s ce¡ Carbon Seques/ration Project, CIPAV-U.Amazonia-CIAT-CATIE-Wageningen University, ,/,2 Tile Netilerlands Cooperation Aclivity CO-OI0402_ Six-months Technical Report no_ 7 ,(j, -------------------------_._._._._-.--_ .... _--_._-.-.-._._ .. _.--.... _-_._._--_._-_ .. _ .... _._._._ ... ,C35' v.s Research Network lor the Evaluation 01 Carbon Sequestration Capacity 01 Pasture, Agropastoral and Silvopastoral Systems in the American Tropical Forest Ecosystem CIPA V- Universidad de la Amazonia -CIAT-CA TIE- Wageningen University and Research Centre. The Netherlands Cooperation: Activity CO-OI0402 hojeet duralÍon: 5 years December 1, 2001 - November 30,2006 Six-months Technical Report no. 7 December 1, 2004 - May 31, 2005 María Cristina Amézquita Project Scientific Director UNI CAí) DE INfORMACION y Ull~UMUi I ACION 2 O SEr. 2005 Presented to The NetherJands Cooperation, through The NetherJands Embassy in Bogotá, Colombia. June 15,2005. ¡ Carbon Seques/ra/ion Pro}ee/, CIPAV,U.Amazonia,C/A T-CAT/E- Wageningen University The Ne/herlands Cooperalion Aetivity CO,O/0402, Six-mon/he Technical Repon no.7 2 • • • • • • • • • Research Networkfor ¡he Evaluativn 01 Carbon Seques/ration Capacity of Posture. Agropasloral and Si/vopastoral Systems in Ihe American Tropical Foresl Ecosystem, -------------------.--------------------------------------------------~------------------------------ PROGRAM Saturday U, Sunday 15 and Monday 15 August: Anival 10 Cali Airport and transport 10 CIA T hotel. Tuesday 16 August Moderators: Prof. L 't Manne~e (am session) and Enrique Murgueitio (pm session), i • b d " CIA T' s Director 8:00 - 8:15 am • Welcome lo EroJecI mem ers an ]2artlcl]2ants Geneml 8:15·8:30am Welcome Address from The Netherlands Coo]2erdtion J. Remmerswaal : General ! 8:30 --- 9:30am ! Project Summary Progress Dec 2001 - August 2005. 19:30-9:45am . Key issues for discussion duting this meeting. I Discussion and Recornmendations M. C. Amézquita : 9:45-10:00am , Coffee -------_. · Humid and Sub-humid Tropical Forest, Costa Rica I Soil-C and vegetation-C in long-established systems: 10:00-11 :OOam . Statistical analysis of SCS data from two C-sampling M. lbrahim and I years (2002 and 2004) and interpretation. T. Llanderal 111 :00-11: 15m I Discussion and Recommendations ! 11: 15-·12:ISpm , Summary Progress in Socio-economic research, Dec ! 2001- August 2005, all ecosystems. Results from J. Gobbi : Socio-economic Research, Costa Rica i 12:15-12:30pm Discussion and Recornmendations • 12:30-2:oopm Lunch , · Andean Hillsides Colombia \ -I M,C.Amézquita, 2:15 - 3:00pm . Soil Carbon Stocks (SCS) from long-established H. Giraldo, i ! I ! I ! systems: Eva1uations from 1st. and 2ro C-sampling HF. Ramlrez y ME' ! years (2002-2004). Gómez i I 3:00-3: 15pm New ideas emerging from research data p, Buurman .3:15-3:45pm i Fine Roots biomass vs. SCS H. Giraldo and ! I HF. Ramírez • 3:45- 4:00pm Discussion and Recornmendations 4:00-4:15pm Coffee 4:15 -4:45pm Results from Socio-economic research Piedad Cuellar 4:45 - 5:00pm Discussion and Recornmendations 7:30 - ~:30pm Cocktail ClA T VIP's Room 2 Research Network for /he Eva/ualÍon of Carbon Seques/ro/ion Capaci/y of Pos/ure, Agropostoral ami Silvopastoral Syst€ms in Ihe American Tropical Forest Ecosystem. Wednesday August 17 Moderators: M. Ibrahim (morning session) and E. Amézquita (afternoon session) Humid Tropical Forest, Amazonia, Colombia : SCS Evaluation from Long established - M CArné zqUl ta d an 8:30 - 9:30am Systems and Statistical Analysis (flat and H.Giraldo , mild-slope topography): 2002- 2005 9:30-9:4Sam • New ideas emerging from research data : Petcr Buurman 9:45-1O:1Sam Root biomass vs. SCS Bertha Ramirez 10:lS-10:30am Discussion and Recommendations 10:30 -1O:45am Coffee 10:45 -11:15am Socio-economic Evaluation RRamírez and J. Mufioz 11:15 -11:30m Discussion and Recommendations i Economic Simulatlon Methodology and ResuIts : • 11 :30 -12: 1 Spm Economic Simulation - three ecosystems J. Gobbi '12:15- 12:30pm Discussion and Recommendations 12:30 - 2:00pm Lunch Evaluation of Small-plot Experiments - three Sub-ecosystems I 2:30 - 3:00pm Evaluation of Small-plot Experiment- M.Ibrahim and T. L1anderal I I I Esparza, Costa Rica I 3 :00 - 3: 15pm ,Discussion 3:15 3:45pm! Evaluation of Small-plol Experiments - Dagua M.E.GÓmez and H. Gira1do I and Dovio, Andean HilIsides 3:45 - 4:00pm Discussion 4:00-4:15pm Coffee 4: 15 - 4:45pm Evaluation of Small-plot Experiments - R Ramírez Amazonia 4:45 - 5:00pm General Discussion and Recommendations on Small-plot Experiments data • Moderators of discussion sessions are asked to prepare a sununary report in magnetic media to be presented al !he Closing Session and handled to F. Ruiz. Thursday August 18: Field Day 3 : I i • • • • • • • • Carbo. Seques/ratian Project. ClPA V-U.Amazonia-CIA T-CA TIE-Wageningen University. The Netherlands Cooperanon Activity CO-OI0401. Six-months Technical Repon nO.7 CONTENTS Acknowledgements Participant Institutions, Projeet Exeeutil'e Committee, Project members and Consultants. 1. Background l.l Project Executive Summary. 1.2 The Project: Main goal, objectives, expected products and research methodology. 2. Activities December 1, 2004 - May 31, 2005, in agreement with Annual Plan 2005 2.1 TechnicaJ and administrative coordination activities • Project Organísation Actívities lo start the fourth year of Project implementation • Technical Cocrdínation Activities with the five member institutions 2.2 Research Activities • Continuatíon of Second Carbon Sampling in two Ecosystems: Humid Tropical Forest, Amazonia, Colombia, and Humid and Sub-humid Tropical Forest, Costa Rica. • Statistical Analysis and interpretation of the complete database on Soíl Carbon Stocks, from both C-samplings (2002-2004), in Andean HilIsídes ecosystem, Colombia. • Socio-economic Research Activities: Development of Simulation Scenarios offarmer's investment in systems with capacity 10 sequester Carbon - all Ecosystems. • Continuation ofperiodic bíomass evaluation ofSmall-plot Experiments in the tbree Ecosystems. • Planníng of Extrapolation of Project results to similar areas in Tropical America - Contrae! with ISRlC, Wageningen, The Netherlands. • Project participation at international Congresses 2005. 3 Caroon Sequeslralion Pro}eel. CIPAV-U.Amazonia-CIAT-CATIE-Wageningen University. The Netherlands Coopera/ion Ac/ivity CO-OJ0402. Six-monlM Teehnieal Report no. 7 3. Executed Funds ofpresent semester (December 1, 2004 - May 31, 2005) distributed by Activity 4. Budget Tables 2005 Annexes Annex 1: Chronogram of Activities - Annual Plan 2005. Annex 2: Program VI Intemational Coordination Meeting and Training Course on Green House Gasses (GHG), to be held at CIAT, Cali, on August 16-19 and August 22-24, 2005, respectively. Annex 3: Complete StatisticaI Analysis of Soil Carbon Stocks from both C-sampling cycles (2002-2004) - Andean HilIsides Eeosystem, Colombia. Annex 4: Socio-eeonomic Evaluation Report -Development of Simulation Scenarios Annex 5: Projeet Contributed papers at Intemational Congresses 2005: "XXII Intemational Grasslands Congress" (IGC2005), Dublin, Ireland, June 25-July 1,2005 (two papers) and "Il Intemational Energy and Environment Congress" (IEEES2), Kos, Greeee, JuIy 3-8,2005 (one paper) Annex 6: Contraet with ISRIC for extrapolation and GIS maps work Annex 7: Budget TabIes (10): Exeeuted budget (years 1,2,3 and first semester ofyear 4), and projected budget (seeond semester ofyear 4, and year 5). 4 • • .. .. • .. • • • Research Network for ¡he Evaluation of Carbo. Seques/ration Capacity of Pasture, Agropas/oral and Si/vopastoral Systems in Ihe American Tropical Fares! Ecosyslem. Friday August 19 Moderators: P. Buunnan (morning session) and B. Ramírez (pm session) Future Activities - 2006 9:00 - !0:00am New MethodologicaJ TooIs in Ihe analysis of C Bnnn van Putten Sequestration. Present Recommendations and Future Actions 2006 10:00 - !0:15am Discussion ,10: 15-!O:45am ~. o{Proj'''', "' .. ,~ B;o~hy,;~1 H, F. Ramírez and J. ! . economic data from all ecosystems. Gobbi 10:45-1 1:00am n 11:00-11: 15am 1l:15-12:00m General Recommendations on future data IAU analysis - biophysical and socio-economic rlbº0-2:0Opm Lunch Preparatíon of Recommendatlons - Closing Session 2:00-3:30pm Preparalion of a common written report from Al! Session Moderators Session Moderators. Handle Report lo Francisco Ruiz 3:30-3:45pm • Coffee Closing Session: - Presentation of 3:15 -4:00pm Recommendations from Session Moderalors. - Sevenlh Inlernational Coordinalion Meeting: date and place? , Moderators of discussion sessions are asked to prepare a summary report in magnelic media lo be presented at Ihe Closing Session and handled 10 F. Ruiz. ************************************ 4 I I ! Research Netwark for the Eva/aa/ion af Caroon Seques/ra/ion Capadty of Pas/ure, Agrupas/oral and Silvopas/oral Sys/ems in Ihe American Tropical Foresl Ecosystem, Green House Gasses (GHG) Course CIAT, August 22-24, 2005 By Dr. Pascal Boeckx Ghent University, Belgium Monday August 22 Moderators: E Murgueitio (moming session) and B. van Putten (pm session) --------._-. _ .. _ .. ~----- Morning Session 9:00 - 9:30am Welcome Address and presentation of participants M,C.Amézquita • 9:30 - 11 :30am Part 1: Agriculture and Environment p, Boeckx ·1I:30-11:45am Coffee .11:45 - 12:0Om Questions i 12:00-2:0Opm Lunch ¡ ......... Afternoon Session 2:00pm 4:00pm Part 2: ... ¡:¡llvironmental imEact of Climate Change p, Boeckx 4:00-4:I~pm Coffee ~:15-4:45pm Questions Tuesday August 23 Moderators: M. Ibrahim (moming session) and B. van Putten (pm session) Mornlng Session 9:00 11:OOm Part 3: Greenhouse gas emission and sequestration in p, Boeekx terreslrÍal ecosystems 111:00-11:15am Coffee Ill:15-12:00m Questions . 