A professional course Course Lead: Prof. Vishnu Prasad Pandey, Center for Water Resources Studies, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Email: vishnu.pandey@pcampus.edu.np Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystems (WEFE) Nexus Approaches Provide the context of the course development, acknowledgements, people involved, etc. Prof. Rajesh for Trends & Prof. Vishnu for WEFE Nexus concept 1 Contributors  Prof. Vishnu Prasad Pandey, Center for Water Resources Studies (CWRS), Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Prof. Rajesh Kumar Rai, Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Dr. Sanju Koirala, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Nepal Office Prof. Tri Ratna Bajracharya, Center for Energy Studies, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Dr. Bharat Kumar Pokharel, GREAT International Dr. Nisha Onta, Governance Lab Dr. Rishi Ram Kattel, Agriculture & Forestry University Mr. Sabin Dangol, Center for Water Resources Studies (CWRS), Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Dr. Manohara Khadka, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Nepal Office Dr. Marlene Elias, Alliance of Bioversity International & CIAT WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Module 1 Prof. Vishnu Prasad Pandey Center for Water Resources Studies, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Prof. Rajesh Kumar Rai Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Dr. Bharat Kumar Pokharel GREAT International Prof. Tri Ratna Bajracharya Center for Energy Studies, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal WEFE Nexus as a Resource Management Concept Provide the context of the course development, acknowledgements, people involved, etc. Prof. Rajesh for Trends & Prof. Vishnu for WEFE Nexus concept 3 Session Objectives and Contents Objectives: Highlight heterogeneity in natural resources availability and demand Familiarize the participants with fundamentals of the WEFE Nexus as natural resources management concept Contents: Trends in natural resources availability and demand Need for an integrated approach Nexus Thinking approach Fundamentals of the WEFE Nexus Duration: 7 hrs, 30 minutes. Method of Delivery: Lecture Class Interaction/Discussion WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Explain learning outcomes (or objectives) 4 1. WEFE Nexus as a Resource Management Concept 1.1 Trends in natural resources [2 hrs, 45 mins] Global, regional, and national trends in natural resources availability and demands Concept of footprints (water and energy footprints and their variations between social groups) Planetary boundaries (including science with/for people) 1.2 Integrated approach [1 hr, 20 mins] Integration, interdependences and interlinkages across sectors Concept of ecosystem, ecosystem services, and ecological carrying capacity 1.3 Evolution of Nexus thinking approach [1 hr] Limits to growth  sustainability  IWRM  Nexus 1.4 Fundamentals of WEFE Nexus [2 hrs, 25 minutes] Concepts, principles, and added value of the Nexus (trade-offs and synergies) Entry points to inclusive WEFE interventions Nexus across scales (temporal and spatial) WEFE Nexus in the climate and market changes context WEFE Nexus for national security and livelihood WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources Global, regional, and national trends in natural resources availability and demands Concept of footprints (water and energy footprints, their variation between genders and social class/ethnicity) Planetary boundaries (including science with/for people) 6 1.1 Session Delivery Plan [2 hrs, 45 mins] Time Activity Facilitator 15 minutes Exercise 1-1: Open Discussion – Characteristics/attributes of a resource Prof. Rajesh K. Rai 30 minutes Lecture – Trends in natural resources Prof. Rajesh K. Rai 20 minutes Lecture – Concept of a footprint Prof. Rajesh K. Rai 45 minutes Exercise 1-2: Group Work – Variation in footprints between people (gender, social class, economic class) and geographic locations Prof. Rajesh K. Rai 20 minutes Lecture – Planetary boundaries Prof. Rajesh K. Rai 30 minutes Exercise 1-3: Open Discussion – Operating within a safe and just space for humanity Prof. Rajesh K. Rai 5 minutes Summary of session Prof. Rajesh K. Rai WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.1 Exercise 1-1: Open discussion [15 minutes] Ice-breaker with participants’ views on: What is a resource? What are the key characteristics/attributes of a resource? WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Characteristics of resource: 1) Utility, 2) Limited availability; 3) Potential for depletion (or consumption) | Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem. 8 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Availability & Demand Table: Trends of population growth (Source: D’Odorico et al., 2018) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Population is a key driver that are putting pressure on resources…describe how # of years required to increase 1 billion people is decreasing over the years (notes below the table is a key) 9 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Availability & Demand Figure: World population growth (depicted on y-axis) as estimated from 2000 to 2050 (Source: Webb, 2013) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Link population increase with pressure on resources and highlight service gaps (e.g., people with lack of access to water, sanitation, electricity, food, etc. 10 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Availability and Demand World South Asia Nepal WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY (Source: Prepared by the authors with data from AQUASTAT) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1012 = One Trillion Describe how water availability trends are varying at different scales. Then describe where a given country (in this case, Nepal) stands in terms of per capita water availability compared to global and regional averages. 11 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Availability and Demand WATER USE/ WITHDRAWAL World South Asia Nepal (Source: Prepared by the authors with data from AQUASTAT) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Similar description as water resources availability, but focus on comparative water use/withdrawal. 12 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Availability and Demand ENERGY USE World South Asia Nepal (Source: Prepared by the authors with data from AQUASTAT) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Similar description as water resources availability, but focus on comparative energy use. 13 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Availability and Demand LAND RESOURCES AVAILABILITY (Source: Prepared by the authors with data from AQUASTAT) World South Asia Nepal WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Similar description as water resources availability, but focus on comparative land resources availability. 14 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Availability and Demand FOREST RESOURCES AVAILABILITY World South Asia Nepal (Source: Prepared by the authors with data from AQUASTAT) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Similar description as water resources availability, but focus on comparative forest resources availability. 