SHARED CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES 

(SCOR) 


SCOR '''ORK PLAN 
(1993-1995) 

International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) 

Sri Lanka Country Programme 


107, Havelock Road, Colombo S, Sri Lanka 


SCOR seeks to increase the users' share of control of natural resources in selected watersheds through partnerships between 

the state and users that contribute to greater production while conserving the natural resources ~ase. SCOR will promote 
integrated planning for the use of land and water resources in two pilot watersheds with spread effects to other areas. The 
SCOR project is a collaborative effort of the Government of Sri Lanka, the United States Agency for International Development 
(USAIDI and the 11M!. 



1. 

~ 2. 

~ 

E 
3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

Figure 1 


Figure 2 

Figure la 

Figure 2a 

Figure 3 


Figure 4 


Figure 5 

Figure 6 

Figure 7 

Figure 8 

Figure 9 

Figure 10 

Figure 11 


Map 1 

Map 2 


Annex 1 

Annex 2 

Annex 3 

Annex 4 

Annex 5 

Annex 6 

Annex 7 

Annex 8 


CONTENTS 

Introd uction ................................. 1 


Huruluwewa Watershed .......................... 2 


Upper-Nilwala Watershed ......................... 6 


Mode of Implementation ........................ 10 


Monitoring and Evaluation ....................... 18 


Proposed research studies under SCOR ............... 25 


Work plan of Huruluwewa Watershed ................ 33 


Work plan of Upper-Nilwala Watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 


Sketch map of current status of 

Meegaswewa Cascade .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. lla 

Anticipated status after SCOR intervention ............ lla 

Typical Landscape Profiel- Huruluwewa Watershed ....... 12 

SCOR Perception of a possible future ................ 12 

Sketch of typical landscape profJle of 

sub-watersheds in Nilwala Watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 13 

Anticipated status of the model landscape in 

Ihala Millawaela sub-watershed after SCOR intervention . . . .. 13 

A minimum set of indicators to monitor group status ...••.. 19 

Databases for generating basic information ............. 20 

Classification of Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 21 

Expenditure classification by major interventions . . . . . . . . 22 

Bi-monthly expenditure statement .•........•........ 23 

Monthly committed expenditure .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Classification by location ...•.................... 24 


Huruluwewa Watershed 
Nilwala Watershed 

Monitoring and Evaluation framework 
Format for Physical progress Reporting 
Format for summary quarterly report on physical progress 
Criteria for user sub-grants 
Selected indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation 
Logical Framework 
Organization Chart 
Monitoring & Evaluation Process - SCOR Project 



SHARED CONTROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES (SCOR) 

SCOR WORK PLAN FOR 


HURULUWEWA AND NILWALA WATERSHEDS (1993-1995) 


1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Purpose 

This document presents the draft work plan of the 'Shared Control of Natural Resources 
(SCOR)' Project. It presents and describes the: rationale for selection of micro 
watersheds for SCOR interventions; the basis for selection of specific themes, 
intervention areas and activities; the approach for planning and implementation of project 
activities; draft work plans for Huruluwewa and Nilwala watersheds; research topics 
proposed to be conducted; and indicators suggested for M&E of the project impact. 

1.2 SCOR Project 

The goal of SCOR is to increase the sustainable productivity of the natural resources base 
in Sri Lanka in ways that will improve people's livelihood beneficially and equitably now 
and in the future with due regard for the environment. To achieve this goal, the project 
seeks to increase the user's share of control of natural resources in selected watersheds 
through partnerships between the state and users that contribute to greater production 
while conserving the natural resources base. SCOR will promote integrated planning in 
the use of land and water resources. See annex 6 and 7 for Logical framework and 
organization chart. 

The Project is implemented in two phases over six years in the two pilot watersheds, Le., 
Huruluwewa (Upper yanoya) watershed in the North Central Province (NCP) and Upper 
Nilwala watershed in the Southern Province (SP), covering a total area about 30,000 ha. 
Maps showing the two watersheds are in map 1 and 2. 

1.3 Approach for planning and implementation 

SCOR is the first project based on watershed principle ever to be implemented in Sri 
Lanka. It has been designed through intensive participatory interaction between resource 
users, provincial and field level officials, selected local consultants of relevant 
disciplines, facilitated by a design team from 11M!. 

The work plans presented herewith have been developed by the two resident SCOR 
teams, on the basis of the simulation planning exercises carried out during the planning 
workshops held between 23 September to 16 October, subsequent consultations with the 
people and the field level agency officials, and intensive field verifications. 

1 



SCOR activities are facilitated by lIMI through a multi-disciplinary team of professionals 
placed in the watershed. The team facilitates the planning and implementation of specific 
project activities by the resources users, relevant state agencies and NGOs in the selected 
geographic areas within the micro watersheds. It is under the direction of Water 
Resources Management Team (WRM1) established at field level and the Provincial 
Steering Committee (PSC) at provincial level. SCOR will follow a learning process 
approach in the planning and implementation of the project. 

The subsequent part of this note presents descriptions for Huruluwewa and Upper 
Nilwala watersheds, separately. 

2. HURULUWEWA WATERSHED 

2.1 Watershed area 

For purpose of SCOR, Huruluwewa watershed is defined as the area covered by the 
catchment of Huruluwewa tank up to Habarana wewa, water-spread area of Huruluwewa 
reservoir, and the area between Huruluwewa dam to the point of confluence of Adappan 
Oya with Yan Oya. The latter area includes the command area under Huruluwewa 
reservoir, highlands, and drainage area. The watershed consists of Yan Oya and 
Huruluwewa irrigation system and, a large number of minor tanks. It is actually the 
upper part of Yan Oya watershed. It falls within the Divisional Secretariat areas of 
Galenbindunuwewa, Palugaswewa, Kekirawa and Horowpatana. The total area covered 
is about 47,700 ha. The area covered by Huruluwewa watershed is shown in map 1. 

The important present land uses are chena, irrigated agriculture, forests, homestead and 
degraded areas. The main problems are lack of water in the Yala and weak management 
in Maha, degradation of the resource base and unorganized resource users. 

2.2 Geographical areas of work 

A few tank cascade systems and micro-watersheds within the main Huruluwewa 
watershed have been identified for intervention in the initial two years. These specific 
areas have been initially identified by the Land Use Policy Planning Division (LUPPD) 
of the Ministry of Lands, on the basis of scientific studies undertaken by them in the 
watersheds. 

The main geographic areas identified for the implementation of SCOR activities in 
Huruluwewa are listed below: 

1. Meegaswewa subwatershed 
2. Mahadivulwewa subwatershed 

2 



3. Kiulekadawewa subwatershed 
4. Drainage area of Huruluwewa irrigation system from Nikawewa upto Ilukwewa anicut. 
5. Huruluwewa command area 
6. Tract 6 area of Huruluwewa including homesteads. 

In addition to the above six areas, the Mahaweli feeder canal from Lenadora to 
Habaranawewa has been included as a special area of intervention by the SCOR. 

It should be noted that some interventions such as integrated planning and coordination 
will not be confined to any geographic area, but will spread over the entire watershed 
and the province. 

2.3. Themes Cor interventions 

During the planning workshops held from 22nd to 18th October at Anuradhapura, at 
which the SCOR team and other relevant officers participated, nine main themes and 
intervention areas were identified. Those were subsequently refined on the basis of field 
reconnaissance and discussions with field level agency officials, community based 
organizations, NGOs and individual users. The final themes culminated at the above 
efforts are listed below. 

a. Stabilization of chena and encroached state lands. 
b. Regeneration of tank eco-systems. 
c. Integrated water management in Huruluwewa watershed. 
d. Sharing resources for improving homesteads. 
e. Ground water development and management. 
f. Land consolidation in minor tanks. 
g. Integrated planning and coordination. 
h. Organizing user groups/user organizations/sub-user councils for production, 

protection and related services. 
1. Research with no interventions. 