12:00-2:0Opm Lunch i Afternoon Session 2:00pm 4:00pm Part 4: Measurement of GHG emission !Tom IP' Boeckx terreslrÍal ecosYstems 4:00-4: 15pm Coffee ~ ............ Questions 4: I 5-5:00pm Wednesday August 24: Field day • Moderalors of discussion sessions are asked lo prepare a sumrnary report in magnetic media lo be presented at the elosing Session and handled lo F, Ruiz, ********************************************** 5 ,.- • • • • • • • • • Carbon Seques/ration Project. CIPA V-UAmazonia-CIAT-CA TIE-Wageningen University. The Ne/herla.ds Coopera/ian Ac/ivity CO-010402. Six-months Technical Reparl no.7 Acknowledgements We express our gratitude to The Netherlands Ministry of Development Cooperation in The Hague, and The Netherlands Embassy in Bogotá, Colombia for makíng real this important project. Our project combines efforts from the national research community --represented by CIPAV and Universidad de la Amazonía, Colombia- and the international research community --represented by CIAT, CATlE and Wageningen University and Research Centre-- lo help prepare ourselves and our future generalions lo mitigate the effects of global warming. Our hope is lo achieve relevant high quality research results lha! will contribule lo mitigate the adverse effects of global wanning in vulnerable ecosystems of the developing world, as the American Tropical Forest Ecosystem. The present document "Six-months Technical Report No. 7: December 1, 1004 - May 31, 2005" reports on project advances during the first semester of the fourth year of project' s implementation, in agreemenl with Ihe project Annual Plan 2005. The most important research activities during this semester were: a) Development of simulation scenarios for farmers' investment, based on previous socio-economic analysis in the project ecosystems (Andean HilIsides, Colombia, Tropical humid forest, Colombian Amazonia, and Sub-humid and humid tropical forest, Costa Rica); b) Completion of field work on soil carbon sampling in Costa Rica ecosystems and in the Humid Tropical Forest, Amazonia, Colombia; e) Complete statistical analysis of Soil Carbon Slocks (SCS) from Andean HilIsides Ecosystems, Colombia; d) Continuation of periodic biomass evaluation of all small-plot experiments established on degraded land in all project eeosystems; and e) Agreement and signature ofTerms ofRefcrenee with ISRlC, Wageningen for extrapolation and GIS maps work. Project members are actively participating at scientific and policy-oriented congresses, workshops and other events on carbon sequestration and related tapies, at national and intemationallevel. This faet is an important recognition of the high scientifie quality of the work being done by project team and the relevance of present projeet's results. We are pleased lo infonn that activities conducted and completed during the first semester of our fourth year are in full agreement with the projecl Annual Plan 2005. We thank project member and consultants for their fruitful discussions, valuable contributions and efficienl work done. With best wishes for success in the second semester of our project's fourth year. Maria Cristina Amézquita Ph. D. in Production Ecology and Resource Conservation Project Scientific Director Calí, Colombia, June 15,2005. 5 Carbon Seques/ration Pro}eet. CIPAV-U.Amazonia-CIAT-CA'l1E-Wageningen University. rile Ne/herlands Cooperation Activity CO-OI0402. Six-months Technical Report no. 7 Participant Institutions - CIP AV: Centre for Researeh on Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems, Cali, Colombia. Legal and technical representative: Dr. Enrique Murgueítio, Executive Director. - Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia, Colombia. Legal representative: Dr. Osear Villanueva Rojas, Rector. Technical representative: Dr. Bertha Leonor Ramírez, researcher. - CIA T: International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia. Legal representative: Dr. Joachim Voss, Director General. Technical representative: Dr. Edgar Amézquita, Soil Scientist. - CATIE: Centro Agronómico Tropical para Capacitación y Ensefianza, Turrialba, Costa Rica. Legal representative: Dr. Pedro Ferreira Rossi, Director Ge,neral. Technical representative: Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim, researcher. - Wageningen Unlversity and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Representatives: Drs. Brarn van Putten and Peter Buurman. researchers. Project Executive Committee • Dr. Maria Cristina Amézquita. Ph.D., Production Ecology and Resource Conservation. Project Scientific Director. • Dr. Enrique Murgueitio. CIPAV's Executive Director. Project Administrative and Financial Director. • Bertba Leonor Ramírez. Ph.D., AgroforestrY Systems, Universidad de la Amazonia. • Dr. Edgar Amézquita. Ph.D., Soil Sciences, CIAT. • Dr. Mubammad Ibrabim. Ph,D., Agronomy. CATIE. • Dr. Bram van Pntten. Ph.D., Mathematics. Wageningen University and Research Centre. • Dr. Peter Buurman, Ph.D., Soil Chemistry and Dynarnics. Wageningen University and Researeh Centre. Consultant • Professor Dr. Leendert 't Mannetje, Ph, D. in Tropical Grasslands. Wageningen University and Research Centre, l'rojectntembers • Field research - Hillsides ecosystem (Colombia) Maria Elena GÓmez. Agronomist, M,Se.- CIPAV (80% time) Piedad Cuellar. Participatory research, M.Sc.- CIPAV (50% time) • Field research - Semi-humid Tropical Forest (Costa Rica) Tangaxuhan Yanderall, PhD student Alexander Navas, Agronomist, CA TIE Francisco Casasola, Agronomist - CA TlE {part time l. 6 Carbon Sequestration Project. CIPAV-U.Amazonia-CIAT-CATIE-Wageningen University. The Netherlands Cooperation Activity CO-OJ0402. Six-months Technical Repart nO.7 • Field research - Humid Tropical Forest (Colombian Amazonia) Bertha Leonor Ramírez. AgroforestIy Systems. Ph.D. (full time). Jaime Enrique Velásquez. Agronomist. Ph.D (part time). Jader Muñoz, Geologist (part time). B.Se. students (part time): Jaime Andrés Montilla y Juán Carlos Suárez Universidad de la Amazonia. • Environmental Economist: José Gobbi, Economist Ph.D. (35% time). • Mathematical modelling M.Se. students under Dr. Bram van Putten. Wageningen University (part time). • DB analyst/statisticüm Héctor Fabio Ramlrez. Statistician (halftime). • son sampling and biomass measurement Heruán Giraldo. Agronomist (full time). • Executive Assistant Francisco Ruiz.lndustrial Engineer (full time). Research Services • Laboratory analyses Samples from Colombian ecosystems: contracted with CIA T. Samples from Costa Rica ecosystem: contracted with CA TIE. • GIS (cartography and 3D images) Contracted with ISRIC. Wageningen University, The Netherlands. 7 Carbo. Seques/ration Project. CIPA V-U.Amazonia-CIAT-CA TIE- Wageningen University. The NetherJands Cooperarion Activity CO-010402. Six-months Technical Repon no. 7 Research Network lor the EVQluation 01 Carbon Sequestration Capacity 01 Pasture, Agropastoral and Silvopastoral Systems in the American Tropical J?orestEcosystem CIPAV- Universidad de la Amazonia -CIAT-CATIE- Wageningen University and Research Centre 1. Background 1.1 PROJECT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present multi-institutional research project was presented by a developing counlry (Colombia) lo The Netherlands Ministry al Developmen! Coopera/ion, through The Netherlands Embassy in Bogotá, Colombia, for financial suppon consideration. lIs broad research tapie is Climate Change: mitigation alternatives for vulnerable ecosystems in developing countries. lt combines ejJorls from the national researeh eommullity, represented by CIP AV and Universidad de la Amazonia, and the international research eommunity. represented by CIAr, CATIE and Wageningen University and Researeh Centre, to help prepare ourselves and our foture generatiolls to mitigate the ejJects of global warming. This research projeet responds to the Unlted Nations Framework Conventíon on Clima/e Change (UNFCCC. New York; May 9, 1992; last modified on II October 2000) Ar/iele 3 (numeral 2), Arliele 4 (numerals d and g), Aniele 5 (numerals a and by, Artiele 12 (Ilumeral 4), Kyoto Protoeol Artiele lO (numeral d), The Bonn Agreement (COP6 - July. 2001), The Marrakesh Conference (COP7 - Nov, 2001) and The Netherlands Implementa/ion of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and relaled research on mitigation alternatives (October 22, 2001). 11 consulted Ihe 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Invelltories. alld Winrock (2000) methodology lar monitoring carbal! storage in agrofi,restry projects. The project matn goal is to coneribule to sustail!able development, poverty alleviation and mitiga/ion of the undesirable ejJects of climate ehange. in particular C02 emissions, in vulnerable sub-ecosyste/ns of (he American Tropical Forest ecosystem. This main goal will be attained through conduction of scientific research and systematic observation.~ on a range of pasture, agropastoral and silvopastoral syste/ns, in small, medium-size alld large farms, in three sub-ecosystems of (he American Tropical Forest ecosystem vulnerable to climate change: the eroded Andean Mllsides of Colombia (dellsely populated). the semi-humid tropical forest of Costa Rica (densely populated), and the humid tropical forest of the Amazonian region in Colombia (zone of social confitct). 