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    Heat tolerance in West African cattle
    (Journal Article, 1971) Kahoun, J.
    Heat tolerance of West African Dwarf Shorthorn and N'Dama cattle in Ghana are investigated. Data on the magnitude and direction of the heat tolerance coefficients (HTC), the nature of the HTC variation by the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation included. Hightlights some of the inter-relationships between the various environmental conditions and body temperature.
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    The rise and fall of rabies in Japan: A quantitative history of rabies epidemics in Osaka Prefecture, 1914–1933
    (Journal Article, 2017-03-23) Kurosawa, A.; Tojinbara, K.; Kadowaki, H.; Hampson, Karen J.; Yamada, A.; Makita, K.
    Japan has been free from rabies since the 1950s. However, during the early 1900s several large-scale epidemics spread throughout the country. Here we investigate the dynamics of these epidemics between 1914 and 1933 in Osaka Prefecture, using archival data including newspapers. The association between dog rabies cases and human population density was investigated using Mixed-effects models and epidemiological parameters such as the basic reproduction number (R0), the incubation and infectious period and the serial interval were estimated. A total of 4,632 animal rabies cases were reported, mainly in dogs (99.0%, 4,584 cases) during two epidemics from 1914 to 1921, and 1922 to 1933 respectively. The second epidemic was larger (3,705 cases) than the first (879 cases), but had a lower R0 (1.50 versus 2.42). The first epidemic was controlled through capture of stray dogs and tethering of pet dogs. Dog mass vaccination began in 1923, with campaigns to capture stray dogs. Rabies in Osaka Prefecture was finally eliminated in 1933. A total of 3,805 rabid dog-bite injuries, and 75 human deaths were reported. The relatively low incidence of human rabies, high ratio of post-exposure vaccines (PEP) and bite injuries by rabid dogs (minimum 6.2 to maximum 73.6, between 1924 and 1928), and a decline in the proportion of bite victims that developed hydrophobia over time (slope = -0.29, se = 3, p < 0.001), indicated that increased awareness and use of PEP might have prevented disease. Although significantly more dog rabies cases were detected at higher human population densities (slope = 0.66, se = 0.03, p < 0.01), there were fewer dog rabies cases detected per capita (slope = -0.34, se = 0.03, p < 0.01). We suggest that the combination of mass vaccination and restriction of dog movement enabled by strong legislation was key to eliminate rabies. Moreover, the prominent role of the media in both reporting rabies cases and efforts to control the disease likely contributed to promoting the successful participation required to achieve rabies elimination.
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    Perspectives du marché communautaire des produits laitiers
    (News Item, 2003) Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation
    La Commission européenne a publié en juin 2003 son...
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    Seasonal patterns of dengue fever and associated climate factors in 4 provinces in Vietnam from 1994 to 2013
    (Journal Article, 2017-12) Hu Suk Lee; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Vu Sinh Nam; Lee, M.; Won, S.; Phuc Pham Duc; Grace, Delia
    Background In Vietnam, dengue fever (DF) is still a leading cause of hospitalization. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonality and association with climate factors (temperature and precipitation) on the incidences of DF in four provinces where the highest incidence rates were observed from 1994 to 2013 in Vietnam. Methods Incidence rates (per 100,000) were calculated on a monthly basis from during the study period. The seasonal-decomposition procedure based on loess (STL) was used in order to assess the trend and seasonality of DF. In addition, a seasonal cycle subseries (SCS) plot and univariate negative binomial regression (NBR) model were used to evaluate the monthly variability with statistical analysis. Lastly, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to assess the relationship between monthly incidence rates and weather factors (temperature and precipitation). Results We found that increased incidence rates were observed in the second half of each year (from May through December) which is the rainy season in each province. In Hanoi, the final model showed that 1 °C rise of temperature corresponded to an increase of 13% in the monthly incidence rate of DF. In Khanh Hoa, the final model displayed that 1 °C increase in temperature corresponded to an increase of 17% while 100 mm increase in precipitation corresponded to an increase of 11% of DF incidence rate. For Ho Chi Minh City, none of variables were significant in the model. In An Giang, the final model showed that 100 mm increase of precipitation in the preceding and same months corresponded to an increase of 30% and 22% of DF incidence rate. Conclusion Our findings provide insight into understanding the seasonal pattern and associated climate risk factors.
