·-· -- ... 
-

f 
1 

: . 
" . 
.. 
. 
. . 
• • 
• • 
. 
. . 
. . 
. . 
• 
.. 


7IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
FUELING GROWTH,
HEALTH, AND PROSPERITY
FUELING GROWTH, HEALTH, AND PROSPERITY
Although in many ways 2002 was a year of
struggle for the International Potato Center,
it was also one of revitalization. Decreases in
funding forced us to make difficult choices
involving staff reduction and program
restriction, which were offset by a drive to
heighten efficiencies and build up fundraising
efforts. The result, for which all of CIP staff
deserves great credit, was positive. We
reached the end of the year with a much
smaller deficit than we had anticipated (see
A shared effort to sustain impact, page 85)
and were able to rebuild our reserves to a
level that we could feel comfortable with. All
of this set the stage for a balanced budget for
2003 and a period of solid reconstruction.
CIP’s Fifth External Program and
Management Review (EPMR), conducted in
early 2002, acknowledged the Center’s
“significant achievements” and signaled the
8IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
strengths that have contributed to these, as well as areas that required improvement. The CGIAR interim
Science Council (iSC) endorsed the EPMR’s findings with a call for greater support to CIP “as the key
supplier of international public good research for roots and tubers.”
One of the key responses to the EPMR recommendations was the decision to embark upon a CIP
Vision exercise (see A new CIP Vision, page 55). For this exercise, which will culminate in 2003, we
are using the roadmapping approach introduced to CIP by David MacKenzie. Throughout the six years
he served on our Board of Trustees, David was a tremendous source of guidance, inspiration, and
encouragement for the Center, and his unexpected illness and death in the course of the year signified
a great loss to the CIP community. His keen insight, nonetheless, continues to guide us.
At CIP, we are convinced that roots and tubers are the foods of the future. In an era when these crops
are clearly growing in importance as sources of food, nutrition, and improved livelihoods, especially in the
countries we serve, we are committed to working effectively to realize their enormous potential in fueling
growth, health, and prosperity. They are tremendously adaptable, demonstrate high production efficiency,
provide flexibility for responding to health concerns, are versatile as income generators, and, perhaps most
important, have a potential for improvement in productivity that is nowhere near being exhausted.
In 2002 we also confirmed the importance of our work in the areas of natural resource management
and urban agriculture. CIP participated actively in the CGIAR systemwide process of identifying high priority
Challenge Programs, in particular through the formulation of two proposals centered on efforts led by us:
the Global Mountain Program and the Strategic Initiative for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture. Although
these two initiatives were not chosen within the first group of Challenge Programs to be launched, the
iSC, donors, and other stakeholders insisted that we sustain and strengthen them to guarantee an
8
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
9IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Hubert  Zandstra
Director General
enhanced response to the real and actual global challenges they address. As we did so, CIP scientists
continued to explore ways of contributing to the Challenge Programs that have gone forward: Biofortified
Crops for Improved Human Nutrition, principally with the work of the Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA)
partnership to combat vitamin A deficiency; Water and Food, with our growing capabilities in natural
resource management and development of modeling tools; and Unlocking Genetic Diversity in Crops for
the Resource Poor, an effort that has been at the heart of CIP’s research since the Center’s founding.
In addition, despite the increased demands on our staff, CIP made steady progress in research on many
other fronts. This included outstanding advances, for instance, in bacterial wilt research involving rapid
screening for resistance traits and improvements in integrated disease management. More than 20 years of
investment in breeding for virus resistance also bore fruit with the incorporation of resistance to two major
potato viruses—PVX and PVY—into our premier late-blight-resistant populations as well as other promising
breeding lines. You will read about many other Center achievements in the pages that follow.
As CIP moves forward into 2003, we are concentrating on rebuilding our capabilities in Asia and Africa,
some of which have been lost through downsizing, others through natural attrition. The Vision exercise will
help us to target the areas of extreme need within those regions where CIP’s contribution can make a
distinct difference. As always, we thank the donors who have stood by us in 2002, especially those who
provide the core funds that are the pillars of our research program, and we look forward to continuing to
work with them for a promising—and fruitful—2003.
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
9
10
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
PRESERVING THE CORE, STIMULATING PROGRESS  This Annual Report provides an opportunity to reflect on the process
in which CIP finds itself immersed: the creation of a new Vision for the Center. We see food security, human and
environmental health, and adequate livelihoods as fundamental rights of all people, and our aim is to contribute to
their fulfillment as effectively as possible. To do so, we must be selective. The Vision exercise will help us to focus our
work and increase our impact on the interrelated challenges we face. Recognition of our core competencies—the
pillars of our success—will help us to pinpoint the areas where we can make the biggest difference. At the same time,
the analysis of emerging needs and opportunities in the light of these competencies will allow us to identify where we
need renewed impetus.
In the following pages, you will read about activities that have been at the foundation of our research agenda from
the outset, and also about areas where we are making new headway. Our work in conservation and breeding has paved
the way for advances in combating important diseases such as late blight, contributing both to the development of new
potato varieties with durable resistance and to the protection of biodiversity in this crop’s center of origin (Late blight
research zeros in on a moving target, page 35). More than 30 years of experience in participatory, integrated crop
management has facilitated the application of new ways of dealing with emerging pest problems (Global cooperation
needed to combat leafminer fly, page 21). And in Africa, two decades of cooperative networking has creating a crucial
support system for VITAA (Vitamin A for Africa), a food-based approach to combating vitamin A deficiency that is offering
hope to millions (Neighbors helping neighbors, page 11). Meanwhile, CIP researchers are developing innovative modeling
tools for systems analysis that support sound decision making on technological change and resource investment (New
modeling tools simplify decision making in complex mountain ecosystems, page 27). In Asia, a fortified regional approach
promises to help us realize the enormous potential of root and tuber crops for responding to urgent food and income
needs (Scientists prepare for new era of CIP–China cooperation, page 45).
 We are pleased to share these accomplishments with you on behalf of all of our many stakeholders: the donors,
researchers, agents of change, policy makers, and farmers throughout the world who we labor side by side with to make
it all work, and to make it work for all.
11
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
NEIGHBORS
HELPING NEIGHBORS:
A STRATEGY FOR
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
FOR TWO DECADES, MANY
OF AFRICA’S LEADING ROOT
AND TUBER CROP SCIENTISTS
HAVE WORKED TOGETHER
THROUGH A NETWORK
CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF
THE DEVELOPING WORLD’S
MOST SUCCESSFUL RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS
In 1988, in an emergency effort to restart
Uganda’s national potato program, scientists
working in Rwanda under the umbrella of
PRAPACE (the French acronym for the Regional
Network for the Improvement of Potatoes and
Sweetpotatoes in Eastern and Southern Africa)
supplied their Ugandan colleagues with 9 tons of
high quality potato seed. At the time, Uganda
was recovering from nearly 15 years of political
upheaval that had left the country’s once-thriving
agriculture in disarray. Without an infusion of
clean seed stocks and improved varieties,
scientists feared that Ugandan potato farmers
would be forced to plant deteriorated seed, all
but guaranteeing poor yields and little return on
investment. The effort was a success, and
Uganda’s potato program subsequently recovered.
Rwanda’s generosity was repaid in 1994
following that country’s own civil war. Weeks
before the nation’s farmers began returning from
camps set up across the border in the
12
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
SINCE ITS FOUNDING 20 YEARS AGO,
PRAPACE HAS HELPED TO STRENGTHEN
NETWORKING FOR ROOT AND TUBER CROP
DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA.
Democratic Republic of the Congo, aid donors
began looking for a source of high quality potato
seed that could be supplied to thousands of
returning refugees. Uganda’s National Agricultural
Research Organization—a PRAPACE member—
helped avert a crisis by providing 20 tons of
quality potato tubers as part of the CGIAR’s Seeds
of Hope Campaign. As it turned out, much of the
material sent to Rwanda was derived from the
emergency shipment Rwandan scientists had sent
to Uganda six years before.
A GOOD-NEWS STORY
“This is the kind of good-news story that you
don’t hear much about in the media,” says
PRAPACE Coordinator Berga Lemaga, “but it’s not
all that unusual either. In Africa, when problems
arise neighbors try to help neighbors.”
Today, Rwanda produces nearly three times as
many potatoes as it did 20 years ago, including
large numbers of improved, CIP-derived varieties
that have a broader genetic background than the
potatoes grown in most industrialized countries.
In Rwanda, as in much of eastern and southern
Africa, potato is a basic food security crop and a
major income generator for the poor. In 2001,
per capita potato production equaled that of
some of Europe’s largest potato producing
countries. German farmers, for example, produced
about 11 million tons, while Rwanda—with one
tenth of the population and less than 1 percent of
the land—produced nearly 1 million tons.
NOT JUST POTATOES
Originally established as a potato research
network, PRAPACE now covers sweetpotato as
13
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
well. The network invests nearly half of its
US$400,000 annual budget in sweetpotato
research and development, with highest priority
directed to the distribution and testing of orange-
fleshed sweetpotato varieties or OFSPs, which
contain high levels of beta-carotene, used by the
body to make vitamin A. “PRAPACE has been a
key player in our efforts to promote OFSPs in the
fight against vitamin A deficiency,” says Regina
Kapinga, Coordinator of the VITAA (Vitamin A for
Africa) Partnership (see page 63). Vitamin A
deficiency is one of Africa’s most widespread
public health problems, and also one of its most
treatable, she says. For example, a CIP study
presented at a recent meeting of the
International Vitamin A Consultative Group
PRAPACE MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS
Burundi Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISAR)
DR Congo Institut National d’Etudes et de Recherches Agronomiques (INERA)
Ethiopia Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO)
Eritrea Department of Agricultural Research and Extension of the Ministry
of Agriculture and Extension (DRE)
Kenya Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
Madagascar Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Développement
Rural (FOFIFA/FIFAMANOR)
Rwanda Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR)
Sudan Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), Khartoum
Tanzania Uyole Agricultural Research and Training Institute (UARTI)
Uganda National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO)
Continued on page 18
14
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
DETECTING VIRUS DISEASES
CIP has used enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
nucleic acid spot hybridization
(NASH) techniques to develop
highly effective detection kits that
are relied upon by PRAPACE seed
producers and tissue culture
laboratories to detect virus-infected
seed tubers. The simple-to-use kits
can detect, with high sensitivity
and accuracy, the world’s four
leading potato viruses and the
viroid PSTVd, which are transmitted
by aphids and mechanically during
tuber handling. Because African
potato farmers use very little
insecticide, and because there are
few sources of genetic resistance
to viruses available, control
depends on eliminating infected
seed before it reaches farmers’
fields. The kits give seed producers
the ability to detect viruses at high
levels of efficiency, rivaling the
standards obtained in sophisticated
laboratories in developed
countries.
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
15
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
A QUESTION OF SEED
Ask any African potato or sweetpotato farmer
what they want most and their response will be
“high quality seed.” The better the seed, the
greater the return on investment. Farmers who
use superior quality seed can easily double or
triple production.
Since its inception, PRAPACE has invested heavily
in rural seed production projects in an effort to
move improved varieties to where they are needed
most. In 2002, more than 1.2 million farmers
working through hundreds of nongovernmental and
community-based organizations participated in
PRAPACE seed programs.
• In Rwanda, 240 local seed associations
distributed nearly 18,000 tons of superior
quality potato tubers, almost doubling the
amount distributed in 2001.
• In Burundi, government agriculturalists set
rehabilitation of the country’s national potato
seed program as priority for the period 2002–
2004. Burundi’s goal is to produce 10,000 tons
of high quality tubers by the end of 2004
using CIP/PRAPACE-released varieties.
• In support of that effort, government and
private sector laboratories are producing large
quantities of “basic seed,” a product that is
virtually pest- and disease-free. Basic seed, the
highest quality seed, is normally provided in
small quantities to top seed producers to
produce seed for the market.
• In Ethiopia, the national potato program—a
PRAPACE affiliate—established its first modern
tissue culture laboratory. The new lab, which is
multiplying four potato varieties for the
Ethiopian highlands, has the capacity to
produce up to 1 million ultra-high quality plants
per year.
• To jump start potato breeding and
development efforts in Sudan and Tanzania
PRAPACE, in cooperation with CIP, provided
researchers in those countries with a series of
new breeding lines that have proven successful
elsewhere in the region. The objective is to
develop varieties that are well suited to local
conditions in the shortest possible time and at
limited expense.
16
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
AFRICA AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR
Economists and development experts agree that one of the best ways to promote
rural development in sub-Saharan Africa is for farm enterprises to tap into local
and international markets. For African farmers to take advantage of market
opportunities, however, they will need to produce higher quality products that are
delivered on time and in sufficient quantity. To link farmers and markets, PRAPACE
encourages participatory research involving community-based organizations, the
private sector, and national research and development programs.
• In 2002, investments in postharvest research by PRAPACE and Uganda’s National
Agricultural Research Organization led to the release of a highly nutritious
porridge by the Maganjo Millers, a local food processor. The new high-protein,
high-beta-carotene product, known as Nutri-Porridge, is made from a combination
of orange-fleshed sweetpotato, maize, and groundnuts. It is reportedly outselling
all of its competitors on the Kampala market and is already in short supply.
• A partnership established with the Uganda-based House of Quality Spices has
opened up new opportunities for local farmers to export potato and sweetpotato
flour to Europe. The company also plans to produce snack foods for sale to
neighboring countries including Rwanda, where its products received high marks
from the nation’s President, Paul Kagame, after he performed a taste test.
• A Rwandan company, Potato Enterprises, recently announced that it would
commence commercial chipping operations in 2003 using CIP potato varieties
released through PRAPACE. The firm’s long-term strategy calls for the
manufacture of nearly 5,000 tons of chipped potatoes during its first year of
operations, with a ten-year goal of 15,000 tons. Seventy-five percent of its output
is slated for export.
17
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
• More than 20 Kenyan companies are currently involved in production of frozen
potatoes and snack foods for the domestic market. One food processor,
Mugumo Family Farms, produces 1.2 tons of processed products per week,
mainly for the hotel and airline industries. Farmers who sell their potatoes to
Mugumo receive twice the going price for their products.
• Researchers working for the commercial feed companies UGACHICK and
NUVITA in Uganda are conducting studies to determine the feasibility of
using sweetpotato as a principal ingredient in commercial animal feeds. If
successful, their products will be sold in Burundi, the Democratic Republic
of Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Processors are attracted to
sweetpotato because of the productive potential of improved varieties and
because of their early maturity, which helps farmers produce up to three
crops per year. Many of the new varieties are also high in beta-carotene,
an important ingredient in poultry feed.
• As Ugandan sweetpotato production reaches record levels, Maganjo Millers in
Kampala has agreed to purchase all of the orange-fleshed sweetpotato produced
by farmers in Uganda’s Soroti and Kumi districts. The agreement is expected to
remove a marketing bottleneck that has limited the crop’s potential.
• Western Kenyan community-based organizations in three districts are involved in
producing and marketing weaning foods that contain orange-fleshed
sweetpotato. The NGO Appropriate Rural Development Agricultural Program, for
example, works with local processors to supply charity homes and midwives
with a product, attractively packaged in 1 kg packets, that they use to improve
the health of their clients.
18
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
concluded that up to 50 million children under
five would benefit if African farmers switched
from traditional white-fleshed varieties to
improved orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes.
“We have been working closely with PRAPACE
to distribute orange-fleshed varieties to its
member countries, and we expect that the
network will play an important role in promoting
a new generation of sweetpotatoes that is just
now beginning to reach the region,” Kapinga
says. She notes that PRAPACE was an early
proponent of orange-fleshed varieties, and
invested significant resources to demonstrate the
feasibility of using OFSPs to eliminate vitamin A
deficiency among young children and their
mothers. The early VITAA varieties were high
beta-carotene lines selected from farmer varieties
and genebank holdings.
CIP plant breeders have produced a new and
improved set of OFSP materials that not only
meet local market standards for taste and
texture, but also can be harvested earlier—a
factor that is important for pest control because
it limits exposure in the field—and produce
higher yields. The new plant types, which began
shipping from CIP headquarters at the end of
2002, are the first to emerge from a six-year
breeding program supported by the German
Government’s Ministry for Technical Cooperation
(BMZ) and its operating arm, GTZ.
A SHARED MISSION
The PRAPACE network, which celebrated its
twentieth anniversary in 2002, supports the
region’s farmers by providing a range of technical
services through the combined efforts of the
agricultural research and extension programs of
its ten member countries.
PRAPACE membership is not automatic. To
join, a prospective member must apply formally
and then agree to commit staff and resources for
research in a specific problem area. Scientists in
Burundi, for example, play a lead role in
integrated disease management focusing on
bacterial wilt, while researchers in Uganda and
Ethiopia work on varietal testing and late blight
disease management. In this way, PRAPACE helps
to pool resources and maximize benefits. Among
its newest members, Tanzania joined in 1998
followed by Madagascar and Sudan in 1999.
“We estimate that the value of the services
provided by PRAPACE members now totals more
than US$1.0 million annually, roughly four times
the amount provided by our international
sponsors,“ Lemaga says. PRAPACE receives its
principal funding from the United States Agency
Continued from page 13
19
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED AS A POTATO
NETWORK, PRAPACE NOW DEDICATES
ABOUT HALF OF ITS BUDGET TO SWEETPOTATO,
IN PARTICULAR TO THE NEW ORANGE-FLESHED
VARIETIES BEING PROMOTED BY THE VITAA
PARTNERSHIP (BOTTOM).
for International Development (USAID), with
complementary grants from Canada’s International
Development Research Center (IDRC) and the
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO). The network is governed by a steering
committee composed of the leaders of the
national potato and sweetpotato research
programs of its member countries. CIP is the
project’s executing agency and provides technical
backstopping.
ASARECA: A STRENGTHENING ASSOCIATION
While PRAPACE’s overarching mission is to
promote root and tuber research and
development among its members, the network
members are particularly proud of their success
in supporting linkages and communication
between a range of different organizations. Such
linkages are particularly important, Lemaga notes,
as the world globalizes and as the region’s
environmental problems become more
challenging. “No one nation or group of nations
can go it alone and be successful,” he says.
PRAPACE partner agencies currently include
four Future Harvest Centers—CIAT, CIP, ICRAF,
and IITA—and FAO, IDRC, and two dozen
bilateral agencies and nongovernmental
organizations. Its most important relationship,
20
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
however, is with ASARECA, the Association for
Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern
and Central Africa. PRAPACE operates under the
auspices of ASARECA and is one of its twelve
commodity research and development networks.
ASARECA, established in 1993, is a regional
coordinating body set up to improve the quality
and cost-effectiveness of agricultural research,
support regional collaboration, and improve
information and technology delivery. It is
considered one of Africa’s most important
research partnerships and an essential mechanism
for agricultural development in the region.
Former USAID project officer Carole Levin says
that her agency’s decision to invest in ASARECA
was originally linked to PRAPACE’s early success
and to its Directors Committee’s willingness to
lobby for a regional organization that would work
with crops other than potatoes and sweetpotatoes.
“The PRAPACE Steering Committee laid much of
the ground work for ASARECA by demonstrating
the value of regional cooperation and the benefits
of pooling national resources,” she says.
“We are extremely proud of our early links
and our ongoing association with PRAPACE,” adds
ASARECA Director Seyfu Ketama. “PRAPACE is an
example of what can be achieved when
countries and international organizations work
together to collectively and equitably promote
regional economic growth through agriculture.”
“PRAPACE is also an important part of our
efforts to promote long-term sustainability of our
natural resources,” he says. “Maintaining the land
and the water is not a foreign concept, it is very
much in keeping with traditional African culture
and traditions. Through PRAPACE and ASARECA
we are working together to achieve a greater
good by combining our traditions with science
that serves the public’s greater interest. We
congratulate PRAPACE and all of its members on
its twentieth anniversary.”
CIP research in sub-Saharan Africa is broadly
supported by the CGIAR donor community through
nonrestricted funding and, in particular, by
restricted projects financed by Germany and the
United States. Other important donors include
IDRC, the McKnight Foundation, and the UK’s
Department for International Development, which
support research and development in the areas of
postharvest utilization, peri-urban agriculture, and
genetic conservation.
21
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
GLOBAL COOPERATION
NEEDED TO COMBAT
LEAFMINER FLY
THE LEAFMINER FLY (LIRIOMYZA
HUIDOBRENSIS), AN INSECT PEST
THAT ATTACKS POTATOES AND A
RANGE OF OTHER HORTICULTURAL
CROPS, IS FAST BECOMING A
WORLDWIDE CAUSE FOR CONCERN
TO FARMERS, CONSUMERS, AND
ENVIRONMENTALISTS
The tiny leafminer, sometimes known as the pea
leafminer, emerged from its home in the
Americas sometime in the 1970s, invading farms
in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Once thought to have
spread to developing countries from Europe,
scientists now believe that the leafminer traveled
from its place of origin in Central America on
vegetable and flower exports. It is now
considered a significant threat to agriculture and
the environment.
“Leafminer is nearly as serious a problem as
the whitefly,” says Pamela Anderson, the
International Potato Center’s Deputy Director
General for Research. “It’s found throughout the
tropics and is fast becoming a leading cause of
pesticide abuse.“ Anderson, an entomologist,
was the head of the CGIAR Tropical Whitefly
IPM Project until she joined the Center in June
of 2002.
22
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
YELLOW TRAPS, FIRST TESTED IN CAÑETE
VALLEY, ARE USED TO MONITOR LEAFMINER
FLY POPULATIONS.
TEST CASE IN CAÑETE
CIP first began working on the leafminer fly
problem in the 1990s in Peru’s Cañete Valley,
one of the country’s leading agricultural zones.
This work is well known in agricultural circles as
the first successful test case of classical
integrated pest management (IPM) for leafminer
fly, says Aziz Lagnaoui, a former CIP IPM
specialist now working with the World Bank’s
Department of Sustainable Development.
“Cañete was a convenient place to start, and
the problems we encountered there were
significant. In many instances farmers’ fields
looked like they had been attacked by
flamethrowers,” Lagnaoui says.
At the time, the valley’s potato producers
were spraying pesticides in dangerous chemical
cocktails, mixing compounds such as methyl
parathion with other toxic insecticides. Virtually all
of the chemicals being used in Cañete had been
classified by the World Health Organization as
“extremely hazardous.” The Cañete studies, which
were conducted in cooperation with the NGO
Valle Grande and local farmers, showed that the
valley’s leafminer fly explosion was directly linked
to pesticide misuse. Even so, as the problem
intensified, farmers used increasing amounts of
chemicals, in some cases spending up to US$800
per hectare. It was obvious, Lagnaoui says, that
the insect had developed resistance and that the
chemicals were no longer working.
Research in Cañete Valley eventually led to a
major shift in strategy. Instead of attacking the
pest during its adult stage, farmers were shown
how to use parasitoid wasps to kill the larvae
before they could grow to adulthood and
23
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
LEAFMINER DAMAGE (ABOVE) IS
EVIDENT IN THE FIELDS OF
BANJARNEGARA, CENTRAL JAVA.
reproduce. The tiny wasps, which feed only on
leafminers, lay their eggs on or near the larvae,
which serve as a food source.
Other measures that contributed to the
success included the use of less toxic pesticides
combined with crop rotation when possible,
practices that help prevent the pest from
developing resistance, or at least delay it. In
addition, farmers were taught how to monitor
infestation level before spraying. Valle Grande
officials would later testify to the results: the
research saved farmers a great deal of money
and helped to promote a more sustainable way
of controlling the pest.
POPULATION DYNAMICS
The progress made in managing the problem was
encouraging, but by the mid-1990s the pest was
spreading rapidly to other areas. Leafminers had
become a problem in Southeast Asia, for
example, and were already a major pest in the
highlands of Indonesia where they attacked
potato and vegetable crops.
In each of the locations where it was found,
the pest had become increasingly difficult to
control with insecticides, and there were
indications that the natural enemy complex had
been disrupted. It was agreed that basic studies
on the population dynamics of the pest and its
natural enemies would be needed to make
informed recommendations for an integrated
management scheme.
In 1997, CIP scientists initiated the first in a
series of population dynamics studies. By
collecting basic information about the pest and
CIP RESEARCHER WARSITO TANTOWIJOYO
AND FARMER-RESEARCHER GUNAWAN
INSPECT A FIELD DURING A PROJECT
PLANNING WORKSHOP IN TANAH KARO,
NORTH SUMATRA.
24
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
associated natural enemies, the studies provided
a better understanding of the pest’s biology and
behavior, as well as its interactions in different
farming systems and ecologies. Indonesia was
considered an ideal location to conduct the
studies because of its tropical environment and
because the leafminer was a relative newcomer
to the area.
“Population dynamics studies can be tedious
and even back-breaking research, but without
them you’re working in the dark,” says Anderson.
“The natural tendency is to say that leafminer is a
problem, so let’s do something about it. Until you
have a basic understanding of how the insect
relates to the environment and to the farmers’
production system, however, it’s unlikely that
you’re going to make progress towards
sustainable management.”
MAKING WAY FOR NATURAL ENEMIES
Working with funds provided by the Australian
Centre for International Agricultural Research, CIP
scientists studied the leafminer and its natural
enemies in close collaboration with local farm
groups, national research institutes, and a variety
of nongovernmental organizations. The trials,
which are on-going, continue to provide
important new information on the biology and
ecology of the pest and its natural enemies. One
key finding has been that in potato plots where
no insecticides were applied over three
cropping cycles, leafminer populations gradually
decreased, along with damage to the crop. The
studies also showed that parasitoid species
emerging from leafminer pupae had become
more diverse, increasing the chances
of controlling the pest without insecticides.
In North Sumatra, where the pest was
previously abundant, the studies showed that
the insects had all but disappeared. Moreover,
when farmers who had stopped potato
production resumed growing the crop, the
leafminer’s natural enemies that had re-
established themselves continued to suppress
the pest. Equally encouraging was the fact that
participating farmers began to recognize the
negative link between pesticides and leafminer
infestation.
GLOBAL PROJECT
“We’ve also learned from the studies that the
best way to tackle leafminer fly is globally and
collaboratively,” Anderson adds. The problem is
simply too big, too widespread, and too
important for any one organization to handle it
on its own.
Continued on page 26
25
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
HOPE FOR A LEAFMINER-
RESISTANT POTATO
The long-term goal of a population dynamics study
is to set the stage for the development of
recommendations for an integrated pest
management (IPM) program that farmers can use
to effectively and sustainably manage pest
infestations. IPM “packages” typically include traps,
biological control agents, selective insecticides,
and, when available, resistant varieties.
 At the present time, there are no commercial
potato varieties with high levels of resistance to
leafminers. Recent trials, however, have identified
five advanced lines—two of them with high levels
of resistance—that may prove useful in managing
the pest.
 “The resistance was discovered by chance
when a series of CIP breeding lines entered
standard evaluation trials in 2002,” says Meredith
Bonierbale, Head of CIP’s Crop Improvement and
Genetic Resources Department. “These particular
lines were developed for other purposes, such as
for resistance to late blight or production from
true potato seed,” she says. “Fortunately, the
broad genetic base of CIP’s breeding populations
and their exposure to diverse stress conditions
during selection enables us to identify varieties
that will be robust in countering various pest and
disease problems beyond our primary targets.”
Experiments conducted with farmers in Peru’s
Cañete Valley will help to test whether or not the
new lines can be used to produce a successful crop
without resorting to pesticides. If the trials are
successful, it should then be possible to boost the
effectiveness of future IPM schemes by providing
farmers with the option of planting resistant varieties.
The availability of a leafminer-resistant potato,
entomologists say, could reduce the number of
times a farmer needs to apply insecticides by
70 or 80 percent.
26
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
For example, taxonomists estimate that there
are approximately 3,000 different species of
leafminers, although only four species cause
serious damage to food crops. Those four,
however, can be hard to distinguish. “To move
forward, we will need the services of molecular
taxonomists who can identify with certainty the
existence of the pest at specific locations,” says
Anderson. Similar services would be required for
leafminer predators and parasitoids, which are
also difficult to identify.
“It’s our hope that in the future leafminer
research will be conducted globally so that we
can attack the problem from a systems
perspective,” Anderson says. At the moment,
CIP research is limited to the species that attack
potatoes. A global project would address all
major species across a range of cropping
systems and ecologies. It would also involve
researchers from many different national and
international organizations, drawing in financial
resources from multiple sources and eliminating
duplication of effort.
“What we would like to see is a program that
pulls together the best research currently
available, fills in the gaps in our knowledge, and
eventually provides us with a comprehensive
overview of the problem,” Anderson says. Critical
to that effort would be the use of modern
molecular techniques, geographic information
systems, and computer modeling. The project,
Anderson estimates, would cost approximately
US$7.5 million over a five-year period.
27
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Ji Qiumei is one of the first Asian researchers
to be trained in the use of a new series of
modeling tools designed to help policy makers
make better decisions about the management
of mountain ecosystems. Her training also makes
her one of a small but growing cadre of Asian
scientists equipped to take on the challenge of
capturing the bigger picture of the systems in
which agriculture is embedded.
In 2002, Ji completed 24 months of training
at CIP headquarters as part of her PhD dissertation.
Ji, who is Tibet’s first woman to get a PhD in
agricultural science, used her dissertation research
to conduct an inventory of natural resources on
the Tibetan Plateau.
“The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is Asia’s water
tower,” says Nyima Tashi, Director General of the
Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal
Sciences (TAAAS). “We once assumed that the
best way to spend our resources would be in
animal production and crops, but Ji’s modeling
NEW TOOLS SIMPLIFY
DECISION MAKING IN COMPLEX
MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS
“IF WE WANT TO CRACK THE
REALLY HARD POVERTY IN
MARGINAL ENVIRONMENTS, THE
NEXT LOGICAL STEP WILL BE TO
MOVE FROM OUR FOCUS ON THE
FIELD TO A BROADER VIEW OF
THE SYSTEMS IN WHICH THOSE
FIELDS ARE EMBEDDED”
PAMELA ANDERSON, CIP DDG FOR RESEARCH
28
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
HI-TECH GEAR FOR HIGHLAND RESEARCH
The environmental health of mountain and hillside areas has a direct impact on
the availability and safety of human drinking water, on our food supplies, and,
increasingly, on political stability, says Hugo Li Pun, CIP’s Deputy Director General for
Corporate Development. In an address to a special session of the United Nations
General Assembly at the launching of the International Year of the Mountains, Li Pun,
an expert on highland agriculture, noted that the importance of mountain ecosystems
was first highlighted at the Earth Summit in 1992. The major issues addressed there
were summarized in Chapter 13 of Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment
and Development.
“The Rio Summit generated the political will to undo hundreds of years of
mismanagement and neglect. Ironically, at the time, we didn’t really have the tools
to act,” he says. Since then, researchers have armed themselves with new hi-tech
gear, including computer models that can accurately analyze the health of mountain
ecosystems and help governments and local communities make more informed
decisions about managing natural resources.
Some of the biggest improvements since Rio have been in the area of
information and computers, Li Pun notes. E-mail and the worldwide web, combined
with the development of computer simulation models, have created opportunities to
exchange information and exciting new ways to solve problems.
Researchers are also better able to judge the potential of new technologies
before they commit resources to them. For example, last year CIP social scientists,
working in tandem with GIS specialists and crop scientists in Africa, used satellite
imagery and newly installed geographic information software to calculate the
potential of new crop varieties to alleviate malnutrition in the East African highlands.
“In the past, it might have taken years to gather that kind of information, if it could
have been done at all,” Li Pun says.
29
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU IS ASIA’S
WATER TOWER. WHAT HAPPENS THERE
DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE HEALTH OF THREE OF
THE WORLD’S MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMS.
work showed us that our priorities ought to be in
maintaining the integrity of our water supplies.”
Water is an important and sometimes
controversial issue in the Himalayas. What happens
on the Tibetan Plateau directly affects the health
of three of the world’s major river systems—the
Yangtze, the Mekong, and the Brahmaputra.
“Our analysis showed that Tibet’s farming
systems are not designed to take advantage of
our water resources in a way that benefits local