8 Carbon Sequestration Projecl. CIPAV-UAmazonia-CIAT-CATIE-Wageningen University. The Netherlands Cooperativo Activity CO-0104Q2. Six-mvnths Technical Report no. 7 .------------------------_ ... ---._---------------------------~-----_.------------------------------ Research aims al idenlifjlÍng improved and sustainable pas/ure, agro pastoral and si/vopas/oral systems that provide a viable and economically attractive solution lo the farmer (alleviating poverty) and offer environmental services, par/icularly i/lcreases in soil organic malter, carbon aecumulation and aet as carbon sinks. Research will be eonduc/ed in Colombia and Costa Rica. Emphasis is given lo poverty alleviation; in the sense lhat IMs research aims al demonslraling thal enhancing C accumulation and protecting carbon sinks is an economically attractive aclivity for farmers. Project duration is 5 year, from December l, 2001 lo November 30, 2006. Total project cost Is US$ 3,698.525. Flnancial support approved by The Netherlands Ministry of Developmenl Cooperalion, channelled through The Netherlands Embassy in Bogotá, Colombia, Is US$1,381.765 representing 37 % of the projeet total eost. 1.1 THE PROJECT: MAIN GOAL, OBJECTIVES, EXPECTED PRODUCTS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. MAINGOAL To contribute to sustainable development, poverty alleviation and mitigation of the undesirable effects of greenhouse gasses on climate change, in particular C02, In vulnerable sub-ecosystems of the American Tropical Forest ecosystem. Sub-ecosystems considered within the American Tropical Forest ecosystem are: (a) Eroded Andean hillsides ofthe semi-evergreen seasonal fores! (H) (b) Flat and mild-slopc arcas of the semi-humid tropical forest oflow altitude (SHF) (e) Flat and mild-slope areas of tbe humid tropical forest (HF) . Land managements systems to be monitored and evaluated inelude: degraded pasture (negative control), native pasture, improved grass-alone paslure, improved grass with herbaceous legume, improved grass with woody legumes, improved grass with other trees (fruit trees, wood trees), forage banks, "barbechos"/"charrales"f'rastrojos" and natural Corest (pcsitive control). Table 1 shows ¡he land management systems to be evaluated within each sub-ecosystem . . __ ... Table 1: Land Management Systems to be evaluated within each sub-ecos stem H SHF HF l. Degraded land and degraded pasture • - CONTROLS " " " 2. Native pasture '" " 3. Improved grass-alone pasture '" " " i 4. Improved grass-herbaceous legume '" '" 5. lmproved grass-woody legumes '" 6. Grass-other trees (fruit trees, wood trees) " '" 7. Forage banks for "cut and carrying" '" '" '" 8. "Charrales", "barbechos", "rastrojos" " '" 9. Natural Forest + CONTROL " '" " .. L 9 Carbon Seques/ration Projee/, CIPAV-U,Amazonia-CIAT·CATIE-Wageningen University, The Netkerlands Cooperation Activity CO-010402, Six-montks Tecknical Report no.7 OBJECTIVES (1) Compare the various land management systems wi1hin each sub-ecosystem, in order to identify those that are more economically attractive to the farmer (help allcviate povcrty) and have higher levels of carbon accumulation and carhon sinks. (2) Peñorm an economic evaluation of these land management systems in terrns of their bcnefit associated with carhon accumu!ation and carhon sinks. (3) Provide recommendations on appropriate technology and management for these land management systems in order to make them economícally attractíve to the farmer and beneficia! to the environment as contributors lo increases in carbon sequestration and carbon sinks. (4) Develop eost-effective metbodologies for C monitol"ing in these different land managemenl systems. (5) Develop matbematical models to extrapolate carboD sequestration capacity in similar areas within the American Tropical Forest Ecosyslem for future decision- making in research and policy-making. EXPECTED PRODUCTS o Identified pastore, agropastoral and silvopastoral systems that are viahle and economically attractive lo the farmer and enhance e accumulation and sinks. o Estimated carbon levels, anima! productivity and farmer's economic benefil in the various land management systems studied across sub-ecosystems. o Estimated economic benefit of C accumulation i:n these land managements systems. o Reeommended poliey guidelines developed for paying C incentives lo farmers in these land management systems in the tropics. o Sbared ncw knowledge with farmers, researchers and policy-makers invited lo field days and training events. o Better knowledge of e accumulation levels in these complex pasture, agropastoral and silvopastoral syslems in the tropics. o Refined criteria, metbodology and scientific information for future research on carbon sequestration in pastore, agropastoral and silvopastora! systems in the tropics. o Identified land-use systems and sites for targeting CDM within the American Tropical Forest Ecosystem. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology for this S-year project was discussed in dctail and agreed by participant institutions, project members and consultants during the Firsl International Coordination Meeting, held at CIAT, December 17-19, 2001 and improved in subsequent meetings and discussion sessions. Research methodology is common across sub-ecosystems and comprises the four folJowing research strategies: 10 Carbon Sequestration Project. ClPA V-U.Amazonia-CIA T-CA TIE- Wageningen University. The Netherlands Cooperation Activity CO-OI0402. Six-months Technical Report no.7 ---.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A. Evaluation of a range oflong-established land management systems of similar age within each sub-ecosystem (11-20 years ofage) to quantiIY and compare the level of C accumulation between them and in comparison with two extreme reference states: degraded pasture (negative control) and native forest (positive control). B. Evaluation ofnew small-plot experiments established on degraded pasture sites, to quantiIY and compare after 4 years the level of C accumulation newly established improved systems vs. the degraded pasture. C. Socio-economic evaluation of research areas, farms and land use systems. D. Model building to estimate C accumulation in silvopastoral systems. 2. Activities pt semester year 4 (December 1- May 31, 2005) according to Annual Plan 2005 The activities described below have been successfully accomplished during the first six months of the fourth year of our project: December 1 - May 3!, 2005, in accordance with Annual Plan 2005. The Chronogram of Activities 2005 is included as Annex 1 of the present reporto Technical and administrative coordination activities 1. Project Organisation Activities In order to successfully start the fourth year of Project implementation, the following activities were performed: • Preparation and agreement of annua! contracts for project personnel.- For this fourth year, the project team representing each one of the five member institutions (CIPAV, U. Amazonia, CIAT, CATIE and Wageningen University) remained the same as in the previous three years. The reason for personnel stability has been team coherence, excellent team work and job satisfaction. • Preparation and agreement of Terms of Reference for Consnltants.- F or this fourth year, the only extemal consultancy required to cope with project objectives was that on Tropical Grasslands, provided by Professor Leendert 't Mannelje, from Wageningen University. The project is now much more mature in areas such as Soils Science research methodology, and Socio-economic research methodology, making it unnecessary to hire external consultancies on these topics, as required in previous years. • Renewa! of contracts witb farmers on tbe tbree Ecosystems.- At the beginning of tbe year, contracts witb all farmers collaborating with the project in tbe three project ecosystems, were renewed. In Andean Hillsides ecosystem the number of farms used for project evaluations and socio-economic data galhering are 6 improved farms and 19 conventional farms. In Ihe Humid Tropical Forest, Amazonia, tbe number of farms used for project evaluations and socio-economic data gathering are 2 improved farms and 22 conventiona! farms. 11 Carbo. Seques/ra/ion Project. CIPA V-U.Amazonia-ClA T-CA TlE- Wageningen University. Tbe Nelberlands Cooperation Actívity CO-OJ0402. Six-months Techn¡'cal Repon no. 7 In the Humid and Sub-humid Tropical Forest, Costa Rica, the number of farms are 4 improved farms near Esparza, Pacific coast, 4 improved farms near Pocora, Atlantic coast, and 20 conventional farms in both zones. 2. Technical Coordination Activities with aH member institutions • Preparation of Al"iNUAL PLAN 2005.- As agreed with The Netberlands Cooperation, the Annual Plan for each year has lo be prepared and handled in January. For this year, the Annual Plan 2005 was prepared and handled lo The Netherlands Embassy in Bogotá on January 15, 2005. We are pleased to report thal activilies completed during the reporting perlod --first semester of year 4 (December 1, 2004 - May 31, 2005)-- are in complete coherence with the project Annual Plan 2005. • Planning of the VI International Coordination Meeting, lo be held at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, in Angust 16-19, 2005.- The planning of this meeting started already during the first semester 2005. Contents, participants, budget planning, accommodation, field days, etc, were agreed. The Program is included as Annex :2 of the present report, • Planning of a 3-day Training Course on Greeo House Gasses (GHG), to be held at ClA T on August 22-24, 2005.