15 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Availability & Demand Population growth (~9.2 billion by 2050)  increase in demand for natural resources  pressure on natural resources (Daignault et al., 2023; Del Borghi et al., 2022) Haphazard exploitation of these resources  various ecological/environmental consequences  impacted availability of natural resources (Naveed et al., 2022; Peng et al., 2022) Implications of climate change & industrialization  further exacerbation of challenges, creating sustainability issues Water availability and demand varies over space and time Note: Figures in million cubic meters. Figure: Total demand versus total water resources availability (Source: Mudrakartha, 2008) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Spatial variation in natural resources within a country, with an example of India 16 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Concept of Footprint Footprint Amount of a given resource used to the produce goods and services consumed per unit (e.g., individual, community, etc.) Application of the resource footprint concept To assess the environmental impact of individuals, communities, or nations on resource consumption (Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124833) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 17 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Water Footprint Water footprint  total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by a given unit (e.g., individual, community, etc.) A large proportion of the global water footprint is associated with agriculture  90% of global freshwater resources are solely dedicated to food production (Djehdian et al., 2019) Three types: blue, green, gray Direct and indirect water footprints Indirect footprint  Virtual Water Figure: Water footprint components (Source: https://www.greeneconomycoalition.org/news-and-resources/promoting-water-sustainability-of-financial-institutions) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 18 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Virtual Water Virtual Water: Amount of water embedded in an unit of product or service. Example  Water required for a single dish of Pasta? (Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/sxcnVvm2z83PqWU96) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› How thirsty is our food? Discuss about how our food choice affect water footprint. Why is behavioral change required for water security? 19 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Virtual Water Water also flows from one location to another in the form of Virtual Water. Indirect water flows associated with trade (import/export) of food & other products This enables countries with water scarcity to import water-intensive products and optimize local water use for food production. Virtual water trade has the potential to reduce global water scarcity by ‘virtually’ distributing water resources from regions with (relative) water surplus to water-scarce regions. Figure: Global patterns of virtual water trade in 1986 and 2011 (Source: D’Odorico et al., 2018) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Example: food grown in Ethiopia greenhouses flown to Gulf countries 20 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Energy Footprint Community Figure: Schematic of water and energy footprints. Green arrows = direct footprint and blue arrows = indirect footprint. (Source: Chini et al., 2017) Energy footprint  The amount of energy consumed in activities and products throughout their life cycle Carbon emissions are associated with most energy use WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› A city’s direct water footprint is the physical water consumed by the population within the city boundaries, measured by quantity of outflow from the drinking water treatment plant. Indirect water footprint is water consumed for the procurement of high-flux consumer goods and resources that are then imported into the urban environment (Chini et al., 2017). 21 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Carbon Footprint (Source: https://www.123rf.com/photo_180674183_carbon-footprint-ecology-global-warming-concept-vector-illustration.html) Carbon footprint  Amount of carbon emissions per unit of a given service/product Multiple sources contribute to carbon footprint (see Figure) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Carbon 22 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Carbon Footprint Figure: Carbon footprint by country and sectors (Source: CBS News, Oct 2021 https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/how-canadians-can-cut-carbon-footprints-1.6202194) (Source: https://www.constellation.com/energy-101/energy-innovation/what-is-a-carbon-footprint.html) Three Types of Carbon Footprint WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Three are three types of carbon footprint: individual, product, companies. In case of individual and sectors, it varies with countries as shown in figure (left). 23 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Ecological Footprint What is an ecological footprint? The amount of resources needed by a single individual to survive What is the ecological footprint of the current human population? 1.5 Earths’ worth of resources (data-based model estimate) If resource consumption continues to grow at the same rate as today, the resource equivalent of 3 Earths may be needed by the end of 2050. Carrying capacity of earth Ecological Footprint of Humanity Figure: Global Ecological Footprint up to 2050 (Source: Shahid, 2013) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Does using the resources needed to sustain 1.5 or 3 Earths mean we are putting excessive pressure on natural resources? From where we will bring 3 earths? What could be the strategies to manage resources to meet our future needs? Mining of other planets? How feasible would it be? Rather than that, how about changing our behavior? 24 Exercise 1-2: Group Work [45 minutes] Footprints vary significantly across genders, social class and economic class  equity and social justice? Discussion: How do footprints (water, energy/carbon, ecological) vary socially (e.g., by gender, social, economic class, etc.) and by geographical location? Divide participants in 4 groups Each group will discuss the variation of footprints (with examples) based on [30 mins] Geographic location Gender Social class Economic class Group representative will make a presentation in plenary [3 min/group] WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Guide: Each group will work on variations of ecological footprints as per geographic location, gender, social class, and economic class. Ask the group to identify a representative to present in plenary. Make sure each person in the group shares their thoughts, and that the synthesis for presentation represents all the views expressed in the discussion. Allocate 25-30 minutes for discussion and 15 minutes for presentation (including Q&A) 25 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Planetary Boundaries Planetary boundaries are the safe limits of the within which humanity can operate while maintaining Earth’s environmental stability, as defined by 9 Earth-system processes (Erlandsson et al., 2023). Transgression of these boundaries could lead to irreversible & catastrophic environmental changes, threatening well-being of present and future generations (Rockström et al., 2009). Figure: Illustration of the Planetary Boundaries framework. (Source: Persson et al., 2022) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› The concept of planetary boundaries was introduced by Rockström et al. (2009) and refined by Steffen et al. (2015), as per Erlandsson et al. (2023). Steffen et al. (2015) renamed the “chemical pollution” boundary to “novel entities” (NE) (Persson et al., 2022). Each pie chart section represents one Earth-system process, and the concentric circles depict states of being below the