Excluded Articles
	Title	Authors	Abstract	Published Year	Journal	DOI	Exclusion reason
	Integrating meta-analysis and experts’ knowledge for prioritizing climate-smart agricultural practices in Ethiopian	Adimassu, Z.; Tibebe, D.; Abera, W.; Tamene, L.	Various climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices are being advocated in different agroecological zones of Ethiopia to enhance the sustainability, resilience, and productivity of the agricultural sector in response to climate change. Prioritizing and packaging these CSA practices are essential to amplify the impact of climate change mitigation efforts. By strategically selecting and prioritizing these practices and technologies, resources can be allocated effectively to activities with the highest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, bolstering resilience, and fostering sustainable development. However, identifying and prioritizing climate-smart practices that cater to the needs of vulnerable farmers and are tailored to specific local contexts remains challenging, often hindered by subjective assessments and limited awareness. The objective of this paper was to enhance the precision and objectivity of prioritizing CSA practices by leveraging a combination of research findings and expert knowledge. The steps included the following: i) a CSA prioritization assessment framework was used to identify and prioritize CSA practices across various agro-ecologies based on the CSA pillars (productivity, adaptation, and mitigation); ii), a meta-analysis approach was employed to determine the effect size of various CSA practices on the three pillars of CSA practices; iii), the effect size values were rescaled and ranked based on effect size categories; and iv), correlation was performed to assess the relationship between the two approaches, and finally, average values were taken to integrate and determine the final rank of CSA practices. Overall, we found out that there were weak correlations between the ranks of the two approaches, resulted in a mismatch between the ranks of CSA practices by experts and meta-analysis results. Using the meta-analysis approach, only 35% of the CSA practices were equally ranked by both approaches, 40% of the CSA practices were more likely ranked by experts, while 25% of the CSA practices were more likely ranked by the meta-analysis approach. This implies that experts overestimated the effect of various CSA practices on various indicators of productivity, soil loss, and run-off and soil organic matter. Integrating the ranks of the two approaches helped to target CSA practices across various agro-ecological zones. According to the combined ranking, several CSA practices were targeted to six major agro-ecological zones in the country. These various CSA practices increase productivity, enhance adaptation, and sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Based on the availability of these CSA practices, it is possible to package various combinations of these practices. © 2024 The Authors	2024	Farming System	10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100110	Exclusion reason: spatial unit not on farm; 
	Surviving the desert's grasp: Decipherment phreatophyte Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Adaptive strategies for arid resilience	Iqbal, U.; Daad, A.; Ali, A.; Gul, M.F.; Aslam, M.U.; Rehman, F.U.; Farooq, U.	Phreatophytes play an important role in maintaining the ecological services in arid and semi-arid areas. Characterizing the interaction between groundwater and phreatophytes is critical for the land and water management in such areas. Therefore, the identification of key traits related to mitigating desertification in differently adapted T. aphylla populations was the focus. Fifteen naturally adapted populations of the prominent phreatophyte T. aphylla from diverse ecological regions of Punjab, Pakistan were selected. Key structural and functional modifications involved in ecological success and adaptations against heterogeneous environments for water conservation include widened metaxylem vessels in roots, enlarged brachy sclereids in stems/leaves, tissues succulence, and elevated organic osmolytes and antioxidants activity for osmoregulation and defense mechanism. Populations from hot and dry deserts (Dratio: 43.17−34.88) exhibited longer roots and fine-scaled leaves, along with enlarged vascular bundles and parenchyma cells in stems. Populations inhabiting saline deserts (Dratio: 38.59−33.29) displayed enhanced belowground biomass production, larger root cellular area, broadest phloem region in stems, and numerous large stomata in leaves. Hyper-arid populations (Dratio: 33.54−23.07) excelled in shoot biomass production, stem cellular area, epidermal thickness, pith region in stems, and lamina thickness in leaves. In conclusion, this research highlights T. aphylla as a vital model for comprehending plant resilience to environmental stresses, with implications for carbon sequestration and ecosystem restoration. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.	2024	Plant Science	10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112201	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Smart Farming Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture: A Review of the Promotion and Adoption Strategies by Smallholders in Sub-Saharan Africa	Bashiru, M.; Ouedraogo, M.; Ouedraogo, A.; Läderach, P.	Small-scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) need to adopt and consistently practice sustainable agriculture to ensure sustainable livelihoods and food security. However, the adverse effects of climate change are threatening the achievement of this goal. Therefore, farmers within the sub-region need to embrace climate-smart agriculture (CSA) as a means for climate change adaptation and mitigation. This study was conducted to understand, on the one hand, how smart farming technologies are being promoted in sub-Saharan Africa, and on the other hand, how farmers are adopting the prevailing technologies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) procedures were followed to identify 48 scientific papers in sub-Saharan Africa. It was found that promoters of smart farming technologies in sub-Saharan Africa include CGSpace, FAO, National Research Institutions, individual researchers, local institutions, and private institutions. The approach to the smart farming technology discourse in sub-Saharan Africa starts by building on efforts to sustain CSA practices with a gradual shift towards the fourth agriculture revolution innovations. Even where there are efforts to push beyond conventional CSA practices by the private sector, farmers’ responses are still low. It is recommended that any intervention to promote modern smart farming technologies to smallholders should build on conventional CSA practices. © 2024 by the authors.	2024	Sustainability (Switzerland) 	10.3390/su16114817	Exclusion reason: literature review; 
	Exploring the Potential of Soil and Water Conservation Measures for Climate Resilience in Burkina Faso	Naba, C.; Ishidaira, H.; Magome, J.; Souma, K.	Sahelian countries including Burkina Faso face multiple challenges related to climatic conditions. Setting up effective disaster management plans is essential for protecting livelihoods and promoting sustainable development. Soil and water conservation measures (SWCMs) are emerging as key components of such plans, particularly in Burkina Faso. However, there is an insufficiency of studies exploring their potential as green infrastructures in the Sahelian context and this research aims to contribute to filling this gap. We used national data, remote sensing, and GIS tools to assess SWCM adoption and the potential for climate resilience. Stone ribbons emerged as the most widely adopted SWCM, covering 2322.4 km2 especially in the northern regions, while filtering dikes were the least widely adopted, at 126.4 km2. Twenty years of NDVI analysis showed a notable vegetation increase in Yatenga (0.075), Oudalan (0.073), and provinces with a high prevalence of SWCM practices. There was also an apparent increase in SWCM percentages from 60% of land degradation. Stone ribbons could have led to a runoff reduction of 13.4% in Bam province, highlighting their effectiveness in climate resilience and flood risk mitigation. Overall, encouraging the adoption of SWCMs offers a sustainable approach to mitigating climate-related hazards and promoting resilience in Sahelian countries such as Burkina Faso. © 2024 by the authors.	2024	Sustainability (Switzerland)	10.3390/su16187995	Exclusion reason: No CSA; 
	Severe decline in large farmland trees in India over the past decade	Brandt, M.; Gominski, D.; Reiner, F.; Kariryaa, A.; Guthula, V.B.; Ciais, P.; Tong, X.; Zhang, W.; Govindarajulu, D.; Ortiz-Gonzalo, D.; Fensholt, R.	Agroforestry practices that include the integration of multifunctional trees within agricultural lands can generate multiple socioecological benefits, in addition to being a natural climate solution due to the associated carbon sequestration potential. Such agroforestry trees represent a vital part of India’s landscapes. However, despite their importance, a current lack of robust monitoring mechanisms has contributed to an insufficient grasp of their distribution in relation to management practices, as well as their vulnerability to climate change and diseases. Here we map 0.6 billion farmland trees, excluding block plantations, in India and track them over the past decade. We show that around 11 ± 2% of the large trees (about 96 m2 crown size) mapped in 2010/2011 had disappeared by 2018. Moreover, during the period 2018–2022, more than 5 million large farmland trees (about 67 m2 crown size) have vanished, due partly to altered cultivation practices, where trees within fields are perceived as detrimental to crop yields. These observations are particularly unsettling given the current emphasis on agroforestry as a pivotal natural climate solution, playing a crucial role in both climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, in addition to being important for supporting agricultural livelihoods and improving biodiversity. © The Author(s) 2024.	2024	Nature Sustainability	10.1038/s41893-024-01356-0	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Evaluating the potential and eligibility of conservation agriculture practices for carbon credits	Cariappa, A.A.G.; Konath, N.C.; Sapkota, T.B.; Krishna, V.V.	Carbon credits, a voluntary market mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, can incentivize climate action. We evaluate the potential and eligibility of Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices for carbon credit generation in India under Verra's VM0042 methodology. Using farmer surveys and remote sensing data, we assess the eligibility based on the following conditions: Additionality Condition (GHG emission reductions to exceed legal requirements and the weighted mean adoption rate to be < 20% of area in the baseline), Yield Penalty Condition (no > 5% decrease in crop yields), and Quantitative Adjustment Condition (reduction in chemical fertilizer use by > 5%). Our analysis shows that CA has the potential to increase farmers’ carbon credit earnings by USD 18/ha and USD 30/ha in Bihar and Punjab, respectively. Punjab's ban on crop residue burning and the fact that > 20% of the area unburned limits the full economic realization of CA through carbon markets, decreasing potential income to USD 16/ha. A 60% increase in carbon prices from the current norm (USD 25) is required to encourage wider adoption of CA. Zero tillage of wheat in both Punjab and Bihar and reduction of nitrogen fertilizer overuse in Punjab fulfil all the conditions and are eligible for carbon farming projects. © The Author(s) 2024.	2024	Scientific Reports	10.1038/s41598-024-59262-6	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Determinants of adoption of urban agriculture (UA) as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices and its impact on food security: evidence from Wolaita Sodo city, South Ethiopia	Masha, M.; Bojago, E.; Ngare, I.	