- Besides the conduction of the project's VI International Coordination Meeting, a 3-day international training course for project personnel, on Green House Gasses (GHG), offered by Dr. Pascal Boeckx, from Ghent University, Belgium, has been planned for the week immediately following the meeting, that is, for Allgust 22-24, 2005. Thanks to project efforts, Ghent University has agreed to i:over a1l cosls of travel and accommodation al ClA T of the lecmrer, Dr. Pascal Boeckx. This course will benefit the project as it will provide basic training to project personnel in a complementary subject to Carbon sequestration: measurement and analysis al field level ofthe three mos! important GHG (C02, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide). Course program is included as Annex 2 of!he pres~nt reporto • Preparatioo of Seventh Six-montbs Tecbnical and Financial Reports.- As stated and agreed in the document "Acuerdo de Contribución", of December 2001, !he Seventh Six-months Technical and Financial Report for this period, were prepared and handled to The Netherlands Embassy in Bogotá on June 15, 2005. Research Activities • Completion of tbe second Carbon sampling cycle (years 2004-2005) in tbe Humid Tropical Forest Ecosystem, Amazonia, Colombia, and in tbe Humid and Sub-humid Tropical Forest Ecosystems, Costa Rica.- At the end of this semester, field work relaled to C evaluation in long- established systems has been completed in aH ecosystems. For 12 Carbon Sequestration Project. C/PAV-U.Amazonía-CfAT-CAT/E-Wageningen University. Tire Netlrerlands Coopera/íon Ac/ivity CO-O I Q402. Six-months Technica/ Report nO. 7 • ___________ ~ ______________ w~~~ ______ ~ ______ • _____________________________ .. ______ • _________ ~ _____ _ Andean HilIsides Ecosystem, lhe database is ready and lhe complete statistical analysis of Soil Carbon Stocks (SCS) from bolh C-sampling cycles (2002-2005) has benn cariied-out. In Amazonia and Costa Rica Ecosystems, laboratory results are ready bul lhe statistical analysis will star! during lhe second semester 2005. In the Humid Tropical Forest, Amazonia, Colombia, soil carhon and vegetation evaluations on six long-established land use systems, on mild-slope topography ('Peldn Farm") were completed during lhe present semester. In Costa Rica, all long-established land use systems in Esparza and Pocora were sampled for a second time (years 2004-2005) being lhe firs! C-samplíng carried-out in 2002, as initially planned. Soil samples from Amazonia were analysed at CIA 1'5 Soils Laboralory. Soil samples from Costa Rica ecosystems were analysed at CATIE's Soils Laboratory. Once lab results are ready and fully checked, lhe statistical analysis of lhe complete datasets for both ecosystems will be carried- out. This activity is planned for lhe 2nd semester 2005. • Statistical Analysis of Soil Carbon Stocks from botb C-samplings (2002 and 2004): Andean Hillsides Ecosystem, Colombia_- In the Andean HilIsides Ecosystem (Dagua and Dovio sites, Colombia) as previously mentioned, field work on both C-sampling cycles (2002 and 2004) was completed at !he end of 2004. Therefore, the complete database on this ecosystem is already available. An initial statistical analysis of Soil Carbon Stocks usíng lhe complete database from Andean Hillsides Ecosystems was carried-out during lhis semester. Results will be discussed wilh alI project members during the next VI Intemational Coordination Meeting, to be held at CIAT in August 16-19,2005. lt is possible lhat as product of discussions, new additional analysis need to be implemented in lhe future. A summary of results from the statistical analysis is included as Annex 3 of lhe prerent report • Socio-economic Research Activities: Development of Simulation Scenarios of farmer's investment in systems with capacity to sequester Carbon - all Ecosystems. During this semester, socio-economic results achieved from comparing improved vs. conventional farms in the project ecosystems, have been completed. That is: the project has completed lhe characterization phase of improved and conventional fanns in aH ecosystems; has also completed data galhering in tenns of cost of inputs and estimation of economic benefit associated with the various land use systems under study. A surnmary progre ss repor! is included as Annex 4 of lhe present reporto The new activity tha! started on lhe present semester (on May 2, 2005) and will continue up to tbe end of lhe projecl, was the development of simulation scenarios of fanners' investment on systems wilh Carbon sequestration capacity. 13 Carbon SequeS/ralion Project. C1PAV-U.Amazonia-CIAT-CATIE-Wageningen University, Tire Nelherlands Cooperation Activity CO-010402. Six-mon/hs Technical Report no, 7 • Continuation of periodic biomass evaluation of Small-plot Experiments in tbe tbree Ecosystems. In order to measure Ihe circe! on C sequestration of newly-established improved pasture and silvo-pastoral systems planted on degra:ied land, five (5) small-plot experiments were established in degraded areas. Those five experiments are: 2 in Andean HilIsides: Dagua and Dovio siles, Colombl.a; 2 in tbe Humid Tropical Forest, in flat and mild-slope topographies, Florencia, Amazonia, Colombia; and 1 experiment in Esparza, Sub-humid Tropical Forest ecosystem, Pacific coas!, Costa Rica. The inidal Cevaluation took place at the beginnings of the project, in the first semester 2002, The final C evaluation wiJI take place al tbe end oflhe project In the interim, periodic biomass evaluations camed out every 2-3months, of each improved system studied in the five experimems, has been done lo monitor biomass production of improved systems lo be later assocíated witb C sequestration. • Project eollaborative papers at 2005 Congresses: tbe "XXII International Grasslands Congress (IGC2005) to be beld at Dublin, Ireland, June 25-Jnly 1, 2005, and the "11 International Energy and Environment Congress" (IEEES2) to be beld at Kos, Greece, July 3-9, 200!;. Two project papers have been accepted at the "XXII Intemational Grasslands Congress (IGC2005) to be held al Doblin, rreland, June 25-July 1, 2005, These are: Comparison ofmethodological tools in tropical 1Ioil Carbon sequestration field research, by B. van Purten and M.C. AmézquiUt, and Carbon sequestration ¡n pastare and silvo-pastoral systems in ecosystems of the Latin American trapics, by M, C. Amézquita and M, Ibrahim. They are included as Annex 5 of the present report One project Paper has been accepled al tbe "JI Intemational Energy and Environment Congress" (IEEES2) to be held al Kos, Greece, July 3-9, 2005. rl will appear al the congress proceedings and is enlitled: Pastare Systems in Tropical America: Their Role in C sequestraJion, Recovery of DegrlUled Areas and Farmers'Economic Wellfar,by M.C. Amézquila, H,F, Ramírez and M. Ibrahim, This paper is included as part of Annex 5 in tbe present reporto • Planning Pbase: Extrapolation of Project results to similar areas in Tropical America - Contraet witb ISRIC, Wagenlngen, Tbe Netberlands An important project objective, stated al "Acuerdo de Contribución" of December 2001, is to extrapolate project results on carbon sequestration levels of pasture, agro-pastoral and silvo-pastoral system.s estimated in the project research areas, to similar areas in Tropical America. 14 Carbon Seques/ra/ian Project. CIPAV-U.Amazonio-CIAT-CATIE-Wageningen University. The Ne/herlands Coopera/ion Activity CO-OI0402. Síx-manths Technical Repart no. 7 To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to work with a geo-Teferenced database of Tropical America, where each point is represented by its altitude, longitude and latitude, with information on soil type, climate variables (temperature, precipitation) and land use. ISRIC (Intemational Institute on Soils Research), from Wageningen University, The Netherlands, has developed a geo-referenced database of Tropical America with soil type information at a seale 1:5000. Additionally, CIAT has a database on land use for Tropical America. Discussions between the project Scientific Director, project members /Tom Wageningen UniveTsity and ISRIC scientists, conducted on April 20-29, 2005, led to an agreement between ISRIC And OUT Project to start extrapolation work. Tho Terms of Agreement of the contrae! with ISRIC have been discussed and signed. Work will start on November 2005 and is expecled lo end during 2006. ISRIC contraet is included in this report as Annex 6_ 3. Executed Funds during this period (December 1, 2004 - May 31, 2005) distributed by Activity. Total executed funds during the first semester of year 4 (reporting period December 1, 2004 May 31, 2005) were US S 128,181.17. In order to show how executed funds were invested in the various activities conducted during the present reporting period, the next table was prepared, using "Activities" as rows, "Budget Categories" as columns, and % allocated to each activity from the various budget calegories as cells. This tsble is included on the next page. 4. Budget Tables 2005 Budget tables 1-10 are included as Anncx 7 of this reporto They show real budget execution for years 1, 2, 3 and first semester year 4, and estimated budget requirements for second semester year 4 and year 5. The tables show project budget --global and per institution-- per year and for the total 5-year of project duration, discriminated by donor funds and matching funds. 