boundary, or in a zone of uncertainty or exceedance, respectively. E/MSY = Extinction per million species-years, BII = Biodiversity Intactness Index, P = Phosphorous, N = Nitrogen 26 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Proxies of Planetary Boundaries Figure: An illustration of the Planetary Boundaries and the defined proxies (indicators). (Source: Erlandsson et al., 2023) Two of the planetary boundaries (PBs) — climate change and biosphere integrity — are recognized as “core” PBs based on their fundamental importance for the Earth System (Steffen et al., 2015). Holocene epoch (state) : A 11,700—year span of Earth’s history able support human life on earth, which is now being destabilized. Details about the nine PB’s can be found in Steffen et al. (2015). WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› How do we quantify status of each PB? We need indicators. Proposed proxy indicators are provided in this diagram. What is missing in this diagram? What about basic needs? Do we only focus on maximum limits or minimum requirements (or do we consider social needs and impacts as well)? There is a need for discourse beyond biophysical (environmental) indicators to also consider investment in social foundations. 27 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Planetary Boundaries An equity dimension expressing a social foundation of planetary boundaries was introduced by Oxfam (Raworth 2012), building on Rockström et al. (2009). Quantifying planetary and social boundaries turns the framework into a global compass giving an indication of the current state of human & planetary well-being in relation to the boundaries of sustainable development. Figure: A safe and just space for humanity to thrive in: a first illustration. (Source: Raworth, 2012) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Essence of the Concepts Essence of the concepts  "Science with/for people"  combine scientific knowledge and expertise with the needs, preferences, & traditional knowledge of people for human and environmental well-being The European Environment Agency’s (EEA) report on “With people and for people: Innovating for sustainability”  integration of local knowledge with scientific knowledge for sustainable societies (Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124833) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Footprints should be limited within the planetary boundaries…BUT minimum footprints for a social foundation should also be maintained. Efforts should therefore be towards meeting social boundaries without exceeding the environmental ceiling/ boundaries. 29 Exercise 1-3: Open Discussion [30 minutes] What should be our role in addressing challenges related to operating within the “just & safe space for humanity” by sustainably using resources while also maintaining a “social foundation”? Participants will think and write down 3 key strategies/roles that humans need to play to operate within the just and safe space for humanity [10 minutes] Selected participants will present their ideas [10 minutes] Facilitator will moderate the discussion and synthesize key messages [10 minutes] WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 30 1.1 Trends in Natural Resources | Sources and Further Reading Chini, C. M., Konar, M., & Stillwell, A. S. (2017). Direct and indirect urban water footprints of the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 53, 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 2016WR019473 D’Odorico, P., Davis, K. F., Rosa, L., Carr, J. A., Chiarelli, D., Dell’Angelo, J., Gephart, J., MacDonald, G. K., Seekell, D. A., Suweis, S., & Rulli, M. C. (2018). The Global Food-Energy-Water Nexus. Reviews of Geophysics, 56(3), 456–531. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017RG000591 Daignault, J., Wallace, C., Watkins, D., Handler, R., Yang, Y., Heaney, D., & Ahamed, S. (2023). A household-scale life cycle assessment model for understanding the food-energy-water Nexus. February, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1059301 Del Borghi, A., Tacchino, V., Moreschi, L., Matarazzo, A., Gallo, M., & Arellano Vazquez, D. (2022). Environmental assessment of vegetable crops towards the water-energy-food Nexus: A combination of precision agriculture and life cycle assessment. Ecological Indicators, 140(June), 109015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109015 Djehdian, L. A., Chini, C. M., Marston, L., Konar, M., & Stillwell, A. S. (2019). Exposure of urban food–energy–water (FEW) systems to water scarcity. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50(December 2018), 101621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101621 Erlandsson, J., Bergmark, P., & Höjer, M. (2023). Establishing the planetary boundaries framework in the sustainability reporting of ICT companies – A proposal for proxy indicators. Journal of Environmental Management, 329(September 2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117032 https://www.greeneconomycoalition.org/news-and-resources/promoting-water-sustainability-of-financial-institutions Mudrakartha, S. (2008). Adaptive Approaches to Groundwater Governance: Lessons from the Saurashtra Recharging Movement. August. http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Adaptive approaches to groundwatergovernance_Srinivas Mudrakartha_IRMA_2008.pdf Naveed, U., Rozali, N. E. M., & Mahadzir, S. (2022). Energy – Water – Carbon Nexus Study for the Optimal Design of Integrated Energy – Water Systems Considering Process Losses. Peng, W., Zheng, H., Robinson, B. E., Li, C., & Li, R. (2022). Comparing the importance of farming resource endowments and agricultural livelihood diversification for agricultural sustainability from the perspective of the food – energy – water Nexus. Journal of Cleaner Production, 380(P2), 135193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135193 Persson, L., Carney Almroth, B. M., Collins, C. D., Cornell, S., de Wit, C. A., Diamond, M. L., Fantke, P., Hassellöv, M., MacLeod, M., Ryberg, M. W., Søgaard Jørgensen, P., Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Wang, Z., & Hauschild, M. Z. (2022). Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities. Environmental Science and Technology, 56(3), 1510–1521. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04158 Raworth, K. (2012). Self-Construal and Willingness to Purchase Foreign Products: The Mediating Roles of Consumer Cosmopolitanism and Ethnocentrism. https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/dp-a-safe-and-just-space-for-humanity-130212-en_5.pdf Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., … Foley, J. (2009). Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and Society, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03180-140232 Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., De Vries, W., De Wit, C. A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G. M., Persson, L. M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B., & Sörlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855 Webb, E. C. (2013). The ethics of meat production and quality - a South African perspective. South African Journal of Animal Science, 43(5). https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v43i5.1 WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.2 Integrated Approach Need of integration across sectors Interlinkages across sectors Concept of ecosystem, ecosystem services, and ecological carrying capacity 32 Session Delivery Plan [1 hr, 20 mins] Time Activity Facilitator 30 minutes Lecture – The need for an integrated approach and introduction of basic associated concepts Dr. Bharat Kumar Pokharel 45 minutes Exercise 1-4: Group Work – Ways of balancing ecological footprint with the Earth’s carrying capacity Dr. Bharat Kumar Pokharel 5 minutes Summary of session Dr. Bharat Kumar Pokharel WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.2 Integrated Approach | Need for Integration Across Sectors Potential questions on actions (policy, development interventions, etc.) in one or more sectors? Were/are these actions necessary? Who decided on these actions? Were the actions appropriately targeted? Were the actors in different sectors the same? Were all actors aware of the actions? What are the (intended and unintended) impacts of the action? Impact on upstream to downstream? Impact on one sector across other sectors? Are these impacts significant? Who was impacted the most? Integrated Approach is needed to ensure  All actors are engaged Actions are appropriately targeted Benefits are maximized and equitably shared Negative impacts across sectors/actors are minimized WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 34 1.2 Integrated Approach | Interlinkages Across Sectors Figure: An illustration of interlinkages across different sectors. (Source: https://www.gwp.org/en/GWP-Mediterranean/WE-ACT/Programmes-per-theme/Water-Food-Energy-Nexus/the-Nexus-approach-an-introduction/) Ecosystem  inter-related to many sectors Key questions: What is an ecosystem? What are ecosystem services? What is an ecological carrying capacity? WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1. Example of interdependencies across sectors 2. Healthy ecosystems are an essential requirement for the sustainability of all the above and are negatively affected if water, energy or food are used in an unsustainable way. 35 1.2 Integrated Approach | Concept of an Ecosystem Figure: Interactions between built, social, human and natural capital required to produce human well-being (Source: Ruskule et al., 2018) Ecosystem a community of living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) interacting with their non-living environment (water, soil, and air)  Natural capital An ecosystem cannot provide any benefits to people without presence of: people (human capital) their communities (social capital) built environment (built capital) Ecosystem services  Contribution of natural capital to human wellbeing through interaction with human, social and built capital (Ruskule et al., 2018). WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 36 1.2 Integrated Approach | Ecosystem Services Figure: Land ecosystem wheel (Source: https://www.nature.scot/scotlands-biodiversity/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-and-cop15/ecosystem-approach/ecosystem-services-natures-benefits) Provisioning services: Services which are directly used by people (e.g., food, materials, energy) Regulating services: Benefits from regulation of ecosystem processes (e.g., climate regulation, flood control, disease regulation, water purification) Cultural services: those related to the cultural or spiritual needs of people (e.g., spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, aesthetic experiences) Supporting services: Services necessary for production of all 3 ecosystem services (e.g., soil formation, nutrient cycling, primary production) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Recognizing the value of ecosystem services is crucial for integrating nature-based solutions into resource management strategies. What are different types of services that land ecosystems provide to us? 37 1.2 Integrated Approach | Ecosystem Services Figure: Sea ecosystem wheel (Source: https://www.nature.scot/scotlands-biodiversity/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-and-cop15/ecosystem-approach/ecosystem-services-natures-benefits) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› What are different types of services under the four sea ecosystem categories? 38 1.2 Integrated Approach | Ecosystem Services Figure: Links between ecosystem services and human well-being as described by the MA (2005) classification system (Source: Ruskule et al., 2005) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 39 1.2 Integrated Approach | Ecosystem Services Assessment Figure: Conceptual framework for ecosystem assessment (Source: Ruskule et al., 2018) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 40 1.2 Integrated Approach | Ecological Carrying Capacity Ecological carrying capacity: the maximum population or rate of resource use that an ecosystem can sustainably support before becoming irreversibly damaged (McLachlan & Defeo, 2018) Why is it important to understand the carrying capacity of an ecosystem? For ensuring sustainable resource use & preventing overexploitation through resource management policies Examples of potential actions? Limit catch of fish species to levels within their ecological carrying capacity Limit harvest of timber to levels within the carrying capacity of forest ecosystems (Source: https://newbreweress.weebly.com/84-carrying-capacity-and-ecological-footprint.html)  WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Explanation of the figure: The same limited pool of resources is being shared by an ever-growing population. Define ecological carrying capacity and its importance. Then give examples. 41 1.2 Integrated Approach | Ecological Carrying Capacity Figure: Conceptual framework for resource and environmental carrying capacity evaluation (Source: Zou & Ma, 2021) Key messages? No single-sector solution works Real & workable solution is highly integrated in nature Need an integrated approach for understanding the complexities of the real-world system and for designing/ implementing solutions/ interventions WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Note: This figure is part of a larger DPSIR framework (Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response). Only PSR is shown in this slide’s diagram. 42 Exercise 1-4: Group Work [45 minutes] How can we balance our ecological footprint with Earth’s carrying capacity? Divide into 3-4 groups Each group will select a representative to coordinate and present in plenary List five ways that we can balance our ecological footprint with Earth’s carrying capacity [30 min] Make sure each individual participates in the discussion Group representative will present in plenary [3 mins/group] Facilitator will summarize with key messages ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE (taking care of the environment while fulfilling human needs) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.2 Integrated Approach | Sources and Further Reading Global Water Approach. (2019). The Nexus approach. https://www.gwp.org/en/GWP-Mediterranean/WE-ACT/Programmes-per-theme/Water-Food-Energy-Nexus/the-Nexus-approach-an-introduction/ McLachlan, A., Defeo, O., & Short, A. D. (2018). Characterising sandy beaches into major types and states: Implications for ecologists and managers. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 215, 152-160. NatureScot. (n.d.) Ecosystem services - nature’s benefits. https://www.nature.scot/scotlands-biodiversity/scottish-biodiversity-strategy-and-cop15/ecosystem-approach/ecosystem-services-natures-benefits Ruskule, A., Vinogradovs, I., & Pecina, M. V. (2018). THE GUIDEBOOK ON “THE INTRODUCTION TO THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICE FRAMEWORK AND ITS APPLICATION IN INTEGRATED PLANNING.” Shahid, S. A. (2013). Food Security Constraints and Role of Biosaline Agriculture in Meeting Food Demand in the Gulf States Chapter. Sustainable Food Security in the Era of Local and Global Environmental Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6719-5 Zou, H., & Ma, X. (2021). Identifying resource and environmental carrying capacity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China: the perspectives of spatial differences and sustainable development. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(10), 14775–14798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01271-w WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Thinking Approach Limits to growth Sustainability Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Nexus 45 Session Delivery Plan [1 hr] Time Activity Facilitator 45 minutes Lecture – Evolution of concepts from limits to growth to Nexus Prof. Tri Ratna Bajracharya 10 minutes Exercise 1-5: What are the differences between IWRM and Nexus approaches? Prof. Tri Ratna Bajracharya 5 minutes Summary of session Prof. Tri Ratna Bajracharya WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach Nexus thinking has evolved over time in response to growing challenges related to resource management and sustainability.​ 1972 1997 2000 2008; 2011 WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› First coined in 1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, "sustainable development" came into general usage following publication of the 1987 report of the Brundtland Commission. The concept of sustainable development formed the basis of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. 47 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Limits to Growth Figure: The original projections of the limits-to-growth model (Source: Yáñez-Arancibia et al., 2013) The study examined five basic factors that determine and, in their interactions, ultimately limit growth on this planet: Population growth Agricultural production Natural resources Industrial production Pollution What is the essence of this concept/model? WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Hints: Show this figure, ask participants to visualize for a few minutes and then ask what are key factors that limit to growth? Then elaborate five factors that the limit to growth model examines and elaborate their projected trends Final question – what is the essence of this concept links to other slide 48 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Limits to Growth The “Limits to Growth” concept  highlighted the finite nature of Earth’s resources and emphasized the need to balance resource consumption with the Earth’s carrying capacity to avoid environmental degradation and the depletion of vital resources. This concept laid the foundation for understanding the interconnectedness of human activities and their impacts on the environment. The concept was based on a computer simulation study that used the World3 model to simulate the consequences of interactions between the earth and human systems.  The “Limits to Growth” concept influenced  discussions on sustainable development and resource management, including sustainable ways of living.  WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Sustainability “Sustainability or Sustainable Development”  concept was first coined in 1980 by IUCN  came into general usage after 1987 report of the Brundtland Commission  formed the basis of the UN Conference on Environment & Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The World Commission on Environment and Development (popularly known as Brundtland Commission) has defined sustainable development as one common future which has the capacity to fulfill present needs without compromising the needs of the future generations. Sustainable development has since become a major initiative in today’s growing world (Das & Cabezas, 2018). WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› As projected by the United Nations, by 2030 the world population will reach approximately 8.5 billion. As a result, demand for food will increase by 35%, energy by 50% and water by 40% (Mai et al., 2023). By that time, the most critical challenge will be to fulfill water, energy, and food needs for all human beings while staying within environmental limits, as they all are essential elements for human survival, as well as for sustainable development (Das & Cabezas, 2018). 50 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Sustainability Figure: Relationships between Social, Environmental and Economic Sustainability (Source: Wanamaker, 2018, as cited in Santos & Serpa 2020) The conception of sustainability is built on three dimensions: economic viability, social values & environmental issues (Bielicki et al., 2019; Das & Cabezas, 2018). Sustainability can be attained by creating a balance between the three foundations of sustainable development which are social, economic and environmental sustainability (Elkamel et al., 2023). WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Foster a discussion about the interaction between social & economic, social & environment, economic & environment (ways/actions mentioned in the intersection area). Sustainability is the confluence of all three pillars. 51 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Sustainable Development Goals The UN has endorsed 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) & 169 targets to be achieved by all countries with global partnership by 2030 (Mai et al., 2023). Figure: Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Source: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/12/sustainable-development-goals-kick-off-with-start-of-new-year/) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› SDGS (17 Goals & 169 targets) translate the concept of sustainability into global action. 52 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Achieving Sustainability Figure: Six key transformations needed to achieve the SDGs in a manageable way (Source: The World in 2050 initiative (TWI2050), 2018) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› What transformative actions are needed for achieving sustainability/SDGs? 53 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is “a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems” (Global Water Partnership, 2000). IWRM provides a framework for integrating water-related considerations into broader resource management practices. Figure: Three Es addressed by IWRM (Source: https://nwa.mah.nic.in/sdmc/iwrm/04_benefits.htm) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Start this slide by asking have you heard about this term “IWRM”? What is it? 54 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | IWRM Figure: Cross-Sectoral Integration (Source: https://www.riversweb.org/monreCBP/index.php/en/training/context/location-topography/57-background) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Levers/drivers for cross sectoral integrations – i) enabling environment, ii) institutional roles, iii) management instruments. 55 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Benefits of IWRM Figure: Benefits of IWRM (Source: https://nwa.mah.nic.in/sdmc/iwrm/04_benefits.htm) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Limitations of IWRM IWRM has not been implemented as widely as expected Critiques of IWRM: “Recipe for paralysis” (Merrey, 2008) “The desire to do too much at one time” (Schreiner and Hassan, 2011) Impact is limited by a lack of innovative approaches (Biswas, 2008) Unlike the water-focused IWRM, the WEFE Nexus approach is multi-centric, with each sector being treated with equal importance (Cai et al., 2018). Cai et al. (2018) suggest that the Nexus may be accepted by a broader set of stakeholders than IWRM, especially those within the agricultural and energy sectors. WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 57 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | The Nexus Approach WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› The Nexus Approach builds upon the concepts of "Limits to Growth," "Sustainability," and "IWRM" to address the interconnected challenges of water, energy, food, and ecosystems. It acknowledges the interdependencies and trade-offs between these sectors and seeks synergistic solutions for sustainable resource management. The Nexus Approach promotes the integration of various sectors, policy domains, and stakeholder perspectives in decision-making processes. 