Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems Lead: Simon Heck (s.heck@cgiar.org) Deputy Lead: Silvia Alonso (s.alonso@cgiar.org) Proposal November 23, 2021 Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 1 23 November 2021 Table of contents Summary table .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. General information .......................................................................................................... 3 2. Context .............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Challenge statement ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Measurable 3-year (end-of-Initiative) outcomes .................................................................................... 5 2.3 Learning from prior evaluations and impact assessments (IA) ............................................................... 5 2.4 Priority-setting ........................................................................................................................................ 7 2.5 Comparative advantage .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.6 Participatory design process ................................................................................................................... 8 2.7 Projection of benefits .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.7.1 Nutrition, health and food security ............................................................................................... 10 2.7.2 Impact Area: Poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs .................................................................. 10 2.7.3 Impact Area: Gender equality, youth and social inclusion ............................................................ 11 2.7.4 Impact Area: Climate adaptation and mitigation .......................................................................... 12 2.7.5 Impact Area: Environmental health and biodiversity .................................................................... 12 3. Research plans and associated theories of change (TOC) ..................................................1 4 3.1 Full Initiative TOC .................................................................................................................................. 14 3.1.1 Full Initiative TOC diagram ............................................................................................................ 14 3.1.2 Full Initiative TOC narrative ........................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Work Package TOCs .............................................................................................................................. 16 Work Package 1: Enabling sustainable production of nutritious foods in (peri-) urban zones .............. 16 Work Package 2: Building inclusive and sustainable food markets and safeguarding supply chains .... 20 Work Package 3: Strengthening circular bioeconomy, food safety and the urban environment .......... 24 Work Package 4: Improving food environments and consumer behavior for nutrition ........................ 30 Work Package 5: Strengthening the evidence base and research and innovation capacities for UPU Agrifood System governance and growth .............................................................................................. 34 4. Innovation Packages and Scaling Readiness Plan ..............................................................3 9 5. Impact statements ............................................................................................................4 0 5.1 Nutrition, health and food security ................................................................................................... 40 5.2 Poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs ............................................................................................ 41 5.3 Gender equality, youth and social inclusion ...................................................................................... 42 5.4 Climate adaptation and mitigation .................................................................................................... 43 5.5 Environmental health and biodiversity ............................................................................................. 44 6. Monitoring, evaluation, learning and impact assessment (MELIA) ....................................4 4 6.1 Result framework .................................................................................................................................. 45 6.2 MELIA plan ............................................................................................................................................ 54 6.3 Planned MELIA studies and activities .................................................................................................... 55 7. Management plan and risk assessment .................................................................................5 5 7.1 Management plan ................................................................................................................................. 55 7.2 Summary management plan ................................................................................................................. 57 7.3 Risk assessment ..................................................................................................................................... 58 8. Policy compliance, and oversight ..........................................................................................5 9 8.1 Research governance ............................................................................................................................ 59 8.2 Open and FAIR data assets .................................................................................................................... 59 9. Human resources ..................................................................................................................6 0 9.1 Initiative team ....................................................................................................................................... 60 9.2 Gender, diversity and inclusion in the workplace ................................................................................. 60 9.3 Capacity development .......................................................................................................................... 61 Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 2 23 November 2021 10. Financial resources ..............................................................................................................6 2 10.1 Budget ................................................................................................................................................. 62 Annexes ............................................................................................................................ 62 References ........................................................................................................................ 63 A list of acronyms used in this Proposal can be found here Summary table Initiative name Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri- urban Agrifood Systems Primary Action Area Resilient Agrifood Systems (RAFS) Geographic scope Global, with priority activities in Bangladesh, Philippines, Kenya, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Peru Budget US$25M 1. General information Initiative name: Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems Primary CGIAR Action Area: Resilient Agrifood Systems (RAFS) Lead: Simon Heck, s.heck@cgiar.org Deputy Lead: Silvia Alonso, s.alonso@cgiar.org Initiative Design Team members and affiliations: IDT member Affiliation Silvia Alonso CGIAR Danny Coyne CGIAR Pay Drechsel CGIAR Simon Heck CGIAR Laura Munro FCDO Deanna Olney CGIAR Soroush Parsa CGIAR Gordon Prain Independent Consultant Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 3 23 November 2021 Pepijn Schreinemachers World Vegetable Center Rene van Veenhuizen RUAF Global Partnership 2. Context 2.1 Challenge statement By 2050, more than two in three people on the planet will live in an urban environment, including over 5.5 billion in LMICs1. The agrifood sector will play a central role in humanity’s transition to an urban world over the next generation2. Local and global agrifood systems need to step up and adapt to feed and nourish expanding urban populations, reduce human and environmental health risks, and secure economic opportunities for the urban poor. The COVID-19 pandemic3 and climate emergencies have further highlighted the urgency for research and innovation to help strengthen food system resilience on a rapidly urbanizing planet. Securing a future for productive, green, and livable cities with healthy populations has become a global priority4 5 6. Countries in CGIAR target regions are struggling to keep pace with the implications of rapid urbanization and are demanding technically sound, equitable and scalable solutions in the agrifood sector7. Key challenges for agrifood action in urban and peri-urban (abbreviated as UPU in this proposal; see Annex 1 for the full list of acronyms) environments include growing pollution and environmental degradation, increasing social and economic inequalities, growing competition for land and water resources, and weak or absent agrifood governance structures. Agrifood systems can rise to meet these challenges. Harnessing the tremendous urban capacities for innovation and supported by scientific research, UPU agrifood systems can generate technological, institutional and social change that can secure food and livelihoods for future urban generations. CGIAR research is well positioned to provide global leadership in this process, building on previous8 and ongoing9 research together with our partners. Within an integrated UPU resilience perspective, five entry points stand out for immediate research action: (i) Making UPU food production (vegetables, livestock and fish) more efficient, safer, and sustainable by improving smallholder access to better technologies, practices, services and clean production environments; (ii) Improving informal urban food markets and rural-urban supply chains through access to appropriate technologies (storage, processing) and business development services that strengthen economic opportunities for women and youth; (iii) Improving urban food environments and creating demand for and access to healthier diets for the urban poor to counteract the rising double-burden of overnutrition and undernutrition10, and diet-related NCDs; (iv) Supporting innovations for a circular bioeconomy by turning urban (food) waste and wastewater into safe and efficient resources for food production, driven by public-private partnerships; and (v) Developing improved research capacities and tools to support UPU agrifood governance, innovation services, and investment planning for sustainable agrifood sector growth. In addressing these challenges, the Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems Initiative (Resilient Cities, for short) will approach UPU agrifood systems as part of highly dynamic urban systems rather than as extensions of rural agricultural systems and foster new research collaborations across different urban economic and social sectors. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 4 23 November 2021 Unlike in rural areas, the agrifood sector often has low visibility and support within the urban policy and investment context – resulting in missed economic and social opportunities and increased health and environmental risks. An important part of the challenge, therefore, is to engage urban stakeholders and policy makers more effectively in agrifood systems policy and technical dialogues. 2.2 Measurable 3-year (end-of-Initiative) outcomes 1. At least 10,000 small-scale producers in UPU zones can access and utilize improved technologies, skills, know-how and management tools for safer, more sustainable and more efficient vegetable, livestock and fish production. Reducing the excessive use of agrochemicals and increasing the use of nature-positive alternatives will increase availability of diverse, nutritious and safe foods from less polluted UPU environments. 2. At least 10,000 local MSMEs in food processing, marketing and agrifood service sectors can access and utilize business development toolkits, improved technologies, knowledge and skills, with strong participation by women and youth. These investments will generate increased employment and incomes and will help improve availability and affordability of nutritious foods among low-income UPU consumers. 3. Municipal authorities and their public and private sector partners in at least six cities adopt evidence-based approaches, tools, and business models for planning, implementing, and monitoring investments in a circular bioeconomy (safe food waste and wastewater reuse) and/or strategies to mitigate environmental and human health risks including waterborne, foodborne, and zoonotic diseases, informing new guidelines by global scaling partners such as FAO or WHO. 4. At least 4 million consumers benefit from nutrition programs in public, civil society and private sector that use evidence-based UPU food environment and consumption toolkits, including approaches to increase women’s decision-making power and to improve diet quality and nutritional status. 5. Urban planners and stakeholders participating in global networks of more than 200 cities representing over 400 million consumers use, promote and further improve Research and Innovation tools and approaches developed by research and training institutions and civil society groups to accelerate UPU agrifood system development and strengthen urban resilience. 2.3 Learning from prior evaluations and impact assessments (IA) Resilient Cities responds to the need for an integrated research approach to UPU agrifood systems within CGIAR by linking existing high-quality yet fragmented research on key elements of these systems through a common resilience research agenda. The current proposal capitalizes on the strengths, opportunities and weaknesses highlighted in the 2021 Synthesis on Learning from a decade of CGIAR Research Programs11 and the 2017 Global Food Policy Report12 on urbanization. Resilient Cities leverages CGIAR’s strengths, building on partnerships with NARES and universities, working closely with policymakers at all levels, and furthering legacy research on urban agriculture (see Section 2.5) and One Health. The Initiative’s research agenda includes approaches to recover and reuse solid and liquid urban waste highlighted as a priority in the 2019 evaluation of Resources, Recovery and Reuse Sub-program of the Water, Land and Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 5 23 November 2021 Ecosystems CRP13; as well as tools to assess and improve diet, nutrition and health outcomes recommended in the 2020 evaluation of the Agriculture for Nutrition and Health CRP14. Resilient Cities also addresses weaknesses identified in the Synthesis of Learning from a Decade of CGIAR Research Programs15. First, we apply a strong poverty and social inclusion focus in our research and innovation strategy by prioritizing livelihood, diet and nutrition constraints among poor urban women and youth. Second, we engage a wide range of stakeholders throughout the research process, from priority setting to design, implementation, and evaluation. This will increase accountability to stakeholder demand and will allow us to receive feedback and adjust research focus and modalities. Annex 2 provides a list of demand, innovation and scaling partners who will be involved in the Initiative. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 6 23 November 2021 2.4 Priority-setting Resilient Cities bases its prioritization on recent global and regional analyses of UPU agrifood systems and of strategic entry points for research16 17 18 to strengthen their resilience. To capture diverse and dynamic urban food supplies effectively and to account for the influence of urban demand on the overall food system, we will adopt and further advance a CRFS19 approach. This will allow us to identify and pursue impactful research questions within a widely accepted systems framework encompassing territorial, economic, social and ecological perspectives. The six target countries for 2022–2025 are Peru, Ghana, Kenya, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, and the Philippines. These countries were selected on the following criteria: (i) They represent key UPU food system challenges of global significance; (ii) Stakeholders in these countries have expressed demand for CGIAR research to support their ongoing or incipient efforts to address these challenges; and (iii) CGIAR has capacity and partnerships in place to provide this support. Within these countries we will focus on urban centers that offer the most impactful opportunities for innovation and learning, including secondary or tertiary cities. Selected research activities will be pursued in additional countries with ongoing related CGIAR research projects such as in Burkina Faso, Rwanda, Sri Lanka and Cambodia. Consultations were held with global partners such as FAO, RUAF, GAIN, and the World Bank, with in-country stakeholders and other related CGIAR Initiatives to verify this country selection approach (see Section 2.6). Research priorities have been identified through discussions with partners and stakeholders in each target country, and analyses of previously published studies20, and will be refined through multi-stakeholder platforms21. Research methodologies22 will be adapted to the urban environment. Specific research activities will be prioritized with city stakeholders and partners and will vary according to demand and not all WPs will be equally implemented in each city. Research will be organized in five Work Packages (WP) focused on separate but linked research areas with cross-cutting contributions to strengthening UPU agrifood system resilience23. Priority research activities will address efficiency and safety of UPU vegetable production and small livestock keeping (WP1); informal urban food markets and supply chains (WP2); opportunities for circular bioeconomy and enhanced food safety (WP3); improving urban food environments for healthier diets (WP4); and strengthening urban food governance and innovation capacities (WP5). Research strategies will pay attention to linkages across these research domains, for example by working with peri-urban producers, market vendors, and consumer groups to identify leverage points for markets to differentiate and reward food safety24, and consumers to value food safety attributes25. Similarly, human and environmental health is a particular challenge in UPU agrifood systems that requires innovative and integrative approaches across sectors and stakeholder groups in environments where risk awareness is limited26. This also extends to tackling the enormous amounts of organic (food) waste generated in cities that can be turned into opportunities for private sector investments in the circular economy27 through targeted research and innovation support. Success in any of these areas will depend on the effective engagement of stakeholders28 such as local governments, CSOs, food producers, and private sector companies. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 7 23 November 2021 2.5 Comparative advantage Over the last two decades, international research on UPU food systems across the Global South has been mainly driven by CGIAR and (with a focus on Francophone countries) CIRAD29. Through Urban Harvest (2000–2010)30, the CGIAR system-wide Initiative on UPU agriculture, and the Rural-Urban Linkages (RUL) flagship (2012–2021)9 of the Water, Land and Ecosystems CRP, CGIAR has two decades of experience in analyzing UPU agricultural systems and related urban challenges such as safe wastewater irrigation, documented in more than 1,000 CGIAR publications31. This research has been carried out in close collaboration with urban stakeholders and international scaling partners such as FAO32, UNEP, WHO, and RUAF — generating an influential set of international public goods33. CGIAR and partners have developed methodologies and gender-sensitive indicator frameworks34 tailored to the multi- stakeholder UPU context that have been adopted by international urban food system networks involving over 200 cities35. WHO, and RUAF — generating an influential set of international public goods36. CGIAR and partners have developed methodologies and gender- sensitive indicator frameworks37 tailored to the multi-stakeholder UPU context that have been adopted by international urban food system networks involving over 200 cities38. This record now positions the Initiative to effectively tackle a higher order of research challenges and guide the scaling of solutions generated so far. Importantly, for the first time, the Initiative will bring together separate UPU research streams across CGIAR Centers into an integrated resilience approach. Through the proposed Center of Excellence for UPU Agrifood Systems, CGIAR will fill a critical global gap by convening research, demand and scaling partners from the Global South and North to develop and pursue a resilience-focused research agenda that responds to the urgent demand from cities and their stakeholders in LMICs. 2.6 Participatory design process Resilient Cities consulted widely with stakeholders and technical experts from the start of the design phase. Annex 3 provides an overview of consultations held. The IDT includes representatives from five CGIAR Centers, the World Vegetable Center, RUAF39, and a funder agency. An International Advisory Group of ‘demand brokers’ and experts from the World Bank, FAO, donor agencies, and universities advises the IDT. We engaged global city networks such as MUFPP40, ICLEI41, and C4042, pooling the perspectives and priorities of more than 2,500 city and regional governments on urban food systems. The IDT followed a two-track consultation process. First, Work Package teams reached out to national experts to capture their perspectives on specific research demands. For example, detailed discussions were held with senior staff of the Department of Agriculture in the Philippines who lead a national urban agriculture program, resulting in a clear set of research priorities for inclusion in this proposal. Research demands for Bangladesh were explored through consultations with prospective implementing partners actively involved in food system work in Dhaka. These included GAIN, WUR, and FAO. In Ghana, consultations with long-term partners have identified clear research and development priorities building on more than 20 years of urban agrifood systems research led by IWMI. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 8 23 November 2021 In Peru, the Initiative will operate through ‘Lima 2035’ led by CIP, a vision for the city’s future agrifood system, that was developed in consultation with more than 600 stakeholders from the general public, CSOs, local and national government and the private sector. Linkages will also be pursued with the Food Smart Cities program of Rikolto43, an international NGO supported by IDRC. In Kenya, the IDT consulted with the Nairobi City County to ensure alignment with the City’s new Food Strategy44. Opportunities for collaboration were discussed with Mazingira Institute45 for piloting of research tools, governance analyses and strengthening women’s engagement; as well as with Tradecare Africa Ltd46 to improve efficiencies and smallholder benefits in vegetable and fruit value chains to urban markets. In Ethiopia, consultations with the Urban Agriculture Commission, Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, and the Ministry of Agriculture confirmed the urgent demand for research and technology support to expand and diversify the supply and marketing of vegetables among urban populations. Secondly, we held broader discussions with multilateral organizations and international programs. The IDT presented the Initiative to more than 400 participants at the 7th Global Forum of MUFPP in October 202147 and received detailed feedback from cities and their technical partners. Joint meetings with leaders of FAO’s urban agenda programs, including CRFS48 and the new Green Cities Initiative6 led to a clear understanding of the complementarities between our Initiatives in research, training, investment planning, and policy engagement. Similarly, we will collaborate with WFP’s evolving Urban Strategy49 to strengthen their evidence base. A major partnership is evolving with the World Bank’s Global Agriculture and Urban Practices50 who are joining forces to address urgent investment needs and opportunities in urban food systems. The IDT will participate in the new Community of Practice on Urban Food Systems hosted by the World Bank through joint webinars. Annex 4 provides a set of Letters of Support from many of these stakeholders and partners that reflect their priority demand for the Initiative and lays out possible complementarities with their own work. 2.7 Projection of benefits The projections below transparently estimate reasonable orders of magnitude for impacts which could arise as a result of the impact pathways set out in the Initiative’s Theories of Change. Initiatives contribute to these impact pathways, along with other partners and stakeholders. For each Impact Area, projections consider breadth (numbers reached), depth (expected intensity of effect per unit) and probability (a qualitative judgement reflecting the overall degree of certainty or uncertainty that the impact pathway will lead to the projected order of magnitude of impact). Projections will be updated during delivery to help inform iterative, evidence-driven, dynamic management by Initiatives as they maximize their potential contribution to impact. Projected benefits are not delivery targets, as impact lies beyond CGIAR’s sphere of control or influence. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 9 23 November 2021 2.7.1 Nutrition, health and food security Impact Indicator: # cases communicable and noncommunicable diseases averted Challenge: Where services like sanitation and waste management are outpaced by rapid urbanization, risks of waterborne, foodborne & zoonotic diseases are amplified. For example, 29.3 Mha of downstream irrigated croplands are affected by wastewater from urban areas with low levels of wastewater treatment that are home to 885 million urban consumers51. Breadth: We have tested ‘farm to fork’ solutions to cost-effectively (90% informal59. It is estimated that in some cities in SSA, 40– 60% of all employment is in the informal food sector60. Currently, a large percentage of informal sector jobs are classified by ILO as survival work and a smaller percentage as commercial MSMEs with potential for growth61. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 10 23 November 2021 Breadth: A range of production, marketing, enterprise and communications tools will be applied across WP1, WP2 and WP3 specifically designed to increase decent work opportunities in food production, marketing and in the circular bioeconomy, strengthening 50% of informal sector jobs involved in MSMEs (estimated 30% of total food enterprises) and moving a conservative 20% of the survival enterprises (estimated at 70% of all food enterprises) to market enterprises. Total enterprises reached is based on the following formula: Urban working population/% informal/% in food sector/50%MSMEs+20% survival enterprises. TOTAL: 4 million (60% women or youth) in four countries. Depth: Transformative, 50% of beneficiaries (survival enterprises); weighting 10–50. Substantial, 50% (income improvements among MSMEs); weighting 5–10. Probability: Medium (30–50%): WP5 will contribute to an enabling environment that will strengthen the probability of achieving the projected benefits. This will be through strengthening evidence, tools and capacities for both policies protecting the agricultural spaces in peri-urban and urban areas, supporting repositioning and diversification of food markets to offer better income opportunities to producers and vendors and strengthening incentives and regulations to increase decent work. By engaging national governments and regional and global city networks, additional 20 cities will be recruited by 2030, beyond the initial 10 cities targeted in 2022–2025. 2.7.3 Impact Area: Gender equality, youth and social inclusion Impact Indicator: # women benefiting from relevant CGIAR innovations Challenge: Globally, 50% of women62, compared to 76% of men, are in the workforce. In LMICs, the informal sector is the primary source of employment for women, especially own account businesses in the food sector59, providing opportunities for the poor but also exposing them to low pay, lack of security, and unsafe working conditions. Women are especially represented in street vending and other precarious occupations58. Breadth: By working with the informal sector in target cities, we will support 50% of the informal sector jobs involved in women owned commercial MSMEs (estimated 30% of commercial MSMEs are owned by women) and moving a conservative 20% of the survival enterprises (estimated 70% of these are owned by women) to market enterprises. The total number of women and youth reached is calculated by adding the women and youth benefitting through informal survival and commercial enterprises (Section 2.7.2) and through investments in diet improvement (Section 2.7.1). TOTAL: 3.6 million women or youth in four countries. Depth: Significant, weighting: 1–5. Probability: Medium (30–50%). WP5 will help strengthen the enabling urban environment for women and youth to benefit from innovations. WP1, WP2 and WP4 will target women and youth in specific nodes in the food systems, i.e., production, marketing, food environment and consumption, through capacity development, gender-sensitive public policies that support marginalized groups, and strengthening the participation of women in private sector associations. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 11 23 November 2021 2.7.4 Impact Area: Climate adaptation and mitigation Impact Indicator: # climate adaptation investments Challenge: Methane emitted from organic (food) waste dumped on urban landfills is considered the third major anthropogenic source of CH4, and it contributes approximately 11% of the total anthropogenic CH4 emissions63. Reducing organic waste (especially food waste) and increasing resource recovery for reuse can help mitigate these GHG emissions, while recycling nutrients for agriculture (which saves also on GHG emissions64). Less than 2% of the nutrients entering cities are recycled back into the agricultural production cycle65, but contribute to environmental pollution. Food waste management66 and Resource Recovery for Reuse (RRR) are major components for climate change adaptation and food system sustainability (see Peak-Phosphorous67). Improved production innovations will additionally focus on water and nutrient efficient practices that conserve water and reduce excess chemical inputs. Breadth: Transfer and adapt circular economy Innovation Packages (RRR technologies, RRR business models, RRR training68) based on multi-criteria feasibility studies69 targeting organic domestic (food waste and septage) and agro-industrial waste. Currently, about 60 business models70 for food waste reduction and resource recovery are available. TOTAL: At least USD 100 million invested in better urban organic waste management. Depth: Substantial, weighting: 5–10. Probability: Medium (30–50%) to High (50–80%) based on current feasibility studies for developing banks investing in urban waste management and sanitation. 2.7.5 Impact Area: Environmental health and biodiversity Impact Indicator: # ha under improved management Challenge: Agricultural intensification to feed rapidly growing cities71 as well as human waste48 in urban sewage contribute globally to water quality degradation affecting significantly ecosystem health and biodiversity72. The highly intensive UPU vegetable systems also facilitates pest and disease manifestation, increasing reliance on, use and misuse of synthetic pesticides. This has negative impacts on the environment and biodiversity73. Breadth: We will develop and promote best management practices for water quality and standards for UPU settings in countries relying on FAO guidelines targeting up to 6 Mha in participating countries in Africa and Asia by 203048. Improved, more efficient and safer cropping practices will additionally be promoted. TOTAL: At least 6 Mha under improved management. Depth: Substantial, weighting: 5–10. Probability: Very high (>80%) expectation of achieving these impacts by 2030 through partnership with FAO, modelled on previous successful partnerships with UN agencies74. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 12 23 November 2021 Summary table of projected benefits: Impact Area Impact indicator Breadth Depth Probability Nutrition, # cases At least 2 million Substantial. Several Weighting Medium: 30–50% health & food communicable and urban dwellers 1,000 DALYs averted 5–10 expectation of security non-communicable benefitting (3 with a 0.1% mortality achieving these diseases averted countries) rate. impacts by 2030 # people meeting 1.53 million Lifesaving: 20% Weighting Medium: 30–50% micronutrient people (80% (306,000). 50+ expectation of requirements women or youth) Transformative: 50% Weighting achieving these (765,000). 5–10 impacts by 2030 Perceptible: 30% Weighting (459,000) 0.1–0.5 Poverty # poor people 4 million (60% Transformative 50% Weighting Medium: 30–50% reduction, benefiting from women or youth) of beneficiaries 10–50 expectation of livelihoods & relevant CGIAR in 4 countries. (survival to achieving these jobs innovations enterprise) impacts by 2030 Substantial 50% (income Weighting improvements among 5–10 MSMEs) Gender # women benefiting 3.6 million Significant Weighting Medium: 30–50% equality, from relevant CGIAR women or youth 1–5 expectation of youth & social innovations in 4 countries. achieving these inclusion impacts by 2030 Climate # $ climate At least US$100 Substantial Weighting Medium (30– adaptation & adaptation million invested in 5–10 50%) to High (50– mitigation investments better urban 80%) expectation organic waste of achieving these management. impacts by 2030 Environmenta # ha under improved At least 6 million Substantial Weighting Very high: >80% l health & management ha under 5–10 expectation of biodiversity improved achieving these management impacts by 2030 Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 13 23 November 2021 3. Research plans and associated theories of change (TOC) 3.1 Full Initiative TOC 3.1.1 Full Initiative TOC diagram Contributions to the SDG Targets are explained in Annex 5. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 14 23 November 2021 3.1.2 Full Initiative TOC narrative Responding to stakeholder demand for research and innovation, the Initiative will support a vibrant, largely informal UPU agrifood sector to help improve sustainability, equity and growth of opportunities and mitigate risks for human and environmental health. The Initiative takes a systems approach to developing and delivering science-based solutions, recognizing the integrated nature of UPU agrifood challenges and stakeholder interests, and addressing these as part of broader and highly dynamic urban systems (rather than as a mere extension of rural agricultural systems). Within this systems approach, research is organized in five Work Packages (WPs) that, although inter-related, are driven by distinct stakeholder demand and target specific high-impact entry points where research can help unlock positive change in the short to medium term. Importantly, these five WPs reinforce each other to enable key stakeholder groups adopt and apply new and improved technologies, tools and knowledge and create integrated Outcomes at institutional, enterprise, market, or policy levels. The Initiative will co-convene multi- stakeholder platforms to facilitate dialogue on policy and investments and promote the use of evidence-based tools and approaches (WP5). The main assumptions behind these Outcomes for each set of stakeholders (next users) are: • Producers will benefit from access to improved technologies and skills (WP1) which they are willing to apply to respond to better market access (WP2) and increased consumer demand for fresh, safe, and nutritious foods from peri-urban production zones (WP4). They will also benefit from improved management and re-use of waste (WP3), and better land and water governance (WP5). • UPU consumers will benefit from the increased supply of safe and nutritious food produced in UPU environments (WP1) and made accessible to them through efficient markets (WP2) operating in a food environment that stimulates healthy eating (WP4). • Municipal authorities and their public sector partners are keen to improve their planning and monitoring of the agrifood sector (WP5) and realizing this will increase employment (WP2), reduce health risks (WP3), reduce costs from waste (WP3), and offer additional revenue opportunities over time (WP1, 2, 3). • Micro-Small-Medium-Scale Enterprises in the informal agrifood sector will adopt technologies and practices (WP2) that increase their profit margins and/or stabilize or grow their business. They will respond to incentives from consumer demand for nutritious food (WP4) and for increased food safety (WP3). They will participate in multi-stakeholder platforms (WP5) to voice their priorities for services, infrastructure, and policy support. • Research and training institutes have urgent demand for suitable research methodologies and tools (WP5) to keep pace with the rapidly changing UPU agrifood sector, where rural agriculture approaches have not been adequate. Their engagement in all WPs will be critical for capacity development of local research and training providers to respond to this dynamic demand. The Outcomes thus achieved will contribute significantly to RAFS Action Area Outcomes and CGIAR Impact Areas, particularly by harnessing the large opportunities in UPU environments that can have country-wide and global impacts. Specifically, the Initiative will help improve the quality and efficiency of peri-urban production of highly nutritious, perishable foods, Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 15 23 November 2021 including vegetables, livestock products, and fish from aquaculture, and thus make these foods safer and more widely available and accessible to larger segments of low-income urban consumers and reduce the carbon footprint of food supply chains. This also includes the adoption of bio-circular technologies and management approaches that can recover and re- use waste and wastewater from the urban economy and feed the back safely into food production. Secondly, the urban agrifood sector sustains many millions of informal jobs and businesses mainly for women and youth (and incorporating large numbers of migrants) that the Initiative will help strengthen and upgrade so that these groups can benefit from new technologies and new market contexts. Thirdly, municipalities and their partners adopting improved science- based tools and approaches for investment planning and policy, will be an impactful driver of wider positive changes towards sustainable agrifood systems given the importance of urban markets and the political influence of cities at national level. Fourthly, the Initiative is harnessing the capabilities of urban information infrastructure and diverse research and knowledge providers to develop improved, efficient, and participatory monitoring and forecasting tools and metrics. This will help update and upgrade the capacity of agrifood system research and innovation partners and enable them to include the critically important urban factors more effectively in their analyses and decision making. 