people or our neighbors,” Ji says. The country’s
strong focus on maximizing agricultural output is
literally spending down its water resources and
diminishing the quality of the supply for people
downstream. Efforts to maximize the number of
animals that farmers produce, she says, have led
to overgrazing and soil compaction, which in turn
increases run off and erosion.
Ji notes that if policy makers would encourage
animal producers to operate only in those areas
that are best suited to the task, and then factor
into the analysis water-related revenues over time,
the policy environment would likely change, as
would Tibet’s priorities for agricultural research.
HONEST BROKERS
“Modelers are like honest brokers,” says CIP
modeler Roberto Quiroz. “If they do their jobs
correctly they’ll come to the process without an
agenda, without preconceived notions.”
“With modeling you can test different options
up front without committing resources,” adds
Quiroz. “It’s a money saver, especially in
mountain environments where it’s often difficult
to measure things in one place and extrapolate
the data to another. With modeling you can look
at things from a systems perspective.”
Quiroz notes that until recently, modelers had
little reason to take on assignments in highland
areas. Changes began to occur with the political
commitment provided by the 1992 Earth Summit
in Rio, as well as the availability of new
satellite images provided by NASA and the
30
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
MODELING TOOLS—INCLUDING SATELLITE
IMAGERY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SOFTWARE—ARE HELPING SCIENTISTS TO
UNDERSTAND COMPLEX SYSTEMS, SUCH AS
TIBET’S HYDROLOGICAL NETWORK.
European Space Agency. Nonclassified satellite
images, however, are not sufficiently detailed
to allow scientists to draw accurate conclusions,
Quiroz says.
MOVING TO ANOTHER LEVEL
One of the key features of the CIP models is that
they have the capacity to downscale satellite
imagery to the watershed level and take into
account tiny variations in terrain and climate.
“What the CIP modeling team and its partners
did was develop tools that can interpolate solar
radiation, rainfall, and temperature data taken
from historical weather station data and contrast
it with the images derived from satellite photos.
That was really the key,” he says.
Case in point: For years, researchers used
expensive and hard-to-construct runoff plots to
measure soil erosion. If you want to measure
runoff in a watershed accurately, however, you
need an unmanageable number of such plots
to account for changes in terrain. In this
particular case, the breakthrough came with
the construction of mathematical models that
describe the energy released when a raindrop
hits the soil and then contrasts this information
with variables such as soil type, rainfall
patterns, and plowing techniques. The variables
are put into mathematical equations that
eliminate the need to physically measure
runoff. The model also tells you how long you
can crop the area without eroding the land’s
capacity to produce food.
“We thought that if we developed tools that
could help policy makers make better predictions
we could increase the impact of traditional crop
and animal research and in the process save
development agencies a great deal of money.
That’s why we got into modeling: to build tools
to help people who make difficult decisions,”
Quiroz says.
CIP’s Deputy Director General for Research,
Pamela Anderson, is emphatic about the need for
31
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
such tools. “I’m not suggesting that we should
stop working in the traditional areas of plant
breeding or integrated pest management,” says
Anderson. “We need to continue strengthening
our core competencies. But, in addition, we need
to target our work at the system level. That
means developing analytical and modeling tools
to increase our understanding of complex,
dynamic systems, and training people to use
those tools.”
The Ecoregional Fund to Support
Methodological Initiatives, the Swiss Agency
for Development and Cooperation, and the
CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Program are
among those who have acknowledged this
need by allocating funds to support the CIP
modeling research.
AND MUCH MORE
“We’re working in a lot of areas now, but we’re
probably best known for our tradeoff analysis
work in Ecuador,” says Quiroz (see Tradeoff
modeling helps make critical connections, page
32). “Before that particular study was released
two years ago, most people thought that the
pesticides used on potatoes had their greatest
impact on the environment. Tradeoff modeling
showed, however, that human health is also
affected, so that pesticide policies in the Andes
needed to be redirected to prevent poisonings
and that investment in health care for farm
workers who are exposed to the chemicals is
essential.”
This is just one in a range of studies
conducted by CIP modelers, including a project
that produced a solar radiation atlas for the
Peruvian national weather service. To construct
the atlas, scientists gathered historical records
from Peru’s weather stations and ran them
through CIP’s climate interpolation model. Peru’s
Ministry of Energy and Mines is now using the
atlas as a guidebook in a project that will put in
place thousands of solar panels to bring
Continued on page 34
NOMAD HERDERS IN TIBET ARE JUST
ONE COMPONENT OF A DIVERSIFIED
LAND USE SYSTEM THAT DEPENDS
ON—AND AFFECTS—THE STABILITY
OF WATER SUPPLIES.
32
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
TRADEOFF MODELING HELPS
MAKE CRITICAL CONNECTIONS
Following on the success of CIP’s pesticide
tradeoff work in Ecuador (see CIP’s Annual Report
2001), project scientists are preparing to use the
tradeoff analysis approach to demonstrate the
importance of coordinating research on
environment, health, and natural resources. “Our
hypothesis is that if you want to crack the cycle
of poverty and resource degradation, you need to
look at the way that food production interacts
with health and the environment,” says John M.
Antle, a production economist at Montana State
University and long-time CIP collaborator.
Antle believes that there are substantial
connections between crop productivity, the
health of farm households, and soil and water
degradation. Until now, however, each of these
topics has been treated by separate scientific
disciplines and diverse government agencies
33
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
operating with independent agendas. “There’s a
clear correlation between poverty and short-term
planning horizons, which means that people
often don’t make the needed long-term
investments. If you’re an African farmer suffering
from tuberculosis or parasites, let alone AIDS, it’s
unlikely that you’ll have the inclination to do
much about the long-term health of your soil,”
Antle says.
Starting in 2004, Antle proposes to use an
upgraded version of the tradeoff simulation
model used by CIP in Ecuador to make the case
to policy makers. “What we are proposing are
two contrasting studies. One will investigate
economic–health–environment interactions
associated with pesticide use in the intensive
horticultural cropping systems typical of the peri-
urban agricultural zone surrounding Nairobi. The
other study will examine nutrition, infectious
diseases, and land degradation in the Peruvian
Andes, a more marginal agricultural
environment.” To accomplish these objectives the
current generation of tradeoff modeling tools will
be expanded and efforts will be made to acquire
and use data more efficiently. Advances made in
these areas over the past 5 years will be
incorporated into existing software, Antle says.
The studies are unlikely to provide a quick
technological fix, however. Rather, the research
should facilitate a more complete understanding
of existing strategies, as well as their limitations.
“If a quick fix is out there we may find it, but a
more likely outcome is that we can bring about
a more realistic and balanced assessment of the
technology and policy options that exist. That
kind of assessment could help research
administrators and policy makers take into
account the health and environmental
dimensions of agricultural systems.”
To illustrate the point, Antle notes that if this
type of integrated assessment of agricultural
systems had been available in the 1970s or
1980s, agricultural policy makers might have
invested more heavily in integrated pest
management and natural resource management
as complements to the introduction of high-
yielding crop varieties. Those investments could
have helped avoid some of the adverse
consequences that are now associated with
agricultural development based on intensively
managed monoculture systems.
34
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
electricity to isolated mountain areas. The atlas
will allow them to determine where solar
radiation is sufficient to make investment in the
panels worthwhile.
The atlas is also expected to benefit agriculture.
Its maps will help agricultural policy makers target
areas where Peru has potential to initiate intensive,
competitive agriculture that will hopefully lift
subsistence farmers out of poverty, Quiroz says.
CIP’s modeling programs are available free of
charge as CD-ROMs and on the internet, in
interactive environments for distance education.
To learn more, please visit CIP’s Virtual World,
an interactive website where researchers and
development experts can communicate with CIP
modelers and exchange experiences in a 3D
environment (see http://inrm.cip.cgiar.org/res.htm).
35
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
LATE BLIGHT RESEARCH ZEROES
IN ON A MOVING TARGET
SCIENTISTS WORLDWIDE HAVE
MADE NOTABLE ADVANCES IN
COMBATING LATE BLIGHT, THE
MOST DAMAGING POTATO DISEASE
KNOWN. BUT AS THIS PATHOGEN
People thought they knew late blight. It has an
infamous history as the disease that caused the
Irish potato famine, and entire books have
been written about it. But recent studies on
the biology and population dynamics of
Phytophthora infestans—the fungus-like
organism that causes late blight disease—have
demonstrated that the pathogen has far more
genetic diversity than previously realized.
“Over the past three or four years we’ve
been finding new forms of P. infestans—what
scientists call isolates—that have never been
seen before,” says CIP late blight project leader
Greg Forbes. “The pathogen is adapting faster
than the control measures used to combat it,
and new approaches are urgently needed.” The
picture is complicated by global warming,
which is opening up new opportunities for
P. infestans in areas where it was previously
TRAVELS AROUND THE WORLD AND
EVOLVES, RESEARCHERS ARE
REALIZING THAT THEY MUST BE AS
ADAPTABLE AS THEIR ELUSIVE
ENEMY TO KEEP IT AT BAY
not a problem, because low temperatures kept
it under control.
36
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
A HISTORY LESSON
A review of late blight history helps to
understand the evolving problem. Part of this
pathogen’s adaptability results from the fact that
it can reproduce either asexually or sexually. To
date science has recognized two main “mating
types,” commonly distinguished as “A1” and “A2.”
An emerging theory has it that these two types
co-evolved with potato’s wild relatives among the
Solanum species—which include wild potatoes,
tree tomatoes, pear melons, and numerous
weedy species and woody vines—in the Andes.
This contrasts with the commonly held view that
P. infestans originated in the central highlands of
Mexico, where it is thought to have “jumped” to
cultivated potatoes. “There are many hypotheses
about the origins of the pathogen,” says Forbes,
“and the evidence is still coming in. The fact is
that to date, we’ve generated a lot more
questions than answers.”
At any rate, pathologists believe that the A1
mating type traveled from Mexico to northeastern
USA sometime around 1840. It went on to Europe
where, in the late 1840s, it caused one of the
greatest famines in human history. The A1 type
eventually made its way to Africa, Asia, and back
to South America. The vehicle: potatoes being
traded and sold to meet worldwide demand. It
was not until the 1970s that the A2 mating type
reached Europe, probably carried in a shipment
of potatoes imported from Mexico to offset the
effects of a major drought. From there, history
was repeated as this “new” form of the pathogen
spread around the world.
When A1 and A2 are present in the same
environment they can “recombine” through
BLITECAST, A LATE BLIGHT FORECASTING MODEL,
HAS BEEN LINKED WITH GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY TO HELP
RESEARCHERS ESTIMATE POTENTIAL GLOBAL SEVERITY
OF THE DISEASE (EXPRESSED AS THE NUMBER OF
FUNGICIDE SPRAYS REQUIRED FOR CONTROL).
37
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Continued on page 40
sexual reproduction. The result is an explosion of
new types of the pathogen, which makes it even
more difficult to manage. Almost all potato-
growing countries are now affected by the
problem. Even so, in North America and Europe
farmers are willing to grow highly susceptible
potato varieties that fetch good prices on the
market, resorting to chemicals to control the
disease. But as late bight evolves, these farmers
are being forced to use increasingly large
amounts of fungicides, and to use them with
greater frequency. What’s more, a class of
chemicals that used to be considered invincible is
losing its effectiveness in the face of the new
disease types.
38
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
LATE BLIGHT APPROACHES A SEXUAL FRONTIER
Working from new data sets and reports of increasing late blight damage in highland areas of
the Andes, CIP pathologists believe that the emergence of previously unknown forms of the
late blight disease—and its appearance in areas previously unaffected—could have significant
consequences for ancient potato varieties and the farmers who grow them. Their concern is
focused on the Lake Titicaca region and surrounding areas. This region is thought to be the
potato’s genetic center of origin, a theory borne out by the significant diversity of potatoes
found there.
“What we are seeing is the convergence of two mating types, one moving south from
Colombia and Ecuador, and the other coming up through Bolivia from Brazil,” says CIP
pathologist and late blight project leader Greg Forbes. “Our fear is that farmers in the high
Andes—the people who have served as the traditional custodians of potato biodiversity—may
lose native varieties that have been grown for many centuries, and thereby their means of
survival.” Local consumers hold these potatoes in high esteem. Not only are their varied
tastes, textures, and colors a source of culinary diversity, native potatoes are also important in
traditional culture and are often used in ceremonies or as gifts.
Maria Scurrah, a CIP adjunct scientist who has spent years working with farmers in the high
Andes, can testify that this is no longer just a theoretical problem. “Late blight is encroaching
on areas that were rarely affected by it in the past. Essentially, the pathogen is moving up the
mountainside, showing up in places where farmers have hardly ever encountered it.”
BIODIVERSITY FIGHTS BACK
“Traditional varieties are not going to disappear because of late blight,” says CIP potato breeder
Juan Landeo, “but it’s likely that they will be under greater pressure than in the past.” Landeo
bred one of Peru’s most popular and widely grown potatoes, known as Canchan. Depended on
for years as a late-blight-resistant variety, Canchan’s ability to withstand the disease has, in
recent years, broken down. To help farmers cope, Landeo has developed a new series of
blight-resistant potatoes, suitable for production under extreme highland conditions.
39
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
The new “populations”, now ready for selection and release, were derived from materials
of the andigena subspecies collection held in CIP’s genetic resources complex in Lima. The
genebank safeguards about 85 percent of all known native potato varieties, including 15,000
farmer-selected andigena potatoes collected in nine countries during the 1970s and 1980s.
The CIP genebank collections, which also include sweetpotato and other Andean roots and
tubers, are protected under an agreement with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization
that charges the Center with conserving genetic resources so as to make them available
equitably and without restriction. CIP uses these materials, for instance, to help preserve the
diversity of native varieties in the Andes through restoration programs (see Next steps for
Chayabamba, page 43).
Bred over a 12-year period using conventional plant breeding techniques, the new andigena
plant types carry multiple late blight resistance genes, which should help them compete
against many forms of the disease. Most native Andean varieties belong to the subspecies
andigena, but generally lack such resistance. For this reason, the search for the resistance traits
incorporated in the new varieties involved a long and careful process of screening and
selection. The new materials have some added advantages: they produce higher yields than
conventional varieties in less time, a characteristic that should reduce their exposure to the
disease in farmers’ fields, while offering most of the eating and market characteristics valued
by highland farmers.
“What we’ve tried to do is breed a highland-type potato that has most of the qualities
that will make it acceptable to processors and allow it to compete in urban markets,”
Landeo says. It is Landeo’s hope that these new andigena potatoes, now being distributed
in the Andes through farmer field schools, will eventually enable people in Africa and Asia
to enjoy the special taste and texture of native Andean potatoes. Because of their unique
features, they are much better prepared to adapt to areas outside of their Andean home
than their native relatives.
40
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
CIP SCIENTISTS ARE CONCERNED THAT LATE
BLIGHT IS “MOVING UP THE MOUNTAINSIDE,”
BECOMING A SERIOUS THREAT IN PLACES WHERE
IT WAS RARELY ENCOUNTERED IN THE PAST.
LATE BLIGHT SYMPTOMS ON TUBERS (BELOW).
AT 3,500 MASL, HUANUCO, PERU,
SERVES AS A GOOD TESTING GROUND FOR
LATE-BLIGHT-RESISTANT VARIETIES AND
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (FOLLOWING PAGE).
AN EXPANDING PORTFOLIO
The situation is even more complex in the potato-
growing areas of the developing world, where
seasons, day-length regimes, altitudes, and socio-
economic and agro-ecological conditions are
diverse, especially compared with those found in
industrialized countries. “The solutions used in the
northern hemisphere just don’t work here,” says
Pamela Anderson, CIP’s Deputy Director General
for Research. “CIP has the mandate for late blight
research in the tropics, and one of our main goals
is to reduce farmer dependence on chemicals.
This makes the replacement of susceptible
varieties with more resistant ones a pivotal point
of our late blight control programs.”
More than 20 developing countries—including
major potato producers such as China, Peru, and
Kenya—are in the process of releasing the latest
lines of late-blight-resistant potatoes produced by
CIP plant breeders in Lima (see Late blight in
China: A cause for concern, page 47). Unlike
early late-blight-resistant populations, these new
potatoes carry multiple resistance genes to help
them survive under high, and varied, disease
pressure. But breeding is not a one-time fix, and
there is no miracle potato. Disease resistance
must not only be matched with local require-
ments and preferences, it must also be
continually improved to keep up with and
withstand the evolving forms of the disease
(see Late blight approaches a sexual frontier,
page 38).
In a similar manner, resistant potatoes cannot
do the job alone. Fungicides are still needed, but
they need to be used rationally to protect the
environment, human health, and the investments
41
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
of resource-poor farmers. A recent study in
developing countries revealed that the number
of fungicide sprays used to control the disease is
often far more dependent on purchasing power
than it is on best practice recommendations. At
the same time, farmers’ decisions to use resistant
varieties may be overturned by local consumer
preferences or by market considerations that
affect the supply of high quality seed.
CIP scientists have made headway by
developing and adapting integrated control
programs using the farmer field school
methodology. In these programs, variety
introduction is balanced with discovery
learning to increase farmers’ understanding of
control options that will enable them to use
chemicals sparingly while protecting profits and
productivity. Field schools have not only helped
speed up location-specific selection and
introduction of new varieties, farmer input has
also contributed to reorienting ongoing breeding
research.
Modeling research has also been integrated
into CIP’s late blight portfolio. For instance,
tradeoff modeling is helping farmers to visualize
how they can make better decisions about
optimum use of pesticides and avoid unnecessary
health risks (see CIP’s Annual Report 2001). At
the same time, disease forecast models are
increasing researchers’ understanding of relative
late blight severity in the diverse agro-ecological
areas of the developing world, where information
of this sort is scarce. The data will serve as a
guide for allocation of resources to the areas
where they can make the biggest difference in
production, food security, and poverty alleviation.
RECOMBINING RESEARCH
“We are just beginning to scratch the surface,”
says Forbes. ”We need to move quickly because
the picture is changing rapidly and there are new
variables, like climate change, that need to be
42
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
Continued on page 44
factored in. Basically, we need to expect the
unexpected. Innovative kinds of research—like
modeling and pathogen studies—will help. The
question is, how can we do it with the resources
now at our disposal?”
Partnership will help to achieve some of these
objectives. Simulations of management tactics and
scenarios are being conducted, for example,
through strategic alliances with researchers at
Israel’s Volcani Institute, the Brazilian Agriculture
Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Plant Research
International in the Netherlands and the USA’s
Cornell University. The models, which allow
scientists to process huge amounts of information,
are helping researchers visualize how variables
such as climate, socio-economic conditions, and
local preferences can make or break a control
strategy. The Global Initiative on Late Blight (GILB),
a worldwide network of researchers, technology
developers, and agricultural knowledge agents,
lends communication and information support to
these initiatives.
At the core of the problem, nonetheless, is
the understanding of the elusive Phytophthora
infestans pathogen and the way it reproduces
and interacts with its host, and the fact that this
information is still incomplete. Continued studies
in population dynamics are fundamental if
43
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
NEXT STEPS
FOR CHAYABAMBA
The potato farmers of Chayabamba, an Andean
community some 300 kilometers east of the old
Inca capital of Cusco and more than 4,000
meters above sea level, are facing a period of
consider-able uncertainty. Late blight not only
cost them last year’s potato harvest, it also
devastated the stores of planting materials
needed to sow next year’s crop.
 As a coping strategy, Chayabamba farmers
would normally try to borrow seed from nearby
communities, but neighboring farmers may have
also suffered losses and have little seed to
spare. A second possibility would be to purchase
seed on the open market. Commercial seed
suppliers, however, are unlikely to have the
varieties that farmers need and want, and there
are few guarantees that purchased seed will
meet adequate quality standards.
 The CIP genebank is poised to help by
providing local communities with “starter seed”
for their rebuilding programs. “One of the
principal functions of a genebank is to
guarantee that traditional varieties survive. When
disaster strikes, as it did last year in
Chayabamba, we are there to help,” says Willy
Roca, head of CIP’s genetic conservation project.
Seed return programs are not just the right
thing to do, Roca adds, they are also the smart
thing to do. “We not only provide planting
material, we also work with local NGOs and
community groups to multiply seed at locations
close to where it will be needed.”
Future restoration efforts will be aided by
the development of community field
genebanks, closely linked to the CIP
collections, in strategic microcenters of genetic
diversity. According to Roca, “Traditional brick
and mortar genebanks with their cold storage
rooms are a last line of defense. If you want to
maintain genetic diversity and encourage
evolution, your best option is help farmers
grow traditional varieties in the fields where
they first evolved, rather than in test plots at
an experiment station.”
44
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
scientists are to fill the gap. Forbes notes,
however, that it will take at least three years of
additional research and more than US$1 million
to fully understand the dynamics of the late
blight pathogen in the Andes alone. Special
project funding for population studies has thus
far been provided by the Netherlands Ministry of
Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries
(LNV), the Swiss Agency for Development
Cooperation (SDC), and the United States Agency
for International Development (USAID).
“Late blight is CIP’s biggest challenge,”
says Pamela Anderson. “It is also our biggest
opportunity. It gives us a chance to show
how all that we are doing—in conservation,
characterization, and breeding; integrated
crop management and systems analysis; and
partnerships for development—can fit together
to make a difference in people’s lives and
livelihoods.”
45
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
SCIENTISTS PREPARE
FOR NEW ERA OF
CIP–CHINA COOPERATION
CIP AND CHINESE SCIENTISTS
ARE GEARING UP TO BEGIN
WORK AT A NEW RESEARCH
FACILITY, THE CIP-CHINA
CENTER FOR ASIA AND THE
PACIFIC, SLATED TO BEGIN
OPERATIONS IN 2004
The new CIP-China Center will build upon more
than two decades of research cooperation that
have produced one of the highest rates of return
on investment since the Green Revolution. In the
early 1990s, CIP introduced virus cleanup
technology that boosted Chinese sweetpotato
production more than 30 percent on an estimated
600,000 hectares in Shandong. This increase was
said to be equivalent to an almost 3 percent boost
in food production worldwide.
According to the UN Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), China is now the world’s
largest producer of potatoes and sweetpotatoes
and, increasingly, one of its more efficient ones.
Even so, the country faces numerous hurdles,
including the need to raise rural income in
several of its western provinces.
“The new Center will help meet China’s
challenges,” says Yi Wang, CIP’s resident scientist
in Beijing. “We expect to have a seasoned team
of experts on site once the Center is up and
running.” Counterpart staff will be drawn from a
variety of Chinese agencies including the Chinese
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Chinese
Academy of Engineering, the Ministry of
46
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
YI WANG, CIP LIAISON SCIENTIST
IN BEIJING, HAS LAID IMPORTANT
GROUNDWORK FOR THE CENTER.
Continued on page 49
Agriculture, and the Ministry of Science and
Technology. The Center’s research priorities will
be established through participatory planning and
project design, and all projects will be cofunded
by CIP and national institutions.
Center research will focus initially on
geographical areas where potato and sweetpotato
can contribute most to hunger alleviation and
income generation. Authorities in several
provinces have already pledged human and
financial support to the new venture.
A PLANT BREEDER’S DREAM
“One of the Center’s top priorities,” Yi notes,
“will be to create a regional mechanism for the
introduction, enhancement, and distribution of
new potato and sweetpotato varieties.” At the
present time, most of the CIP-derived materials
distributed in Asia originate in Lima, which
involves high shipping costs and limits the
scope of the materials that can be provided to
regional cooperators.
“CIP plant breeders have often dreamed
about establishing a plant breeding center on
the Asian mainland,” says Dapeng Zhang, CIP’s
senior sweetpotato breeder. Potatoes and
sweetpotatoes, unlike grains, are not grown
from conventional seeds, but from tubers and
vine cuttings. This means that it takes
considerable amounts of time to produce large
quantities of planting material. The existence of
such a facility in Asia should greatly speed up
utilization by allowing for rapid, local
multiplication of “seed.”
In addition, a plant breeding center in China
would provide access to the full range of biotic
and abiotic stresses, many of which are not
present at CIP headquarters in Lima. According
to Zhang, “Scientists at CIP headquarters in
Peru cannot efficiently breed for resistance to
the bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of
47
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
LATE BLIGHT IN CHINA: A CAUSE FOR CONCERN
Chinese researchers working with the Global Initiative on Late Blight (GILB) report new
evidence of greater virulence of the late blight pathogen and the increasing susceptibility of
potato varieties previously considered resistant to the disease. According to He Wei of the
Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, late blight is spread principally through infected
seed stocks, and damage is concentrated mainly in the southwest and northeastern parts of
the country. Yield losses have been estimated at US$170 million annually, a figure that does
not include vast amounts of potatoes lost in storage.
Both the A1 and A2 pathogen types (see Late blight research zeroes in on a moving
target, page 35) are present in China, although as yet there is no evidence that they have
recombined into a more dangerous variant of the pathogen. The A2 type was first detected
in northern China in 1996, and has since spread as far south as Yunnan, near the border
with Vietnam.
With the breakdown of resistance in China’s older varieties, CIP is working with
Chinese scientists to evaluate large amounts of genetic material in the hope of identifying
resistant potato lines. A number of potentially resistant potatoes are also being multiplied
for use by farmers or are being utilized in breeding programs in Hubei, Yunna, Sichuan,
and Chongqing provinces.
Meanwhile, Chinese researchers are alarmed by a reduction in the effectiveness of the
popular fungicide metalaxyl, which is used throughout China as a primary defense against
the disease. This situation, combined with the breakdown in resistance, means that farmers
may soon be forced to turn to so-called contact fungicides, which adversely affect soil flora
and fauna and can be hazardous to health. Contact fungicides also must be used more
frequently than metalaxyl. The fact that China is committed to protecting the environment
and reducing adverse effects associated with the use of agrochemicals makes this a highly
unattractive scenario.
Derived from reports posted by the Global Initiative on Late Blight (GILB), which
maintains a website with reports from researchers in 78 countries. For more information
please visit http://www.cipotato.org/gilb
48
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
POTATOES: A NORTH
KOREAN OBSESSION
Although he has no training in agriculture, North
Korean leader Kim Jong Il is said to be obsessed
with potatoes, spending weeks at a time
providing guidance to his nation’s farmers.
According to reports broadcast by CNN, Kim is
convinced that improved potato varieties will one
day solve his country’s food problems. In fact, he
is so certain of the importance that potatoes will
play in feeding his country that he once opened
a restricted facility to international inspection in
exchange for technical assistance that would aid
Korea’s potato farmers.
According to FAO, potato production in North
Korea has increased more than four-fold since
1995, mainly through area expansion, and
potatoes now rank third in importance after rice
and maize. Today, North Korea produces potatoes
on nearly 200,000 hectares with yields that
average 9 tons per hectare. In neighboring China
yields are, on average, 40 percent higher.
CIP has worked intermittently with North
Korea since 1993, when diplomats visited Center
headquarters in Lima and returned home with
new potato varieties and large quantities of CIP
publications. Collaboration increased 5 years later
when CIP seed specialist Rolando Cabello visited
the country. “I have never seen that kind of
poverty or hunger even in the poorest
communities in the Peruvian highlands,” says
Cabello, a Peruvian national.
CIP will provide every assistance that it can to
aid North Korea’s people,” adds Roger Cortbaoui,
CIP Director for International Cooperation. “In the
months ahead we will be working to produce
starter seed of improved varieties under a grant
provided by the Common Fund for Commodities.
In addition, we hope to reduce storage losses by
introducing improved management practices and
training people in their use.”
The new CIP-China Center, Cortbaoui notes,
will also provide much needed technical
assistance to North Korea and will help to
speed up the introduction of potatoes adapted
to local conditions.
49
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
sweetpotato because the disease pathogens are
not prevalent there.” Such diseases, Zhang notes,
represent serious constraints in China and other
Asian countries where sweetpotato production is
becoming increasingly important. Similarly, CIP
potato breeders cannot test their most promising
potato lines under the long-day conditions that
typify places like Afghanistan and the new
republics of Central and Western Asia.
The new Center will not only help to resolve
these problems, it will also provide a platform for
upgrading biotechnology research on root and
tuber crops and for training large numbers of
Asian researchers in the use of molecular marker
technology and other genomic tools. “One of our
most important goals for the Center is to work
with China, where there is extensive experience
in biotechnology, to build the capacity of Asian
national research programs to use transgenic
root and tuber crops safely and responsibly,”
Zhang says.
A CENTER FOR THE REGION
By design, the benefits of the CIP-Asia Center are
slated to extend beyond China, reaching many
neighboring countries. “Our Chinese collaborators
expect the Center will serve as a regional
platform for research and development, building
upon China’s reputation for hard work,
innovation, and impact while extending the
benefits of an accelerated program of
international cooperation to many of the
country’s neighbors,” says Roger Cortbaoui, CIP
Director for International Cooperation.
Current plans call for the establishment of a
chain of research stations in the country’s major
potato- and sweetpotato-producing areas. The
stations will allow researchers to test new
breeding lines and management techniques in
climates and conditions that are representative of
Asia’s predominant agro-ecologies. “The
Government of China,” Cortbaoui notes, “is eager
to see CIP’s capability to contribute to the region
CIP SCIENTISTS, SUCH AS SEED SPECIALIST
FERNANDO EZETA, ARE WORKING WITH
COLLEAGUES IN CHINA TO EXPLORE NEEDS
AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE NEW CENTER.
50
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
strengthened, and to facilitate this it will provide
the Center with field, laboratory, and office
facilities, as well as funding for in-country
operations.” Chinese researchers are also
expected to play a major role in the Center’s
regional research and training activities.
The Center’s annual operating budget,
including the work at its ecoregional substations,
is estimated at US$2.0 million, a quarter of which
is slated for training and information activities.
“We cannot emphasize strongly enough the
importance of training and information, especially
long-distance training using the Internet, video
conferencing, and other forms of electronic
technology,” Cortbaoui says. ”Asia is a big place
and we will be relying on electronic
communication to get information quickly and
efficiently to where it is needed most.” Thus far,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Korea, Laos, Myanmar,
Thailand and Vietnam have expressed interest in
the Center, as have Australia and Austria.
A TRADITION OF COOPERATION
Although informal contacts had been established
in the 1970s, formal cooperation with China
began in 1985 when CIP became the first Future
Harvest Center to open a scientific liaison office
in Beijing.
In 1978 China—which had once been entirely
dependent on potatoes supplied by the Soviet
block—received a disease-resistant potato from
CIP that it subsequently named CIP-24. Although
51
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
THE NEW CENTER WILL ENABLE PLANT
BREEDERS TO SPEED UP THE SUPPLY OF NEW
POTATO VARIETIES TO CHINA AND NEIGHBORING
COUNTRIES, WHERE THE DEMAND IS HIGH
(BELOW AND PREVIOUS PAGE).
CIP-24 has since been surpassed by more
modern varieties, it was considered highly
successful in its day and continues to be grown
on 70,000 hectares, principally in the country’s
drought-prone northern provinces. A more recent
success story is Cooperation 88, an exceptionally
high yielding potato with outstanding processing
characteristics that is grown in Burma, China,
and Vietnam (see CIP Annual Report 2001).
“The expectation is that the creation of the
new Center will lead to many more success
stories, and will multiply the effect of past
achievements in China and throughout the
region,” Cortbaoui adds. “With the new Center
we will be moving significantly beyond what is
possible to achieve at the present liaison-office
level.” Once the Center is up and running, CIP
plans to station most of its Asia-based staff in
China and relocate additional staff from Lima,
bringing together plant geneticists, seed specialists,
pest control experts, and social scientists.
52
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
CIP SCIENTIST WINS AWARD FOR WORK IN CHINA
In November 2002, virologist Luis Salazar, head of CIP’s
Crop Protection Department, was presented with the
prestigious Qilu Friendship Award by the Government of
Shandong, China, for his contribution to the development
of pathogen detection technology in the province. This
technology has helped to eliminate virus disease in
sweetpotato planting material in Shandong and neighboring
provinces, and forms the basis for the largest economic
impact in CIP’s history. The value of this technology to date
is estimated at well over US$550 million.
Salazar, who has been helping establish the Virus-Free
Seed Production program in Shandong since 1985, was
chosen for the prize from a list of 2000 nominees from all
parts of the world. He was nominated for the award by the
Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), which
five years ago named him Principal Scientific Advisor for
the same research.
China is the world’s largest producer of root and tuber
crops. Sweetpotato farmers are now planting an estimated
330,000 hectares of virus-free sweetpotato annually in
Shandong Province alone, according to recent reports.
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2