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | The Nexus Approach Figure: Timeline illustrating the development of food–energy–water Nexus since it was launched (Source: Zhu et al., 2020) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 59 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Benefits of Nexus Approach Emphasize the benefits of adopting the Nexus thinking approach in resource management. Comprehensive solutions: The Nexus approach provides a comprehensive framework to address multiple challenges simultaneously, fostering more effective solutions. Increased resilience: By recognizing interdependencies, the Nexus approach enhances the resilience of resource systems to various shocks and uncertainties. Sustainable development: Integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations ensures a more sustainable path of development. WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 60 Exercise 1-5: Open Discussion [10 minutes] Are IWRM and the WEFE Nexus approach the same? If yes, how? If not, what are the key differences? WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.3 Evolution of Nexus Approach | Sources and Further Reading Bielicki, J. M., Beetstra, M. A., Kast, J. B., Wang, Y., & Tang, S. (2019). Stakeholder perspectives on sustainability in the food-energy-water Nexus. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7(FEB), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00007 Biswas, A.K. (2008) Integrated Water Resources Management: Is It Working? International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24, 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620701871718 Cai, X., Wallington, K., Shafiee-Jood, M., & Marston, L. (2018). Understanding and managing the food-energy-water Nexus – opportunities for water resources research. Advances in Water Resources, 111(April 2017), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.11.014 Das, T., & Cabezas, H. (2018). Tools and concepts for environmental sustainability in the food-energy-water Nexus: Chemical engineering perspective. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 37(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12763 Elkamel, M., Valencia, A., Zhang, W., Zheng, Q. P., & Chang, N. (2023). Multi-agent modeling for linking a green transportation system with an urban agriculture network in a food-energy-water Nexus. Sustainable Cities and Society, 89(December 2022), 104354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104354 Global Water Partnership, 2000. Integrated Water Resources Management, Global Water Partnership. Stockholm. Mai, Q., Yu, D., & Li, X. (2023). Coupling characteristics of China’s food-energy-water Nexus and its implications for regional livelihood well-being. Journal of Cleaner Production, 395(19), 136385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136385 Merrey, D. J. (2008). Is normative integrated water resources management implementable? Charting a practical course with lessons from Southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 33(8–13), 899–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.026 National Integrated Water Resources Management Special Programme (NIWRMSP). (n.d.) IWRM Framework – Background. https://www.riversweb.org/monreCBP/index.php/en/training/context/location-topography/57-background National Water Academy of India. (n.d.) Benefits of IWRM approach. https://nwa.mah.nic.in/sdmc/iwrm/04_benefits.htm Santos, A. I., & Serpa, S. (2020). Literacy: Promoting Sustainability in a Digital Society. Journal of Education, Teaching and Social Studies, 2(1), p1. https://doi.org/10.22158/jetss.v2n1p1 Schreiner, B., Hassan, R. (2010). Lessons and Conclusions. In: Schreiner, B., Hassan, R. (eds) Transforming Water Management in South Africa. Global Issues in Water Policy, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9367-7_14 The World in 2050 initiative (TWI2050). (2018). Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals Report prepared by The World in 2050 initiative. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, July, 1–157. United Nations. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals to kick in with start of new year. Blog. https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/12/519172 Yáñez-Arancibia, A., Day, J. W., Hall, C. A. S., & Reyes, E. (2013). Diminished resources, energy scarcity and climate change: unsustainable future development. 263599396(July 2014), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-84564-756-8/030 Zhu, J., Kang, S., Zhao, W., Li, Q., Xie, X., & Hu, X. (2020). A bibliometric analysis of food–energy–water Nexus: Progress and prospects. Land, 9(12), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120504 WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.4 Fundamentals of the WEFE Nexus Nexus concepts, principles, and added value Entry points for inclusive WEFE interventions Nexus across scales (temporal and spatial) WEFE Nexus in the context of climate and market changes WEFE Nexus for national security and livelihoods 63 Session Delivery Plan [2 hrs, 25 minutes] Time Activity Facilitator 20 minutes Lecture – Concept of the Nexus Prof. Vishnu Prasad Pandey 15 minutes Exercise 1-6: Open Discussion – Inter-linkages between WEFE Nexus components and examples of inclusive WEFE Nexus solutions Prof. Vishnu Prasad Pandey 30 minutes Lecture – NEXUS in practice – added value, inclusivity, scales, and contextual challenges Prof. Vishnu Prasad Pandey 75 minutes Exercise 1-7: Group Work – Develop WEFE Nexus relationships at different scales Prof. Vishnu Prasad Pandey 5 minutes Summary of session Prof. Vishnu Prasad Pandey WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Concepts Nexus definitions can be based on: Connections linking things (ideas, processes, objects) Number of system elements Consequences: economical, societal and environmental Mercurial nature: with nature, without and hybrid Perspectives: analytical, governance, boundary concept, transdisciplinary Approaches: analytical, sectoral, systems of system Figure: Synthesis of definitions and descriptions from various literature review. (Source: adapted from Anandhi et al., 2023) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› What are different bases and key words for defining the resource Nexus?  connections; # of systems; consequences/impacts, mercurial nature, perspective, approaches. Then elaborate them briefly. 