2010 Annual Report Sustainable agriculture for food and nutrition security A Bioversity International Contents Bioversity’s modus operandi Foreword 1 is based firmly on working with others, leveraging our Sustainable Agriculture funds and abilities so that we Tackling pests and diseases with biodiversity 2 not only achieve results, but also help to build capacity in Cherimoya: improvements along the tropical fruit value chain 6 those we work with and for. So strong and plentiful are Fusarium wilt: helping countries to protect themselves from disease 7 these links, however, that Bananas: identifying the obstacles to improved planting material 8 to list them all in every case would make for a very long Nutrition and dry document. In the following stories some of our Progress towards more sustainable diets 9 partners have been mentioned by name while others have The challenge of better nutrition 11 not, but we would like to Conservation and Use take this opportunity to thank them all. Bioversity depends Future-proofing bananas – the Musa International Transit Centre 13 on partnership and partners to get the job done. We also African cherry: securing a sustainable future for a medically valuable tree 16 acknowledge the support of all International Treaty: helping to implement the multilateral system 17 our donors, especially those that contribute unrestricted GreenPhyl: an online tool to speed the search for useful genes 18 funds. Noug: research to help an orphan oilseed blossom in Ethiopia 19 The International Year of Biodiversity 20 Board of Trustees 24 Finance Report 2010 28 Risk management 29 Restricted grants 2010 30 Bioversity International is the operating name Selected publications 36 of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Projects 41 (IPGRI) and the International Network for the Improvement Establishment agreement 42 of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). Supported by the CGIAR Bioversity office locations Heverlee, Belgium Montpellier, France Bioversity HQ, Rome, Italy Rome, Italy Tashkent, Beijing, China Aleppo, Uzbekistan Syria New Delhi, India Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Los Baños, Philippines Turrialba, Costa Rica Cotonou, Benin Cali, Colombia Douala, Cameroon Kampala, Uganda Serdang, Malaysia Nairobi, Kenya Major Programme and Regional Ofces Other ofces ii Foreword The year 2010 may come to be seen as a watershed Nutrition is one area in which Bioversity’s work is in our history, both from a public awareness point of being integrated into the portfolio of CGIAR Research view and in the context of the CGIAR reform. The Programs (CRPs), the new vehicles intended to International Year of Biodiversity in 2010 allowed us to promote efficient and effective research collaboration raise awareness among the general public and policy- among centres. Bioversity scientists have been closely makers of the importance of agricultural biodiversity involved in the development of 9 of the 15 CRPs, to human lives and livelihoods. which are themselves at various stages in the approval process. As we engage in planning the CRPs we are We engaged in several events throughout the already able to see the benefits of centres working year, including our own extended celebration of more closely together, and as the CRPs are approved agricultural biodiversity here in Rome, the Settimana by the Consortium and funded they will support the della Biodiversità, and many important regional bulk of Bioversity’s research. consultations that are helping to shape future priorities. By the end of the year, member countries of the We also decided to strengthen our future by compiling Convention on Biological Diversity had adopted the a strategic business development plan based on Satoyama Initiative, which supports the conservation internal consultations and inputs from a broad range of landscapes and communities in which people of stakeholders. The objective is to sharpen Bioversity’s manage biodiversity to supply their needs on a long- research focus and to identify areas on which to term, sustainable basis (see p. 20). In addition, with the concentrate in order to maximize impact. The outcome, UN’s designation of the coming decade (2011-2020) expected to be completed by September 2011, will as a Decade on Biodiversity, we are encouraged that enable a new fundraising team to play to Bioversity’s Bioversity will be at the forefront of research on how strengths as we seek support for the challenges and to make better use of agricultural biodiversity to meet opportunities ahead. In further preparation, during the challenges of the future. 2010 Bioversity established a UK-registered charity as a tax-efficient vehicle to enable non-traditional donors On the CGIAR reform front, Bioversity’s Board was to contribute to Bioversity research. one of the first to sign the agreement that established the Consortium of centres of the CGIAR in March With sharpened Strategic Priorities for the next decade 2010. The creation of the Consortium will improve the and the completion of the CGIAR reforms, Bioversity contribution centres can make to the CGIAR vision of is well placed to play a key role in addressing today’s reducing poverty and hunger, improving human health challenges. and nutrition, and enhancing sustainable management of natural resources in the developing world. Emile Frison Paul Zuckerman Director General Board Chair Bioversity’s own part in researching the ways in which agricultural biodiversity can contribute to food and nutrition security continues. We appointed a Senior Scientist for nutrition, who has made great progress in working with stakeholders to draw up a nutrition strategy to guide Bioversity’s work in this important field, and to recruit a panel of distinguished scientists to advise on implementation (see p. 9). 1 SUSTAINABle AGRICUlTURe Tackling pests and diseases with biodiversity A global project— six crops in four countries—confirms that agricultural biodiversity can be an affordable and future- proof option for poor farmers to protect their harvests against pests and diseases Farmers and researchers in Ecuador. Although accurate figures are hard the ravages of pests and diseases. indexes—richness and evenness— to come by, pests and diseases Working with partners, Bioversity that express the diversity used by clearly take a large bite out of global launched a major study to examine a household and by a community. harvests. Estimates vary widely, the ways in which farmers use Richness reflects the number from around 20% to 50%, or even crop biodiversity to manage of varieties that a family or more if one takes post-harvest losses pests and diseases, and looking community uses, while evenness into account. Equally clearly, poor at a range of crops and threats reflects the area planted to each farming families are hit hardest by across four different countries. variety; high evenness means that these losses, as they depend more The study, funded by UNEP-GEF, each variety covers roughly the on what they themselves can grow, Swiss Development Corporation same area, while low evenness and cannot afford the pesticides (SDC) and FAO, has just finished indicates that one or two varieties and fungicides that are available a first phase. It concluded that for predominate. The partners also to wealthier farmers. Modern some crops, and some pests and developed globally-applicable varieties, bred for resistance, are diseases, crop biodiversity offers an guidelines for questionnaires another potential solution, but attractive and sustainable solution designed to understand what the large areas devoted to genetically to improve the management of farmers know about the pests uniform plantings are an ideal pests and diseases. and diseases they face, and how incubator to force the evolution they use agricultural biodiversity of new virulence in pests and to manage these threats. For the diseases, and, again, poor farmers Globally useful tools objective evaluation of damage cannot afford to keep purchasing The project focused on six crops caused by pests and diseases, the new planting material. (banana, barley, common bean, partners agreed on a sampling faba bean, maize and rice) in four procedure and scales to assess the However, small-scale farmers in countries (China, Ecuador, Morocco severity of attack. developing countries do have at and Uganda). their disposal and under their “With the agreed guidelines in control a powerful tool to manage “The project was designed so that place, the country teams were pests and diseases—one that each crop was grown in at least two able to gather comparable data is sustainable and ecologically of the countries,” explained Devra across crops and countries, which sound, with none of the drawbacks Jarvis, the lead investigator on the we are still analysing for common of synthetic pesticides or uniform project. “This allowed partners to themes and results,” Jarvis said. monocultures: crop biodiversity. develop tools and methodologies “It is already very clear that small Anecdotal evidence and scientific that could be used across countries farmers can and do use crop studies have shown that making use at every site, so that results would biodiversity to protect against pest of this diversity, often by planting be comparable.” and disease attacks, and to reduce genetically diverse populations the probability that changes in or mixtures of crop varieties, can The project partners had previously pathogen or pest populations will help to buffer harvests against agreed on two globally applicable cause crop damage in the future.” 2 levels of protection “The correlation between damage to a different strain. If the disease Maize (Zea mays) in China showed and diversity tends to be higher mutates, or a new virulence strain very clear influence of evenness when the disease index is high,” arrives from outside the area, such and richness of diversity on explained Carlo Fadda, project a variety may be much less useful damage in farmers’ fields. In the coordinator. “That’s interesting to farmers than one which is not village of Zhao Jue in Sichuan because it means that when disease totally resistant but which tolerates province the 60 households grow a pressure is low there is no big a wide range of disease strains. total of 8 traditional landraces and difference between farmers who Alternatively, the very presence 14 modern varieties. Farmers there grow more varieties and farmers of many different kinds of host said that two diseases, Northern who grow fewer varieties. But when resistance could put pressure on leaf blight and maize rust, and disease pressure is high, farmers the disease to evolve increased the maize borer pest were threats who grow more bean varieties will virulence, resulting in the ability benefit from the diversity in their to attack them all. For this reason fields by experiencing less overall a key element in the project was crop damage.” not only to ask farmers how they perceived the resistance of the Beans in Uganda and maize in varieties they used, but also to China are just two of the individual measure resistance and virulence studies that contribute to the in the laboratory. project as a whole. Results from the other crops and other countries Usually the farmers’ perceptions of demonstrated the importance of which varieties were most resistant diversity as a buffer against pests matched those of the researchers, and diseases in some cases and not but there were also differences. In in others. This is to be expected on Morocco, for example, farmers at theoretical grounds (see Box on the three sites agreed on which of page 4) and further analysis will their faba bean (Vicia faba) varieties make it clear how farmers can best were most resistant to chocolate benefit from the use of agricultural spot disease. Research results, Chinese farmer. biodiversity. however, often painted a different every year. The general picture picture. At one of the sites, Tissa, from Zhao Jue showed that as the farmers named four of their number and evenness of varieties Virulence, resistance and varieties as resistant. In glasshouse increased, the average level of vulnerability trials, there was no absolute damage decreased. Even more A crucial point in the relationship resistance, but tests confirmed that striking, however, is the reduction between crops and disease although two varieties were indeed in variance of the average disease pressure is that there is diversity in highly resistant, the other two damage as diversity increases. The both the virulence of the diseases were not. And the tests indicated more uniform farms may be fine and the susceptibility of the crops. that three varieties that the farmers if they happen to be growing a The relationship between the two considered susceptible were in fact winning variety, perhaps one that will determine the ecological and resistant. is resistant to the prevailing pest or evolutionary dynamics of the disease strain. If not, a change in the system. For example, a variety may Each of the countries has been pest or disease hits uniform farms be totally resistant to one particular investigating variability in host far worse. The results support strain of a disease, but susceptible resistance and pest and disease what might be expected from a risk-management argument for the use of diversity against pests and diseases. In Uganda, for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), things were not so clear cut. Three communities grew a total of 22 different varieties, with each family growing 2 or 3 kinds in its plots. The target diseases were angular leaf spot and anthracnose, and while richness and evenness did seem to protect against disease, the correlations were statistically more significant when incidence of disease was higher. Moroccan women discuss their faba beans. 3 When diversity is more useful against pests and diseases There are good theoretical reasons why the use of crop diversity will not always be effective against pests and diseases, which were elaborated in a paper published in 1999 (Garrett KA, Mundt CC (1999) Epidemiology in Mixed Host Populations. Phytopathology 89: 984– 990). The most important factors are probably the size of the individual host plants (more accurately, the contiguous area occupied by hosts of the same susceptibility genotype) and the distance over which the pest Susceptible plant Inoculum or disease can travel from one host source to the next. If the host size is large, Resistant plant especially relative to the dispersal distance, then most propagules will as a barrier to the spread of disease the short dispersal distance of end up on the already-infected host and dilutes the effective number of nematodes and weevils, the main plant (auto-infection), and diversity propagules. On that basis, one would pests of banana, and of bruchid is unlikely to offer much protection. expect good results with widely- beetles on faba beans, suggests that If the host is small, and dispersal dispersing diseases on small plants, agricultural biodiversity will be less distance is great, propagules will and indeed agricultural biodiversity useful in those cases. fall on uninfected plants, and buffers crops well against rice if these have a different genetic blast and barley powdery mildew. susceptibility then that diversity will Bananas, by contrast, are large hosts protect against infection. Effectively, and so might be expected to be less the presence of resistant plants acts protected by biodiversity. Similarly, virulence for its target crops, and virulence from the project’s knowledge in this area is limited,” and this information will help to many sites are analysed and said John Mulumba, project partner. assess the vulnerability of farming integrated, the results will help to Biodiversity could nevertheless systems to the appearance of a new inform a system for assessing and be useful to them, if results from pest or pathogen. Such new threats responding to vulnerability that Ecuador prove applicable. may arise by evolution or by the makes the best use of agricultural immigration of pests and diseases biodiversity. Farmers in Ecuador, like their from outside the area, both of counterparts in Uganda, have very which will be affected by climate good appreciation of variation in change. Tony Brown, a Bioversity Farmer knowledge resistance of different varieties to Honorary Fellow at CSIRO Plant As with resistance and banana diseases. Research results Industry in Australia and a technical virulence, farmers differ in their showed that while richness— advisor to the project, has studied understanding of the threats to the number of varieties—did the ways in which vulnerability their crops. So while Ugandan not seem to influence damage might be measured and adjusted. farmers had a good understanding levels, evenness did, with greater Vulnerability is associated with of the pests and diseases, which damage on farms dominated by mutation and migration and also they could see attacking their a single variety. On-station trials with genetic uniformity, which beans, they were not so familiar also showed that varieties clearly could take two forms. There could with nematodes (which are not differed in their susceptibility be a lot of different varieties that visible to the naked eye) as a serious to banana pests and diseases. It all share the same genetic basis pest of banana. In two of the three should now be possible to devise to their resistance, a problem of Ugandan sites, for example, most cropping systems that use diversity genetic homogeneity. Or a lot of of the farmers did not mention by adding traditional varieties that the varieties present might respond nematode worms as a potential are commercially attractive, thus in the same way to pest and problem, and yet researchers offering double benefits: protection disease pressure, a problem of low found clear evidence of nematode against pests and diseases, with resilience. As the data on resistance damage. “It is evident that farmers’ opportunities to increase income. 