Background: Climate change is one of humanity's biggest problems. CSA offers a once-in-a-lifetime chance to adapt to global climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. UA can improve food security by providing affordable, nutritious alternatives to commercially produced food, especially for economically disadvantaged people. This study examined the factors influencing the adoption of UA as CSA practices, as well as their effects on food security in Wolaita Sodo City, South Ethiopia. Methods: Data was collected from primary and secondary sources, both qualitative and quantitative form. A structured and semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 384 randomly chosen urban households through surveys/interviews, focus group conversations, and observation. The percentage and mean differences between UA adopters and non-adopters were calculated using the chi-square test and t-test. A propensity score matching (PSM) model assessed UA's impact on food security. A binary logistic regression model was used to determine factors influencing adoption of UA as CSA practice in the study area. Results: The descriptive analysis showed that 53.53% of respondents used UA. Statistics showed the existence of a significant mean differences between adopters and non-adopters in employment level, UA attitudes, and household size. Logit model computations showed that family size, home ownership, the household head's occupation, perceptions of UA, market demand, and access to training and support influenced UA adoption as a climate-smart farming practice. Conclusions: As per the study's findings, there could be a correlation between specific factors and the adoption of UA as CSA in the studied area. The PSM study confirmed that UA deployment significantly improves food security. UA adoption increased food security by 0.685-fold. The report recommends that municipal education offices, UA offices, and cooperative offices create an integrated functional adult education programme for urbanites. Since UA is vital to fighting food insecurity, it suggests increasing support for cooperative entities. © The Author(s) 2024.	2024	Discover Sustainability	10.1007/s43621-024-00365-5	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Greenhouse Gas Emission, and Mitigation Strategies in Africa: A Systematic Review	Abdela, K.A.; Divya, S.; Mohammed, E.A.; Fantabil, A.	This systematic review examines the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Africa, investigates mitigation strategies, and projects future emissions. It evaluates comprehensive publications on climate change, global warming, GHG emission sources, and mitigation measures in Africa from 2013 to 2022. Ethiopia and South Africa are prominent nations in this field of study, with South Africa being the major source of GHG emissions. Rising GHG emissions and climate change pose significant ecological problems, necessitating effective mitigation techniques. North Africa has a small negative balance compared to Sub-Saharan Africa. Key drivers of GHG emissions and climate change were Land Use (AFOLU) sectors, accounting for 56% of total emissions in 2016 where currently energy sector count 73% of GHGs in 2022. It leads to biodiversity loss, water scarcity, economic losses, species extinction, ecological changes, and coastal life threats. Africa is responsible for 2–3% of global GHG emissions in last decays and currently increased to 3.6–4%. Agroforestry systems, which combine agriculture and forestry, have proven effective in reducing emissions, with the agroforestry sector predicted to sequester up to 135 metric tonnes of CO2 over the next 20 years. Africa should employ climate-smart agriculture and agroforestry to prevent climate change, lower emissions, and promote a green economy. This aligns with the Paris Agreement's goals of lowering carbon emissions and improving food security, reduce poverty, and environmental damage. This review is intended to aid academics and planners prioritize GHG emissions sources and design effective mitigation measures using African countries' resources and ecosystems. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.	2024	Water, Air, and Soil Pollution	10.1007/s11270-024-07431-8	Exclusion reason: literature review; 
	Agro-technologies for greenhouse gases mitigation in flooded rice fields for promoting climate smart agriculture	Rajbonshi, M.P.; Mitra, S.; Bhattacharyya, P.	We investigated methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), two important greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions using the closed chamber method from a flooded rice field in Brahmaputra valley of Assam, northeast part of India. We tried to understand the factors responsible for the emission and identify appropriate agro-technologies for their mitigation. Various factors like water level, drainage management, soil organic carbon management, crop management, fertilizer amendment, cultivar type etc. affect the GHG production and emission from the flooded rice soil. In this study, six treatments were employed, namely, farmer's practice (FP), recommended fertilizer dosage (RDF), direct seeded rice (DSR), intermittent wetting drying (IWD), use of efficient methanotrophs (MTH), and use of ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source for real-time nitrogen management using leaf color chart, (AS). GHG flux was measured through the static closed chamber technique. Soil temperature, pH, and redox potential (Eh) and other soil physico-chemical and biological properties that have a potential role in GHG emission were also assessed. The lowest CH4 flux was observed in IWD treatment. The highest CH4 but lowest N2O flux was observed in RDF thus portraying a tradeoff relationship among these two GHGs. The highest N2O flux was observed in AS. Changes in Eh strongly altered CH4 and N2O emissions. The CH4 flux for the growing season varied from 62.5 to 86.3 kg ha−1 with an average of 72.4 kg ha−1. The average N2O flux was 0.89 kg ha−1 with values fluctuating between 0.72 – and 1.08 kg ha−1. The findings of this study could assist in understanding the factors affecting the source, production, and sink of these two important GHGs. IWD, along with judicious N-based fertilizer use, could provide significant respite from GHG emissions in rice-based agriculture. These climate-smart strategies not only reduce emissions but also have the potential to improve yield. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd	2024	Environmental Pollution	10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123973	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Potential of Modified Reduced Tillage with Cover/Green Manure Crop for Climate Change Mitigation in a Smallholder Rainfed Farming System	Javed, N.; Ijaz, S.S.; Hussain, Q.; Ansar, M.; Alrefaei, A.F.; Almutairi, B.O.; Zaman, W.; Yousra, M.	Soil can function as a reservoir and a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), contingent on its management. This study assesses the potential of a modified reduced tillage (MRT) approach involving the use of cover or green manure crops as a substitute for crop residues to mitigate GHG emissions from soil within smallholder rainfed farming systems. A two-year field experiment with different tillage techniques (moldboard plow, tine cultivator, and modified reduced tillage) and crop rotations (summer fallow–wheat and cover/green manure–wheat) was conducted at Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The results showed that MRT reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by 8% and 15.3%, respectively, from soil while maintaining consistently higher soil moisture than conventional tillage techniques. The modified reduced tillage reduced the global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) by 15.8% and 20.7%, respectively. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was unaffected by the tillage systems. Therefore, adopting the MRT technique and incorporating green manure is a viable strategy for curtailing GHG emissions from soil, particularly in the context of smallholder rainfed farming systems. Extended, multi-year studies under various climate scenarios and agronomic practices are needed to understand the long-term impacts of MRT and crop rotations on GHG emissions. © 2024 by the authors.	2024	Sustainability (Switzerland) 	10.3390/su16114781	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	A Farmer-Centric Cost–Benefit Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal	Poudel, S.; Thapa, R.; Mishra, B.	Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a climate-resilient practice that stands out globally as an important practice through which we can deal with emerging challenges through adaptation and mitigation to increase crop productivity and resilience. Despite its significance, a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis of the adoption of these practices has not yet been carried out. This study aims to bridge the knowledge gap between the cost and effectiveness of CSA practices adopted by small-scale farmers in growing rice, wheat and maize, the most staple crops in the Gandaki River Basin of Nepal. In this study, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), benefit–cost (BC) ratio, net benefit investment (NK) ratio and payback period, along with the value of externalities (social and environmental), were employed to assess the profitability of CSA practices. The findings indicate that almost all the CSA practices analyzed were profitable, with the exception of solar water management in maize with very low IRR (6%) and a longer payback period. The outcome of this study offers valuable insights for farmers in choosing profitable CSA technology and for policy makers in promoting better CSA technology, upscaling CSA practices, and formulating new agricultural policies and programs in the context of the changing climate. © 2024 by the authors.	2024	Climate	10.3390/cli12090145	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Identification and prioritization of context-specific climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices in Ethiopia: a framework approach	Adimassu, Z.; Tamene, L.; Tibebe, D.; Ebrahim, M.; Abera, W.	Ethiopia’s diverse agroecological zones showcase a variety of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) Practices, yet the documentation and prioritization of best-bet practices have been lacking. To address this gap, this study utilized the Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS)-CSA Prioritization framework. This approach was deployed across nine key agro-ecologies in Ethiopia to identify and prioritize CSA practices based on the three pillars of CSA and gender-equity considerations. By employing this participatory framework, this study successfully identified and prioritized over 200 Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices within Ethiopia’s nine major agroecological zones. These practices were segmented into four main systems: crop management (40 practices), livestock management (41 practices), soil fertility management (40 practices), erosion control and water management (41 practices), and forest and agroforestry (40 practices). Notably, the results highlighted the significance of CSA practices linked to agroforestry/forestry management, rangeland/forage enhancement, exclosure strategies, and water management in addressing the goals associated with the three pillars (productivity, adaptation, mitigation) of CSA practices simultaneously. The findings also revealed that the majority of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices focused on improving productivity and enhancing adaptation to climate change. Additionally, the results demonstrated that trade-offs exist among the three pillars of CSA, emphasizing the need for integration with other practices to enhance complementarity and achieve all pillars simultaneously. Overall, this study underscores the importance of combining CSA practices of various categories to maximize their effectiveness and impact in sustainable agriculture. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.	2024	Environmental Research Communications	10.1088/2515-7620/ad54a1	Exclusion reason: spatial unit not on farm; 