55
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
WAYS OF WORKING
A NEW CIP VISION  We are in times of dramatic
change. Globalization, free trade, and increasing
control of agricultural trade by multinationals are
redefining needs and opportunities in agriculture.
Funding from traditional public sector donors is
declining, while investment by the private sector in
agricultural research and development is growing
dramatically. Meanwhile, there is increasing
concern over rural–urban linkages, a new
biotechnology revolution is underway—with
proponents and opponents highly polarized—and
issues of proper governance, transparency, and
broad participation are becoming fundamental
concerns.
One of the primary challenges that CIP and
other research centers of excellence face is that of
maintaining a relevant, coherent, high-quality
research agenda in the context of an increasingly
complex and dynamic external environment. A well-
articulated vision—to support the definition of
guidelines for decision making and to prevent
compromising long-term strategic needs and
responsibilities in the face of immediate, external
pressures—is critical.
56
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
With the endorsement of our Board of Trustees, CIP launched a vision and strategic planning exercise in October 2002.
We recognized that our past priority-setting exercises had been primarily internal in nature. In order to open up the
process and make it more participatory, we created a CIP vision plenary comprising CIP’s Board of Trustees and staff, as
well as representatives from our key stakeholders: donors, international organizations, advanced research organizations,
regional research networks and organizations, national research systems, and nongovernmental organizations.
In October and November 2002, we conducted the first plenary consultation. The broad objectives were: to explain
the process we were using for the visioning exercise; to agree upon the boundaries for the exercise; and, within the
agreed boundaries, to generate a “map” of CIP’s specific development challenges.
We proposed the Millennium Development Targets, which contribute to eight broad Development Goals, as the
starting point for setting the boundaries for CIP’s vision exercise. These 18 Development Targets—ratified in the year
2000 by 192 countries after several years of meetings and discussions—affirm, in quantitative terms, what the
international development community within which we operate expects to accomplish in the decades to come. The
vision plenary accepted the Millennium Development Targets as the general boundaries for the vision exercise. Within
those boundaries, it selected eight development challenges to which the Center could make significant contributions
(see CIP’s development challenges, page 95).
CIP’s Vision Statement, which will be published in 2003, will spell out our potential contribution to these
challenges, forming the basis for our strategic research and implementation plan. An exercise on impact targeting and
assessment, a needs and opportunities evaluation, and a realignment analysis will help us to answer the questions of
where we should be working, what we should be doing, and how we realign to get there. These are also scheduled for
2003. The CGIAR priorities and strategy exercise being led by the Science Council will provide critical input during this
process, allowing us to ensure that our new vision and strategy will continue to contribute to and support the overall
vision and strategy of the CGIAR system. The following section illustrates some of the ways of working that have been
hallmarks of CIP’s past success and will surely contribute to the accomplishment of our challenges—and the fulfillment
of our vision—in the years ahead.
57
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
In what was a radical proposal in 1978, CIP’s
social scientists tried to convince a skeptical
audience of biological scientists that technology
development must go beyond simply addressing
the biological constraints that limit food
production to consider the social context in
which agriculture takes place. First and foremost,
they argued, this meant understanding and
working with farmers, who they saw as
innovators conditioned by social, cultural, and
economic factors, as well as by their physical
environment. That particular point of view
contrasted with the predominant thinking then
guiding CGIAR research, according to which
centers were seen as the major source of
innovation, producing technologies that were
passed down to farmers through national
research and extension programs.
“At the time, most CGIAR research was
conditioned by notions that undervalued farmers’
capacities and idealized the production of
SWIMMING
AGAINST THE TIDE:
INTEGRATING BIOLOGICAL
AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
“OF ALL THE CGIAR CENTERS
THAT I HAVE WORKED WITH,
CIP DEMONSTRATES BY
FAR THE CLOSEST INTEGRATION
OF THE SOCIAL AND THE
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES”
G. EDWARD SCHUH, CHAIR, CIP EXTERNAL
PROGRAM AND MANAGEMENT REVIEW, 2002
58
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
finished technologies,” says anthropologist
Gordon Prain. “In this way of thinking, farmers
occupied the fields of tradition, while high-tech
laboratories and experimental stations
represented modernity.”
Placing the focus on technology was difficult
to resist. The Green Revolution was at its height
and its results seemed almost miraculous. Even
so, problems were emerging that raised
important questions about the effects of
technology on the environment and health, and
the extent to which it was reaching poorer
farmers who worked in complex, marginal
farming systems.
Prain credits CIP’s founding Director General
Richard Sawyer—a powerful exponent of
traditional biological science—and Gelia Castillo—
the Center’s first female board member and a
rural sociologist—with the institutionalization of
interdisciplinary methods at CIP. “Sawyer and
Castillo were swimming against the tide,” Prain
says, “a fact that was evident in the Center’s
1975 external program and management review
which cautioned against using “core” resources to
support noneconomist social science positions.”
Nevertheless, with Sawyer and Castillo’s backing,
CIP social sciences department head Douglas
Horton was able to establish an eclectic mix of
social science disciplines and methods within the
Center’s research program during the 1980s.
FARMER BACK TO FARMER
The first formal expression of CIP’s new approach
to the social sciences was the farmer-back-to-
farmer (FBF) model developed by an
anthropologist and a plant physiologist. The
model holds that research begins and ends with
the farmer and the community and, of necessity,
involves an interdisciplinary focus. Within the FBF
philosophy, research and technology transfer
were seen as parallel activities rather than as
sequential steps in which responsibilities were
handed off from agency to agency as a
technology moved through the so-called
development pipeline.
Prain recalls that the FBF model grew out of
work in the high Andes on potato management
practices designed to reduce postharvest losses.
In the early 1970s the Center’s postharvest
specialists, all of whom were trained in
industrialized countries, recommended the
purchase of solar dehydration machines, so-called
“black box” drying units, to improve traditional
processing of potato products. CIP social
scientists, however, determined that farmers
were unlikely to adopt the technology if it
59
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
SOCIAL SCIENTIST THOMAS WALKER EXCHANGES
VIEWS WITH PLANT BREEDER JUAN LANDEO
AND FARMERS DURING A FIELD DAY IN
HUANUCO, PERU, ORGANIZED TO CELEBRATE
THE RELEASE OF THE AMARILIS POTATO VARIETY.
involved additional cost. Farmers reported that
their most important constraint following the
harvest was the time required to peel potatoes
for processing. In short, what they needed was
better peeling equipment, not black box dryers.
Research on storage issues provided similar
results. While the initial focus of CIP’s postharvest
research was on reducing storage losses of
potatoes headed for the consumer market,
surveys by CIP anthropologists showed that seed
deterioration was a far more urgent problem. The
solution that emerged was diffused-light seed
storage, which contributes to slower, sturdier
sprout growth and toughening of the skin of the
tuber. The inexpensive construction of household
stores or the adaptation of existing spaces within
the home led to significant reduction in losses
and improvements in seed quality.
The lessons learned: farmers’ involvement
shortens the time needed to evaluate and
eliminate unacceptable technologies that are not
suited to the social context in which they live
and operate, and farmer innovation improves
adaptation to local conditions.
A GENETICIST’S POINT OF VIEW
The FBF approach provided the first decisive
example of how the social sciences could be
integrated into and even help shape CIP’s
research portfolio. “Today, the social sciences are
a basic part of how CIP plans, conducts, and
evaluates its science,” says plant breeder
Meredith Bonierbale, who heads up the Center’s
crop improvement and genetic resources
program. She points out that the Center’s
economists and anthropologists provide
perspectives that help biological researchers to
make better decisions and establish boundaries
for priority setting. “Because of social science
involvement in technical research at CIP, our
biological scientists are working earlier with
farmers than they might ordinarily. The result is
that we can target resources more effectively
60
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
and are far more likely to produce successful
technologies,” she says.
For example, in the Center’s breeding
program the perspective provided by social
scientists greatly improves the chances of
producing varieties that not only are suited to
local conditions and constraints, but will also
respond to farmers’ particular circumstances and
to the demands of the marketplace. “What
we’re trying to avoid is having a backlog of
technologies on the shelf and the added expense
of then finding ways of getting them out into
the world,” Bonierbale says. Interaction between
the disciplines, and especially with farmers,
Bonierbale says, also optimizes the time and
resources of individuals with different but
complementary points of view. In this way
research products become collective outputs of
scientists and farmers, and stand a better chance
of succeeding.
NEW INTERDISCIPLINARY EXPERIENCES
In recent years CIP has worked hard to
incorporate farmers into mainstream research
through farmer field schools. This program,
spearheaded by a social scientist specialized in
extension, has been successful in advancing
farmer selection of late-blight-resistant potatoes,
integrated pest management, and sustainable
urban agriculture. Bonierbale notes that the field
school methodology—developed by the UN
Food and Agriculture Organization for use with
rice farmers—was first adapted to root and
tuber crops by biological scientists working in
Asia and was later championed at CIP
headquarters by a plant pathologist.
In a similar vein, the Center’s postharvest
team of biologists and social scientists is using
the concept of “positioning” products in the
marketplace to safeguard biodiversity and reduce
rural poverty. By creating product development
models that link subsistence farmers to potential
markets, they hope to improve rural livelihoods
and at the same time contribute to conserving
the diversity of traditional root and tuber crops by
giving farmers an added incentive to grow them.
“The 2002 external program and management
review,” Bonierbale concludes, “was right to
recognize CIP’s integration of the biological and
social sciences. At many research institutions the
social sciences are considered to be a service
activity; at CIP they are part of the mainstream,
an irreplaceable part that we would not want to
do without.”
61
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Unique in its time, CIP was designed as a
decentralized organization with a minimum of
facilities—what might now be called a center
without walls—and a philosophy that placed a
premium on teamwork and collaboration.
“Partnership has always been a serious issue at
PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE
NEW MILLENNIUM
WHEN CIP FIRST
OPENED ITS DOORS MORE
THAN 30 YEARS AGO,
PARTNERSHIP QUICKLY
BECAME A HALLMARK OF ITS
CORPORATE CULTURE
CIP,” says André Devaux, coordinator of the
Center’s Papa Andina program. “It’s the way we
do business and it’s an important part of our vision
for the new millennium.” In 2002, CIP scientists
partnered with colleagues working at more than
500 agencies and organizations in some 90
countries (see CIP’s partners, pages 100–103).
“Partnership is ingrained in the CIP psyche,
but it requires special skills and extra effort to do
it right,” Devaux adds. “For a partnership to
succeed you need to have a culture of
cooperation that supports actors with diverse
interests and philosophies, and your approaches
need to evolve over time.” Devaux points out
that when CIP was established in 1971, Center
62
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
PAPA ANDINA IS OPENING UP MARKET
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRODUCTS SUCH AS CHUÑO
AND TUNTA, POTATOES PROCESSED USING A
TRADITIONAL FREEZE-DRYING TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED
IN THE ALTIPLANO OF PERU AND BOLIVIA.
scientists and their partners in national research
and development agencies focused primarily on
increasing food production. Today, the issues they
confront are vastly more complex.
“Our agenda now includes improving human
health, combating poverty, and helping farmers
to cope with global markets,” Devaux says.
“These are not the issues that CIP was set up to
address, but they are part of today’s reality and
must be part of the solutions that we propose for
the future.” Devaux notes that to make progress
in these areas, an international center such as CIP
must find innovative ways of helping its national
partners to evolve institutionally.
PAPA ANDINA: MARKETS AND POVERTY
This emphasis on local institutional development is
one of the centerpieces of the Papa Andina
program, in which CIP scientists join forces with
researchers from Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru to
improve market access and income for smallholder
farmers. Building on the success of three Swiss-
sponsored national research projects conducted in
the 1980s and 1990s, the partners promote cross-
border technology and information exchange.
One immediate priority is to help subsistence
farmers—who are normally unable to compete in
commercial markets—take advantage of growing
urban demand for potatoes, especially traditional
varieties. Poor farmers who grow potatoes above
3,500 meters are currently the only source of
these varieties, almost all of which are grown
without pesticides. “In the past, we thought this
was a disadvantage because of the losses farmers
incurred from insect pests,” Devaux says. “Market
studies conducted by Papa Andina, however,
showed the opposite was true. Not only is there
demand for traditional varieties, but, increasingly,
for pesticide-free potatoes.”
These are the types of findings that are
derived from what Papa Andina refers to as
“institutional platforms,” or processes set up to
support the exchange of views and experiences
63
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
among diverse actors in the food chain. “One of
their most important contributions,” says Devaux,
“is that people who usually have no voice in
decision making—such as subsistence farmers—
are able to enter into the dialog.” Wide
participation in the fora helps producers and
consumers, for instance, to work back from the
known characteristics of a variety or
management practice and develop strategies
that can boost farm profits and overcome quality
and delivery issues.
The platforms also help identify the need to
further improve technology available to farmers
and to refine program priorities. For example,
Bolivian and Peruvian farm groups associated with
Papa Andina have used information derived from
the platforms to experiment with simple
postharvest techniques that extend potato storage
life. With the new practices, farmers can supply
the market over an extended period of time and
reserve a portion of their harvest until late in the
season when prices tend to peak.
“What Papa Andina does is use “poverty filters”
or “lenses” that help researchers spotlight
strategies that build on whatever competitive
advantage farmers might have,” adds Graham
Thiele, a Papa Andina scientist based in Ecuador.
“Because potato is such an important commodity
in the three countries where we operate, we are
optimistic Papa Andina will help create a regional
culture of cooperation among all the organizations
that work within the agri-food chain, whatever
their philosophy or specific interest.”
Papa Andina partners include the Andean
Products Research and Promotion Foundation
of Bolivia (PROINPA), CIP, the National Root
and Tuber Program of Ecuador (FORTIPAPA),
the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation
(COSUDE), and the Technical Innovation and
Competitiveness Project of Peru (INCOPA).
VITAA: CHILD AND MATERNAL HEALTH
CIP’s partnership philosophy is also evolving in sub-
Saharan Africa. Here, researchers from seven
countries are working under the banner of the
VITAA partnership (Vitamin A for Africa) to improve
human health by reducing vitamin A deficiency,
one of Africa’s most serious public health problems.
“Until recently, no one gave much thought to
using sweetpotatoes to achieve a public health
objective,” says VITAA coordinator Regina
Kapinga. “Researchers focused their work on
things like agronomy and plant heath, and gave
little consideration to micronutrients,” she says.
All of that changed, however, with the
establishment of VITAA.
64
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
During its first full year of operations in 2002,
VITAA began the process of helping African
farmers replace white-fleshed sweetpotatoes—
which are grown entirely for their starch—with a
new series of orange-fleshed, high-beta-carotene
varieties. The body uses beta-carotene to
synthesize the vitamin A needed to maintain the
immune system. “Orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes
are a novelty in this part of the world and they
are attracting a lot of interest,” Kapinga says. “Not
only are the health benefits to children
substantial, food products made from the new
varieties are helping farmers to earn considerable
cash income.” VITAA partners, she notes, include
agricultural researchers, nutrition experts, health
professionals, and private sector food processors
from seven sub-Saharan African countries. VITAA
donors include the German Ministry for Technical
Cooperation (BMZ), the Micronutrient Initiative,
the OPEC Fund for International Development,
the PRAPACE and SARRNET regional networks
(see Neighbors helping neighbors, page 11),
the Senior Family Fund (see Donors large and
small, page 70), and the United States Agency
for International Development’s Micronutrient
Program (MOST) and Micronutrient Global
Leadership Project. While the partnership also
includes a number of government ministries, a
growing percentage of VITAA members are
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and
community groups that provide basic services
to the region’s poor (see A royal sweetpotato,
page 65).
“What we are seeing in VITAA,” Kapinga says,
“is the coming together of agencies working in
health and agriculture and an acknowledgement
that difficult problems require innovative
solutions.” Kapinga notes that in the past,
researchers looked upon farmers as clients.
“Increasingly,” she says, “we see them as
important collaborators.” Case in point: In 2002,
farmers from Uganda’s Lira District, one of the first
areas to benefit from the new orange-fleshed
NUTRITIONIST BERNADETH EKEMU WORKS
THROUGH THE VITAA PARTNERSHIP TO
PROMOTE THE USE OF ORANGE-FLESHED
SWEETPOTATOES AMONG SMALL-SCALE
PROCESSORS, PARTICULARY WOMEN.
Continued on page 66
65
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Continued on page 66
A ROYAL SWEETPOTATO
In 2002, nearly 40,000 Ugandan farmers received vine cuttings of improved orange-fleshed
sweetpotatoes thanks to the personal initiative of Her Royal Highness the Queen of Buganda, and
the Buganda Cultural and Development Foundation (BUCADEF), a royal NGO.
The Queen appealed to her subjects to fight malnutrition and poverty by growing and
consuming the orange-fleshed varieties. Known locally as the Nabagereka, the Queen is the wife
of the Kabaka, Buganda’s traditional ruler. She is held in high esteem by Ugandans and plays a
pivotal role in mobilizing development efforts throughout Buganda, Uganda’s largest traditional
kingdom. Because of her support, local officials have named one of Uganda’s most popular orange-
fleshed sweetpotato varieties in her honor.
The Nabagereka’s initiative builds on the research and community mobilization efforts of the
Child Health and Development Center of the Makarere University Health Department, together
with partner agencies that include CIP, the National Agricultural Research Organization, the US
Agency for International Development’s Micronutrient Program (MOST) and Micronutrient Global
Leadership Project, the Vitamin A for Africa partnership (VITAA), and a local NGO known as
Volunteer Efforts in Development Concerns (VEDCO). In locations where farmers have planted
improved varieties, on-farm yields have reportedly tripled.
THE UGANDAN SCHOOL MARKET
• In Uganda, schools and universities are major markets for sweetpotato roots and vines. One peri-
urban farmer, Ruth Musoke, sells more than one ton of fresh roots to primary schools each
week. Her net profit over a 16-week season is US$1,000, far above the annual per capita income
in Uganda, which according to the World Bank is just US$310.
• In Kampala, commercial farmer Kakoza Mubirigi earns more than US$3,000 during Uganda’s four- to
five-month sweetpotato production season. Because of his success he was dubbed “Mr Sweetpotato”
by residents of Nabyewanga, his home village. But Mubirigi was not content with simply supplying
schools with orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes. He has used his earnings to build a modern boarding
school, the Bwaise Parents’ School, which is now home to over 600 students.
66
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
varieties, provided more than 800,000 sweetpotato
vine cuttings as planting material for distribution to
refugees in war-torn parts of northern Uganda.
UPWARD: EMPHASIZING THE USERS’ PERSPECTIVE
The nature of CIP partnerships is likewise
changing in Asia, where agro-ecological and
socio-economic shifts are redefining the arena in
which agricultural research takes place.
“Government decentralization in many Asian
countries and the mobilization of stronger
community-based groups within civil society are
reshaping the way agricultural researchers
operate,” says Dindo Campilan, coordinator of the
UPWARD network (Users’ Perspectives with
Agricultural Research and Development). “New
stakeholders need to be brought into existing
partnerships if they are going to be effective in
such a dynamic environment,” Campilan notes.
The 42 organizations currently involved in
UPWARD projects include traditional partners—
such as national agricultural research
organizations—as well as NGOs, local government
units, and community-based organizations.
Although their perspectives may vary, all
contribute to forging the network’s collective
vision of sustainable development. Together, the
partners carry out projects, many with strong
gender components, which involve farmers,
processors, and consumers in a range of research
and development ventures focused on bringing
the benefits of research to marginalized areas
and to people who are frequently overlooked by
mainstream development projects.
Industrialization and urban migration have
also worked to realign food production priorities
UPWARD PARTNERS IN INDONESIA (RIGHT)
AND NEPAL (BELOW) USE FARMER FIELD
SCHOOLS TO STIMULATE DISCOVERY-LEARNING
AND TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION.
67
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
in Asian societies, once anchored by cereal-
based food systems. “Over the past two
decades, the demand for roots and tubers has
grown steadily throughout the region,” Campilan
says. The UPWARD agenda has focused on root
crops since the late 1980s, but the network’s
systems approach has helped it to keep up with
these trends, going beyond the bounds of
conventional commodity research to look at the
broader picture. For example, UPWARD
facilitates the activities of the CGIAR Systemwide
Program on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in
the Philippines (see Urban agriculture initiative
gives Manila farmers “flower power”, page 68).
UPWARD’s dynamic, hands-on approach to
development allows the network to make the
most of innovations developed elsewhere,
adapting them to local needs and circumstances.
In the Philippines, UPWARD partners are helping
farmers take advantage of low-cost systems for
producing virus-free sweetpotato planting
materials. The new “cleanup” technology—which
is already used on a vast scale in China—greatly
increases production efficiency, but requires
farm groups to acquire new knowledge and
operating systems (see Scientists prepare for
new era of CIP–China cooperation, page 45).
To that end, UPWARD partners are using
farmer field schools—previously adapted to
sweetpotato production by CIP researchers in
Indonesia—to stimulate discovery-learning and
technology dissemination. This not only helps
local farmers to acquire the skills they need, it
has also inspired researchers to redesign
equipment using local materials to expand the
benefits. By the end of 2002, more than 800
sweetpotato farmers and extension workers
from 11 municipalities had learned the new
virus cleanup techniques through participation
in field schools and on-farm experiments. In
addition, local stakeholders not only financed
participatory research activities, they also
established 46 community nethouses for use in
the cleanup process. Preliminary economic
analyses indicate that the use of virus-free
planting materials has increased farmers’ net
income by 40 percent.
UPWARD’s participating countries include
China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Nepal, and
Vietnam. The network is funded by the
Government of the Netherlands through the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its Directorate
General for International Cooperation.
68
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
URBAN AGRICULTURE
INITIATIVE GIVES MANILA
FARMERS “FLOWER POWER”
Researchers in the Philippines are helping
improve the country’s flower garland industry,
a key income-generating activity for the urban
and peri-urban poor, by incorporating production
mechanisms that will enhance flower
productivity and cut pesticide use. In the capital
city of Manila and surrounding communities, it is
estimated that over 100,000 households—from
flower producers and traders to garland makers
and street vendors—are involved in the
sampaguita flower garland industry. Sampaguita,
or local jasmine (Jasminum sambac), is the
Philippines’ national flower.
A sophisticated yet informal garland
production system operates on a daily basis with
great efficiency and coordination: in just 15 hours
69
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
the highly perishable flowers are harvested,
transported, sold to wholesalers/retailers, made
into garlands at the household level, passed on
to garland wholesalers/retailers, and finally sold
by street vendors to the local population—who
value them for use in ceremonies, celebrations,
and as bearers of good fortune—and to tourists.
Though this complex production process—passed
down from generation to generation—works
quite well, the industry is beset by declining
flower yield and excessive pesticide use.
Working with scientists from the University
of the Philippines, farmers’ groups, and traders’
associations, the CIP-coordinated Strategic
Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture
(SIUPA) launched a project in 2001 to analyze
the industry and determine research needs and
opportunities. Only one sampaguita variety is
traditionally grown in the area. This limited
genetic base has led to a drop in plant
productivity and flower quality. The project has
initiated on-farm trials to introduce new varieties,
which offer a greater range of colors and sizes of
flowers, in the hope of improving productivity
while stimulating the market to put premium
prices on these exotic alternatives.
Meanwhile, studies undertaken by the project
detected pesticide residues in flower samples
provided by farmers, garland markers, and even
traders. Pesticide residues can have serious
human health consequences. Industry workers
reported symptoms of chemical poisoning such
as skin allergies, vomiting, and dizziness. And the
effects are probably much more widespread,
since there is usually less than 24 hours from
spraying to the time a customer inhales the
fragrance of the flowers. In order to curb farmers’
extremely high pesticide use, the project is
developing low-cost integrated pest management
mechanisms. The first step, already underway, is
to determine seasonal occurrence and abundance
of major pests.
SIUPA was launched by the CGIAR in 1999 in
response to growing urbanization and increasing
dependence of city dwellers on farming. It
directs knowledge and technologies to urban and
peri-urban issues though collaboration with many
national and international efforts.
70
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
DONORS LARGE AND SMALL
The Senior Family Fund is not only CIP’s newest donor, it is also the
Center’s smallest. In 2002 the Fund, a small New England philanthropy,
provided CIP’s Vitamin A for Africa program (VITAA) with two grants
totaling US$3,000, about 0.001 percent of the Center’s budget.
“You can’t always judge a donor’s importance against the dollar
amount of a contribution,” says Hubert Zandstra, CIP’s Director General
and a former donor representative of Canada’s International
Development Research Center (IDRC). In 2002, the Senior family
financed two field days in Uganda, including events in two war-torn
provinces that are bringing improved sweetpotato planting materials to
hundreds of refugee families.
“The amounts are small, but the money is being used in ways that
support our collaborators and provide them with greater latitude to
operate,” Zandstra says. “The NGOs and community organizations
that have received the Fund’s support have expressed not only a
feeling of gratitude, but also a sense of encouragement from the
fact that people overseas are aware of the situation in rural Uganda
and are willing to help.”
Zandstra adds that contributions from private investors are likely to
play an increasingly significant role at CIP in the years ahead. He notes
that the CIP Board of Trustees recently approved a US$32 million fund-
raising initiative for genetic conservation that will, in part, target
smaller donors.
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
71
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
In 2002, these efforts extended to Afghanistan,
one of Central Asia’s largest potato producers.
Immediately following the cessation of hostilities,
CIP researchers began planning an emergency
program that would speed up the supply of
quality potato seed to Afghan refugees returning
from Pakistan. Seed quality, especially the
absence of diseases and pests, is one of the
major factors that determines the success or
failure of a potato crop. Operating under the
umbrella of the Future Harvest Consortium to