4 More broadly, helping farmers quantities at the time the farmers to select big, healthy looking seeds to understand the biology that need them for planting. These of typical colour and pattern, and underlies the risks their crops face, offer farmers access to diversified to store them in a cool, dry place, especially if researchers can also seed sources and increase the but they also take care to dry them offer biodiversity-based solutions portfolio of varieties farmers can carefully and use substances such to minimize those risks, will make use in their production systems. as ash and dried chilli peppers to a major contribution to improved The researchers also examined protect the seeds against insect food security. the constraints faced by farmers attack while in storage. in accessing and storing seeds, Another important element for including political and institutional the researchers to learn about was implications, and incentives that Facing the future the seed supply systems within that might be required. The preliminary analyses coming which farmers operate, and so at from project partners working each of the study sites participants Patterns of seed exchange can be on different crops in different shared information about where very diverse. In Ecuador, bean countries are providing further they obtained their seeds. This is farmers look for the biggest seeds strong indications that agricultural particularly important for scientists that show no signs of damage, and biodiversity does indeed give so as to support farmers in their they keep enough seeds for the next poor farmers the help they need control of seedborne diseases. growing season. It is only when to protect their harvests from pests Farmers at all the project sites they lose their seed stock that they and diseases, at least for certain were very interested to see how turn to neighbours, family and the crops under certain conditions. their own local varieties compared wider community in which they with varieties from other parts of live to get the seeds they need. “This confirms our view,” noted the country. There is also a need Devra Jarvis, “that crop diversity to make traditional varieties more In Uganda, according to project represents an affordable and usable readily available. partner Rose Nankya, the way alternative to expensive chemical farmers select and store seeds and inputs, which is especially valuable An important component of the exchange seeds and knowledge to poorer farmers. It gives farmers a project was to set up systems through their social relationships reason to conserve the biodiversity that would provide farmers is at the heart of their strategy for on their farms and in their with good quality, clean seeds coping with stress. The informal, communities, and is essentially and other planting materials of traditional seed system is often future-proof because cropping traditional varieties. It supported strongest precisely in those areas systems based on biodiversity seed multiplication organizations, that are most subject to stress, and will be much more likely to adapt diversity seed fairs and local seed getting seeds from multiple sources to climate change and changes in banks that provide high quality seed is a good coping strategy. As in pathogen populations.” of traditional varieties in sufficient Ecuador, Ugandan farmers tend A grand synthesis of all the data Ugandan farmer. Participation of farmers was a vital project element. collected will surely identify more widely applicable general principles, and is eagerly awaited. The goal for future research is to get practitioners of integrated pest management (IPM) to think routinely about the use of agricultural biodiversity within their production and pest management systems. And breeders could usefully shift some of their attention from taking traits like disease resistance out of farmer landraces to put them into modern varieties, and instead think about improving the potential of existing landraces without sacrificing their protective diversity. ”In fact,” said Jarvis, “we think making better use of crop diversity in this way is a sustainable option for small-scale farmers from developed and developing countries.” 5 SUSTAINABle AGRICUlTURe Cherimoya: improvements along the tropical fruit value chain Bioversity Research Promotion of sustainable Supported by the 7th European Union cherimoya production systems Framework project and carried out with in Latin America through the partners in Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Ecuador, characterization, conservation and Peru and Spain. use of local germplasm diversity. Cherimoya (Annona cherimola) is were combined to build a picture project developed an integrated a subtropical fruit with excellent of existing cherimoya diversity. pest management (IPM) approach nutritional properties and high This deeper understanding of for fruit flies, such as removing potential to generate income for cherimoya diversity—reflected infected fruit and other measures poor farmers in the Andes, its in part in a newly developed to improve sanitation. In Peru, centre of origin. The overall goals standard set of descriptors— for example, this IPM approach of this project were to understand identified elite selections that could has effectively reduced the fly and conserve the genetic diversity be used to improve production population from 13 flies/trap/day of the species at the same time as and also pinpointed areas for to fewer than 1. promoting sustainable improved the conservation of diversity. production strategies that could At the same time, research into As a result of improved quality, have a real impact on the livelihoods cropping practices helped farmers in Ecuador the market value of of Andean farmers. to improve their harvest. Fruit cherimoyas rose from US$ 0.07/ flies are the main pest, reducing kg in 2006 to US$1.00/kg in 2009. Extensive genotypic molecular data harvests by up to 50%. In Bolivia, Other research along the value and phenotypic characterization Ecuador and Peru, fruit fly damage chain allowed local farmers to from more than 1500 individual cuts the gross value of production improve their income. In the case trees in field collections, commercial along the entire value chain by of southern Ecuador, this generated plantations, home gardens and more than 25%, from € 14.1 million up to a tenfold increase. wild specimens in natural forests to € 10.2 million annually. The 6 SUSTAINABle AGRICUlTURe Fusarium wilt: helping countries to protect themselves from disease Bioversity Research Mitigating the threat of banana Supported by ACIAR and carried out with Fusarium wilt: Understanding the partners in 12 collaborating countries from agro-ecological distribution of the banana network of Asia and the Pacific pathogenic forms and developing (BAPNET). disease management strategies. Distribution of the different VGCs across Asian countries. Recent epidemics of Fusarium by means of quarantine is to know extracted from diseased plants wilt (commonly known as the geographical distribution of and characterized for their VCGs Panama disease) in China and the different races. Race, however, in laboratories in Australia and the Philippines pose a serious is a somewhat subjective measure South Africa using an established threat to the banana industry as it is based on strains being very standard technique. Nine VCGs in Asia and beyond because host specific. The system breaks were identified and VCG1213/16, they are caused by the virulent down when a strain infects hitherto to which TR4 belongs, was the Tropical Race 4 (TR4) of the fungal unaffected varieties, as TR4 does. dominant VCG in China, Indonesia, pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. The vegetative compatibility group Malaysia, Philippines and Taiwan. sp. cubense (Foc). Tropical Race 4 (VCG) concept is a more objective It was not found in samples from is extremely important because assessment that compares a new the other countries. In Bangladesh, it attacks the widely grown and sample with known isolates of Cambodia, India, Sri Lanka, traded Cavendish varieties and Foc. Thailand and Viet Nam, the many local cultivars grown by dominant VCG was VCG 0124/5, small-scale farmers. Cavendish In this project, Bioversity worked which is associated with Race 1. is resistant to Race 1 of Fusarium with partners in the 12 collaborating wilt, which wiped out commercial countries to establish baseline data Countries now have more evidence plantations in the 1950s. A vital for the geographical distribution to help them develop strategies to element for countries trying to of the various VCGs of Panama limit the spread of Tropical Race 4. prevent the spread of Fusarium wilt disease in Asia. Foc isolates were 7 SUSTAINABle AGRICUlTURe Bananas: identifying the obstacles to improved planting material Bioversity Research Strategies for strengthening Supported initially by the Common Fund for the quality of banana planting Commodities and carried out in collaboration material—a framework for national with the regional banana networks in Eastern priority setting. and Southern Africa, West and Central Africa, and Asia and the Pacific More than 95% of poor farmers who To help meet the enormity of disease management and genetic grow bananas replant with suckers the challenges of improving improvement, was used to generate from their own fields. Farmers save the quality of banana planting a four-level decision tree to classify money with this low-cost strategy, material, Bioversity collaborated countries. We tested the decision but leave themselves increasingly with researchers in seven partner tree for its ability to prioritize vulnerable to the spread of pests countries to develop guidelines distinct and specific actions, and and diseases, which often infest for the identification of priorities identified 12 different groups of the suckers they use to plant a and potential for strengthening countries with similar limiting new field. The fact that farmers national seed systems. Countries factors, obstacles and opportunities are accustomed to paying next to were profiled using a questionnaire for strengthening their system for nothing for planting material is a designed to capture simple cultivar deployment and planting serious barrier to the distribution information about the quality material propagation. The approach of disease-resistant cultivars, to and quantity of planting material is being mainstreamed into current the routine availability of disease- and the extent of the formal and future grants to highlight free planting material and to the mechanisms for deploying cultivars this weak link in improving the production of more uniform, and multiplying planting material. livelihoods of small-scale farmers. market-oriented cultivars with Information from more than 30 specific characteristics wanted by countries, along with a review of consumers. scientific advances in pest and 8 NUTRITIoN Progress towards more sustainable diets Food and nutrition security are once again under the microscope as food prices climb beyond their peaks of 2007–2008. For poor people, who spend a great part of their income on food, high prices mean low nutrition. Bioversity has been examining ways to use agricultural biodiversity to deliver nutrition security. In November 2010 Bioversity Emile Frison, Director General “We must address the root causes teamed up with the Food and of Bioversity International, set of hunger and poor nutrition Agriculture Organization of the the tone at the opening session through food-system approaches,” United Nations (FAO) to host an when he said that overcoming Jessica Fanzo, Senior Scientist international scientific symposium hunger and malnutrition needed a at Bioversity, said during her on Biodiversity and Sustainable Diets: holistic approach. Frison called for United Against Hunger. One aim “different sectors from agriculture of the meeting was to identify a to health to come together to set up clear and workable definition of comprehensive policies.” what constitutes a sustainable diet. As part of that effort, scientists Many presentations echoed this from around the world presented message, calling for a shift in information ranging from the focus from quantity to quality of challenges and opportunities of food. Throughout the symposium, edible insects to the potential participants emphasized the vital of small fish species to improve links between the health of humans nutrition. and the health of ecosystems, as well as the need, when appropriate, The three-day event focused on to promote ecosystems as a way to the global challenge of biodiversity support sustainable diets through loss and ecosystem degradation, nutrition programmes, education and the urgent need to re- and outreach, and policies and examine food systems and diets. intervention. 9 A variety of nutritious and drought-resistant lablab bean (Dolichos lablab) used by people in Kitui, Kenya. presentation. “Integrated policies the use of supplements, fortificants and practices from different sectors, and ready-to-use therapeutic foods such as health and agriculture, in emergency situations. hold promise for sustainable efforts in achieving the Millennium The definitions and proposed code Development Goals and beyond.” of conduct are currently being discussed and revised, and should The symposium concluded with be published, with the proceedings, the unveiling of a draft definition during 2011. of sustainable diets that included, among other things, the need to be protective and respectful From Definitions to of biodiversity and ecosystems, Practice culturally acceptable, accessible, A critically important factor in economically fair and affordable, sustainable improvement of diets nutritionally adequate, safe and is redirecting agricultural systems healthy—while optimizing natural from their current emphasis on human resources. quantity to ensure that they deliver better nutrition. We know from In addition, the symposium called research by Bioversity and others for a Code of Conduct to promote that agricultural biodiversity the use and marketing of ecosystems can reduce costs of production and food-based systems to improve and increase income for small- human nutrition, particularly in scale farmers, thus improving the Monitoring the growth of children. poor rural areas. The code would be livelihoods and quality of life of their modelled on the Code of Conduct families. Bioversity International is for the Marketing of Breast Milk also undertaking research to better Substitutes, and provide a frame- understand the role of agricultural work for action to strike a balance biodiversity in providing access between a food-based approach that to food that is affordable and includes using local biodiversity, and nutritious. 