65 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Concepts The WEFE Nexus concept refers to the interdependencies of water, energy, food, and ecosystems in the context of sustainable resource management. The main objective of the WEFE Nexus approach is to identify synergies and trade-offs among these systems to formulate cross-sectoral policies for utilizing resources efficiently while incorporating social, economic and environmental impacts. (Albrecht et al., 2018) By understanding the complex interactions between water, energy, food and ecosystems, decision-makers can formulate integrated policies that help optimize resource utilization and minimize negative social, economical and environmental impacts. WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 66 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Concepts Figure: The complex links between Nexus components, driving forces, solutions, and outcomes. (Source: Adapted from Hoff, 2011; Pandey & Shrestha, 2017) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 67 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Concepts Water Energy Food 18% 15% 70% 6% Other use and loss Other use and loss Other use and loss Figure: Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus from World Economic Forum. (Source: Zhu et al. 2021) Note: % indicates percentage of global consumption WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› According to Machell et al. (2015), water consumption during electricity production accounts for approximately 15% of total global freshwater consumption; energy consumption during fres- water resource treatment accounts for approximately 18% of the total global energy consumption; and food production consumes approximately 70% of global water and 6% of global energy. 68 Exercise 1-6: Open Discussion [15 minutes] Describe the interlinkages between the following: Water   Energy Water   Food Energy   Food What could be examples of “inclusive WEFE Nexus solutions”? WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Missing – people & nature (ecosystem) 69 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Concepts WEF to WEFE  Why include Environment/Ecosystems? As discussed in one of the earlier exercises: Ecological Footprint varies by Countries Location with a country People (individuals and social groups) Environmental Justice is required Therefore, WEF was expanded to WEFE to include “Ecosystem/Environment” in the discussion of the resource Nexus. WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Principles Investing to sustain ecosystem services Investment in terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems and wetlands Higher priority given to the water requirements (‘environmental flow’) of these aquatic systems Creating more with less (Resource use efficiency) Interventions that increase water or land productivity while minimizing negatives impact on energy productivity (& emissions) Increase overall resource-use efficiency by maximizing synergies and minimizing trade-offs Accelerating access, integrating the poorest Nexus solutions should accelerate equitable access and benefits for the poor This creates high rates of return in terms of development and environmental sustainability WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Mention 3 principles and describe briefly. Discuss environmental flows (or e-flows) and potential ideas to increase resource use efficiency in all sectors. Example: Groundwater irrigation farms in Terai, Nepal – measures to maintain soil moisture reduce GW pumping (water-use efficiency), reducing energy required for pumping (energy efficiency), but still produce more with no irrigation limitation (land use efficiency). How integrating the poorest can help for Nexus gains  investment in social foundation (see discussion on planetary boundary) will draw less from public money and overall economic (NOT financial!) return will be high. 71 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Concept Figure: Concept of WEFE Nexus and its benefits (Source: https://prima-med.org/wefe-Nexus-community-of-practice-a-solution-for-the-mediterranean-future/) WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Again, human and social considerations (people) are missing in this framework. 72 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Added value of the Nexus Trade-off  when addressing one sector's needs negatively impacts another sector (e.g., diverting water for energy production reduces water availability for agriculture). Synergy  when interventions benefit multiple sectors simultaneously (e.g., promoting agroforestry enhances food production and sequesters carbon, benefiting ecosystems). Economic benefits Optimize resource use, trade and innovation Increase mid- and long-term viability of economic activities Social and environmental benefits Promote sustainability: improved public health, employment creation, water and sanitation services Environmental justice: conservation/recovery of ecosystem and habitats Regional cooperation and geopolitical benefits  Enhance cooperation in management of shared resources, (e.g., new cross-border agreements, common regulations) Foster regional markets for goods and services and increase cross-border investments WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Nexus relationship can create either synergies or trade-offs (or a mix of both). In the case of transboundary water bodies, the adoption of the Nexus approach ensures that synergies are explored at both an inter-sectoral and cross-country level, improving coordination, cooperation and thus reducing conflicts and trade-offs. Mutual commitments to increasing resource efficiency and eliminating unnecessary waste of water resources benefits all stakeholders. A transboundary Nexus approach can also foster regional political cooperation and provide further economic benefits through the development of regional markets and increased and optimized trade. 73 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Entry Points for Inclusive Interventions Inclusive (GESI) WEFE interventions  consider needs and perspectives of all social groups to promote equity. Entry points for inclusivity in WEFE Nexus interventions include: Gender-sensitive policies: Ensure women’s voices are heard and their needs are addressed. Accessible infrastructure for differently-abled individuals: Ensure differently-abled individuals can fully participate in and benefit from WEFE interventions. Culturally appropriate interventions for different ethnicities: Ensure different ethnicities can fully participate in and benefit from WEFE interventions. Economic empowerment for vulnerable socio-economic groups: Ensure secure livelihoods for all stakeholders. WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› GESI = Gender Equality, and Social Inclusion (sometimes expanded to GEDSI to more explicitly include Disability) 1) Examples of accessible infrastructure: wheelchair-friendly building; sign language interpretation; assistive technologies.  2) Examples of culturally appropriate interventions: culturally sensitive language, respecting local customs and traditions, and involving community leaders. 74 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Nexus Across Scales Spatial Scale - Vertical Household | Farm | Community | River Basin | Country | Landscape Nexus solutions require tailored strategies to address scale-specific challenges Spatial Scale – Horizontal Within countries in different global regions, within different districts within a country, etc. Nexus solutions require tailored strategies to address region-specific challenges Arid regions water is scarce, focus on strategies to improve water use efficiency and reduce water losses Regions with abundant water resources  focus on strategies to manage flood risks and protect water quality WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Nexus Across Scales Temporal Scale: Short-term and long-term Diurnal (within 24 hours) | Seasonal | Decadal Decision-making and policy planning for WEFE Nexus solutions is influenced by temporal scales: Short-term decisions  for immediate needs (e.g., emergency water supplies in drought) Long-term decisions  for sustainable water management strategies for future water security WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 1.4 WEFE Nexus in the Context of Climate and Market Changes Climate change  Shifts in resource availability affecting water availability, energy production, and agricultural yields. E.g., changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation due to higher temperatures can alter water availability for agriculture, energy production, and other uses Market changes  Shifts in global commodities prices influence resource demand and accessibility, necessitating adaptive and resilient resource management strategies.  