TFroefr es Li 2013-2014e AN ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE Our vision Our vision is a rural transformation in the developing world as smallholder households increase their use of trees in agricultural landscapes to improve food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, social cohesion, energy resources and environmental sustainability. Our mission The Centre’s mission is to generate science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and to use its research to advance policies and practices, and their implementation that benefit the poor and the environment. Our core values • Professionalism • Mutual respect • Creativity • Inclusiveness Our strategic goals Cover photo: Ibrahim Mohamedou, a local farmer, waters his plants at an • Building livelihoods by generating knowledge, choice and opportunities IFAD-supported nursery, part of an anti-desertification programme near • Improving landscapes and their sustainability by better managing their complexity the village of Zabon Mousso in Niger • Transforming agroforestry impacts to large-scale through policy, innovation and partnerships Photo credit: David Rose/Panos. Our partners The World Agroforestry Centre has always implemented much of its work in partnership with a range of public, private and international bodies. Our partnerships are based on a clear recognition of the value that is added through working jointly with partners and sharing strengths to achieve specific outcomes. We partner with universities, advanced research institutions, national agricultural research organizations, private sector organizations, and government and non-government agencies in the fields of agriculture, forestry, environment, conservation and climate change. © World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, 2014 ISSN 1995-6851 World Agroforestry Centre. 2014. Annual Report 2013-2014: Trees for Life. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Agroforestry Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without ii written permission of the source. Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Contents Milestones 6 Trees, food security and health 21 Trees and the changing climate 34 The right tree for the right place 44 The way we work 58 Annexes 68 Tuma Galmuka Uka with the seedling of a moringa cabbage tree (Moringa stenopetala). The trees produce high yields even during droughts, and they are an important source of food, medicine, fodder and fuel. 2 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © Mikkel Ostergaard / Panos CONGRESS MAPS OUT AGROFORESTRY’S FUTURE "Once every five years we celebrate the role of tree- up a National Agroforestry Mission with an investment based systems in human prosperity with an international of 2000 million rupees (US$33 million). It is envisaged congress," blogged Director General Tony Simons during that funds made available to the mission will help to the 3rd World Congress on Agroforestry. Jointly organized leverage a further 80,000 million rupees (US$1.3 billion) by the World Agroforestry Centre, the Indian Council of of investment. This will be used to promote sustainable Agricultural Research, the Indian Society of Agroforestry agricultural practices and increase food production. and Global Initiatives, the Congress took place in Delhi, India, in February 2014. Its theme was 'Trees for Life: As Secretary of the National Advisory Council, World Accelerating the Impact of Agroforestry.' Agroforestry Centre Board member Rita Sharma played a key role in promoting the agroforestry policy initiative. Attended by over 1000 people from 80 countries, the Pal Singh, until recently the World Agroforestry Centre's Congress broke new ground, according to Ravi Prabhu, Regional Coordinator for South Asia, was also an influential Deputy Director General of the World Agroforestry presence during discussions. Centre: "It attracted a very high-level policy audience for the first time, and we have never had a congress when The second day of the Congress was devoted to science, the host country announced that it was putting in place a with a plenary session and 12 parallel sessions. Scientists national agroforestry policy. This was a huge event." from across the globe also presented over 350 posters showcasing their research. "There was plenty of new "There are 6 million scientists in the world but less than 0.1% of thinking and innovative science on show," reflects Ravi them would likely describe themselves as an agroforestry scientist... Prabhu, "with many presentations and posters focusing on All scientists, and indeed all 7.2 billion humans alive today, rely in subjects such as biofuels and gender, which hadn't received one way or another on tree products and services – and therefore in such prominent coverage at previous congresses." a way rely on agroforestry scientists. Yes, give yourself a clap." Tony Simons During the seven weeks around the event, the DIrector General WCA2014.org website received over 60,000 visits from 188 countries. Almost 200 blogposts were published and The president of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, officially there were over 4000 tweets related to the Congress, in opened the Congress, telling delegates: "The cylinders theory reaching some 2.6 million people. Facebook posts can no longer remain idle; it is time to fire." He publicly about the conference were read by over 17,000 people, launched the National Agroforestry Policy, which had been and just under 2000 people watched live streaming of agreed by Cabinet the previous week. The policy will enable the Congress. The blog competition offered scientists a farmers to reap the benefits of agroforestry and adopt platform to showcase their projects, and proved a major climate-smart agricultural practices. "2014 should be a success, with seven of the 10 most viewed pages being defining moment for tree-based systems to address climate competition blogs. change," he said. Everyone who attended the Congress received a copy The National Agroforestry Policy is in line with of Trees for Life: Creating a More Prosperous Future through recommendations made by the National Advisory Council Agroforestry, a lavishly illustrated book which draws heavily of the Government of India, which had suggested setting on the 'Trees for Change' series. 6 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Milestones from the regions 2013 was a big year for the World Agroforestry Centre's document, research and development activities in the field of Southeast Asia programme, which celebrated 20 years of agroforestry have a clear direction," said Dr Santoso. research and development with events in Indonesia and the Philippines. The World Agroforestry Centre was one of the sponsors of Philippine's First International Agroforestry Congress, At a meeting in Jakarta in November, scientists were able which was held in Bohol in March 2014 under the banner of to share their experiences with a distinguished audience "Agroforestry: Greening and feeding the nations in the 21st which included representatives of development organizations, century." research centres and government ministries. Regional Coordinator Ujjwal Pradhan listed recent achievements Jointly organized by the Philippine Agroforestry Education and of the Centre's Indonesian programme. These included Research Network (PAFERN), University of the Philippines a memorandum of understanding to support a new Los Baños Institute of Agroforestry and Bohol Island State agroforestry research centre in West Java; the inauguration of University, the meeting explored how agroforestry can help to a regional early-career scientist programme; and the launch of increase farmers' productivity and incomes, and at the same three important projects which will enable the government time create healthier soils and capture carbon. of Indonesia to achieve its emission reduction targets. The The keynote speech was delivered by Ravi Prabhu of the projects are being led by Sonya Dewi. In December 2013, World Agroforestry Centre. "What we need is a green she was appointed as the first coordinator of the Centre's economy, which is low in environmental impacts, efficient in Indonesia country programme. use of natural resources, resilient in managing risks through Other speakers included Bambang Hartano, Director of natural capital and socially inclusive," he said, before setting Research and Development of Forest Productivity, who out a vision of how agroforestry can green and feed the spoke on behalf of the Minister of Forestry; Dennis Garrity, world. founding Regional Coordinator of the Centre's Southeast Rodel Lasco, Coordinator of the Centre's Philippine office and Asia programme, via video link from his home in Nairobi; a contributor to the latest report of the Intergovernmental and Wahjudi Wardojo and Iman Santosa, former and current Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), explored how farmers in Director Generals of Indonesia's Forestry Research and the Philippines can use agroforestry to help them adapt to Development Agency (FORDA). climate change and sequester greenhouse gases. The Congress The event concluded with the launch of three books: 20 years also heard about a range of research projects which show of working towards a sustainable Southeast Asia 1993–2013; that agroforestry and conservation agriculture with trees have Negotiation-support toolkit for learning landscapes; and the a key role to play in improving food security and protecting English-language version of the Indonesian National Strategy of farmers against typhoons and other severe weather events Agroforestry Research 2012–2030. The latter was launched at (see pages 27 and 56). this event in recognition of the strong partnership between FORDA, which was celebrating its 100th anniversary, and the World Agroforestry Centre. "With the publication of this 7 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4MILESTONES Researchers have been identifying areas in western Nepal that 8 are likely to experience climate change in the future. Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © Neil Palmer / CIAT India’s National Agroforestry Policy Despite the numerous benefits which many farmers and Agroforestry policy and related issues were discussed at nine landowners gain from agroforestry, no specific scheme or national-level consultations, involving – in Pal’s words – a policy existed to promote the practice in India. All this is now wide range of stakeholders, stockholders and stickholders. set to change. The outcomes and recommendations from each consultation were fed into the one that followed, thus making the process “Since the mandate for agroforestry fell within the cracks of cumulative and inclusive. various ministries and departments and state governments, no serious institutional effort had been made to develop The consultations came up with 10 major policy a coherent agroforestry policy,” says Pal Singh, who until recommendations. These were circulated to various agencies recently was the World Agroforestry Centre’s Regional for comment, and posted on the Internet for a wider critique. Coordinator for South Asia. “What we needed, and what we Feedback was incorporated into the policy document at now have, is a national agroforestry policy.” another national-level consultation. The document was then submitted to the Government of India. After obtaining Much of the credit for its development must go to Rita approval at Cabinet level, the document was laid in front of Sharma, a member of the World Agroforestry Centre’s both Houses of Parliament. Plans are presently underway to Board of Trustees and Secretary to the Government of prepare a roadmap and guidelines for a separate Agroforestry India’s National Advisory Council (NAC). In 2013, the Mission/Board, which will facilitate the recommendations of Council established a working group to develop a national the policy at national level. agroforestry policy. The working group’s deliberations were attended by key ministries, research institutes and “India’s national agroforestry policy is a major event and representatives of NGOs and industry, including the Ministry historic achievement,” says Pal Singh. “It is the first national of Environment and Forests, the Ministry of Agriculture, the agroforestry policy in the world and other nations are Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the Ministry expected to follow suit in the near future.” of Rural Development and the World Agroforestry Centre. 9 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4MILESTONES CHANGING THE WAY WE WORK To meet the needs of a rapidly expanding population, global "In the past, we tended to design research activities on the food production will have to increase by around 60% by assumption that what works with farmers in one site will 2050. The amount of new land that can be brought into work with lots of others," says Fergus Sinclair, a systems production is limited, hence the need for "sustainable scientist at the World Agroforestry Centre. "Efforts are intensification". This involves producing more crops then made to scale up adoption of options that worked in and livestock from the same area of land, while at the a few pilot sites across large areas and this doesn’t always same time reducing the negative environmental impacts work." associated with many current farming practices. One of the reasons why scaling up from pilot sites is often Trees can be a key component of sustainable intensification. patchy is because local conditions – soils, climate, farming However, there's a problem. Although there is plenty practices, livelihood systems, markets and policies – vary of evidence to show that agroforestry can enhance soil from one place to another. This means that solutions fertility, increase crop production and provide a range of to problems must vary too. However, it is common for other goods and services, it is much harder to identify development organizations to promote only what they which particular tree species and management options will think is best practice, without testing a range of different be suitable for a particular farmer. options across different situations. "So, we don't learn what the best-fit options are," says Fergus. To overcome these problems, the World Agroforestry Centre is championing a new way of doing research. This involves embedding research 'in' development, rather than conducting research 'for' development. The semantic difference may be slight, but the impact is far-reaching for research organizations and development agencies, as well as for the smallholder farmers they serve1. Richard Coe, a research methods guru at the World Agroforestry Centre, points out that a lot of development spending is based on flimsy evidence about the interventions required to generate the desired impact. "We can certainly improve on this if we can persuade development partners to use 'planned comparisons' in the way they structure their activities, and then monitor performance so that we can see what works in different contexts," he says. Trees on farms can enhance soil fertility. 1 Coe R, Sinclair F, Barrios E. 2014. Scaling up agroforestry requires research ‘in’ rather than ‘for’ development. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6:73–77 10 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF A new kind of cooperation Several of the projects described in the following pages – alley cropping. Plot-level trials with a few fast-growing including the Trees for Food Security project in Ethiopia shrub species led scientists to believe that growing crops and Rwanda (page 21), the Agroforestry and Forestry between rows of nitrogen-fixing trees could have a in Sulawesi project (page 50), and the Agroforestry for transformative impact across Africa. There were ambitious Livelihoods programme in Vietnam – are trialling the attempts to scale up alley cropping, but adoption was new research in development approach. This involves patchy. Eventually it became clear that the technology only characterizing variation in context and then testing worked under very specific conditions, in terms of soil and out a range of agroforestry practices, chosen through climate, and when land was scarce and labour abundant. participatory processes with farmers, under different conditions. Scaling up is then an iterative process, where The research in development approach, in contrast, feedback on performance of different options in different recognizes the importance of ecological, social and contexts refines our understanding of best-fit options. institutional complexity from the outset. It also emphasizes that researchers and development agencies will have the "There simply isn't enough research money to test the greatest impact when they collaborate closely with one scaling up of different options over large areas," says another. Fergus. "That's why the development agencies are so important." The Centre' s development partners are being encouraged to test out the best-fit options in a systematic way. This requires not only careful design of which options to try out in different contexts, but rigorous monitoring and evaluation over time. This process enables researchers and their partners to match agroforestry practices to sites and farmer circumstances and adapt them to local conditions. However, selecting the most appropriate agroforestry technologies is just one side of the story. Researchers and their development partners also need to work with government agencies and the private sector to establish effective delivery mechanisms, efficient markets and appropriate policies necessary for their adoption. "Today, when we talk about agroforestry options we are referring to change in farming practices, supply of inputs and markets for outputs and the institutional arrangements, such as land and tree tenure, which condition them," says Fergus. Researchers and development partners need to work with government One lesson that's been learned the hard way is that agencies and the private sector to establish effective delivery mechanisms. there are no silver bullets. Take, for example, the case of 11 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF MILESTONES A NEW RESEARCH PROGRAMME FOR THE MEKONG Humidtropics, a CGIAR research programme covering humid and sub-humid tropical Africa, Asia and the Americas, aims to help poor farming families boost their incomes by improving their agricultural practices, while at the same time preserving the land for future generations.2 The four action areas are located in the Central Mekong region of Southeast Asia, the West Africa humid lowlands, the East and Central African highlands, and Central America and the Caribbean. The research programme in the Central Mekong Action Area, which is led by the World Agroforestry Centre, was officially launched at a workshop in Hanoi, Vietnam, in May 2013. The 40 or so participants were then taken on a three-day field trip to Son La in Northwest Vietnam. "The workshop and field trip were all about launching a research-for-development platform with our many partners, analysing the situation on the ground, and identifying places and points of intervention where we can encourage sustainable intensification of different agricultural systems," says Ingrid Oborn, the World Agroforestry Centre focal point for the Humidtropics programme. Prior to the workshop, researchers had identified three key areas in which to work. These include the so-called green triangle, which encompasses remote, upland areas in Laos, Vietnam and China; the golden triangle, an area shared between Myanmar, China, Thailand and Laos; and the development triangle, which includes contiguous areas in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam that are urgently in need of development. Approximately two-thirds of the 300 million people who live in the Central Mekong Action Area are dependent on agricultural activities for their livelihoods, and one in five people lives below the poverty line. 2 http://humidtropics.cgiar.org/ 12 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 There are considerable variations – ecological, socio- economic and cultural – between the triangles. For example, much of the land in the green triangle is devoted to monocultural maize and bananas. These crops are typically grown on steep slopes, leading to serious problems of erosion and land degradation. In the Chinese portion of the golden triangle, many farming families have switched from swidden agriculture to monocrop rubber. This has helped to increase their incomes, but at a considerable cost to the environment. The increasing dependence on single crops – such as rubber in the golden triangle – means that farmers are particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices. During the workshop and field visit, scientists were able to analyse the challenges facing farmers and identify possible "entry points" for intensifying agricultural production and improving livelihoods. Humidtropics research in the Central Mekong is focusing on a number of activities, including improving integrated tree-crop-livestock systems, introducing vegetable and fruit production for home consumption and the market, improving upland rice production and establishing sustainable systems combining food and cash crops with agroforestry. Some of the activities involve existing research projects; others will be new. Whatever the case, bilateral grants are combined with funding from CGIAR research programmes, such as the one on Humidtropics. An example of the former is the Agroforestry for Smallholders Livelihoods in Northwest Vietnam project, which seeks to increase incomes by encouraging farmers to grow tree crops (see box on next page). An example of the latter includes the green rubber project in China. This is all about alleviating poverty and enhancing environmental integrity by introducing innovative agroforestry practices to existing rubber plantations. "These sorts of projects will be the backbone of our Humidtropics research in Central Picking tea in the Upper Mekong. Mekong," says Ingrid. 13 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/ Jianchu Xu MILESTONES Creating complex agroforestry systems in a difficult environment Northwest Vietnam is a tough place to live, and a tough place to launch research projects. This is a mostly mountainous region with a variety of landscapes, varied rainfall, and different patterns of vegetation and farming systems. It is a socially complex area as well, with 30 different ethnic groups, each with its own language and way of doing things. In recent decades, the population has rapidly risen, and so has the pressure on forests. Considerable areas have been lost and land degradation is now affecting the productivity of many farming families. "Farmers in the Northwest region face many challenges," says Delia Catacutan, the World Agroforestry Centre's Country A H’mong farmer returning home after working on her upland field. Coordinator for Vietnam. "They have to cope with small farm and different grasses. The fruit trees provide farmers with a good sizes, poor access to major markets, the lack of non-farm source of cash and a range of environmental benefits. Another livelihood opportunities and climatic variability." In most years, agroforestry system which is working well involves planting dry and cold spells limit farmers to just one crop of maize, which macadamia trees with crops such as coffee and soya bean. Again, they plant on steep hillsides. There is little wonder, says Delia, that this is helping farmers to improve their incomes and at the same in their efforts to maximise production and income from limited time manage their land in a more environmentally-friendly way. area of land, farmers seldom consider planting trees. The project has also established a network of nurseries to However, a five-year project managed by the World Agroforestry improve the availability of high-quality germplasm. This is essential Centre and supported by the Australian Centre for International if agroforestry is to be expanded across the region. Project Agricultural Research (ACIAR) – Agroforestry for Smallholders partners are also looking at ways to improve market access for Livelihoods in Northwest Vietnam – is hoping to change all this. agroforestry products. Launched in 2012, the initiative seeks to increase the productivity of crop and livestock systems and encourage more diverse and In March 2014, scientists from the World Agroforestry Centre and sustainable production systems. In such a complex environment, representatives from ACIAR led a two-day field trip to Northwest there can be no one-size-fits-all solution; rather, a range of Vietnam. They held discussions with local farmers about the innovations are required. development of the agroforestry trials, and assessed the project's achievements and shortcomings. This was part of the mid-term "Farmers need incentives if they are going to shift to more review, led by Tony Bartlett and Geoff Morris of ACIAR. Also in sustainable practices, such as contour ploughing and integrating attendance were 30 representatives from seven organizations, trees into their maize fields," says Delia. "Our project cannot including partners such as the Department of Agriculture and provide most of the incentives that farmers need, but by working Rural Development, Tay Bac University, and the Northern with local partners we're helping to develop these incentives and Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute. encourage more sustainable and productive practices." It was agreed that considerable progress had been made, but Soon after the project was launched, the research partners more needs to be done over the next three years. Tony Bartlett, established a number of trial plots, using different combinations of for example, emphasized that the project needs to pay more trees and annual crops on hillsides. Some of these are now being attention to working out how to transfer new technologies to adopted by farmers. For example, a native fruit tree Docynia indica farmers. 14 – son tra in the local language – is being intercropped with maize Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/Robert Fox MAKING THE MOST OF AFRICA'S GENES In December 2013, the African Plant Breeding Academy One of the brains behind AOCC is Howard Yana-Shapiro, was launched at the World Agroforestry Centre's Chief Agricultural Officer at Mars, Inc. He recognized headquarters in Nairobi. "This is one of the most exciting that Africa's orphan crops could play a major role in things ever to happen in Africa in the field of plant tackling malnutrition and diseases caused by vitamin breeding," says Tony Simons. "Between 2000 and today, deficiencies. "Stunted children do not reach their full scientists sequenced the genomes of less than 100 plant potential, physically, mentally or economically," he said at species. During the next four years, our initiative alone the Academy's opening ceremony. "We believe this work plans to add 100 more." can help complement the low nutritional content of staple food. The crops will be bred to optimize their health-giving The Academy is an initiative of the African Orphan Crops properties." Consortium (AOCC), which was established in 2011. The Consortium's aim is to improve the quality, productivity At the launch Prof Onesmo ole MoiYoi, Chair of the Kenya and climatic adaptability of plants such as baobab and Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), pointed out that breadfruit, custard apple and cape tomato, tree grape and poor nutrition during foetal development commits an tamarind. These orphan crops have been used by African individual to develop traits that can be passed on to their farmers in some cases for centuries. However, with a few grandchildren. For example, during the Second World War, exceptions, they have been largely ignored by science as a Nazi blockade in part of the Netherlands led to high they generally play a minor role in international trade. levels of malnutrition the consequences of which are still being felt three generations later. Howard Yana-Shapiro of Mars, Inc. with World Agroforestry Centre Director General Tony Simons at the opening ceremony. 15 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF MILESTONES Breeding for a healthy future Baobab is one of the species which will benefit from the programme. The AOCC is an unusual collaboration, involving the equipment. "All the delicious vegetables of the Chinese African Union's New Partnership for Africa's Development cuisine have been sequenced," he said at the opening (NEPAD), Mars, the World Agroforestry Centre, Beijing ceremony. Now it is the turn of Africa's crops. Genomics Institute, Life Technologies Corporation, World Wildlife Fund, University of California (UC Davis) and The genetic mapping of orphan crops will help scientists to the Biosciences East and Central Africa–ILRI hub. Each is identify specific gene sequences linked to desirable traits, bringing its own specific expertise – and in some cases such as high vitamin content, drought-tolerance, pest- financial backing – to the project. resistance and high yields. The information will be made freely available on the Internet. "This means that countries Hosted in Nairobi by the World Agroforestry Centre, the and research organizations will be able to pick out Academy will train 250 plant breeders in modern genomics specific genetic sequences and use these to develop new and marker-assisted selection techniques for orphan varieties with the traits they want," says Ramni Jamnadass, crop improvement over a five-year period. The training head of the World Agroforestry Centre's Tree Diversity, programmes have been designed by UC Davis. The first Domestication and Delivery Programme. session, which began the day before the official launch of the Academy, involved 24 participants from 11 African Although agricultural policy-making in Africa has largely countries. focused on export crops, the amount of food sold in local markets for local consumption currently exceeds exports The scientists trained at the Academy will use four gene- by a factor of three. "By 2030, 10 times as much food will sequencing machines, provided by Life Technologies be sold in Africa’s local markets as is exported," says Tony Corporation and installed at the Centre's headquarters, Simons. "The question is: will urban consumers be eating to help describe the genomes of the 100 chosen orphan cholesterol-laden trans-fats or healthy, vitamin-rich orphan crops. According to Xun Xu, Deputy Director of Beijing crops?" It is hoped that this project will help to ensure it's Genomics Institute, the new machines are a million the latter. times faster and cheaper to use than the ‘old-generation’ 16 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF Improving livelihoods with sustainable biofuels In recent years, biofuels – fuels derived from biomass – have The programme is pursuing a landscape approach, targeting become the subject of heated debate. Spurred on by national integrated food and energy systems while promoting native mandates and subsidies, many countries have resorted to using multifunctional crops such as macauba, pongamia, simarouba edible food crops as biofuels feedstock. This has contributed and neem. These are crops with high potential for energy to rising prices of commodities like maize and wheat, with production, as well as animal feeds, fertilizers and other disastrous consequences for poor people in some of the least products. Many grow well on marginal degraded lands; some developed countries. At the same time, the rush to satisfy the can even improve the productivity of food crops and livestock increasing demand for bioenergy has led to forest clearance in well-designed systems. and the loss of biodiversity. "What we as researchers have to do is figure out how we can However, it should be possible to produce biofuels sustainably make biofuel systems more effective, efficient and socially just and deliver economic, environmental and social gains. A at the same time," says Henry Neufeldt, head of the Climate new project, launched at the UN climate change conference Change Unit at the World Agroforestry Centre. in Bonn, Germany, in July 2013, is focusing on how to use biomass, especially from smart agroforestry systems, to provide clean energy and additional income for rural communities, and at the same time enhance local food security and increase the resilience of small-scale farmers to climate change. "Ultimately, the success of any large-scale biofuel project comes down to rigorous science that can determine what crops to grow, and where and how to grow them," says the Programme Manager, Navin Sharma who joined the World Agroforestry Centre in 2013 after more than 20 years’ experience in industrial R&D. "Collaboration among research institutes, development organizations, business, civil society and governments must also be in place." Supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the four-year "Programme for the Development of Alternative Biofuel Crops" is being implemented by the World Agroforestry Centre in India, Brazil and Africa, in partnership with various centres of excellence. The programme consists of three complementary components: research and development; local energy provision to enhance food security; and knowledge sharing and capacity Macauba is a very productive biofuel plant with a variety of other uses building, together with policy studies and awareness campaigns. 17 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © Embrapa/Favaro MILESTONES A MAJOR PROJECT FOR DRYLAND AFRICA Over the next five years, approximately 70,000 households sub-Saharan Africa has found that the presence of older, in 800 villages in five sub-Saharan African countries nitrogen-fixing trees can increase millet and sorghum will benefit from a major new project. Funded by the yields by up to 30%. Trees also provide fodder for livestock Government of Netherlands Directorate General and fruits for human consumption, as well as medicines, for International Cooperation (DGIS), the 'Enhancing fuelwood and timber. water and food production for rural economic growth' project is being driven by farmers, supported by national Besides coordinating the project, the Centre will conduct organizations and coordinated by the World Agroforestry baseline surveys and be closely involved in monitoring Centre. and evaluation of the project. According to Frank Place, ICRAF’s Impact Assessment Advisor, the strength of the The €40 million project is focusing on areas in Burkina project lies in its partnership design. This encourages Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali and Niger with high population farmers and farmer organizations to articulate the needs density and a high dependence on food aid. It has three of different types of farmers. The project also benefits from principal aims. It will improve water and food security; the support of skilled partners from various development promote commercialization of the rural economy; and agencies, backed by the expertise of international create an institutional environment that supports better organizations. water and food security, and promotes economic growth. During the second half of 2013, lead organizations for each country were selected, based on their experience in the field. For example, in Ethiopia the project is now being managed by World Vision, which first opened an office there in 1975. Regional meetings were held in 2013 to develop key steps towards a smooth launch of the project in each country. A meeting with all the lead organizations was also held to develop ways of working collaboratively with partners at national and international levels. Declining soil fertility, meagre yields, poor water management and frequent food shortages – these are the realities of daily life for many people in the areas where the project is active. Using a variety of approaches, the project will help farmers to improve soil and water management. This will involve the rehabilitation of around 500,000 hectares of degraded land. Agroforestry will play an important role in the project. In semi-arid areas trees can improve soil fertility by providing leaf litter and nitrogen. Approximately 70,000 households will benefit from the new Indeed, research by the World Agroforestry Centre in drylands project. 