Rebuild Agriculture in Afghanistan—an initiative
SHUTTLE SEED
PRODUCTION AIDS AFGHAN
POTATO FARMERS
CIP HAS PLAYED AN IMPORTANT
ROLE IN NUMEROUS HUMANITARIAN
RELIEF INITIATIVES. IN THE FACE OF
EMERGENCIES, THE CENTER STANDS
READY TO RELIEVE SUFFERING AND
PROMOTE LONG-TERM RECOVERY
AND ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO BOLSTER
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
funded by the United States Agency for
International Development—and in
cooperation with colleagues from national and
international organizations, CIP scientists
began working in January to produce large
quantities of superior quality potato seed
adapted to Afghan growing conditions.
“Our first visit to Afghanistan in March
2002 confirmed our worst fears,” says a CIP
72
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
THESE FARMERS ARE PARTICIPATING IN SHUTTLE
SEED PRODUCTION TRAINING IN JALALABAD,
AFGHANISTAN. FROM THERE, STARTER SEED IS
TAKEN TO THE HIGHLANDS FOR SPRING PLANTING.
researcher associated with the project. “The
country’s potato seed stocks had not been
regenerated in over a decade and there was no
evidence of a seed supply system. In almost
every field that we visited we found virus-
infected plants, a sure sign that the country’s
potato producers were replanting contaminated
seed stocks harvested from their own fields.”
Virus infection is a major yield reducer.
From the outset, the intention was to help
Afghanistan’s farmers produce their own seed
rather than import from abroad. CIP scientists
had concluded that without local capacity to
produce quality planting materials, Afghan potato
production was unlikely to recover. To initiate the
process, in September project staff received
22 tons of commercial “starter” seed—enough to
plant 7 hectares. Ninety percent of the shipment
was brought in by road from Pakistan through
the Khyber Pass, with the remainder coming in
as air cargo from India. To ensure that the
imported starter seed would be well used, seed
production training programs were initiated for
staff from Afghanistan’s Ministry of Agriculture,
local NGOs, and Kabul University. Course
graduates, working alongside CIP scientists and
researchers from Pakistan, in turn trained a small
group of local farmers.
SHUTTLE SEED PRODUCTION
Producing high quality potato seed is an exacting
process. Only the best farmers can do it and
even then it can be an extremely arduous job.
For every tuber planted, a farmer generates just
eight seeds that can be planted during the
following season. In contrast, a maize farmer
planting a single kernel can easily harvest a
hundred or more seeds. The answer to the
problem is “shuttle” seed production, a process in
which potato seed tubers produced in one area
are taken to a new location where weather
conditions are suitable for a second planting. The
Continued on page 74
73
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
SEEDS OF LIFE FOR EAST TIMOR
Over the past two years, CIP researchers have worked with government and
private voluntary agencies to introduce improved sweetpotatoes to the newly
independent nation of East Timor. Working with funds from the Australian
Centre for International Agricultural Research under the Seeds of Life project,
CIP scientists provided local agencies with a small but select group of
promising lines, a number of which out-produced the best local variety and
received high marks from consumers.
In East Timor, as in much of Oceania, sweetpotato is an important food
security crop. In the future, however, it will likely also prove to be a major
contributor to improved human health. Although accurate figures are not
available, vitamin A deficiency is one of East Timor’s most challenging public
health problems, affecting the eyesight and immune systems of thousands of
children under the age of five. Researchers believe that this deficiency can be
addressed through the regular consumption of small amounts of orange-fleshed
sweetpotatoes, which are high in beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A,
which the body uses to sustain the immune system. To help resolve the
problem, plans are being made to introduce a series of locally adapted, orange-
fleshed sweetpotatoes early in 2003.
CIP scientists are building on a lesson learned in Mozambique, where
orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes were introduced as part of a disaster relief effort
to assist families who had lost all of their sweetpotato planting materials to
flooding. Mozambique is now a full member of the VITAA partnership (see
page 63) and over 120,000 families have benefited from the introduction of
the new materials.
74
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
objective is to compress two or three production
cycles into the time normally used to produce
just one seed crop.
In the case of Afghanistan, the key to the
shuttle system is planting in the Jalalabad area in
the southeast part of the country where potato
can be grown in the mild winter season, and
then taking the harvested seed to the highlands
around the city of Bamiyan for spring replanting.
Bamiyan, located in the Hindu Khush mountain
range, was the site of the two ancient Buddhas
which were destroyed in 2001.
A critical part of the process is avoiding late-
season frost in Jalalabad. Before participating in
seed production training, local farmers didn’t
know they could manage frost by planting early
and irrigating the crop. Taken together, early
planting and irrigation help avoid frost while
eliminating the aphids that spread virus diseases
and generally toughening the tubers for
transport and storage. Adel El-Beltagy, Director
General of the International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
(ICARDA), notes that shuttle seed production
should go a long way towards developing a
sustainable production system that addresses
the seed requirements of Afghan farmers.
ICARDA is the coordinating center of the
Future Harvest Consortium to Rebuild
Agriculture in Afghanistan.
“This is not a short-term effort,” says
El-Beltagy. “It is an example of innovative
planning that will contribute to peace and
security. I am confident that once a functioning
seed production system is in place, Afghanistan’s
potato farmers will begin to see even bigger
benefits in the form of better varieties, improved
methods for controlling diseases and pests, and
better harvesting and storage practices.”
“The aim of the Future Harvest Consortium,”
he notes, “is to bring to bear the best that
science has to offer in ways that will reduce
poverty in rural Afghanistan, benefit consumers,
and contribute to environmental well-being.”
·-· -- ... 
-
77
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
VARIETIES BRING RELIEF TO PERUVIAN FARMERS
In an effort to reinvigorate the production of
sweetpotato in Peru’s Cañete Valley, CIP and a local
research institution set out to find replacements for
two of the valley’s most popular sweetpotato
varieties, whose yields had dropped drastically
following the El Niño weather phenomenon in
1997. Unusual temperatures and rainfall caused by
El Niño led to an outbreak of harmful pests and
diseases; this in turn provoked a steep decline in the
productivity of the traditional sweetpotato varieties
that had dominated the valley, namely Jonathan
and Milagrosa.
Sweetpotatoes are an important source of food
and income for farmers in Cañete Valley. The crop
also helps sustain the area’s milk production,
another important revenue-generating activity, as
the vines are fed to dairy cows.
After years of testing and recombining material
from the genebank collections held by CIP and the
Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria
(INIA), scientists came up with INA-100 and
Huambachero. These new varieties greatly
resemble Jonathan and Milagrosa in terms of color,
appearance, and taste. But more importantly, they
produce higher yields than their counterparts and
have good commercial and culinary characteristics.
CIP and INIA, who together financed the project,
officially released INA-100 and Huambachero in
1997 and 2001, respectively. By May 2002, the two
varieties occupied 90 percent of the total
IN BRIEF
78
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
sweeetpotato cultivation area in Cañete Valley,
approximately 6000 hectares. Jonathan and
Milagrosa remained on less than 10 percent.
The net value-added benefit of replacing
Jonathan with INA-100 and Milagrosa with
Huambachero is estimated at US$579 and
US$328 per hectare, respectively, according to
studies developed by INIA.
CIP scientists continue to search for and
agriculture is a major source of food and income
for them. Though the main crops in Kampala,
which boasts a hilly and fertile terrain, are
sweetpotato and plantain, most of the farming
systems are based on complex interactions
between multiple crops and livestock.
The economic sustainability of these agricultural
activities, however, is under serious threat
because of diminishing land availability, scarcity of
quality seed, increasing presence of pests, and the
use of inappropriate farming methods, among
other things. In light of these concerns, SIUPA is
spearheading efforts to determine the hazards
and increase the benefits of urban agriculture in
the Kampala area. At the forefront of these efforts
is a health impact assessment study, which forms
part of a three-year research project conducted
jointly with the University of Toronto.
In Kampala, there is concern that health hazards
develop better adapted and higher yielding
varieties that can resist the pests and diseases
present in Cañete Valley, the country’s largest
sweetpotato-producing area. The most recently
developed breeding line, 199062, is expected to
gradually replace INA-100 because of its superior
level of resistance to nematodes. In addition to
199062, several other breeding lines are in CIP’s
breeding pipeline for Cañete Valley.
NEW OPTIONS FOR KAMPALA CITY FARMERS
Improving the livelihood of urban families through
the development and dissemination of better
farming techniques is the underlying objective of
a number of projects being implemented in
Kampala, Uganda through the CIP-coordinated
Strategic Initiative for Urban and Peri-urban
Agriculture (SIUPA). Food insecurity continues
to threaten large numbers of low-income
households in and around Kampala, and
may result from food being grown in unhealthy
areas. As in many cities, the land available for
agricultural activities has diminished
tremendously, forcing many Kampala farmers,
especially poor households, to seek other options
for producing food and livestock feed. Crops are
grown in polluted swamps and on lands
previously used as dump sites or contaminated by
other urban practices, while grass for animal feed
is cut from the roadside or unused land.
Officers of the Kampala City Council participate
actively in the SIUPA research teams. The health
79
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
impact study will help them to accurately assess
risks associated with these urban farming
practices, and to develop appropriate plans and
by-laws to ensure that farmers’ families and city
residents eat better and more safely. SIUPA
partners are also working to improve production
systems through technical interventions and to
identify better market opportunities for farmers.
In the long run, SIUPA hopes to use and adapt
posing a threat to human health. Although
extensive safety testing conducted by universities,
regulatory agencies, and the private sector over
the last decade has demonstrated that antibiotic
resistance genes currently in use in plant
transformation do not pose new or additional
threats to human health, these concerns persist.
CIP biologists, recognizing that such concerns
were limiting the use of plant transformation
technology to solve urgent food problems in
developing countries, began to search for options.
After years of research and development, they
came up with two highly effective breakthroughs.
The first system involves the use of a plant
gene, originally isolated at a laboratory in Belgium,
which confers resistance to toxic compounds. The
main advantage of this system is that antibiotic
resistance is no longer involved, hence the
perceived threat to human health is reduced.
the knowledge gained in Kampala to develop
similar programs in other countries.
POWERFUL TOOLS FOR PLANT IMPROVEMENT
Molecular biologists at CIP have developed two
systems for producing transgenic potatoes that
are free of controversial antibiotic resistance
genes. These genes are used as “selectable
markers,” which are key to the efficient
production of transgenic plants with valuable
properties ranging from pest and disease
resistance to herbicide tolerance and increased
robustness to permit cultivation on marginal or
degraded lands.
Antibiotic resistance genes have been widely
used as markers in plant transformation, and many
of today’s cultivated transgenic crops contain such
genes. There is widespread concern among
consumers, however, that infectious bacteria
could become more resistant to these antibiotics,
Regeneration of transgenic plants with this gene,
however, occurs at a lower frequency than with
antibiotic resistance genes. New support from
the Rockefeller Foundation will give a significant
impulse to this research, helping to overcome
this drawback.
An equally important innovation, developed
at CIP’s Applied Biotechnology Laboratory,
allows scientists to remove antibiotic
resistance genes from transgenic potato plants
using a heat-inducible self-excision system,
which makes the gene “jump” out of the
80
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
genome and disappear completely. This
method is currently being used by CIP in
generating transgenic virus-resistant potato and
sweetpotato varieties.
These systems are complementary and are
expected to provide genetically improved
varieties that will be more readily accepted by
consumers who seek freedom from antibiotic
resistance genes in their food.
2001 has concerned a number of Peruvian farming,
cultural, and environmental organizations. The
companies—which obtained patents on key
components of the maca plant as well as on related
processes, but not on the plant itself—allege to
have found the best method to extract maca’s
active ingredients.
The basic argument for opposing the patents is
that they claim ownership of products and
processes that have been known for centuries by
the Andean people. The group challenging the
patents is actively seeking evidence to support
this claim. The patents not only deny prior
existence of knowledge, but perhaps more
importantly, they potentially exclude from the
market other maca products of similar
composition by creating restrictions on the sale or
use of maca and its derivatives.
Given its wide experience in biodiversity
ANCIENT CROP AT THE CENTER OF A HEATED DEBATE
In an ongoing effort to increase the benefits of
Andean plant genetic resources for the populations
that have developed these resources over time, CIP
was invited to participate in a coalition of Peruvian
organizations to study, and to challenge if
necessary, the patents of two US companies that
claim maca-based processes and products.
Maca, a plant of the mustard family, was probably
first domesticated in Peru’s highlands between
1300 and 2000 years ago. Andean people have
grown it for centuries as a food and medicinal plant.
Local people claim it boosts physical and mental
capacities and enhances fertility, which is naturally
reduced at high altitudes.
Although Peruvian and international companies
have marketed the root and its derivatives since
1995 as a nutritional supplement—which they
have exported to Japan, Europe, and the USA—
the granting of patents to two US companies in
conservation, genebank management, and
utilization of Andean root and tuber crops, CIP’s
role in the broad-based group, led by Peru’s
Consumer Defense Institute, is to research,
compile, and evaluate published technical
information and analytical procedures that
could be used in demonstrating prior
knowledge, both traditional and contemporary,
regarding the patents.
Currently no national or international
regulations monitor the production of maca.
Moreover, international law does not yet
NPTII ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE GENE
81
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
recognize the legal validity of indigenous
knowledge, so there is no forum to legally
protest the patents. Only the World Trade
Organization provides a legal framework for
challenging trade issues.
Through efforts similar to these, CIP will
continue to contribute to—and influence—
national and regional deliberations on access to
and benefit sharing of genetic resources.
and pathogen attacks and nutritional disorders
continue to have a devastating effect on the
crop, significantly reducing its yield.
Recognizing that the correct diagnosis of
disorders can lead to better corrective
management—and therefore improve yields
and reduce economic and environmental
costs—in January 2001 the team set out to
develop a computerized diagnostic system
for sweetpotatoes.
After two years of research and
development, the scientists from CIP, the
Centre for Pest Information Technology
and Transfer (Australia), the University of
Queensland (Australia), and the PhilRootcrops
Center (Philippines) produced a diagnostic key
that assists in identifying observed disorders
and provides recommendations on appropriate
management response. The project involved,
A KEY FOR SWEETPOTATO PROBLEMS
Under the coordination of the Australian Centre
for International Agricultural Research, a multi-
institutional team of scientists recently
developed a comprehensive interactive tool that
aims to improve the diagnosis and management
of sweetpotato disorders. Scientists anticipate
that the knowledge farmers and researchers
gain from this tool—a multimedia product to be
distributed as a CD-ROM and via the Internet—
will result in better sweetpotato crops. (See http:/
/www.cpitt.uq.edu.au/software/sweetpotato/)
Sweetpotato is an important source of food
and income for farmers in developing countries,
which account for 98 percent of the crop’s
global production. It is not only a staple crop for
the poor, but is also rapidly becoming an
important source of raw material for animal
feed, starch, and industrial products. Despite its
high versatility and adaptability, however, insect
among other things: collecting and structuring
existing information, images, and other
relevant material; constructing and field
testing the diagnostic key; and evaluating its
usefulness. CIP’s role was to provide expertise
on insect and disease disorders, and to
coordinate field tests.
As an added value, this project is expected
to help in evaluating the usefulness of
multimedia diagnostic keys as training and
decision-support tools, and the potential for
developing diagnostic keys for other crops.
82
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
A SWEET ALTERNATIVE
A sweetpotato-based nutritional supplement
developed by CIP scientists is being introduced in
Peru to help alleviate chronic malnutrition in
young children. Close to 25 percent of Peruvian
children under the age of five experience
growth problems and one in every two suffers
from anemia, a direct result of inadequate diet.
Nutriplús, a “just-add-water” powder concentrate
comprised of sweetpotato, rice, corn, barley malt,
animal protein, vegetable oil, and vitamins and
minerals. Two daily portions of the product—
formulated according to the Ministry of Health
standards for nutrition of children from six
months of age to three years old—cover close
to 30 percent of the daily recommended dose
of calories and proteins and 60 percent to
100 percent of the daily recommended dose
of vitamins and minerals.
Unlike other baby food supplements, which
contain added sugar, Nutriplús is sweetened
naturally by the yellow- or orange-fleshed
sweetpotatoes contained in the formula. This
makes the mix even more effective, as these
colored sweetpotatoes are rich in beta-carotene,
a precursor of vitamin A.
Nutriplús is expected to serve as a substitute
for similar products used in government programs
that reach areas of extreme poverty to combat
infant malnutrition. “Nutriplús’s easy-to-package
instant powder and locally available ingredients
will make it highly competitive with the products
usually offered through these government
programs, as well as with similar imported baby
food sold in local supermarkets,” Espinola explains.
Studies suggest that 25,000 to 1 million
children from 6 to 36 months of age living in
Peru’s poorest areas could benefit from this
product. An added bonus of Nutriplús is the
increased demand it is expected to create for
local agricultural products, particularly
sweetpotato, Espinola asserts.
“Aside from breast feeding, many mothers
have limited knowledge on how to properly
nourish their infants,” explains Nelly Espinola, CIP
nutritionist. “Not only do they feed them too
little and not frequently enough, but they feed
them diluted pottages that are low in nutrients
and minerals.”
To confront this problem, a group of scientists
from CIP and the Peruvian Instituto de
Investigación Nutricional (IIN) began to search for
an infant nutritional supplement that was easy to
prepare, affordable, and that contained the proper
balance of necessary nutrients. They came up with
85
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
CIP IN 2002
A SHARED EFFORT TO SUSTAIN IMPACT  In 2002, CIP
and its sister centers continued to suffer the effects
of diminishing financial support to international
agricultural research, despite a renewed interest
from investors in efforts to reduce poverty, promote
social development, and protect the environment.
To cope with this situation, CIP took action on
various fronts. We participated in the formulation of
various Challenge Program proposals while
continuing to seek support for the systemwide and
ecoregional initiatives that CIP convenes or
participates in. We stepped up fundraising efforts.
We embarked on a stringent program to heighten
efficiencies and underwent a painful downsizing
process to reduce our budget deficit. Thanks to these
efforts, we were able to rebuild reserves and
produce a balanced budget for 2003. We thank all
CIP staff for their tremendous dedication and
decisiveness and their active participation in
securing these achievements.
Over the years, CIP has placed emphasis on
documenting the impact of its work. A series of case
studies has been conducted, on the diffusion of new
varieties (in six countries), the implementation of
86
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
integrated pest management strategies (in four countries), and seed systems (in five countries). The composite net grand
benefits from these investments alone are estimated at over US$155 million per year. These results are only partial and do
not reflect the benefits accrued from many important areas, for instance in human resources development. CIP has trained
more than 5,000 scientists and professionals involved in research and development in various parts of the world.
It is also important to note that it took more than 15 years of dedicated research to prepare the ground for this
impact charted, mainly supported by unrestricted funding generously provided by our investors. CIP technologies did not
begin to show impact until 1987, although the upward trend has continued steadily since 1993 (see Annual net benefit
from investments in CIP between 1971 and 2001, page 91).
Unrestricted support to international centers is critical for long-term research whose payoff requires sustained efforts,
such as the collection, characterization, and conservation of genetic resources. CIP holds in trust a world collection of over
20,000 accessions of potatoes, sweetpotatoes, and Andean roots and tubers. Some impact can be readily appreciated from
these efforts, for example through the CIP program that has restored more than 2,000 potato accessions to 21 native
communities in Peru to replace crops lost to climatic change, terrorism, and other disruptions. But there is also great
promise for benefits in the longer term, for instance through the identification of genes that can help cope with the
effects of climate change.
At CIP we believe that impact is the result of a collective effort by investors, scientists, development agents, farmers,
and support staff, and that all of us deserve to be proud of it. Patient and systematic research and training does pay off for
the poor in developing countries.
CIP thanks the investors who have contributed with unrestricted and restricted funding over the years, as well as our
partners in research. Without their strong commitment to research for development, their sustained support, and their
efforts to diffuse and promote new technologies, these accomplishments would not have been possible.
87
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
David Robert MacKenzie was CIP Board member
from 1996, and Chair of the Board from 1998 until
his death on 23 October 2002. CIP remembers
with gratitude David MacKenzie’s personal and
professional contributions, which will continue to
bear fruit at the Center for many years to come.
His vision, wisdom, personal warmth, and gentility
were appreciated by all who were fortunate
enough to know him. The Center is currently
carrying out a vision exercise, based on his
roadmapping approach, which is inspired by and
dedicated to his memory.
IN MEMORY OF
DAVID MACKENZIE
88
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
DR ALEXANDER BORONIN (FROM MARCH 2002)
Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms
of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russia
DR RUTH EGGER (FROM MARCH 2002)
Intercooperation
Switzerland
MR JAMES GODFREY
Scottish Crop Research Institute
UK
DR CHUKICHI KANEDA (UNTIL MARCH 2002)
Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture
and Forestry
Japan
DR KIM, KANG-KWUN (ACTING CHAIR FROM OCTOBER 2002)
College of Natural Science, Konkuk University
Republic of Korea
DR DAVID R. MACKENZIE (CHAIR) (DIED OCTOBER 2002)
Northeastern Regional Association of State Agricultural
Experiment Station Directors
USA
DR ORLANDO OLCESE
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina
Peru
DR EIJA PEHU
The World Bank
USA
DR CARLOS ANTONIO SALAS (FROM MARCH 2002)
Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria
Peru
DR THERESA SENGOOBA
Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute
Uganda
DR MADHURA SWAMINATHAN
Indian Statistical Institute
India
DR HUBERT ZANDSTRA
International Potato Center
Peru
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
89
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS
The International Potato Center is grateful for the generous support of all its donors, particularly those who contribute
with unrestricted donations. The funding received enables CIP to carry out high quality research and training designed to
contribute to reducing poverty and achieving food security on a sustained basis in the poorest countries of the world.
CIP’s revenues in 2002 were lower than in 2001, which shows a continuing general trend of decreasing funding to
agricultural research. CIP is actively seeking new partners and additional sources of funding to maintain operations at a
sustainable and stable level. This will enable us to make a solid contribution in the years to come to our goal: food security,
healthy environments, and less poverty through research, training, information, and technical assistance on potato,
sweetpotato, Andean root and tuber crops, natural resources, and mountain ecologies.
Donor        US$000
Swiss Agency for Development 2,701 a
and Cooperation (SDC)
International Bank for Reconstruction and 2,268
Development (IBRD/World Bank Group)
United States Agency for International 2,117 a
Development (USAID)
Department for International 1,505
Development (DFID), UK
European Commission (EC) 1,422 b
Government of the Netherlands 1,064 a
Government of Japan 713
Government of Luxembourg 694
Swedish International Development 686
Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
Danish International Development 612 a
Agency (DANIDA)
Canadian International Development 584
Agency (CIDA)
Government of Spain 486
Government of Peru 371
Australian Centre for International Agricultural 358
Research (ACIAR)
Government of Germany 309
Government of Norway 267
International Development Research Centre 252
(IDRC), Canada
Government of Italy 235
Rockefeller Foundation 202
The McKnight Foundation 148
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 131
Government of the Republic of Korea 130
Government of China 120
Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria 106
(FONTAGRO)/Red Internacional de Metodología de
Investigación de Sistemas de Producción (RIMISP)
Government of Belgium 103
Ford Foundation 85
Food and Agriculture Organization of the 68
United Nations (FAO)
CARE Peru 68
Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK 67
Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation (SAREC) 62
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 62
(OPEC) Fund for International Development
Micronutrient Initiative 58
Government of South Africa 50
Government of France 47
Government of India 37
Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 35
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 26
National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration 25
(NOAA), USA
International Research Institute for Climate 21
Prediction (IRI)
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)’s 18
Agricultural Research Fund
Conservation, Food & Health Foundation Inc., USA 17
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) 16
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 14
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) 10
International Foundation, USA 10
Centro de Investigación Agrícola Tropical, Bolivia 6
Government of Mexico 5
Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), Peru 2
TOTAL                                         18,393
(ranked by level of contribution)
a Includes contributions for associate experts and/or university partners in the USA.
b Includes US$412,000 for conservation and characterization of root and tuber crops genetic resources, US$378,000 for gene discovery evaluation and mobilization for
root and tuber crops improvement, and US$632,000 for integrated management on late blight.
A donation from the Senior Family Fund (see page 70) was received in 2002, but will appear in CIP’s revenues in 2003.
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
90
FINANCIAL REPORT
CIP’s total revenues in 2002 were US$18.72 million,
2 percent lower than the 2001 revenues. Total revenues
included US$8.36 million of unrestricted donations and
US$10.36 million of restricted donations. At the end of
2002, US$4 million (21 percent of total revenues) had not
been received.
CIP’s donations are received in US dollars (40 percent,
or US$7.54 million), euros (19 percent, or US$3.46
million), Swiss francs (12 percent, or US$2.20 million),
yen (4 percent, or US$0.71 million), and various other
currencies (25 percent). In 2002, the US dollar
depreciated against the major currencies creating an
exchange gain of US$0.32 million.
In response to the continuing drop in revenues, CIP
underwent a downsizing exercise. In addition, the Center
took measures to improve the operational efficiency, to
closely monitor expenditures, and to raise efforts in fund
raising. These actions were fundamental to reduce
significantly the expected deficit to US$0.6 million.
Accumulated expenditures reached US$19.3 million
in 2002, 8 percent below the total budget for the year.
Expense reductions were possible in all categories,
especially in those expense lines funded by unrestricted
donations. Total savings achieved compared to the budget
were US$1.3 million, which compensated falling budgeted
revenues.
New project donation approvals increased substantially.
During the year, donation approvals, excluding earmarked
