Farmer’s Pride Networking, partnerships and tools to enhance in situ conservation of European plant genetic resources In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives Citation Rubio Teso, M.L.1, Álvarez Muñiz, C.1, Gaisberger, H.2, Kell, S.3, Lara-Romero, C.1, Magos Brehm, J.4, Maxted, N.3 and Iriondo, J.M.1 1 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain 2 Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Rome, Italy 3 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom 4 Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Braga, Portugal https://more.bham.ac.uk/farmerspride/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2020/07/D1.2_In_situ_PGR_in_Europe_crop_wild_relatives.pdf This document is a deliverable of the Farmer’s Pride Project: D1.2, ‘Knowledge of in situ resources/sites’. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 7 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 9 2 Occurrence of priority CWR populations in Europe ....................................................................... 10 2.1 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.1.1 Delimitation of the geographic area and selection of priority CWR taxa ..................... 11 2.1.2 Population occurrence data .......................................................................................... 12 2.2 Results ........................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Inventory of European priority CWR ............................................................................. 17 2.2.2 Number of CWR localities and their distribution across taxa and the territory ........... 17 2.2.3 Distribution of human and animal food CWR ............................................................... 20 2.3 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 22 3 Existence of active in situ conservation actions targeting crop wild relatives ............................... 23 3.1.1 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 24 3.1.2 Results ........................................................................................................................... 28 3.1.3 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 33 4 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 34 5 References ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Appendix A. European priority CWR .................................................................................................... 40 Appendix B: Equivalences between Occurrence Data Collation Template and GBIF and GENESYS descriptors. ......................................................................................................................................... 109 Appendix C: Priority human food related taxa that have high quality in situ records in only one country. ............................................................................................................................................... 112 Appendix D: Priority fodder and forage related taxa with high quality in situ records in only one country. ............................................................................................................................................... 115 Appendix E: In situ conservation actions for crop wild relatives in Europe. A survey of the Farmer's Pride project. ....................................................................................................................................... 116 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 3 Appendix F: Sites and governance for in situ conserved populations gathered through the online survey. ................................................................................................................................................. 130 Appendix G: Active in situ conservation actions and monitoring surveys applied to target CWR taxa. ............................................................................................................................................................ 133 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 4 List of Figures Figure 1. Steps taken to obtain a high quality dataset of occurrences of the priority CWR taxa. ........ 16 Figure 2. Number of localities worldwide of 685 priority CWR taxa with high quality geographic coordinates obtained from GBIF and Genesys. .................................................................................... 17 Figure 5. Numbers of European priority CWR taxa with high quality locality records obtained from GBIF and Genesys in each country of the study. .................................................................................. 19 Figure 6. Taxon richness map (50x50 km cells) showing the numbers of European priority CWR taxa in the study area after the filtering process. ........................................................................................ 20 Figure 7. Implementation context of the in situ conservation actions for priority European CWR in 13 European countries (n=829 populations). ............................................................................................ 29 Figure 8. Responses to the question of whether the in situ conservation actions for priority European CWR populations are undertaken in a recognised site network in 13 European countries (n=829 populations). ............................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 9. Responses to the question of whether the in situ conservation actions for priority European CWR populations are recognised by national government in 13 European countries (n=829 populations). .......................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 10. Protection status and habitat type of the sites where active in situ conservation actions for European priority CWR are reported to be carried out in 13 European countries (n=829 populations). ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 11. Reasons for the conservation actions implemented on priority European CWR populations (n=120 populations) excluding Swiss populations. All Swiss CWR populations were conserved due to their threat or flagship status. .......................................................................................................................... 33 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 5 List of Tables Table 1. The 46 countries included in the study ................................................................................... 11 Table 2. Filtering and cleaning steps applied to select high quality CWR occurrence data. ................ 13 Table 3. GBIF issues selected to remove records of low quality from the downloaded occurrence data. ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Table 4. European priority human food CWR taxa with localities in more than 30 countries (based on of high quality geographic coordinates) .................................................................................. 21 Table 5. European priority animal food CWR taxa with localities in more than 30 countries (based on high quality geographic coordinates)....................................................................................... 21 Table 6. Multiple choice questions presented regarding the site where the in situ conservation action is taking/took place. ................................................................................................................. 25 Table 7. Multiple choice questions regarding the type of conservation action and targeted CWR species. ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Table 8. Number of priority European CWR taxa and populations reported to under active in situ conservation per country. ........................................................................................................ 28 Table 9. Type of active in situ conservation actions reported for European priority CWR taxa in 13 European countries .................................................................................................................. 32 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 6 Executive Summary A primary objective of the Farmer’s Pride project is to establish a network for in situ conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources in Europe. To achieve this, we need to increase knowledge about the occurrence of natural populations of crop wild relatives (CWR), as well as the existence of active in situ conservation actions. To obtain an overall picture of the location of areas where CWR occur, a list of priority CWR for conservation action in Europe was elaborated considering the economic importance of the associated crops, the potential use of the CWR for crop improvement, and the threat status of the CWR. The resulting list of priority CWR contains 863 taxa – 485 classified at the species level and 378 at the infraspecific level. GBIF and Genesys databases were consulted to collect occurrence data of the selected CWR. The GBIF database provided 16,534,316 records for 764 taxa, whereas the Genesys download resulted in 991,746 accessions for 440 taxa. Occurrence data from each source were filtered and cleaned independently using ad hoc developed programming scripts developed in R environment to delimit the geographical scope, identify errors, delete low quality and outdated records, eliminate duplicates and select high quality data records. The resulting database contains detailed information on 3,094,231 sites for 616 priority taxa distributed across 43 countries. From this, 1,132,409 records correspond to 397 taxa related to human food crops, 1,968,390 records to 229 taxa related to forage and fodder crops, and 6,568 records to 10 taxa related to both human food and forage and fodder crops. The databases generated in this study are the largest databases of occurrences for the target CWR generated so far for the entire world and for Europe and Turkey. The application of rigorous selection criteria provides a set of records with high probability of actual presence in the described locations. This information is essential for the design of the European CWR network foreseen in the Farmer’s Pride project as well as for forthcoming international initiatives on CWR conservation. The analysis of the CWR distribution obtained denotes a bias in the compiled data. This is explained by the lack of chorological studies in some areas and/or digitization of these data and collaboration with the consulted international databases. Because the countries that do not participate in GBIF do not have data repositories with digitized plant occurrence data available, the compilation of additional occurrence records from the less represented areas remains a challenge. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 7 To collect information on examples of CWR in situ active conservation, the survey “In situ conservation actions for crop wild relatives in Europe” was launched using the online tool EUSurvey. Published in nine languages (Croatian, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish), the survey was extensively disseminated for seven months to reach the largest target audience. We received information on 921 populations of 159 taxa from 14 countries, including 829 populations of 65 European CWR priority taxa. The largest group of CWR populations conserved is in Switzerland, with 703 populations belonging to 17 taxa. The implementation context of the conservation was, in most cases (82%), the result of a national CWR conservation strategy. Public organizations were most frequently identified as responsible for the active in situ conservation actions. Most of these conservation actions (91.9%) are related to a network of in situ conservation, such as Natura 2000, national or local protected area networks, research centres or gene bank networks. All the information received from Switzerland portrayed the strategy of preserving CWR in farmlands outside protected areas. On the other hand, the rest of the countries mainly conserved them fully or partially inside protected areas. Most active in situ conservation is focused on more than one species. The most widespread action performed for CWR species was ‘monitoring and census of the species’. ‘Phytosociological monitoring’, ‘seed collection and storage in a gene bank’, ‘controlled grazing’ and ‘limited use of the territory’ were the next most common practices. During the process of disseminating and conducting the survey, we found that although the recipients and respondents commonly lacked awareness about CWR taxa and their value for food security, once they learned more, many were keen to answer the survey. Despite this lack of awareness, we believe that more efforts to actively conserve CWR in situ are being carried out than protected area managers and the different administrations dedicated to wildlife conservation are aware of. This is due to the particular status of some CWR taxa (e.g., threatened, rare, or endemic) which means they are already included in species recovery plans and/or protected area management plans. In conclusion, the information gathered is a compilation of interesting examples of conservation actions and details that contribute valuable information to the establishment of the European network for in situ conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. Although the large area covered by protected areas ensures the passive conservation of many CWR populations, active in situ conservation of CWR does not frequently occur. In addition, these actions are rather limited in scope, more oriented to the conservation of the species as such than to the conservation of their genetic diversity. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 8 1 Introduction Crop wild relatives (CWR) are wild plant species related to crops that have evolved under natural conditions and are potential sources of traits for the development of new, improved varieties (Maxted et al., 2006). Because of the broad range of habitats in which CWR occur, and their adaptation to a wide range of local environmental conditions, they are an important reservoir of genetic diversity for crop improvement (e.g., see Vaughan, 1994; Maxted et al., 1997; van de Wouw et al., 2001; Hajjar and Hodgkin, 2007; Heywood et al., 2007; FAO, 2008; Millet, Manisterski and Ben-Yehuda, 2008). This diversity is particularly important because most crop species have experienced a process of genetic diversity loss when bred to meet the uniformity requirements of commercial agriculture (e.g., see Eyre-Walker et al., 1998; Chung and Singh, 2008), which can render them susceptible to pests, diseases and unexpected environmental conditions, and consequent crop losses (e.g., see (FAO, 2010; Fowler and Mooney, 1990; Keneni et al., 2012)). The value of traits derived from CWR has been highlighted by many authors (e.g., Prescott-Allen and Prescott Allen, 1983; Maxted et al., 1997, 2012; Hajjar and Hodgkin, 2007; Hodgkin and Hajjar, 2008; Sonnante and Pignone, 2008; McCouch et al., 2013) and their use for the improvement of crops has made a substantial indirect contribution to the world economy (Tyack and Dempewolf, 2015). The environmental impacts of climate change are causing and will continue to cause significant challenges for the agricultural and horticultural industries and for food and economic security. The seed industry is therefore in need of diverse and novel sources of genetic diversity to produce crop varieties that can withstand changing environmental conditions (e.g., see FAO, 2008; Lobell et al., 2008; Deryng et al., 2011; Luck et al., 2011), and there is some consensus that CWR will become increasingly important to meet this challenge (FAO, 2011, 2010, 2008; Maxted et al., 2014; Ortiz, 2015). Europe has a wealth of native and endemic diversity of wild species related to crops of regional and global socio-economic importance (Kell et al., 2016). Examples include the native wild relative diversity of oats (Avena sativa L.), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), carrots (Daucus carota L.), apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), annual meadow grass (Festuca pratensis Huds.), perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (Heywood and Zohary, 1995). Many minor crop species have significant wild relative diversity in the region, including asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), raspberries and blackberries (Rubus spp.), as well as herbs and aromatic plants such as mints (Mentha spp.) and chives (Allium spp.) (Maxted et al., 2008). According to Vincent et al. (2013), southern Europe is globally significant in terms of its richness of species related to economically important crops. However, no mechanisms currently exist to organize technically coordinated, effective and efficient Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 9 in situ conservation actions for CWR across political borders in Europe—therefore, a systematic regional approach to in situ CWR genetic diversity conservation is required (Maxted, 2003; Maxted et al., 2015, 2013). To that aim, gaining knowledge of how many populations of CWR occur in Europe and how these populations are distributed is a fundamental first step. Because Europe has an extensive network of protected areas across its territory, many CWR populations occur within them and are thus under some form of protection. However, in most cases, protected area managers are not aware of the occurrence of CWR in their sites and of their requirements for more active conservation. Therefore, there is no guarantee that these populations are properly conserved and monitored and that their viability is assured. Thus, in addition to information on the occurrence of CWR populations in Europe, it is essential to compile information on active measures in place for CWR conservation. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to: 1) gather information on the occurrence of populations of priority CWR in Europe and create a database that will be used for in situ and ex situ conservation gap analyses, and 2) create a database of localities where active in situ CWR conservation measures are being implemented. In this report we describe the methods and data sources used to reach these objectives, present the results obtained and discuss their implications, including the challenges faced and how we addressed them. 2 Occurrence of priority CWR populations in Europe The design and establishment of an efficient network for the conservation of plant genetic resources in Europe, in which existing conservation actions and available human and economic resources are efficiently used, must take into account hotspot areas where crop wild relative populations occur, and assess complementary sites that maximize the use of resources. The first step to accomplish this task is to delimit which CWR are most important for Europe and secondly, to extract information on their occurrence distribution from readily available data sources. The election of these sources must consider the dual nature of crop wild relatives, as plants of agronomic interest, but also as wild species. This link to wild and cultivated status of plants makes them the target of different types of conservationists. On the one hand, as wild species, their population occurrence can be gathered in global biodiversity databases. On the other hand, it is possible to find additional populations through germplasm accessions saved in plant genetic resources genebanks. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 10 2.1 Methods 2.1.1 Delimitation of the geographic area and selection of priority CWR taxa An inventory of priority European CWR was developed, building on previous work by Kell et al. (2005, 2012, 2014, 2016) and Bilz et al. (2011), and using the methodology of Kell et al. (2017) (Appendix A). The geographic scope of the inventory is Europe, as defined by Hollis and Brummit (2001) and EU territories outside of Europe (i.e., Azores, Canary Islands, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands and Madeira), and Asiatic Turkey1 (Table 1). The inventory includes taxa related to human and animal food crops, and native and introduced taxa—although introduced taxa reported to be invasive in any of the European countries were excluded. Table 1. The 46 countries included in the study Country ISO Alpha-3 Code Country ISO Alpha-3 Code Albania ALB Lithuania LTU Andorra AND Luxembourg LUX Austria AUT Malta MLT Belarus BLR Moldova MDA Belgium BEL Monaco MCO Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH Montenegro MNE Bulgaria BGR North Macedonia MKD Croatia HRV Norway NOR Cyprus CYP Poland POL Czech Republic CZE Portugal PRT Denmark DNK Romania ROU Estonia EST Russia RUS Finland FIN San Marino SMR France FRA Serbia SRB Germany DEU Slovakia SVK Greece GRC Slovenia SVN Hungary HUN Spain ESP Iceland ISL Sweden SWE Ireland IRL Switzerland CHE Italy ITA The Netherlands NLD Kosovo RKS Turkey TUR Latvia LVA Ukraine UKR Liechtenstein LIE United Kingdom GBR 1 Part of Turkey falls within Europe and the country is represented in the Farmer’s Pride project Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 11 2.1.2 Population occurrence data The two main sources of population occurrence data for the priority CWR taxa consulted were the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF – gbif.org) and Genesys (genesys-pgr.org/a). GBIF is the largest global repository of wild species occurrences and includes records from many national and international sources. Genesys was also used because it possesses the most complete information on plant genetic resources populations preserved ex situ and it is fed by the most important ex situ conservation data repositories – such as the European Search Catalogue for Plant Genetic Resources (EURISCO), genebanks of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), national genebanks and botanic gardens. These sources include records of germplasm accessions collected and conserved in genebanks, and those associated with herbarium specimens. Searches were undertaken for the European priority CWR taxa, including more than 2,500 synonyms. Occurrence data for the entire distribution of the species were downloaded using scripts developed under the R statistical environment (R Core Team, 2013), using ‘rGBIF’ (Chamberlain and Boettiger, 2017) and ‘genesysr’ (Obreza, 2019) packages. To obtain a high quality dataset in preparation for in situ and ex situ diversity and gap analyses, a set of criteria were developed (Table 2) and the data from each source were filtered and cleaned independently using additional scripts developed in the R environment. Table 3 reports a set of issues provided by GBIF database on certain records that were used to remove low quality records. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 12 Table 2. Filtering and cleaning steps applied to select high quality CWR occurrence data. Filtering and cleaning steps GBIF Genesys Delete records without coordinates or with zero coordinates X Delete records with non-accurate geographic coordinates (less than one decimal digit of a decimal degree) X Delete records coming from the SINGER1 database as they are better updated in the Genesys database X Delete records susceptible to be of low quality or not trustable according to the GBIF issues flags (Table 3) X Delete records from less reliable sources (e.g. iNaturalist) X Delete records of cultivated origin or cultivated in botanic gardens X X Select cultivated taxa with only SAMPSTAT2 codes 100, 110 and 120 X Select non-cultivated taxa with SAMPSTAT2 codes 100, 110, 120, 200 and NA X Delete records whose coordinates do not match with the reported country * X Delete records found to be in country centroids, capital cities, botanic gardens, or a GBIF headquarter X X Delete records with coordinates in the sea X X * This filter was performed through the GBIF issues flags (Table 3); 1 https://www.gbif.org/dataset/85818aea-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a; 2 https://dokumentacja.ihar.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/EURISCO-descriptors.pdf, 100: wild, 110: natural, 120: semi-natural/wild. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 13 Table 3. GBIF issues selected to remove records of low quality from the downloaded occurrence data. GBIF Issue Description BASIS_OF_RECORD_INVALID The given basis of record is impossible to interpret or seriously different from the recommended vocabulary CONTINENT_COUNTRY_MISMATCH The interpreted continent and country do not match up COORDINATE_INVALID Coordinate value given in some form but GBIF is unable to interpret it COORDINATE_OUT_OF_RANGE Coordinate has invalid lat/lon values out of their decimal max range COORDINATE_REPROJECTION_FAILED The given decimal latitude and longitude could not be re-projected to WGS84 based on the provided datum Indicates successful coordinate reprojection according to provided datum, but which results in a datum shift larger COORDINATE_REPROJECTION_SUSPICIOUS than 0.1 decimal degrees COUNTRY_COORDINATE_MISMATCH The interpreted occurrence coordinate fall outside of the indicated country GEODETIC_DATUM_INVALID The geodetic datum given could not be interpreted PRESUMED_SWAPPED_COORDINATE Latitude and longitude appear to be swapped TAXON_MATCH_FUZZY Matching to the taxonomic backbone can only be done using a fuzzy, non-exact match TAXON_MATCH_HIGHERRANK Matching to the taxonomic backbone can only be done on a higher rank and not the scientific name Matching to the taxonomic backbone cannot be done because there was no match at all or several matches with TAXON_MATCH_NONE too little information to keep them apart (homonyms) ZERO_COORDINATE Coordinate is the exact 0/0 coordinate, often indicating a bad null coordinate Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 14 In addition, occurrences of introduced species known to be invasive in any of the European countries were eliminated from the database. Duplicate records were not eliminated at this stage because they can be useful for assessing ex situ conservation status. The cleaned data from GBIF and Genesys were then merged into a simplified template based on the Occurrence Data Collation Template (Magos Brehm et al., 2017), after establishing the match between the corresponding fields (Appendix B). These data were then filtered to generate an operative high quality occurrence database of CWR occurrences in the geographic area of the study (see 2.1.1), taking into consideration geographic and temporal criteria. The filters performed were: 1) Select records occurring in in the geographic area of the study 2) Delete records dated before 1950 3) Remove duplicates, keeping the records that: a) have locality field information b) are most recent c) are most informative (i.e., have information in more data fields) 4) Remove occurrences falling in urban areas, water bodies or permanent snow and ice according to ESA CCI Land Cover project (2017) 5) Remove records of the same taxa found within a 1 km buffer radius, on the assumption that they are the same population. A summary of the process that led to the generation of a high quality dataset of in situ CWR occurrences is depicted in Figure 1. The complete process was carried out by designing an R-script with ad hoc developed R functions and the use of the following R packages: ‘CoordinateCleaner’ (Zizka et al., 2019), ‘countrycode’ (Arel-Bundock et al., 2018), ‘data.table’ (Dowle and Srinivasan, 2019), ‘devtools’ (Wickham et al., 2020), ‘dplyr’ (Wickham et al., 2019), ‘magrittr’ (Bache and Wickham, 2016), ‘spocc’ (Chamberlain, 2019), ‘stringr’ (Wickham, 2019), ‘sp’ (Pebesma and Bivand, 2005), ‘ggplot2’ (Wickham, 2016), ‘tidyr’ (Wickham and Henry, 2020), ‘readxl’ (Wickham and Bryan, 2019), ‘rgeos’ (Bivand and Rundel, 2019), ‘maptools’ (Bivand and Lewin-Koh, 2019), ‘rgdal’ (Bivand et al., 2019), ‘rworldmap’ (South, 2011), ‘rworldxtra’ (South, 2012) and ‘raster’ (Hijmans, 2019). Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 15 Figure 1. Steps taken to obtain a high quality dataset of occurrences of the priority CWR taxa. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 16 2.2 Results 2.2.1 Inventory of European priority CWR The inventory of European priority CWR contains 863 taxa – 485 species and 378 subspecific taxa. The taxa belong to 102 genera and are related to 108 human food crops and 102 forage and fodder crops, most of them cereals or legumes, although other important families, such as Rosaceae, Brassicaceae or Solanaceae, are also represented. Almost 90% of the priority taxa are classified according to the Gene Pool concept of Harlan and de Wet (1971), and the rest according to the Taxon Group concept of Maxted et al. (2006). Around 32% of the taxa have been assessed at regional level (European) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2001). 2.2.2 Number of CWR localities and their distribution across taxa and the territory More than 16.5M records of 764 of the target taxa were obtained from GBIF and nearly 1M records of 440 taxa from Genesys. After filtering, the merging of the datasets resulted in more than 14.5M records of 685 taxa covering all their distribution. Of these data, around 25% of the taxa have 50 or fewer localities recorded. The distribution of the number of known localities per taxon is shown in Figure 2. 4.23% 0.58 % 3.94% No. of localities (No. of taxa)11.68% 1-10 (80 taxa) 5.11% 11-50 (91 taxa) 5.55% 13.29% 51-100 (42 taxa) 101-200 (48 taxa) 5.4% 201-500 (74 taxa) 501-1000 (61 taxa) 6.13% 1001-5000 (119 taxa) 17.37 % 5001-10000 (37 taxa) 7.01% 10001-20000 (38 taxa) 10.8% 20001-50000 (35 taxa) 8.91% Figure 2. Number of localities worldwide of 685 priority CWR taxa with high quality geographic coordinates obtained from GBIF and Genesys. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 17 The subsequent filtering process to obtain high quality localities recorded from 1950 onwards in the study area resulted in a database containing 3,094,231 localities of 616 priority taxa distributed across 43 countries (Figure 3). Of these, around 41% of the taxa have 50 or fewer occurrences. The distribution of the number of localities per taxon is shown in Figure 4. Twenty-five countries have over 100 priority CWR taxa (Figure 5). The distribution of taxon richness across the study area using a 50x50 km cell resolution is shown in Figure 6. This map shows a clear contrast in taxon richness between the east and west of the territory, which clearly reflects differences between countries in making these data available in global databases, rather than representing a natural trend. Overall, 38 priority CWR taxa have their populations distributed in 30 or more countries in the study area (Tables 4 and 5). Trifolium pratense L., Medicago lupulina L. and Daucus carota L. are the three most widely distributed species, with occurrence records being found in 39 (T. pratense) and 38 (M. lupulina and D. carota) out of the 43 countries. Figure 3. Distribution of 3,094,231 localities of 616 European priority CWR on the study area based on high quality geographic coordinates. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 18 2.76% 0.81% 3.57% No. of localities (No. of taxa) 3.25% 1-10 (140 taxa) 4.87% 22.73 % 11-50 (115 taxa) 51-100 (47 taxa) 11.53% 101-200 (52 taxa) 201-500 (54 taxa) 501-1000 (43 taxa) 1001-5000 (71 taxa) 5001-10000 (30 taxa) 6.98% 18.67% 10001-20000 (20 taxa) 20001-50000 (22 taxa) 8.77% 50001-100000 (17 taxa) 7.63% 100001-120349 (5 taxa)8.44% Figure 4. Number of localities in the study area of 616 priority CWR taxa with high quality geographic coordinates obtained from GBIF and Genesys. . Figure 5. Numbers of European priority CWR taxa with high quality locality records obtained from GBIF and Genesys in each country of the study. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 19 Figure 6. Taxon richness map (50x50 km cells) showing the numbers of European priority CWR taxa in the study area after the filtering process. 2.2.3 Distribution of human and animal food CWR Regarding the distribution of localities per use of the related crops, we have obtained more than 1.1 M high quality in situ occurrence records for 397 European priority CWR taxa related to human food crops. Eleven species have populations in 30 or more countries (Table 4), while 109 human food CWR taxa were found in only one country (Appendix C). From the latter, 72 taxa are known to be distributed in just one country according to Euro+Med PlantBase (www.emplantbase.org/). Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 20 Table 4. European priority human food CWR taxa with localities in 30 or more countries (based on high quality geographic coordinates) Number of countries of Human food priority CWR taxon Associated crop occurrence Daucus carota L. Carrot 38 Fragaria vesca L. Strawberry 35 Lactuca serriola L. Lettuce 33 Cichorium intybus L. Chicory 32 Corylus avellana L. Hazelnut 32 Humulus lupulus L. Hop 31 Rubus idaeus L. Raspberry 31 Avena fatua L. Oat 30 Juglans regia L. Walnut 30 Prunus avium (L.) L. Cherry 30 Pyrus communis L. Pear 30 In contrast, we obtained almost 2M high quality in situ occurrence records for 229 priority CWR taxa related to forage and fodder crops. Twenty-seven taxa have high quality occurrence records in 30 or more countries (Table 5), while 39 taxa were found in only one country (Appendix D). From the latter, 12 taxa are known to be distributed in just one country according to Euro+Med PlantBase. Finally, we retrieved 6,568 high quality in situ occurrence records for 10 taxa that are related to both human and animal food crops. Table 5. European priority animal food CWR taxa with localities in 30 or more countries (based on high quality geographic coordinates). Number of countries of Animal food priority CWR taxon Associated crop occurrence Trifolium pratense L. Red clover 39 Medicago lupulina L. Trefoil 38 Dactylis glomerata L. Cocksfoot 37 Festuca rubra L. Red fescue 36 Lotus corniculatus L. Birdsfoot trefoil 36 Lolium perenne L. Perennial ryegrass 35 Medicago sativa L. Lucerne 35 Melilotus albus Medik. Honey clover 35 Phleum pratense L. Timothy 35 Trifolium arvense L. Harefoot clover 35 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 21 Plantago lanceolata L. Ribwort plantain 34 Trifolium fragiferum L. Strawberry clover 34 Trifolium repens L. White clover 34 Vicia sativa L. Common vetch 34 Agrostis stolonifera L. Creeping bent 33 Agrostis capillaris L. Brown top 32 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl Tall oatgrass 31 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow sweet clover 32 Smooth-stalked Poa pratensis L. meadowgrass 32 Poa trivialis L. Rough-stalked meadowgrass 32 Securigera varia (L.) Lassen Crownvetch 32 Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Rauschert Reed canary grass 31 Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike clover 31 Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. Common vetch 31 Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow foxtail 30 Festuca ovina L. Fine leaved sheep’s fescue 30 Medicago falcata L. Alfalfa 30 2.3 Discussion The global and regional databases of priority CWR taxa generated in this study are some of the largest generated so far. Although the criteria applied for filtering and cleaning the raw data gathered from GBIF and Genesys have significantly reduced the number of occurrence records, the application of such rigorous criteria results in the selection of records with a high probability of actual presence of the taxa in the described locations. The resulting databases are essential resources for the next steps in the development of a strategy for the conservation of priority European CWR and will be useful for other projects and initiatives dealing with genetic resources conservation (e.g. GenRes Bridge, www.genresbridge.eu/). An important achievement associated with the generation of these databases is the development of a pipeline of scripts based in the R statistical environment (R Core Team, 2013). This automation process of data download and curation enables the periodical updating of the database from GBIF and Genesys, as well as the modification of the selection criteria with minimal effort. Had this process been undertaken Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 22 manually, it would have taken an unattainable amount of human resources to deal with data curation and the effort spent would not be usable in a future update of the database. Notwithstanding this attainment and the large amount of data records obtained, some considerations must be highlighted concerning the resulting information. The distribution of taxon richness depicted in Figures 5 and 6 shows that on top of the natural north–south gradient pattern of taxon richness reflected by other studies (e.g. Medail & Quezel, 1997), there are other factors derived from data sampling and uploading to the GBIF and Genesys databases that generate a mosaic pattern as well as an east–west taxon richness gradient. Thus, the low taxon richness found in Eastern Europe is a bias that is probably due to lack of digitization of chorological data and lack of collaboration with international databases. In some cases, it may also reflect a lower number of botanical and chorological studies in the area. Notably, the low taxon richness indicated by the data for Italy is due to the fact that the country does not participate in the GBIF Network. On the other hand, the systematic 10x10 km floristic inventory and data upload to GBIF performed in Germany or Belgium indicates high taxon richness in these countries. Therefore, overall, there is a bias in the resulting data that is due to whether or not countries participate in the GBIF Network. The composition of European countries that participate in this initiative depicted in www.gbif.org/the- gbif-network (last accessed 05/03/2020) clearly resembles the taxon richness patterns observed in Figures 5 and 6. Most countries that do not participate in the GBIF Network do not have data repositories with digitized plant occurrence data available. Therefore, the compilation of additional occurrence records from the less represented areas remains a challenge. The only possibility is to sequentially incorporate small datasets obtained from single institutions or individuals, or from national projects. In this sense, we are currently searching for data for the species that have known limited distributions, based on countries of occurrence recorded in the Euro+Med PlantBase and those recorded as threatened or nearly threatened. 