2.4 Rationale Cor selection oC themes 

a. Stabilization oC chena and encroached state lands: 

In the Huruluwewa watershed, chena cultivation on both government and private lands 
is very high. Several hundreds of encroached areas are being turned over to the people 
under various programmes. 

Forest lands in the watershed have already been degraded to an alarming level. The 
process of destruction of forest land will probably continue. Because of the rapid rate of 

3 




degradation of forests, drying up of water courses, dwindling of wildlife habitats and 
several other problems have already cropped up. The necessity to protect the existing 
forests and to increase reforestation of badly degraded lands have been stressed in several 
government policy documents. 

be Regeneration of tank eco-systems 

The eco-systems of all the minor tanks and the Huruluwewa reservoir have been 
degraded badly over time. It is generally accepted that the destruction of tank ec0­

systems contributes substantially to the siltation of tanks and development of alkalinity, 
and affects the tank inflows. Its restoration is vital both from production and protection 
perspectives. 

c. Integrated water management in Huruluwewa watershed 

Huruluwewa is a water deficit area. Huruluwewa tank is supplemented by the diversions 
from Mahaweli system via Huruluwewa feeder canal, and its command by a number of 
minor tanks. A number of agro-wells too have been constructed in the watershed. Thus, 
shallow ground water is now available to augment the surface water sources. 

However, a high degree of illicit water tapping is reported along the feeder canal from 
Mahaweli system to Huruluwewa tank. The efficiency of water use along the cascade 
of minor tanks en-route of Mahaweli water to Huruluwewa tank too is reported to be 
low. The augmentation of Huruluwewa system by the minor tanks situated in the 
periphery of the command too takes place without much planning and coordination. 
Drainage return flows from Huruluwewa irrigation system are tapped by the local people 
for cash crop production by lift irrigation. Utilization ofground water through agro-wells 
is carried out by farmers on individual basis. On the whole, there is no proper 
coordination between Mahaweli authorities, Agrarian Services Department, Provincial 
Irrigation Department, and the Irrigation department and individual users for the 
management of water for its optimum use. There is proven potential to improve the 
water use and management with the participation of the relevant agency officials and the 
users on a collective basis. 

d. Sharing resources for improving homesteads 

The capacity of the homesteads in generating food and employment has not been utilized 
satisfactorily. The homesteads should become the focus of integrated crop and livestock 
husbandry to facilitate continued income generation, food supply and employment. There 
has not been any programme focused on this important component of the farming system 
within this watershed. 

.. 




e. Ground water development and management 

A large number of agro-wells have been constructed in Huruluwewa watershed over the 
past few years by the government and individuals for irrigated agriculture. However, 
the ground water development through agro-well construction has been done without 
carrying out proper scientific studies. As a result, no accepted norms and regulations 
have been adopted for the construction of agro-wells. 

While accepting the fact that the ground water can be effectively used for crop 
production and to supplement surface water in Huruluwewa command, the haphazard 
development and use of ground water will be detrimental to the long term sustainability 
of irrigated agriculture as well as to the environment. Signs of deteriorating water 
quality, falling water tables, and declining water yields from existing wells are beginning 
to appear. Thus, a study focusing on the proper development and management of ground 
water is very timely. 

f. Land consolidation in minor tanks. 

Consolidation of small and fragmented lands particularly under the, minor irrigation 
systems is an important determinant of productivity in the dry zone. A few pilot 
interventions done in Sri Lanka provides evidence that consolidation of fragmented land 
holdings scattered over an irrigation command area of a minor tank, which are owned 
by a large number of farmers is practically possible with the willingness and participation 
of the land owners. In the present setting, land consolidation is crucial in improving 
efficiency of water use, productivity and total production. 

g. Organize groups for production, protection, marketing and related services: 

Increased production and improved protection require effective organizational 
mechanisms for sustainability. The lessons and experience in Sri Lanka and elsewhere 
adequately justify the need for organizing groups and linking the groups through proper 
coordinating arrangements such as organizations, committees and councils. Evidence 
from several pilot programmes conducted in the dry zone clearly shows that the basis for 
efficient use of resources has to come from organized groups. There is also high scope 
for providing services required for production and protection through organized groups. 

Strengthening the existing user groups and formation of new user groups, organizations 
and user councils will enhance the production, productivity, incomes, equity and 
sustainability of production and related markets and services. Organization of groups is 
therefore the key to success in production, protection, marketing and other services in 
the watershed. 

5 




h. Integrated planning and coordination 

It is noted that land and water resources management projects and activities are 
implemented by NGOs, CBOs and state agencies in the watershed. Planning of these 
interventions are done on an ad-hoc assessment of the resources base and resources 
potential, and analysis of production constraints. The role of resources users in planning 
is minimal. Also, specific projects and activities are implemented in isolation by various 
agencies and NGOs in their respective fields of specialization with little focus on the key 
problems affecting production, productivity and protection. More often the interventions 
and activities of projects come to a complete halt once the projects are withdrawn. 

Much potential exists to strengthen integrated planning and coordination within the 
Divisional Secretary's division and the Province. SCOR can facilitate the development 
of data and information base, monitoring and evaluation systems and training of officials, 
NGOs and resource users on constraint analysis, rapid appraisal of problems and 
situations, self monitoring and evaluation of programmes etc. At the end, it is required 
to transform from the present 'project' mode to •program me' in conceptualizing, 
planning, implementing, coordinating and evaluating specific development interventions 
in the watershed by line agencies, NGOs and resources users. 

3. UPPER NILWALA WATERSHED 

3.1 Watershed area 

The entire Nilwala watershed covers a total area of 146,280 ha. It comprises of the upper 
Nilwala watershed selected for initial interventions by SCOR, and the lower watershed, 
including the area falling under the Nilwala Ganaga Flood Protection and Drainage 
Scheme (NFPDS). SCOR will not have any interventions in the lower watershed, 
including the area covered by the NFPDS during the first phase. The area selected 
within the upper watersheds (micro watersheds) for SCOR interventions falls within the 
Divisional secretaries divisions of Kotapola, Pasgoda, Neluwa and Pitabeddra. However, 
SCOR activities during the fIrst phase will be mainly within the frrst three DS divisions. 

The main land and land use types within the upper watershed are protected forest, other 
state forests, highlands and homesteads covered with tea, paddy, rubber, coconut, kithul 
and fruit trees. Tea is the dominant agricultural crop. A significant area of the watershed 
is degraded. 

6 




3.2 Geographical area of work 

A few micro watersheds were initially identified by the Land Use Policy Planning 
Division (LUPPD) of the Ministry of Lands, on the basis of topography, ecology, land 
use, land tenure, production and marketing constraints, and the present status of 
environmental degradation, homesteads and resources users. A rapid appraisal of these 
micro watersheds was done by the SCOR team with the LUPPD team through field visits 
during the planning workshop. As a result, the following four micro watersheds have 
been selected for SCOR interventions and activities during the first phase. 

1. Aninkanda 
2. Diyadawa-Tenipita (Deniyaya) 
3. Millewa 
4. Horagala. 

In addition, the interventions in relation to integrated planning and coordination will not 
be confined to the above geographic areas, but will spread over the entire watershed and 
the province. (See map 2) 

3.3 Themes for SCOR interventions 

Five themes have been identified by the SCOR team for Upper Nilwala watershed on the 
basis of the consensus arrived at the planning workshop and through subsequent field 
reconnaissance and discussions with field level agency officials, community based 
organizations (CBOs), NGOs and individual resource users. In addition, SCOR will 
carry out selected research studies without any interventions. The themes embrace the 
five basic SCOR concepts identified as production, protection, shared control, watershed 
approach and focus on poverty. They are stated below. 