	Allometric scaling of above and below ground biomass of the critically endangered agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.) in homegardens	Nath, P.C.; Sileshi, G.W.; Majumdar, K.; Nath, A.J.; Das, A.K.	Carbon sequestration through tree-based systems has been well recognized due to its potential to mitigate climate change. The lack of site-specific and species-specific biomass estimation models is a challenge to accurately estimating forest biomass at local and regional scales. Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) trees form an essential component of agroforestry systems in Assam and Tripura state of India. In this study, trees with stem girth range of 10–80 cm and stand age of < 10 to > 20 years old in smallholder agarwood stands classes were destructively harvested to develop biomass estimation models. Different allometric relationships were compared using either diameter alone or a compound variable, including diameter and height, to predict above ground biomass (AGB), below ground biomass (BGB) and total biomass (TB). Based on the model fit criteria (R2, RMSE, AIC and BIC), the best models for estimating above ground, below ground and total biomass of the agarwood trees were lnAGB = − 3.13 + (0.89 × lnD2H), lnBGB = − 2.40 + (1.49 × lnD) and lnTB = 0.29 + (0.96 × lnAGB), respectively. Stand biomass in the study area showed a significant increase from 6.92 Mg ha−1 in < 10 years old stands to 65.90 Mg ha−1in > 20-year-old stands, and is proportionally related with the increase in tree density of the stands ranging from 930–4470 stems ha−1. The continuous harvesting of various-sized trees and the re-plantation and regeneration of agarwood trees in the study area affected the increase in stand-level biomass and the distribution of biomass carbon across the size classes. The proper implementation of the Assam Agarwood Promotion Policy 2020 and similar policies of Tripura need to be supported to promote the cultivation and conservation of the species across the region. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.	2024	Agroforestry Systems	10.1007/s10457-024-01030-6	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Determinants of adoption of climate smart agricultural technologies in wheat production in Arsi Zone, Oromia Region of Ethiopia	Geda, M.B.; Haji, J.; Jemal, K.; Zeleke, F.	Climate-resilient crop production requires the use of crop technology that can sustainably increase productivity, build resilience to climate change, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Despite countrywide initiatives that promote climate-smart agricultural technology (CSAT) adoption, the rate of adoption has been extremely low. Therefore, this study aims to identify factors that affect the adoption of CSATs in wheat production in the Arsi zone of the Oromia region of Ethiopia. Towards this, plot-level primary data were gathered from 628 plots that were managed by 422 randomly selected wheat-producing smallholder farmers in three selected districts of the Zone. Descriptive statistics and multivariate probit (MVP) model were used to analyze data. The major CSATs adopted for wheat production in the study area were improved wheat varieties (95%), integrated soil fertility management (85%), and irrigation (19%). The result of the MVP model revealed that farmers with higher levels of education, farming experience, and contact with extension workers, have credit access, have access to market information, have greater annual total income, and are closer to the nearest market center are more likely to adopt CSATs in wheat production. Therefore, it is recommended that to enhance the adoption of CSATs in wheat production, policymakers and other development partners should concentrate on the identified factors that were significantly associated with the decisions to adopt CSATs. © The Author(s) 2024.	2024	Discover Food	10.1007/s44187-024-00077-9	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Linking carbon storage with land use dynamics in a coastal Ramsar wetland	Dar, S.A.; Dar, J.A.	Coastal wetland ecosystems make an important contribution to the global carbon pool, yet their extent is declining due to aquaculture-related land use changes. We conducted an extensive investigation into the carbon stock and area coverage of macrophytes in a tropical coastal Ramsar wetland, Kolleru in Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 72 quadrats of size 1 × 1 m2 were laid in the wetland, 19 species of macrophytes were collected and analyzed for carbon content using a CNHS analyzer. To assess changes in the wetland macrophytes, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was estimated using Landsat time series data from 1975 to 2023. The importance value index (IVI) of macrophytes scored highest for the Ipomoea aquatica (41.4) and the lowest for Ottelia alismoides (1.9). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) significantly (r = 0.1905, p = 0.0361) revealed a clear separation of macrophytes in ordination space. ANOVA indicated highly significant (p < 0.0001) variations in the carbon content of aboveground and belowground components of macrophytes. Among the different macrophytes, the highest carbon content was found in Phragmites karka (0.6 g. g−1) and the lowest was recorded in Utricularia stellaris (0.2 g. g−1). On an average, emergents in the Kolleru wetland sequester 1525 ± 181 g C m−2 yr−1, rooted floating species sequester 858 ± 101 g C m−2 yr−1, submerged macrophytes sequester 480 ± 60 g C m−2 yr−1, and free-floating macrophytes sequester 221 ± 90 g C m−2 yr−1. Land cover mapping revealed a decrease in spread of aquatic vegetation from 225.2 km2 in 1975 to 100.6 km2 in 2023. Although macrophytes are vital carbon sinks, the wetland conversion into fishponds has resulted in a loss of 55.3 % of carbon storage. Therefore, immediate restoration of macrophyte cover is vital for the proper functioning of carbon sequestration and mitigation of climate change impacts. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.	2024	Science of the Total Environment	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173078	Exclusion reason: spatial unit not on farm; 
	Quantification and mapping of the carbon sequestration potential of soils via a quantile regression forest model	Dharumarajan, S.; Vasundhara, R.; Kalaiselvi, B.; Lalitha, M.; Rameshan, M.; Srinivasan, R.; Karthika, K.S.; Sweta, K.; Anil Kumar, K.S.; Hegde, R.	Understanding the soil carbon sequestration potential is vital for decision-making related to crop and soil management and for prioritizing the area for carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. In the present study, we mapped the soil carbon sequestration potential (CSP) along with its uncertainty over two depth ranges (0–30 cm and 0–100 cm) in parts of Western Ghats, Kerala, India, using datasets from 150 soil profiles. The difference between the soil organic carbon (SOC) saturation potential of the finer soil fractions (clay and silt) and the current soil organic carbon content of finer particles is considered as the CSP. The actual SOC stock and CSP in the study area were mapped using the quantile regression forest (QRF) algorithm. The model yielded better predictions of the SOC stock (R2 = 0.52–0.55) than did the CSP model (R2 = 0.22–0.36). The predicted SOC stock and CSP for 100 cm depth in the study area ranged from 5.2 kg m−2 to 26.18 kg m−2 and from 4.89 kg m−2 to 28.69 kg m−2, respectively. In total, approximately 256 Tg and 1089 Tg CO2 equivalents could theoretically be stored in the top 30 cm and 100 cm of the study area, respectively. A relatively greater CSP was detected for soils of annual crops (18.6 kg m−2) than for soils of plantations (10.5 kg m−2) and forests (9.5 kg m−2) in 100 cm soil depth. The high sequestration potential of soils of annual crops could be met with agronomic practices such as mulching and conservation tillage. Improved agricultural management practices could have a significant impact on CO2 mitigation through the construction of SOC stocks, which has also added the advantage of high agricultural productivity. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.	2024	Earth Science Informatics	10.1007/s12145-024-01298-3	Exclusion reason: spatial unit not on farm; 
	Adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) in Ethiopia	Abegaz, A.; Abera, W.; Jaquet, S.; Tamene, L.	To ensure climate-resilient food and other production systems, countries must adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate-change. Adopting climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) will significantly contribute to such adaptation and mitigation. In global, regional, and African contexts, Ethiopia represents a useful case study from which much can be learned. Therefore, the fourfold objectives of this Ethiopia-focused review were to i) synthesize adoption studies of more than seven CSAPs; ii) examine their adoption status, including gender considerations, socioeconomic benefits, and constraints to CSAP adoption; iii) identify gaps in the current CSAPs adoption literature, and iv) highlight future CSAP research and policy directions. Following a systematic literature review procedure, 100 articles published between 2001 and 2021 on adoption of CSAPs in Ethiopia were reviewed. Although all the publications were about the highlands of Ethiopia, over 80% came from the regions of Amhara, Oromiya, and South Nations and Nationalities. The most-adopted practice was soil and water conservation (SWC), with a mean adoption rate of 61.5%, followed by integrated soil fertility management, and agroforestry with mean adoption rates of 56.5% and 48.8%, respectively. Gender analysis was integrated in the studies at varying levels, including in all improved livestock management initiatives; just over half the SWC initiatives; and over 75% of the remaining five practices. Quantified socioeconomic benefits were reported in only 46 papers. Greater farm income; increased land productivity; higher yields; increased food availability; and reduced household poverty were among the reported benefits of adopters compared to their counterparts. Among the aggregated constraints, socioeconomic factors and knowledge/awareness were ranked the two highest, followed by labor shortage and limited market access. The study highlighted research gaps, especially a lack of national-scale studies and studies focusing on drought-prone regions. Additionally, 37% and 46% of the studies respectively, didn't consider i) gender, and ii) analysis of socioeconomic benefits of CSAP adoption. This Ethiopian review reveals a need to fill research gaps in methodologies and practices, and at all levels in all regions, particularly in drought-prone regions. It identifies those CSAPs which could contribute more to addressing climate change, and emphasizes the need for greater gender inclusion. Policy-related actions should i) boost CSAP-related knowledge; ii) support optimizing their socioeconomic benefits; iii) address labor shortages; iv) improve access to irrigation, markets; credit, and farmers’ social organizations; and v) strengthen land tenure. In future, deploying remote-sensing technology, artificial intelligence and modelling approaches, and implementing Agricultural Weather Index-Based Insurance may also support CSAPs adoption. © 2024 The Author(s)	2024	Climate Risk Management	10.1016/j.crm.2024.100628	Exclusion reason: literature review; 
	Detecting and quantifying zero tillage technology adoption in Indian smallholder systems using Sentinel-2 multi-spectral imagery	Deshpande, M.V.; Pillai, D.; Krishna, V.V.; Jain, M.	Zero tillage (ZT), an important component of Conservation Agriculture, has enormous potential to curb emissions from residue burning, increase soil organic carbon and water retention, reduce land preparation costs and increase the long-term productivity and profitability of the farming system. Despite the promise of ZT, little is known about how widely it has been adopted at regional scales in smallholder systems, where management is heterogeneous. Identifying ZT diffusion patterns across space and time along with other popular tillage technologies, such as conventional tillage (CT) and shallow tillage (ST), helps to target and disseminate the most effective technologies and estimate their climate change mitigation potential. Acknowledging the complexities involved in distinguishing ZT from CT and ST in smallholder fields, this study utilized an innovative two-step change detection method leveraging early-season Sentinel-2 multi-spectral imagery. We developed and applied our model in the Indian state of Punjab over three years (2020–2022). Our method outperformed traditional binary classification models, achieving 81 % accuracy. The analysis indicated that areas under different tillage types changed over time across Punjab. Specifically, from 2020 to 2021, we found a 33 % and 4 % decrease in ZT and CT, respectively. However, a 29 % increase is observed in CT adoption. On the other hand, from 2021 to 2022, the adoption rates for ZT and CT increased by 18 % and 2 %, respectively, while ST adoption decreased by 12 %. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential use of early season Sentinel-2 imagery to map the adoption of tillage practices in smallholder systems. Our approach can provide large-scale information on technology uptake, aiding policies to implement carbon markets and the scaling up of sustainable agricultural practices in India. © 2024 The Author(s)	2024	International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation	10.1016/j.jag.2024.103779	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from a maize-soybean rotation under no-till as affected by intercropping with forage grass and nitrogen fertilization	Gazola, B.; Mariano, E.; Mota Neto, L.V.; Rosolem, C.A.	Forage grasses intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) can increase fertilizer N recovery efficiency in agricultural systems. However, their influence on greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions is still unclear when soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is grown in rotation. We conducted a two-year (2019–2021) field experiment in Brazil to assess the effect of forage and N fertilization on nitrous oxide (N2O), C dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and NH3 emissions in a maize-soybean rotation. Maize was intercropped with ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Comum), Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzânia) and without forage in the whole plots, as well as fertilized (120 kg N ha−1) or not with N in the split plots. Higher N2O and CO2 fluxes occurred shortly after maize sowing in the first year, with low peaks during the experiment. Methane flux had no notable variation across seasons, even with N addition. Growth of forages did not decrease N2O and CH4 emissions compared with monocropped maize; NH3 far exceeded N2O as an N-loss pathway. Normalized (i.e., yield-scaled) N2O and CH4 emissions were lowest in the second crop year, while ruzigrass and Guinea grass increased such emissions for CO2 and NH3. Despite the well-known benefits of land intensification, intercropping maize with tropical forage grasses is not an effective management practice for mitigating GHG and NH3 relative to maize monocropping. Nonetheless, careful interpretation of the experimental data is advised, given the variable rainfall distribution over the two crop years, which affected gas emissions and crop yields. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.	2024	Agricultural and Forest Meteorology	10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109855	Exclusion reason: Not country or region of interest; 
	Developing a composite weighted indicator-based index for monitoring and evaluating climate-smart agriculture in India	Singh, S.N.; Bisaria, J.; Sinha, B.; Patasaraiya, M.K.; Sreerag, P.P.	Climate change is a serious concern that threatens global food security in several ways and exerts pressure on the already stressed agriculture system. The future prediction of a decline in the yield of major food grains like rice, wheat, and maize due to adverse impacts of increased warming and other climatic variabilities paves the way to shift the existing agriculture practices to more resource-efficient agriculture. This has entailed the government promoting climate-smart agriculture with its triple objectives, i.e. adaptation, mitigation, and food security. The current study developed a composite weighted indicator-based index to compute climate smartness score (CSS) at the farm level in India and tested its effectiveness in measuring the climate resilience of the farmers in Sehore, Satna, and Rajgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh, India, who adopted climate-smart practices in a pilot project. Thirty-four indicators grouped in five dimensions were selected from relevant peer-reviewed articles and various technical documents through an intensive literature review. These indicators were validated through online and offline expert consultation with ninety-two experts and farmers, and weights were assigned using AHP-express. The study inferred that the final scores and weightage across dimensions and the indicators did not differ significantly, implying that each dimension and indicator is important. A strong positive linear relationship between the climate smartness score and the crop yield further suggested that the wider adoption of these interventions would reduce the climate risk in agriculture for farming communities. This framework would help monitor the effectiveness of various climate-smart agriculture programmes and improve the implementation and upscaling of such programmes. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.	2024	Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change	10.1007/s11027-024-10109-5	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Climate-Smart Agriculture in South Asia: exploring practices, determinants, and contribution to Sustainable Development Goals	Naveen, N.; Datta, P.; Behera, B.; Rahut, D.B.	In the face of unprecedented challenges arising from climate change, Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) emerges as a holistic solution for South Asia, addressing adaptation, mitigation, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, a substantial knowledge gap exists regarding the current status of CSA practices, the factors influencing their adoption, and the specific SDGs that benefit from such adoption. Within this context, this study undertakes a systematic review of the literature (n = 78) concerning the adoption of CSA practices in South Asia, primarily drawing from three scholarly databases, viz. Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The results show that the widely adopted CSA practices in South Asia are climate-resilient seeds, zero tillage, water conservation, rescheduling planting, crop diversification, soil conservation, and water harvesting, agroforestry. Several factors, such as socio-economic factors (e.g. education, livestock ownership, age, landholding size, and market access), institutional factors (e.g. information and communication technology, credit availability, input subsidies, agricultural training and demonstration, direct cash transfer, and crop insurance), and climatic factors (e.g. increasing temperature, floods and droughts, decrease in rainfall, and delays in rainfall), are the major driving forces behind the adoption of CSA in South Asia. Implications of CSAs have positive impacts primarily on SDG-1, SDG-2, SDG-3, SDG-5, SDG-6, SDG-7, SDG-12, and SDG-13. The findings of this study hold important policy implications for creating an enabling environment that supports the widespread adoption of CSA practices. Key recommendations encompass establishing specialised training centres for women and elderly farmers, leveraging ICT tools, fostering collaboration between small and medium enterprises and agricultural agents, and enhancing market linkages and value chains for CSA products. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.	2024	Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change	10.1007/s11027-024-10126-4	Exclusion reason: literature review or systematic mapping; 
	Do smallholders have a role to play in atmospheric greenhouse gas removal? Insights from western Kenya	Mwaura, F.M.; Ngigi, M.W.; Obare, G.	Despite consensus by the international community on the need for setting targets for reducing emissions or enhancing removal of greenhouse gases, comprehensive strategies for enumerating smallholders’ roles are yet to be designed and tested. Moreover, although smallholders’ role as net greenhouse gas removers has been speculated, evidence of this fact is necessary. A survey of 380 smallholders involved in maize-farming system in four sub-counties of western Kenya representing heterogeneity in agro-ecological zones and postulated biomass cooking energy access and demand was undertaken. The objectives of the study included to i). determine the smallholders’ net role in GHGs’ removals; ii). assess the presence of differences in smallholders’ emission status for an identical system but in dissimilar agro-ecological zones iii). relate atmospheric GHG removers to households' socio-economic characteristics and iv). enumerate a cost-effective approach of estimating atmospheric greenhouse gases emissions and removal. Greenhouse gas emissions and removal activity data, default emission factors and outcomes of allometric equations based on existing secondary sources were incorporated into the primary database from the survey to derive smallholders’ roles as net GHG removers. Economic models were used to derived the drivers of GHG removal. Most smallholders were net CO2e removers with differences among them and the sampled sub-counties associated with intensity in adoption of the maize-agroforestry system and levels of biomass utilization. Net CO2e removers significantly (p < 0.05) reared more livestock, utilized more fertilizer at both planting and topdressing stages, reported higher maize yields and had planted more trees than those who were net dischargers. Factors influencing the probability (p < 0.05) of smallholder being a net carbon remover included household size, maize yield, land owned and adoption of energy saving cooking stoves. Emission mitigation practices reported were compatible with food security, agricultural commercialization and the welfare enhancing production operations. The approach adopted in enumerating greenhouse gases emission and removal could highly enhance developing countries reporting the National GHG's Inventories and pin-point intervention options. © 2024	2024	Scientific African	10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02206	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Validation of the efficiency of arsenic mitigation strategies in southwestern region of Bangladesh and development of a cost-effective adsorbent to mitigate arsenic levels	Hossain, M.I.; Bukhari, A.; Almujibah, H.; Alam, M.M.; Islam, M.N.; Chowdhury, T.A.; Islam, S.; Joardar, M.; Roychowdhury, T.; Hasnat, M.A.	World's highest arsenic (As) contamination is well-documented for the groundwater system of southwestern region (mainly Jashore district) of Bangladesh, where the majority of inhabitants are underprivileged. To mitigate As poisoning in southwestern Bangladesh, numerous steps have been taken so far by the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Among them, digging deep tube wells and As removal by naturally deposited Fe(OH)3 species are being widely practiced in the contaminated areas. However, these actions have been left unmonitored for decades, making people unaware of this naturally occurring deadly poison in their drinking water. Hence, water samples (n = 63, both treated and untreated) and soil samples (n = 4) were collected from different spots in Jashore district to assess the safety level of drinking water and to understand the probable reasons for high As(III) contamination. About 93.7% of samples were found to contain As(III) above 10 μg/L; among them, 38% contained above 50 μg/L. The study shows that current As(III) removal strategies in the study area are ineffective. In this connection, a simple low-cost As(III) removal adsorbent is proposed that can be prepared with very cheap and locally available materials like iron sludge and charcoal. The adsorbent was characterized in terms of SEM, EDX, and XPS. The optimal dosage of the adsorbent was investigated for real-life application concerning several vital water quality parameters. The Fe–C adsorbent exhibited a maximum As(III) removal efficiency of 92% in real groundwater samples. The study will allow policymakers for informed decision-making regarding water body management as well as enable the local people to avail As-safe water in a way that aligns with their economic factors. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd	2023	Journal of Environmental Management	10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119381	Exclusion reason: No mitigation focus; 