3.2 Work Package TOCs Work Package 1: Enabling sustainable production of nutritious foods in (peri-) urban zones Work Package title WP1: Enabling sustainable production of nutritious foods in (peri-) urban zones Work Package main focus WP1 focuses on the safe, sustainable and equitable production and prioritization of nutrient-dense foods in UPU environments. It will identify, adapt, pilot and scale technologies and institutional innovations together with local partners and in collaboration with local governments. The WP will particularly promote women and youth in urban food production systems while the ultimate goal is for the urban poor to have increased access to safe and nutritious food. All innovations will be demand-led and informed by multistakeholder platforms (WP5), markets (WP2) and consumers (WP4), while production inputs will partly come from recovered urban organic food waste (WP3). Work Package geographic WP1 will focus on Bangladesh, Philippines, Kenya and scope (global/region/ Ethiopia with research priorities varying by location. country) Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 16 23 November 2021 The science Research question Methods Key outputs Linkage to other WPs Countries 1. What are the key factors Resilience City agrifood system WP2-5 (joint activity) All focus in UPU food production assessment through resilience assessments countries that support or constrain data mining, contributing to city agrifood system stakeholder profiles resilience? consultations 2. What are the key Action research Implementation guide Coordinate with WP2 KEN, ETH enabling/constraining approach using with evidence based on so that production factors for women and initial rapid a pilot study; at least fills existing market youth to participate in, assessment, group 300 women and youth needs. Work with benefit from and be formation, capacity trained in food WP3 to address food empowered through safe strengthening using production per country safety, zoonotic risk and sustainable UPU participatory and close nutrient food production? methods, and cycles process evaluation. 3. What is the impact of the Impact evaluation Journal article Coordinate with WP4 PHL National UPU Agriculture using a mixed describing evidence and to study impact on Program of the methods approach lessons learned diets Philippines on a broad to attribute range of livelihood outcomes to the Link to FRESH to outcomes? program and to strengthen evidence identify key basis for fruit and behavioral factors vegetable facilitating or interventions impeding change 4. What are the key factors Action research Implementation guide Coordinate with WP4 BGD, KEN that empower poor approach using a with evidence based on to add a behavior urban communities to pilot in which urban a pilot study; at least change component take up urban food schools are used as 200 women and production aimed at a community-based students trained in food improving the quality of platform to production people’s diets? promote urban food production and healthy eating. 5. What is the effect of Rapid assessment, Implementation guide Coordinate with WP2 BGD, PHL, improved seed and business with evidence based on as part of input KEN, ETH seedling systems on identification, a pilot study; 200 markets supporting urban and peri-urban capacity building, people trained in seed urban food food safety and impact assessment and seedling production systems production? production and business management Link to FRESH to per country strengthen safety and productivity of vegetables 6. What are the key factors Rapid assessment, Implementation guide Coordinate with WP3 KEN, ETH enabling or impeding the business model with evidence based on on nutrient recycling use of treated urban development a pilot study; at least waste as an input in around a pilot (e.g., 100 people trained per Link to Aquatic Foods urban and peri-urban composting of country and Livestock, Climate food production? urban organic and System Resilience waste or use of on animal feed black soldier flies to produce fish or Link to Nature- livestock feed), positive Solutions on capacity building, sustainable impact assessment production methods Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 17 23 November 2021 Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 18 23 November 2021 Explanation of causal linkages in TOC diagram: Causal From result To result (name) Geographical Actor type Assumption linkage (name) dimension (with examples) 1 Stakeholder Identification of All target Stakeholders and Stakeholder consultations consultations innovations for countries researchers, local and assessments identify piloting govt. offices, NGOs priorities that are realistic to adapt and pilot within the Initiative. 2 Piloted Smallholder food All target Researchers, NGOs, Sufficient women and innovations producers and countries Smallholder food youth, as well as other (guidelines other producers (50% stakeholders, show developed and stakeholders women; 50% youth) interest in the training trainings trained implemented) 3 Market Smallholder food All target Smallholder food Smallholder producers demand producers and countries producers (50% have sufficient market other women; 50% youth), incentives to increase food stakeholders government, civil production. Demand for trained society UPU production approaches by other stakeholders 4 Piloted Impact All target Smallholder The solutions can be solutions evaluation countries producers piloted with a large studies enough sample of food producers to allow impact evaluation. 5 Smallholder Increased use of All target Smallholder food Key external constraints food producers improved countries producers (50% faced by smallholder and other technologies and women; 50% youth) producers can be stakeholders management overcome within the trained tools for food project period. production The theory of change Urban and peri-urban food production systems serve multiple functions: they supply healthy food to urban consumers, create jobs and income, and improve the quality of urban life by greening urban environments, promoting social inclusion and offering opportunities for recreation75 76. However, food production near cities can be challenging. Typical constraints include land tenure insecurity, access to water and other inputs, pollution of soil and water with chemicals and pathogens, and the social conflicts that surround these issues77. Expanding food production close to urban centers requires a good understanding of these enabling and constraining factors, which is addressed through city agrifood system assessments. We will particularly look at the factors affecting the participation of women and youth to inform our intervention designs. We will establish a regular dialogue with change actors including civil society organizations, food producers, municipal governments and entrepreneurs to refine research questions and co-design interventions to the best extent possible. The research questions identified are informed by in-country consultations and therefore vary by location. For instance, the Philippines already has a large urban food production program and the interest of the Department of Agriculture research priority was to study the program’s impact. Technical and institutional innovations will be designed, adapted and piloted with local research partners such as local universities. Capacity strengthening and technical support will be provided to help local food producers to adopt the innovations. Each pilot will Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 19 23 November 2021 be evaluated for the purpose of learning, and results will be shared with key change actors to influence the enabling environment. We will directly benefit 1,800 urban-and peri-urban food producers through increased access to improved technologies, know-how and management tools. Some of these will setup or expand their business, for instance seedling nurseries, that will benefit at least 10,000 smallholder food producers. We will mainly contribute to the Impact Area ‘Poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs’, but also to the other four Impact Areas. The complexity of urban and peri-urban food systems with multiple and sometimes competing interests is a key risk. We will address this through close collaboration with local governments that have leverage to engage a cross-spectrum of stakeholders, while recognizing that different government agencies may also have conflicting interests. Recognizing that not all approaches may work equally well, we will test a range of different interventions to reduce risk. Other assumptions/risks are that the stakeholder consultations identify options that are realistic to adapt and pilot and have potential to be brought to scale; that food production constraints can be overcome; and that pilots include a large enough sample of food producers to allow for a meaningful impact evaluation. We will work closely with all WPs. In particular, we will work with WP3 on the use of treated organic food waste as a growing media for vegetables and safely recycled wastewater for irrigation; and with WP2 on marketing and processing. We will also work with other Initiatives such as FRESH on production technologies and impact evaluation, and Nature-positive Solutions on reducing agrochemical use and increasing diversity. Work Package 2: Building inclusive and sustainable food markets and safeguarding supply chains Work Package title WP2: Building inclusive and sustainable food markets and safeguarding supply chains Work Package main focus WP2 seeks to identify ways that urban food marketing contributes and prioritization to city resilience through two pathways: Building on the socio- cultural benefits and convenience of local ‘wet’ markets for low- income consumers and the linked network of mostly informal vendors, we will help reposition these markets as sources of decent employment especially targeting improved access for women and youth, as promoters of healthy foods, and diversified through local producer linkages in green markets. The second pathway seeks to safeguard food supply against losses and waste through digital platforms that will be developed between sellers and buyers, opening institutional markets (e.g., schools, hospitals) to local food supply and scaling innovative, low-cost post-harvest processing and storage options. Work Package geographic WP2 will focus on Bangladesh, Philippines, Kenya and Ghana scope (global/region/ primarily, with additional work in Ethiopia and Peru. country) Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 20 23 November 2021 The science Research question Methods Key outputs Linkage to Countries other WPs 1. How does food marketing Resilience assessment Markets and WP5 All focus countries and the current safe- based on adaptation safeguarding guarding of food supply indicators from related resilience affect urban resilience? agrifood system78 and assessments urban resilience79 contributing to city frameworks, profiles assessments80 and stakeholder dialogue/ consultations81 2. What are the leverage Rapid market Guidelines for market WP4, WP5 BGD, PHL, KEN, points among market assessments, stakeholder repositioning, new PER system actors and consultations, vendor roles and functions, institutions that can lead to surveys. Adapted consumer outreach; healthier diets for business school capacity enterprise capacities consumers and more development tool 82 and enhanced; decent work for vendors? market systems publications method83. 3. How can existing or new Constraints & Policy WP1, WP5 BGD, PHL, KEN, types of markets, such as opportunity analysis recommendations on GHA, ETH institutional or farmers’ (literature review). Multi- alternative markets, help expand short visit market surveys, institutional market value-chain food supplies FGDs. food tenders and from local producers? provisioning and piloting plans for green markets 4. What are the wet market, Food handling and Traffic light system WP3 BGD, PHL, KEN, vendor and processing preparation assessments; for risk levels from GHA, ETH practices that pose the desk review of good different elements of biggest risks to the quality practices; random testing food marketing; good and safety of food for of market samples84. Safe practice guidelines urban consumers and how practices training. can they be mitigated? 5. How can improved digital Digital monitoring of Waste assessment; WP1 BGD, PHL, KEN, communication among producer-vendor Options for revised ETH food producers and communications; use of mobile vendors lead to greater Assessment of spoilages; communications, profitability, reduced losses Communications joint producer-vendor and more equitable mapping in relation to digital platforms benefit-sharing in the demand, supply and urban food system? prices for specific foods 6. What are the likely entry Stakeholder Food transformation n/a BGD, PHL, KEN, points and constraints for consultations; rapid and storage options GHA, PER small-scale enterprise assessments of for reduced waste, engagement with urban processing increased food transformation and enterprises/storage employment; capacity profitable use of storage? facilities; surveys. strengthening Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 21 23 November 2021 Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 22 23 November 2021 Explanation of causal linkages in TOC diagram: Causal From result To result (name) Geographical Actor type Assumption linkage (name) dimension (with examples) 1 WP2 Research Public and private S/SE Asia; E/W Market committees, Economic and social benefits of sectors, Africa; LAC local govt. offices, more efficient and inclusive universities, civil vendor associations market perceived by local society government and vendors 2 WP2 Research Public and private S/SE Asia, E/W Market/processing Public and private sector actors sectors, civil society Africa enterprises, finance and investors recognize the agencies, MNOs economic, social and environmental benefits of waste-reducing, income- boosting technologies/practices 3 Target International orgs., Other WB, FAO, WFP, UNEP, Cities, national governments, local/national national/local countries in city networks, national private sector and international governments, governments in S/SE Asia, E/W governments agencies see urban market market new locations, Africa, LAC. systems transformation as part committees, donors, private of solution to urban diet, vendor sector, CSOs. employment and environmental organizations challenges 4 Target local International orgs., Other WB, FAO, WFP, UNEP, Cities, national governments, /national national/local countries in city networks, national private sector and international governments, governments in S/SE Asia, E/W governments agencies see reduced wastage food new locations, Africa, LAC and increased safeguarding of processors, private sector healthy urban food supplies as storage donors, CSOs. part of solution to urban diet, operators employment and environmental challenges The theory of change Together with WP5, this WP will assess the role of food marketing and safeguarding (reducing food waste and losses and adding value) in city resilience, contributing to an Initiative-wide urban resilience analysis for target countries. This can help clarify the repositioning of wet markets and the linked network of informal vendors as suppliers of healthy diets (with WP4) and as expanded sources of inclusive, decent work. To help reduce urban carbon footprints we will increase short value chain marketing options for producers (with WP1) and vendors, working with public and private sector innovation partners, with other IDTs, such as Rethinking Food Markets and Value Chains for Inclusion and Sustainability85, and with scaling partners to stimulate policy recommendations. Working with WP3, public sector food safety specialists, the private sector and policy actors, we will implement a dual-track approach to food safety, identifying potential health and environmental risks in marketing systems, recommending on the one hand mitigation measures in those systems (WP2), and policy change and new regulations (WP3). As part of Initiative-wide efforts to contribute to a circular bioeconomy within target cities, WP2 and WP1 will identify options for reduced food losses and waste through building digital platforms between buyers and local sellers with support from tech-smart young women and men vendors and producers. Safeguarding food supplies and adding value will also be pursued through investment in food processing and storage start-ups led by young women and men. Co-development of outputs with innovation partners will lead to two kinds of outcomes. Market repositioning and diversification will be taken up as business opportunities by vendors and local producers, and by municipal and national governments as infrastructure and ‘green’ initiatives to reduce carbon footprints and provide healthier food and decent employment. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 23 23 November 2021 The other outcome will involve vendor and producer digital alignment of demand and supply and an expansion of inclusive enterprise and reduction of losses and waste through processing and storage start-ups. Full advantage will be taken of the large numbers of urban scaling partners, including national and local governments seeking innovations to address urban health, employment and climate change challenges, knowledge-sharing city networks, and multilateral organizations with the potential to finance scaling efforts. The two Innovation Packages in this WP have dual core innovations: food market repositioning and diversification on the one hand, and food safeguarding on the other. Each core innovation is supported by several complementary innovations which will vary by site. Scaling readiness will most likely apply to elements of the package, such as the repositioning of diet promotion and messaging, or improved inclusiveness through facilities for women. These issues are further discussed in section 4.1. For the MELIA framework, horizontal learning with partners will be a key component of the MELIA for this WP, ensuring that the different innovation partners are aligned in pursuit of outputs. Work Package 3: Strengthening circular bioeconomy, food safety and the urban environment Work Package title WP3: Strengthening circular bioeconomy, food safety and the urban environment Work Package main focus Urban environmental pollution affects crop and animal production in and prioritization UPU farming systems and food safety. Conversely, urban wastewater and food waste offer business opportunities through resource recovery for agriculture. WP3 will: (i) support private and public actors and their development partners with RRR technologies, business and finance models for a more circular bioeconomy; (ii) support municipal authorities with adoptable strategies and guidelines to maintain food safety in the growing informal UPU food production systems and supply chains; and (ii) agencies like FAO/WHO with the support of guidelines linking urban food and environmental health. Work Package geographic A regional focus on West and Central Africa, East and Southern scope Africa, and South Asia, with country focus on Ghana, Kenya, Ethiopia (global/region/country) and Sri Lanka, and support of ongoing projects with FAO in CWANA in the first three years. The work will be expanded to cover additional countries, latest in phase II of the Initiative. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 24 23 November 2021 The science Research question Methods Key outputs Linkage to Countries other WPs 1. What are the key factors Literature review; Recommendation WP5 GHA, KEN, ETH, LKA enabling or inhibiting circular application of CRFS s for incentive resource flows, specifically for toolbox and MUFPP system for more food waste, in UPU indicator framework, as resilient city environments that thus affect well as regulatory and metabolisms. agrifood system resilience? financial incentive Review papers. systems analysis Blueprint for 2. What supports or hinders the Feasibility studies based design, testing WP5 GHA, KEN, ETH, LKA uptake of proven RRR on Otoo et al. 201666; and scale of institutional and business literature review circular models in different settings? (country comparison, bioeconomy analysis of regulatory business models. and financial incentive Evidence-based systems, and their decision support impact) system (advisory 3. Which sustainable finance Literature and key services). WP5 GHA, KEN, ETH, LKA mechanisms help maximize expert surveys, Training materials entrepreneurs’ ability to analytical hierarchy for industry, civil monetize the positive process (AHP) and goal society, externalities from resource programming (GP) government and recovery from which society model development and nature benefit? organizations 4. What gender-sensitive Comparative inter- Recommendation WP2, WP4 GHA, KEN, ETH approaches to food safety country analysis of s for urban management have successfully experiences with authorities on improved food quality and incentive-based effective food reduce food-related health- approaches (for safety campaigns, risks in informal urban food behavior change via and systems in LMICs? social marketing or recommendations gender sensitive e.g., WHO and nudging), regulations, FAO guidelines. and educational awareness creation within and outside the urban food system. 5. What is the relative and Desk review, risk Tools for burden n/a GHA, KEN, ETH absolute contribution of assessments, of disease different health hazards epidemiological studies estimation. (foodborne diseases) within of burden of disease. City-specific urban food systems to burden estimates of of disease? burden of foodborne disease. 6. Which specific urban Stakeholder Evidence-based WP5 GHA, KEN, ETH, LKA challenges, opportunities and consultations and materials for practices require consideration comparative inter- capacity in national Food Safety and country survey of development of Environmental Health regulations and stakeholders of guidelines and curricula to guidelines with urban food safety facilitate their application, particular attention to and adoption, and impact in high- informal wastewater environmental risk UPU settings? irrigation, zoonosis, health. UPU milk and meat markets. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 25 23 November 2021 Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 26 23 November 2021 Explanation of causal linkages in TOC diagram: Causal From result To result Geographical Actor type Assumptions linkage dimension 1 Bioeconomy Public and private West Africa; Waste Expressed demand, training materials partners acquire South Asia authorities and and consequent for RRR from knowledge on RRR other govt. support, in viable RRR urban waste planning and PPP agencies solutions and PPPs streams operations working in PPPs remains high in the with the private target countries; sector financial support of IDT will be as projected 2 Evidence-based Development and West Africa; AfDB, ABD, Demand in circular decision support investment South Asia World Bank, bioeconomy remains (through advisory agencies acquire BMGF high; financial services) knowledge on support of IDT will be options to invest in as projected locally viable RRR models and/or the supportive regulatory environment 3 Decision support City authorities gain West and East City authorities Food safety in urban and guidelines for knowledge and Africa settings remains a risk reduction in understanding on high priority for (peri)urban best approaches for national and local settings food safety and governments amidst environmental other priorities health management in urban settings 3 Decision support Private businesses West and East Private industry Active participation of and guidelines for gain knowledge and Africa private industry risk reduction in understanding on organizations in the (peri)urban best approaches for development of settings food safety and guidelines and its environmental subsequent health management dissemination. in urban settings 4 Increased Municipal West Africa; National and Our business models capacity for RRR authorities and South Asia local govt. (e.g., are bankable, and business planning Municipal city authorities, partners see and operations authorities and Ministry of (financial/economic) their public and Finance) returns on private sector investments partners in at least 6 cities adopt evidence-based approaches, tools, and business models for RRR and/or strategies for environment and health risk management 5 Increased Municipal West and East Authorities in Expressed demand to knowledge on authorities and Africa pilot cities address health and options to invest Municipal based on environmental risks in locally viable authorities and demand (e.g., remains high RRR models their public and local health and and/or the private sector environmental supportive partners in at least authorities) 6 cities adopt Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 27 23 November 2021 Causal From result To result Geographical Actor type Assumptions linkage dimension regulatory evidence-based environment approaches, tools, and business models for RRR and/or strategies for environment and health risk management 6 Increased Municipal West and East Authorities in Budget for pilots and knowledge on authorities and Africa pilot cities field studies is best adoption Municipal based on available. drivers for food authorities and demand Interest on food safety and their public and safety in urban environmental private sector settings by national health from urban partners in at least and local trade-offs 6 cities adopt governments and evidence-based development approaches, tools, organizations remains and business high. models for RRR and/or strategies for environment and health risk management 7 Municipal Urban planners and West and East WHO, FAO, Revisions of authorities and stakeholders Africa, South Asia UNEP, others (inter)national Municipal participating in guidelines are authorities and global networks conducted within the their public and use, promote and time span of the private sector improve Research Initiative. partners in at and Innovation CGIAR solutions can least 6 cities tools address a gap for adopt evidence- to accelerate UPU inclusions in based Agrifood System (inter)national approaches, tools, development and guidelines. and business strengthen urban models for RRR resilience and/or strategies for environment and health risk management The theory of change WP3 works through two complementary impact pathways: The first impact pathway is based on demand-driven (i) advisory services, (ii) capacity development, and (iii) support of the RRR investment climate building on uptake partnerships established under WLE (see Golden Eggs86). The pathway will specifically target the verification and transferability of previously identified87 and tested RRR Innovation Packages of technologies and business models (Innovation 3.1; Annex 5) in different countries and contexts, using multi-criteria feasibility studies. The activities will build on over 60 business models for food waste, septage and wastewater reduction or valorization88 with are based on empirical examples and collaboration with business incubators, using the Business Model Canvas approach89, as well as a combined AHP and GP model90 for the investment climate analysis. The proposed scaling readiness concept (section 4.1) will be extended to better capture market, regulatory and Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 28 23 November 2021 institutional readiness as well as business options given that most innovations are already successfully running91. Working across the IDT priority countries, the target groups include both the public and private sector in the urban waste and agriculture interface and, for scaling, their bilateral and multi-national development (finance) partners, to identify and prioritize gender-sensitive67 investment options for turning urban waste streams (food waste, wastewater) into resources for agriculture, instead of polluting soils, water and air (GHG emissions from landfills). An actual implementation of solutions will commence in Phase II, based on the outcomes of the scaling readiness assessment (section 4.1). The projection is to catalyze investments in improved waste management at the level of over US$100 million (see Section 2.7). This impact pathway has been positively evaluated13 under WLE where we supported, among others, the set-up and out-scaling of several award winning92 PPPs in the organic waste93 and wastewater sectors94 (Innovation 3.2; Annex 5). The second impact pathway targets the connection between environmental and human health, and food safety in particular, which is significantly affected in densely populated UPU settings, e.g., through urban pollution of irrigation water sources (wastewater irrigation turning waterborne diseases into foodborne diseases) or the introduction of foodborne hazards during processing, distribution and retailing of food in polluted and unhygienic urban settings (i.e., abattoirs, or street food markets). The pathway builds on pilot-tested95 approaches96 to food safety management (Innovation 3.3; Annex 5). It also builds on ongoing CRP research and partnerships13 targeting national authorities and internationally accepted standards by FAO, WHO, CODEX ALIMENTARIUS, etc. The pathway will address gender- and urban-specific challenges and opportunities for increasing the adoption and impact of new or existing (national and international) guidance documents on good hygiene, water quality and food safety practice. The evidence generated will contribute to the good on-farm practices (WP1), food safety research along urban supply chains (WP2), and work with WP4 to identify gender-sensitive strategies for behavior change towards healthier diets. It will work with WP5 on stakeholder dialogues and capacity development. WP3 will link closely with the IDTs on Nature Positive Solutions, Livestock, Climate and System Resilience and One-Health. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 29 23 November 2021 Work Package 4: Improving food environments and consumer behavior for nutrition Work Package title WP4: Improving food environments and consumer behavior for nutrition Work Package main focus Rapidly increasing urbanization coupled with the increasing global and prioritization prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition (coexistence of overweight/obesity and undernutrition), indicates an urgent need to understand and improve UPU food environments, diets and their interaction97. Poor quality diets contribute to malnutrition and diet- related NCDs51. Issues of accessibility, availability, affordability, and desirability hinder dietary improvements98. This WP will characterize food environments, dietary patterns their drivers and variations across seasons for key target groups (e.g., women and adolescents). A toolkit for assessing UPU food environments and diets and guidance for how to improve these will be created based on reviews and experimental evidence. Work Package geographic Over the 2022–2031 period, this WP will be implemented in up to scope 10 countries. During the first three years (2022– 2025), the WP will (global/region/country) be implemented in Ghana, the Philippines, Burkina Faso, Rwanda, and Sri Lanka. The science Research question Methods Key outputs Linkage to Countries other WPs 1. How do food environments Literature reviews Resilience WP5 GHA, PHL, BFA, and diets, and in particular Resilience assessments focused RWA, LKA of women and youth, affect assessments on food environment urban resilience? Surveys and diets contributing to UPU Agrifood System Profiles 2. How can the diet and over- Literature review Country profiles WP2, WP3 Desk review (all and under-nutrition Secondary data describing UPU diets, and WP6 target countries) problems facing low-income analyses their drivers, and Secondary data consumers (especially Dietary assessment how they interact analysis (GHA) women, adolescents and Food environment with food Diet and food young children) in UPU assessments environments environment settings be improved? How assessments do solutions differ by life (PHL, RWA, and stage and geography? How LKA) do they vary with the (regulatory) food environment? 3. How can dietary assessment FRANI pilot among Assessment of the n/a FRANI pilot in methods be improved in adolescents validity using FRANI GHA and LKA urban settings to lower time Phone survey method to collect dietary Phone survey and financial costs while compared to weighed data compared to 24 method in LKA obtaining high quality data? records for adult and h diet recall in GHA adolescent and LKA. respondents Assessment of the validity of 24h diet- recall data collected through phone- based surveys compared to weighed records in LKA. 4. What combination of Food environment UFED toolkit that WP2 and GHA, LKA, PHL assessments are necessary to assessments includes an inventory WP6 (depending on Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 30 23 November 2021 Research question Methods Key outputs Linkage to Countries other WPs provide a clear picture of the of food environment budget or diet, nutrition, and food Dietary assessments and dietary potential environment situations of assessment methods collaboration UPU consumers? with with FRESH) recommendations on Possible what combinations collaboration to use in UPU with SHiFT (BGD settings and ETH) 5. How can existing nutrition Impact modeling Recommendations of n/a GHA modeling tools be extended optimal strategies or (adolescents) to identify optimal strategies combinations of BFA (school-age or combination of interventions to children). interventions that lowers lower diet-related Could also be diet related NCDs in low- NCDs in low-income explored for LKA income UPU populations? UPU populations 6. How can SAPs be leveraged Literature review Guidance as to how WP1, WP6 Global literature to improve the diets and to leverage SAPs for review nutritional status of low- Impact evaluation improved diets and Impact income consumers nutrition in UPU evaluation (especially women, populations location to be adolescents and young identified with children) in UPU settings? partners implementing relevant SAPs (e.g., governments, WFP or NI). Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 31 23 November 2021 Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 32 23 November 2021 Explanation of causal linkages in TOC diagram: Causal From result (name) To result (name) Geographical Actor type Assumption linkage dimension (with examples) 1 UFED toolkit that Stakeholders in at least 3 At least six target Innovation and demand There is demand for includes an inventory countries adopt UFED or secondary partners (e.g., WFP, NI, the UFED toolkit and of food environment toolkits c ountries F AO) dissemination and dietary opportunities assessment methods with recommendations on what combinations to use in UPU settings 2 Stakeholders in at Urban planners and At least six target Innovation and demand UFED toolkit is least 3 countries stakeholders participating or secondary partners (e.g., Urban accessible, adopt UFED toolkits in global networks of more countries stakeholders) understandable and than 200 cities perceived to be useful representing over 400 by innovation and million consumers use, demand partners promote and further improve urban-focused research and innovation tools and approaches 3 Guidance for Countries promote All target Demand and scaling There is demand for leveraging SAPs for guidelines for SAPs in countries partners (WFP, NI, FAO) the SAP guidance for safe and sustainable urban environments for UPU settings and healthy diets in UPU safe and sustainable opportunities for settings health diets d issemination 4 countries promote Stakeholders and At least one target Demand and scaling SAP guidance is guidelines for SAPs in beneficiaries participate in or secondary partners (WFP, NI) perceived as a urban environments pilots of at least one SAP country starting point for for safe and with the aim of improving iterative joint sustainable healthy diets (women and/or improvement over diets youth) time with key partners 5 Stakeholders and At least 4 million At least six target Demand and scaling SAP programs have beneficiaries consumers benefit from or secondary partners (e.g., funding and desire to participate in pilots of nutrition programs that countries government, WFP) adapt design to at least one SAP with use evidence-based UPU i mprove diets the aim of improving food environment toolkits diets (women and/or youth) The theory of change Starting from the urgent need to understand the food environments and dietary patterns of key populations in UPU settings in LMICs to inform prioritization of program and policy action, this WP will develop country profiles that describe UPU food environment, diets, drivers of existing food environments and diets, their interactions and how they vary across key target groups and geographies. In addition, the Work Package will pilot innovations in dietary and food environment assessments with the aims of creating a toolkit (UFED) that can be used by a range of stakeholders and validating cost and time efficient dietary assessment methods. The toolkit will provide the tools necessary for assessing food environments and diets in UPU environments that will support evidence-informed decisions for program and policy action to improve food environments for increasing access, availability, and desirability of safe and sustainable healthy diets. Validating novel dietary assessment methods can lower the cost Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 33 23 November 2021 (time and monetary) of collecting high quality dietary data. This WP will conduct desk reviews, collaborate with other Initiatives and pilot innovations in SAPs to understand how to best leverage SAPs for improving diet quality especially among women and youth. This workstream will lead to the development of guidance for leveraging SAPs to improve diets in UPU settings. Country briefs, toolkit and guidance will be created and disseminated through key partners (e.g., government, UN, NGO, CSO and academic partners) in at least six countries. Dissemination activities will be undertaken through workshops, presentation at regional, national, and international fora, and through engaged capacity strengthening activities to the extent possible. We will aim to work with partners (either WFP or NI) to pilot innovations in SAPs in one or more countries to improve diet quality among women and/or youth. We expect that results from the pilot tests will be used by CGIAR and other partners to inform and refine the guidance for leveraging SAPs in UPU settings for improved diets. Taken together these outcomes are expected to contribute to the overall outcomes of this Initiative related to use of research and innovations by research and training institutions and to the outcomes of at least 4 million consumers benefiting from nutrition programs that use the evidence-based urban food and environment and consumption toolkit to inform program design. Work Package 5: Strengthening the evidence base and research and innovation capacities for UPU Agrifood System governance and growth Work Package title Strengthening the evidence base and research and innovation capacities for UPU Agrifood System governance and growth Work Package main focus This WP will develop a cross-sectoral and multi-level UPU Agrifood and prioritization Systems resilience framework, bridging related approaches in food systems and urban resilience frameworks. WP1-4 will contribute evidence on key pillars of resilience to WP5 to produce integrated Urban Food System Profiles for participating cities. Targeting young urban entrepreneurs, the WP will promote and further develop a Lean Launchpad approach for urban agrifood startup enterprises to translate research outputs into marketable innovations. The WP will establish a virtual Center of Excellence for Urban Agrifood Systems to provide knowledge, research and capacity development support for stakeholders engaged in policy development, investment planning, research and development programming. Work Package geographic This WP will operate in Bangladesh, Philippines, Ethiopia, Kenya, scope Ghana and Peru, as well as through our global and regional (global/region/country) partnerships with RUAF, FAO and MUFPP – reaching more than 100 cities in total. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 34 23 November 2021 The Science Research question Methods Key outputs WP links Countries (2022-2024) 1. What are the main Cross-sectoral UPU Agrifood System All WPs contribute BGD, PHL, determinants, enablers, synthesis of agrifood Profiles, including sectoral resilience ETH, KEN, and constraints for and urban resilience investment options. analyses GHA, PER resilience of selected analyses; based on (production, urban food systems; and quantitative data, Journal articles and markets, diets, what investment recent studies, and policy briefs. bioeconomy). opportunities exist to qualitative research strengthen resilience? with key stakeholders. 2. What are suitable Selection, piloting and Indicators, metrics All WPs contribute Global indicators, metrics and adaptation of and data tools to adaptation of selection and data tools to support indicators, methods, published. indicators, metrics dissemination. integrated system-level and tools from (rural) Training modules and tools through Piloting in resilience assessments of agrifood system and developed and piloting and BGD, PHL, UPU Agrifood Systems? urban resilience available through e- stakeholder KEN, GHA, frameworks. learning platforms. feedback. PER 3. What strategies and Testing a ‘Lean Lean Launchpad All WPs offer Piloting this approaches are most Launchpad’ approach tools available, research entry approach in effective for supporting to technology customized to UPU points and science PER. young scientist- entrepreneurship agrifood startups support for From 2024, entrepreneurs to uptake, training. interested startups. adaptation to refine and scale food KEN, PHL. systems research products for city resilience? 4. How can the fast Institutional analyses Center of Excellence n/a Global scope. expanding and diverse of pertinent global for UPU Agrifood knowledge, innovation and initiatives, city Systems operational evidence base on UPU networks and and linked to global Agrifood Systems best be knowledge and regional city shared to support management options networks stakeholders in LMICs? Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 35 23 November 2021 Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 36 23 November 2021 Explanation of causal linkages in TOC diagram: Causal From result To result Geographical Actor type Assumption linkage dimension 1 Integrated UPU Integrated UPU Global standardized Municipal Municipalities Agrifood System Agrifood System approach authorities (e.g., and their Profiles Profiles used for customized to Dhaka, Manila) partners developed priority setting selected cities in continue to BGD, KEN, PHL, IFIs (World Bank) invest in UPU GHA, PER agrifood sector. World Bank and other IFIs respond to demand from their clients. 2 Integrated UPU Municipal Global standardized Municipal Municipalities Agrifood System authorities and their approach authorities, planning and their Profiles used for public and private customized to agencies, private partners priority setting sector partners in at selected cities in sector continue to least 6 cities adopt BGD, KEN, PHL, invest in UPU evidence-based GHA, PER agrifood sector approaches, tools, and business models Access to for planning, evidence base implementing and and tools monitoring investments in a circular bioeconomy and/or strategies to mitigate environmental and human health risks. 3 Improved Research & training Global standardized Universities, private Partners see indicators, data institutes and civil approach sector research benefit from tools and society use customized to providers, using improved metrics improved indicators, selected cities in environmental and indicators, data developed data tools and BGD, KEN, PHL, food rights groups tools and metrics GHA, PER metrics Access to capacity development opportunities 4 Lean Launchpad Lean Launchpads Piloted in PER in Startup enterprises, Young approach support agrifood 2022–2025 training providers entrepreneurs adapted to startups motivated to urban agrifood invest in startups agrifood startups Access to trainings and other Lean Launchpad functions 5 Center of LMIC stakeholders Global facility Local and national LMIC Excellence for participate in and governments, civil stakeholders UPU Agrifood contribute to the society groups, have access to Systems Center of Excellence research virtual facility operational organizations, IFIs, and to capacity private sector, development universities activities Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 37 23 November 2021 Causal From result To result Geographical Actor type Assumption linkage dimension Research and development partners willing and able to share knowledge 6 LMIC Urban planners and Global standardized Multi-stakeholder Food systems stakeholders stakeholders approach platforms, municipal remain high on participate in participating in customized to authorities, private cities’ agenda and contribute global networks of selected cities in sector associations to the Center of more than 200 cities BGD, KEN, PHL, Stakeholders Excellence representing over GHA, PER from formal and 400 million informal sectors consumers use, can actively promote and participate improve Research and Innovation tools and approaches The theory of change This WP will serve three functions for the overall Initiative. First, it will integrate sectoral analyses of resilience in WP1-4 into a Resilient UPU Agrifood Systems framework to generate integrated resilience analyses (Profiles) at city level. Second, it will produce a set of customized tools (indicators, metrics, data tools, capacity development modules) to enable stakeholders and next users to pursue UPU resilience analyses and use these for prioritizing investment opportunities, policy development, or social action plans. Third, it will establish platforms for stakeholder and partner engagement at two levels – Lean Launchpad innovation facilities for urban agrifood startup enterprises, and a global virtual Center of Excellence for exchange and learning in support of LMIC UPU Agrifood System initiatives. Our theory of change is that by focusing minds on the integrative and topical Resilience concept and by underpinning this focus with practical tools for action and platforms for engagement, we will be able to influence UPU stakeholders in public and private sectors to consider new knowledge, evidence and guidelines that will improve governance and enabling conditions for UPU agrifood sector growth. For 2022–2025, Resilient Cities will select cities that have expressed urgent demand for collaboration and that have a demonstrated commitment to support agrifood policy and innovation. Active participation of stakeholders and next users in the co-development of Integrated UPU Agrifood System Profiles will be essential for capturing diverse and competing perspectives, accessing relevant data, and laying the foundation for the active use of these knowledge products. This sense of ownership will be reinforced through their participation in piloting of knowledge tools (indicators, metrics, data tools) and in capacity development activities. Given the multi-functionality and complexity of UPU Agrifood Systems, stakeholders will come from agrifood and other economic, social and environmental sectors, representing both formal (municipalities and regional governments) and informal (community food labs and consumer rights groups) institutions, and operating both locally, at City-Region level and nationally. We will build on existing partnerships and platforms to convene stakeholders and work within available agrifood frameworks and guidelines (such as by MUFPP and FAO) to utilize existing Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 38 23 November 2021 momentum, capacities, and accountabilities for creating uptake and use of our research products. Enabling stakeholders to follow through on improved opportunities within an improved policy environment requires continued capacity development and access to technologies and services. In this regard, the WP will customize a Lean Launchpad approach for young urban entrepreneurs in formal and informal UPU agrifood startup enterprises to generate marketable innovations. Technical and business trainings will prepare these startups to drive local innovation in highly dynamic environments. Similarly, the WP will work through local urban food labs, informal innovation platforms, to enable women and youth in the urban food system to identify and act on their priority interests, test new business ideas, and build coalitions for change. Responding to demand for a global research platform to support LMIC efforts, Resilient Cities will establish a virtual Center of Excellence for UPU Agrifood Systems. The Center will be co- hosted by CGIAR and global partners such as MUFPP and will provide a consolidated platform for sharing evidence, research methodologies and tools, training modules and other capacity development opportunities, and access to technological and institutional innovations. 4. Innovation Packages and Scaling Readiness Plan Resilient Cities will bring together more than twenty Innovation Packages and partnerships for scaling developed through several CGIAR research programs. We will integrate these into a coherent scaling approach that harnesses the capacities and vitality of urban systems and their stakeholders. Through WP1-4, we will pursue a subset of the Innovation Packages initially identified during the consultation process (see Annex 6). These include Innovations that are ready for scaling and/or already linked to scaling partnerships, such as circular bioeconomy models (WP3) that will be shared more widely through existing cooperation agreements with FAO, World Bank and other scaling partners. We will also select Innovations at an initial stage of development, such as for peri-urban vegetable production (WP1) or informal urban food markets (WP2). In addition, through WP5, the Initiative will identify agrifood scaling strategies that are most effective in urban systems, applying principles of Scaling Readiness and related approaches and starting with an assessment of enabling and constraining factors across formal and informal sectors. Resilient Cities seeks consideration for the Second Wave starting on Light Track with three Innovation Packages in Q2 2023, and moving to Standard Track to develop Scaling Readiness Assessment Reports and Scaling Strategies for these three Innovation Packages from Q1 2024, equivalent to 0–25% of the portfolio by end of 2024. The Initiative allocated US$500,000 to implement the Innovation Packages and Scaling Readiness plan (2023: US$200,000; 2024: US$300,000). Dedicated activities, deliverables, indicators, and line-items are included in the Management Plan’s MELIA and Budget sections. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 39 23 November 2021 5. Impact statements 5.1 Nutrition, health and food security Challenges and prioritization: Nearly 200 million children99 under-five suffer from undernutrition worldwide, alongside 38 million affected by overweight. This double burden of malnutrition is particularly prominent in urban settings. Unsafe food is estimated to cause more than 600 million illnesses100 and nearly half a million deaths annually. The Initiative will work to make food chains that feed urban areas more efficient and shorter, thus constraining the food systems’ environment and health impacts, and to support healthier food environments to ensure the urban poor have increased access to safe and nutritious diets. Research questions: Several research questions address these challenges: studies to decipher the diet and nutrition problems facing low-income consumers, and how SAPs can improve diets and nutritional status of consumers in UPU settings; looking at community-based platforms, and promoting the role of women and youth, to best stimulate UPU food production and healthy food behavior; identifying leverage points among market system actors and institutions that can lead to healthier diets and more decent work for vendors; and approaches to food safety management that can improve food quality and reduce food waste and food-related health-risks in informal UPU systems. Components of Work Packages: WP4 works on profiling urban food environments and factors influencing diets, with attention to key target groups (e.g. women and adolescents). WP1 will focus on the adaptation and scaling of technologies and institutional innovations that increase production of nutrient-dense foods in UPU settings. Strengthening market actor linkages and promoting technologies to reduce losses and waste, WP2 will help reposition informal markets as catalyzers of nutritious foods and promoters of healthy diets. WP3 will support municipal authorities with locally relevant strategies to maintain food safety and engage with food safety agencies worldwide to develop of LMIC-relevant food safety guidelines. WP5 will provide knowledge and research support for multi-stakeholder policy dialogue working through existing urban food systems platforms and regional and global city networks. Measuring performance and results: The Initiative will monitor the number of people meeting minimum micronutrient requirements and the number of cases of communicable and non-communicable diseases, both of which will be based on community surveys and official country statistics. Moreover, it will monitor one Action Area outcome indicator, the STi 2.1 Diet quality score, monitored through community-based surveys. Partners: The Initiative will maximize impact by ensuring innovations are demand-led and informed by multi-stakeholder platforms, markets actors and consumers. The Initiative will work with municipalities and local and national governments to jointly validate research approaches and findings. It will also engage private industry to ensure technologies and innovations are locally relevant. Human resources and capacity development of Initiative team: The Initiative Team will include nutritionists, behavior change researchers, food safety specialists and epidemiologists with strong experience in field-level and policy research and in program design and evaluation. They will source the latest methodologies and evidence through their science networks and will mentor and train junior researchers and local research partners in critical research skills pertaining to nutrition, health and food security in UPU environments. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 40 23 November 2021 5.2 Poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs Challenges and prioritization: Escaping rural poverty is an important driver of rural-to-urban migration. However, insufficient jobs are created to absorb the growing urban population and urban poverty is an increasing problem. The UPU agrifood sector can play an important role in creating jobs in production, postharvest processing, transport and vending. As the agrifood sector is largely informal and many jobs are low-skilled, it is a challenge and a priority to create jobs that offer decent work with fair payment and security; and to prioritize opportunities for women and youth. Research questions: Resilient Cities will promote job creation and livelihood enhancement for people in the UPU agrifood sector. Research questions focus on identifying key constraints to income generation from food production or marketing of food or organic wastes, and technical and institutional innovations along the value chain that can increase the quantity and quality of jobs created alongside increasing food supplies. The Initiative will design and pilot interventions and assess their effect on poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs. Components of Work Packages: WP1 focuses on quality job creation in UPU food production systems. WP3 contributes to job creation in organic waste recycling, which can be an input to food production. WP2 focuses on job creation in food marketing. Consumer demand (WP4) is a key driver of food production and marketing. Measuring performance and results: Job creation will be monitored through two primary pathways and one supporting pathway. The ‘capacity pathway’ monitors business capacity development and its application among MSMEs involved in food production, different types of food marketing and businesses associated with waste recovery, reuse and recycling. Indicators for both quantifying increases in income streams from the agrifood system as well as assessment of work quality will be used, the latter drawing on the ILO toolkit on mainstreaming decent work101 and other resources. The second pathway monitors changes in market infrastructure and organization to increase access to and diversification of work environments and opportunities. Partners: Local government organizations have a key role in addressing particular constraints to or creating incentives for UPU food production. Private sector organizations will be important partners in the area of food processing, trade, and organic waste recycling. CSOs will be important partners for stimulating local food production inside communities. Human resources and capacity development of Initiative team: The impact on poverty reduction, livelihoods and jobs will be achieved through a coordinated approach involving all Work Packages. However, the emphasis will on WP1 (food production), WP2 (processing and marketing), and WP3 (organic waste recycling) as these are most directly related to income and jobs. Expertise will include agronomists, value chain experts, postharvest specialists, and social scientists including gender experts. Partnerships with educational institutions in the partner countries will be sought to strengthen in-country capacity in this area. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 41 23 November 2021 5.3 Gender equality, youth and social inclusion Challenges and prioritization: Social norms, economic competition and poor governance continue to marginalize different groups based on their age, gender and other socio- demographic characteristics102 103. Empowering these groups through transformative processes is a central element of the Initiative104. Under urbanization pressures, these groups are often excluded from access to productive resources such as land and water and have limited access to food. Women and youth in particular are forced into accepting low-paying, often high-risk jobs in the informal sector56, to be living in crowded unsanitary conditions, having poorer diets and limited access to healthcare. Children in general, and young adolescent girls specifically, tend to be most at risk105. Addressing some of these issues through food system-based approaches can help improve the health and nutrition of women and youth, increase their access to decent employment and empower them to have greater agency in their own lives. Research questions: How to best support women and youth in peri-urban areas to access land and water for production of nutritious, safe vegetables for urban markets (WP1)? How to use community-based platforms to stimulate UPU production and healthy food behavior (WP1)? How can changes in market infrastructure and organization make them more accessible and safe workspaces for women and youth (WP2)? How can business development skills and enterprise planning tools be made more gender and age responsive (WP2, WP3)? How can SAPs be leveraged to improve the diets and nutritional status of low-income consumers in UPU settings (WP4)? What strategies are most effective for identifying and supporting networks of entrepreneurially oriented young women and men scientists to take up, refine and scale food systems research products for city resilience (WP5)? Components of Work Packages: All WPs explicitly aim to understand how to work with women and youth and address their needs in UPU agrifood settings. WP1, WP2 and WP5 will investigate how to improve employment and livelihood opportunities for women (WP1, WP2) and youth (WP1 and WP5). WP2 includes a focus on repositioning markets to provide better and safer access for women and youth and design gender transformative business capacity development tools. WP4 includes a specific focus on understanding the diet, health and nutrition challenges facing women, adolescents and young children living in UPU settings and co-designing innovations to address these challenges. All WPs will collect gender- disaggregated data and data on relevant socio-demographic indicators to better understand reach and benefit patterns among different groups. Measuring performance and results: In this Initiative the most relevant indicators are the number of women, youth and marginalized groups who report input into productive decisions, ownership of assets, access to and decisions on credit, control over use of own or household income, leisure time and responsibilities outside the household. Where feasible we will assess the impact of innovations on women’s empowerment106. Partners: Innovation partners include NARES, municipal officers, universities, private sector and international organizations (WFP, RUAF, FAO, others). Demand and scaling partners include government stakeholders, municipal government and networks, and international organizations (WFP, FAO, development banks, others). Human resources and capacity development of Initiative team: Team members working on this Impact Area include nutritionists, economists, and social scientists. To improve the equity Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 42 23 November 2021 of the Initiative itself, we will work equitably with a wide range of stakeholders within the target countries in the co-design of the innovations. 