15 .... ,"'"u .......... v •• '"" ... AV ..... ~_ ..... "' .... """,,U'I""Z ... - _'U •• _ ..... ~n • " .............. \_ .................. _. " ... .,..,. ..... .... - .... , .. ..,..,~ Calegory Total EXPensa.' ACtIvtty. ------ -rraining- --- ----- ~-- ~tGf1.!..!~f4 ~~ Objecllve AcIlvltles Techngl Natlenal ..... Malnt. Of Evettts ter COUtuSto hltematlonal Prof .. lenal Ccmumng Op9raUonal o..mo.d _ .. Ex. Ani&t.to TrallL& ""'J"" E .. "", _. S~ •• _k; .. Cest CIPAV US$ " Fame", ONutoatioO Pfi$onnlitl ------ -- %-Ois~~ Ot ActMty CMt wlthin each -CAtegory ----- 1. PreparatlOfl al'ld ag~ of annual contr.¡¡ct$ for pro¡ed perwnnel O O 1. PROJECT O O O O O 1 O 5 70 3,712.10 2.9 ORGANISAOON 2, Pteparaliol'! 3m:! agreement ct Terms Of ACTMTtES. Reference fO( Consu/tiint$ O O O O O O O 1 O 2 2 987.94 0.8 3_ Rénewal of contract Wlth ~ for Ihe Ih~ sub-eoosyst('l'l1lS' Amlean HíUsldes, O O 30 30 O O Am!w;m¡a aod C. RIClI farms O 3 O 10 28 6,488.80 5.1 1. Preparation of ANNUAL PLAN 2006. O O O O O O 20 7 30 10 O 6,665.19 5.2 2. TeCHNICAl ANO 2. Planning. VI h'ltematrooal CoordlMti(ln ADMINISTRA TIVE Meeting, CIAT, Aug 29 • Sep:2, 2005 O O O O O 30 O 3 O 2 O 8,809.98 6.9 COORD1NAT1QN 3. Preparabon 01 Sevenih S¡x·months r-- r.~~_cel and Flnanclal Reoorts. O O O O O O 50 10 O 10 O 8,470.32 6.6 ----- 3. SOCtO-ECONOMtC DesIgn end aoalySls Of siln,lIation SIMUlATION scenanos. Three Sub-écosystem1i O O 20 10 50 30 O 5 O 2 Q 11,837.96 9.2 4. Conttnuatioo of SECOND L Soil cartlon and vegetaliol'! evaluatklos six land use $YSietn$ mild-slope CAReON SAMPUNG In topography, AmazonIA' Cotombra 35 O 10 25 O Q O 15 O 15 O 15,341.55 12.0 AMAZONIA, COLOMBIA an(JCO$TA RICA SUs.. 2, $oíl carbon and vegetaUon évslualioos ECOSYSTEMS SéCOnd spaClal repHcaoon, Costa Rica O 10 5 O O O 15 O 15 O 15,622.42 12.2 50 5,STATISTtCAlANAlYSIS C~e S\abstieal anat)'Sls of SOII OF SOtl CARBQN STOCK ~/.)()¡) stocl<;s ffom Andean H:!!s!dc::: SOI:h ~lIngs: Andean E;tQsystems Hillsk'les sub-ecosystem$ O O O O O O 30 10 50 5 O 8593.55 6.7 f---. -~~~- ----- 50 O 1. Andéan HillsIdes..Q)lon-bia. 5 33.4 10 10 O O 8 7 O 9,666.75 7.5 6, EVALUAflON OF SMAll 2. Hurnd Tfop¡eal Focast· COlorMI"" PlOT EXPERIMENTS· Amazonia 5 33.3 10 10 O O O 8 O 7 O 9,237.25 7.2 BlOMASS PRODUCT1ON 3. Sern humid 9nd humo Tmpical Foresl . C. RIca 5 33.3 10 10 O O O 8 O 7 O 9,237.25 7.2 7. EXTRAPOlATION Agreement ano Stgnature ofTOR Wilh O O O O O 40 O 6 20 3 O 13,510.71 10.5 ISRIC, w~, The Nettml"lands i Sum of % axpaMfli I iiletM(y wttNll a"eh Ciltegory 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100.00 Tot.1 (US$) 5,921.22 5,599.99 4,617.14 3,036.54 847.80 21,716.82 876.27 68,849.86 1,744.17 11,471.96 3,500.00 128,181.77 100% % from total expense. in the semuter 4.6 4.4 3.6 2.4 0.7 16.9 0.7 53.7 1.4 8.9 2.7 100.0 100 Carbon Sequestration Projecl. ClPA V-U.Amazonía-ClA T-CA TIE-Wageningen University. The Netherlands Cooperation AClivity CO·Q10401. Six·monlhs Technical Repon no. 7 Annex 1 Chronogram o/ Activities Annual Plan 2005 17 • • • • • • • • • Carbon Seqllestration Project. CIPAV-U.Amazonia-ClAT-CATlE-Wageningen University. The Netherlonds Cooperation Activity CO-010402. Six-months Technical Reporl no. 7 Annex2 Program VI International Coordination Meeting and Training Course on Green House Gasses (GHG) CIAT, August 16-19 and 22-24, 2005 18 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • Carhon Seques/ration Projeel. ClPAV-U.Amazonia-CIAT-CATIE-Wageningen University. Ine Nelherlands Coopera/ion Activity CO-OJ0402. Six-months Technieal Reporl no. 7 Annex 3 Statistieal Analysis of Soil Carbon Stoeks from both C-sampling eyeles (2002-1004) - Andean Hillsides Eeosystem, Colombia - 19 .. • • • • • .. • Carbon Sequestration Project. CIPAV-UAmazonia-CIAT-CATlE-Wageningen University. The Netherlands Cooperation AClivity CO-O 10402. Six-months Tecknical Reparl nO. 7 Annex4 Socio-economic Evaluation Report Development 01 Simulation Scenarios 20 Carbon Seques/ra/ion Projee/. ClPAV-U.Amazonia-ClA1 CCAllH-Wageningen University. The Ne/herlands Cooperation Aetivity CO-OI0402. Six-months Teehnieal Repor/ no. 7 Annex 5 Project Contributed papers at International Congresses 2005 21 Comparison of Methodological Tools in Tropical Soil Carbon Sequestration Field Research B. van Pulten l and Me. Amézquila1 IDepartment of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 47, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Emaíl: I3ram. vanPutten@wur.nl 2Carbon Seques/rallon Projec/ - The Nelherlands Cooperation CO-O 1 0402. ClP A V- U.Amazonia-ClAT-CATlE- Wageningen University. ClAT's Science Park, A. A. # 67-13, Cali, Colombia. Keywords: model, carbon sequestratíon, extrapolation, land management system, tropical 1 ntl'oduction Models play a crucial role in studying complex systems Iike soil Carbon sequestration processes (Hanson, Schaffer and Ahuja, 200 1). A Carbon sequestration research project is currently camed out in pasture and silvo-pastoral systems of four Tropical American ecosystems. A majn research question is the identification of Land Management Systems (LMS) that exhibit optimal sojl Carbon sequestration capacity (identifica/ion questíon). Another main issue is the extrapolation of data in space and time (ex/rapo/alion ques/íon), Material and Methods From each of tbe ccosystems, farms were selected on having long-established LMS of abovementioned type, Soil Carbon stocks (SCS) were measured in permanent plots equidistantly along transects, at fOUT deptbs, using two space replications per system and 12 sampling points per systemlreplication. Observations in the corresponding Native Forest (NF) were done following tbe same lines, In tbis paper, we compare statistical techniques with techniques based on chemicallbiological/physical process knowledge, reprcsented by process- based simulation (PBS) models Iike CENTURY, RothC, CANDY, DAISY and DNDC. Resu/ts On optimal allocation of observations within plots will be reported elsewhere, An appropriate statistical technique with respect to identificatíon is considering plots of each farm as a random block. As plots are the 'experimental umts', tbe statistically dependent SCS measurements of each plot should be summarized using spatial statistics theory, Statistical inference, based on multiple comparisons hypothesis testing, is possible under the model assumption tbat, at the farro level, the various LMS were randomIy assigned to tbe plots at tbe time the NF partially was cleared, Comparison with 'baseline' NF leads to tbe requested solution. In order lo obtain sufficient power of !he resulting test, one should take care for having sufficient 'experimental units', As PBS models do not deal wjth experimental error, and consequently caunot discriminate between systematic effccls and random variation, they are not appropriate for solving !he identification question. Statistical modelling in principie could be useful for extrapolation purposes as well, by using a regression model y={3o+ {3¡x¡+ f32X2+ {3¡X3+ ... +1:, where y is, SCS, XI, XZ, X" ... , are outcomes of regressors (among them: 'driving variables'), (Jo, {3¡, 132, $3, ... , are regression coefficients, and E is the experimental error. Prediction of SCS in an unvisited place Pis: (yA)p = bo+b¡(x¡)p+b2(X2)P+ b3(X3)P + ... , where bjs are least squOlres estimates, and outcomes of regressors could be found e.g. using GIS. If time is among regressor8, prediction in time i8 possible as well. Predictions can be given including confidence bounds. A disadvantage of tbe metbod is !hal il requires quite a lot of experimental observations in a wide range of experimental conditions (tbe regressors). Extcapolation using PBS models requires considerably less observations but a lot of input data instead. Most of PBS modeIs have been developed in temperate zones. It i8 dangerous to apply them (unmodified) in tropical situation, as tumover rates are higher, and small inaccuracíes in tbe determinants ofthese rates may have vel)' strong effects on the results (van Keulen, 2001). PBS model predictions are given witbout any accuracy. In the evaluation of PBS models, existing long-term experiments are usually the only source of data (powlson, 1996). Just these long-term experiments are associated witb :lifficulties tbat mainly arise from improper experimental design, improper sampling methods, and poor record keeping (Glendining and Poulton, 1996). In short, application of PBS models for extcapolation purposes goes with a large amount of problems and uncertainties. Conclusions If sufficient many data are available, statistical metbodology is preferred lo using PBS models. References Glendining, M,J. and P.R. Poulton (1996). Interpretation Difficulties witb Long-Term Experiments. In: D.S. Powlson, P. Smith and J.U. Smith (eds.) Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models, using existing long-term datasets. Springer, Berlin, 99-109. Hanson, J.D., M.J. Schaffer and L.R. Ahuja (2001). Simulating Rangeland Production and Carbon Sequestration. In: R.F. Follett, J .M. Kimble and R. Lal (eds.) The potential of U .S. Grazing Lands lo Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 345-370. Powlson, D.S. (1996). Why Evaluate Soil Organic Matter Models? In: D.S. Powlson, P. Smith and 1.U. Smitb (eds.) Evaluation of Soil Organic Mattcr Models, using existing long-term datasets. Springer, Berlín, 3-11. van Keulen, H. (2001). (Tropical) soíl organic matter modelling: problems and prospecls. Nutrienl Cycling in Agroecosyslems, 61,33-39. Abstraet presented al tbe XXII Intemational Grasslands Congress, under the theme "Grasslands and ¡he Environment". Dublin, Scotland, June 26 - July 1,2005. Carbon sequestration in pasture and silvo-pastoral systems in ecosystems of the Latin American tropics M, e Amézquita and M, Ibrahim Carbon Seques/ration Projeel The Nelherlands Cooperativn CO-OJ0402, CIPAV-UAmazonia-CIAT-CATIE- Wageníngen Uníversí/)!, CIAT's Seience Park, A, A. # 67-13. Cali, Colombia, Email: m,amezquita@Cgiar.org Keywords: tropícs, tropical pastures, agroforestry systems, soíl carbon stocks IntroductloD Conversíon of forests lo pastures has been the most important land use change in tropical Amoríoa (TA) in the lasl fifiy ye.rs, Afier deforestatian and pasture establishment many areas have been abandoned due 10 productivity decline arising through misman.gement. Over 60% offue TA's pasture arca is degraded, Recenl interest in carbon sequestration aud environmental considerattons might suggest partial reforestation of current pastoral areas bul thís has implications for the socio-economic welfare of farmers and food availability, However, combining agricultural production with environmental objectives (particularly carbon sequestralion) could provide a sustainable alternative, Here we present 3-years of rescarch on the evaluatíon of soi! e.rbon stocks (SCS) in long-established pasture .nd silvo-pastoral systems (10-16 years of cornmercial praduction) relativo to native forest (positive control) anó degraded land (reference control) under lour ecosystems of TA: Andean híllsides (Colombia), sub-humid and humid tropical forest (Costa Rica) and humid tropical fores!, Amazonia (Colombia), Material. and metbod. A soil sampling design controlling faetors affecting SCS (site conditions, slope or main gradient, land use system, and .oil depth) was used. Field research was conducted at farm level, in farmcr networks within Ihe project ecosystems, ses wcre evaluated at four soil depths (O- l O, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-100 cm) using 2 space replications per system and 12 sampling point< per systemIrep, Total e, oxidisahle C, total N, P, CEC, pH, soil texture und bulk density were evaluated at eaeh .oil pit und deplh. Total, oxidisable und stable C (expressed as rhe difference between total C and oxidisable C) were corrected for bulk density and expressed as Clba for eaeh soil depth. Statistical comparisons of SCS between systems were based on fixed soil mass bu! without subdivision in soil horizons as modified by Buurman el al, (2004), R •• ults Data ftom Andean hillsides suggests that although native forest possesses the highest SCS in this ecosystem (234 .nd 186 Mg'ha/lm-equivalent for sites l and 2, respectively), improved pasture systems increase SCS when compared 10 other land use systems. For example, B. decumbens with trees (162 and 152 Mglha/lm- equivalent for sites 1 and 2) show highet SCS than natural regeneratíon systems (fallow I.nd and secondary forest, with 156 and 142 Mglha/lm-equivalent for sites l and 2) and degrarled pasture (156 and 97 MgIhaIlm- equivalent for sites 1 and 2), On the conlrary, SCS estimates from tbe Humid Tropical Forest (Allantie eoast, Costa Rica) show ¡hat pasture systems sueh as l. ciliare, B ,brizantha+A, pin/oi, A, mangium+A, pintoi aud B, brizontha in monoculture (208, 194, 168 and 134 Mglha/lm-equivalent, respectively) had statistically higher stocks than native forest (128 Mglha/lm-equivalent) und this in turn had statistically highcr stocks Ihan degraded pasture (94 Mglha/lm-equivalent), Similar rankings were obt.ined in the Humid Tropical Forest of Amazonia, Colombia, whcre B, humidicola .ud B, decumbens pastures (monoculture and legume-associated) showed higher SCS Ihan native forest. ses data suggest thar in hOI and humid environments improved pasture systems show SCS comparable or higher than native foresl, thererore representing attraclÍve solutions for C storage, Conclu5lon. Resul!s suggest fuat in lhe Iropical ecosystems of Latin America studied, improved pasture .nd silvo-pastoral systems show ses levels comparable or even higher than those ftom native forest, depending on c1imatie and environmental conditions (altitude, temperature, preeipitation, topography and soil). OUt rcseareh indientes that these systems should be considered as attractive and viable C-improved systems, References AmézqUlta, M.e., M, Ibrahim, L. Tangaxhuan, p, Buunnan & E, Amézquita (2004), Carbon Sequestration in Pasture and Silvo-pastoral Systems jn four different ecosystems of the Latin American Tropícs. Journal 01 Sus/ainable Forestry (submitted for publication on October 27,2004), Amézquita, M. e., P. Buunnan, E. Murgueitio & E. Amézquita (2004), Carbon Sequesttation POlential of Pasture .nd Silvo-pastoral Systerns in lhe Tropical Ande.n HiIIsides, 2004, In: R, Lal (ed,) (to be included as a chapter oftbe book in process ofpreparation, R, Lal (.d), "Carbon Sequestration Potential in Latin America", The Ohio State University, U,S,A,). Buurman, p" M. Ibrahim & M.e. Amézquita (2004), Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by silvopastoral systems: optimism and fact<, In Proceedings of the Second Interoational Congress in Agroforestry, Mérid., Mexico, February 2004, IEEES2 Proceedmgs of the 5econd lnternational Exergy I Energy anó Environment Symposium 3-7 July 2005, Kos, Greece Paper No, PASTURE SYSTEMS IN TROPICAL AMERICA: THEIR ROLE IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION, RECOVERY OF OEGRADEO AREAS ANO FARMERS' ECONOMIC WELFARE M.C. Amézquita', H. F. Ramírer and M.lbrahim' 'Scientifie Director, 'StatiStlcian and 'Agroforestry Researcher Garbon Sequestration Project, The Netherlands Cooperation CO-010402 '.' CIA rs Seience Park, Cali, Colombia, and 3 CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica Email: m.ªmeZ;9uita@caiar,org ABSTRACT This research aims at identifying pasture systems that províde an economically attractive soluUon lo Ihe farmer and offer environmental services, partlcularly recovery 01 degraded areas and C sequestration in Tropical America's ecosyslems vulnerable to climate change. Soil C stocks and socio-economic indicetors were evaluated. Four-year reseanch results show that improved and well-managed pasture and silvo- pastoral systems represent solutions for the recovery of degradad areas as C-improved systems. INTRODUCTION The Kyoto Protocol (Conference of!he Partíes In its thírd session, COP3. 1997) and subsequent agreements of the United Nations (COP4 to COP10, 1998-2004) represent a formal world's commitment to decrease atmospheric contamination generatad by greenhouse gasses emissions (GHG), particularly CO" in !he period 2008-2012. These international agreements allow industrializad countries to partially comply with Iheir GHG emission reduction larget by offaring economic incentives to non-industrialized countries lo increase carbon sequestration with live systems. At presenl, reforestation and afforestation are considered lo be iand-use syslems suttable for economic incentives in deveJoping countries Ihrough internatíonal carbon trading. However, recent interest in carbon sequestration and prelíminary research suggest that improved and well-managad pas1ure systems in Tropical America (TA) could provide a good combination of economia production, povertY reduction, and deJivery of environmental services, particularly carbon sequestration (Veldkamp, 1993 and 1994; Amézquita, 2003; Amézquita el al, 2004; Uanderal and Ibrahim, 2004). The approval for European Union countries to contribute to their GHG emission reduction through carbon sequestralion in grassland systems (Marrakech Accords, COP7, 2001) and the United States' motivalion to provide farmer's incentives for carbon sequestration in grasslands (Unitad States Department of Agricultura, June 2003) makes this alternative particularty atlractive to TA's countries, as tropical pasture, agro- pastoral and silvo-pastoral syslems could be also considered lo be land-use systems suitable for internatíonal carbon trading and other economíc incentives for developing countries. Mana-Cristma Amézqwta TA -comprising Mexico, Central Americe, The Caribbean and South America excluding Argentina, Chile and Uruguay- holds 13% of the world's pasture and agro-pastoral tand, this representing 77% 01 TA's agricultural land (FAO, 2000). Milk and meat production in TA's countries have importan! socio-economic signíficance. Improved and well- managed pas1ura systems have increased the production and qualíty of milk and meat as well as farmers' economic welfare, export market competitiveness and economic development (CIAT, 1976-2000; Rubinstein and Nores, 1980; Sanint el al .. 1984; Toledo, 1985; Vera el al., 1993; Rivas el al., 1998). The major TA's ecosystems where meat and milk are produced are the Savannah (250 mi Ilion ha), the Tropical Humid and Subhumid Forest (abou! 44 million ha) and the Tropical Andean Hillsides (96 million ha). Conversion of forests lo pastures has besn the most important land use change in T A in lhe last fifty years (Kaimowitz, 1996). Deforestation is attributed lo national policias to alleviate population pressure, high initial soil fertílity with favorable conditions far crop and pasture establishment, and production and marketing in!eres1s of multinational companies searching far highly profitable timber production (Browder, 1988; Sader and Joyce, 1988; Veldkamp. 