Food Policy Research Institute; Hayoge, Glen; Kedir Jemal, Mekamu
This bulletin reports on food price trends from major markets in Papua New Guinea (PNG), for the second quarter (Q2) of 2026 using the data collected by Fresh Produce Development Authority (FPDA). During this period, two rounds of data were collected in all markets in May 2026. In April, two rounds of data were collected in Banz, Goroka, Kokopo, Lae and Mt. Hagen markets; however, only one round of data was collected in Port Moresby. In June no survey data collection was conducted in Kokopo and Mt. Hagen, whereas Banz, Goroka, Lae and Port Moresby each had one round. This report analyzes month-over-month changes in Q2 2026 (April to June) and available data through August for selected markets. The bulletin compares prices with the previous quarter (Q1 2026: January to March) and the same period in 2025 (Q2 2025). Prices are reported in real PGK per kilogram (i.e., adjusted for inflation using the FAO Consumer Food Price Index (PCI) and price gaps from July 2025 to August 2026 filled using a growth rate calculated from quarterly PCI data provided by the PNG National Statistical Office (June and September 2025). This bulletin focuses on selected staples (sweet potato, taro, cassava, cooking banana and rice), vegetables (English cabbage, capsicum, and carrot) and fruits (pawpaw and pineapple). For longer time series data and interactive tools, visit the IFPRI website to create graphs, compare prices and commodities, and download food price data here.
Food on the go: How food environments shape adolescent diets in Viet Nam
(Blog Post, 2026-08-28) Fretes, Gabriela; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Gune, Soyra; Maasen, Kim; Talsma, Elise F.; Truong, Mai Tuyet; Hoang, Nga Thu; Brouwer, Inge D.; Ruel, Marie T.; Leroy, Jef L.
Key takeaways - Most adolescents in Viet Nam eat food prepared outside the home, survey data show, especially for breakfast and snacks. - The nutrition effects of these foods are nuanced. They increase unhealthy fat and sodium intake but also provide key vitamins and minerals. - Food environments shape what adolescents eat. Healthier food options and stronger nutrition policies can improve diets.