	Balancing co-benefits and trade-offs between climate change mitigation and adaptation innovations under mixed crop-livestock systems in semi-arid Zimbabwe	Homann-Kee Tui, S.; Valdivia, R.O.; Descheemaeker, K.; Sisito, G.; Moyo, E.N.; Mapanda, F.	Achieving Zimbabwe’s national and international commitments to food systems transformation and climate resilience building is of high priority. Integrated simulation-based research approaches developed under the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) are important sources of evidence to guide policy decisions towards sustainable intensification. Through the identification of economically viable, socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable development pathways, the analysis in this study evaluates co-benefits and trade-offs between climate change adaptation and mitigation interventions for vulnerable smallholder crop-livestock holdings in the semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. We explore how climate effects disrupt the livelihoods and food security for diverse farm types, the extremely vulnerable and those better resource endowed but facing high risks. In an iterative process with experts and stakeholders, we co-developed context specific development pathways. They include market-oriented adaptation and mitigation interventions and social protection mechanisms that would support the transition towards more sustainable intensified, diversified and better integrated crop-livestock systems. We assess the trade-offs associated with adoption of climate-smart interventions aimed at improving incomes and food security but that may have consequences on GHG emissions for the different pathways and farm types. The approach and results inform the discussion on drivers that can bring about sustainable intensification, and the extent to which socio-economic benefits could enhance the uptake of emission reducing technologies thereof. Through this strategy we evaluate interventions that can result in win–win outcomes, that is, adaptation-mitigation co-benefits, and what this would imply for policies that aim at transforming agri-food systems. © 2023, The Author(s).	2023	CABI Agriculture and Bioscience	10.1186/s43170-023-00165-3	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Revisiting the effects of the Ethiopian land tenure reform using satellite data. A focus on agricultural productivity, climate change mitigation and adaptation	Rampa, A.; Lovo, S.	This study examines the effects of the land registration and certification programme introduced in 1998 in the Tigray region of Ethiopia on agricultural productivity, climate change mitigation and adaptation. We use satellite-based measures of greenness and implement a difference-in-differences approach, comparing pixels on both sides of the Tigray-Amhara regional border. Results show positive and persistent effects of the programme on agricultural productivity and climate change mitigation. By examining years when adverse climate and weather events occurred, we also find evidence of increased adaptation to climate change. We show that our results are consistent with the reform enhancing farmers’ tenure security and inducing an increase in the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices. © 2023 The Authors	2023	World Development	10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106364	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Assessing Future Precipitation Patterns, Extremes and Variability in Major Nile Basin Cities: An Ensemble Approach with CORDEX CORE Regional Climate Models	Gamal, G.; Nejedlik, P.; El Kenawy, A.M.	Understanding long-term variations in precipitation is crucial for identifying the effects of climate change and addressing hydrological and water management issues. This study examined the trends of the mean and four extreme precipitation indices, which are the max 1-day precipitation amount, the max 5-day precipitation amount, the consecutive wet days, and the consecutive dry days, for historical observations (1971–2000) and two future periods (2041–2060/2081–2100) under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios over the Nile River Basin (NRB) at 11 major stations. Firstly, the empirical quantile mapping procedure significantly improved the performance of all RCMs, particularly those with lower performance, decreasing inter-model variability and enhanced seasonal precipitation variability. The Mann–Kendall test was used to detect the trends in climate extreme indices. This study reveals that precipitation changes vary across stations, scenarios, and time periods. Addis Ababa and Kigali anticipated a significant increase in precipitation across all periods and scenarios, ranging between 8–15% and 13–27%, respectively, while Cairo and Kinshasa exhibited a significant decrease in precipitation at around 90% and 38%, respectively. Wet (dry) spells were expected to significantly decrease (increase) over most parts of the NRB, especially during the second period (2081–2100). Thereby, the increase (decrease) in dry (wet) spells could have a direct impact on water resource availability in the NRB. This study also highlights that increased greenhouse gas emissions have a greater impact on precipitation patterns. This study’s findings might be useful to decision makers as they create NRB-wide mitigation and adaptation strategies to deal with the effects of climate change. © 2024 by the authors.	2024	Climate	10.3390/cli12010009	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Impact of adoption of climate-smart agriculture on food security in the tropical moist montane ecosystem: The case of Geshy watershed, Southwest Ethiopia	Tilahun, G.; Bantider, A.; Yayeh, D.	The traditional rain-fed agriculture system of Ethiopia is suffering from climate change impacts and extremes. It must be improved to feed the growing population and create a resilient society. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is currently promoted as an approach intended to increase sustainable agricultural productivity, enhance household resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study was, therefore, undertaken to examine how food security can be improved by the adoption of multiple climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices of smallholder farmers in a moist tropical montane ecosystem of Southwest Ethiopia. Data was collected from 384 purposively selected households through cross-sectional study design using a semi-structured questionnaire. Eight Focus group discussions and fifteen key informant interviews were also conducted to check the reliability of the survey data collected. In the study area, a total of eighteen CSA practices, adopted by farmers, were identified. Using principal component analysis, these practices were further grouped into five packages and a multinomial endogenous switching regression model was used to link these packages to the food security status. The findings revealed a great variation in the proportion of households using CSA practices where 92.3 % were using crop management practices whereas 11.2 % were using soil and water conservation practices. The study found that the maximum effect of CSA adoption on food security was by farmers who adopted all the five category CSA technologies. Households that adopted this package were more food secure by 41.2 % in terms of per capita annual food expenditure, 39.8% in terms of Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), and 12.1% in terms of Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS) than the non-adopters. The adoption of this group of practices was further influenced positively by farm size, gender, and productive farm asset values. Using CSA practices in combinations and to a relatively larger extent can potentially solve food security problems. Motivating farmers by providing income-generating activities and discouraging land fragmentation through public education is essential. This in turn improves CSA adoption and initiates production assets investment that can absorb climate change risks. © 2023	2023	Heliyon	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22620	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Evaluating the impact of ponds on flood and drought mitigation in the Bagmati River Basin, Nepal	Gautam, K.; Corzo, G.	This study investigates the effectiveness of ponds as a nature-based solution (NBS) to concurrently ameliorate flood and drought impacts, emphasizing the need for an integrated response to multi-extreme hydrological events. We incorporate ponds into agricultural landscapes in the Bagmati River Basin of Nepal and assess their performance using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWATþ). Six different scenarios are thoroughly explored to see how these interventions affect the main components of the water balance, such as surface run-off, lateral flow, percolation, and evapotranspiration. The spatial efficiency of the ponds, particularly in their immediate surroundings and downstream areas, has been proven to be a crucial factor in their overall efficacy in attenuating extremes, which increases with the size of the intervention area. Although the effects of ponds on floods and droughts are minor, they could be significantly magnified by a synergistic use of other NBS tactics, such as conservation tillage or soil conservation techniques. Future studies should establish the most appropriate sites and volumes for these interventions, as well as further investigate the possible advantages of several NBS, to optimize flood and drought management in the Bagmati River Basin and other similarly susceptible places. © 2023 The Authors.	2023	Hydrology Research	10.2166/nh.2023.050	Exclusion reason: No mitigation focus; 
	Assessment of Irrigation Water Management Performance Indicators and Mitigation Measure in Arba Minch Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia	Gebeyhu Reta, B.; Dagalo Hatiye, S.; Muluneh Finsa, M.	Irrigated agriculture has been practiced in Ethiopia for several centuries and performance of scheme was poor due to inadequate irrigation water management practices. This study was conducted to evaluate irrigation water management indicators and to suggest possible mitigation measure for Arba Minch irrigation scheme. Primary data such as field and canal flow, soil moisture content, and canal slope were measured on field and soil physical properties were evaluated in the laboratory. Utilizing climate and crop data, the CropWat 8 model was employed to estimate seasonal crop water requirements, while furrow and border irrigation dimensions were designed using SURDEV software. The average field application efficiency (30%), storage efficiency (76%), percolation losses (66%), and overall efficiency (25%). The average relative water and irrigation supply in the scheme were 1.7 and 3.3, respectively. The mean water and land productivity of the wheat, onion, pepper, watermelon, and maize of the Arba Minch irrigation scheme were 0.1 kg/m3 and 0.5 ton/ha, 0.9 kg/m3 and 4.9 ton/ha, 1.5 kg/m3 and 6.2 ton/ha, 0.5 kg/m3 and 0.6 ton/ha, and 0.9 kg/m3 and 4.2 ton/ha, respectively. Watermelon had the highest net returns per hectare ($1,693), followed by onion ($1,829), pepper ($1,221), and wheat ($1,057). In terms of net returns per cubic meter of water, onion led with $0.3, followed by watermelon ($0.2), pepper and wheat with the lowest at $0.1 (top of form). The average value conveyance efficiency, water surface elevation ratio and manning coefficient were 82%, 42%, and 0.06%, respectively. The existing, and corrected length were 843 and 135 m (border irrigation) and 20 and 595 m (furrow irrigation), respectively. In conclusion, the Arba Minch irrigation scheme was very poor performance and low efficiency. To address these issues, farmers and irrigation authorities implement improved irrigation water management practices. Policymakers should promote sustainable water management and explore crops with higher water productivity for overall scheme improvement.  © 2024 Birara Gebeyhu Reta et al.	2024	Advances in Agriculture	10.1155/2024/5596514	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	A review of the carbon sequestration potential of fruit trees and their implications for climate change mitigation: The case of Ethiopia	Gelaye, Y.; Getahun, S.	Carbon sequestration is defined as the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Fruit crops are indispensable both for climate change mitigation and ensuring food security. However, the impact of fruit trees is not adequately investigated. This review assesses the carbon sequestration potential of fruit trees and their implications for climate change mitigation. Fruit trees use photosynthesis to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and assimilate it into their cellulose, lowering atmospheric buildup. Horn of Africa is the most vulnerable region for climate change, and Ethiopia is also facing unpredictable weather, which brings sporadic floods and droughts that harm the agricultural sectors. Dramatic rise of CO2 from 280 ppm in 1850 to 420.2 ± 0.5 ppm in 2023 is reported to link with human activity. In most Ethiopian farms, multipurpose fruit trees are rarely cultivated, and the only experience is planting trees in the homestead areas. Even though fruit trees have an enormous potential to store carbon, the destruction of those trees is also results greenhouse gas. Tree plants, including fruit trees, are thought to absorb 0.42 to 0.65 pentagrams of carbon per year. Above- and below-ground biomasses have been described to sink more than 40% of carbon. Agroforestry practices should adopt all fruit species on the basis of carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation in their growing stratum. Therefore, in order to oblige countries to adopt versatile fruit trees to meet food and nutrition security, carbon sequestration, and climate change mitigation efforts should have both political and economic sustainability. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.	2024	Cogent Food and Agriculture	10.1080/23311932.2023.2294544	Exclusion reason: literature review; 