10 The challenge of better nutrition Almost a billion people are such as sanitation and education in of a Nutrition Strategy to guide chronically hungry. More than addition to diet. Unfortunately the future research in this area. The a billion are overweight and design, testing and scaling of more subsequent programme of work obese. Type 2 diabetes, along holistic packages that combine child will benefit from the guidance of with cardiovascular disorders, is and maternal care and disease control an international steering panel rising fastest in poorer countries. with nutrition-sensitive approaches, of experts, and will concentrate About 670,000 children under the founded on agriculture, have on enhancing food and nutrition age of 5 years die each year from been limited in their development security through improved diet vitamin A deficiency, and 2 billion and implementation. There is diversity and quality. This will people suffer iron deficiency. now a growing global desire to contribute to improving the health Increasingly experts in the field address the root causes of food and and livelihoods of rural and peri- talk of malnutrition in connection nutrition insecurity through wider, urban populations, and to ensuring with both hunger and obesity, and multisectoral approaches. Bioversity the resiliency of ecosystems through the growth of malnutrition at both International believes that these sustainable use of agricultural ends of the spectrum is one of the approaches must include agriculture biodiversity. most pressing challenges facing as the backbone of food production, humanity. Population growth, and must be tailored to suit diverse There are important yet unanswered increasing urbanization, degraded conditions that reflect major agro- questions that remain about ecosystems, social conflict and ecological, socio-economic and agricultural biodiversity and its climate change all add to the epidemiological circumstances. role in improving diet diversity and difficulties. How can the world quality, ensuring nutrition security secure for all adequate food that is Bioversity International has long and promoting health benefits. healthy, safe and of high quality, been researching the practical We hope that through Bioversity and secure it in an environmentally benefits of using agricultural International’s continuing research, sustainable manner? biodiversity to pursue different answers will become available and approaches to food production and provide clarity for governments, This question has exercised consumption as a vital component development programmes, value Bioversity in its work. of encouraging local farmers and chain and food sector actors, communities to adopt change. academic and research institutions, The underlying determinants Over the past year, the organization health and agriculture workers, of malnutrition have been well has sharpened its focus on food- and farmers and communities. Our understood for decades. Tackling system approaches to improving ultimate goal is greater nutrition the root causes of malnutrition, human nutrition and health, security for the poorest families however, means tackling problems with the ongoing development Bioversity International and its the Green Revolution, hunger is still four Indian states of Uttarankad, partners in India—including the M.S. widespread in India, which has seen Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Swaminathan Research Foundation virtually no change in malnutrition Many of the farmers live below and universities in Bangalore and and has one of the highest levels the official poverty line; the project Dharwad—have for many years of child stunting in the world. If set out to help them increase been working with farmers on households grew nutritionally-rich their income by increasing the neglected and underutilized species crops they could improve diets production and commercialization in a series of projects supported and curb malnutrition. Those same of three millet species: little millet by the International Fund for households struggle with rising (Panicum sumatrense), finger Agricultural Development (IFAD). food prices, environmental impacts millet (Eleusine coracana) and fox- Four research papers published in caused by climate change, and have tail millet (Setaria italica). These 2010 in the Indian Journal of Plant few options for new jobs. So options species, by-and-large neglected by Genetic Resources demonstrate how that combine better nutrition, mainstream agricultural research this work has transformed the lives increased yields and expanded job and development, are well adapted of marginalized rural people in opportunities—based on locally to marginal environments. Steep southern India by helping them to grown grain that is proven to hills, poor soils and unpredictable grow more nutritious food for their withstand harsh environments— rain make life very difficult for these families and communities, in some offer potentially large positive poor farming families, but millets cases increasing yields by 70%. impacts. can cope with these conditions. Millets are also more nutritious than The need for such research is great. Bioversity and its partners worked mainstream cereals such as wheat Despite the productivity gains of with 200 farming families in the and rice. 11 Indian women learn to make nutritious snacks that they can sell to boost their income. Project scientists and farmers with more time for their other food stores in Indian cities. Many worked together on several responsibilities. (See Bioversity women in the project process little fronts. The scientists were able International Annual Report 2009, millet into malt, and even this to help the farmers improve their pp 6–7.) Protein and vitamins are reasonably simple activity adds planting techniques, for example higher in these new recipes than considerable value to the harvest. by spacing plants evenly rather in snacks made of rice or wheat, Profits tripled in some cases. than broadcasting the seed. so in addition to increasing profits, The farmers contributed their they can also be used to combat Individual impacts, significant traditional knowledge in efforts the nutritional deficiencies that though they were, are perhaps less to select higher-quality varieties. are particularly common among important than the overall changes And together, researchers and school-aged children. They also that greater empowerment of farmers established improved seed help the women directly. In one the women wrought. As a result production and seed distribution region, calcium levels were linked of the various interventions, the systems. As a result, villagers were to their consumption of finger women were able to generate able to grow more food for their millet. substantial income, which they families and still have a surplus used to improve the welfare of their to sell. Some farmers were able to A similar product is an instant drink families. Increased self confidence, increase their income by 30% as a based on malted millet, or ragi. literacy and numeracy, and result of selling their surplus. It tastes like hot chocolate, but is entrepreneurial spirit all helped to cheaper. Local hot chocolate powder improve livelihoods. The project also worked with rural sells for Rs 250 per kilogram (global women to develop millet-based brands top Rs 400 per kilogram), The successes that Bioversity products for a wider consumer while the ragi malt marketed by the achieved with its partners in base. Training in quality standards, village women is only Rs 130 per southern India stem from the packaging and production helped kilogram. More importantly, from holistic approach to the potential the women to add value to the the point of view of the project, of local crops. The important harvested grain. Millet-based ragi malt is richer in minerals such message of this research, which has recipes were developed into as zinc, iron and magnesium and continued for several years now, is popular snack foods, which led to contains more vitamins, which that it is indeed possible to improve increased sales in urban markets. doubles its appeal, A branded peoples’ livelihoods using local The new recipes are cost effective package created by the project can crops, such as millets. The benefits to produce, without being labour or now be found on the shelves of of agricultural biodiversity go far time intensive, leaving the women high-end supermarkets and health- beyond diet and nutrition. 12 CoNSeRVATIoN AND USe Future-proofing bananas – the Musa International Transit Centre The Musa International Transit Centre (ITC) was set up at the Katholieke Universiteit leuven (KUleuven), Belgium, in 1985 with the aim of maintaining and distributing banana and plantain diversity. The ITC now has well over 1200 accessions, including 19 wild relatives, and it distributes more than 300 of these each year as virus- free plantlets. After 25 years of operation, it • The dissemination of superior when one remembers the crucial is appropriate to ask how well germplasm to small-scale nutritional role of the banana and the ITC serves the world banana farmers, with expected positive plantain harvest. Bananas are not community, and how could it effects on their productivity only the world’s most popular perhaps be improved? In 2010, and throughout the value chain fruit, with a steadily increasing an evaluation report—The of production and processing global production volume that impact of the Musa International of bananas. exceeded 81 million tons in 2007 Transit Centre – Review of its (FAOSTAT, 2008), but they are also services and cost-effectiveness, and • Research on resistance and the fourth main global staple, and recommendations for rationalization tolerance to economically thus an important food security of its operations—was published. important banana pests and crop for millions of resource- In essence, it gave the ITC a diseases. poor subsistence farmers in the clean bill of health, listed its tropics. important impacts so far, and • The supply of broad genetic made a recommendation for the diversity for the breeding of In recent years, globalization has collection to be expanded. superior banana germplasm. reduced the diversity of Musa through the strong dominance The report identified the most The importance of such of very few cultivars (notably important areas to date where the achievements in the context ‘Cavendish’) in commercial ITC has achieved an impact as: of global food security is clear production for international trade. 13 Banana research community 46 % Farmers 38 % No response 14 % Consumers 13 % Production industries (plants, fruits) 11 % Processing industries 3 % 0 % 25 % 50 % Responses Who benefits from ITC material, according to survey respondents. The increasing risks of the spread diversity available for distribution, of biotic stress factors such as pests which they rated as unique among and diseases, and the dangers of Musa genebanks, along with the abiotic stresses such as flooding, easy accessibility of germplasm drought and poor cultivation due to the free-of-charge service. practices, have led to severe losses The health status of the material in productivity, and even to the received and the related health possible extinction of susceptible certification were also of high value traditional cultivars. to users. In some countries, the ITC is the only possible source of There is thus a real need for the Musa germplasm because of strict conservation of Musa diversity in domestic quarantine regulations. genebanks and for wide exchange Nearly 40 percent of the survey of diverse varieties to aid crop respondents pointed out that they improvement to meet current and would not have been able to carry future challenges. This gives a out their research or development clear role to the ITC, committed as projects without having access to it is to the long-term conservation the diversity from the ITC. of Musa genetic resources under the auspices of FAO and in the The study found that material context of a global conservation is requested from the ITC strategy supported by the Global for a variety of purposes: for Crop Diversity Trust. breeding, fundamental research, characterization and evaluation, as well as for direct dissemination Survey details to farmers. Precise values for the The study for the report received actual numbers of farmers reached responses from 35 countries. by the activities of the ITC are Generally, respondents reported hard to come by, but are thought a high degree of satisfaction with to be substantial. One study in the service provided by the ITC Tanzania documented about half- and highlighted its role as the a-million banana farmers there most important global source who benefited from ITC material of new Musa germplasm for between 1995 and 2004. research, as well as its significance in facilitating the safe distribution An analysis of the frequency of of improved material to farmers. distribution of individual ITC Respondents appreciated the accessions shows that resistance 14 The full list of recommendations from the study 1. Expand the collection, especially 6. Improve documentation: 10. Reconsider the moratorium with respect to wild species. upgrade with characterization and on the distribution of Banana evaluation data and photographs. Streak Virus-infested accessions 2. Encourage stakeholders to by investigating the trade-off share germplasm to enhance the 7. Develop better links between between risks and benefits, which collection. ITC and the Musa Germplasm are probably country and case Information System (MGIS), specific. 3. Establish or support existing updating and making MGIS more regional collections for easier user-friendly. 11. Consider sets of accessions access and back-up function. to be exclusively held in 8. Encourage more systematic cryopreservation and eliminated 4. Continue with cryopreservation feedback from users about from the in vitro collection. for backing-up the whole collection. germplasm evaluation results. 12. Invest in characterization 5. Use regeneration and field 9. Establish regular updates on (morphological and molecular) verification projects as starting ITC activities, new germplasm or and evaluation in order to increase points for further research on new information about germplasm germplasm use and to allow for maintaining genetic integrity and available. rationalization. eliminating off-types. to Black Leaf Streak Disease the large number of synonyms for In its analysis of ITC operating (BLSD) and higher productivity cultivars and varieties of Musa, costs, the study recommends are the most demanded traits in this is an important function. The reducing the number of cultures cultivated materials. A whole use of ITC accession numbers to per accession that are maintained range of improved varieties refer to the specific germplasm as in vitro cultures for medium- with BLSD resistance from or clone used for an investigation term storage, and substituting the Fundación Hondureña de can help to ensure that research cryopreservation, which is cheaper Investigación Agrícola (FHIA) findings are reproducible from in the long term, for medium- breeding programme were widely station to station and country to term conservation. Both the distributed. The cultivar ‘Yangambi country. conservation and the distribution km5’, which is known to be highly of Musa germplasm are expensive resistant to BLSD, resistant to Plant hygiene is very important, compared with crops conserved Sigatoka leaf spot, to Fusarium wilt and encompasses two major and distributed as seed, because race 1 and to nematodes, is also activities. Even plants kept in constant monitoring, periodic sub- frequently demanded, followed by tissue culture can harbour diseases culturing and other maintenance accessions of the commercial AAA within their cells, and the ITC and the multiplication of cultivars (‘Cavendish’ and ‘Gros has to take care that it does not accessions on demand are all very Michel’ subgroup). In addition distribute these diseases with the labour intensive. to the distribution of material, material it ships out. Researchers at users stressed the importance the ITC have been instrumental in For the future, the evaluation of germplasm conservation, developing a range of techniques report recommends that ITC especially as a safe back-up for for testing for the presence of such invests in expansion to meet national or regional Musa field diseases and, equally if not more its commitment to the global collections. importantly, for eliminating them. conservation strategy and to the About two-thirds of the collection demands of its users. The report’s And then there is the ITC’s reference is currently disease free. Only analysis shows that a planned function. As the world’s largest those varieties are distributed, expansion of the collection to 2000 collection of Musa germplasm, and the plantlets are checked for accessions over the next 10 years with international recognition, the presence of pathogens before would cost about €1.4 million, the centre plays an important they are sent out. Research is with total annual operating costs role for the research community continuing to find therapies for rising from the current €750 000 to as a reference collection. Given the few viruses that still cannot be some €970 000. the characteristics of the crop and eliminated. 15 CoNSeRVATIoN AND USe African cherry: securing a sustainable future for a medically valuable tree Bioversity Research Development of strategies for Supported by the Austrian Development the conservation and sustainable Agency and carried out by Bioversity use of Prunus africana to International and the Austrian Federal improve the livelihood of small- Research and Training Centre for Forests, scale farmers. Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), with 8 national partners in Africa. Prunus africana observations Potential distribution 2010-2050 High impact area Low impact area Potentially new area The bark of African cherry (Prunus The genetic analysis of 32 The project research resulted africana) has become a valuable populations identified those in in guidelines for sustainable forest product since the discovery Kenya as being the most diverse, harvesting that will be published that it contains compounds useful with the Rift Valley a barrier to in 2011 and distributed widely to to treat prostate disorders. In migration. Furthermore, models farming communities. The hope is Cameroon, for example, the export indicated that climate change that these will be applied and that trade was worth € 1.3 million in will make more than half of its governments will be successful in 2007. Unfortunately, the bark has current distribution unsuitable having the EU ban lifted, opening been overharvested over much for P. africana. This information again the possibility that poor of Africa, resulting in a European and much else was used to draft farmers can use the proceeds ban on imports and leaving the guidelines for conservation and from P. africanus to invest in better poor farmers possibly worse off use, and to help governments health, education and improved than before. The project set out identify areas for protection, livelihoods. to examine the genetic diversity where both the diversity of the of P. africana across Africa and population and the threats to it to work with local farmers and make conservation a high priority. country authorities to develop and Data analyses of the bark revealed document sustainable harvesting large differences in several of the techniques. active ingredients, so it may be possible to help farmers to select elite populations for the seedlings many are planting. 16 CoNSeRVATIoN AND USe International Treaty: helping to implement the multilateral system Bioversity Research International Treaty on Plant Supported by the CGIAR System-Wide Genetic Resources for Food Genetic Resources Programme (SGRP) and and Agriculture: Implementing the CGIAR Generation Challenge Program the Multilateral System - Online (GCP). learning module. Developments in international and Agreement (SMTA). The Treaty, in separately to support classroom national law and policy over the particular the multilateral system teaching or awareness-raising past 15 years have significantly for access and benefit sharing, is seminars. The material is available changed the working environment the focus of a new online learning in English, French and Spanish, for those who make decisions module produced by Bioversity and includes practical exercises, about plant genetic resources. International. The module aims to background lecture notes, For example, collecting samples explain the Treaty in the context presentations, references to the full now requires an understanding of other international agreements text of relevant laws and policies, of access legislation. Research and offers practical advice on how and a bibliography for further on many aspects of plant genetic to use the SMTA to exchange and reading. In addition there is a set resources cannot be undertaken give access to crop diversity. It of instructions, templates, tips, and without considering relevant was developed in response to a step-by-step guidelines intended to intellectual property rights, while request from developing countries help trainers to deliver a successful benefit sharing has also become an and the Governing Body of the workshop or course. important consideration. International Treaty for help and capacity building relating to the The module can be accessed online One of the most important implementation of the Treaty. from the Bioversity Web site and a developments has been the CD-ROM version is also available adoption of the International The module was designed to on request. Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources support a two-day workshop, for Food and Agriculture and but it has been structured so that its Standard Material Transfer the materials can also be used 17 CoNSeRVATIoN AND USe GreenPhyl: an online tool to speed the search for useful genes Bioversity Research Large-scale phylogenomic Supported by the Generation Challenge analyses for gene function Programme (GCP) of the Consultative prediction for GCP crops. Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Molecular data about plants is (CIRAD) as part of a two-year improves the pipeline source code, flooding out of laboratories at an GCP-funded project. When database content and Web site. unprecedented and accelerating funding ended in 2007, Bioversity rate. GreenPhyl is a research- took over development through GreenPhyl is being used oriented informatics tool developed a new collaborative GCP project. extensively by scientists and by Bioversity that predicts the With CIRAD, Bioversity added 14 has been applied by the French function of newly-discovered newly sequenced plant genomes National Research Agency (ANR) genes based on their phylogenetic to expand the range of GreenPhyl and the Agropolis Foundation relationship with genes of known and started the manual annotation in research projects on genome function. It helps scientists to study of more than 3 000 gene families annotation and crop domestication. gene evolution and function, and (of the 10 000 still to be annotated). It has been presented at a is intended to support breeders The partnership developed new number of international scientific working to produce better- tools, such as GOST (Greenphyl conferences, such as the Plant and performing crops, by facilitating Orthologous Search Tool), which Animal Genome Conference and comparative functional genomics enables functional predictions even is a component of the SouthGreen and accelerating gene discovery. for plants that have not been fully Bioinformatics Platform (http:// sequenced. Bioversity improved the southgreen.cirad.fr/). GreenPhyl was first developed large-scale computational analysis by the French International of plant genomes by developing a GreenPhylDB version 2.0 is online Agricultural Research Centre new pipeline, and maintains and through http://greenphyl.cirad.fr 18 CoNSeRVATIoN AND USe Noug: research to help an orphan oilseed blossom in ethiopia Bioversity Research Understanding and managing the Supported by the Canadian International genetic diversity of noug (Guizotia Development Agency (CIDA) and carried abyssinica) for its improvement. out with the universities of Addis Ababa and British Columbia and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Noug is a relative of the sunflower diversity within a farmer’s field than strategy for noug. A genetic map and a valuable but neglected oil among different farmers’ samples. for noug will be completed soon crop of great importance to the This reflects noug’s breeding and will allow the use of marker- small-scale farmers of Ethiopia and system; it is self-incompatible and assisted selection and comparison Eritrea. It grows well in difficult regularly outcrosses. The biology with the sunflower genome, thereby conditions and is part of traditional of noug thus effectively hampers further contributing to noug production systems, the oil is in or even prevents farmers from improvement. Project data suggest demand domestically for cooking, selecting or maintaining improved that it will be possible to select for and the seeds are also exported for varieties, because plants with plants bearing more and heavier bird seed. Despite these advantages, valuable traits cannot easily be kept seeds. Reduced shattering, which little formal research has been true to type. A collaborator at the causes seed loss before harvest, is carried out to improve noug. Swedish University of Agricultural another important breeding goal. Science identified self-compatible Using environmental data from the Bioversity and its partners collected lines that are being made available sample collection sites, the project samples of cultivated noug and for future breeding efforts. The predicts that small areas in other its wild relative from across its use of these lines in conjunction African countries might also be range and interviewed farmers with the data on genotypic and suitable for noug cultivation, but and intermediaries. Molecular phenotypic diversity generated that essentially Ethiopia and Eritrea characterization and phenotypic by the project provides a sound are its natural home and could take evaluation revealed greater basis for a well designed breeding greater advantage of this species. 19 The International Year of Biodiversity The United Nations declared 2010 the International Year of Biodiversity. emile Frison, Director General of Bioversity International, reflects on the events of the year, which culminated with the declaration of a Decade on Biodiversity. Was the International Year of opportunity to work towards more Biodiversity a success or a failure? productive food systems based on As an optimist, I like to think it biodiversity and a more ecological was at least a qualified success, approach to agriculture. By the end especially as far as agricultural of the year, the 10th meeting of the biodiversity is concerned. The Conference of the Parties to the year started with almost no visible Convention on Biological Diversity interest in the species that directly (COP10) in Nagoya, Japan, had sustain human life. As I said in agreed to adopt and support the January, before the official launch Satoyama Initiative. Landscapes of the IYB in Berlin, “the diversity that have been sustainably of crops and livestock is absolutely productive for hundreds, even fundamental to human survival thousands, of years have been and well-being. Agricultural recognized not only as worth biodiversity is not only vital for looking after, but also as a source of nutrition, it is also indispensable in wisdom and knowledge about how meeting the challenges of climate to make future agriculture more change and in lifting poor people productive and more sustainable. out of poverty.” And it is the farmers who both manage and are embedded in those At the time these ideas seemed to landscapes that are the key to their fall on deaf ears, in public at least. long-term future. In part this may be because for too long conservationists have tended to view farmers and farming as Celebration of biodiversity the enemy. While in many cases Perhaps the Settimana della that may be true, the International Biodiversità—an extended celeb- Year of Biodiversity offered a great ration of agricultural biodiversity 20 in Rome organized by Bioversity scale farmers, rural communities, International and our partners— women and young people—all of can take some credit for changed whom have responsibilities for the attitudes. Centred on the conservation and use of agricultural International Day of Biodiversity on biodiversity—to fight malnutrition, 22 May, the events of the Settimana to build a more sustainable aimed to highlight the importance agriculture and to improve of agricultural biodiversity and incomes. The Call for Action was the manifold links that bind endorsed by representatives of agriculture to cultures, agricultural small-scale farmers and others. biodiversity to nutrition, and conservation to sustainability. Prominent people from around International events the world took part in lectures and Behind the scenes, the International roundtable discussions, activity Year of Biodiversity offered workshops for children enthused opportunities for ensuring that the next generation, and a film agricultural biodiversity received festival organized by Crocevia, the due attention from policy-makers Italian development NGO, kept the and others. In Peru, for example, public entertained. Bioversity International worked with the Ministry of Agriculture and The Settimana climaxed on the the Ministry of the Environment International Day for Biodiversity, to hold a meeting organized with a Call to Action from the by Peru’s Instituto Nacional de Rome-based food agencies and Innovación Agraria (INIA). Almost their partners. Speakers from the 200 people attended from more International Fund for Agricultural than 75 Peruvian organizations Development (IFAD), the World drawn from many different sectors. Food Programme (WFP), the One outcome was a ground- International Treaty on Plant breaking joint commitment by the Genetic Resources for Food and Ministries of Agriculture and of the Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Environment to collaborate on the Food and Agriculture Organization greater use of Peru’s agricultural of the UN joined Bioversity in calling biodiversity to enhance economic on the world to invest in small- and social development in their 21 country. The partnership between attention to the importance of the two Ministries created a agricultural biodiversity within the map of hotspots of agricultural more general realm of biodiversity biodiversity in Peru that was conservation. presented to COP10 in Nagoya. A decree establishing special zones for the protection of agricultural Convention on Biological biodiversity, another suggestion Diversity to come out of the meeting, is The climax of the year was, of currently awaiting signature by the course, the Conference of the Parties President of Peru. Designated areas in Nagoya. Going into the meeting will be protected from activities we had two primary concerns. The that threaten the conservation Satoyama Initiative I have already and development of agricultural touched on and indicated that it is biodiversity, and will receive funds represents a positive step forward. It from the national budget. cements a rapprochement between farmers and conservationists, who In sub-Saharan Africa, the Forum I hope will now begin to work for Agricultural Research in together more closely to ensure Africa (FARA) held its 5th Africa the effective conservation and Agriculture Science Week in use of agricultural biodiversity Burkina Faso. The meeting included to improve the sustainability and a conference on Agricultural productivity of farming systems Biodiversity in Africa, jointly while minimizing the threat to organized by FARA and Bioversity natural ecosystems. Our other International, which again concern was the Nagoya Protocol spearheaded efforts to ensure that on Access and Benefit Sharing. policy-makers were aware of the multiple contributions that a wider Bioversity had been involved use of agricultural biodiversity can in a long series of preliminary make in agricultural research and meetings, acting on behalf of the development, and to ensure that centres of the Consultative Group locally-focused research strategies on International Agricultural incorporate biodiversity, especially Research to ensure that negotiators as the basis of better nutrition. These understood the importance of two efforts are beginning to pay off, key aspects of the protocol. It was as demonstrated by a continuing vital that the protocol recognize the dialogue between health and existence of the Multilateral System agriculture ministries in Burkina of Access and Benefit Sharing Faso, established through the West established by the International Africa Health Organization. Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. We were Similar progress was made in Asia, worried that if it didn’t it could where a large symposium in Suwon, store up conflicts between the Korea, adopted a Framework on Convention on Biological Diversity Agricultural Biodiversity Research and the International Treaty. It was and Development for the region. The also important that the protocol Framework addresses key aspects leave room for more focused of conservation, management and agreements in future, for example use of agricultural biodiversity in to deal with microbes. the region. Crucially, the discussions Hrou Abouchrif, that resulted in this new Framework Despite all the preliminary Guardian of Mediterranean Biodiversity. brought in farmers, scientists, meetings and discussions, right NGOs and other stakeholders, so until the last minute we were not that the ideas in the Framework sure of either what the protocol have wide acceptance and support. would contain or even whether it Similar efforts in India, Malaysia, would be agreed. In the end, very the Philippines and Nepal, ranging early in the morning of the final day from conferences and workshops of the meeting we learned that not to theatrical performances and art only had the delegates agreed the competitions, all helped to draw Nagoya Protocol but also that it met 22 our concerns fully. Furthermore, it Much still remains to be done, provides for developed countries and Bioversity International will to police the use made of genetic play its part. But just as there are resources, which should go a no magic bullets to deal with long way to restoring the trust so all the challenges of sustainable necessary to ensure that all can agricultural development, so share the benefits to be derived too there are no magic bullets from living resources. to promote the wider adoption of agricultural biodiversity. The On balance, then, I would say International Year of Biodiversity that the International Year of provided many opportunities to Biodiversity was a success. Of advance the agenda at different course, almost all the activities I levels and in different places, and have described, and many others I remain optimistic that we will see for which there wasn’t space, further progress in the months and represent a beginning rather than years to come. an end. The United Nations itself has realized that this must be an Our future depends on it. ongoing process; COP10 invited the United Nations to extend the International Year into a Decade on Biodiversity, which the UN duly did. Between 2011 and 2020 there will be a focus on strategic plans for biodiversity, a set of Biodiversity Targets at international, regional and national levels, and public awareness activities. 