funding, reached US$10.8 million, 23 percent above the
previous year and three times those approved in 1999. The
backlog of projects pending approval from donors was fairly
stable at US$19.5 million.
In addition, austere and prudent policies made it possible
to reduce indirect costs from 14 percent in 2001 to 13
percent in 2002. It is expected that in the future, indirect
costs will continue to decline as the center expands its
research program.
The financial results reduced the operating reserve from
US$2.1 million in 2001 to US$1.8 million in 2002. In order to
better align financial reserves to potential risks, the account
accruals and provisions was redefined and a new target of
US$0.95 million was established, in order for it to serve as a
contingency reserve. The contingency reserve would cover
unexpected risks that reduce revenues or increase
expenses, such as donor cancellations, exchange rate
losses, unplanned staff relocations, etc. The new definition
made it possible to reallocate US$0.35 million from the
account accruals and provisions to the operating fund.
The statement below summarizes CIP’s financial position
as of December 2002. A copy of the complete audited
financial statements may be requested from the office of
the Deputy Director General for Corporate Development at
CIP headquarters in Lima, Peru.
Statement of financial position
Year ending 31 December 2002 (compared with 2001) (US$000)
                                                                        2002 2001
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalent 5,969 4,850
Accounts receivable
Donors 4,025 4,052
Employees 311 368
Others 238 244
Inventories 489 667
Advances 432 324
Prepaid expenses        184           136
Total current assets 11,648 10,641
Property and equipment, net 2,860 3,274
Total assets 14,508 13,915
Liabilities and net assets
Current liabilities
Accounts payable
Donors 1,063 1,030
Others 6,709 5,402
Accruals 1,201 1,575
Total current liabilities 8,973 8,007
Net assets
Appropriated 3,736 3,846
Unappropriated 1,799 2,062
Total net assets 5,535 5,908
Total liabilities and net assets 14,508 13,915
91
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Allocation of funds to CIP activities, 2002 and 2001
Research  activity 2002 2001
10 8 6 4 2 0
Potato
Sweetpotato
Andean roots
and tubers
NRM (including
 CONDESAN)
GMP
GILB
SIUPA
0 10 20 30 40 50
US$ millions Percent
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-40
-20
1971  1981            1987         1991    2001
Year
Annual net benefit from investments in CIP between 1971 and 2001 (in 1996 dollars)
Prepared by CIP's Social Science Department, based on CIP impact case studies
(US$ millions)
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
92
THE RESEARCH PROGRAM
CIP’s research projects and project leaders
Project Leader
1 Integrated management of late blight J. Landeo (until Sept 2002)
/ G. Forbes
2 Uptake and utilization of improved potato production technologies C. Crissman
3 True potato seed E. Chujoy
4 Integrated pest management for root and tuber crops A. Lagnaoui
5 Sweetpotato improvement and virus control D. Zhang
6 Postharvest quality, nutrition, and market impact of root and tuber crops M. Hermann
7 Biodiversity and genetic resources of root and tuber crops W. Roca
8 Integrated natural resource management in mountain agro-ecosystems R. Quiroz
9 Gene discovery, evaluation, and mobilization for crop improvement M. Bonierbale
10 Global commodity analysis and impact assessment of potato and sweetpotato technologies T. Walker (until Nov 2002)
/ K. Fuglie (interim leader)
G1 SIUPA (Strategic initiative on urban and peri-urban agriculture) G. Prain
G2 GILB (Global initiative on late blight) G. Forbes
R1 CONDESAN (Consortium for the sustainable development of the Andean ecoregion) H. Cisneros
CIP’s research program comprises 13 projects that address the most pressing constraints to improving livelihoods through
potato and sweetpotato production and use, managing natural resources in mountain ecosystems, and preserving and
exploiting underutilized Andean root and tuber crops. Within the 13 projects are three that formally recognize CIP’s
increasing success in convening and facilitating research among a large number of partners around global (potato late blight
and urban agriculture) and regional (Andean ecoregional) themes.
PROJECT 1. INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF LATE BLIGHT
Late blight in potato, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora
infestans, continues to be the most devastating potato
disease worldwide and the cause of huge crop losses,
particularly in less developed countries. CIP’s highest
research priority is to develop, adapt, and integrate
technologies for managing late blight of potato. CIP
scientists have already produced (through classical breeding
techniques) and deployed improved populations and
advanced clones with durable resistance to this disease, for
utilization by developing countries in particular. Combined
efforts by Projects 1 and 9 are being directed towards the
development and use of state-of-the-art molecular tools for
tapping newer sources of resistance. Components of
integrated disease management (IDM) are being developed
to complement host resistance in overall IDM strategies. The
farmer field school participatory approach is being used to
integrate components for disease control. Crop and disease
models linked to geographic information systems are being
used to understand the complexities of the disease’s
epidemiology across diverse agro-ecologies and to develop
simple decision-support systems for disease management.
PROJECT 2. UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF IMPROVED POTATO
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
The aim of this project is to develop and disseminate
production technologies that can improve on-farm yields
and hence the welfare of farm families. The project is
centered thematically and philosophically on seed potatoes,
either clonal or true potato seed, as a delivery mechanism
for new technologies. Because seeds transmit pests and
diseases, improved production and management of seed
potatoes, either in formal programs or in informal farmer
systems, is a key factor in improving potato productivity. The
93
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
reducing pest losses, while protecting the health of
producers, consumers, and the environment, this project
adopts a systematic and comprehensive approach to crop
protection. More specifically, this implies maintaining pest
populations at acceptable levels using combinations of
control techniques and practices, giving emphasis to
biological control agents and other nonchemical control
measures, and with due consideration of the socio-economic
(including aspects related to access to new markets) and
environmental consequences.
PROJECT 5. SWEETPOTATO IMPROVEMENT AND VIRUS CONTROL
This project aims at improving the productivity, nutritional
quality, and utilization of sweetpotato through the
development and adoption of new varieties with enhanced
postharvest characteristics and of technologies for
controlling sweetpotato virus diseases. Current project
activities include vitamin A biofortification through
development and deployment of beta-carotene-rich
sweetpotato in sub-Saharan Africa and southwest Asia,
genetic improvement of dry matter and starch yields to
facilitate diversified use of sweetpotato in China and
Southeast Asia, and application of technologies for
producing healthy planting material in regions where
sweetpotato virus disease is an important production
constraint.
PROJECT 6. POSTHARVEST QUALITY, NUTRITION,
AND MARKET IMPACT OF ROOT AND
TUBER CROPS
This project has two main objectives. The first is to alleviate
rural poverty by linking farmers with markets and thus
assisting them in income generation through diversified and
expanded postharvest use of roots and tubers; in this context
the identification of market opportunities, equitable rural
enterprise development, and product development are
central concerns. Project activities aim at improving
processing technologies and farmer access to markets;
identifying novel root and tuber products; developing
methodologies for successful product and small agro-
enterprise development; and increasing awareness of
specific health benefits from eating roots and tubers. The
second objective is to prevent vitamin A deficiency by
promoting the increased use of orange-fleshed
sweetpotatoes in regions where this nutritional disorder is
rampant. Initially concentrating on East Africa, the project
has established a partnership, called VITAA (Vitamin A for
Africa), which engages the agriculture, health, and nutrition
communities in seven sub-Saharan countries in an effort to
boost the demand for, and use of, orange-fleshed
sweetpotatoes by those most threatened by vitamin A
deficiency.
project is the venue in which clonal and true seed output
from CIP breeding and biotechnology programs are
introduced to countries, screened, tested in multiple
locations, and entered into local variety release schemes.
In addition to new genetic materials, our products include
improved integrated bacterial wilt management, virus and
bacterial wilt disease testing kits, and technical and
institutional backstopping to seed systems and the potato
sector.
PROJECT 3. TRUE POTATO SEED
True potato seed (TPS) enables a crop to be grown in areas
where traditional production systems fail, for example
where seed tubers are scarce or not available. By facilitating
the transfer of improved TPS hybrids in such areas of the
tropics and subtropics, CIP aims to expand potato cultivation
and increase its efficiency (reduce production costs, increase
yields). This project concentrates on breeding parents for
hybrid TPS production and improving TPS hybrids for needed
specific traits such as late blight resistance, earliness, and
seed set. This research is backstopped by the TPS utilization
activities in CIP’s Project 2 and by the work of local
organizations (private sector, nongovernmental
organizations, national agricultural research systems) in
efforts to commercialize TPS systems and thus underpin
developing small industries.
PROJECT 4. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR ROOT AND
TUBER CROPS
Root and tuber crops are among the world’s most important
food crops, with a great potential to improve food security,
eradicate starvation, and alleviate poverty in resource-poor
countries. For many farmers, these crops are not only their
food staple but also their principal source of cash income,
because of the growing demand for tubers in the cities.
Root and tuber crops are commonly grown in production
systems where biotic factors such as weeds, nematodes,
pests, and diseases limit yields and quality, reducing farmer
income. In the developing world, insect pests pose a serious
constraint to potato and sweetpotato production and hence
to the capacity of farmers to secure a livelihood; losses in the
field and in storage can easily reach 50 percent of total yield.
Besides the economic losses, current farmer control
practices rely on the use of highly toxic pesticides applied
with little or no protective equipment, causing substantial
damage to the health of people and the environment. And
the use of chemical pesticides is increasing rapidly,
particularly where farmers are intensifying production
methods in order to sell in urban markets, and where the
crops are expanding into agro-ecological regions and
planting seasons outside their traditional range. To achieve
its goal of increasing farmer income and food security by
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
94
PROJECT 7. BIODIVERSITY AND GENETIC RESOURCES OF ROOT
AND TUBER CROPS
The overall objective of this project is to secure the long-
term conservation of potato, sweetpotato, and other Andean
root and tuber crop genetic resources through global and
regional collaborative research on the management of seed,
field, and in vitro genebanks. The project also includes
research to explore technologies on cryopreservation
methods for the long-term conservation of potato clones.
Project activities include pathogen elimination and health
assurance for worldwide distribution of healthy clones;
linking collections with the conservation of biodiversity
carried out by farmers (in situ/on farm conservation);
rationalization of germplasm collections (coverage,
redundancies, clonal identity, core collections) by
integrating morpho-agronomic and molecular methods;
promoting access to, and use of, genebank holdings by the
identification and evaluation of new sources of priority
traits; and upgrading the information and documentation of
root and tuber crop genetic resources, and linking these
databases to georeferenced and genetic information.
PROJECT 8.INTEGRATED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN
MOUNTAIN AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
Mountain ecosystems are found on every continent and
sustain an estimated 10 percent of the world’s population.
In addition, billions of people living in the lowlands depend
on these ecosystems for food and other resources (water,
raw materials, energy). Mountain areas are also important
sources of plant and animal diversity, both wild and
domestic. In the past few decades, environmental changes
and rapid increases in population densities in mountain
areas have increased problems for planning effective
resource management strategies. Despite the global
recognition of the importance of these areas following the
lead of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development in 1992, many mountain communities
continue to live in poverty. Through integrated natural
resource management research, CIP and other Future
Harvest centers are working to alleviate poverty, increase
food security, and protect the environment in mountain
areas. The goal of this project is to contribute to more
productive and sustainable natural resource management
in selected mountain areas. The management practices,
methodologies, policy recommendations, and analytical
tools being developed jointly with national agricultural
research systems, and complemented with appropriate
training, will enhance the capability of local and national
researchers and authorities to analyze their problems,
search for windows of opportunity, and to assess, ex-ante,
the tradeoffs of interventions.
PROJECT 9.GENE DISCOVERY, EVALUATION, AND MOBILIZATION
FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT
Strategic germplasm evaluation is conducted in
collaboration with CIP’s biodiversity conservation project
(Project 7) to identify and characterize new sources of
resistance to late blight, bacterial wilt, and viruses; such new
resistance sources are needed to develop broad-based
potato varieties less dependent on pesticides and other
inputs. The project’s applied breeding program develops
resistance to major potato viruses (potato leafroll virus,
potato virus Y, and potato virus X) to protect crops from the
degenerative diseases that are important in tropical lowland
regions where vector pressures are high and capacity for the
production of healthy vegetative seed is limited. Molecular
tools and information are used to identify and monitor
resistance to potato late blight and viruses and to help
improve productivity, postharvest quality, and nutritional
and market value of sweetpotato and potato through better
understanding and more efficient manipulation of
carbohydrate gene networks. In addition, novel resistance
mechanisms are engineered, and foreign genes are
mobilized to confront priority diseases and pests for which
conventional breeding does not offer ready solutions. High
levels of multiple virus resistance are developed in
advanced potato clones and parental lines that also possess
the productivity and use characteristics that are needed for
variety development in collaboration with national
breeding programs.
PROJECT 10. GLOBAL COMMODITY ANALYSIS AND IMPACT
ASSESSMENT FOR POTATO AND SWEETPOTATO
TECHNOLOGIES
This project generates information for scientists, research
administrators, policy makers, and donors for decision
making on technology design, resource allocation, policy
formulation, and investment options related to potato and
sweetpotato improvement and utilization. Some of the
specific objectives are to: quantify the agronomic, economic,
social, and environmental effects of improved potato and
sweetpotato technologies; document the rate of return and
the effect on poverty of CIP’s research; assess the level and
adequacy of investment in potato and sweetpotato crop
improvement in developing countries; assemble and
maintain price and production databases for priority setting;
evaluate the effects of potato price instability on diverse
groups in society; assist in improving domestic potato and
sweetpotato marketing and international potato trade
benefiting developing countries; and participate in
generating the most informative commodity projections
with specialized institutions.
95
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
PROJECT G1. SIUPA (STRATEGIC INITIATIVE ON URBAN AND
PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE)
The strategic initiative on urban and peri-urban agriculture
(SIUPA) was launched by the CGIAR in late 1999 in response
to growing urban populations and urban poverty and the
increased dependence of city dwellers on farming. CIP is the
convening center for the initiative. SIUPA’s goals are to
contribute to increased food security, improved nutritional
status, and higher incomes for urban and peri-urban farmers
while mitigating negative environmental and health
impacts; and to establish the perception of urban and peri-
urban agriculture as a positive, productive, and essential
component of sustainable cities. SIUPA has established a set
of research activities in regional sites collectively known as
Urban Harvest. CIP is one of several Future Harvest centers
implementing research activities with other international
and national agencies in such fields as sustainable
agroprocessing and livestock enterprises, quality aspects of
vegetable production systems, and the contribution of urban
agriculture to human nutrition.
PROJECT G2. GILB (GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON LATE BLIGHT)
The global initiative on late blight (GILB) was convened by
CIP in 1996 in response to the escalating agricultural crisis
brought about by the evolution of more aggressive and
fungicide-resistant forms of the potato late blight pathogen,
Phytophthora infestans. GILB stimulates collaborative and
complementary research and technology transfer among
developing and developed countries by improving
communications among researchers and institutions. GILB
has established regional and thematic linkage groups to
encourage people to work together and to identify
additional opportunities for collaboration. To assist these
groups, GILB has sponsored meetings and developed world
wide web pages for each group. To facilitate access to
information, a global late blight information system, with
numerous resources and links, has been established online at
the GILB web address. A newsletter is distributed three
times a year to GILB members in 79 countries. GILB
sponsored international conferences in 1999 and 2002. GILB
is managed by a steering committee representing different
regions of the world where late blight is important.
PROJECT R1. CONDESAN (CONSORTIUM FOR THE
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANDEAN
ECOREGION)
CONDESAN is an open and dynamic consortium of diverse
organizations, each one contributing its knowledge and
expertise on research and/or rural development, that
works on the interlocking issues of sustainable natural
resource management, increasing rural incomes, and social
equity. The objective is to strengthen local capacity to
understand natural resource management and to develop
environmentally sound production systems and policies that
can enhance life in the Andes. Focusing mainly on poor
farmer groups of the highlands, CONDESAN concentrates its
fieldwork at seven benchmark sites that broadly represent
the major ecological zones. Cross-sectional and common
themes, however, are promoted for the entire region.
InfoAndina, the electronic information system, is a key
component of the Consortium’s team-building strategy.
Through coordination and facilitation activities by a small
coordination unit, the project aims to create effective and
strong linkages between research and rural development
partners.
CIP’S DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
• Contribute to halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the population in extreme poverty
(Millennium Development Target 1)
• Contribute to halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
(Millennium Development Target 2)
• Contribute to reducing by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate (Millennium
Development Target 5)
• Contribute to reducing by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
(Millennium Development Target 6)
• Contribute to integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
programs and to reversing the loss of environmental resources (Millennium Development Target 9)
• Contribute, by 2020, to achieving significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers (Millennium Development Target 11)
• Contribute to addressing the special needs of the least developed countries (Millennium Development
Target 13)
• Contribute, in cooperation with the private sector, to making available the benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communications technologies (Millennium Development Target 18)
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
96
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS BY CIP STAFF
Abidin PE, van Euewijk FA, Stam P, Struik PC, Zhang DP,
Hermann M, and Carey EE. 2002. Evaluation of sweetpotato
(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) germplasm from North-eastern
Uganda through a Farmer Participatory Approach. Acta
Horticulturae 583: 61–68.
Adler NE, Chacón G, Flier WG, and Forbes GA. 2002. New
disease report. The Andean fruit crop, pear melon (Solanum
muricatum), is a common host for A1 and A2 strains of
Phytophthora infestans in Ecuador. Plant Pathology 51: 802.
Bernet T, Hervé D, Lehmann B, and Walker T. 2002.
Improving land use of slope farmers in the Andes: An
economic assessment of establishing small-scale sprinkler
irrigation to shift toward milk production. Mountain
Research and Development 22: 375–382.
Bernet T, Lara M, Urday P, and Devaux A. 2002. El reto de
vincular a los pequeños productores de papa con la
agroindustria. Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa 13: 1–23.
Campilan D. 2002. Linking social and technical components
of innovation through social learning: the case of potato
disease management in Nepal. In: Wheelbarrow full of frogs:
Social learning in rural resource management. International
Research and Reflections (Cees Leeuwis and Rhiannon
Pyburn, eds), pp. 135–146. Van Gorcum, Assen, The
Netherlands.
Campilan D. 2002. The importance of local knowledge in
conserving crop diversity. SciDevNet Indigenous Knowledge
Policy Brief. www.scidev.net/dossiers/indigenous_knowledge
Clark CA, Valverde RA, Fuentes S, Salazar LF, and Moyer
WJ. 2002. Research for improved management of
sweetpotato pests and diseases: cultivar decline. Acta
Horticulturae 583: 103–110.
Cole D, Sherwood S, Crissman C, Barrera V, and Espinosa
E. 2002. Pesticides and health in highland Ecuadorian potato
production: Assessing impacts and developing responses.
International Journal for Occupational and Environmental
Health 8: 182–190.
Devaux A and Thiele G. 2002. Compendio de Papa Andina,
logros y experiencias de la primera fase (1998–2002). CIP,
Lima, Peru, 96 pp.
Fernández-Northcote EN (ed.). 2002. Memorias del Taller
Internacional: Complementando la resistencia al tizón
(Phytophthora infestans) en los Andes [Proceedings of the
International Workshop on Complementing Resistance to
Potato Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) in the Andes],
Cochabamba, Bolivia, February 2001. GILB/CIP, Lima, Peru.
214 pp.
Fonseca C, Zuger R, Walker T, and Molina J. 2002. Estudio
de impacto de la adopción de nuevas variedades de camote
liberadas por el INIA en la costa central, Perú. Caso del valle
de Cañete. CIP, Lima, Peru. 24 pp.
Golmirzaie AM and Ortiz R. 2002. Inbreeding and true seed
in tetrasomic potato. III. Early selection for seedling vigor on
open-pollinated populations. Theoretical and Applied
Genetics 104: 157–160.
Golmirzaie AM and Ortiz R. 2002. Inbreeding and true seed
in tetrasomic potato. IV. Synthetic cultivars. Theoretical and
Applied Genetics 104: 161–164.
Guarino L, Jarvis A, Hijmans RJ, and Maxted N. 2002.
Geographic information systems (GIS) and the conservation
and use of plant genetic resources. In: Managing plant
genetic diversity (J.M.M. Engels, V. Ramantha Rao, A.H.D.
Brown, and M.T. Jackson, eds), pp. 387–404. CABI,
Wallingford, UK.
Hijmans RJ, Huaccho L, and Zhang DP. 2002. Description
and analysis of a geo-referenced database of the global
distribution of sweetpotato area. Acta Horticulturae 583:
41–45.
Hijmans RJ, Spooner DM, Salas AR, Guarino L, and de la
Cruz J. 2002. Atlas of wild potatoes. International Plant
Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. 130 pp.
Kumar A, Sarma YR, and Priou S. 2002. Detection of
Ralstonia solanacearum in ginger rhizomes using post
enrichment ELISA. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 11:
35–40.
Livieratos IC, Müller G, Salazar LF, Eliasco E, and Coutts
RHA. 2002. Identification and sequence analysis of potato
yellow vein virus capsid protein minor gene. Virus Genes 25:
317–322.
Lizárraga C (ed.). 2002. Late blight: Managing the global
threat. Proceedings of the Global Initiative on Late Blight
Conference, Hamburg, Germany, July 2002. CIP, Lima, Peru.
Manrique K and Hermann M. 2002. Comparative study to
determine stable performance in sweetpotato (Ipomoea
batatas (L.) Lam.) regional trials. Acta Horticulturae 583: 87–
94.
Muller G, Fuentes S, and Salazar LF. 2002. Detection of
sweetpotato chlorotic stunt crinivirus (SPCSV) by non-
radioactive nucleic acid spot hybridization (NAS). Acta
Horticulturae 583: 129–133.
97
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Mwanga ROM, Kriegner A, Cervantes JC, Zhang DP, Moyer
JW, and Yencho C. 2002. Resistance to sweetpotato
chlorotic stunt virus and sweetpotato feathery mottle virus
is mediated by two separate recessive genes in sweetpotato.
Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 127:
798–806.
Mwanga ROM, Moyer JW, Zhang DP, Carey EE, and
Yencho GC. 2002. Nature of resistance of sweetpotato to
sweetpotato virus disease. Acta Horticulturae 583: 113–119.
Olanya OM, Lambert DH, Johnson SB, and Dwyer JD.
2002. Assessment of the impact of mid-season late blight
infection on disease development and yield of potato variety
Russet Norkotah in Maine. International Journal of Pest
Management 48: 139–146.
Oliva RF, Erselius LJ, Adler NE, and Forbes GA. 2002.
Potential of sexual reproduction among host-adapted
populations of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador.
Plant Pathology 51: 710–719.
Ortiz O, Nelson R, Palacios M, and Orrego O (eds). 2002.
Guía para facilitar el desarrollo de escuelas de campo de
agricultores: Manejo integrado de las principales
enfermedades e insectos de la papa. CIP/CARE-Peru. 264 pp.
Peters D, Nguyen TT, and Pham NT. 2002. Sweet potato
root silage for efficient and labor-saving pig raising in
Vietnam. AGRIPPA Peer Reviewed Electronic Journal
www.fao.org/docrep/article/agrippa/554_en.htm
Pray CE and Fuglie K. 2002. Private investment in
agricultural research and international technology transfer
in Asia. CIP, Bogor, Indonesia; Rutgers University, and
Economic Research Service. 155 pp.
Priou S, Salas C, de Mendiburu F, Aley P, and Gutarra L.
2001. Assessment of latent infection frequency in progeny
tubers of advanced potato clones resistant to bacterial wilt:
a new selection criterion. Potato Research 44: 359–373.
Priou S, Torres R, Villar A, Gutarra L, and de Mendiburu F.
2001. Optimization of sample size for the detection of latent
infection by Ralstonia solanacearum in potato seed tubers in
the highlands of Peru. Potato Research 44: 349–358.
Pumisacho M and Sherwood S (eds). 2002. Technical guide
to potato production in Ecuador. INIAP-CIP. 320 pp.
Sherwood S and Pumisacho M. 2002. Facilitators’ guide for
implementing farmer field schools in potato IPM. FAO/CIP/
INIAP. 120 pp.
Thiele G and Devaux A. 2002. Adding value to local
knowledge and biodiversity of Andean potato farmers, the
Papa Andina Project. InfoAgrar News No. 12/02, pp. 2–3.
Torres H. 2002. Manual de las enfermedades más
importantes de la papa en el Perú. CIP, Lima, Peru.
Triki MA, Priou S, and El Mahjoub M. 2001. Effects of soil
solarization on soil-borne populations of Pythium
aphanidermatum and Fusarium solani and on the potato
crop in Tunisia. Potato Research 44: 271–279.
Triki MA, Priou S, El Mahjoub M, and Baudry A. 2001. Leak
syndrome of potato in Tunisia caused by Pythium
aphanidermatum and Pythium ultimum. Potato Research 44:
221–231.
Trognitz F, Manosalva P, Gysin R, Niño-Liu D, Simon R, del
Rosario Herrera M, Trognitz B, Ghislain M, and Nelson R.
2002. Plant defense genes associated with quantitative
resistance to potato late blight in Solanum phureja x
dihaploid S. tuberosum hybrids. Molecular Plant–Microbe
Interactions 15: 587–597.
Van de Fliert E and Braun AR. 2002. Conceptualizing
integrative, farmer participatory research for sustainable
agriculture: From opportunities to impact. Agriculture and
Human Values 19: 25–38.
Van de Fliert E, Dilts R, and Pontius J. 2002. Farmer
researcher teams, farmer field schools and community IPM:
different platforms for different research and learning
objectives. In: Wheelbarrow full of frogs: Social learning in
rural resource management. International Research and
Reflections (Cees Leeuwis and Rhiannon Pyburn, eds), pp.
121–133. Van Gorcum, Assen, The Netherlands.
Zhang BY, Liu QC, Zhai H, Zhou HY, Zhang DP, and Wang
Y. 2002. Production of fertile interspecific somatic hybrid
plants between sweetpotato and its wild relative, Ipomoea
lacunosa. Acta Horticulturae 583: 81–85.
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
98
Main group training events
The topics covered by CIP’s training curriculum respond directly to the Center’s main research areas centered on the
production and use of CIP’s mandate crops and the conservation and management of natural resources. There is a growing
demand for training on natural resource management in mountain areas and on conservation of root and tuber genetic
material.
CIP leads training sessions and workshops, organizes and sponsors international conferences, and develops training materials.
The 32 main training events conducted across the world in 2002 were attended by participants from 64 countries. These
activities focused on research methodologies, tools, and techniques for developing-country scientists, and on capacity
building for sustainable production, targeted at NGOs, government organizations, and development agencies. At CIP
headquarters, individual training was provided for participants from 23 countries. CIP also supported training at distant
locations by distributing publications and manuals, as well as through the use of electronic media, including downloads of
manuals, articles, and reports from CIP’s training website (www.cipotato.org/training), and e-conferences and workshops.
CIP continues to develop its website and interactive CD-ROMs to support training activities organized by CIP headquarters
and regional offices, and by CIP-related networks.
TRAINING HIGHLIGHTS
Event (number of participants in parentheses) External sponsors Participating countries
Workshop on bacterial wilt detection and its TCRC Bangladesh
application to potato seed production (12)   
   