	Carbon footprint of smallholder rain-fed sorghum cropping systems of Kenya: A typology-based approach	Musafiri, C.M.; Kiboi, M.; Ng'etich, O.K.; Okoti, M.; Kosgei, D.K.; Ngetich, F.K.	Agricultural ecosystems are the main sources of soil-atmosphere exchange (methane-CH4, Carbon dioxide-CO2 and Nitrous oxide -N2O) in sub-Saharan African countries, including Kenya. To feed the ever-growing population, there is a need to identify agricultural management practices to increase food production while reducing GHG emissions for climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study aimed to estimate the GHG balance at the farm scale and identify environmental hotspots and mitigation opportunities among smallholder sorghum farms in Western Kenya. The study hypothesized that different intensification levels influenced the GHG balance. The study collected data from 300 smallholder farms in western Kenya. The principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis were used for farm typologies construction. Five farm types were constructed that ranged from no or minimal external inputs and highly intensified, small to large, and low to highly endowed in tropical livestock units. The Cool Farm Tool Excel program model was used to estimate GHG balances. that the sorghum cropping systems were net sinks of soil GHGs. The GHG balance, carbon footprint, and monetary footprint significantly varied across the farm types at p = 0.025, p = 0.018, and p = 0.004, respectively. The GHG balance ranged from – 818.76 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 in manure-intensive and low fertilizer-intensity small farms to 174.29 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 in fertilizer-intensive and moderate manure application rates on small farms. Fertilizer production and direct and indirect emissions (fertilizer application) were the environmental hotspots accounting for 63 and 30 % of the GHG emissions. The carbon and monetary footprints ranged from -1.29 to 0.45 kg CO2 eq. kg sorghum −1 and -2.02 to 0.13 kg CO2 eq. US$−1 generated, respectively. The study established that sorghum cropping systems in Kenya produced limited greenhouse gas emissions. © 2023 The Author(s)	2023	Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy	10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Stakeholder-driven transformative adaptation is needed for climate-smart nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa	Jennings, S.; Challinor, A.; Smith, P.; Macdiarmid, J.I.; Pope, E.; Chapman, S.; Bradshaw, C.; Clark, H.; Vetter, S.; Fitton, N.; King, R.; Mwamakamba, S.; Madzivhandila, T.; Mashingaidze, I.; Chomba, C.; Nawiko, M.; Nyhodo, B.; Mazibuko, N.; Yeki, P.; Kuwali, P.; Kambwiri, A.; Kazi, V.; Kiama, A.; Songole, A.; Coskeran, H.; Quinn, C.; Sallu, S.; Dougill, A.; Whitfield, S.; Kunin, B.; Meebelo, N.; Jamali, A.; Kantande, D.; Makundi, P.; Mbungu, W.; Kayula, F.; Walker, S.; Zimba, S.; Galani Yamdeu, J.H.; Kapulu, N.; Galdos, M.V.; Eze, S.; Tripathi, H.; Sait, S.; Kepinski, S.; Likoya, E.; Greathead, H.; Smith, H.E.; Mahop, M.T.; Harwatt, H.; Muzammil, M.; Horgan, G.; Benton, T.	Improving nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa under increasing climate risks and population growth requires a strong and contextualized evidence base. Yet, to date, few studies have assessed climate-smart agriculture and nutrition security simultaneously. Here we use an integrated assessment framework (iFEED) to explore stakeholder-driven scenarios of food system transformation towards climate-smart nutrition security in Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. iFEED translates climate–food–emissions modelling into policy-relevant information using model output implication statements. Results show that diversifying agricultural production towards more micronutrient-rich foods is necessary to achieve an adequate population-level nutrient supply by mid-century. Agricultural areas must expand unless unprecedented rapid yield improvements are achieved. While these transformations are challenging to accomplish and often associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions, the alternative for a nutrition-secure future is to rely increasingly on imports, which would outsource emissions and be economically and politically challenging given the large import increases required. © 2024, The Author(s).	2024	Nature Food	10.1038/s43016-023-00901-y	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Climate-smart agriculture in Ethiopia: Adoption of multiple crop production practices as a sustainable adaptation and mitigation strategies	Erekalo, K.T.; Yadda, T.A.	Given that Ethiopian agriculture is seriously threatened by climate change, understanding the factors that influencing the adoption of various climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices supports policy interventions to reduce negative effects of climate change. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring determinants of the adoption of multiple CSA practices by focusing on crop production. This study used data from 271 randomly selected smallholder farmers from the Gamo, Gofa and Konso zones of Southern Ethiopia, and a multivariate probit (MVP) model was used to analyze the data. Crop diversification, irrigation, drought-tolerant and early-maturing crop varieties, integrated soil fertility management, and integrated pest management were prominent CSA practices to improve crop productivity, increase adaptivity capacity, and mitigate the adverse climate change effects in the study area. The study's findings indicate that the adoption of CSA practices varies considerably between farmers and agroecology. The MVP simulation result reveals that farmers’ adoption decisions for CSA practices are highly interdependent, indicating that farmers adopt two or more adaptation and mitigation strategies as mutual CSA practices. Furthermore, the regression result reveals that the education level of farmers, extension contact, accessing climate variability information, access to irrigation facilities, and social group participation were similar underlying factors that affected the adoption decision of CSA practices. By providing climate change information, respective organizations should encourage farmers to utilize available alternate irrigation access and climate-resilient crop varieties. In addition, strengthening social norms through agricultural cooperatives and training on the application of integrated pest management and soil fertility management are suggested to spur farmers' CSA uptake. © 2023 The Author(s)	2023	World Development Sustainability	10.1016/j.wds.2023.100099	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Assessing the impacts of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in contrasting slope landscapes of Southern Ethiopia	Masha, M.; Bojago, E.; Belayneh, M.	In Ethiopia in general and in the study area, soil erosion, which is the main cause of land degradation, is a significant environmental and agricultural problem. The efficiency of various land management strategies used over time to reduce their detrimental effects on soil quality and health has been questioned. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of soil and water management methods applied to the Offa District of the Wolaita Zone in southern Ethiopia. A total of 36 composite and core soil samples were taken from the topographies of both conserved and non-conserved fields from the top 20 cm soil depth. The collected soil data were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the mean values of the treatments were separated using the Fisher multiple range test. The results revealed that the physical and chemical properties of soil (pH, Organic carbon, Total nitrogen, Available phosphorus, Cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+), Soil texture, and Bulk density showed a significance difference (p < 0.05) between the measures of soil and water conservation (SWC). The treated soils of Fanya juu, stone bund, and soil bund had the highest soil pH (6.56, 6.56, and 6.11), organic carbon (1.80, 1.62, and 1.76 %), total nitrogen (0.18, 0.16, and 0.17 %), accessible phosphorus (2.72, 2.77, and 1.94 ppm), and all exchangeable basic cations showed higher amount than untreated. The results showed that the implemented SWC structures had high value in restoring and preserving soil nutrients and improving the productive capacity of the soil. This study confirmed the effectiveness of SWC practices in improving soil quality. To achieve soil quality, it's essential to maintain awareness and use of the latest technology. It is strongly advised to highlight the urgent need for SWC training, public awareness, and government support. © 2023 The Authors	2023	Journal of Agriculture and Food Research	10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100876	Exclusion reason: No mitigation focus; 
	Carbon stock potential of highland bamboo plantations in northwestern Ethiopia	Jember, A.A.; Taye, M.A.; Gebeyehu, G.; Mulu, G.; Long, T.T.; Jayaraman, D.; Abebe, S.	Background: In Ethiopia, highland bamboo has been cultivated in various niches: farmlands, riverbanks, woodlot boundaries, and homesteads, and agroforestry systems. However, the biomass and carbon storage of potential of bamboo forests across niches is not well characterized in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the biomass and carbon storage potential of highland bamboo plantations in northwestern Ethiopia. To this end, a total of 60 circular plots measuring 100 m2 with a radius of 5.64 m were randomly established on the homestead, woodlot, and riverbank plantation niches to conduct the inventory. The biomass storage of bamboo was calculated based on previously published allometric equations. Biomass and carbon stock variations among age-classes and niches of bamboo forests were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subsequent pairwise means comparisons of carbon stocks among niches were performed via post hoc Tukey test at p < 0.05. Results: Results showed that the mean aboveground biomass (AGB) ranged from 150.18 – 191.42 Mg ha−1 in the entire niches. The highest amount of AGB was stored in the homestead niche (191.42 Mg ha−1) followed by the woodlot (180.11 Mg ha−1) and riverbank niche (150.17 Mg ha−1), respectively. The highest carbon stock (111.56 Mg C ha−1) was found in the homestead niche while the smallest amount was recorded in the riverbank niche (87.52 Mg ha−1). The homestead bamboo plantation has the highest biomass storage due to the application of manure and natural fertilizer, regular harvesting and management of culms, and protection from illegal harvesting and grazing. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of bamboo plantations in climate change mitigation. Hence, bamboo plantation should be promoted; and natural resource management and forestry departments of the government, Universities, research centers, the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization (INBAR), and other partners should work with local communities to expand bamboo plantation on their homesteads and degraded lands. © 2023, The Author(s).	2023	Carbon Balance and Management	10.1186/s13021-023-00224-2	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Assessment of carbon footprint of milk production and identification of its major determinants in smallholder dairy farms in Karnataka, India	Mech, A.; Devi, G.L.; Sivaram, M.; Sirohi, S.; Dhali, A.; Kolte, A.P.; Malik, P.K.; Veeranna, R.K.; Niketha, L.; Bhatta, R.	