3 Existence of active in situ conservation actions targeting crop wild relatives Active in situ conservation consists of direct actions on a target species or population, as opposed to passive conservation conferred by the mere presence of a species in a protected area. We include here measures such as demographic monitoring, habitat improvement or herbivory control, among others (N. Maxted et al., 1997), although demographic monitoring is not by itself a conservation measure. Occasionally, passive conservation is wrongly tagged under active conservation. Reports Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 23 on achievements made between 2012 and 2014, undertaken to implement the Second Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (GPA) at WIEWS (FAO, 2018) indicated that in situ conservation of CWR was receiving increased attention. Within Europe, 2,026 sites were reported to have management plans for CWR and Wild Food Plants (WFP) in 15 countries. Accordingly, FAO (2018) reported that 1,969 species of CWR and WFP were being actively conserved in 10 countries. However, after checking the data with some national stakeholders (i.e., in Spain and Germany), it was observed that these numbers derived from an erroneous perception of the meaning of active in situ conservation. In the case of Germany, all the data referred to occurrences of WFP in areas where forest management practices are applied. However, the existence of active forest management practices does not imply that these actions are targeting specific populations or individuals of those WFP species. Although the data reported for Spain did include CWR—56.77% were only CWR, 31.95% were WFP and 11.28% were both—it was also noticed that these data simply reflected CWR and WFP population occurrences that are found within protected areas, with no management plans implemented directly for them. Therefore, just looking at the data in WIEWS, if the background and details are not provided, erroneous conclusions about the implementation of active conservation actions targeting CWR can be drawn. Even if WIEWS data on CWR active in situ conservation actions are clearly overstated, they are ranked at the lowest level across all the 18 Priority Activities of the Second GPA. This indicates that greater efforts need to be invested in the active management and conservation of CWR (FAO, 2019). The majority of CWR species that are actively managed in situ are being conserved due to their status as threatened, rare or endemic. Consequently, the main goal of these actions is not to conserve their genetic diversity or, let alone, to preserve certain traits for crop improvement. The objective of this work is to compile current and past examples of active in situ conservation of CWR across Europe to get a more accurate perspective of the actions that are being carried out and to obtain baseline information for building a European network for in situ conservation of CWR. 3.1.1 Methods The survey ‘In situ conservation actions for crop wild relatives in Europe’ was prepared using the online tool EUSurvey (ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/home/welcome) to collect examples of active in situ conservation of CWR. The survey was purposefully disseminated for 7 months (03/12/2018 to 30/06/2019) to reach the largest target audience possible, including stakeholders of the Farmer’s Pride project, protected areas managers, environment related public administrations, wildlife networks and ECPGR working group coordinators, among others. The initial survey was written in Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 24 English and then translated into eight more languages: Spanish, French, Turkish, German, Dutch, Croatian, Swedish and Greek. The survey was designed with three main parts: 1) contact data, 2) site description and governance, and 3) type of conservation action (Appendix E). In the first part, the name, affiliation and address were asked, as well as the willingness to be contacted. To help complete the second part, a list of countries was provided, and then the locality and the name of the precise place and the geographic coordinates were requested if known. Related information was requested, frequently providing multiple choice questions to standardise responses and enable quantitative data analysis (Table 6). Additionally, we asked whether the site is recognised by the national government and if it belongs to a recognised network of in situ conservation sites. Table 6. Multiple choice questions presented regarding the site where the in situ conservation action is taking/took place. Requested information Given options A national CWR conservation strategy Another national policy Context of implementation A subnational policy A research project A private initiative Another type of initiative I don’t know Natura 2000 Inside a protected area National designated area Informal protected area Other Type of site I don’t know Farmland Roadside Outside a protected area Natural habitat Corine habitat Other I don’t know The third section of the survey focused on the type of conservation actions and asked whether they followed a single species or multi-species approach. Once again, multiple-choice questions were Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 25 provided (Table 7). Additional information requested included who was responsible for the action, the start and end dates, whether the taxon was protected by national legislation and any related bibliographic references. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 26 Table 7. Multiple choice questions regarding the type of conservation action and targeted CWR species. Requested information Given options Monitoring and census of the species Seed collection and storage in a gene bank Phytosociological monitoring Selective winter shrub clearing Periodical cleaning of the area removing any waste Type of actions performed Controlled grazing Periodical mowing Limited use of the territory Other actions I don’t know Rarity Endemic Threat Conservation reason Flagship status Associated with rare or threatened habitats I don’t know During the process of dissemination of the survey, in Spain, the public administration was asked to provide a list of the plant species for which they were implementing active in situ conservation actions (e.g. species included in the Habitats Directive on which they have to report every six years, and protected species included in the national catalogue for which the administration must establish and implement species recovery plans). By overlapping this list with the national checklist of CWR, the checklist of CWR that were actively conserved was obtained. Finally, this checklist was sent back to the public administrations of the Spanish autonomous regions and they were asked to complete the survey for these CWR species. Farmers Pride’s partners and collaborators were asked to follow the same approach in other countries. The survey responses provide information on a wide array of plant taxa. For the analysis of the survey, only answers regarding taxa included in the inventory of European priority CWR were considered. Some respondents provided answers to all questions in the survey, while others only answered some. Therefore, the different parts of the survey contain different numbers of answers. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 27 3.1.2 Results The survey resulted in the collation of information on 921 populations of 159 CWR taxa from 13 countries in Europe (Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom). Of these, 65 taxa (58 species) are in the inventory of priority European CWR, of which 829 populations were reported to be under active in situ conservation management. The results related to these taxa and populations are presented below. 3.1.2.1 Site description and governance The amount and information provided varied greatly among countries. The largest number of CWR populations reported as being conserved in situ in one country occur in Switzerland (Table 8). In this sense it should be pointed out that the concept of ‘population’ may vary between survey respondents and that the high number of populations recorded in Switzerland may be somewhat lower if adjacent locations at, for instance 1 km2 resolution, are jointly considered as one. Table 8. Number of priority European CWR taxa and populations reported to be under active in situ conservation per country. Country Number of CWR taxa Number of CWR populations Switzerland 17 704 Ireland 15 15 Spain 10 28 Greece 10 12 Lithuania 9 9 United Kingdom 8 38 Germany 5 17 Czech Republic 3 3 Croatia 3 3 The implementation context of the conservation was, in most cases (82%), the result of a national CWR conservation strategy. However, it should be noted that this high percentage is essentially explained by the 704 populations from Switzerland that belong to this context. Conservation actions, due to the implementation of a research project, was the second most reported context (10%), and to a lesser extent, a subnational policy, a private initiative, another type of initiative and another national policy were reported (Figure 7). In Croatia, Switzerland and Germany most populations are being conserved in the context of the implementation of a national strategy to conserve CWR, whereas, in Lithuania, protection is afforded by the national law on National Plant Genetic Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 28 Resources. In Spain, most populations belong to threatened species protected by law. They are preserved by subnational policies because the competences of wildlife conservation are transferred to the different autonomous regions of the country. In Greece and the United Kingdom, target CWR populations are mostly being conserved in the context of a research project. Private initiatives are protecting CWR in Ireland and to a lesser degree in Greece. Public organizations, such as national/provincial departments of agriculture, national/provincial departments of environment or universities, were most frequently identified as responsible for the active in situ conservation actions, whereas the less frequent were private organizations (ecological consultants, foundations or environmental organizations). Most of these conservation actions (90%) are related to a network of in situ conservation, such as Natura 2000, national or local protected area networks, research centres or genebank networks (Figure 8). Most conservation actions had governmental recognition (93%) (Figure 9). More detailed information is provided in Appendix F. 2% 2% 1% 3% A national CWR conservation strategy A research project 10% A subnational policy A private initiative 82% Another type of initiative Another national policy Figure 7. Implementation context of the in situ conservation actions for priority European CWR in 13 European countries (n=829 populations). Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 29 1.81% 7.96% Yes No I don't know 90.23% Figure 8. Responses to the question of whether the in situ conservation actions for priority European CWR populations are undertaken in a recognised site network in 13 European countries (n=829 populations). 0.24% 7.00% Yes No I don't know 92.76% Figure 9. Responses to the question of whether the in situ conservation actions for priority European CWR populations are recognised by national government in 13 European countries (n=829 populations). The protected status of the areas where the active in situ conservation actions occur also varies between countries. All the information received from Switzerland portrayed the strategy that the country is following to actively conserve them, which involves preserving them in farmlands outside protected areas. On the other hand, the rest of the countries mainly conserve them fully or partially inside protected areas that belong to the Natura 2000 network or are otherwise designated at the national level (Figure 10). Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 30 Natural habitat 0.36% Unknown Natural habitat Farmland Other 85.61% Natura 2000 National PA Other 0.36% 4.96% 4.23% 4.35% 0.24% OUTSIDE A PROTECTED INSIDE A PROTECTED PARTIALLY IN A UNKNOWN AREA AREA PROTECTED AREA Figure 10. Protection status and habitat type of the sites where active in situ conservation actions for European priority CWR are reported to be carried out in 13 European countries (n=829 populations). 3.1.2.2 Type of conservation action Most reported active in situ conservation is focused on more than one species (97.94% of the reported populations belong to this group), whereas focusing on just one species is not common (2.06% of the populations). The most widespread action reported is ‘monitoring and census of the species’. It was carried out in at least one population for all species but one. ‘Phytosociological monitoring’, ‘seed collection and storage in a gene bank’, ‘controlled grazing’ and ‘limited use of the territory’ were the next most common practices (Table 9). More detailed information can be found in Appendix G. Public organizations were most frequently identified as responsible for the conservation action (such as national/provincial departments of agriculture, national/provincial departments of environment or universities), whereas the less frequent were private organizations (ecological consultants, foundations or environmental organizations). Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 31 Table 9. Type of active in situ conservation actions reported for European priority CWR taxa in 13 European countries. Frequency of action Frequency of action per per species (%) population (%) Monitoring and census of the species 99.99 98.19 Phytosociological monitoring 73.68 90.95 Seed collection and storage in a gene bank 54.39 7.12 Controlled grazing 50.88 90.59 Limited use of the territory 43.86 87.21 Periodical mowing 40.35 85.52 Low intensity agricultural management 28.07 85.16 Selective winter shrub clearing 15.79 5.07 Periodical cleaning of the area removing any 15.79 2.29 waste Reinforcements and habitat restoration 5.26 1.57 Fenced 1.75 0.12 Morphological and genetic research to 1.75 1.57 identify hybrids or clones The first in situ conservation actions reported date from the beginning of the 1990s. From then on, the number of populations actively conserved generally showed an increasing trend. In 2019 a sharp increase was observed due to the implementation of a CWR conservation plan in Switzerland, which encompasses a large number of CWR populations. At the time of the survey, 706 of these populations were reported as still being actively conserved, indicating that 85.16% of the populations are currently being actively conserved in situ. Considering only the cases for which information was provided (n=824 populations), 52.38% belong to a taxon protected by national legislation. The reason for the conservation of these species in Switzerland is because they are under threat or have a flagship status. In the remaining countries (n=120 populations), it was mainly due to their rarity (33%), followed by being associated with rare or threatened habitats (28%), threat status (22%), endemic status (15%) and flagship status (2%) (Figure 11.). Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 32 15% Rarity 2% 33% Threat Associated with rare or threatened habitats 28% Flagship status Endemic 22% Figure 11. Reasons for the conservation actions implemented on priority European CWR populations (n=120 populations) excluding Swiss populations. All Swiss CWR populations were conserved due to their threat or flagship status. 3.1.3 Discussion During the process of disseminating and conducting the survey, we found that although the recipients and respondents commonly lacked awareness about CWR taxa and their value for food security, once they learned more, many were keen to answer the survey. Despite this lack of awareness, we believe that more efforts to actively conserve CWR in situ are being carried out than protected area managers and the different administrations dedicated to wildlife conservation are aware of. This is due to the particular status of some CWR taxa (e.g., threatened, rare, or endemic) which means they are already included in species recovery plans and/or protected area management plans. The fact that some of the target CWR are being conserved by professionals unaware that the plants they conserve are CWR was a notable impediment when seeking responses to the survey. The study also highlights that European countries currently lack databases where they centralise this type of information, which seriously hampers the collection of data. These impediments have resulted in a picture of active in situ conservation of CWR in Europe that is incomplete. Specifically, there are undoubtedly in situ conservation actions implemented for CWR species that are included in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive, in appendix 1 of the Bern Convention, or protected by national legislation that we were not able to gather information on through our survey. Furthermore, in several countries of the European Union there is implementation of agri-environmental schemes that may be enabling CWR conservation outside protected areas. Nonetheless, the data that have been gathered marks a significant and important Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 33 step and constitutes a relevant compilation of interesting examples of conservation actions and details that contribute very valuable information to the building of a European network for in situ conservation of CWR. There are some features that are widely common to the reported in situ conservation actions for European priority CWR—namely, public administrations are mainly responsible for the actions, and most are recognised by national governments and/or are undertaken in populations that are part of a recognised in situ conservation network such as Natura 2000. However, the protection status of the area where they occur is heterogeneous: Switzerland clearly presents an approach of conserving CWR in farmlands that radically differs from the rest of the countries where in situ conservation actions mostly take place in protected areas. This is probably related to the fact that in Switzerland, all the reported CWR are being conserved because of their useful genetic diversity, thus the management plan is designed for this objective. In this sense, only in Switzerland, Germany and Croatia the active in situ actions were reported as part of national strategies for CWR. In conclusion, although the large area covered by protected areas ensures the passive conservation of many CWR populations known to occur in these localities, the active in situ conservation of CWR does not frequently occur. In addition, these in situ conservation actions are rather limited in scope and are more oriented to the conservation of species due to their rare, threatened, endemic or flagship status than to the conservation of their genetic diversity and/or conserving useful traits. This means that there is a clear need to invest more effort in promoting the conservation and management of CWR populations in situ. Nonetheless, this compilation of in situ conservation actions for European priority taxa sets an important baseline to consider in building a European network for in situ conservation of CWR. 4 Acknowledgements We are grateful to J. Brandehof, K. Čivić, K. Dolan, L. Frese, J. Hawley, B. Kajtna, C. Janz, V. Negri, J. Prohens, L. Raggi, P. Ralli, N. Tas, I. Thormann, J. Weibull for their help with the design, testing, translation and dissemination of the survey and for all the information provided through the online survey from 58 participants. 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European priority CWR2 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Aegilops bicornis (Forssk.) Jaub. & Spach Cereals Wheat Aegilops biuncialis subsp. archipelagica (Eig) Raus Cereals Wheat Aegilops biuncialis Vis. Cereals Wheat Aegilops biuncialis Vis. subsp. Biuncialis Cereals Wheat Aegilops caudata L. Cereals Wheat Aegilops caudata L. subsp. Caudate Cereals Wheat Aegilops caudata subsp. polyathera (Boiss.) Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops columnaris Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops comosa Sm. Cereals Wheat Aegilops comosa Sm. subsp. Comosa Cereals Wheat Aegilops comosa subsp. heldreichii (Boiss.) Eig Cereals Wheat Aegilops crassa Boiss. Cereals Wheat Aegilops cylindrica Host Cereals Wheat Aegilops geniculata Roth Cereals Wheat 2 Kell, S. (2020, in prep.). Native and introduced CWR taxa are included because introduced populations can rapidly adapt to local environmental conditions and may harbour important genetic diversity of value for crop improvement. Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 40 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Aegilops juvenalis (Thell.) Eig Cereals Wheat Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. Cereals Wheat Aegilops neglecta Bertol. Cereals Wheat Aegilops peregrina (Hack.) Maire & Weiller Cereals Wheat Aegilops peregrina (Hack.) Maire & Weiller subsp. peregrina Cereals Wheat Aegilops peregrina subsp. cylindrostachys (Eig & Feinbrun) Maire & Weiller Cereals Wheat Aegilops speltoides subsp. ligustica (Savign.) Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops speltoides Tausch Cereals Wheat Aegilops speltoides Tausch subsp. speltoides Cereals Wheat Aegilops tauschii Coss. Cereals Wheat Aegilops tauschii Coss. subsp. tauschii Cereals Wheat Aegilops triuncialis L. Cereals Wheat Aegilops triuncialis L. subsp. triuncialis Cereals Wheat Aegilops triuncialis subsp. persica (Boiss.) Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops uniaristata Vis. Cereals Wheat Aegilops vavilovii (Zhuk.) Chennav. Cereals Wheat Aegilops ventricosa Tausch Cereals Wheat Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 41 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Agropyron cimmericum Nevski Cereals Wheat Agropyron cimmericum Nevski Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Cereals Wheat Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. subsp. cristatum Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum subsp. brandzae (Panţu & Solacolu) Melderis Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum subsp. kazachstanicum Tzvelev Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum subsp. pectinatum (M. Bieb.) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum subsp. ponticum (Nevski) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum subsp. puberulum (Steud.) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum subsp. sabulosum Lavrenko Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum subsp. sclerophyllum Tzvelev Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron dasyanthum Ledeb. Cereals Wheat Agropyron dasyanthum Ledeb. Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum (Link) Schult. Cereals Wheat Agropyron desertorum (Link) Schult. Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum (Link) Schult. Fodder/forage Desert crested wheatgrass Agropyron tanaiticum Nevski Cereals Wheat Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 42 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Agropyron tanaiticum Nevski Fodder/forage Crested wheatgrass Agrostis capillaris L. Fodder/forage Brown top Agrostis capillaris L. subsp. capillaris Fodder/forage Brown top Agrostis capillaris subsp. oreophila (O. Schwarz) Soják Fodder/forage Brown top Agrostis capillaris subsp. repens (Schur) Soják Fodder/forage Brown top Agrostis gigantea Roth Fodder/forage Red top Agrostis gigantea Roth subsp. gigantea Fodder/forage Red top Agrostis gigantea subsp. glaucescens (Widén) Valdés & H. Scholz Fodder/forage Red top Agrostis gigantea subsp. maeotica (Klokov) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Red top Agrostis gigantea subsp. moldavica (Dobrescu & Beldie) Dihoru Fodder/forage Red top Agrostis gigantea subsp. pontica (Grecescu) Dihoru Fodder/forage Red top Agrostis stolonifera L. Fodder/forage Creeping bent Agrostis stolonifera L. subsp. stolonifera Fodder/forage Creeping bent Agrostis stolonifera subsp. albida (Trin.) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Creeping bent Agrostis stolonifera subsp. filfiolia (Link) H. Scholz Fodder/forage Creeping bent Agrostis stolonifera subsp. gaditana (Boiss. & Reut.) Valdés & H. Scholz Fodder/forage Creeping bent Agrostis stolonifera subsp. maritima (Lam.) Vasc. Fodder/forage Creeping bent Agrostis stolonifera subsp. scabriglumis (Boiss. & Reut.) Maire Fodder/forage Creeping bent Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 43 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Agrostis stolonifera subsp. straminea (Hartm.) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Creeping bent Allium albiflorum Omelczuk Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Allium ampeloprasum L. Vegetables (flavouring) Garlic Allium ampeloprasum L. Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. Vegetables (flavouring) Garlic Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium bourgeaui Rech. f. Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium bourgeaui Rech. f. subsp. bourgeaui Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium bourgeaui subsp. creticum Bothmer Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium bourgeaui subsp. cycladicum Bothmer Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium commutatum Guss. Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium convallarioides Grossh. Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Allium corsicum Jauzein & al. Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Allium exaltatum (Meikle) Brullo, Pavone, Salmeri & Venora Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Allium fistulosum L. Vegetables (flavouring) Chinese chives Allium fistulosum L. Vegetables (flavouring) Chives Allium fistulosum L. Vegetables (flavouring) Onion Allium lojaconoi Brullo, Lanfr. & Pavone Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 44 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Allium melananthum Coincy Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Allium pardoi Loscos Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Allium pervestitum Klokov Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Allium pyrenaicum Costa & Vayr. Vegetables (flavouring) Alliums Allium sativum L. Vegetables (flavouring) Garlic Allium scabriscapum Boiss. Vegetables (flavouring) Chinese chives Allium schmitzii Cout. Vegetables (flavouring) Chinese scallion Allium schmitzii Cout. Vegetables (flavouring) Chives Allium schoenoprasum L. Vegetables (flavouring) Chinese scallion Allium schoenoprasum L. Vegetables (flavouring) Chives Allium schoenoprasum L. Vegetables (flavouring) Welsh onion Allium schoenoprasum L. Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium schoenoprasum L. subsp. schoenoprasum Vegetables (flavouring) Chives Allium schoenoprasum subsp. gredense (Rivas Goday) Rivas Mart., Fern. Gonz. & Sánchez Vegetables (flavouring) Chives Mata Allium schoenoprasum subsp. latiorifolium (Pau) Rivas Mart., Fern. Gonz. & Sánchez Mata Vegetables (flavouring) Chives Allium truncatum (Feinbrun) F. Kollmann & D. Zohary Vegetables (flavouring/green) Leek Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. Vegetables (flavouring) Chinese chives Alopecurus pratensis L. Fodder/forage Meadow foxtail Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 45 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Alopecurus pratensis L. subsp. pratensis Fodder/forage Meadow foxtail Alopecurus pratensis subsp. alpestris (Wahlenb.) Selander Fodder/forage Meadow foxtail Alopecurus pratensis subsp. laguriformis (Schur) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Meadow foxtail Alopecurus pratensis subsp. pseudonigricans O. Schwarz Fodder/forage Meadow foxtail Amblyopyrum muticum (Boiss.) Eig Cereals Wheat Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. , B. Mey. & Scherb. Vegetables (flavouring) Horseradish Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. , B. Mey. & Scherb. Vegetables (green) Kale Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl Fodder/forage Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl subsp. elatius Fodder/forage Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. baeticum Romero Zarco Fodder/forage Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. bulbosum (Willd.) Schübl. & G. Martens Fodder/forage Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. nebrodense (Brullo & al.) Giardina & Raimondo Fodder/forage Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. sardoum (Em. Schmid) Gamisans Fodder/forage Tall oatgrass Asparagus acutifolius L. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus albus L. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus aphyllus L. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus aphyllus L. subsp. aphyllus Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus aphyllus subsp. orientalis (Baker) P. H. Davis Vegetables (green) Asparagus Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 46 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Asparagus arborescens Willd. ex Schult. & Schult. f. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus fallax Svent. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus horridus L. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus inderiensis Blume ex Ledeb. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus maritimus (L.) Mill. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus nesiotes subsp. purpureiensis Marrero Rodr. & A. Ramos Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus nesiotes Svent. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus nesiotes Svent. subsp. nesiotes Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus officinalis L. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus officinalis L. subsp. officinalis Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus officinalis subsp. prostratus (Dumort.) Corb. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus pastorianus Webb & Berthel. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus plocamoides Webb ex Svent. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus pseudoscaber Grecescu Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Asparagus verticillatus L. Vegetables (green) Asparagus Astartoseris triquetra (Labill.) N. Kilian & al. Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 47 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Astragalus arenarius L. Fodder/forage Milkvetch Astragalus cicer L. Fodder/forage Chickpea milkvetch Astragalus pelecinus (L.) Barneby Fodder/forage Serradella Astragalus pelecinus (L.) Barneby subsp. pelecinus Fodder/forage Serradella Atriplex halimus L. Fodder/forage Mediterranean saltbush Avena barbata Link Cereals Oat Avena barbata Link subsp. barbata Cereals Oat Avena barbata subsp. castellana Romero Zarco Cereals Oat Avena barbata subsp. hirtula (Lag.) Tab. Morais Cereals Oat Avena barbata subsp. lusitanica (Tab. Morais) Romero Zarco Cereals Oat Avena barbata subsp. wiestii (Steud.) Mansf. Cereals Oat Avena byzantina K. Koch Cereals Oat Avena clauda Durieu Cereals Oat Avena eriantha Durieu Cereals Oat Avena fatua L. Cereals Oat Avena fatua L. subsp. fatua Cereals Oat Avena fatua subsp. aemulans (Nevski) H. Scholz Cereals Oat Avena fatua subsp. cultiformis Malzev Cereals Oat Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 48 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Avena fatua subsp. meridionalis Malzev Cereals Oat Avena hybrida Peterm. Cereals Oat Avena insularis Ladiz. Cereals Oat Avena longiglumis Durieu Cereals Oat Avena murphyi Ladiz. Cereals Oat Avena sterilis L. Cereals Oat Avena sterilis L. subsp. sterilis Cereals Oat Avena sterilis subsp. atherantha (C. Presl) H. Scholz Cereals Oat Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne Cereals Oat Avena sterilis subsp. trichophylla (K. Koch) Malzev Cereals Oat Avena strigosa Schreb. Cereals Oat Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. Vegetables (salad) American cress/early winter cress Beta corolliflora Buttler Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta lomatogona Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta macrocarpa Guss. Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta macrorhiza Steven Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta nana Boiss. & Heldr. Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta patula Aiton Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 49 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Beta trigyna Waldst. & Kit. Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta vulgaris L. Fodder/forage Fodder beet Beta vulgaris L. Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta vulgaris subsp. adanensis Pamuk. Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Brassica barrelieri (L.) Janka Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica cretica Lam. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica cretica Lam. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica cretica Lam. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica cretica Lam. subsp. cretica Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica cretica subsp. aegaea (Heldr. & Halácsy) Snogerup, M. A. Gust. & Bothmer Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica cretica subsp. laconica M. A. Gust. & Snogerup Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica cretica subsp. nivea (Boiss. & Spruner) M. A. Gust. & Snogerup Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica elongata Ehrh. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica elongata Ehrh. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica elongata Ehrh. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica elongata Ehrh. Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 50 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica elongata Ehrh. subsp. elongata Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica elongata subsp. integrifolia (Boiss.) Breistr. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica elongata subsp. pinnatifida (Schmalh.) Greuter & Burdet Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo Oils/fodder Rape Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo Spices Black mustard Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo subsp. fruticulosa Oils/fodder Rape Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo subsp. fruticulosa Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica fruticulosa subsp. cossoniana (Boiss. & Reut.) Maire Oils/fodder Rape Brassica hilarionis Post Oils/fodder Rape Brassica hilarionis Post Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica incana Ten. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica incana Ten. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica incana Ten. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica insularis Moris Oils/fodder Rape Brassica insularis Moris Vegetables (green) Cabbage Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 51 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica insularis Moris Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica macrocarpa Guss. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica macrocarpa Guss. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica maurorum Durieu Oils/fodder Rape Brassica maurorum Durieu Spices Black mustard Brassica maurorum Durieu Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica maurorum Durieu Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica maurorum Durieu Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica maurorum Durieu Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica montana Pourr. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica montana Pourr. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica montana Pourr. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica napus L. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica napus L. Spices Black mustard Brassica napus L. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica napus L. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica napus L. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica napus L. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 52 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Oils/fodder Rape Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Spices Black mustard Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Spices White mustard Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica oleracea L. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica oleracea L. Spices Black mustard Brassica oleracea L. Spices White mustard Brassica oleracea L. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica oleracea L. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica oleracea L. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica oleracea L. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica oleracea L. Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Brassica oleracea L. Vegetables (salad) Radish Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 53 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica oleracea L. Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Oils/fodder Rape Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Spices Black mustard Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Spices White mustard Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica oleracea L. subsp. oleracea Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Oils/fodder Rape Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Spices Black mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Spices White mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 54 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica oleracea subsp. botrytis (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Oils/fodder Rape Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Spices Black mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Spices White mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (L.) Duchesne Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Spices Black mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Spices White mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 55 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg. Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Spices Black mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Spices White mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg. Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Brassica oxyrrhina (Coss.) Willk. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica rapa (L.) L. Oils/fodder Rape Brassica rapa (L.) L. Spices Black mustard Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 56 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica rapa (L.) L. Spices White mustard Brassica rapa (L.) L. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica rapa (L.) L. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica rapa (L.) L. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica rapa (L.) L. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica rapa (L.) L. Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Brassica rapa (L.) L. Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica rapa (L.) L. Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica rapa subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. Clapham Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica repanda subsp. glabrescens (Poldini) Gómez Campo Oils/fodder Rape Brassica repanda subsp. glabrescens (Poldini) Gómez Campo Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Brassica rupestris Raf. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica tournefortii Gouan Oils/fodder Rape Brassica tournefortii Gouan Spices Black mustard Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 57 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica tournefortii Gouan Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica tournefortii Gouan Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica tournefortii Gouan Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica tournefortii Gouan Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica tournefortii Gouan Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica villosa Biv. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Caruel) Raimondo & P. Mazzola Vegetables (green) Cabbage Carthamus boissieri Halácsy Oils Safflower seed Carthamus creticus L. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus dentatus (Forssk.) Vahl Oils Safflower seed Carthamus dentatus (Forssk.) Vahl subsp. dentatus Oils Safflower seed Carthamus dentatus subsp. ruber (Link) Hanelt Oils Safflower seed Carthamus glaucus M. Bieb. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus glaucus M. Bieb. subsp. glaucus Oils Safflower seed Carthamus lanatus L. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus leucocaulos Sm. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus persicus Willd. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus tenuis (Boiss. & C. I. Blanche) Bornm. Oils Safflower seed Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 58 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Carthamus tenuis (Boiss. & C. I. Blanche) Bornm. subsp. tenuis Oils Safflower seed Carthamus tenuis subsp. foliosus Hanelt Oils Safflower seed Carthamus tenuis subsp. gracillimus (Rech. f.) Hanelt Oils Safflower seed Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Nuts American chestnut Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Nuts Chestnut Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Nuts Chinese chestnut Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Nuts Japanese chestnut Castanea sativa Mill. Nuts Chestnut Castanea sativa Mill. Nuts Chinese chestnut Castanea sativa Mill. Nuts Japanese chestnut Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. Cereals Quinoa Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. Cereals Quinoa Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. Cereals Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Cereals Quinoa Cicer bijugum Rech. f. Pulses Chickpea Cicer canariense A. Santos & G. P. Lewis Pulses Chickpea Cicer echinospermum P. H. Davis Pulses Chickpea Cicer graecum Boiss. Pulses Chickpea Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 59 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Cicer pinnatifidum Jaub. & Spach Pulses Chickpea Cicer reticulatum Ladiz. Pulses Chickpea Cichorium calvum Asch. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Cichorium endivia L. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Cichorium intybus L. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Cichorium pumilum Jacq. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Cichorium spinosum L. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Fruits Watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Fruits Watermelon Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Oils/fodder Rape Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Spices White mustard Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. monensis Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. monensis Spices White mustard Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. monensis Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. monensis Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 60 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadley & Muñoz Garm Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadley & Muñoz Garm Spices White mustard Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadley & Muñoz Garm Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadley & Muñoz Garm Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay Spices White mustard Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Spices White mustard Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay Spices White mustard Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Comarum palustre L. Fruits Strawberry Corylus avellana L. Nuts Giant filbert Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 61 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Corylus avellana L. Nuts Hazelnut Corylus avellana L. Nuts Turkish hazelnut Corylus colurna L. Nuts Giant filbert Corylus colurna L. Nuts Hazelnut Corylus colurna L. Nuts Turkish hazelnut Corylus maxima Mill. Nuts Giant filbert Crambe arborea H. Christ Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe aspera M. Bieb. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe feuillei A. Santos ex Prina & Mart.-Laborde Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe filiformis Jacq. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe fruticosa L. f. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe gomeraea H. Christ Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe hispanica L. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe laevigata DC. ex H. Christ Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe microcarpa A. Santos Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe pritzelii Bolle Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe scaberrima Bramwell Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe scoparia Svent. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 62 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Crambe sventenii B. Pett. ex Bramwell & Sundell Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe tamadabensis A. Prina & A. Marrero Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Crambe wildpretii Prina & Bramwell Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Cucumis dipsaceus Spach Fruits Melon Cucumis dipsaceus Spach Fruits (savoury) West Indian gherkin Cucumis sativus L. Fruits (savoury) Cucumber Cynara algarbiensis Mariz Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynara auranitica Post Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynara baetica (Spreng.) Pau Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynara baetica (Spreng.) Pau subsp. baetica Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynara cardunculus L. Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens Wiklund Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynara cardunculus subsp. zingaroensis (Raimondo & Domina) Raimondo & Domina Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynara humilis L. Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynara tournefortii Boiss. & Reut. Vegetables (green) Artichoke Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Fodder/forage Bermuda grass Dactylis glomerata L. Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. glomerata Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 63 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Dactylis glomerata subsp. hackelii (Asch. & Graebn.) Cif. & Giacom. Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. ibizensis Stebbins & D. Zohary Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. izcoi S. Ortíz & Rodr. Oubiña Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. juncinella (Bory) K. Richt. Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. lobata (Drejer) H. Lindb. Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. lusitanica Stebbins & D. Zohary Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. merinoana (Horjales & al.) H. Scholz Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. oceanica G. Guignard Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. reichenbachii (Dalla Torre & Sarnth.) Stebbins & D. Zohary Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. rigida (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. slovenica (Domin) Domin Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. stebbinsii (Horjales & al.) H. Scholz Fodder/forage Cocksfoot Daucus carota L. Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota L. subsp. carota Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. azoricus Franco Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. cantabricus A. Pujadas Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. commutatus (Paol.) Thell. Vegetables (root) Carrot Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 64 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Daucus carota subsp. drepanensis (Lojac.) Heywood Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. gadecaei (Rouy & E. G. Camus) Heywood Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. gummifer (Syme) Hook. f. Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. halophilus (Brot.) A. Pujadas Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell. Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. hispidus (Ball) Heywood Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. major (Vis.) Arcang. Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. majoricus A. Pujadas Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. maximus (Desf.) Ball Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. rupestris (Guss.) Heywood Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus gracilis Steinh. Vegetables (root) Carrot Daucus sahariensis Murb. Vegetables (root) Carrot Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Oils/fodder Rape Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Spices Black mustard Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 65 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. subsp. erucoides Oils/fodder Rape Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. subsp. erucoides Spices Black mustard Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. subsp. erucoides Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. subsp. erucoides Vegetables (green) Cabbage Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. subsp. erucoides Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Oils/fodder Rape Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Diplotaxis siettiana Maire Oils/fodder Rape Diplotaxis siettiana Maire Spices Black mustard Diplotaxis siettiana Maire Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Diplotaxis siettiana Maire Vegetables (green) Cabbage Diplotaxis siettiana Maire Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze Oils/fodder Rape Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze subsp. siifolia Oils/fodder Rape Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze subsp. siifolia Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 66 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze subsp. siifolia Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Diplotaxis siifolia subsp. vicentina (Samp.) Mart.-Laborde Oils/fodder Rape Diplotaxis siifolia subsp. vicentina (Samp.) Mart.-Laborde Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Diplotaxis siifolia subsp. vicentina (Samp.) Mart.-Laborde Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Oils/fodder Rape Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Spices Black mustard Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Vegetables (green) Kale Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Vegetables (salad) Perennial wall rocket Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Vegetables (salad) Radish Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Cereals Japanese barnyard millet Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. crus-galli Cereals Japanese barnyard millet Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. hispidula (Retz.) Honda Cereals Japanese barnyard millet Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. spiralis (Vasinger) Tzvelev Cereals Japanese barnyard millet Echinochloa oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger Cereals Japanese barnyard millet Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Cereals Finger millet Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 67 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam. Cereals Finger millet Elymus dahuricus Turcz. ex Griseb. Cereals Wheat Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinners Cereals Wheat Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinners subsp. trachycaulus Cereals Wheat Elymus trachycaulus subsp. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Tzvelev Cereals Wheat Elymus trachycaulus subsp. stefanssonii (Melderis) Á. Löve & D. Löve Cereals Wheat Elytrigia bessarabica (Săvul. & Rayss) Prokudin Cereals Wheat Elytrigia curvifolia (Lange) Holub Cereals Wheat Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski Cereals Wheat Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski subsp. elongata Cereals Wheat Elytrigia elongata subsp. haifensis (Rech. f.) Valdés & H. Scholz Cereals Wheat Elytrigia elongata subsp. salsa (Melderis) Valdés & H. Scholz Cereals Wheat Elytrigia elongata subsp. turcica (McGuire) Valdés & H. Scholz Cereals Wheat Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski Cereals Intermediate wheatgrass Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski Cereals Wheat Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. intermedia Cereals Intermediate wheatgrass Elytrigia intermedia subsp. mucronata (Bercht.) Valdés & H. Scholz Cereals Intermediate wheatgrass Elytrigia intermedia subsp. podperae (Nábĕlek) Á. Löve Cereals Intermediate wheatgrass Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 68 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Elytrigia intermedia subsp. pouzolzii (Godr.) Á. Löve Cereals Intermediate wheatgrass Elytrigia intermedia subsp. pulcherrima (Grossh.) Tzvelev Cereals Intermediate wheatgrass Elytrigia intermedia subsp. trichophora (Link) Á. Löve & D. Löve Cereals Intermediate wheatgrass Elytrigia intermedia subsp. varnensis (Velen.) Valdés & H. Scholz Cereals Intermediate wheatgrass Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski Cereals Wheat Elytrigia juncea subsp. boreoatlantica (Simonet & Guin.) Hyl. Cereals Wheat Elytrigia obtusiflora (DC.) Tzvelev Cereals Wheat Elytrigia scirpea (C. Presl) Holub Cereals Wheat Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. Cereals Teff Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter Cereals Teff Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Oils/fodder Rape Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Vegetables (salad) Radish Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Vegetables (salad) Salad rocket Erucastrum canariense Webb & Berthel. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz Oils/fodder Rape Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 69 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Festuca heterophylla Lam. Fodder/forage Shade fescue Festuca ovina L. Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca ovina L. subsp. ovina Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca ovina subsp. firmulacea (Markgr.-Dann.) Prob. Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca ovina subsp. guestfalica (Rchb.) K. Richt. Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca ovina subsp. hirtula (Travis) M. J. Wilk. Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca ovina subsp. molinieri (Litard.) Foggi & J. Müll. Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca ovina subsp. ophioliticola (Kerguélen) M. Wilk. Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca ovina subsp. ruprechtii (Boiss.) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca ovina subsp. supina (Schur) Oborný Fodder/forage Fine leaved sheep’s fescue Festuca rubra L. Fodder/forage Red fescue Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra Fodder/forage Red fescue Festuca rubra subsp. juncea (Hack.) K. Richt. Fodder/forage Red fescue Festuca rubra subsp. litoralis (G. Mey.) Auquier Fodder/forage Red fescue Festuca rubra subsp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper Fodder/forage Red fescue Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 70 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Festuca rubra subsp. scotica Al-Bermani Fodder/forage Red fescue Festuca rubra subsp. thessalica Markgr.-Dann. Fodder/forage Red fescue Ficus carica L. Fruits Fig Ficus carica subsp. rupestris (Boiss.) Browicz Fruits Fig Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Weston Fruits Strawberry Fragaria moschata Weston Fruits Strawberry Fragaria vesca L. Fruits Strawberry Fragaria virginiana Mill. Fruits Strawberry Fragaria viridis subsp. campestris (Steven) Pawł. Fruits Strawberry Fragaria viridis Weston Fruits Strawberry Fragaria viridis Weston subsp. viridis Fruits Strawberry Galega orientalis Lam. Fodder/forage Fodder galega Hedysarum coronarium L. Fodder/forage Sulla Helianthus annuus L. Seeds/oils Sunflower seed Helianthus debilis Nutt. Seeds/oils Sunflower seed Helianthus decapetalus L. Seeds/oils Sunflower seed Helianthus giganteus L. Seeds/oils Sunflower seed Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. Seeds/oils Sunflower seed Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 71 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Seeds/oils Sunflower seed Helianthus strumosus L. Seeds/oils Sunflower seed Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link Cereals Barley Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link subsp. brevisubulatum Cereals Barley Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. nevskianum (Bowden) Tzvelev Cereals Barley Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. turkestanicum (Nevski) Tzvelev Cereals Barley Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. violaceum (Boiss. & Hohen.) Tzvelev Cereals Barley Hordeum bulbosum L. Cereals Barley Hordeum bulbosum L. subsp. bulbosum Cereals Barley Hordeum bulbosum subsp. nodosum (L.) B. R. Baum Cereals Barley Hordeum jubatum L. Cereals Barley Hordeum marinum Huds. Cereals Wheat Hordeum vulgare L. Cereals Barley Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare Cereals Barley Hordeum vulgare subsp. aegiceras (Nees ex Royle) Á. Löve Cereals Barley Hordeum vulgare subsp. agriocrithon (Åberg) Á. Löve & D. Löve Cereals Barley Hordeum vulgare subsp. distichon (L.) Körn. Cereals Barley Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. Cereals Barley Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 72 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Humulus lupulus L. Beverages Hop Juglans ailantifolia Carrière Nuts Black walnut Juglans ailantifolia Carrière Nuts English walnut Juglans ailantifolia Carrière Nuts Japanese walnut Juglans cinerea L. Nuts Japanese walnut Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Fruits (savoury) Butternut Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Nuts English walnut Juglans mandshurica Maxim. Nuts Japanese walnut Juglans nigra L. Nuts Black walnut Juglans nigra L. Nuts English walnut Juglans nigra L. Nuts Japanese walnut Juglans regia L. Nuts Black walnut Juglans regia L. Nuts English walnut Juglans regia L. Nuts Japanese walnut Lactuca aculeata Boiss. & Kotschy Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca alpestris (Gand.) Rech. f. Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca cyprica (Rech. f.) N. Kilian & Greuter Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca georgica Grossh. Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 73 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Lactuca saligna L. Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca scarioloides Boiss. Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca serriola L. Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca singularis Wilmott Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca tetrantha B. L. Burtt & P. H. Davis Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca virosa L. Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca virosa subsp. livida (Boiss. & Reut.) Ladero & A. Velasco Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lactuca watsoniana Trel. Vegetables (salad) Lettuce Lathyrus amphicarpos L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus amphicarpos L. Fodder/forage Grass pea/common chickling Lathyrus annuus L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus blepharicarpus Boiss. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus blepharicarpus Boiss. Fodder/forage Grass pea/common chickling Lathyrus cassius Boiss. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus chloranthus Boiss. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus chloranthus Boiss. Fodder/forage Grass pea/common chickling Lathyrus cicera L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch Lathyrus cicera L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 74 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Lathyrus cicera L. Fodder/forage Grass pea/common chickling Lathyrus cirrhosus Ser. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus clymenum L. Fodder/forage Cyprus vetch/ochrus chickling Lathyrus clymenum L. Pulses Garden pea Lathyrus gorgoni Parl. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus gorgoni Parl. Fodder/forage Grass pea/common chickling Lathyrus grandiflorus Sibth. & Sm. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus heterophyllus L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Boiss. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Boiss. Fodder/forage Grass pea/common chickling Lathyrus hirsutus L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus hirsutus L. Fodder/forage Grass pea/common chickling Lathyrus hirsutus L. Fodder/forage Hairy vetchling Lathyrus latifolius L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus latifolius L. var. latifolius Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. Fodder/forage Cyprus vetch/ochrus chickling Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. Fodder/forage Winged vetchling Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. Pulses Garden pea Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 75 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Lathyrus odoratus L. Fodder/forage Sweet pea Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus sativus L. Fodder/forage Grass pea/common chickling Lathyrus sativus L. Pulses Garden pea Lathyrus stenophyllus Boiss. & Heldr. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus sylvestris L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus tingitanus L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus tuberosus L. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lathyrus undulatus Boiss. Fodder/forage Chickling vetch/flat pod peavine Lens culinaris Medik. Pulses Lentil Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris Pulses Lentil Lens culinaris subsp. odemensis (Ladiz.) M. E. Ferguson & al. Pulses Lentil Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Ponert Pulses Lentil Lens ervoides (Brign.) Grande Pulses Lentil Lens lamottei Czefr. Pulses Lentil Lens nigricans (M. Bieb.) Godr. Pulses Lentil Lepidium meyeri subsp. turczaninowii (Lipsky) Schmalh. Vegetables (salad) Garden cress Lepidium sativum L. Vegetables (salad) Garden cress Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 76 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Lepidium sativum L. subsp. sativum Vegetables (salad) Garden cress Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilg. Cereals Wheat Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. Cereals Wheat Leymus mollis (Trin.) H. Hara Cereals Wheat Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev Cereals Wheat Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev subsp. racemosus Cereals Wheat Leymus racemosus subsp. klokovii Tzvelev Cereals Wheat Leymus racemosus subsp. sabulosus (M. Bieb.) Tzvelev Cereals Wheat Linum bienne Mill. Seeds/oils Linseed Linum corymbiferum Desf. Seeds/oils Linseed Linum decumbens Desf. Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum L. Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum L. subsp. hirsutum Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum subsp. anatolicum (Boiss.) Hayek Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum subsp. bozdaghense Yılmaz & Kaynak Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum subsp. byzantinum Azn. Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum subsp. glabrescens (Rochel) Soó Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum subsp. oreocaricum P. H. Davis Seeds/oils Linseed Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 77 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Linum hirsutum subsp. platyphyllum (P. H. Davis) Yılmaz & Kaynak Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum subsp. pseudoanatolicum P. H. Davis Seeds/oils Linseed Linum hirsutum subsp. spathulatum (Halácsy & Bald.) Hayek Seeds/oils Linseed Linum nervosum subsp. jailicola (Juz.) T. V. Egorova Seeds/oils Linseed Linum nervosum Waldst. & Kit. Seeds/oils Linseed Lolium multiflorum Lam. Fodder/forage Italian ryegrass Lolium perenne L. Fodder/forage Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L. subsp. perenne Fodder/forage Perennial ryegrass Lolium rigidum Gaudin Fodder/forage Annual ryegrass Lolium rigidum Gaudin subsp. rigidum Fodder/forage Annual ryegrass Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides Sennen & Mauricio Fodder/forage Annual ryegrass Lolium temulentum L. Fodder/forage Bearded ryegrass Lotus corniculatus L. Fodder/forage Birdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatus subsp. frondosus Freyn Fodder/forage Birdsfoot trefoil Lotus pedunculatus Cav. Fodder/forage Greater birdsfoot trefoil Lotus subbiflorus Lag. Fodder/forage Hairy birdsfoot trefoil Lupinus albus L. Fodder/forage Andean lupin Lupinus albus L. Fodder/forage White lupin Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 78 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Lupinus albus L. subsp. albus Fodder/forage Andean lupin Lupinus albus L. subsp. albus Fodder/forage White lupin Lupinus albus subsp. graecus (Boiss. & Spruner) Franco & P. Silva Fodder/forage Andean lupin Lupinus albus subsp. graecus (Boiss. & Spruner) Franco & P. Silva Fodder/forage White lupin Lupinus angustifolius L. Fodder/forage Blue lupin Lupinus angustifolius L. Fodder/forage Narrow leaved lupin Lupinus angustifolius L. Fodder/forage Yellow lupin Lupinus angustifolius L. subsp. angustifolius Fodder/forage Blue lupin Lupinus angustifolius L. subsp. angustifolius Fodder/forage Yellow lupin Lupinus angustifolius subsp. reticulatus (Desv.) Arcang. Fodder/forage Blue lupin Lupinus angustifolius subsp. reticulatus (Desv.) Arcang. Fodder/forage Yellow lupin Lupinus cosentinii Guss. Fodder/forage Sandplain lupin Lupinus hispanicus Boiss. & Reut. Fodder/forage Blue lupin Lupinus hispanicus Boiss. & Reut. Fodder/forage Yellow lupin Lupinus hispanicus var. bicolor (Merino) Gladst. Fodder/forage Blue lupin Lupinus luteus L. Fodder/forage Blue lupin Lupinus luteus L. Fodder/forage Yellow lupin Lupinus micranthus Guss. Fodder/forage White lupin Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 79 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Lupinus pilosus L. Fodder/forage Sandplain lupin Malus crescimannoi Raimondo Fruits Apple Malus pumila Mill. Fruits Apple Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Fruits Apple Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. subsp. sylvestris Fruits Apple Malus sylvestris subsp. orientalis (Uglitzk.) Browicz Fruits Apple Malus sylvestris subsp. praecox (Pall.) Soó Fruits Apple Medicago arborea L. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago arborea L. Fodder/forage Tree medic Medicago cancellata M. Bieb. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago constricta Durieu Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago cretacea M. Bieb. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago cretacea M. Bieb. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago doliata Carmign. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago doliata Carmign. Fodder/forage Straight-spined medic Medicago falcata L. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago falcata L. Fodder/forage Yellow lucerne Medicago fischeriana (Ser.) Trautv. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 80 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Medicago fischeriana (Ser.) Trautv. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago glomerata Balb. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago heyniana Greuter Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago heyniana Greuter Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago hypogaea E. Small Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago hypogaea E. Small Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago littoralis Loisel. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago littoralis Loisel. Fodder/forage Shore medic Medicago lupulina L. Fodder/forage Trefoil Medicago lupulina var. cupaniana (Guss.) Boiss. Fodder/forage Trefoil Medicago marina L. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago murex Willd. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago murex Willd. Fodder/forage Sphere medic Medicago papillosa Boiss. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago pironae Vis. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago polymorpha L. Fodder/forage Bur medic Medicago prostrata Jacq. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago rigidula (L.) All. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 81 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Medicago rigidula (L.) All. Fodder/forage Field medic Medicago rugosa Desr. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago rugosa Desr. Fodder/forage Wrinkled/gama medic Medicago rupestris M. Bieb. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Fodder/forage Lucerne Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago sativa nothosubsp. varia (Martyn) Arcang. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago sativa nothosubsp. varia (Martyn) Arcang. Fodder/forage Sand lucerne Medicago sativa subsp. microcarpa Urb. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill. Fodder/forage Snail medic Medicago soleirolii Duby Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago strasseri Greuter & al. Fodder/forage Alfalfa Medicago strasseri Greuter & al. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago tornata subsp. helix (Willd.) Ooststr. & Reichg. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Medicago tornata subsp. helix (Willd.) Ooststr. & Reichg. Fodder/forage Disc medic Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Fodder/forage Barrel clover Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 82 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Medicago turbinata (L.) All. Fodder/forage Barrel medic Melilotus albus Medik. Fodder/forage Honey clover Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Fodder/forage Yellow sweet clover Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Herbs Peppermint Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. subsp. suaveolens Herbs Peppermint Mentha suaveolens subsp. insularis (Req. ex Gren. & Godr.) Greuter Herbs Peppermint Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. Oils/fodder Rape Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC. Vegetables (salad) Radish Myrtus communis L. Fruits Myrtle berry Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis Fruits Myrtle berry Myrtus communis subsp. tarentina (L.) Nyman Fruits Myrtle berry Ochlopoa annua (L.) H. Scholz Fodder/forage Annual meadowgrass Ochlopoa annua (L.) H. Scholz subsp. annua Fodder/forage Annual meadowgrass Ochlopoa annua subsp. notabilis (Chrtek & V. Jirásek) H. Scholz & Valdés Fodder/forage Annual meadowgrass Ochlopoa annua subsp. pilantha (Ronniger) H. Scholz & Valdés Fodder/forage Annual meadowgrass Ochlopoa annua subsp. raniglumis (E. Fröhner) H. Scholz & Valdés Fodder/forage Annual meadowgrass Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 83 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea Fruits/oils Olive Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis G. Kunkel & Sunding Fruits/oils Olive Olea europaea subsp. guanchica P. Vargas & al. Fruits/oils Olive Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Fodder/forage Sainfoin Ornithopus compressus L. Fodder/forage Yellow serradella Ornithopus sativus Brot. Fodder/forage Serradella Ornithopus sativus subsp. isthmocarpus (Coss.) Dostál Fodder/forage Serradella Oryza rufipogon Griff. Cereals Rice Panicum miliaceum L. subsp. miliaceum Cereals Proso millet Panicum miliaceum subsp. agricolum H. Scholz & Mikoláš Cereals Proso millet Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale (Kitag.) Tzvelev Cereals Proso millet Papaver somniferum L. Oils/spices Poppy seed Patellifolia procumbens (C. Sm.) A. J. Scott & al. Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) Sugarbeet Phalaris aquatica L. Fodder/forage Harding grass Phalaris canariensis L. Fodder/forage Canary grass Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Rauschert Fodder/forage Reed canary grass Phalaroides arundinacea (L.) Rauschert subsp. arundinacea Fodder/forage Reed canary grass Phalaroides arundinacea subsp. oehleri (Pilg.) Valdés & H. Scholz Fodder/forage Reed canary grass Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 84 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Phalaroides arundinacea subsp. rotgesii (Husn.) Valdés & H. Scholz Fodder/forage Reed canary grass Phleum nodosum L. Fodder/forage Small timothy Phleum pratense L. Fodder/forage Timothy Phleum pratense L. subsp. pratense Fodder/forage Timothy Phleum pratense subsp. brachystachyum (Salis) Gamisans Fodder/forage Timothy Phoenix canariensis Chabaud Fruits/oils Date Phoenix dactylifera L. Fruits/oils Date Phoenix theophrasti Greuter Fruits/oils Date Pistacia atlantica Desf. Nuts Pistachio Pistacia atlantica subsp. cypricola H. Lindb. Nuts Pistachio Pistacia atlantica subsp. mutica (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Rech. f. Nuts Pistachio Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt. Nuts Pistachio Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Nuts Pistachio Pistacia lentiscus L. Nuts Pistachio Pistacia terebinthus L. Nuts Pistachio Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. terebinthus Nuts Pistachio Pistacia terebinthus subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engl. Nuts Pistachio Pisum fulvum Sm. Pulses Garden pea Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 85 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum Pulses Garden pea Pisum sativum subsp. elatius (M. Bieb.) Asch. & Graebn. Pulses Garden pea Plantago lanceolata L. Fodder/forage Ribwort plantain Poa alpina L. Fodder/forage Alpine bluegrass Poa alpina L. subsp. Alpina Fodder/forage Alpine bluegrass Poa alpina subsp. brevifolia Gaudin Fodder/forage Alpine bluegrass Poa palustris L. Fodder/forage Swamp meadowgrass Poa palustris L. subsp. palustris Fodder/forage Swamp meadowgrass Poa palustris subsp. volhynensis (Klokov) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Swamp meadowgrass Poa pratensis L. Fodder/forage Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa pratensis L. subsp. pratensis Fodder/forage Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa pratensis subsp. colpodea (Th. Fr.) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa pratensis subsp. dolichophylla (Hack.) Portal Fodder/forage Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa pratensis subsp. irrigata (Lindm.) H. Lindb. Fodder/forage Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa pratensis subsp. jordanii Portal Fodder/forage Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa pratensis subsp. rigens (Hartm.) Tzvelev Fodder/forage Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa pratensis subsp. turfosa (Litv.) Vorosch. Fodder/forage Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa trivialis L. Fodder/forage Rough-stalked meadowgrass Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 86 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Poa trivialis L. subsp. trivialis Fodder/forage Rough-stalked meadowgrass Poa trivialis subsp. latifolia (Schur) Portal Fodder/forage Rough-stalked meadowgrass Poa trivialis subsp. semineutra (Willd.) Portal Fodder/forage Rough-stalked meadowgrass Poa trivialis subsp. sylvicola (Guss.) H. Lindb. Fodder/forage Rough-stalked meadowgrass Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle Nuts Almond Prunus argentea (Lam.) Rehder Fruits Peach Prunus argentea (Lam.) Rehder Nuts Almond Prunus armeniaca L. Fruits Apricot Prunus armeniaca L. Fruits Japanese plum Prunus armeniaca L. Fruits Peach Prunus armeniaca L. Fruits Plum Prunus avium (L.) L. Fruits Sour cherry Prunus avium (L.) L. Fruits Sweet cherry Prunus brigantina Vill. Fruits Apricot Prunus brigantina Vill. Fruits Peach Prunus brigantina Vill. Fruits Plum Prunus brigantina Vill. Nuts Almond Prunus carduchorum (Bornm.) Meikle Nuts Almond Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 87 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Fruits Apricot Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Fruits Japanese plum Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Fruits Myrobalan plum Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Fruits Peach Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Fruits Plum Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Nuts Almond Prunus discolor (Spach) C. K. Schneid. Nuts Almond Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb Fruits Peach Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb Nuts Almond Prunus fenzliana R. M. Fritsch Fruits Peach Prunus fenzliana R. M. Fritsch Nuts Almond Prunus fruticosa Pall. Fruits Sour cherry Prunus fruticosa Pall. Fruits Sweet cherry Prunus incana (Pall.) Steven Fruits Peach Prunus kotschyi (Spach) Náb. Nuts Almond Prunus lusitanica L. Fruits Stonefruits Prunus lusitanica L. subsp. lusitanica Fruits Stonefruits Prunus lusitanica subsp. azorica (Mouill.) Franco Fruits Stonefruits Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 88 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Prunus lusitanica subsp. hixa (Willd.) Franco Fruits Stonefruits Prunus lycioides (Spach) C. K. Schneid. Fruits Peach Prunus lycioides (Spach) C. K. Schneid. Nuts Almond Prunus mahaleb L. Fruits Sour cherry Prunus mahaleb L. Fruits Sweet cherry Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey. Fruits Japanese plum Prunus padus L. Fruits Sour cherry Prunus padus L. subsp. padus Fruits Sweet cherry Prunus padus subsp. borealis (A. Blytt) Nyman Fruits Sweet cherry Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Fruits Peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Nuts Almond Prunus prostrata Labill. Fruits Myrobalan plum Prunus prostrata Labill. Fruits Plum Prunus ramburii Boiss. Fruits Japanese plum Prunus spinosa L. Fruits Apricot Prunus spinosa L. Fruits Japanese plum Prunus spinosa L. Fruits Peach Prunus spinosa L. Fruits Plum Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 89 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa Fruits Apricot Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa Fruits Japanese plum Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa Fruits Peach Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa Fruits Plum Prunus spinosa subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin Fruits Apricot Prunus spinosa subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin Fruits Japanese plum Prunus spinosa subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin Fruits Peach Prunus spinosa subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin Fruits Plum Prunus tomentosa Thunb. Fruits Japanese plum Prunus tomentosa Thunb. Fruits Myrobalan plum Prunus tomentosa Thunb. Fruits Peach Prunus tomentosa Thunb. Fruits Sweet cherry Prunus trichamygdalus Hand.