1. Sharing management of land and water resources. 
n. Sharing resources for improving homesteads. 

iii Improving tea/paddy culture. 

iv. Organizing groups for production, protection and related services. 
v. Integrated planning and coordination. 
VI. Research with no intervention 

3.4 Rationale for selection of themes 

i. Sharing management of land and water resources: 

Distortion of river flows, as evident from increased flood peaks and reduced base flow 
distribution accompanied with severe erosion and loss of fertile soils, have become 

7 



characteristic phenomena in river Nilwala and other streams over few decades. There 
is consensus among the government officials, NGOs and the users of land and water 
resources that haphazard exploitation and use of lands including reserved forests, other 
state forests, large tea plantations and tea smallholdings, homesteads, river banks, stream 
and road reservations is largely responsible for this situation. 

It is noted that encroachment of state lands in forests, river banks, streaml road 
reservations for growing tea is common in the upper watershed. The remaining natural 
tropical forests too are subject to the threat of encroaching by people for the cultivation 
of tea. The gravity of the situation is evident from the fact that about 1500 acres of 
Diyadawa forest reserve had been encroached recently. The ignorance of farmers for the 
adoption of appropriate soil and moisture conservation in cultivated areas, particularly 
in encroached and private tea smallholdings, has aggravated the threat to land and water 
resources base. 

In the past, the government agencies and NGOs implemented a number of reforestation 
and afforestation projects to combat the threat to resource base. In addition, they 
enforced law and order against encroachers of state lands and destructors of forests 
through the governmental regulatory mechanisms. All these efforts are proved to be not 
very effective because of lack of collective concern of the community and participation 
and support from the local people for those efforts. Also, production-oriented, income 
generating protection and conservation strategies that provide incentives for encroachers 
and farmers have been notably absent in those efforts. As a result, it is noted that the 
degree of encroachment, forest destruction, soil erosion, loss of fertility and drying of 
water courses continue to take place at an alarming level. 

On the hand, there are complexities in tenure arrangements with regard to encroached 
lands. Some encroached lands have been given to the people, while others not. The 
formalities including land survey work in respect of some lands have not yet been 
finalized. The protection and conservation of lands alienated to people remain to be a 
serious problem. 

Time is, therefore, opportune to adopt an innovative approach to motivate and mobilize 
local people to protect the lands in upper watershed. The participation of the local 
people has to be obtained on collective basis, while the conservation efforts have to be 
rewarded through the introduction of conservation techniques and strategies that will 
generate fmancial gains and new land use and tenure arrangements that will guarantee 
the access and acquisition of the benefits of conservation by the people. 

0. Sharing resources for improving homesteads: 

Homestead is a key mosaic of the upper watershed. Tea plants have replaced many 
traditional food crops in homesteads, particularly after the increased price for tea in early 
1980s. Thus, tea plantation constitute a greater part of homesteads as well as the upper 

8 



watershed. Although, it is true that the people derive satisfactory incomes from 
homesteads, further economic benefits can be obtained by harnessing the full production 
potential of the homesteads. This production base can be intensified through the 
introduction of fruit crops, livestock husbandry, and other avenues such as apiculture, 
floriculture growing, horticultural plants and medicinal herbs, which will bring additional 
financial benefits-to the smallholder. However, in the past, no programmes have focused 
on integrated homestead development. SCOR could act the catalysing and facilitating 
role to the NGOs, private sector and the relevant line agencies to: promote new 
production and related value-adding opportunities in the homesteads; organize activity 
based user groups and organizations; and establish markets and other service links for 
primary and value-added products. 

ill. Improve Tea-paddy culture: 

The cross-section of the watershed can be typically characterized as tea-paddy culture, 
which is analogous to typical paddy-chena culture in the dry zone. However, it is 
reported that, except in privately managed tea plantations, tea and paddy yields in 
smallholdings are far below than the potential. 

Typically, many tea smallholder do not adopt proper agronomic practices and soil and 
moisture conservation measures. It is also noted that a prolonged period of dryness 
prevails during early months of the year, resulting in yield reduction of tea and 
substantial plant causalities due to soil-moisture stress. There is potential for minimizing 
yield reductions and losses by introducing proper agronomic practices and soil and 
moisture conservation measures to tea small holdings. SCOR can playa key role in 
facilitating this task. Testing the technical feasibility and economics of supplementary 
irrigation of tea is another possible area of intervention. 

Status of both irrigated and rain-fed paddy cultivation too is not very satisfactory. The 
best use of paddy lands and available water is greatly hindered by fragmentation of paddy 
allotments, poor condition of irrigation facilities due to neglected maintenance, and low 
preference to paddy cultivation by farmers due to high economic returns from tea 
growing. SCOR can intervene in motivating and mobilizing farmers through organized 
groups to rehabilitate and maintain irrigation facilities by sharing capital investments. 
The land productivity can be increased by consolidating fragmented lands of minor 
irrigation schemes. There is potential to integrate latter intervention with the on-going 
World Bank funded National Irrigation Rehabilitation Project (NJRP). 

iv. Organizing groups for production, protection and related services. 

Same as sub-section (g) of section 2 above. 

9 



t 
« 
a: 

v. Integrated planning and coordination. a: 
Same as sub-section (h) of section 2 above. a:: 

ct 
MODE OF IMPLEMENTATION c: 
A number of activities emanate from different interventions identified under the main e:: 
themes as described in the previous sections. The themes, intervention areas and 
activities proposed for Huruluwewa and Nilwala watershed are presented in work plans c 
given in sections 3 and 4 respectively. c: 
Those activities will spread out in geographic space at different locations depending on 
the production and protection needs demanded by specific ecological, socio-economic 
and environmental requirements at those locations. For example, for the proposed 
activities under the theme of 'regeneration of tank ecosystems', focus will be on the 
foreshore (Gasgommana), Perahana and Kattakaduwa, while for those under 'establishing 
chenas in tank catchments', the activities will be distributed in a larger area of the 
catchment of a cascade system. Also, the activities for the preservation and conservation 
of road, river and stream reservations will be carried out along the strips of selected 
reservations, thereby cutting across sub-locations in the sub-watershed. There are many 
sub-locations where such activities could be implemented. 

In view of the need to produce the expected output during the two year first phase of the 
SCOR project, an appropriate mode of implementation was articulated to have focus on 
two contiguous areas, one each in the two pilot watersheds. The selected contiguous 
areas are sub-watersheds of manageable size within the main watershed, having 
characteristic profiles of ecological, socio-economic and environmental features similar 
to that of the respective main watersheds. Action will be taken to demonstrate as much 
activities as appropriate representing different themes in one contiguous block. The full 
coverage of the land space of this sub-watershed will be attempted with the appropriate 
themes, interventions and activities as much as possible to fonn a model that will 
demonstrate the elements of replication in a much larger area during the second phase. 
This 'contiguous area' or 'model watershed' approach of implementation would illustrate 
the various production-protection elements along with their intimate relationships, that 
will have to be incorporated in watershed management in order to produce a sustainable 
land and water resources base. 

This mode of operation with a contiguous area focus will facilitate a convenient 
geographical base for monitoring of the land and water resources management processes 
and activities, and evaluating their outputs and effects leading to the anticipated impact. 

The two selected contiguous areas are Meegaswewa cascade in Huruluwewa watershed 
and Ihala Millawa Ela in Nilwala watershed. While concentrating almost all the themes 

10 



'. 

and many interventions and activities on these subwatersheds, other subwatersheds will 
also continue to have interventions and activities on priority basis and at different 
intensities. 

Figure 1 presents a sketch map of Meegaswewa cascade showing the two tanks, the 
catchment, paddy area and the homesteads, the terrain that slopes to Yan Oya. The 
emptiness depicts the need for conservation (protection) and production. Figure 2 depicts 
the future vision under the intervention of the SCOR project that aims to increase the 
sustainable productivity of these land and water resources. 