5.4 Climate adaptation and mitigation Challenges and prioritization: The global agrifood system is responsible for about 21–37% of annual anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions107, particularly methane and nitrous oxide. Increasing demand for animal-sourced food products is one of the key drivers of these emissions. It is therefore important to increase the consumption of healthy and sustainable diets and urban food systems are at the frontline of this challenge. Changes in the food habits and food preferences of urban residents could help to transform agrifood systems, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the agrifood system. Research questions: Key research questions guiding our work in this Impact Area include: How can we close nutrient cycles by converting urban organic waste into a useful input for crop and livestock production? What technologies, business models and policies can help reduce food losses in urban food systems through more efficient marketing and processing? Components of Work Packages: WP1 will contribute technical and institutional innovations to stimulating safe and sustainable food production in UPU areas, including the potential use of organic waste as an agricultural input. WP2 will focus on enhancing market systems and processing to reduce food losses. Substituting short for long value chains will also contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with transport. WP3 focuses on closing nutrient cycles by collecting and transforming organic waste. WP4 will promote consumer demand for sustainable and healthy diets, which is an important driver for overall food system change. Measuring performance and results: The key outcome indicator for this Impact Area is the amount of new investment in better urban organic waste management. Technologies and business models are available at different stages of Scaling Readiness, and we will track their uptake and document investments made (WP3). Through WP2 and WP4, we will work to reduce food waste along the market chain and will measure reductions achieved through specific interventions at different nodes in this chain. Partners: Resilient Cities will partner with local government organizations, which have a key interest in climate change adaptation and mitigation as many cities are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Collaboration with higher-level government agencies and ministries will also be pivotal in introducing incentives promoting food production in UPU areas. Private sector organizations will be important partners in the area of food processing, trade, and organic waste recycling. CSO partnerships will help stimulate local food production inside communities. Human resources and capacity development of Initiative team: Creating impact on climate change adaptation and mitigation requires changes to the functioning of food systems. Such changes can only be achieved through coordinated action across the Work Packages within Resilient Cities. It will require the expertise of agronomists, market experts, experts in organic waste management, social scientists, and nutritionists. Capacity building of national partners in UPU food production, marketing and processing will be important. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 43 23 November 2021 5.5 Environmental health and biodiversity Challenges and prioritization: UPU systems are likely affected by urban pollution and waste and can also contribute to environmental health (including human health) hazards where intensive systems on limited space (e.g., controlled-environment agriculture) rely significantly on agro-chemicals or contribute to the spread of zoonotic diseases. Both challenges have been incorporated into the IDT and will be part of the research of WP1-3. Research questions: How can informal food production systems and food markets in LMIC transition towards increased food safety, e.g., by incentivizing behavior change108 especially in view of health risks due to zoonosis109, or from urban milk and meat markets (WP2,3). How can we increase the adoption of safety practices along the food chain of wastewater irrigated vegetables110 in line with the WHO 2006 guidelines (WP 2,3)? How do we minimize agro- chemical use for sustainable agricultural intensification in UPU systems (WP1)? Components of Work Packages: WP1 will address sustainable farming practices; WP2 focuses on efficient and safe marketing practices; and WP3 explores (i) options and strategies for the adoption of risk reducing practices across the value chains drawing on proven guidelines and modules for gender-sensitive education/awareness creation, incentivizing behavior change, nudging and social marketing, and appropriate regulations, and (ii) business options on how to turn urban waste from a hazard into a valuable resource. Measuring performance and results: Two of the formulated outcomes under Section 2.2. reference environmental and human health: At least 10,000 small-scale producers in UPU zones can access and utilize improved technologies, skills, know-how and management tools for safer, more sustainable and more efficient vegetable, livestock and fish production. A reduction of excessive agrochemical use by at least 30% for selected crops and increased availability of diverse, nutritious and safe foods from less polluted UPU environments. Municipal authorities and their public and private sector partners in at least six cities adopt evidence-based approaches, tools, and business models for planning, implementing, and monitoring investments in a circular bioeconomy (safe solid waste and wastewater reuse), food supply chains, and/or strategies to mitigate environmental and human health risks including waterborne and foodborne and zoonotic diseases. Partners: Municipal health and waste management departments for demand, social marketing and behavior change institutes like 17 Triggers111 for innovations, and for scaling e.g. WHO and FAO based on existing collaborations. The work will link closely to the One- health initiative and its partner network. Human resources and capacity development of Initiative team: The Initiative Team will include CGIAR scientists with expertise in environmental and human health and with strong collaborative research networks in these fields. At least one senior Initiative Team scientist will also be a member of the One Health Initiative Team, and a detailed collaboration plan with One Health will be developed within the first three months of launch. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 44 23 November 2021 6. Monitoring, evaluation, learning and impact assessment (MELIA) 6.1 Result framework CGIAR Impact Areas Nutrition, health and food security Poverty reduction, livelihoods and Gender equality, youth and social Climate adaptation and Environmental health and biodiversity jobs inclusion mitigation Collective global 2030 targets (The collective global 2030 targets are available centrally here to save space). • End hunger for all and enable • Lift at least 500 million people • Offer rewardable opportunities to 267 • Equip 500 million small- • Stay within planetary and regional environmental affordable healthy diets for the 3 living in rural areas above the million young people who are not in scale producers to be boundaries: consumptive water use in food billion people who do not extreme poverty line of US$1.90 employment, education or training more resilient to climate production of less than 2500 km3 per year (with a currently have access to safe and per day (2011 PPP). • Close the gender gap in rights to shocks, with climate focus on the most stressed basins), zero net nutritious food. • Reduce by at least half the economic resources, access to adaptation solutions deforestation, nitrogen application of 90 Tg per year • Reduce cases of foodborne proportion of men, women and ownership and control over land and available through (with a redistribution towards low-input farming illness (600 million annually) and children of all ages living in poverty natural resources for over 500 million national innovation system) and increased use efficiency; and zoonotic disease (1 billion in all its dimensions according to women who work in food, land and systems. phosphorus application of 10 Tg per year annually) by one third. national definitions. water systems. Common impact indicators that your Initiative will contribute to and will be able to provide data towards (refer to page 5 of Guidance for MELIA for selection of appropriate indicators) # of people meeting minimum # of people benefiting from # of women benefitting from relevant # of people benefiting # ha under improved management micronutrient requirements relevant CGIAR innovations CGIAR innovations from climate-adapted # km3 consumptive water use in food production # of cases of communicable and # of people assisted to exit poverty # of youth benefitting from relevant innovations non-communicable diseases CGIAR innovations SDG targets 2.1, 2.2, 2.4 1.5, 1.b, 8.3, 8.5, 11.3 5.5, 5.a 11.b 6.4, 6.a, 6.b, 11.a Regional Agrifood Systems Action Area outcomes Action Area outcome indicators RAFS 1 - Smallholder farmers use resource-efficient and climate-smart technologies and RAFSi 1.1 Number of resource-efficient and climate-smart technologies at stage IV (uptake by next practices to enhance their livelihoods, environmental health and biodiversity user), disaggregated by type RAFS 2 - Research and scaling organizations enhance their capabilities to develop and RAFSi 2.1 Number of organizations. disseminate RAFS-related innovations RAFS 3 - Public and private financial resources are invested to fund climate-smart business RAFSi 3.1 Total amount (US$) invested in climate smart business models models. ST & RAFS & GI 1 - Women and youth are empowered to be more active in decision making in STRAFSGIi 1.2 Number of women, youth and people from marginalized groups who report input into food, land and water systems productive decisions, ownership of assets, access to and decisions on credit, control over use of income, work balance, and visiting important locations ST & RAFS 2 - National and local governments utilize enhanced capacity (skills, systems and STRAFSi 2.1 Number of policies/ strategies/ laws/ regulations/ budgets/ investments/ curricula (and culture) to assess and apply research evidence and data in policy making process similar) at different scales that were modified in design or implementation, with evidence that the change was informed by CGIAR research ST 1 - Farmers use technologies or practices that contribute to improved livelihoods, enhance STi 1.3- Measurable implications of adoptions such as production, profitability, input use, product environmental health and biodiversity, are apt in a context of climate change, and sustain quality and associated price, environmental and health damage avoided, livelihood, and employment natural resources. ST 2 – Consumers have the information, incentives and wherewithal to choose healthy diets STi 2.1 Diet quality score Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 45 23 November 2021 Table C Initiative and Work Package outcomes, outputs and indicators Result type Result Indicator Unit of Geographic Data source Data Frequency Baseline Baseline year Target Target measurem scope collection of data value (outcome value year ent method collection (outcome only) only) Cross-cutting Outcome At least 10,000 small-scale producers in UPU # of Number Ghana, Primary data Farmer Annual 0 2022 10,000 2025 zones can access and utilize improved producers Kenya, collection surveys technologies, skills, know-how and reached Ethiopia, management tools for safer, more sustainable Peru, and more efficient vegetable, livestock and fish Philippines, production. Reducing the excessive use of Bangladesh agrochemicals and increasing the use of nature-positive alternatives will increase availability of diverse, nutritious and safe foods from less polluted UPU environments. Outcome At least 10,000 local MSMEs in food # of MSMEs Number Ghana, Primary data Stakeholder Annual 0 2022 10,000 2025 processing, marketing and agrifood service Kenya, collection surveys sectors can access and utilize business Ethiopia, development toolkits, improved technologies, Peru, knowledge and skills, with strong participation Philippines, by women and youth. These investments will Bangladesh generate increased employment and incomes and will help improve availability and affordability of nutritious foods among low- income UPU consumers. Outcome Municipal authorities and their public and # of cities Number Ghana, Primary data Process End-of- 0 2022 6 2025 private sector partners in at least 6 cities adopt adopting Kenya, collection tracing Initiative evidence-based approaches, tools, and evidence- Ethiopia, business models for planning, implementing, based Peru, and monitoring investments in a circular approaches Philippines, bioeconomy (safe solid waste and wastewater Bangladesh reuse) and/or strategies to mitigate environmental and human health risks including waterborne, foodborne, and zoonotic diseases. Outcome At least 4 million consumers benefit from # of cities Number Ghana, Primary data Process End-of- 0 2022 6 2025 nutrition programs in public, civil society and adopting Kenya, collection tracing Initiative private sector that use evidence-based UPU evidence- Philippines, food environment and consumption toolkits, Bangladesh, Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 46 23 November 2021 Initiative and Work Package outcomes, outputs and indicators Result type Result Indicator Unit of Geographic Data source Data Frequency Baseline Baseline year Target Target measurem scope collection of data value (outcome value year ent method collection (outcome only) only) including approaches to increase women’s based Sri Lanka, decision-making power and to improve diet approaches Rwanda quality and nutritional status. Outcome Urban planners and stakeholders participating # of planning Number Ghana, Primary data Process End-of- 0 2022 12 2025 in global networks of more than 200 cities agencies and Kenya, collection tracing Initiative representing over 400 million consumers use, stakeholder Ethiopia, promote, and further improve Research and groups that Peru, Innovation tools and approaches developed by use and Philippines, research and training institutions and civil promote Bangladesh society groups to accelerate UPU Agrifood urban- System development and strengthen urban focused resilience research and innovation tools Work Package 1 - Enabling sustainable production of nutritious foods in (peri-) urban zones Output Resilience assessments of UPU food production # of Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 4 2025 contributing to Integrated UPU Agrifood assessments Ethiopia, reports reporting Initiative System Profiles (WP5) Philippines, process Bangladesh Outcome Small-scale producers in UPU zones access # of Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 10,000 2025 and utilize improved technologies, know-how producers Ethiopia, reports reporting Initiative and management tools Philippines, process Bangladesh Output Implementation guide on how to promote # of guides Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 women and youth to produce nutritious and Ethiopia reports reporting Initiative safe vegetables for urban markets process Output At least 300 women and youth trained in food # of people Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 600 2025 production per country trained Ethiopia reports reporting Initiative process Output Implementation guide for improving seed and # of guides Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 seedling systems to promote UPU food Ethiopia, reports reporting Initiative production Philippines, process Bangladesh Output At least 200 people trained in food production # of people Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 800 2025 and business management per country trained Ethiopia, reports reporting Initiative Philippines, process Bangladesh Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 47 23 November 2021 Initiative and Work Package outcomes, outputs and indicators Result type Result Indicator Unit of Geographic Data source Data Frequency Baseline Baseline year Target Target measurem scope collection of data value (outcome value year ent method collection (outcome only) only) Outcome UPU planners and civil society programs use # of UPU Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 8 2025 evidence-based guidelines to support efficient plans and Ethiopia, reports reporting Initiative and safe UPU food production programs Philippines, process using Bangladesh improved guidelines Output Journal article summarizing findings from # of journal Number Philippines Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 impact evaluation of the National UPU articles reports reporting Initiative Agriculture Program of the Philippines process Output Implementation guide on the use of schools as # of guides Number Bangladesh Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 platforms to stimulate UPU food production reports reporting Initiative and healthy food behavior process Output At least 200 women and students per country # of people Number Bangladesh, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 400 2025 trained in food production trained Kenya reports reporting Initiative process Output Implementation to exploit the re-use of urban # of guides Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 waste in UPU food production Ethiopia, reports reporting Initiative Philippines, process Bangladesh Output At least 100 people trained in food production # of people Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 200 2025 and business management per country trained Ethiopia reports reporting Initiative process Work Package 2 - Building inclusive and sustainable food markets and safeguarding supply chains Output Market and safeguarding resilience # of Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 6 2025 assessments contributing to Integrated UPU assessments Kenya, reports reporting Initiative Agrifood System Profiles (WP5) Ethiopia, process Peru, Philippines, Bangladesh Outcome Market actors and institutions, with self- and % increase of Number Kenya, Peru, Primary data Process Baseline and 0 2022 20% 2025 external support, reposition and diversify selected Philippines, collection tracing end-of- local