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    Carbon storage in tropical forests correlates with taxonomic diversity and functional dominance on a global scale
    (Journal Article, 2014-05) Cavanaugh, K.C.; Gosnell, J.S; Davis, S.L; Ahumada, Jorge A.; Boundja, P; Clark, D.B.; Mugerwa, B; Jansen, P.A; O'Brien, T.G; Rovero, F; Sheil, D.; Vásquez, R.; Andelman, Sandy J.
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    The wealth of the dry forests: can sound forest management contribute to the millennium development goals in Sub-Saharan Africa?
    (Brief, 2006) Petheram, L.; Campbell, Bruce M.; Marunda, C.T.; Tiveau, D.; Shackleton, S.
    Dry forests in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) cover approximately 43% of the continent. They are inhabited by nearly 236 million people, many of these the poorest in the world. A majority of the population of these regions is dependent on traditional energy sources (i.e., firewood, charcoal and organic wastes), subsistence farming, generally free-ranging livestock, and products harvested from the dry forests. Growing pressure on dry forest resources to meet human and socioeconomic development needs mean that dry forests are increasingly being utilised unsustainably. Continued degradation of dry forests poses serious problems for a large number of people, especially poorer people who depend on these forests for their livelihoods. In the past, dry forests have been seriously undervalued and much attention has instead been directed towards management of tropical humid forests and their biodiversity. Recently, a number of studies indicate that dry forests can play a critical role in helping mitigate affects of extreme poverty in SSA (Campbell et al. 2002; Shackleton and Shackleton 2004) – yet in many countries their contribution is still ignored in terms of national policy and forest management. Many African governments do not take dry forests seriously and/or fail to make the link between degradation of dry forests and increasing poverty. Continued degradation of forests and increasing poverty in these regions points to the need to focus much more attention on dry forest management than in the past. In doing this we need to explore some important questions, such as: What type of benefits can dry forests provide and who do they benefit? Can these benefits help address the Millennium Development Goals? How can forest management be improved to help maximise these benefits? In September 2000 leaders from around the world gathered to adopt a UN Millennium Declaration. In this declaration countries committed to a new global partnership designed to reduce extreme poverty by 2015 - by addressing a series of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).The MDGs are highly relevant to forestry in SSA given that it is in dry forest countries that poverty is most prevalent.
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    Identification of an A2 population of Phythophthora andina attacking tree tomato in Peru indicates a risk of sexual reproduction in this pathosystem
    (Journal Article, 2016-09) Forbes, G.; Gamboa, S.; Lindqvist-Kreuze, H.; Oliva, R.F.; Pérez, W.
    Tree tomato, Solanum betaceum, is an Andean fruit crop previously shown to be attacked by Phytophthora andina in Ecuador and Colombia. Blight‐like symptoms were discovered on tree tomato plants in the central highlands of Peru in 2003 and shown to be caused by P. andina. Isolates of P. andina, collected from three different plantations in Peru over a 6‐year time span (2003–2008), were compared genetically with P. andina isolates from Colombia and Ecuador to test whether the pathogen population is geographically structured in the Andes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), mitochondrial DNA and simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic markers, and mating type behaviour indicated that the Peruvian P. andina population from tree tomato is genetically distinct from populations infecting tree tomato in Colombia (CO‐1) and Ecuador (EC‐3, Ia, A1), but is more similar to the population infecting solanaceous hosts of the Anarrhichomenum complex (EC‐2, Ic, A2). Such geographic substructuring within this pathogen species could result from spatial isolation. Most strikingly, in contrast to the Ecuadorian and Colombian P. andina isolates from tree tomato, the Peruvian isolates have the A2 mating type. The presence of both mating types in the Andean population of P. andina attacking tree tomato indicates a risk of sexual reproduction and the presence of long‐lasting oospores in this pathosystem.
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    Farm record keeping - A tool to understand gender differentiated roles and decision power
    (Presentation, 2018-09) Rai, Munmun
    Presented by Munmun Rai (CIMMYT), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research, Addis Ababa, 25-27 September 2018.
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    Improvement of wheat landraces, collected from farmers, through evaluation and selection.
    (Report, 2018-12-31) CGIAR Research Program on Wheat
    The improved landraces have been given to farmers and proved their adaptation and use by the farmers. It is ready to be promoted to a wide stage.