Figure la presents the typical landscape profile of Hurulewewa watershed 'With a cascade 
system of two tanks. Figure 2a portrays the possible future for this landscape with SCOR 
intervention. 

Figure 3 presents a profile of the landscape in the sub-watersheds identified for major 
focus in the Upper Nilwala Watershed. A brief account follows of the specific zones 
where intervention is considered necessary. ($ee Figure 4) 

1. RBI tops and hi2h slopes more than 35 de2teeS 

These areas should be under the land cover category of dense forests with 50% 100% 
canopy cover. Most of these areas come under the control of the Forest department. Any 
encroachments will have to be removed with alternative solutions. 

2. Secondary forests 

This zone has many degraded areas that need a production oriented intervention. Agro­
forestry practices with woody perennials and agricultural crops, tapping of available 
resources through user-state partnerships and conservation practices include the 
intervention. 

3. Scrub and commercial croppin2 lands 

This zone offers opportunities for increasing the productivity of land, improve 
conservation, organize existing commercial activities and initiate new commercial 
activities through user sub-grants, conservation farming and other appropriate 
interventions. 

11 




A sketch of Meegaswewa Cascade SurfaceFig: 1 
Conditions in Huruluwewa watershed for 
Meegaswewa Settlement 

f.1"~HA 
PADDY ~ 

Fig: 2 A Possible Future Planned Under SCOR Intervention 

CONSERVATION FARMING 

AVENUE PLANTING 

PADDY 

PERAHANA 

KATTAKADUWA 

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Fig:3 A Typical Landscape Profile Calling for Intervention 
In Upper Nllwala Watershed 

Flg:4 AnUclpated Change In Landscape After 
SCOR Intervention 

rrrl§H7 Forest Cover 

.~r ,.-:... Agro Forestry 

Road Reservation 

~---~-""I:.... 

13 

Home Gardens 

Stream Gard ens 

•• 

~••• n.n. 

~ ... 



I
'. 

• 
G 

4. 	 Homesteads C 
The main focus in this zone is on achieving maximum production and conservation in the C 
homesteads allowing farm based as well as non-farm based activities. 

C 
5. 	 Road reservations 

C 
Road reservations offer a land space that need protection and production through C
sustainable means. Many of such locations add to heavy erosion narrowing the right of 
way threatening the road itself. Avenue planting combined with plant/grass cover and C 
other plants of food/fodder value through user rights integrated with other activities such 
as animal husbandry are considered for intervention in this zone. C 

c:6. 	 Stream reservations 

c 
Stream density is one of the criteria used in the selection of the sub-watersheds in the 
Nilwala Watershed. It is a known fact that streams with stripped banks of their c: 
vegetative cover carry loads of top soil eroding from the exposed land areas creating csiltation, flash floods and many other related problems in the downstream. 

c
Field observations revealed the following existing conditions. 

c 
(1) 	 Parts of the stream banks are eroding with sliding chunks of soils to the stream 

changing the morphology of the stream. c 
(2) 	 Parts of the streams are under a crop by a user as an encroacher on his own or c:on an informal agreement with the owner/user of a larger land holding adjoining 


to the reservation. 
 c 
(3) 	 Parts of the reservations are cropped by the user of the holding adjoining the 

reservation. « 
The intervention in this zone is stream gardens based on the need and wide scope c 
identified for increasing protection with sustainable 'production of the land space of the cstream reservations in the micro-watersheds. Area for the stream gardens will be 
mapped and allocated among users who will have the motivation to protect the existing c 
trees and add new trees of productive value under the arrangement of usufruct rights to 
be granted to such users. Economic value of the current segment of the stream c 
reservation and the total economic value of the stream gardens established will be 
computed. • 

c
Figure 4 presents a sketch of the same landscape apearing in figure 3, portraying the 
anticipated changes after carrying out the interventions described in the foregoing c 
sections. 

c 
c 
c14 

.C 

c 
c 



SUB GRANTS 

The SCOR Project will disburse US $ 141,000 during the period of present co-operative 
agreement. There will be two types of such grants: 

(I) 	 Sub-grants to individual users, user councils, People's companies, user 
organizations and user groups; and 

(II) Sub-grants to NGOs and Private Sector. 


The purpose and disbursement criteria of such grants are described below. 


I. Sub-Grants to Users 

Either the individual user or organized groups users will be eligible for SCOR project 
user grants. A vast majority of SCOR project grants, however, will go to organized user 
groups. The organized groups may include: user groups, user organizations, user 
councils/sub councils, people's companies aimed at production and protection etc. Such 
grants among other things will enable the group (or the individual) to: 

• 	 Show collateral when seeking additional loans through private financial 
institutions; 

• 	 Develop and promote insurance schemes for new crops, conservation schemes and 
investments; 

• 	 Construct storage facilities, markets, terraces, nurseries or other small physical 
infrastructure; 

• 	 Purchase equipment needed to initiate or upgrade joint enterprises to gain 
economies of scale and value added to their production. 

• 	 Join with other user groups to establish revolving funds for conservation of 
investments and/or the purchase of agricultural inputs; and 

• 	 Obtain legal, financial and other services associated with establishing user rights, 
small enterprises and productive ventures. 

With resources user groups that have sufficient financial and technical capability as well 
as solidarity, the project will assist experiments with production companies, outgrower 
systems or other models of production organizations that can achieve economies of scale 
and greater value-added from production, e.g., through processing to enhance house hold 

15 



incomes and reduce demands placed on vulnerable natural resources. Such a mechanism 
will also act as an incentive for users to protect natural resources. 

Criteria & Procedures for Disbursement of Grant Funds: The project's work plan for 
each of the two pilot watersheds has been prepared in consultation with the potential 
beneficiaries. Therefore the formation of new groups and/or strengthening of existing 
groups will be based on the activities included in the work plan. For example, there will 
be organized beneficiary groups for: "stream gardens" or agro-forestry or kitul 
processing etc. Such groups, with the assistance of IIMI-SCOR team and relevant agency 
officials will prepare detail activity plans. Ideally. such an activity plan will take the form 
of a feasible "mini-prmect" aimed of production and protection through shared control. 
The group will first conduct a self evaluation to check the feasibility and strength of such 
mini-projects and submit it to the respective user organization. After modifications (if 
necessary) and approval, the "mini-project" proposal will be submitted to the SCOR 
Project Team. After a participatory appraisal and depending on the magnitude of the 
"mini-project", the SCOR Team may submit the same to higher levels. As indicated 
below, the authorization process will depend on the magnitude of the grant component 
of the "mini-project": 

Fmancial limit Authorizing institution 

a. Up to Rs. 25,000 SCOR project team in consultation with relevant resource 
user group. 

b. Rs. 25,000-100,000 Watershed Resource management team. 

c. Rs. 100,000-500,000 Provincial Steering Committee or WRMT in consultation 
with the Provincial co-ordinator. 

d. Over Rs. 500,000 	 National Steering Committee or WRMT in consultation 
with the provincial and national co-ordinators. 

The proposed arrangement for 'c' and 'd' above include the relevant steering committee 
or the WRMT and the national! provincial co-ordinator. The co-ordinators are assigned 
with such authority because the PSC and NSC meetings are held once in three months 
and the work may suffer if the release of funds is delayed. 

As much as possible the project's user sub-grant allocation will be granted directly to the 
user organizations/councils. The eligibility will depend on the strength of the organization 
and on the strength of the activity plans/mini projects of: a) user organizations; and b) 
user groups of that organization. In short. the prmeet grants will only be given to strong 
mini-prmects forwarded by the strong organizations. Such organizations (or groups within 
organizations) will share the cost of the "mini-projects". 