23 Board of Trustees Bioversity is governed by a Board of Trustees that generally meets twice a year. The Board’s duties include approving Bioversity’s broad organizational framework. It also defines the organization’s objectives and approves and monitors efforts to achieve these goals. The Board appoints the Director General to act as Bioversity’s chief executive officer. The Director General is responsible to the Board for Bioversity’s operations and management and for ensuring that its programmes and objectives are properly developed and carried out. Paul Zuckerman, Board Chair, retired from full time investment banking in 1998. His expertise is in finance and agricultural economics and he spent six years as a Senior Economist at the World Bank. Before that he was a Research Associate at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria. He is presently on the board of a number of international companies including ArcelorMittal Ltd in Brazil and Mexico; JM Financial Ltd and TechMahindra Ltd in India; and a number of BlackRock Hedge Funds. He was Chairman of the Intermediate Technology Group (1990-95) and is presently Treasurer of The Art Fund in the UK. Of his work with Bioversity, he says “I have always believed strongly in the importance of conservation to our own future, and perhaps nothing is as vital to that future as the continued availability of agricultural biodiversity.” Jeremy Burdon is an evolutionary biologist whose research encompasses problems involving pathogens of agricultural crops, using fungi as biological control agents for controlling invasive weeds and understanding the complexities of the interplay of parasitic and symbiotic interactions in natural systems. He has been Chief of the Division of Plant Industry of the CSIRO, Australia’s national science agency, since 2003, and serves on the Executive Committee of the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative. “With a rising world population and increasing aspirations for a better life, global food production needs to double within the next 50 years”, he says. “Moreover, this increase has to be achieved against a backdrop of global climate change, increasing scarcity of water, declining land availability, and a need to make major changes to resource use to ensure the long-term sustainability of agricultural production. While many different approaches will be needed to achieve these goals, without doubt agricultural biodiversity is going to play an absolutely fundamental role in achieving all three needs – yield increases, nutritional requirements and sustainability of production”. 24 Emile Frison became Director General of Bioversity International, and an ex-officio member of the Board, in 2003. “What attracted me to my current responsibilities in Bioversity was the opportunity I saw to help Bioversity evolve from primarily a conservation agenda to an agenda where people, especially smallholder farmers in developing countries, are at the heart of our preoccupations.” Dr Frison first joined Bioversity in 1987 to coordinate research on aspects of plant health in genebank collections; he was responsible for guidelines on the safe movement of living samples that are still widely used today. Before becoming Director General of Bioversity he served as Regional Director for Europe and Director of the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, where he gave added impetus to research on this neglected crop. “I believe that there is a tremendous untapped potential in mobilizing agricultural biodiversity to improve people’s lives through better nutrition, improved income and more sustainable and resilient agriculture.” Peter Hazell has devoted most of his career to research and advisory work on policy issues related to agricultural development. Initially trained as an agriculturalist in England, he completed his PhD in agricultural economics at Cornell University in 1970 and then followed a distinguished research career in international agricultural development at the World Bank and the International Food Policy Research Institute. His extensive and widely cited publications include works on the impact of technological change on growth and poverty reduction; the appropriate role of agricultural insurance in developing countries; sustainable development strategies for marginal lands; and the role of agriculture and small farms in economic development. “The greatest contribution of agricultural biodiversity to meeting the challenges of the next two decades,” he believes, “is to help insure our future food supplies against major pest and weather risks. As a bonus, it can also contribute to improve diets, farm incomes and the sustainability of farming systems. Phindile Lukhele-Olorunju is currently Director of Research and Innovation at the University of Venda in South Africa. She understands first hand the importance of Bioversity’s work. “Climate change is a reality that African farmers have come to accept,” she says. “They realise each year that they need to grow new varieties and crops that can adapt to the changes in seasons, temperatures and rainfall patterns. Agricultural biodiversity provides and will continue to provide the necessary varieties and species that can adapt to the various environments and meet the food needs of the farmers. Professor Lukhele-Olorunju trained in Nigeria in Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology, Virology and Agronomy. As a researcher in Nigeria, she bred improved groundnut varieties for west Africa before moving into research management with international organizations, including USAID and other CGIAR centres. From 2002 to 2008 she was responsible for three research institutions at the Agricultural Research Council of South Africa. 25 Trish Malloch-Brown is an independent humanitarian affairs consultant based in London, active on the Boards of many organizations. She was Vice Chair of the Refugees International Board for 12 years and has been an active supporter since 1986, when she worked at the Sawyer Miller Group, a New York-based strategic and political consulting firm. She is also a co-founder of the Washington Circle, an outreach group targeted at women who are interested in humanitarian affairs, with groups in Washington DC, New York, Wyoming, Illinois and Massachusetts. Lady Malloch Brown holds a BA in Political Science from Denison University and a Masters in International Affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University in New York. “I am particularly attracted to Bioversity’s idea of working closely with poor farmers to improve their livelihoods and health,” she says, “because this is a natural extension of my interests in human rights and development.” Luigi Monti is the Government of Italy’s representative on Bioversity’s Board and a Professor in the Soil, Plant and Environment Sciences Department at the University of Naples. He is also Director of the Research Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Breeding of the National Research Council and coordinates 50 Research Units in an Italian Strategic Project on Agrobiotechnology. Professor Monti is familiar with the CGIAR, having been a Board member of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Syria and leader of an international programme on cowpea in collaboration with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria. Shivaji Pandey was born and raised in India, and gained his MS and PhD in Plant Breeding and Plant Genetics from the University of Wisconsin, USA. He is familiar with the CGIAR, having been Director of Maize Program and Director of African Livelihoods Program at CIMMYT in Mexico, and has been at FAO in Rome since 2005. He is currently Director of the Plant Production and Protection Division at FAO. The division works on crop production and quality to enhance food security and livelihoods, especially among the rural poor. It is also the locus for participation in international treaties and agreements to do with agricultural biodiversity and food security. “Although I serve on the board as an ex-officio member designated by FAO,” Pandey says, “I like Bioversity because this is one global research organization that takes a holistic approach to managing and using biodiversity for well-being today and tomorrow; others look at one or a few components.” 26 Cristián Samper is the Director of the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC. He is thus responsible for managing the largest natural history collection in the world (126 million specimens and artefacts), overseeing scientific staff who produce more than 500 research publications each year and hosting more than six million visitors annually. He chaired the scientific advisory body of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, leading the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment study. He has published and lectured extensively around the world on topics related to conservation biology and science policy, and is a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences of Colombia and the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World. Of his interest in Bioversity’s work, he says, “Changes in biodiversity have been part of the backdrop to human evolution, with crop domestication a prominent example. I am concerned that we do not lose any more of the agricultural biodiversity so essential to our future.” Luis Téllez holds a BA in Economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de Mexico (ITAM) and a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is currently Chairman of the Board and CEO of the Mexican Stock Exchange and has served at the highest levels in the Mexican government, including a period as Deputy Secretary of Agriculture. Téllez drafted the law that allows communal land holders to turn their ownership to full property rights, and which also clearly defined full propriety rights to the Mexican rural lands, and was responsible for negotiating the agricultural sector in NAFTA. “I am happy to serve on the Bioversity Board, because just as secure rights over land are important for human development, so too is the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity, another natural resource that poor rural farmers can use to improve their livelihoods.” Antonio La Viña is an internationally-renowned environmental lawyer and Dean of the Ateneo School of Government in the Philippines. He is an expert on climate change who chaired the negotiations on reducing emissions from deforestation and land degradation (REDD-plus) at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Conference and successfully forged an agreement, which was adopted in Cancun in 2010. He also has an abiding interest in governance and pioneered the use of consensus-building approaches in resolving environmental conflicts over water, forestry, sustainable agriculture, coastal and marine resources and other issues of importance to indigenous communities. He is passionate about the importance of agricultural biodiversity. “In the six years I have been a member of the Board of Bioversity International, I have become convinced that maintaining and enhancing agricultural biodiversity has to be a cornerstone of sustainable development; conversely, if agricultural biodiversity is lost or eroded, the world would suffer greatly and poor communities most of all.” 27 Finance report 2010 Careful management The year ending December 2010 scientists to sharpen Bioversity’s enabled Bioversity was another busy but rewarding research focus and identify areas to rebuild its surplus year for Bioversity. The CGIAR’s on which to concentrate. The Change Process continued. process is being informed by a despite continuing Bioversity is actively contributing to Positioning Analysis, in which uncertainties about the development of several CGIAR more than 30 donors from private currencies and levels Research Programs (CRPs), the new and public spheres, research and vehicles that will promote efficient implementation partners and of support. and effective research collaboration among the centres. Bioversity scientists are closely involved in the development of nine of the Donors supporting Bioversity CRPs. Each is at a different stage with unrestricted funds, of development, and as they are 2009 and 2010 approved by the Consortium and 2010 2009 funded they will support the bulk of the Bioversity’s work in the future. Australia 418 243 Belgium 1245 1130 From a financial perspective, 2010 Canada 1282 882 was also a challenging year. The China 130 130 continuing uncertainty brought about by the impact of the global France 404 430 financial crisis and the fluctuating Germany 443 Euro/US$ exchange rate meant India 75 75 that finances had to be managed Iran 9 very carefully. Revenue in 2010 amounted to $38.1 million (2009: Ireland 680 702 $35.8 million) against expenditures Italy 2439 2342 of $37.2 million (2009: $36.3 million) Japan 12 resulting in an operating surplus Korea Republic of 40 40 of $954 000 for 2010. The financial impact of the operating surplus Malaysia 10 has been to increase Bioversity’s Netherlands 2114 2254 reserves to $9.1 million, equivalent Norway 1060 825 to 90 days of normal operation, Philippines 18 20 which was a target set by the Board for management at its September Portugal 150 125 2007 meeting. Bioversity’s liquidity South Africa 40 40 reserve level of 134 days exceeds Sweden 767 754 the CGIAR recommended range of Switzerland 1402 668 90–120 days. Thailand 10 10 Bioversity is taking further steps United Kingdom 1995 1652 to secure its future, with the USA 350 250 decision to compile a Strategic World Bank 1260 1680 Business Development Plan. Consultants are helping senior Total - Unrestricted 16 331 14 274 management and a core team of Grants 28 Risk management global thought leaders have shared Bioversity’s Board of Trustees has their perceptions of Bioversity responsibility for ensuring that and outlined what they see as an appropriate risk management the challenges and opportunities system is in place that enables ahead. management to identify and take steps to mitigate significant Gerard O’Donoghue risks to the achievement of the Director, Corporate Services organization’s objectives. Risk mitigation strategies are ongoing at Bioversity and include Top 20 donors to Bioversity Breakdown of total the implementation of systems of in 2010 expenditure (%) internal control which, by their nature, are designed to manage US$’000 100 rather than eliminate the risk. Netherlands 4305 The organization also endeavours European Commission 3477 80 to manage risk by ensuring that the appropriate infrastructure, Belgium 2957 controls, systems and people are in UNEP-GEF1 2547 60 place throughout Bioversity. Italy 2439 World Bank 2409 40 The Board has adopted a risk- management policy that has United Kingdom 1995 been communicated to all Switzerland 1496 20 staff together with a detailed Canada 1307 management guideline. The Global Crop Diversity Trust 1197 0 policy includes a framework by Norway 1060 2010 2009 which Bioversity’s management Depreciation identifies, evaluates and prioritizes European Countries 984 Travel risks and opportunities across Germany 970 Partnerships the organization; develops risk- Supplies and services FAO 850 Personnel mitigation strategies that balance benefits with costs; monitors Sweden 771 the implementation of these IFAD 764 strategies; and reports on results, Ireland 680 in conjunction with finance and Australia 631 administration staff and internal audit, semi-annually to a Task The Christensen Fund 551 Group of the Board and annually The Bill and Melinda Gates to the full Board. Foundation 524 1 United Nations Environment Programme/ The Board is satisfied that Bioversity Global Environment Facility has adopted and implements a comprehensive risk-management system. 