markets to provide safe, healthy diets nutritious Bangladesh evaluation Initiative and decent work foods available in low-income market segments Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 48 23 November 2021 Initiative and Work Package outcomes, outputs and indicators Result type Result Indicator Unit of Geographic Data source Data Frequency Baseline Baseline year Target Target measurem scope collection of data value (outcome value year ent method collection (outcome only) only) # MSMEs Number Kenya, Peru, Annual End-of- 0 2022 5,000 2025 generating Philippines, reporting Initiative increased Bangladesh process decent work opportunitie s Output Guidelines for market repositioning including # of guides Number Kenya, Peru, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 4 2025 new roles and functions and consumer Philippines, reports reporting Initiative outreach Bangladesh process Output Adapted business school capacity development # of methods Number Kenya, Peru, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 4 2025 method/market systems development tools Philippines, reports reporting Initiative Bangladesh process Output Policy recommendations on the use of # of policy Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 4 2025 institutional market food tenders/provisioning reports Philippines, reports reporting Initiative arrangements and piloting plans for green Bangladesh, process markets to expand short value-chain food Peru supplies from local producers. Output Food market risk profile and mitigation options # of Number Kenya, Peru, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 developed, with necessary capacity innovations Philippines, reports reporting Initiative strengthening needs identified Bangladesh process Output Vendor enterprise capacities strengthening # capacity Number Kenya, Peru, Training Reporting End-of- N/A N/A 12 2025 undertaken strengthenin Bangladesh, reports process Initiative g events Philippines Outcome UPU producers and marketing enterprises # MSMEs Number Kenya, Peru, Annual End-of- 0 2022 5,000 2025 safeguard food supplies through digital using at least Philippines, reporting Initiative integration, processing and storage one Bangladesh process innovation to safeguard food supplies Output Joint producer-vendor digital platforms for # of Number Kenya, Peru, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 4 2025 food marketing and waste reduction innovations Philippines, reports reporting Initiative Bangladesh process Output Food transformation and storage entry points # of Number Kenya, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 identified for reduced waste, increased innovations Philippines, reports reporting Initiative employment and Bangladesh. process market actor storage and processing capacity Peru strengthening needs identified Work Package 3 – Strengthening circular bioeconomy, food safety and the urban environment Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 49 23 November 2021 Initiative and Work Package outcomes, outputs and indicators Result type Result Indicator Unit of Geographic Data source Data Frequency Baseline Baseline year Target Target measurem scope collection of data value (outcome value year ent method collection (outcome only) only) Output Bioeconomy, food safety and environmental # of Number West Africa, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 4 2025 resilience assessments contributing to assessments South Asia reports reporting Initiative Integrated UPU Agrifood System Profiles (WP5) process Outcome Increased capacity for RRR business planning # of Number West Africa, Training Pre- and post- End-of- 0 2022 10 2025 and operations businesses South Asia events training Initiative acquiring assessments new RRR knowledge Output Training materials on circular bioeconomy # of training Number Global Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 options linking waste management and material reports reporting Initiative agriculture published for industry, civil society, packages process government, and development organizations Output Blueprint for design, testing and scale of # of Number 2 countries Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 circular bioeconomy business models publications in West reports reporting Initiative published Africa and process South Asia Outcome Increased knowledge on options to invest in # of public Number Global Stakeholder Annual End-of- 0 2022 3 2025 locally viable RRR models and/or the finance and meetings reporting Initiative supportive regulatory environment development and training process agencies events acquiring new knowledge on RRR financing models Output Evidence-based decision support system (for # of support Number West Africa, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 advisory services) operational systems South Asia reports reporting Initiative process Outcome Increased knowledge on best adoption drivers # of Number Global Project Annual End-of- 0 2022 10 2025 for food safety and environmental health institutions reports reporting Initiative from urban trade-offs participating process in workshops, training, and disseminatio n events Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 50 23 November 2021 Initiative and Work Package outcomes, outputs and indicators Result type Result Indicator Unit of Geographic Data source Data Frequency Baseline Baseline year Target Target measurem scope collection of data value (outcome value year ent method collection (outcome only) only) Output Decision support and guidelines for human and # guidelines Number Global Project Annual End-of- 0 2022 1 2025 environmental health risk reduction in tools reports reporting Initiative (peri)urban settings process Output Evidence on urban burden health burden # of Number West Africa, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 2 2025 publications South Asia reports reporting Initiative process Output Evidence on successful incentive-based # of training Number West Africa, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 2 2025 strategies for food safety in urban settings material South Asia reports reporting Initiative packages process Work Package 4 – Improving food environments and consumer behavior for nutrition Output Diet and food environment resilience # of profiles Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 8 2025 assessments contributing to Integrated UPU Kenya, reports reporting Initiative Agrifood System Profiles (WP5) Ethiopia, process Peru, Philippines, Bangladesh, Rwanda, Sri Lanka Outcome Stakeholders in at least 3 countries adopt # of Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 3 2025 UFED toolkits countries Kenya, reports reporting Initiative Ethiopia, process Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Sri Lanka Output UFED toolkit that includes an inventory of food # of toolkits Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 environment and dietary assessment methods Philippines, reports reporting Initiative with recommendations as to what Sri Lanka process combinations to use in UPU settings Outputs Assessment of the validation of using FRANI to # of Number Ghana, Sri Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 2 2025 assess nutrient intake compared to 24 h recalls validation Lanka reports reporting Initiative in adolescents in GHA and LKA assessments process Outputs Assessment of the validation of using phone- # of Number Sri Lanka Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 based dietary survey compared to a weighed validation reports reporting Initiative record assessments process Outcome Countries promote guidelines for SAPs in # of Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 3 2025 urban environments for safe and sustainable countries Kenya, reports reporting Initiative health diets. Ethiopia, process Peru, Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 51 23 November 2021 Initiative and Work Package outcomes, outputs and indicators Result type Result Indicator Unit of Geographic Data source Data Frequency Baseline Baseline year Target Target measurem scope collection of data value (outcome value year ent method collection (outcome only) only) Philippines, Rwanda, Sri Lanka Outcome Stakeholders and beneficiaries participate in # of pilots Number Sri Lanka, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 pilots of at least one SAP with the aim of Kenya, reports reporting Initiative improving diets (women and/or youth) Rwanda, process Philippines Output Guidance for leveraging SAPs to improve diets # of guidance Number Global Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 in UPU settings published reports reporting Initiative process Output Recommendations of optimal strategies or # of Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 2 2025 combinations of interventions to lower diet- recommenda Burkina Faso reports reporting Initiative related NCDs among low-income populations tion lists process in UPU settings Work Package 5 – Strengthening the evidence base and research & innovation capacities for UPU Agrifood System governance and growth Outcome Integrated UPU Agrifood System Profiles used # Profiles Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 4 2025 for priority setting by Municipalities, National actively used Kenya, reports reporting Initiative Ministries, World Bank and other IFIs Ethiopia, process Peru, Philippines, Bangladesh Output Integrated UPU Agrifood System Profiles (incl. # of Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 6 2025 investment options) published assessments Kenya, reports reporting Initiative Ethiopia, process Peru, Philippines, Bangladesh Outcome Researchers, training institutes, civil society # tools Number Ghana, Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 3 2025 groups etc. use improved tools to analyze and actively used Kenya, reports reporting Initiative monitor agrifood development Ethiopia, process Peru, Philippines, Bangladesh Output Improved indicators, metrics and data tools for # Number Global review Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 3 2025 resilient UPU Agrifood Systems published publications and reports reporting Initiative of indicators, adaptation process metrics and through data tools pilots in Bangladesh, Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 52 23 November 2021 Initiative and Work Package outcomes, outputs and indicators Result type Result Indicator Unit of Geographic Data source Data Frequency Baseline Baseline year Target Target measurem scope collection of data value (outcome value year ent method collection (outcome only) only) Philippines, Kenya, Ghana, Peru Output Training modules developed and e-learning # training Number Global, with Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 4 2025 courses launched modules translations reports reporting Initiative available for into relevant process e-learning languages Outcome Lean Launchpads support urban agrifood # urban Number Peru Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 10 2025 startups agrifood reports reporting Initiative startups process supported Output Lean Launchpad tools customized to UPU # of training Number Peru Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 1 2025 agrifood startups material reports reporting Initiative packages process Output Young scientists trained to pursue evidence- # young Number Peru Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 20 2025 based science entrepreneurship scientists reports reporting Initiative trained process Outcome LMIC stakeholders participate in and # LMIC Number Global Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 100 2025 contribute to dissemination and capacity stakeholders reports reporting Initiative development activities by the Center of actively process Excellence for UPU Agrifood Systems participating Output Center of Excellence for UPU Agrifood Systems Launch Yes/no Global Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A Yes 2022 launched completed reports reporting Initiative process Output Knowledge sharing events and capacity # of Number Global Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 8 2025 development sessions held targeting LMIC knowledge reports reporting Initiative demand sharing and process capacity development events Output Review papers on key topics in UPU Agrifood # of review Number Global Project Annual End-of- N/A N/A 3 2025 Systems pertinent to LMICs paper reports reporting Initiative published process Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 53 23 November 2021 6.2 MELIA plan Monitoring, evaluation, and learning For monitoring, evaluation and learning we will use a three-pronged approach to monitor progress towards completing the outputs and achieving the outcomes identified across the Work Packages and for the Initiative as a whole. For this we will either use a CGIAR-managed monitoring system or will create one if necessary. Through this system we will track achievement of planned outputs and gather data related to the expected outcomes that can be easily quantified. WP leaders will update their annual plan quarterly by indicating if activities are on track, delayed or need to be cancelled and offering feedback on any challenges they are facing in carrying out their annual work plans. We will use this combination of quarterly and annual reporting to make any adjustments to Work Package plans and budgets over the course of the three-year period. The second part of our strategy will be to conduct annual rapid assessments and interviews with key stakeholders to take the pulse of the Initiative and its progress along the expected TOC. The focus of these assessments will be around capacity development, policy engagement, and adoption of technologies for strengthening urban food system resilience. As our resilience concept builds on related resilience frameworks developed recently by our partners, bridging in particular food system resilience112 and urban resilience76 frameworks, we will work with these partners to define indicators and baselines for tracking progress of our Initiative. The third part of our strategy will be to evaluate the pathways towards success and failures that our Initiative might be experiencing. Given the short time frame of this first phase we will commission an evaluation of the Initiative in the second year with the expectation that activities will have had the chance to get up and running. This timing will also allow us to learn from the evaluation and understand what is working and what needs to be improved and to adjust our plans for the second three-year phase accordingly. Impact assessments In addition to these activities, we will also conduct causal impact assessments of selected interventions within or across WPs. These will be focused on critical TOC assumptions that can be assessed within the three-year timeframe, such as linkages between interventions designed to increase production, availability, or consumption of nutritious foods in UPU environments. Results from these assessments will be reviewed together with partners and stakeholders, will generate lessons and evidence for future programming, and will identify new knowledge gaps that will be targeted by the next round of impact assessment research. Secondly, we will use process tracing methodologies to design evaluation activities that will help us understand, from a largely qualitative perspective, how the Initiative’s activities are influencing external program and policy designs as laid out in our TOC. The results from these studies will help us reassess TOC assumptions and risks and, as may be necessary, adjust our approaches and methodologies, partner or stakeholder selection and collaboration models. Importantly, these studies will be designed and reviewed through a Scaling Readiness lens so that our learning and adjustments will also improve the scalability and scaling success of our innovations through by our scaling partners. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 54 23 November 2021 6.3 Planned MELIA studies and activities Type of MELIA Result or indicator title that Anticipated Co-delivery of How the MELIA study or study or the MELIA study or activity year of planned MELIA activity will inform activity will contribute to completion study with other management decisions and Initiatives contribute to internal learning Baseline studies Will contribute to all end-of- 2023 To be identified Will inform relative focus Initiative outcome indicators during inception and emphasis of phase, depending interventions in different on city selection cities. Will provide basis for subsequent impact evaluations. Will strengthen complementarities with related resilience monitoring frameworks113 and increase responsiveness of CGIAR as a research partner. Causal impact Increased efficiency of peri- 2025 WP1, WP2, WP4 Will inform coordination assessment urban food production, and sequencing of research learning studies resulting in increased FRESH, Rethinking and delivery activities at availability of nutritious foods Markets production, market and in low-income urban markets, food environment levels and in increased consumption of these foods by target beneficiaries Adoption and MSMEs in informal sector 2025 WP1, WP2, WP3, Will inform approaches to diffusion adopting improved WP4 engage with urban informal studies technologies, business plans, agrifood sector and and safety practices One Health, determine how to Rethinking customize agrifood Markets, and RII dissemination strategies to South Asia the urban context Process tracing Understand how and to what 2025 WP5 Will inform capacity extent next users of capacity development approaches in development interventions National urban policy and innovation (specifically policymakers and strategies and context – with possible entrepreneurs) have policies linkages to national improved their capacities approaches and/or competences 7. Management plan and risk assessment 7.1 Management plan The IMT, composed of lead, deputy lead, WP leaders, MELIA coordinator and country leads (some positions may be held simultaneously), will oversee planning, implementation and internal review of activities. The IMT will apply principles of adaptive management to steer the Initiative towards impact in complex and dynamic UPU environments. During the Inception Phase, the IMT will work with partners and stakeholders to update and sync the Initiative’s TOCs, MELIA Plan and Scaling Readiness Plan, and defining verifiable stage-gating criteria, milestones and targets for each WP. By Month 3, the team will produce an integrated and well-sequenced IIP based on this initial prioritization. The IIP will include 6-monthly MELIA Review & Planning meetings (see Section 6.2) to capture progress and learning against milestones and underlying TOC assumptions, and to update the IIP on a rolling basis jointly with partners and stakeholders. Annually, the Initiative will produce a MELIA Report that documents the evolution of the IIP, results achieved, setbacks encountered, and the learning Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 55 23 November 2021 that took place. This Annual Report will be accompanied by an Annual IIP and Budget for the coming year. In support of this adaptive management approach, the Initiative will undertake selected analyses of specific TOC assumptions that warrant detailed attention. These brief studies will, for example, focus on incentives and barriers for change in the informal urban sector, or targeting strategies for gender and social inclusion outcomes. Insights from these analyses will be discussed with partners and stakeholders at the six-monthly Review & Planning meetings and may lead to revisions of the IIP, including technical approaches, Scaling Readiness Plan, milestones, stakeholder engagement and MELIA Plan. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 56 23 November 2021 7.2 Summary management plan Initiative start Timelines date 2022 2023 2024 2025 Description of key deliverables Work Packages Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 Work Package 1: 1. Implementation Guide for promoting women- and youth-led enterprises in UPU vegetable production for urban Production 1 2 3 3 markets. a b 2. At least 300 women and youth led enterprises trained in better UPU vegetable production for urban markets. 