Advanced virology course (5)  Bolivia, Costa Rica, Philippines
   
Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest CGIAR, SDC Benin, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia,
Management: Annual meeting of the Italy, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, Philippines,
Inter-Center Working Group of the CGIAR (19) Senegal, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia, UK
   
Workshop on participatory research, integrated Fundación para el Peru
pest management and varieties for industry, Desarrollo Regional,
harvest and postharvest (14) INCAGRO  
World Meeting on Mountain Ecosystems (278) CAF, FAO, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Peruvian Ministry Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
of Foreign Affairs, France, Germany, Ghana, Italy, Mexico,
SDC Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru,
Puerto Rico, South Africa, USA,
Venezuela
Course on improved techniques of sweetpotato TCRC Bangladesh
production (59)
Integrated management of potato late blight IFAD Bangladesh, Bolivia, China, Ethiopia,
diseases: refining and implementing local Peru, Uganda, UK
strategies through farmer field schools (11)  
   
Steering committee meeting of Vitamin A for ISTI, Micronutrient Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya,
Africa (VITAA) (22) Initiative, OPEC, Mozambique, Peru, South Africa,
USAID Tanzania, Uganda, USA, UK
   
Course on integrated crop management (70) ICARDA, Ministry of Afghanistan
 Agriculture,
Afghanistan
Workshop on statistical analysis and experimental ICRAF, ILRI, PRAPACE Kenya
design (17)
Workshop on application of molecular markers in CTB, FAO, IPGRI Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Spain
agrobiodiversity conservation and management (19)   
   
99
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
GILB conference: Managing the global threat (173) DANIDA, Technical Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Brazil,
Centre for Agricultural Cameroon, Canada, China, Czech Rep.,
&  Rural Cooperation Denmark, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France,
Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Japan, Kenya, Luxemburg, Mexico,
Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway,  Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Romania,
Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UK, Ukranian SSR,
USA, Venezuela, Vietnam
   
Workshop on analysis of agroproduction systems (17)  Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Panama, Peru
   
Conference on alternatives for funding and CONDESAN Canada, Peru, Switzerland
investment in poor rural environments (62)   
   
Course on potato seed production in ICARDA Afghanistan
Afghanistan (38)
   
Course on technology of autotrophic and Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia,
hydroponic  systems (8) Venezuela
   
Workshop on genetic improvement and FONTAGRO Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia,
perspectives for the industrial use of potato (21)  Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
   
Course on utilization and promotion of true potato  India
seed (89)
   
Workshop on urban policy implications of FAO, SIUPA Kenya
enhancing food security in African cities (35)
   
Course on cassava and sweetpotato research and CRS Uganda
development (30)
Workshop on watershed management (25) MANRECUR, PROMSA Ecuador
   
Course on computer simulation and GIS (50) DINAREN, INAMHI, Ecuador
 INIAP, INPOFOS
International workshop of the China-ASEAN Ministry of Agriculture, China
Potato Forum China
   
International conference on farmer field schools FAO, Rockefeller Indonesia
 Foundation
UPWARD annual review and planning meeting UPWARD Philippines
   
Course on participatory research and development UPWARD Philippines
   
Sweetpotato study tour  China
   
Workshop on sweetpotato IPM farmer field schools  Vietnam
   
Seminar-workshop on the potentials of NVH Foundation Philippines
sweetpotato in improving household income
and nutritional status (15)   
   