E.g., rising food and energy prices can impact global inflation and affect the economy (Source: Schneiderbauer et al., 2014)  WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Climate change and market dynamics significantly impact the WEFE Nexus. 77 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals |National Security and Livelihoods National Security: WEFE Nexus solutions may help improve regional cooperation and derive geopolitical benefits. Enhance cooperation in management of shared resources, (e.g., new cross-border agreements, common regulations) Foster regional markets for goods and services and increase cross-border investments Livelihoods: WEFE Nexus solutions promote efficient use and sustainable management of resources. Enhances national resilience to environmental and socio-economic shocks Better access to resources and opportunities  improved livelihoods; resilient-communities WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Exercise 1-7: Group Work [75 minutes] Divide participants into five groups Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 will identify Nexus relationships at the following scales in sequence: Household | Farm | Community | River Basin | Country Each group will identify/list potential sources of water, energy, food, and priorities for ecosystem/environment (following the worksheet provided in the next slide) They also will prepare a diagram with potential tradeoffs (-) and synergies (+) with changes in quantity or priority of each resource on others (as qualitative description of trade-off & synergies) One representative of each group will present their conclusions in plenary [5 min/group=25 min] Q& A and facilitator’s feedback WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Exercise 1-7: Group Work [75 minutes] - Worksheet Sector Potential Source (“I” – Increase in use) Impact on Water Energy Food Ecosystem Water 1. 2. 3. Energy 1. 2. 3. Food 1. 2. 3. Ecosystem 1. 2. 3. Scale (Please tick mark on right scale) Household ( ) Farm ( ) Community ( ) River Basin ( ) Country ( ) Impacts: If use of resource from particular source is increased (I), then indicate impact on other resources, as “+”, if it creates Synergy “-”, if it creates Trade-off WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› Sample worksheet for this exercise 80 1.4 WEFE Nexus Fundamentals | Sources and Further Reading Abdi, H., Shahbazitabar, M., & Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B. (2020). Food, energy and water Nexus: A brief review of definitions, research, and challenges. Inventions, 5(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions5040056 Albrecht, T. R., Crootof, A., & Scott, C. A. (2018). The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for Nexus assessment. Environmental Research Letters, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa9c6 Anandhi, A., Srivastava, P., Mohtar, R. H., Lawford, R. G., Sen, S., & Lamba, J. (2023). Methodologies and principles for developing Nexus definitions and conceptualizations: lessons from FEW Nexus studies. Journal of the ASABE, 66(2), 205–230. Arthur, M., Liu, G., Hao, Y., Zhang, L., Liang, S., Asamoah, E. F., & Lombardi, G. V. (2019). Urban food-energy-water Nexus indicators: A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 151(February), 104481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104481 Hoff, H. (2011). Understanding the Nexus. Background paper for the Bonn2011 Nexus Conference: Stockholm Environment Institute, November, 1–52. Lee, B., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Cooper, N. J., & Elimelech, M. (2023). Directing the research agenda on water and energy technologies with process and economic analysis. Energy and Environmental Science, 16(3), 714–722. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee03271f Newell, J. P., Goldstein, B., & Foster, A. (2019). A 40-year review of food-energy-water Nexus literature and its application to the urban scale. Environmental Research Letters, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0767 Pandey, V. P., & Shrestha, S. (2017). Evolution of the Nexus as a Policy and Development Discourse. Geophysical Monograph Series, 229, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119243175.ch2 Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA). (2022). WEFE NEXUS Community of Practice: A solution for the Mediterranean future. Blog. https://prima-med.org/wefe-Nexus-community-of-practice-a-solution-for-the-mediterranean-future/ Schlör, H., & Schubert, S. A. (2022). SDG 8 and the food – energy – water Nexus: a two‑country dynamic computable general equilibrium CGE model. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-022-00369-x Vinca, A., Riahi, K., Rowe, A., & Djilali, N. (2021). Climate-Land-Energy-Water Nexus Models Across Scales: Progress, Gaps and Best Accessibility Practices. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9(July), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.691523 Zainali, S., Qadir, O., Parlak, S. C., Lu, S. M., Avelin, A., Stridh, B., & Campana, P. E. (2023). Computational fluid dynamics modelling of microclimate for a vertical agrivoltaic system. Energy Nexus, 9(September 2022), 100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.Nexus.2023.100173 Zhu, Q., Sun, C., & Zhao, L. (2021). Effect of the marine system on the pressure of the food–energy–water Nexus in the coastal regions of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 319(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128753 WEFE Nexus Capacity Building | Professional Course ‹#› 81 image4.png image5.png image6.png image7.png image8.JPG image9.png image10.jpeg image11.jpeg image12.jpeg image13.jpeg image14.jpeg image15.jpeg image16.jpeg image17.jpeg image18.jpeg image19.jpeg image20.jpeg image21.jpeg image22.jpeg image23.jpeg image24.jpeg image25.jpeg image26.jpeg image27.jpeg image28.jpeg image29.jpeg image30.jpeg image31.png image32.jpeg image33.jpeg image34.png image35.png image36.jpeg image37.jpeg image38.jpeg image39.jpeg image40.jpeg image41.png image42.jpeg image43.jpeg image44.jpeg image45.png image46.jpeg image47.jpeg image48.JPG image49.jpeg image50.jpeg image51.jpeg image52.jpeg image53.jpeg image54.JPG image55.jpeg image56.png image57.jpeg image58.png image59.jpeg image60.jpeg image61.png image62.jpeg image63.jpeg image64.jpeg image65.jpeg image66.png image67.svg .MsftOfcResponsive_Fill_ffffff { fill:#FFFFFF; } image68.png image69.svg .MsftOfcResponsive_Fill_ffffff { fill:#FFFFFF; } image70.png image71.svg .MsftOfcResponsive_Fill_ffffff { fill:#FFFFFF; } image72.jpeg image80.svg .MsftOfcThm_Accent3_Fill_v2 { fill:#669E40; } image73.png image74.svg .MsftOfcThm_Text2_Fill_v2 { fill:#2F5597; } image75.png image76.svg .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Fill_v2 { fill:#4472C4; } image77.png image78.svg .MsftOfcThm_Accent2_Fill_v2 { fill:#3BA37B; } image79.png image81.png image82.svg .MsftOfcResponsive_Fill_ffffff { fill:#FFFFFF; } image83.png image84.svg .MsftOfcResponsive_Fill_ffffff { fill:#FFFFFF; } image85.jpeg image86.jpeg image87.png