16 



The SCOR PrQject team will encourage the concerned organization to use the grant 
funding establish a revolving fund for production and protection activities of the 
organization. Such a revolving fund will help the organization to: borrow from a lending 
institution such as a commercial bank. to provide matching grants in the form of a fixed 
deposit scheme in favour of user groups to enable them to raise a loan from a lending 
institution against this deposit etc. 

ll. Sub-Grants to NGOs & Private Sector 

The Project will work with selected private sector entItIes and NGOs which are 
committed to protecting and developing natural resources in cooperation with 
communities. Such NGOs will be engaged to help establish user groups in the pilot areas, 
to carry out training and establish economic linkages and services for groups, to 
undertake land/production consolidation work, to establish peoples companies, to 
undertake monitoring and evaluation with user groups and communities to raise 
environmental consciousness, and to integrate such considerations into production 
planning and implementation. 

By contracting with NGOs and private sector for such project related undertakings their 
skills and commitment for participatory natural resources management are expected to 
increase. 

The criteria and procedures for disbursement of funds will be much similar to those of 
user grants. Annex 4 presents the criteria used in providing user grants. 

ID. Proposed Disbursement Plan 

1994 1995 Total 
Rs.M

1 2 3 4 1 2 4 

User Grants 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.8 1.1 1.0 6.0 

NGO/PS Grants 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.2 0.20 0.20 0.15 1.05 

17 




• • • 

.5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 

The monitoring and evaluation system (M&ES) of the SCOR project has been designed 
to reflect the project performance in respect of its use of inputs, generation of planned 
output, expected effects and anticipated impact. Such reflection is expected to help steer 
the project towards its declared goals. The broad Monitoring and Evaluation framework 
is presented in annex 1. 

The M&ES is a part of the broad Management Information System (MIS) of the SCOR • 
project. The four major functions viz. data capture and entry, store and retrieve, ~ 
processing and analysis and display and report of SCOR MIS will facilitate the planning 

Cand implementation process of SCOR activities supported by a Geographic Information 
System (GIS). • 
SCOR M&ES is structured to collect information that would reflect and highlight any ~ 
differences between 

t 
(a) 	 the targets, and the actual use of planned financial and physical resources inputs 

tIutilized to create the planned output, 
(b) 	 the targets, and the actual direct outputs produced from those inputs, tI 
(c) 	 the targets, and the expected effects that are observable in the short run as the 

outcome of the increased utilization of the produced output. •(d) 	 Change of certain processes and physical properties that are directly relevant to 
the generation of promised outputs, permitting monitoring with such a frequency •
to extract useful information for SCOR project interventions. • 

To accomplish the first task above, SCOR M&ES will use a financial monitoring system 
linked to its physical progress monitoring system. For the other tasks, the physical • 
progress monitoring system will generate information from the field level up-wards. See tI 
Annex 8. • 
Physical progress monitoring system ••The physical progress is related to the performance of the activities of the work plans. 
The physical progress monitoring will take place at three levels in the SCOR project as t 
follows. • 
(1) Field level by Resource user groups 

• 
t 

(2) Watershed level by SCOR Watershed Offices 
(3) National level by Colombo SCOR office 

18 	

• 
• 

t 




First level of the activities is the group level which needs specific treatment in the SCOR 
project. For the generation of the promise outputs, it is the resource user group(RUG) 
that has to be identified, assisted to get organized and then strengthened. Thus the RUG 
forms the basic unit for action at the field level. Once identified and organized to 
undertake SCOR initiated activities, the RUGs themselves will start monitoring their 
own activities. 

Watershed teams will have arrangements to collect necessary items of this self monitoring 
information from the RUGs using a set of indicators that will reflect change/progress of 
the activities undertaken and the status of the group, at least once a month. The catalysts 
will make arrangements to help RUGs to organize this monitoring activity using 
resources from the groups. They will, together with other team members, verify the 
information periodically where necessary. This activity will provide a source of 
information for verifying the host country contribution by the farmers conservation 
measures as well and forms part of the SCOR watershed field level management 
information system(FMIS). 

Figure 5 

A MINIMUM SET OF INDICATORS USED FOR DATA COLLECTION 
FROM THE RESOURCES USER GROUPS 

# of current members of the group 
# and quantity/extent of new production/protection 
activities undertaken during month/quarter 

ego length of contour bunds established 

length of organic bunds established 

length of reservations planted with trees etc. 


# of interactions had with Government officers on 
activities 

# of members received training 
# of meetings held 
# and amount of grants/credit received 
Group investments by type of activity 
Rates of survival of already undertaken activities 
Change of status of the group 

The group level monitoring will include periodic RUG self assessment as part of the 
SCOR participatory process primarily for them to know about the current group status 
to predict the immediate future of their efforts with their own abilities and constraints so 
that they can take corrective action in time. 

19 



At the second level of monitoring, watershed team will have arrangements to collect 
information on the implementation of their activities in the watershed. Monitoring at this 
level will be on the detailed activity plans prepared by the watershed teams. 

The work plans produce planned outputs against each activity indicated as an achievable 
target during a specific time frame not exceeding two years in the first phase. Based on 
these activities a set of indicators were developed identifying the unit of measure, 
instruments, method and the person responsible for data collection and measurement. 
A set of selected indicators appear on annex 5. 

Baseline data will be collected to facilitate ongoing and end of project evaluation. A 
framework for the collection of baseline data has been prepared. Their will be an 
ongoing evaluation at the end of the first year using selected number of indicators and 
an end of first phase evaluation that will help assess the trends set in the major area of 
intervention by the project. 

In order to receive, entry and store data at the watershed office 5 databases are created. 
At present 5 such databases are maintained as follows. 

Figure 6 

DATA BASES FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT INFORMA nON SYSTEM 

Name of the database Number of 
data fields 

Purpose 

1. Group database 

2. Train database 

3. Host database 

4. Wmarket database 

5. Grant database 

66 

69 

16 

To store data on resource 
user groups, their 
changing status and 
activities. 

To store data on training 

To store data on host 
country contribution 

To store data on prices at 
weekly markets 

To store data on user 
grants 

, 

c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 

• 
c 

•

•

•
•

•
•

• 


20 ••• 
41 



The watershed offices will report the physical progress of activities using data from their 
detailed activity plans and these data bases monthly. A quarterly report will be prepared 
by the SCOR Colombo Office and submitted to the National Steering Committee, lIMI 
Headquarters and USAID. The format of the report and its summery appears on annex 
2 and 3. 

FINANCIAL MONITORING SYSTEM 

The financial Monitoring System (FMS) will categorize and aggregate all SCOR project 
expenditure into 10 items, and 12 major interventions. Two of those interventions are 
administration and research that are relevant to all the three cost centres viz. (1) 
Colombo Office (2) Huruluwewa watershed and (3) Nilwala watershed. The balance 
9 interventions are relevant to activities carried out by the teams of the two· pilot 
watersheds. 

The 10 items of expenditure categories (general ledger classification) and the 12 major 
interventions appear on figure 7 and 8. 

Figure 7. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURE 

CATEGORY CODE 

1. Staff Salaries 
International 
Local 

2. Consultants. 
International 
Local 

3. Travel and Per-diem 
International 
Local 

4. Worlcshops and training 
International 
Local 

5. Operation and maintenance of vehicles and office and 
research supplies and services 

6. Information, education and communication 
material 

7. Audit 
8. Indirect cost/overheads 
9. SUb-contracts/grants 
10. Vehicles, equipment and commodities 

21 




Figure 8. CLASSIFICATION BY MAJOR INTERVENTIONS 

CATEGORY CODE 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

Stabilization of chena and encroached 
state lands 

Regeneration of tank eco-system 

Integrated water management 

Sharing resources for improving 
homestead 

Ground water development and 
management 
Land consolidation in minor tanks 

Integrated planning and coordination 

Organization of user groups for 
production related services 

Shared management of Land and water 
resouces 

Improving tea paddy culture 

Research 

Administration 

The expenditure under the items 1 to 11 under major interventions will be further classified by 
location by micro watersheds within the two pilot watersheds. This information will be displayed 
using SCOR GIS (Geographic information system). 