18 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF Strengthening partnership in Vietnam Delia Catacutan and Trieu Van Hung exchange documents during the signing ceremony In December 2013, the President of the Vietnam Academy of organizations work closely together on a range of research Forest Sciences, Trieu Van Hung, and the World Agroforestry projects. Centre's Country Coordinator for Vietnam, Delia Catacutan, signed a formal agreement to increase cooperation between "Last year, we reopened the agroforestry unit as part of our the two organizations. "This agreement formally acknowledges silviculture division and we want to extend our research into the extent of our cooperation with the Academy and sets out tree improvement in domestication, especially in the north- a clear path for deepening the relationship," reflected Delia west, to help farmers in remote areas where we do not yet during the signing ceremony. have research activities," said Dr Hung. "This agreement with the Centre will add considerable strength to our existing The agreement emphasizes four main areas of cooperation. human resources and we expect much more progress in Among other things, these will help to increase the capacity of research and in sharing knowledge and information." the Academy in agroforestry research and ensure that the two 19 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF MILESTONES Children picking cherries in Tajikistan. 20 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © Carolyn Drake / Panos TREES AND FOOD SECURITY Most of the food consumed in Eastern Africa is produced they also provide key insights into how farmers currently by smallholder farmers. However, their productivity has view and use trees. been falling, frequently as a result of declining soil fertility. In parts of Ethiopia, water scarcity, uncontrolled grazing "Among other things, the data are helping us to understand and the high demand for tree products is leading to severe what motivates farmers to plant and retain trees, why environmental degradation and declining yields. In Rwanda, they prefer some tree species to others, and what sort many farmers grow their crops on steep slopes, and their of benefits they get," explains Miyuki Iiyama, who is land is suffering from severe soil erosion. managing the baseline surveys. "Our results show that the trees people value in Ethiopia vary from wetter to Tackling these problems, and providing farmers with the drier conditions, as well as from farm to farm within agro- means to increase their productivity, lies at the heart of a ecological zones, based on household characteristics." major project managed by the World Agroforestry Centre. "Our objective is to encourage resource-poor farmers In terms of species diversity, Ethiopian farmers manage to grow more trees as a way of improving their food the natural regeneration of trees in their crop fields for and nutritional security," explains Catherine Muthuri, the fuel, subsistence needs, including fodder and building project coordinator. materials, and environmental services – such as erosion control and water retention. This is the predominant form Launched in 2012, the four-year Trees for Food Security of agroforestry in these areas, followed by the planting of project is funded by the Australian Centre for International high-value trees for timber and fruit. Different agroforestry Agricultural Research (ACIAR). During the first two years, practices, such as scattered trees in fields, live fences and the initiative focused on two distinct agro-ecological zones windbreaks – had distinct associations with specific agro- – semi-arid and sub-humid – in Ethiopia and Rwanda. Here, ecological conditions, household characteristics, farm and researchers, extension workers and farmers have been off-farm income strategies and access to markets. testing a range of agroforestry options. During the second phase, the most successful agroforestry options will be Miyuki and her colleagues found that farmers in the wetter scaled up within country and 'scaled out' to Uganda and areas of Ethiopia tended to have a higher proportion of Burundi. The project is targeting agro-ecological zones that land planted to high-value agroforestry than those in drier are home to over 30 million rural people, some 10 million zones. In contrast, farmer-managed natural regeneration, of whom face acute food shortages. while ubiquitous everywhere, was more common in the drier zones. The prevalence of trees on farms confirms that they play an important role, providing farmers with a range Understanding the status quo of goods and services. Approximately 1200 households were interviewed across "One clear message to come out of our research is that four agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia and Rwanda. governments and non-governmental organizations should Researchers gathered information on a wide range of encourage farmers to grow a range of different species socio-economic and biophysical factors, including tenure, for a range of different purposes which not only suit their farming systems, access to markets and soil health, and at livelihood objectives, but also promote tree diversity each site 100 households provided detailed information at landscape level," says Fergus Sinclair, who leads the about the use of trees on farms. The survey data form a Centre's agroforestry systems research. baseline against which project impact can be measured; 21 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TTRREEEESS,, FFOOOODD SSEECCUURRIITTYY AANNDD HHEEAALLTTHH Testing what works The Trees for Food Security project seeks to avoid these problems by adopting a “research in development” The World Agroforestry Centre and its international approach (see page 10). This involves testing a range of research partners, including the International Maize and different options in different situations, with the help Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), have designed a of development organizations like World Vision. This series of long-term trials in partnership with the Ethiopian will enable the project partners to conduct planned Institute of Agricultural Research and the Rwanda comparisons over time, and assess the relative advantages Agricultural Board. “Our aim is to look at how different and disadvantages of different agroforestry practices for crops perform under different conditions, with different different conditions. This allows the project to scale up combinations of trees,” explains Catherine Muthuri. adoption of locally adapted agroforestry practices over Although the project comes to an end in 2016, she hopes large areas, reaching tens of thousands of farming families. that the Centre’s presence in Ethiopia and Rwanda, and the attractiveness of the projects for research students, will “One of the strengths of this project has been the mean that the trials have a long-term future. involvement of many different partners, and the fact that it is embedded within government processes,” says Catherine. As part of the scaling up strategy, scientists from The project will have a range of different outcomes. It will the Centre, led by Edmundo Barrios, organized two provide guidance about what sort of agroforestry systems participatory trials design workshops (See box: Looking work best under different conditions. It is already building for best fits). Each workshop was attended by staff from the capacity of extension agencies and researchers in the national agricultural research and extension services, region. Most importantly, it should improve the food and universities, government offices and non-governmental nutritional security of tens of thousands of farming families. organizations, as well as local farmers. These hands-on capacity building workshops were designed to guide a participatory process to come up with ‘best-fit’ agroforestry options. For example, at sites in Ethiopia where uncontrolled livestock grazing has led to severe erosion and loss of grassland, farmers are testing the planting of different trees as living fences. Other agroforestry activities have been designed to increase soil fertility, provide fruit and improve the supply of livestock fodder. A new way of doing research In the past, many research projects have made the mistake of assuming that just because something works in one place, or on one farm, it will work in another. In short, they have failed to take account of the complexity of conditions on the ground, and the variations in soil types, climate, access to markets and so forth that can occur over relatively small distances. Farmers in Ethiopia are boosting maize yields by using nitrogen-fixing shrubs. 22 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF Looking for best fits The participatory trials design workshop in Rwanda. ”Blending local and technical knowledge is a key principle for agencies, universities, government departments and NGOs fostering relevant, credible and legitimate action research in were provided with basic training on InPaC-S tools to agriculture,” says Edmundo Barrios, who was responsible for identify, classify and prioritize local knowledge on soil fertility organizing two participatory trial design workshops in Ethiopia management. The following day, trainees used the tools in the and Rwanda in 2013. “At the workshops, scientists, farmers field, where they were joined by some 40 farmers representing and other agricultural professionals benefited from working local communities. The local knowledge generated in the field closely together.” was a key input during the development of skills required to blend local and scientific knowledge on soil fertility In 2011, Edmundo led the development and design of a management and agroforestry. methodological guide which enables researchers and others to blend local and scientific knowledge on soil fertility The workshop participants came up with five ‘best-bet’ management.3 Selected tools of the InPaC-S guide, published agroforestry technologies which they considered worth by the World Agroforestry Centre, the Brazilian Agricultural testing in the field as possible candidates for scaling up. “Trials Research Corporation (Embrapa) and the International Centre designed for farmers’ fields have now been carried out at for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), were adapted and used in many different sites, under differing conditions, for example in workshops by Edmundo and Richard Coe, a research methods terms of soil types, climate, and farmer capacity to purchase expert at the World Agroforestry Centre. and use inputs,” says Richard Coe. “This allows us to match practices to sites and farmer circumstances and drives local On the first day of the workshop, approximately 30 adaptation.” representatives of national research institutes, extension 3 www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/B17459.PDF 23 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/ Anne Kuria TTRREEEESS,, FFOOOODD SSEECCUURRIITTYY AANNDD HHEEAALLTTHH FRUITS FOR A HEALTHY LIFE Fruit consumption in East Africa is among the lowest in the world. While the average person in Europe and the United States consumes over 280g of fruit per day, East Africans eat less than 40g – one-fifth of the intake recommended by the World Health Organization. This is a dismal statistic for a region which is blessed with a great variety of indigenous and exotic fruit trees. And it is one reason why 44% of children under the age of five suffer from stunting, and why so many adults are undernourished. They simply aren't getting sufficient minerals and other nutrients in their diets. So what's the solution? "We believe that agroforestry has a key role to play in improving food and nutritional security in developing countries," says Ramni Jamnadass, head of the Tree Diversity, Domestication and Delivery unit of the World Agroforestry Centre. She is also leading activities within the CG-wide programme Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH). Precisely how agroforestry and trees can help to improve nutrition was a major topic for discussion at a conference organized by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in May 2013. The theme of the conference, which was held in Rome, was "Forests for Food and Nutrition Security". Director General Tony Simons delivered the keynote address, and other contributions were made by Ramni and her colleague Katja Kehlenbeck. Tony stressed the importance of promoting a diverse range of fruit, timber, medicinal, fodder and fertilizer trees. He also suggested that there should be long-term investments in forests and trees as a way of replacing food aid. Ramni and her colleagues were among the authors of two papers titled ‘Agroforestry for food and nutritional security’ and ‘ The contributions of forest foods to sustainable diets’, published in a special issue of Unasylva.4 They also contributed two background papers for the conference. These provided a review of current research and evidence about the role of agroforestry in nutrition A diet rich in fruits such as mangoes can help to reduce and food security. The team also helped to define specific malnutrition and stunting among children. impact pathways for future research. 4 24 Jamnadass R et al. 2013. Agroforestry for food and nutritional security, Unasylva, Vol 64, pp23-29, 2013/2. Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF Diversification is the key processed fruits is being carried out within the framework of the Agriculture for Nutrition and Health programme. "We believe that one of the best ways of contributing The African Plant Breeding Academy, launched at the to improved nutritional security will involve smallholder Centre's headquarters in Nairobi in 2013, will also play farmers having a portfolio of trees producing fruit all year a key role in the development of Africa's neglected round," says Stepha McMullin, a social scientist with the indigenous crops (see page 15). World Agroforestry Centre. If farmers grow just one or a few fruit species, they face the limitations of seasonality, with periods when they have little or no fresh fruits. Furthermore, there are often market gluts – for example, of popular species such as mango, which has a short harvest period – and this leads to low prices for farmers and high levels of wastage. Besides creating more diverse agroforestry systems, people living in rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa, and in areas where fruit consumption is low, need to diversify their diets. "At present, up to 70% of the total calories in the average diet in East Africa come from the staple foods like maize and cassava," says Stepha. "This means that most people lack a diversity of foods in their diets which can Most African children need to increase their fruit intake. provide the essential vitamins and micronutrients they need." Improving incomes of smallholder farmers could also improve food and nutritional security. "If you have year- A diet rich in fruit could go a long way towards improving round availability of fruit, you will eat more fruit, but you'll nutrition and food security. Needless to say, it is important also have a surplus to sell," says Stepha. However, fresh fruit that farmers – and researchers – focus on fruits which quickly rots and goes to waste. Another impact pathway will provide the greatest nutritional benefits. Guava, for identified by Stepha and her colleagues involves research example, contains 370mg of vitamin C per 100grams of on setting up fruit-based enterprises manufacturing fruit, which is 10 times more than mango, and indigenous products such as juices, dried fruits and jams. In 2013, the baobab can contain up to 500mg per 100grams fruit pulp. Centre launched a research programme on adding value to indigenous fruits in partnership with the Kenya Forestry More research needs to be conducted on developing Research Institute (KEFRI) and Jomo Kenyatta University of germplasm with desirable traits, such as high vitamin levels. Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT). Fruiting Africa, a research programme supported by the European Commission (EC) via the International Fund on Women have a particularly important role to play in Agricultural Development (IFAD), was launched in 2013. improving food and nutrition security. "They're excellent at This initiative will focus on developing and distributing engaging in collective action, and we see them as the most high-quality fruit germplasm in Kenya and Mali, and training effective change agents," says Stepha. In smallholder farmer farmers on tree management and how to generate communities, women are often the primary producers as additional income through fruit production and processing. well as the primary carers. They are the ones who prepare In the framework of A4NH, research on both fruit the food, and have the best understanding of their families' consumption patterns and nutrient contents of fresh and nutritional needs. 25 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4Photo © ICRAF TTRREEEESS,, FFOOOODD SSEECCUURRIITTYY AANNDD HHEEAALLTTHH tropiTree: a database of genetic markers for tropical trees The first mapping of the human genome cost around provides detailed information on genetic markers for 24 US$1000 million. Precisely the same exercise can be trees species which are of importance to smallholders in repeated now, taking a fraction of the time, for a millionth complex tropical agroforestry systems.5 On average, more of the price. The dramatic decrease in the cost of the than 5,000 genetic markers are available per species in the tools to sequence genes has important implications for database, a massive increase in the resources available for research in the field of agroforestry, according to Ian the study of these trees. Dawson, an Associate Fellow with the World Agroforestry Centre. "With the low cost of new methods, we can now "The tropiTree database is open to anybody who wants design tools for studying the genetics of trees cheaply to use it,” says Ian. “Scientists can use it to choose genetic and quickly," he says. “In the past, the costs involved were markers for studying the breeding systems of trees and for always a major limitation for researching ‘non-model’, understanding their genetic diversity and ‘connectivity’ in genetically under-researched species such as trees, but not farm landscapes." These will provide a better understanding anymore.” of how to manage trees productively in agroforestry systems. Scientists can also use the database to identify In a collaboration between the World Agroforestry Centre, genetic markers in particular regions of interest in the James Hutton Institute in Scotland, the Kenya Forestry the genome, such as in genes that are responsible for Research Institute and other partners, Ian and colleagues adaptation to climate change. have developed an interactive, open-access database which 5 http://bioinf.hutton.ac.uk/tropiTree 26 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF SHELTER FROM THE STORM In November 2013, the Leyte area of the Philippines was researching PES opportunities through the USAID-funded struck by super-typhoon Haiyan, or Yolanda as it was B+WISER project. locally known. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the damage to agriculture caused by the typhoon amounted to over US$700 million, and coastal communities lost two-thirds of their fishing equipment. Climate change predictions suggest that typhoons in the Philippines are likely to become more violent, and their paths less predictable, in the coming decades. However, recent research suggests that agroforestry could reduce the impact of typhoons. This was the message delivered by Craig Jamieson, a researcher at the World Agroforestry Centre, at the Philippines First International Agroforestry Congress, held in Bohol in March 2014. Agroforestry could reduce the impact of typhoons. Working with Rodel D Lasco, Philippines office Country Coordinator, Craig is developing and promoting the concept of using integrated mangrove systems to defend Conservation agriculture is coastal areas from extreme weather events, and at the also climate-smart same time improve local livelihoods. They plan to refine the The Congress also heard about the climate-smart benefits concept with a major energy company, using a test site in of conservation agriculture. In December 2012, typhoon central Philippines. Bopha, locally known as Pablo, struck Mindanao, causing Integrated mangrove systems have two distinct zones. immense damage to agricultural crops. Maize and banana On the seaward side, mangroves help to protect the land monocultures were flattened over large areas. However, against wind and waves. They also act as breeding grounds farms practising conservation agriculture, which involves for fish. On the landward side of the mangroves is an area minimal tillage, keeping the soil covered with organic described as the harvest zone. This is ideal habitat for nipa matter and crop rotation, experienced much less damage, palm (Nypa fruticans), which is an excellent source of sugar and recovered more quickly, than conventionally-farmed for biofuels or as feed for livestock. This zone also provides areas. attractive feeding grounds for crabs that thrive among the At its research site in Claveria, Mindanao, the World mangrove roots. “What we need to do is link livelihoods, Agroforestry Centre has set up a conservation agriculture food and mangroves,” suggests Craig. with trees training centre. Here, scientists conduct research on different conservation agriculture systems, Integrated mangrove zones provide a number of benefits. rainwater harvesting, vermiculture and rubber agroforestry On one hand, they can help to protect the coast from systems. The research is providing evidence to support violent storms; on the other hand, they can improve the the expansion of conservation agriculture with trees livelihoods of local people by providing additional sources throughout the Philippines and in other parts of Southeast of income. Craig believes that payments for environmental Asia which have similar conditions. A video about the services (PES) schemes could reward coastal communities training centre was shown during the Philippines First for protecting and promoting agroforestry systems such International Agroforestry Congress: https://vimeo. as these. A number of his colleagues have already been com/90294432. 27 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF TTRREEEESS,, FFOOOODD SSEECCUURRIITTYY AANNDD HHEEAALLTTHH EXPLORING THE DEMAND FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN MIDDLE-INCOME PERU Throughout Latin America income growth and changing The research is part of a project on nutrition-sensitive diets have often translated into rising levels of obesity. value chains within the Agriculture for Nutrition and Peru is no exception. Over 40% of the adult population in Health Programme led by the International Food Policy Peru is overweight or obese. According to the Peruvian Research Institute (IFPRI). The World Agroforestry Society of Endocrinology, almost half the cases of diabetes Centre is one of several CGIAR organizations that have are caused by obesity, which is also responsible for 23% of received seed funding for their work on fruit value chains heart disease and more than 7% of cancers. in Peru and Kenya. Most of these projects are looking at malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in a rural Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption could help to context. The Latin America office, in contrast, has chosen counteract Peru's obesity epidemic, which is largely the to focus on over-nutrition in urban areas. The research result of sedentary lifestyles and the consumption of foods recognizes that many parts of the world are rapidly rich in fat, salt and sugar, but poor in minerals, vitamins and becoming wealthier and more urbanized. In theory, this other micronutrients. Despite the importance of fruits could lead to greater demand for locally produced fruits and vegetables for addressing chronic diseases, we know and vegetables. little about consumption patterns in urban areas of middle- income countries such as Peru. At the time of going to print, Jason and his colleagues were still analysing the data gathered from the first household To investigate this issue, Jason Donovan, marketing survey. While it is too early to draw any definitive specialist with the World Agroforestry Centre, has been conclusions, Jason believes that the study will show low working with Peru’s Instituto de Investigación Nutricional. consumption of fruits and vegetables by households on In early 2014, they surveyed 300 households in San Juan the outskirts of Lima. However, initial analysis suggests that de Lurigancho, a diverse community with over one million there are considerable variations in consumption among residents on the outskirts of Lima, to analyse consumption household members, with children eating more fruit and patterns and determine the importance of fruit and vegetables than their parents. vegetables to the diets of predominantly middle-income consumers. The next stage of the research will focus on collecting quantitative data from 60 selected households to reveal "Traditionally, researchers in the “...we’re hoping that agroforestry plays some of the underlying factors behind consumption CGIAR and elsewhere have carried a major role in improving the diets of patterns. Why does rising income not lead to greater consumers, and that people will want to out their research starting from the consumption of fruits and vegetables? Why does eat agroforestry produce.” supply-side – the smallholder farmer consumption vary among households and within – and worked along the value chain Jason Donovan households? What needs to change in the urban Marketing Specialist to the consumer," says Jason. "Now, environment to encourage greater consumption? we're taking a new approach by looking at what people living on the outskirts of Lima are really eating, and what they want to eat." 28 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Jason hopes that the research will lead to more investigation into how urban consumption patterns are linked to smallholder farmers and the role of markets in the sale and promotion of healthy foods. "Of course, we're hoping that agroforestry plays a major role in improving the diets of consumers, and that people will want to eat agroforestry produce," says Jason. "If that turns out to be the case, we will have a powerful demand- led justification for our research and for motivating the private sector to get behind agroforestry." Increasing consumption of fruits in Peru could help counteract the obesity epidemic. 29 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF TTRREEEESS,, FFOOOODD SSEECCUURRIITTYY AANNDD HHEEAALLTTHH A REVOLUTION IN KENYA'S KITCHENS? Charcoal briquettes are much cheaper than lump charcoal and burn for longer. Cooking requires energy, and in countries like Kenya most partnership with the Centre, the Swedish University of of this comes from trees. Over the past two decades, the Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Michigan State University, use of charcoal – the cooking fuel of choice for 82% of the shows that the use of charcoal briquettes provides a whole urban population and 34% of the rural population – has range of benefits. It's win-win-win, with not a loser in sight. risen by 64%. Every year, 22 million cubic metres of wood is carbonised to make charcoal, which means there is a direct Briquettes made from charcoal dust burn for about four link between hot meals and the loss of trees. hours, compared to just two and a half hours for the same weight of lump charcoal. "Many of the families who use “...the use of charcoal briquettes means In Nairobi alone, households use charcoal have stopped cooking the traditional meal of people can maintain their traditional 700 tonnes of charcoal a day. githeri – green maize and dried beans – because it takes diets, as they burn much longer than The by-product of this process is so long to cook," says Mary. "But the use of charcoal charcoal.” some 90 tonnes of charcoal dust. briquettes means people can maintain their traditional Mary Njenga Not long ago, this went to waste, diets, as they burn much longer than charcoal." Charcoal Scientist polluting drains and watercourses. briquettes are nine times cheaper, in terms of their energy However, increasing numbers of households, especially value, than lump charcoal and 15 times cheaper than in the poorer informal settlements, are now combining kerosene. This means that poor families can spend less on the dust with either soil, paper or animal dung to make fuel, leaving more to spend on food and other goods. charcoal briquettes. There are also considerable health benefits. Women in "It's a simple technology that is helping to solve some Kenya suffer high rates of respiratory problems, caused very big problems," says World Agroforestry Centre by the burning of firewood and charcoal, and emissions scientist Mary Njenga. Mary's research, undertaken for are very harmful to babies and children who are usually her doctorate studies at the University of Nairobi in strapped to their mothers' backs. The use of charcoal 30 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/Sherry Odeyo briquettes reduces carbon monoxide emissions by a factor briquettes take less of a toll on trees than charcoal. Already, of three and fine particulate matter by a factor of nine. dozens of communities in Nairobi are manufacturing their own briquettes using simple techniques of combining The use of charcoal briquettes also reduces emissions biomass, soil and water. Using more high-tech methods, a of carbon dioxide, one of the principal gases responsible large company called Chardust is producing commercial for global warming. Mary and her research colleagues quantities for sale. But much more could be done. calculated that cooking githeri with charcoal leads to emissions of 6kg CO2e, compared to 1kg CO2e when using "If the councils were to use municipal waste to make charcoal briquettes. Assuming the trees which gave rise to briquettes for urban use, this would translate into a big the charcoal are replanted, these figures are reduced to 2kg saving of trees as most charcoal is produced in rural areas and 0.2kg, respectively. In short, using charcoal briquettes is and consumed in urban areas," says Mary. She adds that much less damaging to the environment. further research needs to be done on quality control of briquettes, the role of the technology in providing By using materials which would otherwise go to waste – affordable and cleaner cooking fuel in the face of climate such as charcoal dust and other organic municipal waste, change, and the impact of innovations on food and coconut husks, sugarcane bagasse and maize stovers – nutritional security. Putting briquettes out to dry in Kibera, one of the poor settlements in Nairobi. 31 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/Sherry Odeyo TTRREEEESS,, FFOOOODD SSEECCUURRIITTYY AANNDD HHEEAALLTTHH RESEARCHING PESTICIDAL PLANTS Synthetic pesticides, first introduced in the 1940s, have The main focus of the research was on harvesting, helped hundreds of thousands of commercial farmers to processing and handling, and propagation and cultivation. control pests and increase their yields. However, they have many disadvantages, especially for small-scale farmers in Many of the pesticidal plants investigated by the developing countries. They are costly, frequently difficult researchers have a wide range of properties. Take, for to source and easy to adulterate. Many are also highly example Tagetes minuta, a native of South America and an toxic: the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates invasive weed in Africa. Powdered plants are used against that 200,000 people die every year as result of synthetic weevils in maize and beans, and an extract is effective pesticide poisoning. against aphids and red spider mites. Livestock farmers use a concoction from the plant to treat intestinal parasites Fortunately, there are safe and effective alternatives. "For in cattle, and vegetable farmers grow Tagetes as a live thousands of years, farmers have made use of pesticidal pesticidal plant to reduce nematode infestation in the soil. plants," explains World Agroforestry Centre scientist, Parveen Anjarwalla. "Unlike many synthetic compounds, The uses of plants like Tagetes has been the subject of long- products made from pesticidal plants tend to be affordable, term research by the University of Greenwich and Kew difficult to adulterate, safe to use and accessible to people Gardens. The World Agroforestry Centre was able to add living in rural areas." value by providing information on how the plants should be harvested, processed and propagated. The main outputs In 2012, the African Dryland Alliance for Pesticidal Plant of the project included a series of nine pesticidal plant Technologies (ADAPPT), a long-term collaboration leaflets. The target audience includes extension agencies, between the University of Greenwich, the Royal Botanic researchers and farmers' organizations. Gardens, Kew, and several African partners, invited Parveen and her colleagues to undertake research on the harvesting "In all our research, we are looking for ways of improving and propagation of pesticidal plants. food security and reducing poverty," says Daniel Ofori, a senior scientist. "Pests are one of the greatest problems The project got underway with a facing small-scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. If we can “In all our research, we are looking for training workshop in January 2013. promote greater use of pesticidal plants, that will help ways of improving food security and reducing poverty.” Held at the Centre's headquarters farmers to increase their productivity and their incomes." in Nairobi, the workshop on It will also help farmers and local communities avoid the Daniel Ofori Tree scientist 'Sustainable production, harvesting health-threatening problems associated with the use – and and conservation of botanical misuse – of synthetic pesticides. pesticides' attracted 20 participants from the farming community and another 20 from research institutions, government departments and development agencies. The aim was to bridge the gap between farmers and scientists, and share experience and knowledge about the use of pesticidal plants and their cultivation. During the next six months, research focused on nine pesticidal plants. “Since this was a relatively short project, we identified plants which are commonly used in East Africa and whose seeds are readily available," says Parveen. Tagetes minuta is a source of powerful insecticides. 