29 Restricted For the Year ended December 31, 2010 grants 2010 (US dollar 000s) ACIAR Brazil Integrated crop production of bananas to Establishment of the International Coconut manage wilt diseases for improved livelihoods Genebank for South America and the in Indonesia and Australia 213 Caribbean 0 Alliance of the CGIAR Centers Amazon Initiative research activities 13 Central Advisory Service on Intellectual Subtotal 13 Property—CAS-IP 150 CAPRi ASARECA Enhanced management of Banana Agrobiodiversity conservation service and Xanthomonas Wilt for sustainable banana implications for collective action and productivity in East and Central Africa property rights 41 -USAID portion 70 CATIE Sustainable Management of Banana Impact of value chain approaches on poverty: Xanthomonas Wilt in Banana Cropping the introduction of a new plantain variety in Systems in East and Central Africa the Dominican Republic 10 22 Enhanced management of Banana CFC Xanthomonas Wilt for sustainable banana Cocoa productivity and quality improvement: A productivity in East and Central Africa -World participatory approach 73 Bank portion 62 Cocoa of Excellence: Promoting diverse high quality cocoa origins 70 Subtotal 154 Promotion of exports of organic bananas in Austria Ethiopia and Sudan 106 Developing training capacity and human a management of forest biodiversity Subtotal 249 129 CGIAR CSO Programme Sustainable futures for indigenous smallholders in Nicaragua: Harnessing the high-value Native cacao in northern Ecuador: Using native potential of native cacao diversity cacao to reduce poverty and conservation 52 of globally important biodiversity in northern Sustaining Forest Resources for People and Ecuador 3 the Environment in the Niassa National Reserve in Mozambique China 155 Strengthening the research capacity on Development of strategies for the conservation agricultural biodiversity and updating facilities and sustainable use of Prunus africana to and related projects at the CAAS–Bioversity improve the livelihood of small-scale farmers 74 Centre of Excellence for Agrobiodiversity 38 Growing bananas with trees and livestock: Christensen Fund Young farmer business groups improve crop and natural resource health and market links A voice for Vavilov: Using modern means of for rural well-being communication to address cultural and 109 agricultural biodiversity and promote a global Subtotal 519 conversation 52 Belgium Funding of two round table discussions Improving agriculture-based livelihoods in related to agrobiodiversity at La Settimana Central Africa through sustainably increased della Biodiversità, a week-long celebration system productivity to enhance income, of biodiversity in Rome as part of the nutrition security, and the environment - international year of biodiversity 25 CIALCA II 800 Indigenous Partnership for Agrobiodiversity and Support for maintaining the International Musa Food Sovereignty 350 Collection 912 Climate change and indigenous communities: Subtotal 1712 Strengthening adaptability, resilience and innovation 124 Subtotal 551 30 CIAT European Countries CCAFS - Adaptation and Mitigation Knowledge ECPGR—Phase VIII 788 Network 92 EUFORGEN—Phase III 196 CIDA Subtotal 984 Global Plan of Action implementation in selected sub-Saharan Africa countries 13 FAO CGIAR–Canada linkage fund: Understanding Expert Consultation: Planning and execution of and managing the genetic diversity of Noug an e-learning course on pre-breeding 3 (Guizotia abyssinica) for its improvement 12 Participation in the advocacy platform for the Subtotal 25 CIARD 121 CIMMYT Support of the development of a global information system on germplasm Technical support for uploading on SGRP 53 Knowledge Bank Portal information materials Capacity building programme on the related to crop best practices including implementation of the International Treaty procedures and guidelines for the safe on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and movement of germplasm 36 Agriculture (IT-PGRFA) and its Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing (MLS) CIRAD in particular 103 Structural, functional and comparative Capacity building programme on the annotation platform dedicated to plants’ and implementation of the International Treaty their bioaggressors’ genomes 1 on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and CTA Agriculture (IT-PGRFA) and its Multilateral Biodiversity and Sustainable Diets: “Against System of Access and Benefit-sharing (MLS) Hunger” International Scientific Symposium, in particular - Additional grant 67 held in FAO 3-5 November 2010 22 Expert Consultation on Climate Change and Participatory Co-publishing contract for a Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture 83 manual on In situ conservation of crop wild Addressing the role of biodiversity for food and relatives (English and French versions) 30 agriculture in feeding the world and in light of Subtotal 52 global changes 105 European Commission Organization of the Expert Consultation and Conserving and promoting the use of resources Production of 'Draft Updated Genebank of commodity crops 1095 Standards' 30 Conservation and sustainable use of the forest Support for regional workshops on the and other wild species 457 preparation of Country Reports for the State Open Access Infrastructure for Research in of the World's Forest Genetic Resources Europe 12 80 Exploring the role of biodiversity for food Building human and institutional capacity and agriculture and sustainable agricultural for enhancing the conservation and use of intensification in feeding the world and neglected and underutilized species of crops in light of global changes - an expert in West Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa 37 consultation 72 Enabling Collective Action on Genetic Addressing the role of biodiversity for food and Resources across the CGIAR Centres: agriculture in feeding the world and in light of Support for the System-wide Genetic global changes Resources Programme (SGRP 1341 59 Forest ecosystem genomics research: Africa Consultation for the Update of the Supporting Transatlantic Cooperation 101 Global Plan of Action on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA, 2-3 June Establishment of a European Information System 2010, Nairobi, Kenya on Forest Genetic Resources (EUFGIS) 219 74 Evoltree network of excellence 215 Subtotal 850 Subtotal 3477 31 Restricted grants 2010 Finland ECPGR: Regeneration and safety duplication of regionally prioritized crop collections Associate Expert—Forestry in APO 83 59 FONTAGRO Subtotal 1197 Plantain technological innovations in production, GRDC processing and marketing: Improving the Vavilov-Frankel fellowships 20 quality of life in rural communities in four Latin American and Caribbean countries 42 GTZ / BMZ Gates Foundation Post-doc project: Assessing the contribution of Agricultural Geospatial Information Leveraging diversified Musa genetic resources to poverty reduction, environmental sustainability and Environment (AGILE) 348 gender equality in rural communities 83 The effects of market integration on the nutritional contributions of traditional foods to Publication of “Gene flow between Crops and their Wild Relatives in Centres of Crop Origin the wellbeing of the rural poor in Africa 176 and Diversity” 4 Subtotal 524 Unraveling the potential of neglected crop Global Crop Diversity Trust diversity for high-value product differentiation Regeneration and safety duplication of and income generation to benefit poor regionally prioritized crop collections: farmers: The case of chili pepper in its centre REDARFIT of origin 430 0 Improving small farm production and marketing Regeneration of accessions in the international of bananas under trees: Resource partitioning, coconut genebank for Africa and the Indian living soils, cultivar choice and marketing Ocean 9 strategies 453 Award Scheme for Enhancing the Value of Subtotal 970 Crop Diversity: Assessment of East African highland banana (AAA) and plantain (AAB) ICARDA cultivars in Asia for resistance to Fusarium Musa crop register activity 26 oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) tropical race IDRC (TR) 4 8 Managing agriculture for better nutrition and Validation of a coconut embryo culture health, improved livelihoods and more protocol for the international exchange of sustainable production system in SSA 94 germplasm 179 IFAD Development of a Global Strategy for the Ex Programme for strengthening the income Situ Conservation of pearl millet and finger opportunities and nutritional security of the millet and their Wild Relatives 10 rural poor through neglected and underutilized species (NUS II) Facilitating access to phenotypic data on the 263 international in-trust collection of wheat and Programme for Impact Evaluation Approaches maize held at CIMMYT for Agricultural Research 18 173 The long-term funding of Ex Situ collections of La Settimana della Biodiversità: raising germplasm held by Bioversity International awareness of the value of the conservation 199 and use of agricultural biodiversity Conserving banana diversity for use in 200 perpetuity Technical support to IFAD's technical advisory 179 division - sixth and seventh contract Development & refinement of cryopreservation 86 protocols for the long-term conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity - the foundation of our vegetatively-propogated crops future 38 42 GRENEWECA Subtotal 764 27 ALIS - Global system information exchange for IFAR the conservation and use of plant genetic 2010 Fellowship - Uganda “Understanding resources for food and agriculture Pratylenchus goodeyi variability for improving 471 banana nematode management in east African highlands” 11 32 2010 Fellowship - Thailand ‘’Development Enhancing Farmers’ Documentation of of molecular assays for tracing the wild Traditional Knowledge (TK) of Rare Tropical ancestors of edible bananas and plantains” 11 Fruit Species Diversity for Enhanced Use in 2010 Fellowship - Ethiopia “Addressing Malaysia 91 drought and stem rust resistance of Ethiopian Subtotal 48 tetraploid Wheat Landrace Populations using phonotypical Markers” 8 McKnight Foundation Subtotal 30 Assessing the Success of On-Farm Conservation Projects in Delivering IRRI Conservation and Livelihood Outcomes: Reducing and managing the loss of genetic Identifying Best Practices and Decision integrity of conserved germplasm 18 Support Tools 41 Italy Strengthening partnerships along value chains Associate Expert—Institutional Learning and to manage Xanthomonas wilt (Xanthomonas Change 50 campestris pv musacearum) of bananas in Associate Expert—2010 campaign 103 East and Horn of Africa 98 Subtotal 153 Subtotal 139 Japan Multi-Donors to “CacaoNet” JIRCAS Fellowships - Characterization Support to “CacaoNet” expenditure 0 and Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Multi-Donors to “Cocoa of Excellence” neglected and underutilized crops in Malaysia 16 Cocoa of Excellence Private Sector JIRCAS Fellowships - Assessment of farmers' Co-Financing 16 agrobiodiversity management in Kenya: the Multi-Donors to CAS-IP cropping strategy in Kitui district in Eastern Kenya (A) Consultancy services for Inter-Centre 3 collaboration 73 JIRCAS Fellowships - Assessment of farmers' agrobiodiversity management in Kenya: the Multi-Donors to CGIAR-ICT/KM Coordination cropping strategy in Kitui district in Eastern Chief Information Officer expenditure 300 Kenya (B) 3 Netherlands Community plant genetic resources use and Associate Expert - Economic and social aspects conservation in East Africa 147 of agrobiodiversity 87 Subtotal 169 Associate Expert - Assessing the potential contribution of banana-based production Korea, Republic of systems to improve nutrition 84 Associate Scientist 120 Associate Expert—Economic and social Expert Associate Scientist—operational fund 28 - Assessing the potential contribution of Documentation of useful plant genetic banana-based production systems to improve resources in Asia-Pacific-Oceania region 40 nutrition 90 Subtotal 188 Associate Expert - Platform for agricultural biodiversity research 99 LIBIRD Promoting new rice and legume varieties from Associate Expert - Nutrition in West Africa 68 client-oriented breeding 7 Associate Expert - Socio-economics 62 Luxembourg Associate Expert - Enterprise and Value Chain Conservation, characterization and evaluation Strengthening to Improve the Livelihoods of for nutrition and health of vegetative Small-scale Banana Farmers in Eastern and propagated crop collections at the Vavilov Central Africa 18 Institute 95 Associate Expert - Underutilized Crop Species 51 Malaysia Associate Expert - Conservation and sustainable Enhancing sustainable forest management use of cultivated and wild tropical fruit and conservation strategies through genetic diversity: promoting sustainable livelihoods, level research using Shorea leprosula and S. food security and ecosystem health 85 Parvifolia as model species 17 33 Restricted grants 2010 Innovating for sustainable poverty reduction 469 Syngenta Central Advisory Service on Intellectual PACS Programme: Agrobiodiversity Property - CAS-IP 1078 Conservation Services 45 Subtotal 2191 Uganda Nordgen Novel approaches to the improvement of PhD student 2 banana production in Eastern Africa: the application of biotechnological methodologies 474 NZAID UK Fundraising Initiative Pacific Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources Matching seeds for needs: Innovative research Network (Papgren)—Phase II 7 using germplasm variation for adapting to Peru climate change and improving the livelihoods Development of Andean grain crops with of poor farmers in Papua New Guinea (PNG): potential to ensuring people's nutrition and Phase 1 93 poverty alleviation 46 UNEP-GEF Enhancing the competitiveness of Peruvian cocoa In situ conservation of crop wild relatives via the identification and commercialisation of through enhanced information management fine and diverse flavour quality 44 and field application 107 Policies that promote the use of Peruvian Conservation and use of crop genetic diversity agrobiodiversity and local technological to control pests and diseases—Phase 1 1004 innovation, with a base in genetic resources, Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation and to overcome poverty, malnutrition and food Sustainable Use for Improved Human Nutrition insecurity in Peru 34 and Wellbeing – Project Preparation Grant 216 Subtotal 124 Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation and Man Pioneer and Biosphere Reserves in Cuba: Bridging Managed and Natural Landscapes 58 Vavilov-Frankel Fellowship 10 Small Scale Funding Agreement for Portugal PPG-Sri Lanka 37 Conservation strategies and the role of forest In situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity genetic resources in Mozambique 28 (horticultural crops and wild fruit species) in SDC Central Asia 771 Strengthening the scientific basis of in situ Conservation and Sustainable Use of Cultivated conservation of agricultural biodiversity - and Wild Tropical Fruit Diversity: Promoting Phase V 7 Sustainable Livelihoods, Food Security and In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity Ecosystem Services 354 in Agriculture and Wild Ecosystems: Subtotal 2547 Publication, Layout, Printing and Distribution 67 USDA CGIAR System-wide efforts to develop technical inputs to the governing body of the Collaboration with Bioversity International to international treaty concerning the sustainable support research and conservation of crop use of PGR under Article 6 of the Tr 20 genetic resources 7 Subtotal 94 Support to CacaoNet and ingenic activities 0 SIDA Subtotal 7 ASARECA technical backstopping to EAPGREN 4 Wageningen University Feasibility study for the pesticide reduction plan Spain Strengthening regional collaboration in for banana 1 conservation and sustainable use of forest Global study for community empowerment for genetic resources in Latin America and sub- in situ conservation of plant genetic resources Saharan Africa 126 for food and agriculture 6 Institutional strengthening for sustainable Subtotal 7 resource use in the Amazon region 55 WHAO Subtotal 181 Food Composition Data Compilation 34 34 World Bank Sub-Saharan Africa - Challenge Program CGIAR genetic resources policy committee 61 Improving human nutrition and income through Central Advisory Services on Intellectual integrated agricultural research on production Property (CAS-IP) and marketing of vegetables in Malawi and 100 Mozambique 486 International Year of Biodiversity - Diversity for Life Campaign Activities in Kenya 15 Subtotal Challenge Programs 675 Development marketplace - Adaptation to Total Restricted Grants 21 534 climate change: Innovative tools to match seeds to the needs of women farmers 68 Collective action for the rehabilitation of global public goods in the CGIAR genetic resources system - Phase II (GPG 2) 678 Development marketplace - Modern genomics methods benefiting small farmers' value chain 27 System-wide and ecoregional program 200 Subtotal 1149 Subtotal Temporary Restricted Grants 21123 CCAFS - Challenge Program Establishment of a farmer-based experimentation network in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) region: Pilot project for on-farm participatory climate change adaptation and visualization 1 Generation - Challenge Program Musa genome frame-map construction and connection with the rice sequence 3 Establishing a Genetic Resource Support Service (GRSS) for the plant breeding community 1 Enhancement and implementation of the Crop Ontology for data integration and data interoperability 1 Managing the Generation Challenge Programme in a Post-International Treaty World 14 Development of data standards and community of practice enabling the capture of and access to GCP quality data sets 91 Development of an integrated GCP informatics platform 0 Subtotal 110 HarvestPlus - Challenge Program Addressing micronutrient deficiencies in Sub-Saharan African through Musa-based foods (amendment 5) 13 Addressing micronutrient deficiencies in Sub- Saharan Africa through Musa-based foods, Phase II 65 Subtotal 78 35 Selected publications • Addis T, Azerefegne F, Alemu T, Lemawork S, Tadesse E, Gemu M, of haplotype divergence at the RGA08 nucleotide-binding leucine- Blomme G. 2010. Biology, geographical distribution, prevention rich repeat gene locus in wild banana (Musa balbisiana). BMC Plant and control of the Enset root mealybug, Cataenococcus ensete Biology, 10(1): 149 (Homoptera: Pseudococcidæ) in Ethiopia. In: Tripathi L. (editor). • Bellon M, Keleman A, Hellin J. 2010. Maize diversity and gender: Bananas, plantains and enset I. Tree and Forestry Science and research from Mexico. Gender & Development, 18(3): 427–437. Biotechnology, 4 (Special Issue 1): 39–46. • Bellon MR, Anderson CL, Lipper L, Dalton TJ, Keleman A, Grum • Addis T, Turyagyenda LF, Alemu T, Karamura E, Blomme G. M. 2010. Synthesis: Markets, seed systems and crop diversity. 