Workshop on sweetpotato ICM project validation (12) UPWARD Philippines
   
Potato ICM project summative workshop (14) UPWARD China
   
Project team workshop for the development of IDRC Philippines
an agrobiodiversity sourcebook (18)
Full names of external sponsors can be found in the list of CIP’s partners (pages 100–103).
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
100
CIP'S PARTNERS
AARI Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey • AARI Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Pakistan • AAS Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, North Korea • AB-DLO Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, Netherlands • ACIAR Australian Centre
for International Agricultural Research • ADT Akukuranut Development Trust, Kenya • AFRENA African Resource Network in
Agro-Forestry, Uganda • AFRICARE, Uganda • AGDIA Inc, USA • AGERI Agriculture Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Egypt •
Agricultural Research Council, South Africa • Agricultural Research Institute, Tanzania • Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada • AHI
African Highland Ecoregional Program, East Africa • Ainshams University, Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt • AIAT-WS Agricultural
Technology Assessment Institute West Sumatra, Indonesia • AIT Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand • AKF Aga Khan Founda-
tion, Switzerland • Alemaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia • Angola Seeds of Freedom Project • Anhui Academy of Agricultural
Science, China • APPRI Agricultural Plant Protection Research Institute, Egypt • APROSEPA Asociación de Productores de Semilla
de Papa, Bolivia • Arapai College, Uganda • ARARIWA Association for Andean Technical-Cultural Promotion, Peru • ARC Agricul-
ture Research Centre, Egypt • ARC Agricultural Research Corporation, Sudan • ARC Agricultural Research Council, South Africa •
ARCS Austrian Research Centers Seibersdorf, Austria • ARDC Agricultural Research and Development Centre, Uganda • AREA
Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, Yemen • ARI Agricultural Research Institute, Pakistan • ARI Agricultural Research
Institute, Tanzania • ARO Agricultural Research Organization, Israel • ASAR Asociación de Servicios Artesanales y Rurales, Bolivia •
ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa, Uganda • ASPADERUC Asociación
para el Desarrollo Rural de Cajamarca, Peru • ATDTP Agricultural Technology Development and Transfer Project, Rwanda • AT-
Uganda Appropriate Technology Uganda • AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan • Awasa Research
Centre, Ethiopia • BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation • BAR Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department
of Agriculture, Philippines • BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute • BBA Federal Biological Research Centre for
Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Biological Control, Germany • BCNC Baguio City Nutrition Council, Philippines • BIOGEN
Biodiversidad y Genética, Peru • BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee • BRC Biotechnology Research Center,
Vietnam • BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute • BSU Benguet State University, Philippines • BTA Biotecnología Agropecuaria
SA, Chile • BUCADEF Buganda Cultural Development Foundation, Uganda • Bvumbwe Research Station, Malawi • CAAS Chinese
Academy of Agricultural Sciences • CABI Bioscience, Kenya, UK • CAB International, Kenya • CAF College for Agriculture and
Forestry, Vietnam • CamBioTec, Canada • CARDI Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Trinidad • CARE
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, USA • CARE-Bangladesh • CARE-Kenya • CARE-Peru • CARE-Rwanda • Catholic
University of Leuven, Belgium • CAU China Agricultural University, China • CavSU Cavite State University, Philippines • CBC Centro
Bartolomé de las Casas, Peru • CCAP Chinese Center for Agricultural Policy, China • CECOACAM Central de Cooperativas Agrarias
de Cañete y Mala, Peru • CEDEPAS Centro Ecuménico de la Promoción y Acción Social, Peru • CEMOR Cemor Editores &
Promotores, Peru • CENA Civil Engineers Network Africa, South Africa • Cendrawasih University, Indonesia • Centro de Investigación
Agrícola Tropical, Bolivia • Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Costa Rica • Centros de Reproducción de Entomógenos y
Entomopatógenos, Cuba • CERGETYR Centro Regional de Recursos Genéticos de Tuberosas y Raíces, Peru • CFP Cities Feeding
People, Canada • CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, USA • Chiang Mai University, Thailand •
Christian AID, DR Congo • CIAAB Centro de Investigaciones Agrícolas A Boerger, Uruguay • CIAD Center for Integrated Agricul-
tural Development, China • CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Colombia • CICA Centro de Investigación en
Cultivos Andinos, Peru • CIDA  Canadian International Development Agency • CIED Centro de Investigación, Educación y
Desarrollo, Peru • CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, Mexico • CIRAD Centre de coopération
internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, France • CIPDER Consorcio Interinstitucional para el
Desarrollo Regional Cajamarca, Peru • CIRNMA Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Peru • CLADES
Consorcio Latinoamericano de Agroecología y Desarrollo, Peru • Clemson University, USA • CLSU Central Luzon State University,
Philippines • CNCQS Chinese National Centre for Quality Supervision and Test of Feed • CNPH Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de
Hortaliças, Brazil • CODESE Comite de Semilleristas, Peru • Comunité de Yaounde, Cameroon • CONAM Consejo Nacional del
Ambiente, Peru • CONCYTEC Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Peru • CONDESAN Consortium for the Sustainable
Development of the Andean Ecoregion, Peru • Conservation, Food & Health Foundation Inc., USA • Consorcio Surandino, Peru •
COPASA Cooperacion Peruano Aleman de Seguridad Alimentaria, Peru • Cornell University, USA • CORPOICA Corporación del
Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, Colombia • CPPS Chongqing Plant Protection Station, China • CPRA Centre de
perfectionnement et de recyclage agricole de Saïda, Tunisia • CPRI Central Potato Research Institute, India • CPRS Central Potato
Research Station, India • CRIBA Centro Regional de Investigación en Biodiversidad Andina, Peru • CRIFC Central Research
Institute for Food Crops, Indonesia • CRIH Central Research Institute for Horticulture, Indonesia • CRP-CU Centre de recherche
public – Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg • CRS Catholic Relief Services, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Indonesia • CTA Technical Centre
for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation • CTB Belgium Technical Cooperation • CTCRI Central Tuber Crops Research Institute,
India • DAE Department of Agricultural Extension, Bangladesh • DANIDA Danish International Development Agency • DARHRD
Department of Agricultural Research and Human Resource Development, Eritrea • DECRG, Development Economics Research
Group, World Bank, USA • Department of Agriculture, Philippines • Department of Agriculture, Thailand • Department of
Agriculture, Phichit Horticultural Research Center, Thailand • DFID Department for International Development, UK • DINAREN
100
101
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Direccion Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Ecuador • Dinas Peternakan Wamena, Indonesia • Dirección Nacional de
Sanidad Vegetal, Cuba • Directorate of Root Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia • DPP Department of Plant
Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam • DRCFC Dalat Research Center for Food Crops, Vietnam •
DRDS Department of Research and Development Services, Bhutan • EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (for-
merly IAR), Ethiopia • EARRNET Eastern Africa Rootcrops Research Network, Uganda • EC European Commission • ECABREN
Eastern and Central Africa Bean Research Network, Uganda • EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brazil •
Empresas de Cultivos Varios del Ministerio de Agricultura, Cuba • ENEA Comitato Nazionale per la Ricerca e per lo Sviluppo
dell’Energia Nucleare e delle Energie Alternative, Italy • Erbacher Foundation, Germany • ESH Ecole supérieure d’horticulture,
Tunisia • ETH Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Switzerland • FAO Community IPM Program, Vietnam and Indonesia • FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy • FAPESP Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo,
Brazil • FCRI Food Crops Research Institute, Vietnam • FDR Fundación para el Desarrollo Rural, Peru • FIELD Farmer Initiatives for
Ecological Livelihood and Democracy, Indonesia • FOFIFA/FIFAMANOR Centre national de la recherche appliquée au
developpément rural, Madagascar • Food Crop Research Institute, Vietnam • FONTAGRO/RIMISP Fondo Regional de Tecnología
Agropecuaria/Red Internacional de Metodología de Investigación de Sistemas de Producción • FOODNET (ASARECA network
implemented by IITA) • Ford Foundation • FORTIPAPA Fortalecimiento de la Investigación y Producción de Semilla de Papa,
Ecuador • FOVIDA Fomenta de la Vida, Peru • FSP Forages for Smallholders Project, CIAT, Colombia • FUNDAGRO Fundación para
el Desarrollo Agropecuario, Ecuador • FUNDANDES Fundación para el Ambiente Natural y el Desarrollo, Argentina • GAAS
Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • GILB Global Initiative on Late Blight, Peru • GKF Grameen Krishi Founda-
tion, Bangladesh • GLKS Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Germany • Government of Belgium • Government
of China • Government of France • Government of Germany • Government of India • Government of Italy • Government of Japan •
Government of Luxembourg • Government of Mexico • Government of Norway • Government of Peru • Government of South
Africa • Government of Spain • Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran • Government of the Netherlands • Government of the
Republic of Korea • HAAS Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • HARI Humeng Agricultural Research Institute,
China • HAU Hanoi Agriculture University, Vietnam • Hong Doc University, Vietnam • Hong Kong University, China • HORDI,
Horticultural Research and Development Institute, Sri Lanka • HRI Horticulture Research Institute, Egypt • HUAF Hue University
for Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam • Huanzhong Agricultural University, China • Hubei Agricultural University, China • Hung
Loc Agriculture Research Center, Vietnam • Hasanuddin University, Indonesia • IAC International Agricultural Centre, Nether-
lands • IAF Inter-American Foundation, USA • IAI-ISP Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, Initial Science
Program, Brazil • IAN Instituto Agronómico Nacional, Paraguay • IAO Istituto Agronomico per l’Oltremare, Italy • IAS Institute of
Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam • IASA Instituto Agropecuario Superior Andino,
Ecuador • IAV Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Morocco • IBC Institute for Breeding of Crop Plants, Federal Center
for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, Germany • IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development • ICA
Instituto Colombiana Agropecuaria, Colombia • ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India • ICASA International
Consortium for Agricultural Systems Applications, USA • ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development,
Nepal • ICIPE International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya • ICO CEDEC Instituto de Capacitación del Oriente,
Bolivia • ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Kenya • ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics, India • ICRW International Center for Research on Women, USA • IDEA Instituto Internacional de Estudios
Avanzados, Venezuela • IDIAP Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá, Panama • IDRC International Development
Research Center, Canada • IEBR Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam • IESR/INTA Instituto de Economía y
Sociología Rural del INTA, Argentina • IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development • IFDC International Fertilizer
Development Center, USA • IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute, USA • IHAR Polish Plant Breeding and Acclimati-
zation Institute, Poland • ISHS International Society for Horticultural Sciences, Belgium • IIN Instituto de Investigación Nutricional,
Peru • IIRR International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Philippines • IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,
Nigeria • ILRI International Livestock Research Institute, Ethiopia and Kenya • IMA Instituto de Manejo de Agua y Medio Ambiente,
Peru • INAMHI Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología, Ecuador • INCAGRO Innovación y Competitividad para el Agro
Peruano, Peru • INERA, Institut nationale d’etudes et de recherches agricoles, DR Congo • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigacão
Agronómica, Mozambique • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria, Peru • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones
Agropecuarias, Chile • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Uruguay • INIA Instituto Nacional de
Investigaciones y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Spain • INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Venezuela •
INIAP Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador • INIFAP Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y
Agropecuarias, Mexico • INIVIT Instituto Nacional de Investigación de Viandas Tropicales, Cuba • INPOFOS Instituto de la Potasa
y el Fósforo, Ecuador • INRA Institut national de la recherche agronomique, France • INRA Institut national de la recherche
agronomique, Morocco • INRAT Institut national de la recherche agronomique de Tunisie, Tunisia • Instituto Rural Valle Grande,
Cañete, Peru • INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina • International Accord, Rwanda, Uganda • Interna-
tional Foundation, USA • IPAC Instituto de Promoción Agropecuaria y Comunal, Peru • IPB Institut Pertanian Bogor Indonesia •
10
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
102
IPDA Instituto de Promoción y Desarrollo Agrario, Peru • IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Italy • IPR
Institute for Potato Research, Poland • IRA Institut de recherche agronomique, Cameroon • IRAD Institut de recherche agricole
pour le développement, Cameroon • IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement (formerly ORSTOM), France • IRI Interna-
tional Research Institute for Climate Prediction • IRRI International Rice Research Institute, Philippines • ISABU Institut des
sciences agronomiques du Burundi • ISAR Institut des sciences agronomiques du Rwanda • ISHS International Society for
Horticultural Sciences, USA • ISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Research, Netherlands • ISTI International
Science and Technology Initiative • ISTPC Instituto Superior Tecnológico Público de Cañete, Peru • IWMI International Water
Management Institute, Sri Lanka • IZ Instytut Ziemniaka, Poland • JAAS Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China •
Jerusalen de Porcon Cooperative, Peru • JKUAT Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya • JTTK Jaringan
Tani Tanah Karo, Indonesia • KARI Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute • Kaugu & Katheri Farmers, Kenya • KEPHIS Kenya Plant
Health Inspectorate Service • La Habana University, Chemistry Faculty, Cuba • Lake Basin Development Authority, Kenya • LDI
Landscape Development Intervention, Madagascar • Louisiana State University, USA • Lucana, Bolivia • MAE Ministère des affaires
etrangères, France • Makerere University, Uganda • MANRECUR Manejo Colaborativo de Recursos Naturales en la Subcuenca del
Río el Angel, Ecuador • MARDI Malaysia Agriculture Research Development Institute, Malaysia • MARS Mwara Agricultural
Research Institute, Indonesia • Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Germany • McMaster University, Canada • MGL
USAID's Micronutrient Global Leadership Project • Mianning Agriculture Bureau, China • Michigan State University, USA •
Micronutrient Initiative, Canada • Ministerio Presidencia, Peru • Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores, Peru • Ministry of Agriculture,
China • Ministry of Agriculture, Ecuador • Ministry of Agriculture, Eritrea • Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Division of
Research and Development, Tanzania • Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt • MIP Programa de Manejo Integrado
de Plagas, Dominican Republic • Mississippi State University, USA • Mitra Tani, Indonesia • MMSU Mariano Marcos State University,
Philippines • Montana State University, USA • MOST USAID's Micronutrient Program • Mountain Forum, USA • MSIRI Mauritius
Sugar Industry Research Institute • Municipalidad Distrital Baños del Inca Peru • NI Vavilov Institute, Russia • NAARI Namulonge
Agricultural and Animal Research Institute, Uganda • Nagoya University, Japan • Nanchong Agricultural Research Institute, China •
NARC National Agricultural Research Centre, Pakistan • NARC Nepal Agricultural Research Council • NARO National Agricultural
Research Organization, Uganda •  NCGR National Center for Genome Resources, USA • NCVESC National Center for Variety
Evaluation and Seed Certification, Vietnam • NIAH National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Vietnam • Nijmegen University,
Netherlands • Njabini Farmer Group, Kenya • Nkozi University, Uganda • NOAA National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration,
USA • NOMIARC Northern Mindanao Agricultural Research Center, Philippines • Nomorionteetab Kibagenge, Kenya • North
Carolina State University, USA • NPRCRTC Northern Philippines Root Crops Research and Training Center, Philippines • NPRC
National Potato Research Centre Tigoni, Kenya • NPRP National Potato Research Program, Nepal • NRI Natural Resources Institute,
UK • NRSP-6 USDA Potato Production Introduction Station–Wisconsin, USA • NUS National University of Singapore • ODER
Oficina de Desarrollo Rural–Chalaco, Peru • Ohio State University, USA • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Fund for International Development • Oregon State University, USA • ORS Oficina Regional de Semillas, Bolivia • PCARRD
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Philippines • PDL Proyecto
Desarrollo Lechero, Bolivia • PDP Potato Development Program, Nepal • REDCAPAPA Red Estrategica para el Desarrollo de
Cadena Agroalimentaria de la Papa, Ecuador • PGS Plant Genetic Systems, Belgium • Philippine Root Crops Research and Training
Center • PIA Programa de Investigación Agropecuaria, Bolivia • PICA Programa de Investigación de Cultivos Andinos, Peru •
PICTIPAPA Programa Internacional de Cooperación del Tizón Tardío de la Papa, México • Plan International, Kenya • Plant Gene
Expression Center, University of California–Berkeley, USA • Plant Research International, Netherlands • PNS-PRODISE Programa
Nacional de Semillas del Proyecto de Desarrollo Integral de Semillas, Peru • Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador • Potato
Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food, Canada • Potato Seed Program, Canary Islands, Spain • PPD Plant Protection
Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam • PPRI Plant Pathology Research Institute, Egypt • PRAPACE
Programme régional de l’amélioration de la culture de la pomme de terre et de la patate douce en Afrique centrale et de l’est •
PRCRTC, Philippine Root Crop Research and Training Center • PRECODEPA Programa Regional Cooperativo de Papa, Mexico •
PREDUZA Proyecto de Mejoramiento para Resistencia Duradera en Cultivos Altos en la Zona Andina, Ecuador • PRGA Program
for Participatory Research and Gender Analysis, CGIAR, USA • PROINPA Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productos
Andinos, Bolivia • PROMETAS Promoción y Mercadeo de Tubérculos Andinos, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia • PROMSA
Programa de Modernización de Servicios Agropecuarios, Ecuador • PRONAMACHCS Proyecto Nacional de Manejo de Cuencas
Hidrográficas y Conservación de Suelos, Peru • Proyecto Papa Andina, Peru • PROSHIKA, A Centre for Human Development,
Bangladesh • PRP Potato Research Programme, Nepal • PSPDP Pakistan-Swiss Potato Development Program • RANTIK Ltd,
Bangladesh • RAU Rajendra Agricultural University, Bangladesh • RDA Rural Development Agency, Korea • RDRS Rangpur
Dinajpur Rural Society, Bangladesh • REFSO Rural Energy and Food Security Organization, Kenya • Regional Agricultural Research
and Development Centre, Sri Lanka • RIAP Research Institute for Animal Production, Indonesia • RIFAV Research Institute for
Fruits and Vegetables, Vietnam • RIFCB Research Institute for Food Crops Biotechnology, Indonesia • RILET Research Institute for
Legume and Tuber Crops, Indonesia • RIV Research Institute for Vegetables, (formerly LEHRI), Indonesia • RCRC–VASI Root Crop
102
103
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Research Center, Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute • RNC-RC Jakar, Bhutan • Rockefeller Foundation • Rothamsted Experi-
ment Station, UK • RUAF Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture and Forestry, Netherlands • SAAS Shangdong Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, China • SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute, Australia • SARDI–UMCOR Sustain-
able Agricultural and Rural Development Initiative–United Methodist Committee on Relief, DR Congo • SAREC Swedish Agency
for Research Cooperation • SARIF Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops, Indonesia • SARRNET Southern Africa Root Crops
Research Network • SASA Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, UK • Sasakawa-Global 2000, Ethiopia • Save the Children (UK Ltd),
Ethiopia • SCRI Scottish Crop Research Institute, UK • SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation • SEAG Servicio de
Extensión Agrícola y Ganadera, Paraguay • SEARCA Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) Regional
Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, Philippines • SEMTA Servicios Múltiples de Tecnologías Apropiadas,
Bolivia • SENASA Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria, Peru • SENASAG Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria e Inocuidad
Alimentaria, Bolivia • SENASEM Service national de semances, DR Congo • SEPA Unidad de Producción de Semilla de Papa, Bolivia • SESA
Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria, Ecuador • SGRP System-wide Genetic Resources Program, CGIAR • SGUA Support
Group on Urgan Agriculture, Canada • ShAAS Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • SHDI Self-Help Development
International, Ethiopia • SiAAS Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • SIDA Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency • SINITTA Sistema Nacional de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología Agraria, Peru • SITIOS Servicios
Inteligentes y Tecnologías Complejas Superiores Ltd, Bolivia • SIUPA Strategic Initiative on Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture •
SLART Sociedad Latinoamericano de Raíces y Tubérculos, Peru • SM-CRSP Soil Management Collaborative Research Support
Program, USA • SNSA Service national des statistiques agricoles, DR Congo • SOCADIDO Soroti Catholic Diocese Development
Organization, Uganda • Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania • South China Agricultural University • South China Potato
Center • Southern Regional Agricultural Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopia • Southwest Agricultural University, China • SPG
Sociedad Peruana de Genética, Peru • SPI Smart Plant International, USA • SPPC Centro de Investigación de Semilla de Papa,
Yemen • Sukarami Agricultural Technology Assessment Institute, Indonesia • Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
Sweden • SYNGENTA, USA • TAAS Tianjing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China • TALPUY Grupo de Investigación y
Desarrollo de Ciencias y Tecnología Andina, Peru • TARI Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute • TCA Tarlac College of Agricul-
ture, Philippines • TCRC Tuber Crops Research Centre, Bangladesh • Technova Inc, Japan • Teso Community Development Project,
Kenya • TFNC Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre • Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam • Thang Binh District Agriculture and Rural
Development Bureau, Vietnam • The McKnight Foundation • The Sainsbury Laboratory, UK • Tibetan Academy of Agricultural and
Animal Science, China • TP4 Tim Petani Pemandu PHT Pengalengan, Indonesia • UANRDEN Urban Agriculture National Research,
Development and Extension Network, Philippines • Ugunja Community Resource Centre, Kenya • UNDP United Nations Develop-
ment Programme • UNEP United Nations Environment Programme • UNHAS Hasanudin University, Indonesia • UNIDO United
Nations Industrial Development Organization • Universidad Austral, Chile • Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Peru • Universidad
Católica de Santa Maria, Peru • Universidad Central, Ecuador • Universidad Central de las Villas, Cuba • Universidad de Ambato,
Ecuador • Universidad de Caldas, Colombia • Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela • Universidad Federal Rio de Janeiro, Brazil •
Universidad Jorge Basadre Grohmann de Tacna, Peru • Universidad Jujuy, Argentina • Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia •
Universidad Nacional Agraria, Peru • Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Peru • Universidad Nacional de Bogotá,
Colombia • Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Peru • Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Peru • Universidad Nacional
Hermilio Valdizan, Peru • Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru • Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cusco,
Peru • Universidad Nacional San Cristóbal de Huamanga de Ayacucho, Peru • Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru •
Universidad Politécnica del Ejército, Ecuador • Universidad Privada Huánuco, Peru • Universidad Ricardo Palma, Peru • Universidad
San Luis Gonzaga de Ica, Peru • Universidad Tecnológica Equinocial, Ecuador • University of Asmara, Eritrea • University of Bangor,
UK • University of Birmingham, UK • University of British Colombia, Canada • University of California (Berkeley), USA • University of
California (Davis), USA • University of Edinburgh, UK • University of Georgia, USA • University of Göttingen, Germany • University
of Hohenheim, Germany • University of Kassel, Germany • University of Kiel, Germany • University of Minnesota, USA • University
of Missouri, USA • University of Nairobi, Kenya • University of Naples, Italy • University of New Brunswick, Canada • University of
Queensland, Australia • University of the Philippines–Los Baños • University of Tübingen, Germany • University of Veszprem,
Hungary • University of Wisconsin, USA • University of Yaounde, Cameroon • UNSPPA Uganda National Seed Potato Producers’
Association, Uganda • UPM University Putra Malaysia • UPWARD Users’ Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Develop-
ment, Philippines • USAID United States Agency for International Development • USDA United States Department of Agriculture • US
Potato Genebank, USA • USVL United States Vegetable Laboratory, USA • VASI Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute • VECO/
FADO, Indonesia • Vietnamese–German Technical Cooperation Potato Promotion Project • Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, USA • Virus-free Potato Tubers and Cutting Production Centers of Yunnan Agricultural Department, China •
VISCA Visayas State College of Agriculture, Philippines • Volcani Institute, Israel • VSSP Vegetable Seed and Seed Potato, Pakistan • WE
World Education (and local partner NGOs) • Winrock International, Uganda • World Vision, Angola, Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda,
Uganda, USA • WRC Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh • WUR Wageningen University Research Centre, Netherlands • XSPRC
Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, China • YPPP Yemeni Plant Protection Project • YPPSE Foundation for Socio-Economic
Development, Indonesia • Yunnan Agricultural University, China
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
104
STAFF
DIRECTOR GENERAL’S OFFICE
Director General—Hubert Zandstra
Mariella Altet, External Relations Manager
Gladys Neyra, Administrative Assistant
Deputy Director General for Corporate Development—
Hector Hugo Li Pun
Marcela Checa, Administrative Assistant2
Amalia Lanatta, Administrative Assistant
María Inés Ríos, Business Development Associate3
Ana María Secada, Head, Travel Office
Haydée Zelaya, Administrative Assistant
Deputy Director General for Research—Wanda Collins2
Deputy Director General for Research—Pamela Anderson1
Carmen Dyer, Administrative Assistant
Bertha Ferreyros, Information System Analyst
Charlotte Lizárraga, Plant Pathologist, Assistant
Coordinator, GILB
Lilia Salinas, Administrative Assistant
Director for International Cooperation—Roger Cortbaoui
Ruth Arce, Administrative Assistant2
Rosario Marcovich, Bilingual Secretary
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION
Human Resources
Lucas Reaño, Human Resources Manager
Janneth Carballido, Compensation and Benefits Assistant2
Mónica Ferreyros, Auxiliary Services Supervisor
Sor Lapouble, Auxiliary Services Assistant
Gicela Olivera, Organization and Methods Assistant
Estanislao Pérez, Compensation and Benefits Assistant2
Martha Piérola, Social Worker, Supervisor
Lucero Schmidt, Nurse
María Amelia Távara, Bilingual Secretary
Yoner Varas, Compensation and Benefits Assistant
Logistics and General Services
Aldo Tang, Logistics and General Services Manager
Pilar Bernui, Bilingual Secretary
Silvia Córdova, Bilingual Secretary
Hugo Davis, Vehicle Maintenance Officer
Ximena Ganoza, Purchasing Supervisor
Atilio Guerrero, Vehicle Programmer
Jorge Locatelli, Security Supervisor
Jorge Luque, Warehouse Supervisor
Antonio Morillo, Maintenance Supervisor
José Pizarro, Purchasing Supervisor2
Gloria Solís, Administrative Assistant
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
Carlos Alonso, Chief Financial Officer
Martina Solís-Rosas, Bilingual Secretary
Accounting Unit
Miguel Saavedra, General Accountant
Eliana Bardalez, Senior Accountant2
Edgardo de los Ríos, Senior Accountant
Andrés García, Assistant Accountant
Denise Giacoma, Supervisor
Rodmel Guzmán, Assistant Accountant
Willy Hermoza, Assistant Accountant1
Blanca Joo, Accountant2
Eduardo Peralta, Accountant
Katrina Roper, Bilingual Secretary2
César Tapia, Assistant Accountant
Budget Unit
Alberto Monteblanco, Senior Accountant
Treasury Unit
Lenny Guazzotti, Treasury Assistant2
Milagros Patiño, Treasurer
Sonnia Solari, Chief Cashier
CROP IMPROVEMENT AND GENETIC RESOURCES DEPARTMENT
Merideth Bonierbale, Senior Potato Breeder, Head*
Walter Amorós, Agronomist, Research Associate
Carlos Arbizu, Andean Crops Specialist3
Hyun-Mook Cho, Potato Breeder1
Enrique Chujoy, Geneticist*
Stefan De Haan, Potato Breeder and Agronomist1
Ramzy El-Bedewy, Plant Breeder (CIP-Nairobi)2
Nelly Espinola, Nutritionist, Research Associate3
Anne Forbes, Plant Breeder, Associate Scientist (CIP-Quito)2
Marc Ghislain, Molecular Biologist
Michael Hermann, Andean Crops Specialist*
Miguel Holle, Andean Crops Coordinator2
Sven Jacobsen, Plant Breeder2
CIP was forced to reduce its staff in 2002, as one of the measures to meet shortfalls in funding. As the members of the CIP
community met with the demands of accommodating responsibilities and adjusting strategies to handle this downsizing,
they also responded ably to the challenge of redoubling efforts in fundraising, thereby helping to achieve a more stable,
financially secure base on which we can now move forward. All staff are thanked for their help in rising to this most difficult of
challenges.
CIP’s staff is comprised of a diverse group of highly qualified individuals with varied backgrounds and nationalities. This
diversity is integrated into a coordinated effort to achieve a common goal: alleviate poverty and increase food security while
protecting the earth’s natural resource base. Each and every one of CIP’s more than 400 employees worldwide, from scientists
to clerical staff to field workers, contributes to this mission in the various functions they perform, and all form an essential part
of CIP’s working team. Because of space, we are not able to list all names in this Annual Report; nevertheless, we do recognize
and greatly appreciate the efforts of all our staff.
104
105
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Regina Kapinga, Sweetpotato Breeder (CIP-Kampala)
Juan Landeo, Plant Breeder*
Rafael Mora, Visiting Scientist1
Carlos Ochoa, Taxonomist, Scientist Emeritus
William Roca, Plant Cell Physiologist*
Alberto Salas, Agronomist, Research Associate
Asep Setiawan, Sweetpotato Breeder (CIP-Bogor)
Mahesh Upadhya, Plant Breeder, Visiting Principal Scientist
ad honorum2
Dapeng Zhang, Plant Breeder, Bioinformatics Unit Head*
Sammy Agili, Sweetpotato Breeder, Research Assistant
(CIP-Nairobi)
Jairo Aginyah, Potato Breeder, Research Assistant
(CIP-Nairobi)
Mercedes Ames, Biologist, Research Assistant3
Ciro Barrera, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant2
Ida Bartolini, Biochemist, Research Assistant
Carolina Bastos, Research Assistant3
Jorge Benavides, Biologist, Research Assistant
Gabriela Burgos, Biologist, Research Assistant3
Rolando Cabello, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Giselle Cipriani, Biologist, Research Assistant2
Wilmer Cuéllar, Biologist, Research Assistant2
Lorena Danessi, Bilingual Secretary
Silvia de la Flor, Bilingual Secretary 
Felipe de Mendiburu, Statistician, Research Assistant
Luis Díaz, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Jorge Espinoza, Agronomist, Research Assistant3
Rosario Falcón, Biologist, Research Assistant
Manuel Gastelo, Agronomist, Research Assistant
René Gómez, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Enrique Grande, Technician
María Luisa Guevara, Biologist, Research Assistant2
Carmen Herrera, Biologist, Research Assistant2
María del Rosario Herrera, Biologist, Research Assistant
Oscar Hurtado, Research Assistant2
Fedora Itabashi, Systems Analyst, Research Assistant2
Philip Kiduyu, Technician, Plant Quarantine Station
(CIP-Nairobi)
Mariana Martin, Bilingual Secretary
Iván Manrique, Research Assistant
Isabel Mel, Bilingual Secretary
Elisa Mihovilovich, Biologist, Research Assistant
María Cecilia Miki, Research Assistant2
Sam Namanda, Potato Breeder/Pathologist, Research
Assistant (CIP-Kampala)
George Ngundo, Chief Technician, Plant Quarantine Station
(CIP-Nairobi)
Luis Ñopo, Biologist, Research Assistant
Matilde Orrillo, Biologist, Research Assistant
Ana Luz Panta, Biologist, Research Assistant
Giovana Perazzo, Biologist, Research Assistant2
Leticia Portal, Biologist, Research Assistant3
Daniel Reynoso, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Flor de María Rodríguez, Research Assistant2
Genoveva Rossel, Research Assistant3
Rosa Salazar, Bilingual Secretary
Reinhard Simon, Visiting Scientist (University of
Jena, Germany)
Tjintokohadi, Research Assistant (CIP-Bogor)
Judith Toledo, Biologist, Research Assistant2
Andrés Valladolid, Plant Breeder, Research Assistant2
Fanny Vargas, Agronomist, Research Assistant
CROP PROTECTION DEPARTMENT
Luis Salazar, Virologist, Principal Scientist, Head
Nicole Adler, Plant Pathologist (CIP-Quito)
Jesús Alcázar, Agronomist, Research Associate
Gregory Forbes, Plant Pathologist*
Edward French, Scientist Emeritus
Segundo Fuentes, Plant Pathologist, Research Associate
Upali Jayasinghe, Virologist (CIP-Bogor)2
Magnus Kuhne, Entomologist, Associate Scientist
Aziz Lagnaoui, Entomologist*
Berga Lemaga, Agronomist, PRAPACE Coordinator
(CIP-Kampala)3
Modesto Olanya, Pathologist (CIP-Nairobi)2
María Palacios, Biologist, Research Associate2
Sylvie Priou, Bacteriologist
Lod J Turkensteen, Adjunct Scientist (based in Netherlands)
Elske van de Fliert, IPM Specialist (CIP-Bogor)
Yi Wang, Plant Physiologist, Liaison Scientist (CIP-Beijing)
Ednar Wulff, Molecular Plant Pathologist
Pedro Aley, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant3
Mónica Blanco, Bilingual Secretary
Verónica Cañedo, Biologist, Research Assistant
Maria Gabriela Chacón, Pathologist, Research Assistant
(CIP-Quito)
Carlos Chuquillanqui, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Violeta Flores, Biologist, Research Assistant2
Soledad Gamboa, Biologist, Research Assistant
Govinda Guevara, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant
(CIP-Quito)
Liliam Gutarra, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Francisco Jarrín, Pathologist, Research Assistant (CIP-Quito)
Joseph Mudiope, Entomologist, Research Assistant
(DFID-CRF Project, Soroti) (CIP-Kampala)3
Norma Mujica, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Giovanna Muller, Biologist, Research Assistant
Ricardo Orrego, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Wilmer Pérez, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant
Karina Petrovich, Bilingual Secretary2
Magnolia Santa Cruz, Biologist, Research Assistant
Ana María Taboada, Biologist, Research Assistant2
Jorge Tenorio, Biologist, Research Assistant
Roger Torres, Research Assistant3
Alcira Vera, Biologist, Research Assistant
Warsito Tantowijoyo, Entomologist, Research Assistant
(CIP-Bogor)
Julia Zamudio, Bilingual Secretary
Octavio Zegarra, Biologist, Research Assistant
105
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
106106
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT
Roberto Quiroz, Land Use Systems Specialist, Head*
Sreekanth Attaluri, Sweetpotato Scientist (CIP-Delhi)1
Walter Bowen, Soil Scientist (IFDC) (CIP-Quito)2,4
Coen Bussink, Geographic Information Scientist
Hector Cisneros, Coordinator CONDESAN1,*
André Devaux, Agronomist, Coordinator, Andean Potato
Project (Papa Andina, Peru)
Fernando Ezeta, Agronomist, CIP-LAC Regional
Representative
Alberto Gonzáles, Phytopathologist, Research Associate2
Vital Hagenimana, Food Scientist (NRI) (CIP-Nairobi)2,4
Robert Hijmans, Geographic Information Scientist2
Sarath Ilangantileke, Postharvest Specialist, CIP-SWA
Regional Representative (CIP-Delhi)
M S Kadian, Agronomist (CIP-Delhi)
Berhane Kiflewahid, ASARECA/CIP, Coordinator, Technology
Transfer Project (CIP-Nairobi)2,3
Carlos León-Velarde, Animal Production Systems Specialist
(ILRI)4
Elias Mujica, Anthropologist, Adjunct Scientist, CONDESAN3
P K Mukherjee, Sweetpotato Scientist (CIP-Delhi)2
Manuel Araujo, Research Assistant1,2
Sushma Arya, Accountant/Program Coordinator (CIP-Delhi)
Guillermo Baigorria, Climatologist, Research Assistant
Carolina Barreda, Agronomist, Research Assistant3
Jimena Bazoalto, Research Assistant3
Ghanashyam Bhandari, Accountant
(CIP/SDC Project, Kathmandu)3
Musuq Briceño, Research Assistant3
Paola Campodónico, Bilingual Secretary2
Mariana Cruz, Biologist, Research Assistant3
Raúl Jaramillo, Soil Scientist, Research Assistant (CIP-Quito)2
Jose Jiménez, Computer Systems Specialist (CIP-Quito)
Henry Juárez, Agronomist, Research Assistant
María de los Angeles Laura, Bilingual Secretary, CONDESAN3
Kurt Manrique, Agronomist, Research Assistant3
Atif Manzoor, Accountant (CIP/SDC Project, Islamabad)3
L Mony, Secretary (CIP-Delhi)
Ana María Ponce, InfoAndina, CONDESAN3
Yasmín Raygada, Bilingual Secretary1
Zareen Siddiqi, Secretary (CIP/SDC Project, Islamabad)3
Fannia Virginia Suri, Seed Technologist, Research Assistant
(CIP-Bogor)2
Ivonne Valdizán, Bilingual Secretary3
Siny Varughese, Program Associate (Publications and
Documentation) (CIP-Delhi)
Percy Zorogastúa, Research Assistant
SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
Thomas Walker, Economist, Principal Scientist, Head*,2
Thomas Bernet, Economist, Swiss Associate Expert3
Dindo Campilan, Sociologist, UPWARD Coordinator
(CIP-Los Baños)
Charles Crissman, Economist, CIP-SSA Regional
Representative (CIP-Nairobi)*
Rubén Darío Estrada, Natural Resources Economist
(SDC Mountain Agriculture) (based at CIAT)4
Peter Ewell, Economist, CIP-SSA Regional Representative
(CIP-Nairobi)2
Keith Fuglie, Agricultural Economist, CIP-ESEAP Regional
Representative (CIP-Bogor)*
Diana Lee-Smith, Urban Agricultural Research and
Development Coordinator for SSA (CIP-Nairobi)1
Oscar Ortiz, Special Project Coordinator
Gordon Prain, Social Anthropologist, SIUPA Coordinator*
Sonia Salas, Food Technologist, Research Associate
Steve Sherwood, Training Specialist (CIP-Quito)2
Graham Thiele, Participatory Technology Development
Specialist, Andean Potato Project (CIP-Quito)3
David Yanggen, Agricultural Economist, Associate Scientist
(Montana State University)4
Regula Zuger Caceres, Agricultural Economist
Jairo Anginyah, Potato Breeder, Research Assistant
(CIP-Nairobi)
Mylene Aquino, Secretary, UPWARD (CIP-Los Baños)
Rini Asmunati, Socioeconomist, Research Assistant
(CIP-Bogor)
Cherry Leah Bagalanon, Human Ecologist, UPWARD
Program Associate (CIP-Los Baños)2
Carlos Basilio, Soil Science Specialist, UPWARD Research
Fellow (CIP-Los Baños)
Lorna Belulia, UPWARD Accountant (CIP-Los Baños)2
Raúl Boncodin, Botanist, UPWARD Program Associate
(CIP-Los Baños)
Patricio Espinoza, Agricultural Economist, Research
Associate (CIP-Quito)
Cristina Fonseca, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Toteng Hidayat, Facilities Manager (CIP-Bogor)
Elijah Igunza, Administrative Assistant (CIP-Nairobi)
Dessy Kusbandi, Executive Secretary (CIP-Bogor)
Sukendra Mahalaya, Research and Information Management
Officer (CIP-Bogor)
Luis Maldonado, Economist, Research Assistant
Ana Luisa Muñoz, Bilingual Secretary
Rosemary Muttungi, Secretary (CIP-Nairobi)
Mayette Nadal, Secretary, UPWARD (CIP-Los Baños)
Kusye Nawawi, Accountant (CIP-Bogor)
Emily Ndoho, Secretary (CIP-Nairobi)
Mary Njenga, Research Assistant, SIUPA (CIP-Nairobi)1
Alice Njoroge, Secretary (CIP-Nairobi)
Simon Obaga, Accounts Clerk (CIP-Nairobi)
Lorna Sister, Socioeconomist, UPWARD Research Fellow
(CIP-Los Baños)
Víctor Suárez, Statistics Assistant
Zandra Vásquez, Bilingual Secretary
Caecilia Afra Widyastuti, Rural Sociologist, Researcher
(CIP-Bogor)2
Yuan Jun Yang, Administrative Assistant (CIP-Beijing)
Pei Zhou, Secretary/Accountant (CIP-Beijing)
107
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS DEPARTMENT
Christine Graves, Head
John Stares, Managing Editor, Head of Publications Unit2
Candelaria Atalaya, Photographer2
Mariella Corvetto, Communication Services Coordinator
Ruth Delgado, Exhibits/Display Assistant
Nini Fernández-Concha, Graphic Designer
Milton Hidalgo, Graphic Designer
Cecilia Lafosse, Chief Designer
Godofredo Lagos, Print Chief2
Maria Elena Lanatta, Administrative Assistant
Paul Moncada, Webmaster
Anselmo Morales, Graphic Designer
Zoraida Portillo, Spanish Writer/Editor
Alfredo Puccini, Graphic Designer
TRAINING DEPARTMENT
Patricio Malagamba, Head
Gisella Canessa, Training Liaison Officer2
Edda Echeandía, Multimedia Developer
Martha Huanes, Training Coordinator
Mercedes Suito, Bilingual Secretary
Library and Bookshop
Cecilia Ferreyra, Head Librarian
Rosa Ghilardi, Bilingual Secretary
Griselda Lay, Library Assistant
Félix Muñoz, Distribution Assistant2
Glenda Negrete, Library Assistant2
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UNIT
Anthony Collins, Head
Liliana Bravo, Server Administrator
Andrea Cáceres, Systems Development Support
Oscar Carmelo, Helpdesk Administrator2
Moisés Fernández, Systems Analyst, Database Administrator2
Erika Orozco, Server Administrator
Dante Palacios, Systems Support
Giancarlo Rodríguez, Systems Support
Saúl Rodriguez, Web Systems Analyst
Edgardo Torres, Systems Development Administrator
Alberto Vélez, Systems and Network Administrator
Roberto del Villar, Maintenance Administrator
Diana Zevallos, Administrative Systems Analyst3
FIELD RESEARCH SUPPORT
Víctor Otazú, Head
César Aguilar, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor,
Research Assistant (San Ramón)2
Magaly Aspiazu, Administrative Assistant (Santa Catalina)
(CIP-Quito)
Susana Barriga, Accountant (Santa Catalina) (CIP-Quito)
Roberto Duarte, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor
(La Molina)
Hugo Goyas, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse Supervisor
(Huancayo)
Carmen Lara, Secretary
Ricardo Rodriguez, Agronomist, Field/Greenhouse
Supervisor (Santa Catalina) (CIP-Quito)2
107
* Project leader
1 Joined CIP in 2002
2 Left CIP in 2002
3 Funded by special project
4 Joint appointment
 Died 2002
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
108108
GLOBAL CONTACT POINTS
CIP HEADQUARTERS
International Potato Center (CIP)
Avenida La Molina 1895, PO Box 1558
Lima 12, Peru
Tel: +51 1 349 6017
Fax: +51 1 317 5326
email: cip@cgiar.org 
Website: www.cipotato.org 
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC)
Regional Office
(same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters)
All regional matters except Peru
Contact: Roger Cortbaoui
Director for International Cooperation
email: cip-international-cooperation@cgiar.org
Peru
Contact: Hugo Li-Pun
Deputy Director General for Corporate Development
email: cip-ddg-cd@cgiar.org
Ecuador Liaison Office
International Potato Center
Santa Catalina Experimental Station
Km 147.5 Panamericana Sur 
Sector Cutuglagua Canton Mejía
Apartado 17-21-1977
Quito, Ecuador
Tel: +593 2 2690 362/363/923
Fax: +593 2 2692 604
email: cip-quito@cgiar.org 
Website: www.quito.cipotato.org 
Contact: Graham Thiele, Liaison Scientist
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA)
Regional Office
International Potato Center
PO Box 25171
Nairobi 00603, Kenya
Tel: +254 20 632 054
Fax: +254 20 630 005/631 559
email: cip-nbo@cgiar.org 
Contact: Charles Crissman, SSA Regional Representative
Uganda Liaison Office
International Potato Center
c/o PRAPACE (see address below)
email: r.kapinga@cgiar.org or r.kapinga@infocom.co.ug 
Contact: Regina Kapinga, Liaison Scientist
SOUTH, WEST, AND CENTRAL ASIA (SWCA)
Regional Office
International Potato Center
c/o IARI Campus, Pusa
New Delhi 110012, India
Tel: +91 11 2585 0201/2582 3437
Fax: +91 11 2573 1481
email: cip-delhi@cgiar.org 
Contact: Sarath Ilangantileke, SWA Regional Representative
EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC (ESEAP)
Regional Office
International Potato Center
Kebun Percobaan Muara
Jalan Raya Ciapus
Bogor 16610, Indonesia
Tel: +62 251 317 951
Fax: +62 251 316 264
email: cip-bogor@cgiar.org 
Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org 
Contact: Keith Fuglie, ESEAP Regional Representative
China Liaison Office
International Potato Center
c/o The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Zhong Guan Cun South Street 12
West Suburbs of Beijing
Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Tel: +86 10 6897 5504
Fax: +86 10 6897 5503
email: cip-china@cgiar.org 
Contact: Yi Wang, Liaison Scientist
GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND SYSTEMWIDE INITIATIVES
Andean Potato Project — Papa Andina
Peru
(same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters)
email: papa-andina@cgiar or a.devaux@cgiar.org or
g.thiele@cgiar.org
Website: www.cipotato.org/papandina 
Contact: André Devaux, Project Coordinator
CIP's main contact points are listed below. For more details,
please contact the International Cooperation Office at the
CIP Headquarters address below, or by email:
cip-international-cooperation@cgiar.org.
109
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
Ecuador
(same address, telephone and fax as Ecuador Liaison Office)
email: g.thiele@cgiar.org 
Contact: Graham Thiele
CONDESAN—Consortium for the Sustainable Develop-
ment of the Andean Ecoregion 
(same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters)
email: condesan@cgiar.org 
Website: www.condesan.org 
Contact: Héctor Cisneros, Coordinator
GILB—Global Initiative on Late Blight
(same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters)
email: gilb@cgiar.org 
Website: www.cipotato.org/gilb 
Contact: Gregory Forbes, GILB Coordinator
GMP—Global Mountain Program
(same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters)
email: r.quiroz@cgiar.org 
Contact: Roberto Quiroz, Program Coordinator
PRAPACE—Regional Potato and Sweetpotato
Improvement Program for East and Central Africa
Plot 106, Katalima Road, Naguru
PO Box 22274
Kampala, Uganda
Tel: +256 41 286 209
Fax: +256 41 286 947
email: prapace@infocom.co.ug or berga@imul.com 
Contact: Berga Lemaga, PRAPACE Coordinator
SIUPA—CGIAR Strategic Initiative on Urban and Peri-
urban Agriculture
(same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters)
email: g.prain@cgiar.org 
Contact: Gordon Prain, SIUPA Coordinator
UPWARD—Users’ Perspectives with Agricultural
Research and Development
c/o IRRI
DAPO 7777
Metro Manila, Philippines
For courier: PCARRD Complex
Los Baños, Laguna, 4030 Philippines
Tel: +63 49 536 0235
Fax: +63 49 536 1662
email: cip-manila@cgiar.org 
Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org/upward 
Contact: Dindo Campilan, UPWARD Coordinator
CIP IN THE WORLD
PERU KENYA
ECUADOR
LATIN AMERICA AND
THECARIBBEAN
(LAC)
UGANDA
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA)
INDIA
SOUTH, WEST, AND CENTRAL ASIA (SWCA)
INDONESIA
EASTAND
SOUTHEASTASIA
AND THE
PACIFIC (ESEAP)
CHINA
VIETNAM
PHILIPPINES
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L
 P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R
  