32 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © Flickr, Ma África Digging for water in a dried up river bed in Uganda. 33 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © Mikkel Ostergaard / Panos AGROFORESTRY AND CLIMATE CHANGE – TELLING THE STORY "Soon after I arrived in Nairobi, I realized that scientists received wide coverage in blogs and on websites, and here had done a tremendous amount of work on issues attracted the attention of key decision-making processes. related to climate change and agroforestry, but the knowledge was very dispersed," reflects Cheikh Mbow, a For example, Cheikh was invited to attend the European senior climate change scientist at the World Agroforestry Commission's annual meeting on food security in Centre. It was time, he believed, to bring the research November 2013.7 He contributed to a high-level panel together in one place, and that is precisely what he and his discussion, together with the President of Niger, the colleagues have done during the past two years. Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), two members of parliament and other In 2013, the Elsevier journal Current Opinion in Environmental distinguished guests. As a result of the COSUST publication, Sustainability (COSUST) published a special issue on he was also invited to a learning event in Jeddah, Saudi agroforestry, food security and climate change. The project Arabia, by the Islamic Development Bank. was overseen by Cheikh and the papers – 26 in all – were edited by a team comprising Cheikh, Henry Neufeldt, Peter On the international stage Minang, Eike Luedeling and Godwin Kowero. Over 80 The Copenhagen Accord called on countries which have scientists from the World Agroforestry Centre, universities, signed up to the United Nations climate change convention and international and national agricultural research stations to submit voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction contributed to the project. pledges for the year 2020. The aim is to limit global average The COSUST special issue showcases the depth and range temperatures to 2°C or less, compared to pre-industrial of the research undertaken by World Agroforestry Centre levels. By late 2013, 32 countries had heeded the call. scientists and their colleagues. Apart from general reviews, Since 2010, the United Nations Environment Programme articles focus on specific aspects of how agroforestry (UNEP) has brought together a diverse group of scientists can improve food security and help farmers to reduce from across the world to answer two key questions: Are their emissions and adapt to climate change. For example, the pledges for 2020 enough to keep the world on track Sammy Carsan and his colleagues explore the role of to meet its 2°C target? Or will there be a gap between agroforestry in agricultural intensification in Africa; Aster ambition and reality? The answers can be found in the Gebrekirstos and her colleagues look at the opportunities latest update of UNEP's Emissions Gap Report, which was and applications of dendrochronology in Africa; Evelyn launched shortly before the 18th Conference of the Parties Kiptot, Steven Franzel and Ann Degrande focus on gender, (COP 18) climate change meeting in Warsaw in November agroforestry and food security; and Miyuki Iiyama and her 2013. colleagues explore the potential of agroforestry for the provision of sustainable wood fuel in sub-Saharan Africa.6 Henry Neufeldt, head of the World Agroforestry Centre's climate change research, was responsible for writing the There is a strict peer-review process for articles published chapter which explores how national agricultural policies in the COSUST Journal, which is highly rated in terms of can promote development while substantially reducing its impact and citations. The special issue on agroforestry emissions. This provides an overview of the policies which 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/18773435/6 7 http://eudevdays.eu/topics/food-security-food-justice-building-blocks-just-and-sustainable-global-food-system 34 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 The burning of forests emits large quantities of carbon dioxide. have proven to be effective in a paper published in Agriculture and Food Security titled, “The IPCC report will be the Bible on reducing emissions and increasing ‘Beyond climate smart agriculture: towards safe operating climate change issues until the next carbon uptake in the agricultural spaces for global food systems’.8 Other authors included report comes out in five years time, and the sections on AFOLU will be widely sector. Bruce Campbell, Director of the CGIAR Research cited for years to come.” Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food "Besides contributing to climate Security (CCAFS) and John Beddington, former Chief Henry Neufeldt, head of the World change mitigation, the measures Agroforestry Centre’s climate change research Scientific Advisor to the UK government. described in the chapter are helping to enhance the sector's In early 2014, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel environmental sustainability and at the same time provide on Climate Change (IPCC) published its third report, the other benefits," says Henry. The chapter explores three key most exhaustive analysis to date on climate change science. examples: the use of no-tillage practices; how to improve The lead author of the working group on Agroforestry, nutrient and water management on rice production; and Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) was Cheikh agroforestry. Mbow. "In terms of the impact of publication, you can't get much higher than this," says Cheikh's colleague, Henry The Emissions Gap Report was the focus of two well- Neufeldt. "The IPCC report will be the Bible on climate attended side events at the Warsaw conference, one change issues until the next report comes out in five years organized by UNEP and the other by the World time, and the sections on AFOLU will be widely cited for Agroforestry Centre. Henry was also the lead author of years to come." 8 http://www.agricultureandfoodsecurity.com/content/2/1/12 35 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/Cheikh Mbow TTRREEEESS, AFNODO DTH SEE CCUHRANITGYI ANNGD C HLIEMAALTTEH Future Earth In 2013, World Agroforestry Centre scientist Cheikh Mbow "Over the last 30 years, many scientific institutions have was invited to join the Future Earth Science Committee. done excellent work, but all too often they have been A new 10-year international research initiative, Future working in silos, with little cooperation between them," Earth aims to develop the knowledge needed to respond says Cheikh. "Future Earth is going to help to bring these effectively to the risks and opportunities facing the global institutions together so that they work more closely." environment. It will mobilize thousands of scientists and Cheikh represents Africa on the Future Earth science strengthen partnerships with policymakers and others to committee, which will benefit from his wide experience of provide sustainable solutions to pressing problems. issues related to climate change. 36 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © www.sxc.hu BUILDING RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE Helping farmers become more resilient to climate change actively implementing a village savings and loan scheme, is one of the main purposes of a project in Western Kenya. and this has helped them to mobilize their own resources A collaboration between the Coady International Institute and channel funds towards specific activities. They have and the World Agroforestry Centre, the project is funded identified tree seedling production and tomato-growing as by the COMART Foundation in Canada. The first phase, interesting value chains, and are now developing these. which involved four communities in the Kisumu region, ran from 2008 to 2010. The second phase began in 2011. In order to ensure the success of their agroforestry ventures, the community sold their goats. "We do not "We are using asset-based community-driven development regret having had to do away with goats," said Joseph principles – or ABCD – and value chain analysis to help Maritim, the group secretary. "Now we have rain and our local communities work out the best way of using their coffee production has more than tripled. What else could assets and improving their welfare," says Lisa Fuchs, who be more rewarding than this? Our wives have also been has been conducting an impact assessment for the project. saved the burden of walking long distances in search of fuelwood." The community is planning to plant more trees. One of the tools being used is 'the leaky bucket'. Individuals and communities are encouraged to think "These activities are helping to boost the local economy about the income coming into their households, and their and improve people's livelihoods," says Henry Neufeldt. expenditure. This has sometimes led to radical changes in Just as importantly, the activities promoted by the project behaviour. "Some men have even given up drinking, thanks are ensuring that communities are in a better position to the leaky bucket analysis," says Lisa. More importantly, to withstand climatic shocks in the future. Henry and his the use of this and other tools, including value chain colleagues are currently preparing a proposal for the third analysis, has helped communities to think more clearly phase. This will involve scaling up experiences to a larger about how to improve their productivity and incomes. As number of communities. a result, they have taken up high-value agroforestry and horticulture. "One of the best outcomes has been in the Middle Nyando block," says Henry Neufeldt, head of climate change research at the World Agroforestry Centre. "Communities which had abandoned growing coffee some time ago have now begun growing the crop again, with impressive results." Following the use of the 'leaky bucket', farmers belonging to the Toben Gaa Self-Help Group in Kipkelion West sub-county decided to take up coffee-growing again. Neighbouring communities saw how successful they were, and there are now 27 societies growing coffee in the area. During the past year, the Toben Gaa Self-Help Group has benefited from various training sessions, for instance on group dynamics, leadership and record-keeping. Like other Communities have adopted agroforestry to improve their incomes. communities involved in the project, the group has been 37 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF TTRREEEESS, AFNODO DTH SEE CCUHRANITGYI ANNGD C HLIEMAALTTEH CREATING AN ENDURING PARTNERSHIP IN PERU During the past year, the World Agroforestry Centre has strengthened its ties with Peru's Ministry of Environment (MINAM). "Our relationship with MINAM really began to take off in April 2013," says Valentina Robiglio, who oversees the World Agroforestry Centre's research on climate change mitigation in Latin America and coordinates the new phase of Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU), recently renamed ‘Secured Landscapes’. Valentina and colleagues from the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) organized a workshop in Pucallpa, the capital of Ucayali Region, on tools and approaches to land use planning which can be used to assess the best ways of reducing carbon emissions and identify low carbon emission development pathways. The workshop took place under the umbrella of the ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins, which initiated a REALU project in Ucayali's Padre Abad province, one of the most deforested regions in the Amazon, in 2010. As well as inviting local “As a result of this training, MINAM is organizations and regional now looking at the possibility of using government departments, the LUWES methodology in its land-use Valentina and her co-organizers planning processes,” encouraged staff from MINAM in Valentina Robiglio Lima to attend. Participants were Landscape and Climate Change Scientist trained in the use of the Land- Use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategies (LUWES) methodology. LUWES provides a set of tools and principles which enable those involved in land-use planning to work out scenarios on how best to reduce emissions without causing undue economic and social hardship. "LUWES was originally developed by our colleagues in Southeast Asia, so this is a great example of the 'international public goods' nature of our research ICRAF is carrying out research on tools and approaches to land use planning which can be used to reduce carbon emissions. 38 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/ Tito Marcos products, showing how innovations from one region Working in groups and using ABACUS software, can be effectively deployed across the other side of the participants were able to combine information on land globe,” says Jonathan Cornelius, the Centre's Regional use, carbon stocks and profitability for land-use systems Coordinator for Latin America. in the Ucayali region, where research on this topic has been carried out by the ASB partners over several years. Following the Pucallpa workshop, staff from the World The results included an analysis of the opportunity costs Agroforestry Centre attended meetings in Lima with of avoided deforestation, estimates of CO2 emissions the National Forest Conservation Programme, Programa under different scenarios, and the calculation of reference Bosques, and the Directorate of Land Use Planning, two emission levels for REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from units within MINAM. "We discussed how we could Deforestation and Forest Degradation) projects. collaborate and support each of the units and presented a series of approaches and tools that could be adapted "As a result of this training, MINAM is now looking at the and applied in the local context," says Valentina. These possibility of using the LUWES methodology in its land-use included LUWES and other support tool-kits for “Learning planning processes," says Valentina. As every region in Peru Landscapes”, as well as the Option by Context co-learning has a mandate to create land-use plans, LUWES could help framework. As a result, ICRAF is now working on a pilot them to come up with targets for reducing greenhouse gas to identify options for cocoa agroforestry in Ucayali, a emissions in their development plans. region where cocoa is rapidly expanding, often at the cost of forest. The World Agroforestry Centre and MINAM are currently finalizing a formal Memorandum of Understanding. This In February 2014, collaborators from the ASB Partnership will pave the way for further specific activities, both in this for the Tropical Forest Margins, including the World field and in others of mutual interest, such as land health Agroforestry Centre and CIAT, were invited by MINAM’s surveillance. National Forest Conservation Programme and the Directorate of Land Use Planning to present the LUWES methodology in a three-day demonstration workshop in Lima. 39 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TTRREEEESS, AFNODO DTH SEE CCUHRANITGYI ANNGD C HLIEMAALTTEH GETTING TO GRIPS WITH SMALLHOLDER EMISSIONS Agricultural activities are directly responsible for 14% of systems, with the aim of providing real benefits for human-generated greenhouse gas emissions, and a much farmers while reducing their emissions of greenhouse greater share – around 30% – if the clearance of forests to gases. SAMPLES is being overseen by the CGIAR Research make way for crops and livestock is included. Most of the Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food land-use change emissions come from developing countries, Security (CCAFS), and involves several CG centres, and in Africa predominantly from farms which are managed with the World Agroforestry Centre leading the work by smallholders. However, our understanding about the programme on drawing up guidelines for measuring effect of smallholder farmers on the climate system is greenhouse gases in smallholder systems. weak, and in some places non-existent. "Smallholder systems tend to be very complex systems, "We have very little data for greenhouse gas emissions with all sorts of greenhouse gas exchanges," says Todd. from agricultural land in developing countries, with the Getting accurate measurements may mean looking at the exception of methane from rice systems in Southeast Asia," role of cattle, the use of manure, how the soil is cultivated, says Todd Rosenstock, an Environmental Impact Scientist the burning of residues and other activities. Furthermore, with the World Agroforestry Centre. According to Todd, measuring greenhouse gases tends to be expensive, time- there are only 20 or so studies focusing on soil emissions consuming and often error-prone. This goes some way from smallholder systems in Africa. towards explaining why so little work has been done on smallholder climate budgets in the past. Does this matter? "Yes, it does," “This emerging research network he says. "For example, AGRA will provide robust and transparent – the Alliance for a Green information about whether climate Revolution in Africa – would like change mitigation can work for smallholder farmers to increase smallholders.” their use of nitrogen fertilizer Todd Rosenstock to around 75kg per hectare Environmental Impact Scientist on maize." At present, average nitrogen fertilizer use is under 10kg per hectare. "I think it's important that fertilizer use is increased in Africa, but at present we have absolutely no idea what effect this would have on the environment," says Todd. To get to grips with smallholder greenhouse gas emissions, a major study was launched in 2013. The Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems (SAMPLES) programme will identify pro-poor mitigation options for smallholder farming The Philippines is one of the countries to benefit from the SAMPLES project. 