Indian dairy enterprise is dominated by smallholder dairy farms that contribute 72% of the country's total milk production. These smallholder dairy farms are often considered to emit substantial greenhouse gases (GHG) but are poor in productive performances. Therefore, it is crucial to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of milk production of the smallholder Indian dairy farms. The primary objectives of the study were (1) Assessing the CF of milk production of smallholder dairy farms through life cycle analysis in south-interior Karnataka, India; (2) Identifying the hotspots of GHG emissions and significant factors influencing the CF of milk production in smallholder dairy production system. The study accounted GHG emissions from different sources and considered multiple functions of the smallholder production system. Estimations were made based on primary data collected from 47 farms and associated secondary data. For estimating the CF of milk production, the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) on a CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) basis from feed production, enteric fermentation, manure management, transport and energy usage were allocated to fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) based on mass balance, price (crop byproducts and residues) and feed digestibility. Principal component analysis and stepwise linear regression analysis were performed to identify the major factors influencing the CF. The average total GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq yr−1 farm−1) attributable to milk production based on mass, economic, and digestibility allocations were 8,936, 8,641, and 8,759, respectively. The contributions of CH4, N2O, and CO2 to the total farm GHG emission were 70.6%, 20.5%, and 7.69%, respectively. The major emission hotspots were CH4 emission from enteric fermentation (66.8%) and GHG emission from feed production (23.0%). The average CF of cradle-to-dairy cooperative milk production varied from 1.45 to 1.81 kg CO2-eq kg FPCM−1. The CF of milk production was more than 2-fold greater, when milk yield was below 3,500 kg lactating cow−1 yr−1. The FPCM yield 100 kg body weight−1, dry matter intake, and CH4 emission from manure management were the strongest determinants of the CF and explained 83.4% of the observed variation. The study emphasized the importance of considering multiple functions of a mixed crop-livestock-based dairy production system for estimating CF per unit of product. The results suggest that maintaining high-yielding dairy animals and adopting appropriate feeding strategies for better feed utilization are the possible effective interventions for reducing the CF of milk production. © 2023 American Dairy Science Association	2023	Journal of Dairy Science	10.3168/jds.2022-22153	Exclusion reason: No mitigation focus; 
	Limiting global warming to 2 °C benefits building climate resilience in rice-wheat systems in India through crop calendar management	Wang, X.; Wang, S.; Folberth, C.; Skalsky, R.; Li, H.; Liu, Y.; Balkovic, J.	CONTEXT: Rice-wheat rotation system (RWS) is the most important food production system in South Asia and contributes approximately 50% of the total food consumed in India. Building climate resilience of RWS in the context of global warming is critical to sustainably feeding the ever-increasing population in India. Prior research has shown a large potential for climate change adaptation in rice and wheat production through cropping calendar adjustment, but the climate resilience of rice-wheat systems remains elusive. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to project coupled changes in the growing seasons of rice and wheat in RWS under global warming, and evaluate climate resilience of RWS productivity in India through crop calendar adjustment. METHODS: We combined an improved Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model with satellite remote sensing data to investigate the coupling of rice and wheat growing seasons in RWS in India. Then, we shifted crop calendars in RWS to simulate optimal planting dates and potential yield changes of rice and wheat under contrasting global warming scenarios. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We show that farmers will face a yield trade-off between monsoon rice and dry-season wheat under high greenhouse gas emission scenarios (4 °C warming by the end of the century) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) due to a tighter coupling of crop growing seasons in RWS. Early planting for both monsoon rice and dry-season wheat is recommended in the current climate, but the strategy does not apply to future climate change scenarios in the IGP. Limiting global warming below 2 °C by the end of the century is likely to improve RWS productivity by 14% in irrigated systems and 21% in rainfed systems, and keep sufficient maneuvering space for resilient planting strategies in the future. SIGNIFICANCE: Our analysis emphasizes that failure to fulfill the pledges of the Paris Agreement will result in not only higher crop damage but also more challenging climate adaptation planning in RWS in India. © 2023	2024	Agricultural Systems	10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103806	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Perception of agroforestry practices and factors influencing adoption among shifting cultivators in Tripura, India	Mathur, I.; Bhattacharya, P.	Agroforestry, with benefits including resource diversity, improved nutrition, climate change mitigation, and increased income, can ensure financial stability for small farmers by diversifying yields. However, its widespread adoption in traditional farming communities encounters challenges. Focusing on two districts in Tripura with resettled former shifting cultivation-dependent communities, the study used a mixed methods approach, collecting data from 221 households, assessing socio-economic status, farming practices, and agroforestry adoption. Statistical analyses revealed that most common commercial species were Arecanut, Rubber, Jackfruit, and Pineapple, and households practicing agroforestry had notably higher annual farm incomes over other systems. Over 80% households recognized agroforestry's self-sufficiency, with 50% noting improved financial security, diversity, and coping capacity. Socio-economic benefits were better understood than environmental benefits. Plot diversity variations were influenced by seed procurement source, system type, and tribe. Challenges in adopting scientific agroforestry, such as long maturation, land insufficiency and labor demands, were identified. Suggested solutions included increased seed availability, more land for agroforestry, and skill training. This study emphasizes the potential of agroforestry in offering sustainable livelihoods to traditional smallholders and promoting agroecological sustainability in the North-eastern Region of India. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	2024	Forests Trees and Livelihoods	10.1080/14728028.2023.2286022	Exclusion reason: No mitigation focus; 
	Central Role of Nitrogen Fertilizer Relative to Water Management in Determining Direct Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Global Rice-Based Ecosystems	Song, H.; Zhu, Q.; Blanchet, J.-P.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, K.; Li, T.; Zhou, F.; Peng, C.	The increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration stems from the development of agriculture. However, N2O emissions from global rice-based ecosystems have not been explicitly and systematically quantified. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the spatiotemporal magnitudes of the N2O emissions from global rice-based ecosystems and determine different contribution factors by improving a process-based biogeochemical model, TRIPLEX-GHG v2.0. Model validation suggested that the modeled N2O agreed well with field observations under varying management practices at daily, seasonal, and annual steps. Simulated N2O emissions from global rice-based ecosystems exhibited significant increasing trends from 0.026 ± 0.0013 to 0.18 ± 0.003 TgN yr−1 from 1910 to 2020, with ∼69.5% emissions attributed to the rice-growing seasons. Irrigated rice ecosystems accounted for a majority of global rice N2O emissions (∼76.9%) because of their higher N2O emission rates than rainfed systems. Regarding spatial analysis, Southern China, Northeast India, and Southeast Asia are hotspots for rice-based N2O emissions. Experimental scenarios revealed that N fertilizer is the largest global rice-N2O source, especially since the 1960s (0.047 ± 0.010 TgN yr−1, 35.24%), while the impact of expanded irrigation plays a minor role. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the rice-based ecosystem in the global agricultural N2O budget; further, it quantitively demonstrated the central role of N fertilizer in rice-based N2O emissions by including rice crop calendars, covering non-rice growing seasons, and differentiating the effects of various water regimes and input N forms. Our findings emphasize the significance of co-management of N fertilizer and water regimes in reducing the net climate impact of global rice cultivation. © 2023. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.	2023	Global Biogeochemical Cycles	10.1029/2023GB007744	Exclusion reason: No mitigation focus; 
	Nitrous oxide emissions dynamics in Indian agricultural landscapes: Revised emission rates and new insights	Sahil, F.M.; Narayanan, M.; Ilampooranan, I.	In the past five decades, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Indian agricultural landscapes have significantly increased, making India the fifth-largest emitter of N2O globally (∼4.8%). The few studies that evaluated N2O at the India scale using a bottom-up approach were constrained to a brief period and employed country-level emission factors (EFs), despite the availability of long-term inventory data and spatially varying EFs. To fill this gap and comprehend the spatio-temporal N2O emissions dynamics at the district-level across India, this study created district- and crop-specific N2O EFs from 82 field plot studies with 861 observations across 13 locations. Through these improved EFs, district-level emissions were calculated from 1966 to 2017 using a modified IPCC Tier I-Tier II approach (specific EFs for synthetic fertilizer, animal manure, and crop residue return) and highlighted significant spatio-temporal drivers. Total N2O emissions in Indian agricultural soils increased from 73.7 ± 3.3 Gg in 1966–279.3 ± 15.8 Gg in 2017. The increase in total N2O emissions (3.9 Gg yr−1) from 1966 to 2017 is associated with the increase in crop production (4.1 Tg yr−1) driven by the increase in fertilization (0.3 Tg yr−1). N2O emissions from synthetic fertilizer, animal manure, crop residue return, soil organic matter, volatilization, leaching, and runoff increased from 1966 to 2017. On the national scale, N2O emissions from synthetic fertilization accounted for 57% in 2017, followed by animal manure (15%) and soil organic matter (9%). While the national emission totals are dominated by synthetic fertilizer application, district-level analyses revealed the possibility of the highest contributions from animal manure, crop residue return, and soil organic matter in 18% of the districts. The overall uncertainty from this modified method and refined EFs was 5.1%. This study is the first to capture long-term N2O dynamics at the district scale from Indian agricultural soils. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.	2023	Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment	10.1016/j.agee.2023.108639	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Eight-year impacts of conservation agriculture on soil quality, carbon storage, and carbon emission footprint	Naorem, A.; Jayaraman, S.; Sinha, N.K.; Mohanty, M.; Chaudhary, R.S.; Hati, K.M.; Mandal, A.; Thakur, J.K.; Patra, A.K.; Srinivasarao, C.; Chaudhari, S.K.; Dalal, R.C.; Lal, R.	