1993 and 1994). After deforestation and crop and pasture establishment, many areas have been abandonad due to production decline causad by mismanagement, whlch has causad degradation in more than 60% of the TA's pasture area, and about 90% of the tropical Andean hillsides pasture's area (CIAT,1999). OBJECTIVE Scien!ific reseanch on carbon sequestratlon is been conducted by a long-term project (citad in Acknowledgements) on a range of pasture systems, at farm level, in four ecosystems of TA vulnerable to climate change. Ecosystems studied are: the eroded Andean hillsides of Colombia (densely populated), the humid and sub-humid tropical forest of Costa Rica (densely populated), and the humid tropical tores! of !he Amazonia in Colombia (strategic environmental region). Research aims at identifying improved and sustainable pastura, agro-pastoral and silvo-pas1oral systems !hat provide a viable and economically altractive solution to the farmer (allevialing poverty) and offer environmental services, particularly recovery 01 degraded areas and carbon sequeslration (Amézquita, 2002). An 'improved' pasture system has one or more of !he following characterisllcs: appropriate soil/plan! management and use 01 grass, grass-Iegume, or grass-Iegume-tree pastures with species that are more productive than local varieties, Previous project publications (Amézquita el al, in press, Amézquila et al, in process for publication) have reported results corresponding lo !he firsl C-sampling cycle 01 long- established systems in some 01 Ihe ecosystems under invesligation, with fieldwork conducted in 2002 and 2003. This paper discusses four-year research results 01 the above-menlioned project in two ecosyslems: !he tropical Andean hillsides (Colombia) and the humid tropical foresl (Costa Rica). Research results presented in this paper correspond lo two C- sampling cycles of long-established systems, w~h fieldwork conducled in 2002-2005. METHOOOLOGY Soil Carbon Stocks (SCS) were evaluated in long- established pasture and sUvo-pastoral systems under grazing on commercial larms, 16-18 years after establishment. SCS from pasture systems were compared wi\h those from native lorest (positive reference system) and degraded soil (negative reference system). In the tropical Andean hillsides ecosystem, Colombia, evaluation were carrled out in slx small farms (2-12 ha) located in two sites: Dovio (1900 m,a.sJ., 1800 mm/yr, 140C, high slopes, pH 5,5-6.5, medium fertility soUs) and Dagua (1350 m.a,s.!" 1800 mm/yr, 200C, medlum slopes, pH 5,0- 6,1, less fertile solls), In the humid tropical forest 01 Costa Rica, evaluations were carried out in four medium-slze farms (19-70 ha) located near Pocora, Atlantic coast (200 m.a.s.t, 26-350C, 3500 mm/year, poor acid solls), A soll sampling design controlling lactors affecting ses (sita conditions, slope or maln gradient, land- use system, and soll depth) was used, SCS were evaluated al four soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-100 cm) using two replications per system and twelve sampling polnts per system/replication. AlI samples were composite samples, Total C, oxidlzable e, total N, P, CEC, pH, son textura and bulk densily were evaluated at each soll pit and deplh. Total C, oxldlzable C and stable C (the latter expressed as the difference between total e and oxidizable C) were expressed in Megagrams (tons) C/ha/depth Ior each soll depth. Oxidizable carbon was determined by wet oxidation according lo Walkley & Black (USDA, 1996: 6A 1), Total carbon was determinad by dry combustion at 120 OC, CEC at pH 7 was determinad by tha ammcnium acetate method (USDA, 1996: 5b4). pH In water was determlned with a 1:5 solid: solution ratio (USDA, 2 Maria-Crlsttna AmézQuita 1996: 8Cl). SoU textura was determined by pipette method and siaving (USDA, 1996: 3A). Avallable P was determlned according to Bray-I (USDA, 1996: 683), For stalistical comparisons of SCS between land-use systems, c:.1lculalions basad on fixed soíl mass according lo Ellert et al. (2002) and Buurman el al. (2004), wem carried-out for total e and stable C, using ANOVA models consistent with the sampling design, The relative importance of factors affecting ses (Iand use system, slope gradient and C- sampling cycle) was estimated using ANOVA's SS values, expressing each factor's SS as a parcentage 01 !he total SS, Socio-economic characlerization of improved and conventional tarms was carríed out through parlicipatory workshops, field days and socio- economia s~rveys of farmers, The main purpose of Ihis researct, is lo identlty pasture and sHvo-pastoral systems \hal represenl viable economic alternatives lo the tarmer apart from providing envlronmental services, particularly the recovery of degraded areas and carbon sequestralion. Environmental, lite qualily and socio-economic indices per farm were produced and stalistic~llIy compared between lhe two groups of tanns. Partial results are reported in the present article, RESUL TS ANO DISCUSSION Tables 1 and 2 show slalistical compansons 01 SCS between land use systems using fixed soH mass estimates in the tropical Andean hillsides (Table 1) and in lhe humid tropical foresl (Table 2). Table 1: ses (Mg CIha/1m-equiv) per Jand Use System. Tropical Ande¡ln HiUsides, Colombia Zone 1: Dovlo (1900 m,a,s.f.), Land Use System Nativa Iorest B, decumbens pasl Degradens I Preparatlon and agreement i of aMua! conlracts fot SIgned .. _ CIPAV _ """"'0081 Preparatlon and agrHment DI_Ion of T efmS oí Reference for Acoep1ed TOR'. ClAT 1. PROJECT 0RGAHfSA TIOH Consultanta WU ACTMTIEI, Renewal of centrad wHh farmera for!:he thrH 1iWb- Contracts acx::epted. aoosystems: Andesn Farms ready lo HiIIsJdes, Amazonia and worlr, Costa RIca farms. UA-CIPAV CAn! Plan handled lo The Preparation of ANNUAL Nether1and Embaesy in Bogoté, PLAN 2006. Colombia (before Oocembor 31,2004) Prolect O!ra<:lion Ü r Vllntematlonal CATIE Coordlnation MeetIng, _ing_ed CIAT CIAT,CaIl. COlombia. Aug CIAPV Z9 - Sep 2. 2005 UAMAZ. W.U R_ haodled k> I Preparalion oí Saventh TtwI Netherlands 2. rECMMCAl AND Six~months Technlrcat and Embassv In Bogot.a, Al! Partlcipant Institutiooa AOMIHIITRATlVi Financtel Reporte. Colombia. June 15, COORDINA T/ION 2005. ~- Reportshandledk> I Pro Direc1loo Prepara1ion ot Eight TM N&therlands CATIE Slx.-monlhs T echnical and Embassy lo Bogotá. CI T Financia{ Report •. Coíombia. o.. 15. IPAV 2005. r' U. W.U Plan handted to The Prepara1ion of ANNUAL Netberlands Embasey in Bogota, Projact Oirection ana Particlpant In$l. PlAN 2006. Colombia befote Oocember 31,2006. 3. IOctO·ECONOMlC Oeslgn and anelysis of Tool reedy. Project Direc1ion and CA TIE JlMULATlON srmuletioo 5CeI'lElIioI&. Símulation Eoonom!cs consultant Three Sub-ecosystems scenarios analyzed • • 4. Contlnuation of 'ECONO CARBON SAMPUNG In AMAZONIA, COLOMBIA Ind eOaT A RICA SUB- ECOIYSTEMI • • • CHRONOGRAM OF ACTIVITIES - ANNUAL PLAN 2005 December 1, 2004- December 31, 2005 CONT,PAG -2 1 . SoU carbon and ,ogo'allon .,a'uatlono - oix I Dota organill8d new treatments, Amazonia according lo a Colombia (cant. from past formats semester) 2. Soll carbon and vegelation evalualions - Data organised second spaclal replication. according lo a costa Rica (cont. from pesl formals semester) 1. Com~e Statistical 5.'TATlSTlCALANALYSlSOF I analysis on son Carbon 1011 Clrbon Stock. Stocks from Andean BoIh C-sampllngl: And .. n Hlllald" Ind Collt. RICII IUbo ~.,..- Flrwt C ... mpllng: Amazonia l. EVAlUATION OF IMALL- PLOT EXPERIMENT.- BIOMASS PROOUCTION 1. EXTRAPOLATION HiIIsidea Ecosystems 2. Complete statii analysis of Seil Carbon Stocks from Costa Rica 3. Statistical analysis of I 5011 Carbon Stocks from First C-sampling, Amazonia Andean HUlsidea- Two experiments Colombia. evaluated every 2 months. Humid Tropical Forest _ I T~ ::r1ments Colombian Amazonia eva u months Semi humid and humid Tropical Forest· C. Rica 1 . Agreement and Signature of TOR with ISRIC, Wageningen, The Netherlands 2. Starting ofwork One experiment evalualed every two I monlhs. Contract wlth signad FOREST, COLOMBIA - U AMAZONIA ANDEAN HILLSIDES, COLOMBIA· CIPAV ISEMI.HUMID TROPICAL FOREST, COSTA RICA-CATIE WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY PARTICIPATION • • Project Oirection U. Amazonia ProJect Oirection CLATIE CIPAV CIPAV Univ. Amazonia CATIE and Project Oirectlon • • • • • • • • • • • Resultados Alcanzados Al momento de la elaboración de este reporte, el componente socio-económico del proyecto se encuentra en el inicio de la Fase 2, correspondiente a la modelación financiera de los diferentes tipos de usos de la tierra con capacidad para el almacenamiento de carbono. A continuación se presenta una tabla con los resultados alcanzados durante el primer semestre del año 4. Actividad , 1. Sub-ecosistemas Laderas Andinas, Colombia Implementación registros de actividades y producción fiIl:;:;ca=-___ -I---'c:::o:::n:::tí:::n,::uo=-_ ! Análisis de la información de los registros de fincas continuo i r=.geterminación estructura costos e ingresos por tipo usos suelo En proceso ¡...: _-=M=o~de~l::::o~s ~d~e~re~n:!t~ab~i~li:::::d~ad~fi~~n:::::an~c~i;:;:er~a~a:.:n~ic:.v,;:;el~d::::e::.us=o~s,-,d:::e,-,I=a-,ti~err=a,--__ +-,r:n proceso i 2. Sub-ecosistemas de la Amazom:::::·~a,c.:C::::o::::l~o:::m:::b~ia=-_________ +-____ ~ f-----Implementación registros de actividades y producción finca contínuo , Implementación registros de actividades y producción fmca continuo ¡ Determinación estructura costos e ingresos portipo usos suelo En proceso ! Modelos de