As its output financial monitoring system will produce information on the use of fmancial inputs 
in respect of the above categories and present them in a bimonthly, monthly and quarterly 
reports to the SCOR Colombo core group, provincial and national steering committees, 11M! 
headquarters and USAID as required. The bi-monthly financial report will be an internal 
financial monitoring report presented to the Colombo core group for financial control compiled 
from the reports submitted by the two watersheds. 

22 



The format for the bi-monthly financial report appears on figure 9. The format for the flash 
report on committed expenditure by the watershed appears on figure 10. 

The GIS system will produce thematic maps for all the sub-watersheds showing relevant 
characteristics for analysis. These maps will be linked with a data base by a location code 
system that would facilitate the use of maps for showing monitoring results in their spatial 
dimension. Figure 11 lists the sub-locations by which information will be presented and 
displayed. 

Figure 9. BI-MONTHLY EXPENDITURE STATEMENT 
.......................WATERSHED 
REPORTING PERIOD FROM .............TO.......... . 

CODE DESCRIPTION OF EXPENDITURE AMOUNT 
Rs. 

6666 1. House rent 
(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) 

Offices 

6639 2. Caretakers wages 

6670 3. House repairs and maintenance 

6745 4. Vehicle hire charges 
(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 

6673 5. Vehicle repairs and maintenance 

6743 6. Fuel 
Hired vehicles 
Motor cycles 

6661 7. Driver overtime 

8. Office operations 

23 




9. Guest house 

6639 
 Caretakers salary & allowances 

6670 Maintenance 

6745 10. Staff travelling and subsistence 

6747 
 11. Training 

6624 
 12. Local consultancy fees 

13. Salaries and Benefits 


6749 
 14. Resources persons perdiem 

15. Contingencies 


2303 
 16. Equipment 


6766 
 17. User sub-grants and sub-contracts 

Figure 10. MONTHLY COMMITTED EXPENDITURE 

BUDGET PER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH TOTAL 
DESCRIPTION MONTH 

Figure 11. CLASSIFICATION BY LOCATION 

LOCATION CODE 

HUBULUWEWA 
Meegaswewa sub-watershed 
Mahadivulwewa sub-watershed 
Kivulekadawewa sub-watershed 
Drainage area of Huruluwewa irrigation system 
up to Illukwewa anicut 
Huruluwewa command area 
Tract 6 of Huruluwewa command including homesteads 
Mahaweli feeder canal from Lenadora to Habarana 

,UPPER-NILWALA 
Millewa 
Aninkanda 
Diyadawa-Tenipita 
Horagala 

24 


c 

c 
( 

c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
e 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c: 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c: 
c: 
c 
c 
c: 
c 
c 
c 



6. PROPOSED RESEARCH STUDIES UNDER SCOR 

6.1 Water balance 

Inadequacy of water for agricultural production is the typical problem in the dry zone, 
particularly in Huruluwewa watershed. In Huruluwewa, the situation is further 
aggravated by the fact that a large quantity of water diverted from the Mahaweli network 
to the tank is tapped legally and illegally en-route of its feeder canal. As a result, the 
farmers are deprived of systematic cultivation of crops. 

It is likely that the tank supplies can be augmented with water diversions from elsewhere, 
as well as with shallow ground water supply. The ground water potential and its 
recharge-depletion relationships will be assessed by the ground water management 
component of the work plan. Thus, a surface water balance study of the Huruluwewa 
watershed will be required initially to assess the water supply potential and present 
demand with a view to understanding how best the available water resources can be 
utilized for improved agricultural production. 

6.2 Integrated watershed water management 

Water is the limiting factor inhibiting agricultural production in the dry zone. However, 
the water scarcity has become acute due to the absence of an integrated approach for 
development and management of the available water resources within a watershed unit. 
It is believed that the productivity of the available water can be greatly enhanced by 
managing the available water resources, both surface and ground water, in an integrated 
manner. In the Huruluwewa watershed, Huruluwewa tank is hydrologically interlinked 
with a number of minor tanks. At the same time, there are a large number of agro-wells 
present. 

A research study is proposed to evaluate the available surface water resources in the 
watershed, including that of Huruluwewa and minor tanks as well as the ground water 
and to study various options for sharing surface and ground water to maximize 
agricultural production within the watershed. The study will make land use 
recommendations for the watershed, develop a computer operated model(s) which can 
simulate different scenarios of water availability in different locations of the watershed, 
water demand for alternative cropping patterns, and different options for allocating the 
available water for agricultural production. 

6.3 Rio-diversity 

Huruluwewa is a dry zone area with an extreme water shortage during the a greater part 
of the year. Since the main form of agriculture is chena farming, the remaining 
vegetation is burnt just before the rains. The practice of burning deteriorates almost all 

25 




the living plants and animals and hence a threat on bio-diversity. However, there are 
pockets of vegetation which occupy reserved areas where the natural vegetation is not 
subject to degradation. It is proposed to conduct a research study to determine the bio­
diversity of the eco-system and characterize the usefulness of various vegetation types 
with a view to improve and sustain it in the long run. 

Being in the wet zone, the bio-diversity of the Nilwala watershed is expected to be very 
high. It is proposed to undertake the same research study in the Nilwala watershed too. 

6.4 Desiltation of minor tanks 

There are about 200 minor tanks situated within the Huruluwewa watershed. Typical to 
many minor tanks of the country, almost all of these tanks are heavily silted up. The 
siltation has reduced the effective storage capacity of the tanks. The reduced capacity of 
a tank results in quick flooding of downstream areas and reduction of serviceable 
command area of it. 

As a matter of policy, desiltation of minor tanks is not formally undertaken by the 
national irrigation agencies. The policy is driven by the common belief that desiltation 
of tanks would result in very low economic returns. The cost-benefit studies undertaken 
so far indicates poor returns when the benefits are evaluated considering only the 
increased agricultural production potential attributable to additional tank storage created 
by the volume of silt removed. However, it is required to re-examine this policy on the 
basis of a detailed research study , which consider a wider spectrum of feasible 
technological options and diverse technical, social, economic and environmental benefits 
attributable to minor tank desiltation in the dry zone. 

~ 

t6.5 	 Endemism 

C 
The endemic flora and fauna found in the two watersheds have not been identified yet. 
How many of the endemic species are endangered is also not known. Endemic and C 
endangered species need to be identified for protection and other research work. This 

Cshould be given high priority since the endangered species in a drier area are highly 
vulnerable for extinction. It is proposed to undertake a research study, on priority basis, C
to identify endemic and endangered species of fauna and flora which exist in the two 
watersheds and causes for the disappearance of the species. The first step of the study c: 
will be to identify, classify and prepare a checklist of all flora and fauna species found. 
The study will also identify, as much as 
available in the watershed. 

26 

possible, all herbal and medicinal plants C 

C 

C 

C 

C 

C 

C ... 



6.6 Economics of ground water irrigation 

The use of ground water has emerged both as an alternative and a supplementary source 
of irrigation in the dry zone. The groundwater extraction through agro-wells is 
increasingly becoming very popular in many water scarce areas of the country, including 
the Huruluwewa watershed. Few studies so far conducted in relation to the groundwater 
use for agriculture indicate substantial improvements in production, profits and nutritional 
levels. However, there are indications of adverse environmental effects attributable to 
over extraction of groundwater through agro-wells. It is, therefore, suggested to evaluate 
the true benefits of groundwater use using economic analysis. 