2010. Garden tool transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. In: Lipper L, Anderson CL, Dalton TJ (editors). Seed trade in rural musacearum on banana (Musa spp.) and enset in Ethiopia. Acta markets: Implications for crop diversity and agricultural development. Horticulturæ, 879: 367–372. Earthscan, UK. pp. 189–208. • Aisyafaznim SA, Rahman S, Mohamed Z, Othman RY, Swennen R, • Bioversity International; All-India Coordinated Research Project on Panis B, De Waele D, Remy S, Carpentier S. 2010. In planta PCR- Small Millets (AICRP-Small Millets); IITA; ICRISAT; National Bureau based detection of early infection of plant-parasitic nematodes in of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR). 2010. Key access and the roots: a step towards the understanding of infection and plant utilization descriptors for finger millet genetic resources. Bioversity defence. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 128: 343–351. International, Italy. 4 p. • Akinyemi SOS, Staver C, Aiyelaagbe IOO, Kintomo AA, Babalola • Bioversity International; CIP. 2010. Key access and utilization SO. 2010. Perspectives of small-scale Musa processing firms in descriptors for sweet potato genetic resources. Bioversity Nigeria. Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 257–263. International, Italy. 11 p. • Anderson CL, Lipper L, Dalton TJ, Smale M, Hellin J, Hodgkin T, • Bioversity International; ICARDA; ICRISAT; Indian Agricultural Almekinders C, Audi P, Bellon MR, Cavatassi R, Diakite L, Jones Research Institute (IARI). 2010. Key access and utilization R, King O, Keleman A, Meijer M, Osborn T, Nagarajan L, Paz A, descriptors for chickpea genetic resources. Bioversity International, Rodriguez M, Sidibe A. 2010. Project methodology: Using markets Italy. 6 p. to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources. • Bioversity International; ICARDA; National Bureau of Plant Genetic In: Lipper L, Anderson CL, Dalton TJ. (editors). Seed trade in rural Resources (NBPGR). 2010. Key access and utilization descriptors markets: Implications for crop diversity and agricultural development. for lentil genetic resources. Bioversity International, Italy. 5 p. Earthscan, UK. pp. 32–50. • Bioversity International; ICRISAT; Indian Council of Agricultural • Andersson M, de Vicente C. (editors). 2010. Gene flow between Research (ICAR). 2010. Key access and utilization descriptors for crops and their wild relatives. John Hopkins University Press, USA. pigeonpea genetic resources. Bioversity International, Italy.4 p. 584 p. • Bioversity International; ICRISAT; United Sorghum Checkoff • Asrat S, Yesuf M, Carlsson F, Wale E. 2010. Farmers’ preferences for Program. 2010. Key access and utilization descriptors for sorghum crop variety traits. Lessons for on-farm conservation and technology genetic resources. Bioversity International, Italy. 6 p. adoption. Ecological Economics, 69(12): 2394–2401. • Bioversity International; ICRISAT; United States Department of • Babiker AZ, Dulloo ME, El Balla MAM, Ibrahim ET. 2010. Effects of Agriculture (USDA); National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS); low cost drying methods on seed quality of Sorghum bicolor (L.) All-India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Pearl Millet. Moench. African Journal of Plant Science, 4(9): 339–345. 2010. Key access and utilization descriptors for pearl millet genetic • Bajracharya J, Rana RB, Gauchan D, Sthapit BR, Jarvis DI, resources. Bioversity International, Italy. 4 p. Witcombe JR. 2010. Rice landrace diversity in Nepal. Socio- • Bioversity International; National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources economic and ecological factors determining rice landrace diversity (NBPGR); IITA. 2010. Key access and utilization descriptors for in three agro-ecozones of Nepal based on farm surveys. Genetic cowpea genetic resources. Bioversity International, Italy. 5 p. Resources and Crop Evolution, 57(7): 1013–1022. • Bioversity International; The Christensen Fund. 2010. Descriptores • Bala Ravi S, Hrideek TK, Kishore Kumar AT, Prabhakaran TR, Bhag del conocimiento que los agricultores tienen de las plantas. Mal, Padulosi S. 2010. Mobilizing neglected and underutilized crops Bioversity International, Italy. 24 p. to strengthen food security and alleviate poverty in India. Indian • Bonham CA, Dulloo E, Mathur P, Brahmi P, Tyagi V, Tyagi RK, Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 23(1): 110–116. Upadhyaya H. 2010. Plant genetic resources and germplasm use in • Barba M, Van den Bergh I, Belisarioa A, Beed F. 2010. The need for India. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review, 12(3): 17–34. culture collections to support plant pathogen diagnostic networks. • Cabrera JA, Pocasangre LE, Pattison AB, Sikora RA. 2010. Terbufos Research in Microbiology, 161(6): 472–479. biodegradability and efficacy against Radopholus similis in soils from • Baurens FC, Bocs S, Rouard M, Matsumoto T, Miller M, Rodier- banana cultivation having different histories of nematicide use, and Goud M, MBeguie-A-MBeguie D, Yahiaoui, N. 2010. Mechanisms the effect of terbufos on plant growth of in vitro-propagated Musa 36 AAA cv. Grande Naine. International Journal of Pest Management, • Dowiya NB, Blomme G, Dheda DB, Rweyemamu C, Velly D, Vigheri 56(1): 61–67. N, Milambo A, Eden-Green S. 2010. The alarming spread of banana • Carpentier S, Vertommen A, Swennen R, Witters E, Fortes C, Souza Xanthomonas wilt in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and MT Jr, Panis B. 2010. Sugar-mediated acclimation: the importance its impact on food security and income. In: Tripathi, L. (editor). of sucrose metabolism in meristems. Journal of Proteome Research, Bananas, plantains and enset. II. Tree and Forestry Science and 9: 5038–5046 Biotechnology, 4 (Special Issue 2):56–59. • Cote F, Tomekpe K, Staver C, Depigny S, Lescot T, Markham R. • Drucker A. 2010. Where’s the beef? The economics of AnGR 2010. Agro-ecological intensification in banana and plantain (Musa conservation and its influence on policy design and implementation. spp.): An approach to develop more sustainable croppping systems Animal Genetic Resources, 47: 85–90. for both smallholder farmers and large-scale commercial producers. • Dubois T, Hauser S, Staver C, Coyne D. (editors), 2010. Harnessing Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 457–463. international partnerships to increase research impact. Proceedings • Dawson IK, Vinceti B, Weber JC, Neufeldt H, Russell J, Lengkeek of the International Conference on Banana and Plantain in Africa. AG, Kalinganire A, Kindt R, Lilleso JB, Roshetko JM, Jamnadass, Mombasa, Kenya, 5–9 October 2008. Acta Horticulturæ. 879. (2 R. 2011. Climate change and tree genetic resource management: vols.). ISHS, Belgium. 864 p. maintaining and enhancing the productivity and value of smallholder • Dulloo E, Jarvis D, Thormann I, Scheldeman X, Salcedo J, Hunter D, tropical agroforestry landscapes. A review. Agroforestry Systems, Hodgkin T. 2010. The state of in situ management. In: The second 81(1): 67–78. [Pre-published online in 2010] report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food • de Boef WS, Dempewolf H, Byakweli JM, Engels JMM. 2010. and Agriculture. FAO, Italy. pp. 31–51. Integrating genetic resource conservation and sustainable • Dulloo ME, Hunter D, Borelli T. 2010. Ex situ and in situ conservation development into strategies to increase the robustness of seed of agricultural biodiversity: major advances and research needs. systems. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 34(5): 504–531. Notulæ Botanicæ Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38(2): 123–135. • De Langhe E, Hribova E, Carpentier S, Dolezel J, Swennen R. 2010. • Dzikiti S, Verreynne JS, Stuckens J, Strever A, Verstraeten WW, Did backcrossing contribute to the origin of hybrid edible bananas? Swennen R, Coppin P. 2010. Determining the water status of Annals of Botany, 106(6): 849–857. Satsuma mandarin trees [Citrus unshiu Marcovitch] using spectral • Defries R, Denning G, Fanzo J, Jackson LE, Leemans R, Lehmann J, indices and by combining hyperspectral and physiological data. Milder JC, Naeem S, Nziguheba G, Palm CA, Pingali L, Reganold JP, Agricultural and Forest Metereology, 150(3): 369–379. Richter DD, Scherr SJ, Sircely J, Sullivan C, Tomich TP, Sanchez PA. • Dzomeku BM, Staver C, Aflakpui GK, Sanogo D, Garming H, 2010. Monitoring the world’s agriculture. Nature, 466: 558–560. Ankomah AA, Darkey SK. 2010. Evaluation of the dissemination of • Delgado F, Ribeiro S, Alves A, Bettencourt E, Dias S. 2010. new banana (Musa spp.) technologies in Central Ghana: The role of Morphological, ecological and genetic variability of Lavandula luisieri technology characteristics. Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 735–740. (Rozeira) Rivas-Martinez in central eastern Portugal. Plant Genetic • Ekue MRM, Sinsin B, Eyog-Matig O, Finkeldey R. 2010. Uses, Resources: Characterization and Utilization, 8(1): 82–90. traditional management, perception of variation and preferences in • Dempewolf H, Kane NC, Ostevik KL, Geleta M, Barker MS, Lai ackee (Blighia sapida KD Koenig) fruit traits in Benin: implications Z, Stewart ML, Bekele E, Engels JMM, Cronk QCB, Rieseberg for domestication and conservation. Journal of Ethnobiology and LH. 2011. Establishing genomic tools and resources for Guizotia Ethnomedicine, 6: Art. 12. 14 p. [Online Journal]. abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. – the development of a library of expressed • Engels JMM, Dempewolf H, Henson-Apollonio V. 2011. Ethical sequence tags, microsatellite loci, and the sequencing of its considerations in agro-biodiversity research, collecting, and use. chloroplast genome. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10(6): 1048– Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 24(2): 107–126. 1058. [Pre-published online in 2010] [Pre-published online in 2010] • Dizon TO, Pinili MS, de la Cruz FS, Damasco OP, Van den Bergh • Eyzaguirre PB, Hunter D, Matthews PJ, Rao RV. 2010. Ethnobotany I, De Waele D. 2010. Response of Philippine banana (Musa spp.) and global diversity of taro. In: Rao VR, Matthews PJ, Eyzaguirre PB, cultivars to Radopholus similis (Thorne) and Meloidogyne incognita Hunter D. (editors). The Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany and Chitwood under greenhouse conditions. Philippine Journal of Crop Conservation. Bioversity International, Italy. pp. 1–5. Science, 35(1): 35–51. • Eyzaguirre PB, Xixiang Li, Dewei Zhu, Yongping Y, Jianchu Xu, • Dornez E, Croes E, Gebruers K, Carpentier S, Swennen R, Laukens Mingde Z. 2010. Ethnobotany and genetic diversity of taro in K, Witters E, Urban M, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. 2010. 2-D DIGE Yunnan, China – analyses of diversity using multiple techniques. reveals changes in wheat xylanase inhibitor protein families due to In: Rao VR, Matthews PJ, Eyzaguirre PB, Hunter D. (editors). The Fusarium graminearum Delta Tri5 infection and grain development. Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany and Conservation. Bioversity Proteomics 10(12): 2303–2319. International, Italy. pp. 98–120. 37 Selected publications • Frison C, Dedeurwaerdere T, Halewood M. 2010. Intellectual • Hunter D, Iosefa T, Singh D, Okpul T, Fonoti P, Delp C. 2010. property and facilitated access to genetic resources under the Improving taro production in the South Pacific through breeding International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and and selection. In: Rao VR, Matthews PJ, Eyzaguirre PB, Hunter Agriculture. European Intellectual Property Review, 32(1): 1–8. D. (editors). The Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany and • Fukushima T, Morimoto Y, Maundu P, Kahindi B, Fondo J. 2010. Conservation. Bioversity International, Italy. pp. 168-184. Local preference of indigenous fruit trees in Coast Province, • Hunter D, Mace ES, Mathur PN, Godwin ID, Taylor MB, DeLacy IH, Kenya. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Singh D. 2010. Development of a regional core collection (Oceania) 4(12): 872–885. for taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, based on molecular and • Galluzzi G, Eyzaguirre P, Negri, V. 2010. Home gardens: neglected phenotypic characterization. In: Rao VR, Matthews PJ, Eyzaguirre hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cultural diversity. Biodiversity and PB, Hunter D. (editors). The Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany Conservation 19(13): 3635–3654. and Conservation. Bioversity International, Italy. pp. 185-201. • Gotor E, Caracciolo F, Watts J. 2010. The perceived impact of • Jorge MA, Claessens G, Hanson J, Dulloo ME, Goldberg E, the In-Trust Agreements on CGIAR germplasm availability: an Thormann I, Alemayehu S, Gacheru E, Amri A, Benson E, Dumet assessment of Bioversity International’s institutional activities. World D, Roux N, Rudebjer P, Sackville-Hamilton R. 2010. Knowledge Development, 38(10): 1486–1493. sharing on best practices for managing crop genebanks. Agriculture • Gotor E, Caracciolo, F. 2010. An empirical assessment of the effects Information Worldwide, 3(2): 101–106. of the 1994 In Trust agreements on IRRI germplasm acquisition and • Karamura D, Karamura E, Tushemereirwe W, Rubaihayo PR, distribution. International Journal of the Commons 4(1): 437–451. Markham R. 2010. Somatic mutations and their implications to the • Gotor E, Irungu C. 2010. The impact of Bioversity International’s conservation strategies of the East African highland bananas (Musa African Leafy Vegetable Programme in Kenya. Impact Assessment spp.). Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 615–621. and Project Appraisal, 28(1): 41–55. • Karamura E, Kayobyo G, Tushemereirwe W, Benin S, Blomme • Gotor E, Tsigas EM. 2011. The impact of the EU sugar trade reform G, Eden Green S, Markham R. 2010. Assessing the impacts of on poor households in developing countries: a general equilibrium banana bacterial wilt disease on banana (Musa spp.) productivity analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, In press. [Pre-published online and livelihoods of Ugandan farm households. Acta Horticulturæ, in 2010] 879: 749–755. • Guariguata MR, Garcia-Fernandez C, Sheil D, Nasi R, Herrero- • Katayama Y, Ofosu-Anim J, Morimoto Y, Mohammed SA. 2010. Jauregui C, Cronkleton P, Ingram V. 2010. Compatibility of timber Strategies and challenges for research and development of and non-timber forest product management in natural tropical underutilized plant species in Africa. Agriculture and Horticulture, forests: perspectives, challenges, and opportunities. Forest Ecology 85(11): 1124–1128. and Management, 259: 237–245. • Khoury C, Laliberte B, Guarino L. 2010. Trends in ex situ • Gyawali S, Sthapit BR, Bhandari B, Bajracharya J, Shrestha PK, conservation of plant genetic resources:. Genetic Resources and Upadhyay MP, Jarvis DI. 2010. Participatory crop improvement and Crop Evolution 57(4): 625–639. formal release of Jethobudho rice landrace in Nepal. Euphytica, • Kim HH, Popova EV, Lee JY, Park SU, Lee SC, Engelmann F. 2010. 