rentabilidad financiera a nivel de usos de la tierra En proceso r 3. $ub-ecosistemas Bosque Tropical Sumi-Húmedo, Costa Rica L-hl1plementación registros de actividades y producción finca ! Implementacióll registros de actividades v producción fmca =-= Determinación estructura costos e ingresos por tipo usos suelo L Modelos de rentabilidad financiera a nivel de usos de la tierra 1. Introducción contínuo continuo En proceso En proceso Los sistemas de producción ganadera pueden actuar como emisores o sumideros de carbono. Actúan como emisores de carbono cuando las prácticas de manejo ganaderas resultan en la pérdida de la materia orgánica del suelo (erosión del suelo) o en emisiones directas derivadas de técnicas tradicionales, tales como en las quemas de la cobertura vegetal para promover la regeneración de pastos. Actúan como sumideros cuando se adoptan prácticas de manejo que aumentan la materia orgánica acumulada en el suelo y en la biomasa aérea, tales como la incorporación de árboles en los potreros. Dado el proceso de calentamiento global que está sufriendo el planeta y la importancia social y económica de la ganadería en Latinoamérica (donde las tierras dedicadas a la ganadería cubren más del 60% del terreno agricola), es necesario identificar sistemas de producción ganadera asociados con sistemas de uso del suelo, que contribuyan a la captura de carbono y que sean económicamente atractivos para los finqueros. El Proyecto de la "Red de Investigación para la Evaluación de la Capacidad de Almacenamiento de Carbono de Sistemas Pastoriles, Agropastoriles y Silvopastoriles en el Ecosistema del Bosque Tropical Americano" tiene como metas principales el contribuir al desarrollo sustentable, reducir la pobreza y mitigar los efectos indeseables 2 del cambio climático- particularmente las emisiones de CO2 --en los sub-ecosistemas forestales vulnerables de la América Tropical. Las metas se alcanzan por medio de la investigación en fincas de pequeño y mediano tamaño que presentan un rango de sistemas de pasturas, agro y silvopastoriles localizadas en tres sub-eoosistemas forestales de la América Tropical vulnerables al cambio climático. Estos sub-ecosistemas son: (i) Región de Laderas Andinas de Colombia, (ii) Región de la Amazonia de Colombia y (iii) Región del Bosque Tropical Semi-Húmedo de Costa Rica. La investigación que se lleva a cabo en las fincas del proyecto está dirigida a identificar sistemas de pasturas, agro y silvopastoriles (SP ASP), oon capacidad para el secuestro de carbono, que sean financieramente viables para los finqueros de la América Tropical. A tal fin, el componente socio-económioo del Proyecto se orienta a evaluar el atractivo económico-financiero de los SP ASP con capacidad para el secuestro de carbono, frente a los sistemas ganaderos convencionales de pasturas degradadas. La información generada a partir de los análisis socio-económioos servirá de insumos para la formulación de lineamientos de política para el pago de incentivos por captura de carbono en esos sistemas de manejo de la tierra en el trópico. En cste reporte se presentan un resúmen de los resultados alcanzados en la implementación del monitoreo socio-económico en las fincas del proyecto en los tres sub-ecosistemas. La estructura del reporte es la siguiente. Primero, se presentan los objetivos específicos buscados en el componente socio-eoonómico. Segundo, se detalla la metodología de la Fase 2, correspondiente a la modelación de la viabilidad financiera de los distintos tipos de usos de la tierra oon capacidad para el secuestro de carbono. Tercero, se presentan resultados de costos de establecimiento y operación para distintos tipos de usos de la tierra, los que sirven de base para la modelación financiera correspondientes a los tres sub-ecosistemas. Cuarto, se presentan resultados preliminares de modelos de inversión financiera para tres tipos de usos de la tierra. Quinto, se describen las dificultades encontradas para la realización del monitoreo y los modelos. Por último, se discuten los pasos a seguir en el futuro. 2. Objetivos del Componente Socio-Económico Los objetivos generales del eomponente socio-económico del Proyecto son: (i) evaluar el atractivo económico-financiero de los SP APS con capacidad para el secuestro de carbono frente a los sistemas ganaderos conveneionales, y (ii) proveer recomendaciones de manejo y de política para haeer dichos SP APS económicamente atractivos a los finqueros y ambientalmente beneficiosos como sumideros de carbono. En particular, los análisis socio-económicos están orientados a: • determinar la estructura de costos de inversión y manejo de los SPASP con capacidad para secuestrar carbono, como también sus niveles de producción; • determinar la rentabilidad finaneiera de los SP APS oon capacidad para secuestrar carbono frente a los sistemas de ganadería eonvencional de pastos degradados; 3 Proyecto Red Captura de Carbono Informe de Avance Evaluación Socio-Económica de Sistemas Pastoriles, Agropastoriles y Silvopastoriles con Capacidad para la Captura de Carbono Gobbi, J.; Casasola, F.; Cuellar, P.; Muñoz, J. & Ramírez, B. Mayo 2005 CLUSTER GROUPS Based on first two Principal Components 1 prtn: I 1 1 í , j 1 , ! j 1 1 ¡ 1 ! ! 3 2 6 o -1 -2 ·3 ·4 ·4 ·3 NOTE: 36 ob. hidden. 45% Deg Past 30% ImpPast 25% Forest N=44 I 6 6 6 6 5 6 66 66 6 6 77 3 33 3 333 777 100% Forage Bank N=14 3 3 77 7 -2 ·1 o Prin1 3 11 44 4 44 55 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 2 8 6 s 3 100%Forest N=7 s 70% Forest 30% ImpPast N=40 4 Cluster (N) 8 ~N=7} 5+4 (N=40) 3 (N=44) 2 (N=51) 1+6 (N 54} 7 d{N 14} Table lOe: Cluster Deseription Zones 1 and 2, two C-sampling years N=2l0 soil pits; No. Clusters=8; R2 = 85% Oxidisable C Stable C Cluster Description Min-Max Mean Min-Max Mean % % % % % Forest Im~ Past Deg Past Deg Soil Bank 156-244 192 73-138 lOS lOO 89-237 146 7-105 53 70 30 79-151 lO6 7-111 47 25 30 45 71-203 97 8-83 44 18 33 16 30 18-152 84 11-76 34 11 24 28 22 15 32-87 54 7-36 23 100 -' ¿' I I Table lOb: Cluster Groups based on first two PC Zones 1 and 2, two C-sampling years. 8 Clusters, R2 = 850/0, N=2l0 soil pits Classification I CLUSTER NO. Criteria 3 4 5 6 7 8 [Principal Components ~~!271 2 N=51 N=44 N=21 N=19 N 27 N=14 N=7 Cluster Means PCl 0.29 PC2 -1.01 ------ , Original Soil parameters Oxidable C (tlhallm-equiv) 91 Stable C (tlha/lm-equiv) 38 Total N (tlha/lm-equiv) • Sand (tlha/I m-equiv) 3003 Clay (tIhaIlm-equiv) 1459 CEC (tlha/lm-equiv) 147 ------- -0.08 -0.60 0.86 1.58 -1.43 -0.32 2.45 -0.15 1.06 0.57 -0.29 0.05 ~~-~~--- 97 44 • 2236 2188 121 Cluster Means 106 133 160 76 47 58 48 30 • • • I 1369 2500 3552 1237 4291 1913 1464 4526 107 124 158 132 -2.17 1.53 54 192 23 105 I • 3074 3017 2225 1490 212 148 Table lOa: Association between Soil and C variables, based on fixed-mass calculations Zones 1 and 2, two C-sampling years Principal Component Analysis 1 Variance explained 67 % Variable PC t (39 %) PC2 (28 %) Oxidable C (tlha/lm-equiv) 0.46 * 0.31 Stable C (tlha/lm) 0.26 0.44 * Total N (tlha/lm-equiv) 0.50 * 0.37 Sand (tlha/lm-equiv) 0.48* -0.46 Clay (tlha/lm-equiv) -0.46 * 0.36 CEe (tlha/lm-equiv) 0.13 -0.47 * 1. Soil and earbon variable values used in this analysis are accumulated values corresponding to fixed soil mass per zone. (minimum soil mass at 1 mlzone) pe 1 : Oxidable e, total N with predominance of sand over c1ay pe2: Stable e with predominance of clay over sand "' -" Table 9 (cont): Mean Comparisons for significant Factors (t/ha/lm-equiv) Site 2: Dagua Source Total e Stable e I N x x Sampling Year (Y) • 2002 69 137 a 39 a • 2004 45 132 a 39 a Land Use Systems (S) • Forest 1 12 186 a 42 ba • Forest 2 24 155 b 40 ba • Improved Pasture 24 136 b 38 ba • Degraded Pasture 24 142 b 50 a • Forage Bank 18 90 e 30 b • Degraded Soil 12 97 e 35 b Position (Land Use System) • Forest 2 1 6 165 a 36 b 2 6 160 a 32 b 3 6 145 a 58 a 4 6 151 a 34 b • Improved Pasture 1 6 137 a 37 ab 2 6 142 a 47 a 3 6 135 a 22 b 4 6 131 a 44a • Degraded Pasture 1 6 142 a 58 a 2 6 156 a 56 a 3 6 147 a 50 ab 4 6 123 a 34 b • Forage Bank 1 6 72b 25 a 2 6 92 ba 33 a 3 6 106 a 31 a Table 9: Mean eomparisons for significant Factors (t/hallm-equiv) Site 1: Dovio Source Total e Stable el N x x Sampling Year (Y) • 2002 48 160 a 43 b • 2004 48 162 a 57 a Land Use Systems (S) • Native Forest 24 231 a 68 a • Improved Pasture 24 147 b 47 b • Degraded Pasture 24 l36 e 38 b • Forage Bank 24 131 e 47 b Position (Land Use System) • Native Forest 1 6 275 a 83 a 2 6 238 b 69 ha 3 6 203 e 59 b 4 6 207 e 62 b • Improved Pasture 1 6 154 a 50 a 2 6 161 a 49 a 3 6 140 a 47 a 4 6 l32 a 41 a • Degraded Pasture 1 6 148 a 43 a 2 6 l32 a 31 a 3 6 118 a 36 a 4 6 147 a 41 a • Forage Bank 1 6 140 a 54 a 2 6 130 a 49 a 3 6 126 a 45 a 4 6 127 a 41 a Table 8 (cont): Factors affecting ses (t/ha/lm-equiv) Site 2: Dagua r- I Sampli: ¡Land U SxY Posítío YxPo Error - Total Mean Source 19 year (Y) se System (S) 1 (S) litíon (S) t~~% ) adjusted R2 -- ---~-- ----- df Total e Stable e - F 1 0.1 ns 0.0 ns 5 16.7 *** 2.4 * 3 0.5 ns 2.3 ns 17 1.2 ns l.5 ns 11 0.5 ns 0.8 ns 76 ~-- ------ 113 135.1 39.52 33.8 19.31 25.0 48.85 60% 40.8% *** p < 0.01; ** 0.01

88(%) ------ -~ Sampling year (Y) 1 0.2 ns 0.1 11.4 *** 9.0 Land Use System (S) 3 51.3 *** 60.0 9.7 ** 23.0 SxY 3 2.3 * 2.7 0.9 ns 2.0 Position (S) 12 2.3 ** 11.0 0.7 ns 6.2 y x Position (S) 12 0.5 ns 2.2 1.1 ns 10.0 Error 64 24.0 49.8 ------- --- Total 95 c:~, ~-~ ------ -- Mean 161.1 50.0 ~(%) adjusted 32.1 20.4 19.9 40.8 R2 76% 50% -~-~~ -------- --- ***p