40 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © Bjorn Sander (IRRI) Field trials with students in the Nyando Valley in Western Kenya. To overcome these problems, Todd and his colleagues The programme also has a strong element of capacity – some 40 scientists from 15 countries – are devising building, and it is providing short training courses for a protocol, for use by scientists and development technicians, masters students and others involved in climate organizations, which will help to generate reliable data change science at two pilot projects, one in the Philippines, on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons and the other in Western Kenya. These will be among the of mitigation options. The protocol will be published as a initial areas where the guideline protocols will be tested. book in 2015. SAMPLES started working at two pilot sites. Today, the Besides drawing up the guidelines, the SAMPLES consortium has expanded to 15 sites and farming systems programme is also mapping hotspots of greenhouse gas in 10 countries. "This emerging research network will emissions, with the aim of identifying where the greatest provide robust and transparent information about whether sources of emissions are, and where the most vulnerable climate change mitigation can work for smallholders," populations are found. This will help to provide guidance says Todd. "These are critical inputs for highly charged about where to establish mitigation schemes. international negotiations and national partners." 41 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF TTRREEEESS, AFNODO DTH SEE CCUHRANITGYI ANNGD C HLIEMAALTTEH We are now fully carbon neutral In January 2013, the World Agroforestry Centre the Rimba Raya REDD+ project in Indonesia. All these headquarters in Nairobi was officially certified carbon transactions have been arranged on behalf of the Centre by neutral. A year later, the whole organization followed suit, the CarbonNeutral Company. Greenhouse gas emissions making the Centre the first CGIAR institution to achieve related to the 3rd World Congress on Agroforestry, held this goal. "Offsetting does not mitigate climate change, in Delhi, were offset through support for the South India but buys time to allow for mitigation of emissions in the Improved Cook Stoves Project. future," says Henry Neufeldt, who manages the World Agroforestry Centre's investment in carbon accounting and offsetting. "During 2013, carbon footprint focal persons were appointed for each office," says Henry's colleague Audrey Chenevoy. "Most of the focal persons work in administration, and they are now responsible for gathering all the data on flights, water and electricity use, transport, waste and so on." In April 2013, the focal persons gathered at a workshop in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, and under the guidance of Audrey they agreed on protocols for data collection. Carbon payments in 2014 were based on the Centre's carbon footprint for 2012. This amounted to 4752 tonnes CO2e, almost 60% of which was related to activities at the headquarters. The Centre has introduced a system of levies which are channelled into the carbon footprint fund. For example, research units pay US$25 for each international flight; US$5 for each regional flight; and US$3 for domestic flights. Commuting is also included in the scheme. The Nairobi headquarters is locked into a two-year deal supporting the Meru and Nanyuki Community Reforestation Project in Kenya. Carbon credits covering the footprint for the rest of Africa are supporting a REDD+ project in Madagascar; those for Latin America have gone Carbon offset payments are helping to support a forest to Amazonian rainforest conservation project in Brazil; and conservation project which benefits the orangutan in Indonesia. credits from Southeast Asia and South Asia are supporting 42 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/ In the Indian drylands, crop roots are often used as cooking fuel. 43 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4Photo © ICRAF/Charlie Pye-Smith TREES – THE KEY TO SURVIVAL IN DRYLANDS Droughts, floods, rapid population growth, poverty, poor access to government services and conflict are among the Fast, efficient and productive many challenges that communities living in the drylands During the month leading up to the writeshop, Jan and the of Eastern Africa face. These areas have absorbed large co-organizers circulated a draft outline of chapters. This quantities of humanitarian aid, much of it aimed at tackling was revised in light of the feedback, so that those involved the problems of food insecurity. However, until recently were familiar with the book they would be working on little effort was devoted to developing strategies to during the writeshop. increase the resilience of dryland communities. For Mary Njenga, one of the co-organizers, this was This is beginning to change, according to Jan de Leeuw, a an entirely new experience. "I thought the writeshop drylands scientist at the World Agroforestry Centre. "In was excellent," she says. "It provided an opportunity to recent years, we've seen a revival of support for projects bring together a very diverse group of individuals, all focusing on livestock and crop development," he says. with different types of knowledge, based on hands-on "However, there has been relatively little work on using experience." trees as a way of strengthening people's resilience. That's partly because knowledge about the role trees can play in The time-limited nature of the writeshop ensured that the sustaining livelihoods in Africa's drylands is so scattered." task of producing text was swiftly achieved. The participants were split up into groups of two to four, with each group But not any more. In July being assigned a specific chapter or sub-chapter on a topic “Yes, you will lose crops if there is 2013, the World Agroforestry with which they were familiar. The main chapters focus on no rain, but you won’t lose the trees. Centre organized a writeshop the need for resilience, a conceptual framework on trees Trees are very resilient, and they can with support from the UK and resilience, the distribution and ecology of trees in help communities cope better during Department for International the Eastern Africa drylands, the benefits from ecosystem droughts and other threats.” Development (DFID). During the services provided by trees, a series of case studies, closing Jan de Leeuw course of the five-day writeshop, knowledge gaps and opportunities for action. Drylands Scientist 50 scientists and development workers produced the draft text "I think the scientists enjoyed writing 3000–4000 words for a new book. Treesilience – an assessment of the resilience in a week, in close collaboration with their colleagues," provided by trees in the drylands of East Africa provides the says Mary. "It was very different from producing a 14–20- most comprehensive account to date of the role trees can page academic paper over a period of months, which is play in sustaining livelihoods, protecting the environment what often happens." After the workshop, the texts were and restoring degraded lands. refined, with each chapter and sub-chapter going through a rigorous peer review process. "It's all about getting away from the paradigm of agriculture in drylands as inherently vulnerable," says Jan. "Yes, you will A policy brief, Towards greater resilience in the drylands: trees lose crops if there is no rain, but you won't lose the trees. are the key, captures the key messages from the writeshop. Trees are very resilient, and they can help communities It describes the role of trees, as providers of goods and cope better during droughts and other threats." services, and the importance of secure land and tree tenure. The way forward involves promoting a diverse 44 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 range of economically viable tree-based products, supporting apiculture, promoting large-scale production and propagation of multipurpose trees, investing in water harvesting, and encouraging efficient charcoal production. Treesilience is clearly an idea whose time has come. The book was widely blogged about in the NGO and aid world and, perhaps not by coincidence, in December 2013 the TreeSilience Alliance was established in Johannesburg during the 3rd Global Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change. Its members include Oxfam, Care International, Concern Worldwide, Catholic Relief Services and the CGIAR network, of which the World Agroforestry Centre is a member. The alliance aims to improve the resilience of millions of farmers by promoting climate-smart agriculture. Treesilience provides much of the information that's needed to turn aspiration into reality. In dryland Africa, shea fruits are an important source of income for many communities. 45 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF THTREE REIGS,H FTO TORDE ES EFCOURR TITHYE ARNIGDH HTE PALLATCHE HARVESTING GREEN WATER Two-thirds of all the rainwater which falls on sub-Saharan Africa is wasted, not least because tens of millions of smallholder farmers adopt land-use practices which fail to capture green water – rainwater which is converted into biomass through the process of evapo-transpiration. Scientists have been grappling with this issue for a long time, according to Maimbo Malesu of the World Agroforestry Centre. Recent research in Kenya has helped them to come up with a solution. "Our studies suggest that by adopting agroforestry practices, farmers could increase their use of green water and reduce water losses," says Maimbo. The research was commissioned by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which was looking for information to guide its five-year investment plans. Maimbo and his colleagues conducted land-use and water assessments of five ecosystems in Kenya, including Mau Forest and the Aberdares. Agroforestry can help to capture green water on farmland. Between 2000 and 2008, 300,000 “... agroforestry has a very important hectares of land in Mau Forest was hectares. Farmland is now reverting to scrub and forest. role to play in capturing green water converted from closed forest, bush During the same period, water bodies expanded by 6000 on farmland.” and scrub to agriculture. This has hectares. Malesu Maimbo led to a significant increase in soil Programme Coordinator, Water Management erosion and the siltation of lakes There is a simple explanation for the differing fate, and and ponds, which were reduced in prospects, of these two areas. Annual agricultural crops size by 32,000 hectares. "Because these areas were opened utilize 6–9% of rainfall; trees, in contrast, can capture up to up for farmland, there was a huge loss of water," explains 40%, converting it into green biomass. "Obviously, closed Maimbo. Using the Climate Change Knowledge portal, a canopy forests will capture more water than orchards tool developed by the World Bank, the scientists were able and other forms of agroforestry," says Maimbo, "but to predict what is likely to happen in the future. "Rainfall agroforestry has a very important role to play in capturing and temperatures are expected to increase in East Africa, green water on farmland." and under a business-as-usual scenario water run-off will also increase in the Mau Forest," he says. "Unless measures Does this mean that the Kenyan government, and other are taken, droughts and water shortages will become more authorities, should adopt the sort of practices which have frequent." restored forest land in the Aberdares? "Many people would argue that that mass evictions are not the right approach, It's a very different story in the Aberdares, a range of as they do not take into account local needs," says mountains to the west of Mt Kenya. The government Maimbo. "However, it should be possible to find a solution evicted large numbers of squatters between 2000 and midway between the two extremes." And that solution 2008 and the area devoted to crops declined by 267,000 involves agroforestry and rainwater harvesting. 46 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/Alex Oduor A TALE OF TWO VILLAGES Research in the Ethiopian highlands provided insights into why some communities adopt agroforestry practices, and others don’t. Agroforestry can transform lives and landscapes. Trees watershed management. The landscape had suffered from and shrubs grown on farms provide fruit, timber, resins, high levels of erosion due to overgrazing and deforestation, fuelwood and livestock fodder. They also improve soil and this had led to declining crop yields. As a result, most fertility, regulate water supplies and help farmers adapt to of the 900 households suffered from food insecurity. People changing climatic conditions. Which begs the question: if were hungry. agroforestry can bring so many benefits, why don’t we see Agroforestry can help to capture green water on farmland. lots of trees on every farm? The government's Productive Safety Net Programme and other initiatives introduced various practices, including the Research in the Ethiopian Highlands provides some construction of erosion control structures and livestock interesting insights into why there are lots of trees in some exclusion zones, which helped to restore the pastures landscapes, while few in others. The work was part of the and increase productivity and incomes. Today, 85% of the USAID-funded Africa RISING (Research in Sustainable population have enough food to eat all year round. Intensification for the Next Generation) programme, which in the Ethiopian Highlands is managed by the International "The community developed a detailed understanding of Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). how vegetation management in the upper watershed, and especially restrictions on free grazing, conserved One of the early-win projects focused on local knowledge groundwater resources and improved soil fertility on crop in Tigray, a semi-arid region in northern Ethiopia. Genevieve land," says Genevieve. Lamond of Bangor University led the knowledge acquisition, in partnership with the World Agroforestry Between 2004 and 2007 the amount of irrigated land in Centre and Mekelle University. A two-week training event Abreha We Atsbeha more than doubled. Farmers also was held in the village of Abreha We Atsbeha, which has benefited from high-value fruit trees and the introduction many trees. Emelda Hachoofwe, an MSc student from of beekeeping, with honey yields rising from 13 to 31 Bangor University, went on to collate knowledge about tonnes between 2007 and 2010. The introduction of zero agroforestry technology transfer both there and in Adi grazing dramatically increased the availability of high-quality Gudom, a nearby village with few trees. livestock fodder, and some farmers even rent out their Faidherbia albida trees, so that farmers who don't have For some 15 years, Abreha We Atsbeha had benefited from these trees on their own land can feed the nutritious pods various programmes designed to improve food security and they produce to their cattle. 