  
  
 A
N
N
U
A
L
 R
E
P
O
R
T
 2
0
0
2
110110
IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
ILRl lnternational Livestock Research Institute
IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
IRRl lnternational Rice Research Institute
ISNAR International Service for National
Agricultural Research
IWMl lnternational Water Management Institute
WARDA West Africa Rice Development Association
World Agroforestry Centre
WorldFish Center
ClAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical
CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research
CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de
Maíz y Trigo
CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa
ICARDA International Center for Agricultural
Research in the Dry Areas
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics
IFPRl lnternational Food Policy Research Institute
IFPRI
USA
CIMMYT
MEXICO
CIAT
COLOMBIA
CIP
PERU
WARDA
COTE D'IVOIRE
IPGRI
ITALY
ISNAR
NETHERLANDS
ICARDA
SYRIA
IRRI
PHILIPPINES
WORLD
AGROFORESTRY
CENTRE AND ILRI
KENYA
IWMI
SRI LANKA
CIFOR
INDONESIA
IITA
NIGERIA
WORLDFISH CENTER
MALAYSIA
ICRISAT
INDIA
FUTURE HARVEST
FUTURE HARVEST CENTERS
CIP is one of 16 food and environmental research organizations known as the Future Harvest Centers. The centers, located
around the world, conduct research in partnership with farmers, scientists, and policy makers to help alleviate poverty and
increase food security while protecting the natural resource base. The Future Harvest Centers are principally funded through
the 58 countries, private foundations, and regional and international organizations that make up the Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). 
In 1998 the Centers, supported by the CGIAR, created Future Harvest as a charitable and educational organization designed
to advance the debate on how to feed the world’s growing population without destroying the environment, and to catalyze
action for a world with less poverty, a healthier human family, well-nourished children, and a better environment. Future
Harvest reaches out to media, academics, scholars, and scientists in the world’s premier peace, environment, health,
population, and development research organizations, as well as to policy makers and civil society, and it enlists world-
renowned leaders to speak on its behalf. Future Harvest raises awareness and support for research, promotes partnerships,
and sponsors on-the-ground projects that bring the results of research efforts to farmers’ fields in Africa, Asia, and Latin
America. For more information visit www.futureharvest.org or www.cgiar.org 
111
IN
T
E
R
N
A
T
IO
N
A
L P
O
T
A
T
O
 C
E
N
T
E
R       A
N
N
U
A
L R
E
P
O
R
T 2
0
0
2
CREDITS
Editor
Christine Graves
Writers
Christine Graves, Ed Sulzberger, Lisa Wing
Copy editor/proof reader
Anne Moorhead
Production coordinator
Cecilia Lafosse
Design and layout
Nini Fernández-Concha
Contributors
Carlos Alonso, Mariella Altet, Pamela Anderson,
John Antle, Meredith Bonierbale, Rolando Cabello,
Dindo Campilan, Roger Cortbaoui,
Charles Crissman, André Devaux, Adel El-Beltagy,
Nelly Espinola, Fernando Ezeta, Greg Forbes,
Marc Ghislain, Sarath Ilangantileke, Regina Kapinga,
Seyfu Ketama, Aziz Lagnaoui, Juan Landeo,
Diana Lee-Smith, Berga Lemaga, Hugo Li Pun,
Charlotte Lizarraga, Gordon Prain, Ji Qiumei,
Roberto Quiroz, Lucas Reaño, Willy Rocca,
Luis Salazar, Sonjia J. Scheffer, G. Edward Schuh,
Maria Scurrah, Merle Shepard, Nyima Tashi,
Graham Thiele, Elske van de Fliert, Surendra Varma,
Hubert Zandstra, Haydée Zelaya, Dapeng Zhang,
Regula ZugerPh
o
to
 c
re
d
it
s:
 F
ro
n
t 
co
ve
r:
 C
. 
A
ta
la
ya
 •
 1
1
, 
1
9
 (
to
p
),
 3
2
/3
3
, 
4
5
, 
4
6
, 
4
9
, 
5
0
, 
5
1
, 
5
7
 C
. 
C
ri
ss
m
an
 •
 1
2
, 
7
8
 (
ri
g
h
t)
, 
7
9
 (
le
ft
) 
D
. 
Le
e
-S
m
it
h
 •
 1
4
, 
4
2
 A
. 
B
al
ag
u
e
r 
•
1
9
 (
b
o
tt
o
m
),
 6
4
 R
. 
K
ap
in
g
a 
• 
2
1
, 
2
2
, 
2
3
, 
6
7
 E
. 
va
n
 d
e
 F
li
e
rt
 •
 2
5
 E
. 
va
n
 d
e
 F
li
e
rt
/W
. 
T
an
to
w
ij
o
yo
 •
 2
7
, 
2
9
, 
3
0
, 
3
1
 J
i 
Q
iu
m
e
i/
N
yi
m
a 
T
as
h
i 
• 
3
2
 S
. 
S
h
e
rw
o
o
d
 •
3
5
, 
4
0
 (
b
o
th
),
 5
9
, 
8
0
 (
ri
g
h
t)
, 
8
1
 (
ri
g
h
t)
 C
IP
 a
rc
h
iv
e
s 
• 
3
6
/3
7
 C
IP
 G
IS
 u
n
it
 •
 4
1
 W
. 
P
e
re
z 
• 
4
8
 R
. 
C
a
b
e
ll
o
 •
 6
1
, 
6
2
 A
. 
D
e
v
a
u
x 
• 
6
6
 D
. 
C
a
m
p
il
a
n
 •
6
8
, 
6
8
/6
9
 C
. 
d
e
 G
u
zm
an
 •
 7
1
 O
. 
H
id
al
g
o
 •
 7
2
 S
. 
Il
an
g
an
ti
le
ke
 •
 7
7
 H
. 
M
at
o
s 
(I
N
IA
) 
• 
7
8
 (
le
ft
),
 8
7
 C
. 
A
ta
la
ya
 •
 7
9
 (
ri
g
h
t)
 G
. 
P
e
ra
zz
o
 •
 8
0
 (
le
ft
) 
D
. 
S
o
lo
rz
an
o
 •
8
1
 (
le
ft
) 
In
st
it
u
to
 d
e
 F
it
o
te
ra
p
ia
 A
m
e
ri
ca
n
o
 •
 8
2
 N
. 
E
sp
in
o
la
 •
 8
8
 P
. 
B
ac
a

' i!• 
1 
1; 
. 
'r 
·~ .
.