6.7 Feasibility and economics of micro irrigation 

Cultivation of high value crops under irrigated conditions in homesteads and upper 
command areas is one of the strategies for improving the income of rural people. This 
can be done with the use of micro-irrigation technologies such as drip and sprinkler 
irrigation with the use of locally manufactured low-cost water pumps. However, our 
knowledge and understanding on the technical feasibility and economic, viability of those 
technologies are very limited. 

In Huruluwewa watershed, where surface water is typically scarce, shallow ground water 
may be used with combination of pump and sprinkler or drip irrigation techniques to 
irrigate highlands. In the Nilwala watershed too this option can be tested. In addition, 
it is found that tea, which is the main crop, undergo severe moisture stress during 
February - March every year, resulting in plant causalities and yield reduction. It would 
be possible to provide supplementary irrigation to tea plants, using micro-sprinkler 
irrigation together with ram-pump technology. However, the technical feasibility and 
economic viability of these intervention need to be tested through an applied research 
study. 

6.8 Eco-tourism 

The potential for expansion of eco-tourism in the Huruluwewa watershed has not been 
examined in the past. The Ritigala in the adjoining watershed is full of monuments with 
archaeological importance. The flora and land scape there might attract many a tourists 
having scientific interests. The Kiulekada tank within Huruluwewa watershed is another 
attractive location where various types of birds are found even in the dry season. The 
tank is deep with a large dead storage and hence bird and animal'life is very active. The 
tank is surrounded by forest on many sides. Before promotion of eco-tourism in the area, 
it is necessary to identify the potential sites and the nature of attractions for the tourists. 

27 




Also, the potential for expansion of eco-tourism within the Nilwala watershed has not 
been examined. Such expansion will result in sharing the resource which has a limited 
use at present as a place of eco-tourist attraction. This study will identify areas suitable 
for eco-tourism and thereby to develop a program to tap this potential. 

6.9 Vegetation change and rainfall 

The impact of vegetation on river flows and regimes has been well documented. Whether 
the rainfall is influenced by the local vegetation is an area which is not known yet. 
Evidence from elsewhere shows that the local rainfall can be influenced by the local 
vegetation type and the extent. The evidence is reported in respect of dry areas. The 
study on the effects of vegetation change on rainfall are also important for the SCOR 
which is planning to convert cleared areas into vegetation cover. Huruluwewa itself is 
considered a water deficit system. Therefore, if there is any effect on re-vegetation on 
local rainfall, it will be beneficial to the watershed. 

Re-vegetation takes time and it takes still more time to ascertain any effects of vegetation 
change on the rainfall. Therefore, this study may take several years. It will be conducted 
in both watersheds. 

6.10 Social conflicts and strategies for resolution 

There are various types of conflicts associated with land, water, forest and in the use of 
other resources. The conflicts between parties prevent the cultivation of land and 
planting and management of trees. In the watershed, several lots are not cultivated due 
to conflicts and hence are left abandoned even when water is available for a crop. 
Conflicts associated with highland areas are another serious problem. In several 
instances, conflicts lead to quarrel and even may take the valuable human life. A great 
deal of farmers' and other resources may have to be spent in resolving these conflicts. 
The impact of social conflicts on the management of land and water resources has not 
been assessed in the watershed. Such an assessment would be the starting point for the 
development of an institutional mechanism to resolve them. In this regard, the indigenous 
conflict resolving mechanism should be highlighted. 

This study will examine the type and nature of conflicts and their effects on the 
sustainable management of land and water resources. Their effects on production and 
protection will also be examined. Then the type of interventions that will be required to 
resolve the conflicts will also be studied. The study will be undertaken in both 
watersheds. 

28 



6.11 Agri-business 

Like any other rural area, Huruluwewa watershed offers a large number of natural 
resources which are not utilized fully at present. This is true for the Nilwala watershed 
too. Many resources such as naturally grown (and no contamination) fruits are wasted 
due to lack of opportunities for processing and marketing. Meanwhile, lack of 
employment, and poor income among the rural people are rampant. Thus, there exists 
a great potential for promoting business opportunities within agricultural sector for 
income and employment generation. Development ofagri-business opportunities may also 
go hand-in-hand with the development of local industries. It is, therefore, proposed a 
research study be undertaken to: identify potential agri-business opportunities; assess 
resource requirements; evaluate their income generating potential etc. 

6.12 Indigenous knowledge and practices 

Huruluwewa watershed has a very long history dating back to the pre-christian era. 
Evidence suggests that over this long period of history, a wealth of indigenous knowledge 
and a vast number of practices have been adopted in accomplishing, tasks related to 
irrigated farming, rainfed farming (chena), pests and disease control, soil fertility 
enrichment, crop-livestock integration, water conservation, forestry, health, food 
processing, etc. In addition, there had been a host of local institutions and their relations 
which ensured the proper functioning of the tasks mentioned above. Over the years, a 
majority of indigenous practices and a greater part of the knowledge have been 
disappeared. The proposed research study will aim at consolidating the available 
indigenous knowledge and practices. 

This study will identify the type of knowledge and practices and attempt to document the 
wealth of such knowledge relating to agriculture including crop/stock health, irrigation, 
forestry and conflict resolution mechanisms. A long-term research interest will be to 
adopt the indigenous knowledge and practices to examine whether they can be adopted 
with profits under present day farming conditions. 

6.13 	 Improving the agricultural potential in lower Nilwala 
watershed 

Heavy flooding had been a serious problem in the lower Nilwala watershed in the past. 
The government implemented a flood protection and control project, called Nilwala 
Ganga Flood protection and Drainage Scheme (NGFP&DS), to mitigate the threat of 
floods in the recent past. Although, the NGFPD&S has reduced the threat from floods 
in the Lower Nilwala Watershed, it is reported that a set of adverse environmental 
problems have cropped up due to excess drainage. Development of acidity, alkalinity 
and iron toxicity in the Lower Watershed, particularly in Kiralakale irrigation and 

29 




c 

drainage scheme, are a few of those problems that affect agricultural production and 

productivity. 
 •

.: 
While proper surface drainage is a pre-requisite for agricultural production, it is also 
required at the same time to prevent excess drainage in previously waterlogged areas to c 
control the development of acidity and toxicity. This means ground water table in the carea has to be maintained within a specific range of levels. The proposed study would 
evaluate the parameters for ground water table management and develop guidelines for I
.operating the drainage system for optimum agricultural production in the area. 

I 

6.14 Improving Agricultural Potential in Coastal Low-lying areas C 

CMost of the agricultural lands along the coastal areas, particularly in the Southern 
Province, are typically low-lying. Thus the agricultural potential of those lands is I 
limited. Such water-logged areas in many parts of the world are successfully cultivated 
with high value crops using ground water drainage techniques. However, such t 
technology is not used in Sri Lanka. 

:II 

S
It would be useful to explore the possibility of applying ground water drainage techniques 
to effect sub-soil drainage for improving agricultural potential of water-logged low-lying ~ 
alluvial lands of the country. A research study is proposed to evaluate the hydraulic 
parameters required for ground water drainage design, and economies of various ground 
water drainage technological options. This study will be complementary to the research 
study proposed under item 14 above. 

~ 
6.1S Conjunctive Use of Tank and Well Water 

C 
Use of tank water in conjunction of well water in irrigated command is one of the 
strategies to improve productivity and cropping intensity of many minor and major tanks. c.: 
Although there has been increasing recognition of the viability of the conjunctive use Cmode, it has hardly been implemented on a scientific basis. An applied research study 
is proposed to evaluate the behavior of water flow from irrigation canals to agro-wells; C 
ways and means of accelerating or decelerating water seepage; response of ground 
water table to rainfall, seepage, evapotranspiration, ground water obstruction; different C 
modes of system operation for conjunctive use; and related social, economic and 

Cinstitutional issues. 