47 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF THTREE REIGS,H FTO TORDE ES EFCOURR TITHYE ARNIGDH HTE PALLATCHE But it hasn't worked farmer, helped to convince other farmers of the positive benefits of excluding livestock from overgrazed land and everywhere incorporating trees on their farms. The same government initiatives tried to introduce many "In Adi Gudom, you still see lots of free grazing and the of the measures that worked in Abreha We Atsbeha in majority of farmers don’t want to use a cut-and-carry Adi Gudom, but without much success. "The landscape system to feed their livestock because they don’t see has remained almost treeless, apart from the planting of a connection between free grazing, loss of vegetation eucalyptus along one watercourse," says Martha Cronin, a and soil loss, as was evident in the Abreha We Atsbeha World Agroforestry Centre researcher. Although farmers site," says Martha. "Instead, farmers value free grazing for in Adi Gudom know about the success of the watershed loosening the soil and spreading manure on crop land." It programme in Abreha We Atsbeha, which won the Equator goes without saying that free grazing mitigates against tree Prize for community-led environment and poverty establishment as livestock eat young tree seedlings. solutions in 2012, they have not developed a productive agroforestry landscape themselves. The research in Tigray shows that agroforestry projects are most likely to succeed when they are community-based, Genevieve and Martha believe there are several reasons with strong local leadership able to adapt intervention why trees are improving livelihoods in one village, but not options to suit local circumstances. "This research the other. These include time, the motivation to act, local illustrates how fine scale variation in context requires us leadership and different agroecological conditions. Projects to adapt agroforestry options to local circumstances," says involving land restoration and grazing controls began Fergus Sinclair, leader of systems research at the World much earlier in Abreha We Atsbeha and were prompted Agroforestry Centre. "We now explicitly consider variation by the community experiencing extreme food insecurity. in context when developing agroforestry interventions, and Just as importantly, the grassroots implementation of the we are partnering with development organizations to test programme there, and the inspired leadership of one them directly with farmers." 48 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN ACEH The Indonesian province of Aceh was the scene of a trees that will produce both quantity and quality products. decades-long conflict between an independence movement To achieve that, high-quality seedlings are needed along and the government. This was brought to an abrupt halt with proper management. That was the whole point of when Aceh was struck by an earthquake and tsunami on establishing 'nurseries of excellence’." 26 December 2004. Over 170,000 people were killed and vast areas of productive farmland destroyed. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 48% of rice land, 75% of upland agricultural systems and over two- thirds of the province's livestock were lost. Immediately after the tsunami, the priority was reconstruction of essential services. However, aid and development agencies soon began to focus on food production. This meant, among other things, ensuring that farmers had access to high-quality rubber, cocoa, fruit and timber seedlings. With support from the Canadian International Many of the farmer groups who benefited from the NOEL Development Agency (CIDA, recently renamed the project are still operating, four years after the project ended. Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development - DFATD), the World Agroforestry Centre launched the Jim and his colleagues trained more than 60 farmers Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) project in 2007. During as specialist trainers. They subsequently shared their the next two years, scientists and technicians from the knowledge with other farmers, creating a snowball effect Centre trained more than 5000 farmers, a third of whom that has increased the knowledge of thousands of small- were women, on how to establish and manage tree scale farmers and improved their ability to make the land nurseries. In 2013, four years after the project ended, they more productive. "The knowledge NOEL gave us, especially returned to the province to produce a video about its in the Bayu Sepakat farmers' group, has spread widely," impact. said Usman, one of the trainers interviewed in the video. "Thanks to the training we received from NOEL, we are Among those interviewed was Hamdan, leader of a not only selling seedlings, but also sharing knowledge as a farmers’ group which runs a successful nursery business, gift when farmers buy from us." thanks to training and support from NOEL. The project helped the group to register as suppliers of quality All too often, research and development projects lose seedlings, and in 2013 they renewed their certificate with their impetus when the managers leave. NOEL, in contrast, the provincial government. Their seedlings are much sought has had a lasting influence. "We can now see productive after as they have a good reputation for excellence and agroforestry systems on land that was previously idle," says high productivity. Jim. "Some are already beginning to bear fruit or produce latex or other products. It's great to see that farmers "This is a classic example of the importance of quality continue to benefit from what we taught them and are able germplasm," says Jim Roshetko, former leader of the NOEL to build better lives for themselves." project and senior scientist with the Centre's Southeast Asia programme and Winrock International. "Farmers want 49 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF THTREE REIGS,H FTO TORDE ES EFCOURR TITHYE ARNIGDH HTE PALLATCHE Progress in Sulawesi In last year's annual report we reported on the progress of the Agroforestry and Forestry in Sulawesi (AgFor Sulawesi) project. Funded by DFATD (formerly CIDA), the project is led by the World Agroforestry Centre, with the assistance of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Winrock International, the National Planning and Development Agency of Indonesia and several local partners. The aim of the project is to improve rural livelihoods by raising on-farm productivity, encouraging better environmental management, and improving governance. The initial focus has been on South and Southeast Sulawesi, two provinces which suffer from high levels of poverty and still possess significant tracts of natural forest. The project will expand to Gorontalo Province in 2014. Between April to September 2013, 1070 individuals gained greater knowledge about sustainable natural resource management through formal and informal workshops and trainings. The baseline livelihood study was published in Farmers tending a pepper garden in South-east Sulawesi English and Indonesian as well as technical guidelines in Indonesian for smallholder cacao, coffee, rubber and black “We are very pleased with the progress to date,” says Jim pepper systems. Over 2300 people, 30% of whom were Roshetko, Senior Team Leader of the AgFor Project. “We women, were trained in agroforestry management at 112 have worked collaboratively with local partners, including events, and almost 1500 people, 31% of whom were women, government agencies, to improve knowledge and capacity of were trained in nursery management and tree propagation farmers and communities. This has helped us achieve project at 103 events. Several thousand people also benefited from goals and, more importantly, it's ensuring that communities training sessions on marketing, establishing demonstration will continue to benefit after 2016, when the project ends.” trials, participatory governance, the development of land-use models and various other activities. References Roshetko JM, Idris N, Purnomosidhi P, Zulfadhli T, Tarigan J. 2013. Farmer extension approach to rehabilitate smallholder fruit agroforestry systems: the “Nurseries of excellence (NOEL)” program in Aceh, Indonesia. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 975:649-656 (http://www.actahort.org/books/975/975_81.htm) Martini E, Roshetko JM, Purnomosidhi P, Tarigan J, Idris N, Zulfadhli T. 2013. Fruit Germplasm Resources and Demands for Small-Sscale Farmers Post-Tsunami and Conflicts in Aceh, Indonesia. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 975:657-664 (http://www.actahort.org/books/975/975_82.htm) 50 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/Yusuf Ahmad TRANSFORMING COCOA PRODUCTION In 2010, the Vision for Change (V4C) project was launched a small rural enterprise, owned by an individual living in the in Côte d'Ivoire. A public-private partnership involving cocoa-producing communities. the World Agroforestry Centre, Mars Inc. and a range of national institutions, V4C is helping to increase yields and The overall goal of the sustainable management work improve the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of cocoa stream has been to provide systematic support to develop farmers. and improve farm management practices which can be demonstrated by the CDCs and adopted by farmers. Côte d'Ivoire supplies more than a third of the world's Good soil fertility management requires appropriate cocoa, and the crop accounts for about 10% of the recommendations and timely application of fertilizer, based country's GDP and 40% of its exports. It also provides on the prevailing nutrient status of the soil and trees. a living for some 6 million people. However, despite its Soil surveys were conducted in the project area covering importance, the sector faces serious challenges, including 50,000 hectares in five CDC catchments, and a soil declining productivity and high levels of pests and diseases. processing unit was built at Soubré. During the first phase, the project also took a leading role in developing a risk In March 2014, V4C partners held a review in Abidjan, management protocol for the cocoa swollen shoot virus, a during which scientists, agronomists and project managers major threat to cocoa production in Côte d'Ivoire. were able to reflect on the achievements of phase 1 of the project, which came to an end in December 2013. These "Continued research is required at both on-farm and fell under three main headings: germplasm; innovation landscape levels for sustainable intensification of the cocoa platforms; and sustainable management. The science review cropping system," says Christophe Kouame, the World evaluated progress, analysed the challenges and made Agroforestry Centre's Country Director in Côte d'Ivoire. recommendations which will help to shape phase 2 of the "Adoption studies and delivery of the triple productivity project, which runs from 2014 to 2017. package to farmers through the CVCs will be expanded during the second phase." Achievements during the first phase were considerable. One of the highlights of the germplasm work was the setting up – reported in last year's annual report – of a new somatic embryogenesis laboratory. A highly efficient protocol for sterilizing field-grown cocoa flower explants has been developed, as well as regeneration of somatic embryos and plantlets for some clones. To increase the availability of improved planting material, over 18 hectares of irrigated clonal gardens have been established from existing high-yielding cultivars. By the end of phase 1, the project had set up 16 Centres de Développement du Cacao (CDCs), equipped with facilities for planting material propagation. Each CDC is managed by a field technician and supervised by a research assistant. The dissemination pathway for delivering improved inputs and rehabilitation services to farmers is the CDC-CVC model. The Cocoa Village Centre (CVC) is The project is helping to improve cocoa productivity. 51 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF THTREE REIGS,H FTO TORDE ES EFCOURR TITHYE ARNIGDH HTE PALLATCHE ENRICHING COCOA GARDENS IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE Côte d'Ivoire produces 40% of the world's cocoa, but the were also told, among other things, that many native industry is in crisis. Many cocoa gardens are old and suffer species acted as vectors for the cocoa swollen shoot virus, from declining productivity. The average farmer in Bas- despite the fact that there is little scientific evidence to Sassandra region, a major cocoa growing area, gets just 400 support this assertion. kilograms per hectare per year, less than half the potential yield under good conditions. While the authorities championed full-sun cocoa, organizations like the Rainforest Alliance and UTZ Since its launch in 2010, the Vision for Change (V4C) promoted certification schemes which reward project, a public-private partnership involving Mars Inc, farmers through price premiums for adopting more the World Agroforestry Centre and national institutions, environmentally-friendly practices. Environmental criteria has been helping farmers to increase their yields and include the integration of native shade trees in cocoa improve their incomes. This is mainly being done by grafting gardens. improved scions of high-yielding cultivars onto old trees, and by encouraging farmers to adopt good agricultural practices. However, recent research by “Our research suggests that it’s the World Agroforestry Centre possible for farmers to get good cocoa yields and at the same time benefit suggests that farmers could also from planting a range of different improve yields and incomes trees in their cocoa gardens.” by shifting away from cocoa monoculture to species-rich cocoa Fergus Sinclair Leader, Agroforestry Systems agroforestry. This was one of the key messages that came out of a national strategy meeting for agroforestry research on cocoa, held in Grand-Bassam in February 2013. "Traditionally, government agencies and extension workers in Côte d'Ivoire have encouraged farmers to grow coffee under full sun," says Fergus Sinclair, who leads the Centre's research on agroforestry systems. Full-sun cocoa Cocoa drying at a homestead in Gligbeaudji. cultivation maximizes short-term yields, but productivity can only be sustained if farmers can afford to apply large At the February strategy meeting, Fergus and his colleagues quantities of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides. In argued that it should not be a matter of either/or: Côte d'Ivoire, the majority cannot. Hence the dramatic either full-sun cocoa, or species-rich low-yielding cocoa decline in yields. agroforests. "Our research suggests that it's possible for farmers to get good cocoa yields and at the same time For many years, cocoa growers were warned not to retain benefit from planting a range of different trees in their a long list of forestry species in their cocoa gardens. They cocoa gardens," he says. "Besides providing important 52 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/ E.Smith environmental services like buffering against climate with detailed information about how 32 species interact variability and improving soil fertility, trees provide farmers with cocoa in terms of soil moisture retention, soil fertility with key products such as fruit and timber, which they can improvement and pest and disease interactions. either use themselves or sell in the market." "The cocoa landscapes in South-West Côte d'Ivoire appear Research by Emilie Smith Dumont provides compelling to be at a turning point," says Emilie. "Their productivity evidence that cocoa farmers are sympathetic to the is declining, along with their conservation value. However, principles of agroforestry, even though government our research suggests that both issues could be addressed agencies have long counselled against intercropping by promoting appropriate tree diversity and good cocoa with native trees. In 2012, she and her colleagues management practices, supported by a policy environment interviewed 355 farmers in Bas-Sassandra region. They that includes security of land and tree tenure, certification identified over 100 different tree species in cocoa gardens, schemes and more efficient value chains." and found that 95% of farmers wanted to grow more tree species on their land. The farmers provided the researchers Who wants what? If farmers are to be encouraged to adopt cocoa of immigrants from countries like Burkina Faso, farmers agroforestry – as opposed to cocoa monoculture – we are only prepared to make short-term investments, for need to understand the reasons why they favour some example by planting fruit trees." This is because they lack species and not others. To gain an insight into farmers' security of land tenure, unlike native Ivoirians. The latter, in preferences, scientists from the World Agroforestry Centre contrast, are far more willing to plant timber trees such as and the University of California, Davis, interviewed 400 iroko, which take many years to mature. cocoa farmers in and around Soubré in Côte d'Ivoire. Farmers who receive information from cooperatives and Farmers tend to favour trees which have a market value. extension agencies about the benefits of intercropping are This is particularly true for better-off farmers living near also more likely to plant trees in their cocoa gardens than towns. However, poorer farmers and those living in isolated farmers who haven't benefited from similar contacts. The areas are more likely to intercrop their cocoa with tree researchers found that as increasing numbers of farmers crops that provide products they can use themselves, such in an area intercrop their cocoa with a specific tree, the as oil and fruit. likelihood of other farmers doing the same increases. Extension agencies could take advantage of this trend "We also found that where people came from had a by focusing on the promotion of intercropping to a core significant influence on the trees they grow in their cocoa population, then allowing additional farmers to learn from, gardens," says Amos Gyau, a markets researcher with the and be influenced by, these early adopters. World Agroforestry Centre. "In communities