3. Report (a) and journal article (b) on impact evaluation of National UPU Agriculture Program of the PHL. Work Package 2: 1. Market system resilience assessment contributing to city profiles. Markets 2. Guideline documents for market repositioning in four countries based on identification of leverage points in selected 1 2 3 fresh markets. 3. Digital communications mapping among food producers and traders on transactions, prices and spoilage and options for improved digital communications. Work Package 3: 1. UPU water quality guidelines for agriculture. Circular 1 2 3 2. Drivers and barriers for the circular urban bioeconomy in the Global South (review article). bioeconomy 3. Publication on changing behavior to increase urban food safety (PhD thesis, papers). Work Package 4: 1. UFED diagnostic and programming toolkit published. Food 1 2 3 2. Publications on impact modeling for optimal strategies to lower diet related NCDs among low-income populations in environment UPU settings 3. Guidance for UPU SAPs to promote safe and sustainable healthy diets disseminated in at least six countries. Work Package 5: 1. Urban Food System Profiles published (first city). Integrated 1 2 3 2. Metrics and data tools published and available to users. analysis 3. E-learning modules operational. Innovation 1 2 1. Documented scaling ambition, vision of success and roadmap for use of Scaling Readiness for three Core Innovations. Packages & Scaling Readiness 2. Evidence-based Scaling Readiness assessment reports and related scaling strategies for three Innovation Packages. MELIA 1. CGIAR-managed MEL system operational and producing first Annual Report. 1 2 3 2. First Annual Rapid Appraisal with key stakeholders provides feedback on main processes. 3. Study report on Urban Informal Sector Diffusion informs Initiative strategy for this key pathway. Project 1. Initiative Inception Review with key partners and stakeholders to agree on Implementation Plan. management 2. First Annual Management Review & Planning meeting to consider MEL results and adopt changes to Implementation 1 2 3 Plan. 3. Second Annual Management Review & Planning meeting to consider MEL results and adopt changes to Implementation Plan. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 57 23 November 2021 7.3 Risk assessment Top 5 risks to Description of risk Likelihood Impact Risk Mitigations achieving impact score L x I 1-5 1-5 #1 Urban Within LMIC urban economies and 3 3 9 Targeted interactions governance and policies, the agrifood sector with policy and planning enabling receives little policy attention, in authorities to co- environment for part because of its largely informal develop policy support agrifood sector nature. To secure a sustainable and priorities and pathways. development is safe future and to realize the weak growth potential of the sector, key Facilitation of multi- policy and planning support is stakeholder platforms required in areas like access to that articulate demand land, water, and services for for policy and planning enterprises involved in food support. production and marketing. Creating Through evidence and and/or safeguarding this support monitoring tools and will be important for the impact of skill development, the Initiative. enable accountability to stakeholders. #2 Limited capacity The Initiative expects that LMIC 4 3 12 Training and capacity of urban authorities cities will be keen to adopt and development are in LMICs to follow invest in innovations and research integral parts of the through on products customized to their Initiative, implemented innovations and priorities. However, capacity in through specialized recommendations terms of human and financial partners. resources, skills and institutional processes can be very limited, in Fostering new particular in poorer urban centers partnerships for the outside the main capital cities. This urban agrifood sector. can limit the scale and intensity of Harnessing regional and uptake of Initiative outputs beyond global city networks for initial adoption. capacity support and learning. #3 Inadequate ‘Urban food systems’ is a 3 3 9 Close dialogue with funding in short comparatively new area of prospective funders. term to raise profile investment for funders. While of key research and there is strong momentum Joint series of seminars innovations amongst WB, ADB and others to with WB and their establish a formal financing clients in 2022. mechanism for this area, this may take throughout 2022 to be operational. On the other hand, the timing is excellent for CGIAR to establish our role in this area and to co-develop strategies and priorities with funders and major partners. #4 COVID and Disruptions of movement and work 3 3 9 Adjust selection of insecurity risks in from COVID-19 and associated countries/cities as priority countries public health measures can needed. severely interfere with implementation of the Initiative. In Work through partners some countries (e.g., ETH) with strong operational insecurity from conflict adds to this capacity in locations at risk. risk. #5 Ineffective To realize the full value of the 2 3 6 Coordination between linkages with Initiative’s essential focus on urban Initiative teams for final related Initiatives food systems for the entire CGIAR design and during portfolio, effective two-way inception phase to Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 58 23 November 2021 Top 5 risks to Description of risk Likelihood Impact Risk Mitigations achieving impact score L x I 1-5 1-5 linkages with other Initiatives are develop a joined-up required: To link with innovations, approach. methods and tools for customization for the urban Selection of high context or for rural-urban research visibility areas for joint collaboration on selected issues; research across and to harness insights into initiatives. Co-location of urbanization as a key driver of food research activities systems transformation for broader where sensible. CGIAR programming. 8. Policy compliance, and oversight 8.1 Research governance Researchers involved in the implementation of this Initiative will comply with the procedures and policies determined by the System Board to be applicable to the delivery of research undertaken in furtherance of CGIAR’s 2030 Research and Innovation Strategy, thereby ensuring that all research meets applicable legal, regulatory and institutional requirements; appropriate ethical and scientific standards; and standards of quality, safety, privacy, risk management and financial management. This includes CGIAR’s Research Ethics Code114 and to the values, norms and behaviors in CGIAR’s Ethics Framework115 and in the Framework for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion in CGIAR’s workplaces116. 8.2 Open and FAIR data assets Researchers involved in the implementation of this Initiative shall adhere to the terms of the Open and FAIR Data Assets Policy117. The Resilient Cities Initiative will align with the OFDA Policy’s Open and FAIR requirements, ensuring: ● Rich metadata conforming to the CGIAR Core Schema118 to maximize findability, including geolocation information where relevant. ● Accessibility by utilizing unrestrictive, standard licenses and depositing assets in open repositories. The specific licenses and repositories will be selected during the Inception Phase in coordination with the CGIAR System Management Office. ● Wider access through deposition in open repositories of translations and requiring minimal data download to assist with limited internet connectivity. ● Interoperability by annotating dataset variables with ontologies where possible (controlled vocabularies where not possible). ● Adherence to Research Ethics Code111 (Section 4) relating to responsible data (through human subject consent, avoiding personally identifiable information in data assets and other data-related risks to communities) based on IRB clearance. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 59 23 November 2021 9. Human resources 9.1 Initiative team Category Area of expertise Short description of key accountabilities Cross-cutting Research Food systems & resilience analysis. Integrated resilience research across WPs; Initiative management; Program management. global stakeholder engagement Research Gender and social inclusion Key research on gender and inclusion across WPs, ensuring uptake in WP workplans and analyses. Research Innovation systems research Design, implement and evaluate Lean Launch pilots. Guidelines & training material for scaling successful pilots. Research MELIA coordination Develop and implement MELIA Plans, supporting 6-monthly and annual review & planning meetings Research Knowledge management and Coordinate knowledge management plan and functions, incl. OA support communications transfer. Internal and external communications. Research Country-level coordination and Country operations and stakeholder engagement. Co-convening of support partnership management policy and technical forums. Production Work Package Research Vegetable agronomy, sustainable Technology adaptation research for UPU vegetable production. intensification Capacity dev. of NARES & partners. Research Small-scale livestock production and Technology adaptation and delivery for safe and efficient UPU marketing livestock production. Capacity dev. of NARES & partners. Markets Work Package Research Market systems analysis, supply & UPU and CRFS studies on food supply and demand, input markets, demand forecasting service sector, labor markets, informal retailing. Research Agrifood enterprise development New approaches and metrics for strengthening the informal urban (informal) food sector. Food and nutrition Work Package Research Nutrition, food environment, and Knowledge Hub for urban nutrition programming options. UFED food consumption tools and metrics. Research Behavior change approaches (social, Urban consumer behavior change strategies and tools. institutional) Circular economy Work Package Research Resource Recovery and Reuse Adaptive research on key RRR technologies and associated (circular bioeconomy) business models. Research Food safety, environmental health, Food safety analyses, tools for urban food-borne disease disease surveillance estimates, guidelines for urban food safety campaigns. Research Public-private partnership models, Develop and pilot PPP models for scaling RRR innovations. Analysis investment options of investment options. Governance and capacity Work Package Research Policy and governance analysis Analysis of (multi-sectoral) UPU governance and policy processes (formal and informal) affecting resilience Research Capacity development Implement Capacity Dev Plan with partners & stakeholders, incl. e- support learning. Documentation of capacity outcomes. 9.2 Gender, diversity and inclusion in the workplace The Initiative Team will be composed of around 50 researchers and other professionals with significant (>30%) time allocation to this Initiative. At least 20 members will be women. Team members will come from CGIAR priority countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America (together forming at least 80% of the Team) as well as from the Global North. Leadership will be devolved to empower and support diverse Team members in country and regional offices and to foster peer support and learning across disciplines and geographies. The Initiative Team will include a wide range of relevant academic disciplines and professions, reflecting CGIAR’s proven advantage of combining bio-physical and social sciences and emphasizing new Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 60 23 November 2021 competencies of specific relevance to this Initiative such as innovation science, circular bioeconomy, digital tools or urban planning. Among the 12-person IMT (see Section 7.1) at least six members will be women and at least six members will come from the Global South. The Initiative Team and the IMT are thus expected to meet CGIAR’s gender target of a minimum of 40% women in professional roles and is comprised of individuals from diverse backgrounds. Women, minorities, and other under-represented groups will hold leadership roles in the Initiative Team. This will be seen in the composition of our IMT and will extend to the fair allocation of leadership activities and accountabilities. As the Initiative Team will grow over time, we will further promote and support the leadership roles for women, minorities and other under-represented groups following the guidance outlined in CGIAR’s GDI Inclusive Recruitment Toolkit119. 9.3 Capacity development Resilient Cities will provide extensive capacity development opportunities for the Initiative Team as well as for external partners. Within the first three months of launch, all members of the IMT will complete training on inclusive leadership. Within the first six months, all members of the wider Initiative Team and main collaborators from partner organizations will complete training on gender, diversity, and inclusion, including on safeguarding and whistleblowing. The Initiative kick-off events (global and country level) will include sessions on CGIAR’s values code of conduct, research ethics, and the range of learning opportunities available within CGIAR. Resilient Cities will engage a Capacity Development Specialist to coordinate both internal and external capacity development activities, compile and manage a repository of all UPU training materials, and document and assess capacity outcomes as part of regular reviews of the Initiative’s TOC. In all main research and research support areas, we will identify senior staff to mentor junior colleagues and to link them to additional external training and professional development opportunities. In this regard, we will prioritize and monitor the participation of female, minority, and other under-represented staff. Resilient Cities will implement technical, scientific, and professional training programs as part of pursuing research and innovation. These will include selected PhD- and MSc-level training as well as short courses for scientists and professionals from NARES and other partners and will be provided by our university and training partners. In addition, we will produce and promote free e-learning modules on key technical and policy topics and support the participation of staff and partners in global and national platforms and learning events that we will facilitate with our scaling partners through the Center of Excellence. Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 61 23 November 2021 10. Financial resources 10.1 Budget 10.1.1: Activity breakdown USD 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 Total Crosscutting across Work Packages 906,460 2,044,571 1,995,499 4,946,530 Work Package 1 992,324 1,488,486 1,488,486 3,969,296 Work Package 2 680,823 1,450,823 1,450,823 3,582,469 Work Package 3 799,672 1,598,853 1,600,544 3,999,069 Work Package 4 799,371 1,598,382 1,595,763 3,993,516 Work Package 5 821,350 1,618,885 1,568,885 4,009,120 Innovation Packages & Scaling Readiness 0 200,000 300,000 500,000 Total 5,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 25,000,000 10.1.2: Geographic breakdown USD 2022/2023 2023/2024 2024/2025 Total Global 1,250,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 6,250,000 East and Southern Africa 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 Kenya 596,629 1,193,258 1,193,258 2,983,145 Ethiopia 354,845 993,566 1,069,923 2,418,334 West and Central Africa 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 Ghana 542,479 1,030,710 1,010,710 2,583,899 South Asia 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 Bangladesh 695,486 1,530,069 1,524,569 3,750,124 Southeast Asia 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 Philippines 656,298 1,445,576 1,405,576 3,507,450 Latin America and Caribbean - - - - Peru 504,263 806,821 795,964 2,107,048 Central and West Asia and North Africa - 100,000 100,000 200,000 Total 5,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 25,000,000 Annexes Annex 1: Acronyms Annex 2: Partners Annex 3: List of consultations Annex 4: Letters of support Annex 5: Contributions to SDG targets Annex 6: Innovations Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 62 23 November 2021 References 1 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/ 2 Tefft J, Jonasova M, Adjao R, Morgan A. 2017. 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Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/93011 88 Models for water, energy and nutrient recovery (https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/93011) Models for food waste prevention (https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/113841) Models for wastewater aquaculture (https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/114589) Models for fecal sludge management and reuse (https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/109662) Models for [insect] protein generation from organic waste (https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/105751) Models for sewage sludge reuse (forthcoming) 89 BMI, Business model canvas. https://www.businessmodelsinc.com/about-bmi/tools/business-model- canvas/ 90 Gebrezgabher S, Taron A, Amewu S. 2019. Investment climate indicators for waste reuse enterprises in developing countries: application of analytical hierarchy process and goal programming model. 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Geneva: IPCC. 108 Alvarez SA, Grace D, Nguyen-Viet H. 2021. Informal food markets: what it takes to make them safer. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/informal-food-markets-what-it-takes-to-make-them-safer-161601 109 Lore T. 2021. New study explores wet markets and the risk of emerging zoonotic diseases. International Livestock Research Institute. https://www.ilri.org/news/new-study-explores-wet-markets-and-risk-emerging-zoonotic-diseases 110 Karg H, Drechsel P. 2011. Motivating behaviour change to reduce pathogenic risk where unsafe water is used for irrigation. Water International 36(4):476-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2011.594684 111 https://www.17triggers.com 112 Carey J, Dubbeling M. 2017. City Region Food System Indicator Framework. City Region Food System Toolkit. Leusden, The Netherlands: RAUF Foundation. https://ruaf.org/document/city-region-food-system-indicator- framework/ 113 Resilience monitoring frameworks used by our scaling partners include, for example: Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 67 23 November 2021 https://www.fao.org/3/i9255e/i9255e-CRFS-Indicator-Framework.pdf https://www.fao.org/in-action/food-for-cities-programme/toolkit/crfs-assessment/indicator-framework/en/ and https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/report/city-resilience-framework/ 114 CGIAR Research Ethics Code. 2020. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/113003/CGIAR- Research-Ethics-Code-Approved-3Nov2020.pdf 115 CGIAR Ethics Framework. 2019. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/113007/CGIAR-Ethics- Framework-Sept-2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 116 CGIAR Framework for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion in CGIAR’s Workplaces. 2020. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/113007/CGIAR-Ethics-Framework-Sept- 2020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 117 CGIAR System Management Office. 2021. CGIAR Open and FAIR Data Assets Policy. Montpellier: CGIAR System Management Office. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/113623 118 CGIAR Core Schema. https://github.com/AgriculturalSemantics/cg-core 119 CGIAR Inclusive Recruitment. A gender, diversity and inclusion toolkit for people and culture practitioners. https://storage.googleapis.com/cgiar-gdi/2021/04/183cd8cd-gdi-recruitment-toolkit-22april2021-final.pdf Resilient Cities Through Sustainable Urban and Peri-urban Agrifood Systems 68 23 November 2021