-Mazz. Nuts Almond Prunus webbii (Spach) Vierh. Fruits Peach Prunus webbii (Spach) Vierh. Nuts Almond Pyrus bourgaeana Decne. Fruits Pear Pyrus bourgaeana Decne. Fruits Ussurian pear Pyrus communis L. Fruits Pear Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 90 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Pyrus communis L. subsp. communis Fruits Pear Pyrus communis subsp. caucasica (Fed.) Browicz Fruits Pear Pyrus communis subsp. caucasica (Fed.) Browicz Fruits Ussurian pear Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster (L.) Ehrh. Fruits Pear Pyrus cordata Desv. Fruits Pear Pyrus cordata Desv. Fruits Ussurian pear Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. Fruits Asian pear/Nashi pear Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. Fruits Pear Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. Fruits Ussurian pear Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. subsp. elaeagrifolia Fruits Pear Pyrus elaeagrifolia subsp. bulgarica (Kuth. & Sachok.) Valev Fruits Pear Pyrus elaeagrifolia subsp. kotschyana (Decne.) Browicz Fruits Pear Pyrus magyarica Terpó Fruits Asian pear/Nashi pear Pyrus magyarica Terpó Fruits Pear Pyrus nivalis Jacq. Fruits Pear Pyrus salicifolia Pall. Fruits Pear Pyrus salicifolia Pall. Fruits Ussurian pear Pyrus spinosa Forssk. Fruits Pear Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 91 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Pyrus spinosa Forssk. Fruits Ussurian pear Pyrus syriaca Boiss. Fruits Pear Pyrus syriaca Boiss. Fruits Ussurian pear Raphanus raphanistrum L. Oils/fodder Rape Raphanus raphanistrum L. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Raphanus raphanistrum L. Vegetables (salad) Radish Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. raphanistrum Vegetables (salad) Radish Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens Vegetables (salad) Radish Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. rostratus (DC.) Thell. Vegetables (salad) Radish Raphanus sativus L. Fodder/forage Fodder radish Raphanus sativus L. Vegetables (salad) Radish Ribes aureum Pursh Fruits Blackcurrant Ribes aureum Pursh Fruits Gooseberry Ribes divaricatum Douglas Fruits Blackcurrant Ribes divaricatum Douglas Fruits Gooseberry Ribes multiflorum Roem. & Schult. Fruits Blackcurrant Ribes multiflorum Roem. & Schult. Fruits Redcurrant Ribes multiflorum Roem. & Schult. subsp. multiflorum Fruits Redcurrant Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 92 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Ribes multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum Arrigoni Fruits Redcurrant Ribes nigrum L. Fruits Blackcurrant Ribes nigrum L. Fruits Gooseberry Ribes petraeum Wulfen Fruits Blackcurrant Ribes petraeum Wulfen Fruits Redcurrant Ribes rubrum L. Fruits Blackcurrant Ribes rubrum L. Fruits Redcurrant Ribes sanguineum Pursh Fruits Blackcurrant Ribes spicatum E. Robson Fruits Redcurrant Ribes spicatum E. Robson subsp. spicatum Fruits Redcurrant Ribes spicatum subsp. hispidulum (Jancz.) Hämet-Ahti Fruits Redcurrant Ribes spicatum subsp. lapponicum Hyl. Fruits Redcurrant Ribes uva-crispa L. Fruits Blackcurrant Ribes uva-crispa L. Fruits Gooseberry Rorippa prolifera (Heuff.) Neilr. Vegetables (salad) Variableleaf yellowcress Rorippa valdes-bermejoi (Castrov.) Mart.-Laborde & Castrov. Vegetables (salad) Variableleaf yellowcress Rubus cockburnianus Hemsl. Fruits Raspberry Rubus idaeus L. Fruits Raspberry Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 93 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus Fruits Raspberry Rubus idaeus subsp. melanolasius Focke Fruits Raspberry Rubus illecebrosus Focke Fruits Raspberry Rubus occidentalis L. Fruits Raspberry Rubus odoratus L. Fruits Raspberry Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Fruits Raspberry Rubus saxatilis L. Fruits Raspberry Rubus spectabilis Pursh Fruits Raspberry Saccharum spontaneum L. Sugar Sugarcane Saccharum spontaneum subsp. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hack. Sugar Sugarcane Salsola vermiculata L. Fodder/forage Mediterranean saltwort Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumont subsp. arundinaceus Fodder/forage Tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. Fodder/forage Tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. atlantigenus (St.-Yves) H. Scholz Fodder/forage Tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. cirtensis (St.-Yves) H. Scholz & Valdés Fodder/forage Tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. corsicus (Hack.) Foggi & Signorini Fodder/forage Tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. fenas (Lag.) H. Scholz Fodder/forage Tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. mediterraneus (Hack.) H. Scholz & Valdés Fodder/forage Tall fescue Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 94 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. orientalis (Hack.) H. Scholz & Valdés Fodder/forage Tall fescue Schedonorus giganteus (L.) Holub Fodder/forage Giant fescue Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. Fodder/forage Meadow fescue Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. subsp. pratensis Fodder/forage Meadow fescue Schedonorus pratensis subsp. apenninus (De Not.) H. Scholz & Valdés Fodder/forage Meadow fescue Secale cereale L. Cereals Wheat Secale cereale L. subsp. cereale Cereals Rye Secale cereale subsp. ancestrale Zhuk. Cereals Rye Secale strictum (C. Presl) C. Presl Cereals Rye Secale strictum (C. Presl) C. Presl subsp. strictum Cereals Rye Secale strictum subsp. anatolicum (Boiss.) Hammer Cereals Rye Secale strictum subsp. balcanum (Ganchev) Valdés & H. Scholz Cereals Rye Secale strictum subsp. ciliatoglume (Boiss.) Hammer Cereals Rye Secale sylvestre Host Cereals Rye Secale vavilovii Grossh. Cereals Rye Securigera varia (L.) Lassen Fodder/forage Crownvetch Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Cereals Foxtail millet Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. italica Cereals Foxtail millet Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 95 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Setaria italica subsp. moharia (Alef.) R. A. W. Herrm. Cereals Foxtail millet Setaria italica subsp. pycnocoma (Steud.) De Wet Cereals Foxtail millet Sinapidendron angustifolium (DC.) Lowe Vegetables (green) Brassicas Sinapidendron frutescens (Sol.) Lowe var. frutescens Vegetables (green) Brassicas Sinapidendron frutescens Lowe Vegetables (green) Brassicas Sinapidendron frutescens subsp. succulentum (Lowe) Rustan Vegetables (green) Brassicas Sinapidendron gymnocalyx (Lowe) Rustan Vegetables (green) Brassicas Sinapidendron rupestre Lowe Vegetables (green) Brassicas Sinapidendron sempervivifolium Menezes Vegetables (green) Brassicas Sinapis alba L. Oils/fodder Rape Sinapis alba L. Spices Black mustard Sinapis alba L. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Sinapis alba L. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Sinapis alba L. Vegetables (green) Kale Sinapis alba L. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Sinapis alba L. Vegetables (salad) Radish Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba Oils/fodder Rape Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba Spices Black mustard Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 96 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba Spices White mustard Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba Vegetables (green) Kale Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Sinapis alba L. subsp. alba Vegetables (salad) Radish Sinapis alba subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk. Oils/fodder Rape Sinapis alba subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk. Spices Black mustard Sinapis alba subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk. Spices White mustard Sinapis alba subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Sinapis alba subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Sinapis alba subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk. Vegetables (green) Kale Sinapis alba subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Sinapis alba subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk. Vegetables (salad) Radish Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire Oils/fodder Rape Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire Spices Black mustard Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire Spices White mustard Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 97 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire Vegetables (green) Kale Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Sinapis alba subsp. mairei (H. Lindb.) Maire Vegetables (salad) Radish Sinapis arvensis L. Oils/fodder Rape Sinapis arvensis L. Spices Black mustard Sinapis arvensis L. Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Sinapis arvensis L. Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Sinapis arvensis L. Vegetables (green) Kale Sinapis arvensis L. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Sinapis arvensis L. Vegetables (salad) Radish Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Oils/fodder Rape Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Spices Black mustard Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Vegetables (green) Kale Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis Vegetables (salad) Radish Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 98 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) W. D. J. Koch & Ziz Oils/fodder Rape Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) W. D. J. Koch & Ziz Spices Black mustard Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) W. D. J. Koch & Ziz Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) W. D. J. Koch & Ziz Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) W. D. J. Koch & Ziz Vegetables (green) Kale Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) W. D. J. Koch & Ziz Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) W. D. J. Koch & Ziz Vegetables (salad) Radish Sinapis flexuosa Poir. Spices White mustard Solanum lidii Sunding Fruits (savoury) Eggplant Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M. L. Jaeger Fruits (savoury) Eggplant Solanum marginatum L. f. Fruits (savoury) Eggplant Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam. Fruits (savoury) Eggplant Solanum torvum Sw. Fruits (savoury) Eggplant Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Cereals Sorghum Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Cereals Sorghum Trifolium alexandrinum L. Fodder/forage Berseem/Egyptian clover Trifolium alpestre L. Fodder/forage Owlhead clover Trifolium alpestre L. var. alpestre Fodder/forage Owlhead clover Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 99 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Trifolium alpestre var. durmitoreum Rohlena Fodder/forage Owlhead clover Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb. Fodder/forage Caucasian clover Trifolium angustifolium L. Fodder/forage Narrow clover Trifolium argutum Banks & Sol. Fodder/forage Clover (berseem, red, subterranean, white) Trifolium arvense L. Fodder/forage Harefoot clover Trifolium fragiferum L. Fodder/forage Strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum L. subsp. fragiferum Fodder/forage Strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum subsp. bonannii (C. Presl) Soják Fodder/forage Strawberry clover Trifolium hirtum All. Fodder/forage Rose clover Trifolium hybridum L. Fodder/forage Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum L. subsp. hybridum Fodder/forage Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum subsp. anatolicum (Boiss.) M. Hossain Fodder/forage Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum subsp. elegans (Savi) Asch. & Graebn. Fodder/forage Alsike clover Trifolium incarnatum L. Fodder/forage Crimson clover Trifolium incarnatum L. subsp. incarnatum Fodder/forage Crimson clover Trifolium incarnatum subsp. molinerii (Hornem.) Syme Fodder/forage Crimson clover Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot. Fodder/forage Moroccan clover Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot. subsp. isthmocarpum Fodder/forage Moroccan clover Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 100 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Trifolium isthmocarpum subsp. jaminianum (Boiss.) Murb. Fodder/forage Moroccan clover Trifolium michelianum Savi Fodder/forage Balansa clover Trifolium michelianum Savi var. michelianum Fodder/forage Balansa clover Trifolium michelianum var. balansae (Boiss.) Azn. Fodder/forage Balansa clover Trifolium pratense L. Fodder/forage Red clover Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense Fodder/forage Red clover Trifolium pratense var. americanum Harz Fodder/forage Red clover Trifolium pratense var. frigidum Gaudin Fodder/forage Red clover Trifolium pratense var. maritimum Zabel Fodder/forage Red clover Trifolium pratense var. sativum Schreb. Fodder/forage Red clover Trifolium repens L. Fodder/forage White clover Trifolium repens L. var. repens Fodder/forage White clover Trifolium repens subsp. prostratum Nyman Fodder/forage White clover Trifolium repens var. biasolettii (Steud. & Hochst.) Asch. & Graebn. Fodder/forage White clover Trifolium repens var. macrorrhizum Boiss. Fodder/forage White clover Trifolium repens var. nevadense (Boiss.) C. Vicioso Fodder/forage White clover Trifolium repens var. ochranthum K. Malý Fodder/forage White clover Trifolium repens var. orbelicum (Velen.) R. M. Fritsch Fodder/forage White clover Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 101 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Trifolium repens var. orphanideum (Boiss.) Boiss. Fodder/forage White clover Trifolium resupinatum L. Fodder/forage Persian clover Trifolium resupinatum L. var. resupinatum Fodder/forage Persian clover Trifolium resupinatum var. majus Boiss. Fodder/forage Persian clover Trifolium squarrosum L. Fodder/forage Squarrose clover Trifolium subterraneum L. Fodder/forage Subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum subsp. oxaloides Nyman Fodder/forage Subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum subsp. yanninicum Katzn. & F. H. W. Morley Fodder/forage Subterranean clover Trifolium vesiculosum Savi Fodder/forage Arrowleaf clover Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fodder/forage Fenugreek Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. Fodder/forage Golden oatgrass Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. flavescens Fodder/forage Golden oatgrass Trisetum flavescens subsp. baregense (Laffitte & Miégev.) O. Bolòs & al. Fodder/forage Golden oatgrass Trisetum flavescens subsp. corsicum (Rouy) Cif. & Giacom. Fodder/forage Golden oatgrass Trisetum flavescens subsp. purpurascens (DC.) Arcang. Fodder/forage Golden oatgrass Trisetum flavescens subsp. serbicum (Velen.) Hayek Fodder/forage Golden oatgrass Trisetum flavescens subsp. splendens (C. Presl) Arcang. Fodder/forage Golden oatgrass Trisetum flavescens subsp. tenue (Formánek) Strid Fodder/forage Golden oatgrass Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 102 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Triticum monococcum L. Cereals Wheat Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum Cereals Einkorn wheat Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell. Cereals Wheat Triticum monococcum subsp. sinskajae (A. A. Filatenko & U. K. Kurkiev) Valdés & H. Scholz Cereals Wheat Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. subsp. timopheevii Cereals Timopheev's wheat Triticum timopheevii subsp. armeniacum (Jakubz.) Mackey Cereals Wheat Triticum turgidum L. Cereals Wheat Triticum turgidum L. subsp. turgidum Cereals Poulard wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. asiaticum (Vavilov) H. Scholz Cereals Wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. carthlicum (Nevski) Á. Löve & D. Löve Cereals Persian wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides (Asch. & Graebn.) Thell. Cereals Wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell. Cereals Emmer wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn. Cereals Durum wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. polonicum (L.) Thell. Cereals Polish wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. subspontaneum (Tzvelev) Valdés & H. Scholz Cereals Wheat Triticum turgidum subsp. volgense (Flaksb.) Á Löve & D. Löve Cereals Wheat Vaccinium corymbosum L. Fruits Blueberry, highbush Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 103 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Vaccinium corymbosum L. Fruits Blueberry, lowbush Vaccinium corymbosum L. Fruits Blueberry, rabbiteye Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton Fruits Cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Fruits Cranberry Vicia anatolica Turrill Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia articulata Hornem. Fodder/forage Bitter vetch Vicia articulata Hornem. Fodder/forage One-flowered vetch Vicia barbazitae Ten. & Guss. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia benghalensis L. Fodder/forage Purple vetch Vicia bithynica (L.) L. Pulses Faba bean Vicia capreolata Lowe Fodder/forage Bitter vetch Vicia capreolata Lowe Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia capreolata Lowe Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia capreolata Lowe Fodder/forage One-flowered vetch Vicia capreolata Lowe Pulses Faba bean Vicia capreolata Lowe Pulses Narbon bean Vicia ciliatula Lipsky Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia costae A. Hansen Fodder/forage Bitter vetch Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 104 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Vicia costae A. Hansen Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia costae A. Hansen Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia costae A. Hansen Fodder/forage One-flowered vetch Vicia costae A. Hansen Pulses Faba bean Vicia costae A. Hansen Pulses Narbon bean Vicia cuspidata Boiss. Pulses Faba bean Vicia eristalioides Maxted Pulses Narbon bean Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. Fodder/forage Bitter vetch Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. Fodder/forage One-flowered vetch Vicia ferreirensis Goyder Fodder/forage Bitter vetch Vicia ferreirensis Goyder Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia ferreirensis Goyder Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia ferreirensis Goyder Fodder/forage One-flowered vetch Vicia ferreirensis Goyder Pulses Faba bean Vicia ferreirensis Goyder Pulses Narbon bean Vicia grandiflora Scop. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia grandiflora Scop. var. grandiflora Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray Fodder/forage One-flowered vetch Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 105 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Vicia hybrida L. Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia hyrcanica Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia johannis Tamamsch. Pulses Faba bean Vicia johannis Tamamsch. Pulses Narbon bean Vicia johannis Tamamsch. var. johannis Pulses Faba bean Vicia johannis Tamamsch. var. johannis Pulses Narbon bean Vicia johannis var. procumbens H. I. Schafer Pulses Faba bean Vicia johannis var. procumbens H. I. Schafer Pulses Narbon bean Vicia lathyroides L. Pulses Faba bean Vicia lutea L. Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia lutea L. subsp. lutea Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia lutea subsp. vestita (Boiss.) Rouy Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia melanops Sibth. & Sm. Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia melanops Sibth. & Sm. var. melanops Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia mollis Boiss. & Hausskn. Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia narbonensis L. Pulses Faba bean Vicia narbonensis L. Pulses Narbon bean Vicia narbonensis L. var. narbonensis Pulses Narbon bean Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 106 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Vicia narbonensis var. affinis Asch. & Schweinf. Pulses Narbon bean Vicia narbonensis var. salmonea (Mouterde) H. I. Schafer Pulses Narbon bean Vicia pannonica Crantz Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia pannonica Crantz subsp. pannonica Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia pannonica subsp. striata (M. Bieb.) Nyman Fodder/forage Hungarian vetch Vicia pectinata Lowe Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia pyrenaica Pourr. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa L. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa subsp. amphicarpa (Dorthes) Asch. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa subsp. cordata (Hoppe) Batt. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa subsp. devia J. G. Costa Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa subsp. incisa (M. Bieb.) Arcang. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa subsp. macrocarpa (Moris) Arcang. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia sativa var. platysperma Barulina Fodder/forage Common vetch Vicia serratifolia Jacq. Pulses Faba bean Vicia serratifolia Jacq. Pulses Narbon bean Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 107 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Vicia villosa Roth Fodder/forage Hairy vetch Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa Fodder/forage Hairy vetch Vicia villosa subsp. ambigua (Guss.) Kerguélen Fodder/forage Hairy vetch Vicia villosa subsp. eriocarpa (Hausskn.) P. W. Ball Fodder/forage Hairy vetch Vicia villosa subsp. microphylla (d'Urv.) P. W. Ball Fodder/forage Hairy vetch Vicia villosa subsp. varia (Host) Corb. Fodder/forage Hairy vetch Vitis acerifolia Raf. Beverages Wine grape Vitis amurensis Rupr. Beverages Amur grape Vitis amurensis Rupr. Beverages Wine grape Vitis labrusca L. Beverages Wine grape Vitis riparia Michx. Beverages Wine grape Vitis rupestris Scheele Beverages Wine grape Vitis vinifera L. Beverages Muscadine grape Vitis vinifera L. Beverages Wine grape Vitis vulpina L. Beverages Wine grape Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 108 Appendix B: Equivalences between Occurrence Data Collation Template and GBIF and GENESYS descriptors. ODC_Template GBIF_codes GENESYS_codes Comments UniqID No matching No matching Not included in original ODCT. Created to be used in data analysis. ID gbifID id TAXONID acceptedTaxonKey taxonomy.taxSpecies Not included in original ODCT. Created to keep accepted scientific name by GBIF or Original_name acceptedScientificName taxonomy.taxonName Genesys databases TYPE No matching No matching TYPESOURCE No matching No matching DATACOL_SOURCE No matching No matching Not included in original ODCT. Created to keep clear data source. CITATION No matching No matching FILENAME No matching No matching Not included in original ODCT. Name of the initial database with occurrence data. INSTNAME institutionCode institute.fullName In GBIF sometimes this field has the institution code instead of the name INSTCODE institutionID institute.Code STORAGE No matching storage1 IDSOURCE recordNumber accessionNumber ACCENUMB recordNumber accessionNumber DONORNAME No matching donorName DONORCODE No matching donorCode DONORNUMB No matching donorNumb DUPLPOPULATION No matching duplPopulation1 RIdentifier No matching No matching Not included in original ODCT. Unique identifier of the European priority CWR list Not included in original ODCT. Accepted name used in Farmer's Pride project according FullAcceptedName No matching No matching to EURO+MED PlantBase Not included in original ODCT. Created to have the information about "Family" FAMILY No matching No matching according to Euro+Med PlantBase. GENUS Genus taxonomy.genus SPECIES specificEpithet taxonomy.species SPAUTHOR No matching taxonomy.spAuthor Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 109 ODC_Template GBIF_codes GENESYS_codes Comments RANK1 taxonRank No matching SUBTAXA infraspecificEpithet taxonomy.subtaxa SUBTAUTHOR No matching taxonomy.subtAuthor TAXON No matching No matching DETBY recordedBy No matching COLLECTOR No matching coll.collName1 COLLNUMB catalogNumber coll.collNumb GBIF Original correspondence was "eventDate" but this field has different types of date COLLDATE No matching coll.collDate formats and was very incomplete. COLLDATE is filled joining 'year', 'month', 'day'. COLLDD Day No matching COLLMM Month No matching COLLYY Year No matching NAMECTY Country No matching In Genesys it can be completed by translating origCty into the given country ORIGCTY No matching origCty GBIF has an ISO2 "countryCode", which was translated into ISO3 code ADM1 stateProvince No matching ADM2 stateProvince No matching ADM3 County No matching ADM4 Municipality coll.collPopulation COLLPOPULATION Locality coll.collSite GEOREFMETH No matching geo.method COORD_SOURCE georeferenceRemarks No matching In GBIF, when no information is available, it can be sometimes be found in DECLATITUDE Latitude geo.latitude "decimalLatitude" In GBIF, when no information is available, it can be sometimes found in DECLONGITUDE Longitude geo.longitude "decimalLongitude" COORDDATUM geodeticDatum geo.datum COORDUNCERT coordinateUncertaintyInMeters geo.uncertainty ELEVATION Elevation geo.elevation Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 110 ODC_Template GBIF_codes GENESYS_codes Comments SAMPSTAT No matching sampStat final_cult_stat No matching No matching HABITAT_TXT Habitat No matching COLLSRC No matching coll.collSrc REMARKS occurrenceRemarks remarks1.remark occurrenceRemarks: this field is to provide more information not given in previous fields NOTES eventRemarks No matching eventRemarks: this field is to provide more information not given in previous fields COMMENTS organismRemarks No matching organismRemarks : this field is to provide more information not given in previous fields ISSUES Issue No matching Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 111 Appendix C: Priority human food related taxa that have high quality in situ records in only one country. Taxa Related crop Aegilops comosa Sm. subsp. Comosa Aegilops comosa subsp. heldreichii (Boiss.) Eig Aegilops crassa Boiss.ɸ Wheat Aegilops juvenalis (Thell.) Eig ɸ Aegilops speltoides Tauch. subsp. speltoides. *Agropyron dasyanthum Ledeb. *Agropyron tanaiticum Nevski Allium albiflorum Omelczuk Alliums Allium bourgeaui Rech. f. Allium bourgeaui subsp. creticum Bothmer ɸ Leek Allium bourgeaui subsp. cycladicum Bothmer Allium corsicum Jauzein & al. ɸ Allium melananthum Coincy ɸ Alliums Allium pyrenaicum Costa & Vayr. ɸ Amblyopyrum muticum (Boiss.) Eig Wheat Asparagus arborescens Willd. ex Schult. & Schult. f. ɸ Asparagus fallax Svent. ɸ Asparagus nesiotes subsp. purpureiensis Marrero Rodr. & A. Ramos ɸ Asparagus Asparagus pastorianus Webb & Berthel. ɸ Asparagus plocamoides Webb ex Svent. ɸ Avena barbata subsp. hirtula (Lag.) Tab. Morais ɸ Oat Avena murphyi Ladiz. ɸ Beta lomatogona Fisch. & C. A. Mey. ɸ Beta nana Boiss. & Heldr. ɸ Sugarbeet Beta patula Aiton ɸ Beta vulgaris subsp. adanensis Pamuk. Brassica cretica Lam. subsp. cretica ɸ Brassica cretica subsp. aegaea (Heldr. & Halácsy) Snogerup, M. A. Gust. & Cabbage Bothmer Brassica cretica subsp. laconica M. A. Gust. & Snogerup ɸ Brassica fruticulosa subsp. cossoniana (Boiss. & Reut.) Maire ɸ Rape Brassica incana Ten. Cabbage, Rape, Turnip Brassica macrocarpa Guss. ɸ Cabbage, Turnip Black mustard, Ethiopian Brassica maurorum Durieu ɸ cabbage, Mustard, Rape, Radish, Turnip Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt Turnip Brassica rupestris Raf. Cabbage Brassica villosa Biv. ɸ Cabbage Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Caruel) Raimondo & P. Mazzola ɸ Carthamus dentatus (Forssk.) Vahl subsp. Dentatus Safflower seed Carthamus dentatus subsp. ruber (Link) Hanelt F armer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 112 Taxa Related crop Carthamus leucocaulos Sm. Carthamus tenuis subsp. gracillimus (Rech. f.) Hanelt ɸ Cicer bijugum Rech. f. ɸ Cicer canariense A. Santos & G. P. Lewis ɸ Cicer echinospermum P. H. Davis ɸ Chickpea Cicer graecum Boiss. ɸ Cicer reticulatum Ladiz. ɸ Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay ɸ Black mustard, Cabbage, Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. White mustard, Turnip Crambe arborea H. Christ ɸ Crambe aspera M. Bieb. Crambe fruticosa L. f. ɸ Crambe laevigata DC. ex H. Christ ɸ Ethiopian cabbage Crambe scoparia Svent. ɸ Crambe tamadabensis A. Prina & A. Marrero ɸ Crambe wildpretii Prina & Bramwell ɸ Cynara baetica (Spreng.) Pau ɸ Artichoke Cynara baetica (Spreng.) Pau subsp. baetica ɸ Daucus carota subsp. cantabricus A. Pujadas ɸ Daucus carota subsp. gadecaei (Rouy & E. G. Camus) Heywood ɸ Carrot Daucus carota subsp. halophilus (Brot.) A. Pujadas ɸ Daucus carota subsp. majoricus A. Pujadas ɸ Black mustard, Cabbage, Diplotaxis siettiana Maire ɸ Mustard, Rape, Turnip Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze Mustard, Rape, Turnip Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze subsp. siifolia Elymus dahuricus Turcz. ex Griseb. Elytrigia curvifolia (Lange) Holub ɸ Wheat Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski Erucastrum canariense Webb & Berthel. ɸ Turnip Ficus carica L. Fig Ficus carica subsp. rupestris (Boiss.) Browicz ɸ Hordeum bulbosum L. subsp. Bulbosum Barley Lactuca aculeata Boiss. & Kotschy ɸ Lactuca alpestris (Gand.) Rech. f. ɸ Lactuca georgica Grossh. ɸ Lettuce Lactuca singularis Wilmott ɸ Lactuca virosa subsp. livida (Boiss. & Reut.) Ladero & A. Velasco ɸ Lactuca watsoniana Trel. ɸ Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilg. ɸ Wheat Malus crescimannoi Raimondo ɸ Apple Olea europaea subsp. cerasiformis G. Kunkel & Sunding ɸ Olive Patellifolia procumbens (C. Sm.) A. J. Scott & al. Sugarbeet Phoenix theophrasti Greuter Date Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 113 Taxa Related crop Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt. ɸ Pistachio Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle ɸ Almond Almond, Apricot, Peach, Prunus brigantina Vill. Plum Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey. ɸ Japanese plum Prunus ramburii Boiss. ɸ Japanese plum, Prunus tomentosa Thunb. ɸ Myrobalan plum, Peach, Sweet cherry Asian pear, Nashi pear, Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. Pear Pyrus elaeagrifolia subsp. bulgarica (Kuth. & Sachok.) Valev Pear Pyrus syriaca Boiss. Ussurian pear, Pear Ribes multiflorum Roem. & Schult. Blackcurrant, Redcurrant Ribes multiflorum Roem. & Schult. subsp. Multiflorum Redcurrant Ribes multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum Arrigoni ɸ Rorippa valdes-bermejoi (Castrov.) Mart.-Laborde & Castrov. ɸ Variable leaf yellowcress Saccharum spontaneum L. Sugarcane Secale vavilovii Grossh. ɸ Rye Sinapidendron angustifolium (DC.) Lowe ɸ Brassicas Sinapidendron frutescens Lowe ɸ Sinapis flexuosa Poir. ɸ White mustard Solanum lidii Sunding ɸ Eggplant Solanum marginatum L. f. Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides (Asch. & Graebn.) Thell. ɸ Wheat Vicia eristalioides Maxted ɸ Narbon bean *Vicia ferreirensis Goyder ɸ Faba bean Vicia johannis Tamamsch. var. johannis ɸ Faba bean, Narbon bean Vicia narbonensis L. var. affinis Asch. & Schweinf. Narbon bean Vicia narbonensis L. var. Narbonensis Vitis amurensis Rupr. ɸ Amur grape, Wine grape * Taxa that are also related to forage & fodder crops; ɸTaxa that only occur in one country according to Euro+Med PlantBase (https://www.emplantbase.org/home.html) Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 114 Appendix D: Priority fodder and forage related taxa with high quality in situ records in only one country. Taxa Related crop Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. subsp. cristatum ɸ *Agropyron dasyanthum Ledeb. Crested wheatgrass *Agropyron tanaiticum Nevski Alopecurus pratensis subsp. laguriformis (Schur) Tzvelev Meadow foxtail Dactylis glomerata subsp. juncinella (Bory) K. Richt. ɸ Dactylis glomerata subsp. merinoana (Horjales & al.) H. Scholz ɸ Cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata subsp. oceanica G. Guignard ɸ Dactylis glomerata subsp. rigida (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek ɸ Festuca rubra subsp. litoralis (G. Mey.) Auquier Red fescue Lathyrus chloranthus Boiss. ɸ Chickling vetch/flat pod Lathyrus stenophyllus Boiss. & Heldr. ɸ peavine Medicago cancellata M. Bieb. ɸ Alfalfa Medicago fischeriana (Ser.) Trautv. Medicago heyniana Greuter Alfalfa, Barrel medic Medicago hypogaea E. Small Medicago papillosa Boiss. ɸ Medicago pironae Vis. Alfalfa Medicago sativa subsp. microcarpa Urb. Medicago strasseri Greuter & al. ɸ Alfalfa, Barrel medic Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. fenas (Lag.) H. Scholz Tall fescue Trifolium alpestre L. var. alpestre Owlhead clover Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot. subsp. Isthmocarpum Moroccan clover Trifolium isthmocarpum subsp. jaminianum (Boiss.) Murb. Trifolium michelianum var. balansae (Boiss.) Azn. Balansa clover Trifolium pratense var. frigidum Gaudin Red clover Trifolium repens var. orbelicum (Velen.) R. M. Fritsch White clover Trisetum flavescens subsp. splendens (C. Presl) Arcang. Golden oatgrass Trisetum flavescens subsp. tenue (Formánek) Strid Bitter vetch, Common *Vicia ferreirensis Goyder ɸ vetch, Hungarian vetch, One-flowered vetch Vicia mollis Boiss. & Hausskn. ɸ Hungarian vetch *Taxa that are also related to human food crops; ɸTaxa that only occur in one country according to Euro+Med PlantBase (https://www.emplantbase.org/home.html) F armer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 115 Appendix E: In situ conservation actions for crop wild relatives in Europe. A survey of the Farmer's Pride project. F armer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 116 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 117 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 118 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 119 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 120 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 121 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 122 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 123 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 124 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 125 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 126 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 127 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 128 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 129 Appendix F: Sites and governance for in situ conserved populations gathered through the online survey. Governmental Belong to a Number of Country Locations Context of implementation CWR spp. recognition network populations Aegilops speltoides 1 Research project 75% Avena sterilis 1 Yes 85.3% Yes 75% Beta nana 1 Dactylis glomerata 1 Greece Mesti, Prespa, Litochoro, Subnational policy 6.7% Lactuca serriola 1 Chania, Kilkis 12 Lolium rigidum 1 Phoenix theophrasti 2 No 16.7% No 25% Pistacia lentiscus 1 Private initiative 8.3% Prunus webbii 1 Triticum onococcum 2 Czech Malus pumila 1 Republic Karlovy Vary 100% No 100% Yes 100% Prunus avium 1 3 NGO's activities Pyrus communis 1 National CWR Hordeum vulgare 1 Croati a Osijek, Zagreb conservation strategy 50% Yes 100% Yes 100% Medicago sativa 1 3 Research project 50% Vitis vinifera 1 88.2% Yes 5.9% Yes 18.8% Lathyrus hirsutus 1 Research project Bavaria, Dippoldiswalde, Lathyrus tuberosus 1 Germany Saxony, Baden- Malus sylvestris 8 17 National CWR Württemberg 11.8% No 94.1% No 81.2% Pyrus communis 6 conservation strategy Vitis vinifera 1 F armer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 130 Agrostis capillaris 1 Alopecurus pratensis 1 Arrhenatherum elatius 1 Dactylis glomerata 1 Daucus carota 1 Festuca rubra 1 Lolium perenne 1 Ireland Wexford Private initiative 100% Yes 100% Yes 100% Lotus corniculatus 1 15 Lotus pedunculatus 1 Ochlopoa annua 1 Phleum pratense 1 Poa pratensis 1 Trifolium arvense 1 Trifolium pratense 1 Trifolium repens 1 Arrhenatherum elatius 1 Asparagus officinalis 1 Dactylis glomerata 1 Fragaria viridis 1 Law on National Plant Lithuania Pagėgiai 100% Yes 100% Yes 100% Lotus corniculatus 1 9 Genetic Resources Medicago falcata 1 Melilotus albus 1 Phalaris arundinacea 1 Poa trivialis 1 Allium sativum 1 A research project 29.6% Yes 15% Asparagus fallax 2 Guadajira, Cáceres, Asparagus nesiotes 3 Tenerife, Árava, Cicer canariense 4 Fuerteventura, La Gomera, Festuca ovina 9 Baztan, Lanzarote, Bizkaia, Yes 100% Medicago arborea 1 28 Spa in La Graciosa, Gran Canaria, A subnational policy 70.4% No 85% Medigaco marina 1 Gipuzkoua Prunus lusitanica 5 Prunus padus 1 Solanum lidii 1 F armer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 131 Agrostis gigantea 1 Alopecurus pratensis 30 Arrhenatherum elatius 23 Dactylis glomerata 86 Festuca rubra 40 Lolium multiflorumam 5 Switzerland Chur A national CWR conservation 100% Yes 100% Yes 100% Lolium perenne 52 strategy Lotus corniculatus 11 704 Medicago sativa 6 Onobrychis viciifolia 2 Phleum pratense 14 Poa pratensis 57 Schedonorus arundinaceus 11 Schedonorus pratensis 113 Trifolium pratense 84 Trifolium repens 87 Trisetum flavescens 82 Allium schoenoprasum 7 Asparagus officinalis 1 United The Lizard, Dundee, A research project 99% Yes 2% Beta vulgaris 7 Kingdom Cambridge Daucus carota 7 No 100% 38 Hordeum vulgare 1 A private initiative 1% No 98% Onobrychis viciifolia 1 Raphanus raphanistrum 7 Trifolium repens 7 TOTAL Yes 93% Yes 91.9% 58 spp. 829 populations No 7% No 8.1% F armer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 132 Appendix G: Active in situ conservation actions and monitoring surveys applied to target CWR taxa. Aegilops speltoides 1 x x x Agrostis capillaris 1 x Agrostis gigantea 1 x x x X x x Allium sativum 1 x x x X x Allium x schoenoprasum 7 x x Alopecurus pratensis 31 x x x X x x Arrhenatherum elatius 25 x x x x X x x Asparagus fallax 2 x x Asparagus nesiotes 3 x x Asparagus officinalis 2 x x x x Avena sterilis 1 x x x X x Beta nana 1 x x x Beta vulgaris 7 x x x Cicer canariense 4 x x Dactylis glomerata 89 x x x x X x x Daucus carota 8 x x x Festuca ovina 9 x x x X x x Festuca rubra 41 x x x X x x Fragaria viridis 1 x x x Hordeum vulgare 2 x Lactuca serriola 1 x x x X x Lathyrus hirsutus 1 x x Lathyrus tuberosus 1 x x Lolium multiflorumam 5 x Lolium perenne 53 x x x x X x x x Lolium rigidum 1 x x x Lotus corniculatus 13 x x x x X x x x Lotus pedunculatus 1 x x x x x Malus pumila 1 x x x Malus sylvestris 8 x x x x Medicago arborea 1 x x x X x Medicago falcata 1 x x x Medicago sativa 7 x x x x X x x Medigaco marina 1 x x x X x X Melilotus albus 1 x x x Ochlopoa annua 1 x Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 133 CWR spp. Number of populations Monitoring and census of the species Phytosociological monitoring Seed collection and storage Controlled grazing Limited use of the territory Periodical mowing Low intensity agriculture Periodical cleaning Selective winter shrub clearing Reinforcements and habitat restoration Fenced Genetic research to identify hybrids or clones Onobrychis viciifolia 3 x x x x X x x Phalaris arundinacea 1 x x x Phleum pratense 15 x x x X x x Phoenix theophrasti 1 x x x Pistacia lentiscus 1 x x x Poa pratensis 58 x x x X x x Poa trivialis 1 x x x Prunus avium 1 x x x Prunus lusitanica 5 x x x x X x X x Prunus padus 1 x x x X x X Prunus webbii 1 x x x X x Pyrus communis 8 x x x Raphanus raphanistrum 7 x x X Schedonorus arundinaceus 11 x x x X x Schedonorus pratensis 113 x x x X x Solanum lidii 1 x x Trifolium arvense 1 x x x x X Trifolium pratense 85 x x x X x x Trifolium repens 95 x x x X x x X Trisetum flavescens 82 x x x X x x Triticum monococcum 2 X x Vitis vinifera 2 X x x x x TOTAL 829 57 42 31 29 25 23 16 9 9 3 1 1 Farmer’s Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 134