176(1): 59–78. Cryopreservation of hairy roots of Rubia akane (Nakai) using a • Halewood M. 2010. Governing the management and use of droplet-vitrification procedure. CryoLetters, 31(6): 473–484. pooled microbial genetic resources. Lessons from the global crop • Larwanou M, Oumarou I, Snook L, Danguimbo I, Eyog-Matig O. commons. International Journal of the Commons, 4(1): 404–436. 2010. Pratiques sylvicoles et culturales dans les parcs agroforestiers • Haruntyunyan M, Dulloo ME, Yeritsyan N, Danielyan A. 2010. Red suivant un gradient pluviometrique nordsud dans la region de List assessment of nine Aegilops species in Armenia. Genetic Maradi au Niger. Tropicultura, 28(2): 115–122. Resources and Crop Evolution, 57(8): 1177–1189. • Lawrence T, Sette C. 2010. Managing complex multi-partner • Hellin J, Keleman A, Bellon MR, van Heerwaarden J. 2010. Mexico, projects: Report of a peer-assist process. ILAC Meeting Report maize and Chiapas case study. In: Lipper L, Anderson CL, Dalton Series, No. 2. 17 p. TJ. (editors). Seed trade in rural markets: Implications for crop • Lefranc LM, Lescot T, Staver C, Kwa M, Michel I, Nkapnang I, diversity and agricultural development. Earthscan, UK. pp. 153–188 Temple L. 2010. Macropropagation as an innovative technology: • Hribova E, Neumann P, Matsumoto T, Roux N, Macas J, Dolezel Lessons and observations from projects in Cameroon. Acta J. 2010. Repetitive part of the banana (Musa acuminata) genome Horticulturæ, 879: 727–733. investigated by low-depth 454 sequencing. BMC Plant Biology, 10: • Lilja N, Kristjanson P, Watts J. 2010. Rethinking impact: Art. no. 204. [Online Journal] understanding the complexity of poverty and change – overview. Development in Practice, 20(8): 917–932. 38 • Maggioni L, van Hintum T, Begemann F. 2010. The European • Ozudogru EA, Capuana M, Kaya E, Panis B, Lambardi M. 2010. ex situ PGR information landscape. In: Maurer L, Tochtermann Cryopreservation of Fraxinus excelsior L. embryogenic callus K. (editors). Information and Communication Technologies for by one-step freezing and slow cooling techniques. CryoLetters, Biodiversity Conservation and Agriculture. Shaker Verlag, Germany. 31(1): 63–75. pp. 155–171. • Padulosi S, Sthapit B, Bhag Mal. 2010. Role of on-farm/in situ • Maggioni L, von Bothmer R, Branca F. 2010. Origin and conservation and underutilized crops in the wake of climate change. domestication of cole crops (Brassica oleracea L): linguistic and Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 23(2): 145–156. literary considerations. Economic Botany, 64(2): 109–123. • Raman H, Stodart BJ, Cavanagh C, Mackay M, Morell M, Milgate A, • Marco-Medina A, Casas JL, Swennen R, Panis B. 2010. Martin P. 2010. Molecular diversity and genetic structure of modern Cryopreservation of Thymus moroderi by droplet vitrification. and traditional landrace cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). CryoLetters, 31(1): 14–23. Crop and Pasture Science, 61: 222–229. • Mercer KL, Perales HR. 2010. Evolutionary response of landraces • Rao VR, Matthews PJ, Eyzaguirre PB, Hunter D. (editors). The to climate change in centers of crop diversity. Evolutionary Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany and Conservation. Bioversity Applications, 3(5-6): 480–493. International, Italy. 202 p. • Mgenzi SR, Mshaghuley IM, Staver C, Nkuba JM. 2010. Banana • Rosales FE, Alvarez JM, Vargas A. 2010. Guide pratique pour la (Musa spp.) processing businesses: support environment and role production de bananes-plantain sous haute densite de plantation. in poverty reduction in rural Tanzania. Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 249– Retours d’experiences d’Amerique latine et des Caraibes. Bioversity 255. International, Italy. 34 p. • Mobambo P, Staver C, Hauser S, Dheda B, Vangu G. 2010. An • Rouard M, Guignon V, Aluome C, Laporte M, Droc G, Walde innovation capacity analysis to identify strategies for improving C, Zmasek CM, Perin C, Conte MG. 2011. GreenPhylDB v2.0: plantain and banana (Musa spp.) productivity and value addition in comparative and functional genomics in plants. Nucleic Acids the Democratic Republic of Congo. Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 821– Research, 39: D1095–D1102 (Suppl. 1). [Pre-published online in 827. 2010] • Mobambo PK, Gauhl F, Pasberg-Gauhl C, Swennen R, Staver C. • Salaj T, Matusikova I, Panis B, Swennen R, Salaj J. 2010. Recovery 2010. Factors influencing the development of black streak disease and characterisation of hybrid firs (Abies alba × A. cephalonica and the resulting yield loss in plantain in the humid forests of West and Abies alba × A. numidica) embryogenic tissues after and Central Africa. In: Tripathi L. (editor). Bananas, plantains and cryopreservation. CryoLetters, 31(3): 206–217. enset I. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology, 4(Special • Sette C, Watts J. 2010. Group facilitation skills for participatory Issue 1): 47-51. decision-making: Report of a follow-up outcome evaluation. ILAC • Moore G. 2010. Multilateral and national regulatory regimes for Working Paper, no. 11. 21 p. agrobiodiversity. In: Lockie S, Carpenter D. (editors). Agriculture, • Shanthakumar G, Bhag Mal, Padulosi S, Bala Ravi S. 2010. biodiversity and markets: Livelihoods and agroecology in Participatory varietal selection: a case study on small millets in comparative perspective. Earthscan, UK. pp. 47–60. Karnataka. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 23(1): 117– • Morimoto Y, Maundu P, Katayama Y. 2010. Strategies and 121. challenges for research and development of underutilized plant • Shehabu M, Addis T, Mekonen S, De Waele D, Blomme G. 2010. species in Africa. Agriculture and Horticulture, 85(10): 1062–1066. Nematode infection predisposes banana to soil-borne Xanthomonas • Morimoto Y, Maundu P, Tumbo D, Eyzaguirre PB. 2010. How farmers campestris pv musacearum transmission. In: Tripathi L. (editor). in Kitui use wild and agricultural ecosystems to meet their nutritional Bananas, plantains and enset II. Tree and Forestry Science and needs. In: Bélair C, Ichikawa K, Wong BYL, Mulongoy KJ. (editors). Biotechnology, 4(Special Issue 2): 63–64. Sustainable use of biological diversity in socio-ecological production • Shehabu M, Addis T, Turyagyenda LF, Alemu T, Mekonen S, landscapes. Background to the ‘Satoyama Initiative for the benefit Blomme G. 2010. The efficiency of air-drying pared corms of of biodiversity and human well-being’. CBD Technical Series. banana suckers in reducing the risk of soil-mediated Xanthomonas 52: 67–72. wilt infections in Ethiopia. In: Tripathi L. (editor). Bananas, plantains • Ntamwira J, Nzawele DB, Katunga D, Van Asten P, Blomme G. and enset II. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology, 2010. The effect of application of organic matter during planting on 4(Special Issue 2): 60–62. growth of an East African highland cooking banana grown on two • Shrestha R, Arnaud E, Mauleon R, Senger M. 2010. Multifunctional contrasting soils in South Kivu, Eastern DR-Congo. In: Tripathi L. crop trait ontology for breeders’ data: field book, annotation, data (editor). Bananas, plantains and enset II. Tree and Forestry Science discovery and semantic enrichment of the literature. AoB Plants and Biotechnology, 4(Special Issue 2): 15–16. [Online]. See doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plq008. 39 Selected publications • Sikora RA, zum Felde A, Mendoza A, Menjivar R, Pocasangre L. • Tetang JT, Kwa M, Temple L, Bikoi A, Njukwe E, Staver C, Ottou JF. 2010. In planta suppressiveness to plant nematodes and long-term 2010. Meeting the challenge of the plantain (Musa spp.) subsector root health stability through biological enhancement – Do we need a economic restructuring in Cameroon. Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 829– cocktail? Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 553–560. 835. • Srinivasarao C, Soni A, Dulloo ME, Naithani SC. 2010. Overcoming • Till BJ, Jankowicz-Cieslak J, Sagi L, Huynh OA, Utsushi H, physiological dormancy in Ceropegia odorata seeds, an endangered Swennen R, Terauchi R, Mba, C. 2010. Discovery of nucleotide rare species, with GA3, H2O2 and KNO3. Seed Science and polymorphisms in the Musa gene pool by Ecotilling. Theoretical and Technology, 38: 341–347. Applied Genetics, 121(7): 1381–1389. • Ssekiwoko F, Turyagyenda LF, Mukasa H, Eden-Green S, Blomme • Vertommen A, Panis B, Swennen R, Carpentier S. 2010. Evaluation G. 2010. Spread of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum of chloroform/methanol extraction to facilitate the study of in banana (Musa spp.) plants following infection of the male membrane proteins of non-model plants. Planta, 231: 1113–1125. inflorescence. Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 349–356. • Vijayalakshmi D, Geetha K, Jayarame Gowda, Bala Ravi S, Padulosi • Staiger-Rivas S, Galie A, Hack B, Jorge MA, Meadu V, Tateossian S, Bhag Mal. 2010. Empowerment of women farmers through F, Salokhe G, Whilte N. 2010. Learning to share knowledge for value addition on minor millets genetic resources: a case study in global agricultural progress. International Journal of Web Based Karnataka. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 23(1): 132– Communities, 6(2): 209–226. 135. • Staver C, Junkin R, Flores W, Gonzales I, Akinyemi SO, Ngoh G, • Walangululu MJ, Matara MR, Bahati L, Niyongere C, Lepoint P, Banda D, Byabachwezi M, Narayana CK, Masdek N, Arganosa Blomme G. 2010. Assessing the spread and seasonal influence of A. 2010. Musa processing businesses: Their contribution to rural fruit peel disease and banana bunchy top disease in South Kivu, development. Acta Horticulturæ, 879: 225–232. Eastern DR-Congo. In: Tripathi L. (editor). Bananas, plantains and • Staver C, Van den Bergh I, Karamura E, Blomme G, Lescot T. 2010. enset II. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology, 4(Special Targeting actions to improve the quality of farmer planting material Issue 2): 98–104. in bananas and plantains – Building a national priority-setting • Wale E, Drucker AG, Zander KK. (editors). 2010. The economics framework. In: Tripathi L. (editor). Bananas, plantains and enset I. Tree of managing crop diversity on-farm. Case studies from the genetic and Forestry Science and Biotechnology, 4(Special Issue 1): 1–10. resources policy initiative. Earthscan, UK. 160 p. • Stromberg M, Pascual U, Bellon M. 2010. Seed systems and • Wale E, Yalew A. 2010. On biodiversity impact assessment. farmers’ seed choices: The case of maize in the Peruvian Amazon. The rationale, conceptual challenges and implications for future Human Ecology, 38(4): 539–553. environmental impact assessment. Impact Assessment and Project • Stuckens J, Somers B, Albrigo GL, Dzikiti S, Verstraeten W, Appraisal, 28(1): 3–13. Swennen R, Verreyne S, Coppin, P. 2010. Off-nadir viewing for • Wale E. 2010. How do farmers allocate land for coffee trees? reducing spectral mixture issues in citrus orchards. Photogrammetric Implications for on-farm conservation and seed technology adoption Engineering and Remote Sensing, 76(11): 1261–1274. in Ethiopia. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 34(3): 270–291. • Suarez RK, Sajise PE. 2010. Deforestation, swidden agriculture and • Yenagi NB, Handigol JA, Bala Ravi S, Bhag Mal, Padulosi S. 2010. Philippine biodiversity. Philippine Science Letters, 3(1): 91–99. Nutritional and technological advancements in the promotion of • Tadesse E, Azerefegne F, Alemu T, Addis T, Blomme G. 2010. ethnic and novel foods using the genetic diversity of minor millets in Studies on the efficacy of some selected botanicals against Enset India. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 23(1): 82–86. root mealybug (Cataenococcus ensete Williams and Matile-Ferrero (Homptera: Pseudococcidae)) In: Tripathi L. (editor). Bananas, plantains and enset II. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology, 4(Special Issue 2): 91–94. • Tadesse E, Azerefegne F, Alemu T, Blomme G, Addis T. 2010. The effect of insecticides against the root mealybug (Cataenococcus ensete) of Ensete ventricosum in Southern Ethiopia. In: Tripathi L. (editor). Bananas, plantains and enset II. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology, 4(Special Issue 2): 95–97. • Temu BA, Rudebjer GP, Chakeredza S. 2010. Enhancing integrated approaches in agricultural learning systems using experiences from agroforestry. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(16): 2179–2185. 40 Projects Project F01: Enhancing the research capacity through networks CGIAR Central Advisory Service on contribution of agricultural and consortia, and facilitates Intellectual Property (CAS-IP) biodiversity to human wellbeing consensus building through action- and provides the secretariat for aims to enhance the use of oriented platforms. the Genetic Resources Policy agricultural and forest biodiversity Committee (GRPC) of the CGIAR. to improve people’s well-being, by demonstrating ways in which Project F05: Enhancing the ex situ biodiversity can support nutritional conservation and use of genetic Project F09: Strengthening global and health benefits and by diversity systems for conservation and use identifying new biodiversity-based aims to improve the ex situ of genetic resources income options for the rural and conservation and use of agricultural contributes to the development of urban poor. biodiversity, including crop wild more effective global and regional relatives, as a means of mitigating collaboration on conservation and the impacts of global threats such as use of agricultural biodiversity. Project F02: Productivity, resilience environmental degradation, water Through the Project, Bioversity and ecosystem services from scarcity and climate change. discharges its responsibilities as community management of convening Centre of the System- diversity in production systems wide Genetic Resources Programme is concerned with developing Project F06: Conservation and use (SGRP) and, in partnership with practices that support communities of forest and other wild species FAO, provides support for the in their use of genetic diversity to aims to document the diversity Global Crop Diversity Trust maintain and improve productivity, within useful wild species, (GCDT). It also hosts the Platform resilience and resistance in including wild relatives of crops; for Agrobiodiversity Research production systems. study and make known the (PAR). benefits it confers; analyze the threats to its persistence; and Project F03: Managing biodiversity provide knowledge, strategies, Project F10: Status, trends and to improve livelihoods in commodity mechanisms and tools to facilitate valuation of agrobiodiversity crop-based systems its conservation and sustainable use. aims to assess the status, trends and focuses on enabling rural commu- values of agricultural biodiversity nities to better use coconut, cacao at the genetic level, to provide tools and Musa diversity to increase their Project F07: Biodiversity informatics and mechanisms for long-term incomes, food security, health and aims to improve the management monitoring of genetic erosion and to natural resource endowments. of, access to, and use of genetic evaluate the cost of agrobiodiversity resources information through loss, its drivers and strategies to standardized information gathering counter them. Project F04: Conserving and and management, facilitating promoting the use of genetic information use, exchange and resources of commodity crops access, and capacity building. aims to promote the conservation, characterization, evaluation and effective use of the genetic diversity Project F08: Policy and law of coconut, cacao and Musa, contributes to genetic resources three commodity crops of special policy development at global, importance to smallholders in regional, national and CGIAR developing countries. The project system-wide levels. The Project seeks to strengthen international is the administrative home of the 41 establishment agreement The international status of Bioversity is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by December 2010, had been signed by the Governments of: Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Credits Managing Editor Jeremy Cherfas Editor Thorgeir Lawrence Writers Jeremy Cherfas, Richard Sanders, Katie Taft Design and Layout Maxtudio Cover illustration Greg Morgan Photos Paola de Santis p 2-3, 6; Tim Murray p 3; Forest & Kim Starr p 6; Pascale Lepointe p 8; Frederik van Oudenhouven p 9; Patrick Maundu p 10; Stefano Padulosi p 12; Neil Palmer p 13; Scott Black p. 19; Moreno Maggi p. 20, 22; Saverio Villirillo p 21, 23; Barbara Vinceti pp 24-27. Printing Ugo Quintily S.p.A. 42 Annual Report 2010 Citation Bioversity International. 2011. Annual Report 2010. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. ISBN 978-92-9043-898-4 Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy © Bioversity International, 2011