C 

6.16 Planning for Conjunctive Use in Irrigation Rehabilitation C 

This is also a study complementary to research proposal No. (16) above. The idea is to C 
develop a design methodology and a guideline for rehabilitating an irrigation scheme for C 

C30 

C 

C 

C 



conjunctive use of tank and well water, so that the methodology and guideline could be 
adopted by the irrigation agencies for irrigation rehabilitation planning and design. The 
methodology and guideline could be developed on the basis of lessons and experiences 
from an actual task of planning, designing and rehabilitating one or two irrigation tanks 
to facilitate conjunctive use after rehabilitation. The procedure would involve field 
monitoring of some parameters such as rainfall, recharge from rainfall and irrigation 
water, ground water potential and available yield, design well density, optimum service 
area under an agro-well etc. The guidelines could be even further updated on the basis 
of the experiences of operating the scheme for conjunctive use after rehabilitation. 

6.17 	Evaluation of Alternative Irrigation Rehabilitation and 
Modernization Strategies: 

Huge investments are being made for rehabilitation and modernization of irrigation 
projects. However, there is apparently no policy for selecting technological options in 
the rehabilitation and modernization of irrigation projects. A study is proposed to 
evaluate and compare the cost-effectiveness, performance and ,productivity of various 
technological options and different combinations of each of the options ~uch as automatic 
water contr91 devices; conjunctive use; canal lining. This can be conducted as an applied 
research in a few minor tanks selected for rehabilitation under the on-going National 
Irrigation Rehabilitation Project (NlRP). 

6.18 Reservoir Sedimentation Studies 

Reduction of reservoir sedimentation is one of the major effects of watershed 
management. However, the data on the degree of siltation of major and minor tanks of 
the country are not available. On the other hand, the data on the relationships between 
land use, soil erosion, sediment transportation and reservoir sedimentation are not 
known. A research study is proposed to study the siltation of a few selected major and 
minor tanks with a view to establish national data on; tank siltation rates; river flow and 
sediment discharge relationships, effects of land use on soil erosion and reservoir silting; 
and problem of distribution of sediments within the tank beds. The study would be 
aimed at developing a methodology for monitoring sediment flows in rivers and 
sedimentation rate in the tanks and developing indicators for sediment flow. 

6.19 Eenvironmental Impacts of Irrigation 

Although, there is mounting evidence of adverse environmental effects of poor irrigation 
practices, the scale of the problems are not known to any degree of accuracy. For 
instance, the extent of irrigated land that has become unproductive due to salinity 
development or loss of fertility or reduction of the effective storage capacity of tanks are 

31 




not adequately known. A study covering several selected irrigation schemes to assess the 
nature and scale of environmental problems is proposed with a view to establish the 
baseline status with respect to major environmental problems associated with irrigation. 

6.20 Economics or Land and Water Conservation Measures. 

It is well accepted that land and water conservation brings substantial returns in the long 
run. It is also accepted that land and water conservation not only improve in-situ land 
fertility and productivity, but also generate substantial benefits to the users of land and 
water downstream of the watershed. However, the benefits and returns of land and water 
conservation are only qualitatively known, but not quantitatively. Availability of 
quantitative data base on costs and short-term and long-term benefits of land and water 
conservation is essential for a country like Sri Lanka for policy planning, policy 
formulation and policy implementation in relation to land and water subsectors, both at 
the centre and the province. Such a data base will also be useful for the users of land 
and water resources to select and adopt various options for conservation. Applied 
research will be undertakea to evaluate the economics of conservation. 

~ 

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REFERENCE M:ETRIX FOR WJJOR SCOR OUTPUTS AND WORKPLAN ACTIVITIES 
\VORI:FLAN - HURULu\VE\VA \VATERSHED 

OUTPur ourpUT A.S PER TECHNICAL REPORT \VORKP~_ II 
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User organizations 
Sub-User councils 

Trainin;; representatives of user groups 
user organizations 
user sub-councils 

Small grants to user groups to invest in common group assests 
New commercial opportunities for user groups 
Production companies linked to new markets 
Rural based commercial activities with matching grants 
User organizations conferred with legal status and power 
Land leases/usufruct processes leading to production companies 

Commercial activities 
Demonstration of benefits of jioint management in small tanks 
Minimum of 3000 ha under joint management 

Improved systems of resource use and user operations monitoring 
Officers trained in local level planning group formation and support 
at nationalIevel 
at provincial level 
at divisional level 
Training on participatory natural resource management to 
NGOs and private sector organizations 
NGOs and private sector organizations providing technical 
managerial and commercial information to user groups 
Improved methods developed for multi-level planning and 
coordination in pilot watershheds 
Groups/organizations support and promote planning and 
coordination in pilot watersheds 
Improved land and water resources information and monitoring 
system designed 
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The activities of the work plan are ordered according to the major interventions. 

The above metrix links activities to the SCOR promised outputs appearing on 

pages 21 - 24 of the technical report. 


33 



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http:lormul.1e


[ REFERENCE METRIX FOR MAJOR SOOR OUTPUTS AND WORKPLAN ACTIVITIES 
WORKPLAN - NILWALA WATERSHED 

OUfPUT OUfPUf AS PER TECHNICAL REPORT WORK PIAN 
NO ACfIVITY NO. 

1a I Forming expanding and strengthening Resource user groups 1.1.2.4, 1.1.3.3,4.2 
1.2.1.3 1.4.2, 2.1.4 
2.2.1.2, 2.2.2.2., 
2.2.3.2, 2.2.3.3, 
2.3.1.,2.3.6,3.2.6 

1a2 User organizations 1.5.2., 4.3, 1,.3.5 
1a3 Sub-User councils 4.4 
1 b 1 Training representatives of user groups 1.1.2.5, 1.1.3.4, 

1.4.5, 2.1.6, 2.2.1.3, 
22.2.3,3.2.7 

lb2 user organiza tions 4.5 
1b3 user sub-councils 4.5 
1d1 Small grants to user groups to invest in common group assests 1.5.3, 2.3.8,2.3.9, 

4.6 
leI New commercial opportunities for user groups 1.1.2.3, 2.1.7, 2.2.1, 

2,3, 3.1.3, 3.2.6,4.10 
lfl Production companies linked to new markets 4.11 
19l Rural based commercial activities with matching grants 1.3.3, 2.2.3, 2.1.1, 

2.2.1.4,4.7 
lhl User organizations conferred with legal status and power 4.3,4.7 
2b1 Land leaseslusufruct processes leading to production companies 1.3.8,2.3,4.11 
2b2 Commercial activities 1.1.1.1., 1.1.3.2, 

1.1.3.5, 1.3.7, 1.4.6 
2cl Demonstration of benefits of jioint management in small tanks 1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2, 

Minimum of 3000 ha under joint management 1.2.1.1, 1.3.1, 1.3.4, 
3.1.1.4,3.2.1.2, 
3.2.2.4. 

3a1 Improved systems of resource use and user operations monitoring 5 
3b1 Officers trained in local level planning group formation and support 

at national, provmcial and divisional level 5.4,5.5 
3cl Training on participatory natural resource management to 

NGOs and private sector organizations 5.4 
3dl NGOs and private sector organizations providing technical 

managerial and commercial information to user groups 4. 1.3.2. 
4a 1 Improved methods developed for multi -level planning and 

coordination in pilot watershheds 5 
4b 1 Groups/organizations support and promote planning and 

coordination in pilot watersheds 5 
4dl Improved land and water resources information and monitoring 

system designed 5 
4el Institutional mechanism to coordinate and support land and water 

management practices made operational at provincial and 
national levels 5 

Note: The activities of the work plan are ordered according to the major interventions. 
The above metrix links activities to the SCOR promised outputs appearing on 

, pages 21-24 of the technical report. 

34 



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