The conventional method of intensive tillage alters the soil environment, destroys soil aggregates, depletes soil organic carbon (SOC), emits more carbon, requires higher energy, alters microbial activities and ultimately degrades the soil health. These ill-effects of conventional tillage can be severe in rainfed soils with poor workability such as Vertisols of Central India. To minimize these negative effects of conventional tillage (CT), conservation agricultural (CA) practices such as reduced tillage (RT) and no-till (NT) with crop residue retentions are advocated as sustainable practices that can improve the soil health. Four cropping systems [soybean+pigeonpea (CS1); soybean–wheat (CS2); maize–chickpea (CS3); maize+pigeonpea (CS4)] were established as sub-plots under CT, RT and NT management. Soil samples were collected at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm depths. The effects of 8 years of continuous use of CA were evaluated on soil physical, chemical and biological properties in Vertisol of Central India. After that, 20 key soil properties were subjected to calculating soil quality indices (SQI) in each tillage systems. Results indicated that mean weight diameter (MWD) and water-stable aggregates (WSA) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in NT (1.57 mm and 79.4%) and RT (1.05 mm and 76.2%) than CT (0.71 mm and 63.8%) at 0–10 cm depth, respectively. The soil under NT had the highest SOC concentration (1.12%) followed by that under RT (1.02%), and the least was found in CT (0.91%) at 0–10 cm depth. The proportion of large macro-aggregates (LM) was the highest under NT than CT (P < 0.05) whereas that of micro-aggregates was highest under CT. The aggregate associated organic C (AOC) tended to decrease with the decrease of aggregate size. Soil dehydrogenase activity, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity, β-glucosidase activity and easily extractable glomalin content were significantly higher under NT than CT (P < 0.05). The soil quality index was significantly highest in NT, followed by RT and CT at all soil depths. CA based practices favoured carbon storage, lowered carbon emission, foot print and soil quality compared to conventional farming. Therefore, under Vertisols, 8 years of CA practices likely to improve several soil quality indicators, allowing a positive trend for soil preservation. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.	2023	Soil and Tillage Research	10.1016/j.still.2023.105748	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Quantifying the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in Punjab (India) agriculture	Ranguwal, S.; Sidana, B.K.; Singh, J.; Sachdeva, J.; Kumar, S.; Sharma, R.K.; Dhillon, J.	It is inevitable to acknowledge the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE)’s primary role in the planet's rising temperatures, which poses threat to ecosystem's sustainability. In India, a 18% of the total GHGE comes from agriculture. Agricultural systems, being complex, need highly efficient energy usage to ensure better yields, and hence, farmer income and food security. Within India, Punjab is the state with greatest agro-economic impact. Therefore, present study is an attempt to quantify the GHGE and energy use efficiency (EUE) in major crops (cotton, maize, paddy, wheat, and sugarcane) of Punjab based on 2019–2020 data. Results revealed that the direct energy and non-renewable energy contribution significantly exceeded the indirect energy and renewable energy, in all crops except sugarcane. Electricity and fertilizers were noted as key areas for energy sink for all crops studied. The specific energy based on economic yield was realized to be significantly higher in cotton (10.23 MJ Kg−1), followed by paddy (5.28 MJ Kg−1), and less than 5 MJ Kg−1 for other crops. High energy intensity indicates that there exists a better potential for further improvement in the energy productivity of cropping systems. In terms of total input-output energy, net energy gain and EUE, sugarcane was noted to be at the top, followed by paddy among other seasonal crops. Paddy was found to emit the highest CO2 eq. emissions (6718 kg CO2 eq. ha−1) of all crops and around 60% was contributed solely by methane (CH4) due to paddy cultivation in submerged water. Thus, optimizing fertilizer rates, precisely guided irrigation systems, adoption of resource conservation technologies (RCTs) i.e., DSR, Laser leveling, minimizing crop residue burning, and using them for energy supply are among best possible alternatives for improving EUE and reducing GHGE. © 2023 The Author(s)	2023	Energy Nexus	10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100238	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Synergies and trade-offs of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices selected by smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed, Southwest Ethiopia	Tilahun, G.; Bantider, A.; Yayeh, D.	Studies on mainstreaming climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices can increase smallholder farmers’ capacity and awareness to improve food security and establish sustainable livelihoods through resilient agricultural systems, while achieving adaptation and mitigation benefits. Hence, valuable insights can be obtained from smallholder farmers in responding to present and forthcoming challenges of climate change impacts. However, there is little research work on trade-off and synergy assessments. Taking Geshy watershed in Southwest Ethiopia as a case study area, both quantitative and qualitative data analysis were undertaken in this study. The data were collected from 15 key informant interviews, 6 focus group discussions, and 384 households to answer the following questions: (1) what are the top 5 preferred CSA practices for smallholder farmers in Geshy watershed when coping with the impacts of climate change? (2) What is the performance of the preferred CSA practices? And (3) which trade-offs and synergies are experienced upon the implementation of CSA practices? The study came up with the most preferred CSA practices such as the use of improved crop varieties, small-scale irrigation, improved animal husbandry, the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers, and crop rotation with legumes. The selected CSA practices showed that the productivity goal exhibit the best synergy, while the mitigation goal has trade-offs. The study also has shown that the use of improved crop varieties causes high synergies in all 3 goals of CSA practices; small-scale irrigation provides a medium synergy on productivity goal but high synergy for adaptation and mitigation goals; improved animal husbandry shows a high synergy with the adaptation goal, a relatively lower synergy with the productivity goal, and a trade-off with the mitigation goal; the use of efficient inorganic fertilizers shows maximum synergy for the productivity and adaptation goals; and crop rotation with legumes exhibits high synergy with the productivity and mitigation goals but a relatively lower synergy with the adaptation goal. These results can provide evidence to various stakeholder farmers in the value chain that the impacts of climate change can be addressed by the adoption of CSA practices. In general, CSA practices are considered indispensable. Smallholder farmers prefer CSA practices that help to increase crop productivity and household resilience to climate change impacts. The results generate a vital foundation for recommendations to smallholder farming decision-makers. It also sensitizes actions for innovative and sustainable methods that are able to upscale the preferred CSA practices in the agricultural system in Geshy watershed of Southwest Ethiopia and other regions. © 2023 Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences.	2023	Regional Sustainability	10.1016/j.regsus.2023.04.001	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Pathways and determinants of sustainable energy use for rice farms in India	Nayak, H.S.; Parihar, C.M.; Aravindakshan, S.; Silva, ‪.V.; Krupnik, T.J.; McDonald, A.J.; Kakraliya, S.K.; Sena, D.R.; Kumar, V.; Sherpa, S.R.; Bijarniya, D.; Singh, L.K.; Kumar, M.; Choudhary, K.M.; Kumar, S.; Kumar, Y.; Jat, H.S.; Sidhu, H.S.; Jat, M.L.; Sapkota, T.B.	Rice cultivation in the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India is often associated with high energy use, calling into question its sustainability. We applied a bootstrapped meta-frontier with a truncated regression to a database of 3,832 rice farms from the input-intensive rice production tracts of the Northwestern IGP as part of an assessment of energy use efficiency aimed at identifying entrypoints for more sustainable and efficient practices. District-specific technical efficiency score ranged between 0.68 and 0.99, with a mean of 0.86–0.90, suggesting an average potential for improvement in energy use efficiency of 10–14% within each district. Observed mean meta-frontier technical efficiency scores ranged between 0.60 and 0.81. On average, energy use efficient farms had 42% or higher energy use efficiency in the districts of Ambala, Fatehgarh Sahib, and Karnal. In contrast, in other districts efficient farms had 5-19% higher energy use efficiency than the inefficient farms. Higher rates of tillage, irrigation, and fertilizer application were identified among inefficient farms, with patterns of energy use efficiency varying to some extent between study districts. Both efficient and inefficient farms in Kapurthala and Ludhiana exhibited similar patterns of energy for tillage and land preparation, whereas the energy output from both efficient and inefficient farms were similar in Kurukshetra. These data suggest that in order to improve the efficiency of energy use in rice farms in the Northwestern IGP, district-level policy interventions and incentives might be required. The methodological approach and evidence provided in this study may be of use to identify pathways toward sustainable energy use in other intensively managed rice production landscapes in other countries. Similar analyses that employ meta-frontier and truncated regression approaches can be carried out for other performance indicators, for example profitability and carbon footprints, to explore and identify management and policy interventions to assist farmers to more appropriately utilize scarce and costly resources. © 2023 The Authors	2023	Energy	10.1016/j.energy.2023.126986	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Carbon stock, aggregate stability and hydraulic properties of soils under tillage, crop rotation and mineral fertiliser application in sub-humid Zimbabwe	Jephita, G.; Jefline, K.; Willis, G.; Justice, N.	Appropriate tillage and crop diversifications can improve soil quality leading to yield sustainability. Our objective was to quantify tillage, crop rotation and mineral fertiliser application effects on carbon sequestration, aggregation and soil water movement after two cropping cycles in the smallholder sector of Zimbabwe. Two split-plot experiments were set up at four sites on sandy, loamy and clayey soils. At experiment 1, crop rotation (maize-soya bean; continuous maize) was the main plot and mineral fertiliser ((NPKS (180 N + 30P2O5+30K2O+6.5SO3 kg ha−1); control (no fertiliser added)) was the sub-plot. At experiment 2, tillage (reduced, conventional) was the main plot and mineral fertiliser (NPKS; control) was the sub-plot. Soil samples collected from 0 to 0.2 m and 0.2–0.4 m layers were analysed for soil organic matter (SOM) content, bulk density and proportion of water stable aggregates. Saturated hydraulic conductivities (Ks), steady state infiltration rates (is) and soil sorptivities (Sp) were estimated from fitting field infiltration data into the Phillip model. SOM stocks (mean = 3.483 Mg ha−1) were significantly increased by reduced tillage at the sandy site and higher (p < 0.05) in 0–0.20 m than in 0.20–0.40 m layers at clayey sites. Proportion of water stable aggregates increased (p < 0.05) under reduced tillage compared with conventional tillage and under rotation compared with continuous maize system. Bulk densities were 11% lower (p < 0.05) in the 0–0.20 m than in 0.20–0.40 m layers. The estimated Ks(1 × 10−4-8x10−4 cm s−1) and is (7.08–55 × 10−4 cm s−1) were at least 100% higher (p < 0.05) under rotation compared with continuous maize whilst sorptivities (0.050–0.143 cm s−05) did not vary across the treatments. NPKS fertiliser reduced (p < 0.05) is by up to 1.8 fold compared with the control. Short term adoption of reduced tillage and maize-soya bean rotation can mitigate soil structural degradation; increase water recharging and increase carbon sequestration quicker in sands than in the buffering clays making the practices more relevant in the smallholder sector. © 2023	2023	Heliyon	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15846	Exclusion reason: No digital agriculture; 
	Does conservation agriculture promote sustainable intensification in the rice–wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains in India? Empirical evidences from on-farm studies	Kandpal, A.; Kumara, T.M.K.; Pal, S.	The sustainability of rice–wheat (RW) production system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India is being threa-tened by climate change, and land and water degradation. Conservation agriculture practices provide a nature-based solution by addressing these challenges without affecting food security. In this study, a meta-analysis framework was employed to assess the on-farm economic and environmental impacts of CA in the RW system of the Indian IGP. Results show a higher on-farm yield response of CA in wheat (+5.6%) and a slight reduction