made up 53 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4THTREE REIGS,H FTO TORDE ES EFCOURR TITHYE ARNIGDH HTE PALLATCHE MEASURING THE IMPACT OF TREES ON FARMS It has become an article of faith for research organizations like the World Agroforestry Centre that trees on farms provide a whole range of goods and services. However, there is a surprising lack of quantitative evidence to back this up. "Researchers tend to be very good at talking about all the different functions of trees, yet little effort has been made to measure these functions, in particular at the same site, such as field, farm or landscape," says Ingrid Öborn, a Soil Scientist from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Senior Research Fellow at the World Agroforestry Centre. A research project launched in 2010, involving the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the World Agroforestry Centre, the Vi Agroforestry Programme in Kenya and the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, sought to answer the question: "Can integration of trees on farms contribute to enhanced agricultural productivity and resource utilization, and result in improved living Intercropping trees with crops. conditions for smallholders?"9 range of products and services, including better adaptation Most of the research focused on smallholder farming to climate change. They use a variety of tree species that systems in West and Central Kenya, but some activities have different functions, including the provision of fodder, were carried out in Tanzania, where researchers studied fertility, firewood, fruit and shade. This is work in progress, the soil properties required for the growing of Allanblackia, and the data gathered is now being used to model a native tree with oil-bearing fruits which is currently being productivity, resource flows and trade-offs at different domesticated as a crop for smallholder farmers. scales. "We measured a whole range of different interactions," According to Ingrid, the close interaction during project explains Ingrid, the project leader, "including crop– implementation between research, development and livestock–tree systems, crop–tree systems, and crop– extension organizations has been particularly fruitful, and livestock systems." The team, which also included two to the mutual benefit of all those involved. Furthermore, PhD students, conducted interviews with farmers and ran the training workshops and outreach activities proved training workshops and extension activities. beneficial to the farmers’ field advisors. The findings about growing conditions in natural Allanblackia stands in Tanzania The research shows that in the study areas, farmers are will inform future domestication work by the World integrating trees into their agricultural systems to obtain a Agroforestry Centre and its partners. 9 Can integration of trees and crops contribute to enhanced agricultural productivity, resource utilisation and livelihoods for smallholder farmers? An evaluation of the multifunctionality of agroforestry systems, by Ingrid Oborn et al, in the SLU Global Food Security Research and Education Programme 2010–2013. Available online at “http://www.slu.se/en/international/slu-global/about-the- programme/slu-global-reports/” 54 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF COFFEE AND CONSERVATION The liberalisation of the global coffee market in the early On farms with declining coffee production, farmers were 1990s had a profound impact on the smallholder farming seeking to supplement their coffee earnings with fast- communities who grow some of the finest Arabica coffee growing timber species, fruit trees such as mango, banana, in the world on the flanks of Mt Kenya. Without access to a avocado and macadamia, and annual crops. Frequently, guaranteed quota-based market, they now had to compete these were the younger farmers. "Many older farmers had with large-scale producers like Brazil and Vietnam. There remained loyal to coffee, partly because profits from coffee were frequent gluts and prices plummeted. had helped to pay for the education of their children and the development of their farms," says Sammy. "Many also As a result, coffee production in Kenya has decreased by had dairy cows and other income streams." This may be more than 50% over the past two decades. A study carried one of the reasons why they had been able to maintain out by Sammy Carsan, a tree domestication scientist at the higher coffee yields and retain bigger indigenous trees on World Agroforestry Centre, examined the impact of these their farms. changes on the abundance and variety of trees grown on farms. The findings, published in Biological Conservation, make Indigenous trees support a richer flora and fauna than disturbing reading. The decline in coffee farming on small exotic trees. The larger specimens are particularly farms could lead to significant losses of biodiversity as important, as they provide nesting sites for birds and seeds indigenous trees are replaced by exotics and annual crops. for regeneration. The study suggests that loss of existing coffee agroforestry systems to annual food crops and fast- Sammy and his team of researchers interviewed 180 coffee growing timber trees could seriously affect the region's farmers during a three-month period. They conducted biodiversity. complete farm inventories, and asked farmers about their attitudes towards coffee and other crops. They categorized the farms according to their coffee yields over a period of five years. Approximately 15% of farmers were increasing the amount of coffee they produced; 25% were going in the opposite direction; and production remained stable on the remaining 60% of farms. The study identified 190 different tree species, 78% of which were indigenous. While the levels of diversity were relatively high, which is not unusual for agroforestry systems, the actual number of indigenous trees was quite low. "We found that the first category of farmers – with increasing production – tended to have slightly greater tree species diversity and larger trees," says Sammy, "and the indigenous trees included important species for conservation, such as Prunus africana and Vitex keniensis." The other two categories – those with stable or declining production – had fewer indigenous trees and more exotics, such as Grevillea robusta and various Eucalyptus species. The loss of coffee agroforestry systems could have a serious impact on biodiversity. 55 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/Sammy Karsan THTREE REIGS,H FTO TORDE ES EFCOURR TITHYE ARNIGDH HTE PALLATCHE Restoring watersheds in the Philippines In recent years, many watersheds in the Philippines In this instance SWAT was used to simulate the impacts on have suffered from intensive resource extraction and hydrology under two scenarios. The first assumed business mismanagement. Take, for example, the Gabayan watershed as usual, with current land-use practices continuing much in eastern Bohol. Large areas of forest have been removed as they are. The second examined the impact of introducing and much of the land is heavily degraded. Floods and conservation agriculture with trees at strategic locations in droughts have become more frequent and soil erosion the watershed. is leading to the sedimentation of irrigation networks. According to local farmers, the degradation of the The model suggests that conservation agriculture – a watershed has led to a decline in productivity and incomes. practice which involves minimal soil disturbance, keeping the soil covered throughout the year, and growing a diverse In 2013, David Wilson, a scientist at the World Agroforestry mix of crops – combined with the use of trees could do Centre, used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) much to halt the degradation of the watershed. "Our to model the effects of different land-use practices on the results showed a significant reduction in sediment yield and ecosystem services provided by the watershed. Developed sediment concentration in the Gabayan watershed under by USDA Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) agroforestry and conservation agriculture," says David. "We and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, SWAT was designed were able to provide scientific evidence that agroforestry, to predict the environmental impact of land use, land combined with improved management practices, is an management practices and climate change. effective land-use strategy at the watershed scale." Agroforestry could help to improve water management in the Gabayan watershed. 56 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/ David Wilson The critically endangered Sumatran tiger frequently ventures into rubber plantations. 57 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © Lynn M. Stone/ naturepl.com THTREE REIGS,H FTO TORDE ES EFCOURR TITHYE ARNIGDH HTE PALLATCHE A NEW APPROACH TO RESEARCH Collaboration and knowledge sharing is at the heart of a The workshop provided an opportunity for research new approach to research, initiated in 2012. At a series of teams from sentinel landscapes across the world to regional workshops organized by Anja Gassner, Head of discuss research questions, sampling designs and data the Research Methods Group at the World Agroforestry analysis. "It also provided a good opportunity for teams Centre, scientists agreed that it was time to work more from the sentinel landscapes which have made the most closely together in 'sentinel landscapes'. progress to share their experience with researchers from other sentinel landscapes," says Jenny Ordoñez, a The idea was that scientists involved in the CGIAR World Agroforestry Centre scientist based at CATIE's Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry headquarters in Costa Rica. would work together in a multidisciplinary way over extended periods of time in the same areas, and share Leading the way their knowledge and data. By using precisely the same methodology in each of the sentinel landscapes, it would be One of the first tasks for researchers in the Nicaragua/ possible to make valid comparisons between them. Honduras sentinel landscape was to get the interest and involvement of local partners. After the kick-off At a workshop in Nairobi in 2012, workshop at the end of 2012, the team had to establish “The landscape approach allows us to scientists chose six 'Tier 1' sentinel exactly where to work. Partners were sent a map with 13 recognize that ecosystems and people landscapes – two each in Latin randomly chosen sites. "We asked them to identify which are intertwined.” America, Asia and Africa – and two sites they considered to be the best to work in, in terms Anja Gassner thematic landscapes, one for oil of good representation of the variability of conditions Head, Research Methods Group palm, and the other for production in the landscape, accessibility and security," says Jenny. forests. Each of the Tier 1 sentinel Eventually, the choice was whittled down to four sites. In landscapes contains a range of habitats, from primary forest both Nicaragua and Honduras, one of the sites is relatively to agricultural land and agroforestry, representing various heavily forested, and subject to rapid change; the other is stages of the 'forest transition curve'. These areas are more developed, with a mosaic of agriculture, agroforestry subject to rapid, human-induced change, and already the and secondary forest. focus of considerable research activity. In June and July 2013, Tor-Gunnar Vågen of the World "The landscape approach allows us to recognize that Agroforestry Centre and Leigh Winowiecki from the ecosystems and people are intertwined," says Anja. "Before International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) we can effectively manage at a landscape level, we need to provided training for local research teams on how to be able to assess landscape health in terms of both people’s conduct biophysical surveys, using the Land Degradation livelihoods and ecosystem services, such as soil fertility, Surveillance Framework (LDSF) developed in Africa and carbon storage and biodiversity conservation." described in previous annual reports. In March 2014, 38 scientists from 14 research organizations Some 700 soil samples were collected at each site and by met in Costa Rica to review progress in the sentinel the end of 2013 researchers had completed the biophysical landscapes. The meeting was hosted by the Center for characterization. They found that erosion was most Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education prevalent in areas which had the lowest tree densities. (CATIE), a regional organization which leads the Nicaragua/ "Greater tree density was associated with high levels of Honduras sentinel landscape and has played a key role in carbon, better infiltration and less erosion," says Jenny. the baseline studies. "In itself, that's not big news, but we now have excellent 58 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 The Mekong Sentinel landscape contains a mosaic of different land uses. quantitative figures and baseline data for the biophysical Nicaragua/Honduras sentinel landscape and the West factors in this sentinel landscape." African sentinel landscape, which has also carried out its baseline studies. The data will enable scientists to analyse In a parallel exercise, three local organizations that were the links between decision-making and the health of the already familiar with the communities in the four chosen landscape and the people who live there. The other sentinel sites were trained to conduct socio-economic baseline landscapes are now collecting their own biophysical and surveys. Sandrine Freguin-Gresh from the French research socio-economic baseline data. organization CIRAD also carried out institutional mapping, which has provided a good insight into the functioning of "This is the first time we will have a rigorous and local institutions and governance of natural resources. consistent methodology across a range of landscapes, allowing us to make comparisons about how people At the Costa Rica workshop, scientists from all sentinel manage and use forests, agroforestry and tree genetic landscapes had a glimpse of the data gathered in the resources," says Anja Gassner. 59 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/Tor Vågen TREES, FTOHOED W SAEYC UWREI TWYO ARNKD HEALTH LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE - FROM A TREE'S POINT OF VIEW If you ask villagers in the arid lands to the south of the temperatures rise by an average 2°C over the next 30 Sahara which trees they value most, many will tell you years. The resulting species suitability maps – these will be about Parkia biglobosa, commonly known as the African refined over the coming years – will provide governments, lotus bean or néré. A handsome parkland tree, its pods non-governmental agencies and other organizations contain a sweet yellow pulp which is a good source of with the information they require to plan future planting carbohydrates. However, its real value lies in its seeds, strategies. which are crushed and fermented to make a spicy condiment, locally known as dawadawa. In rural areas, this is "You often find that the speed at which the climate is an important source of protein, calcium and fat, especially changing is greater than the speed of natural migration of when staple foods are in short supply. tree species," explains Roeland. "That's when you need to consider 'assisted migration'." This involves giving species In the Sahelian region weather a helping hand by selecting seeds which are growing under “You often find that the speed at which patterns are changing, and the conditions in one place that are projected to occur in the climate is changing is greater than climate is expected to get warmer another, and planting them there. the speed of natural migration of tree species.” over the coming decades. Precisely how this will affect trees like Roeland stresses that the accuracy of the species suitability Roeland Kindt Parkia is the subject of a research models depends on the quality of the data, and there are Mapping and Data Expert programme involving the World still significant data gaps about the distribution of many Agroforestry Centre, Bioversity trees in Burkina Faso and surrounding countries. However, International and several other partners. Led by Roeland the use of ensemble modelling means that their predictions Kindt, a mapping and data expert, the project is focusing on are much more accurate than they would be if they used 15 fruit trees in Burkina Faso. just one algorithm. Using a technique known as ensemble modelling, which uses a number of different models rather than a single algorithm, the scientists are calculating where these species are likely to occur under different climatic conditions. "For each species, we've gathered as much data as we can about their present distribution, and looked at various bioclimatic variables," explains Roeland. Among other things, this involves calculating the maximum and minimum temperatures the species are currently subject to during the hottest and coldest months of the year. Using future climate data provided by CCAFS (http://www. ccafs-climate.org/data/), scientists are then able to predict Parkia biglobosa is one of the most important trees in dryland areas south of the Sahara. where the species are likely to grow best if, for example, 60 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF The one-stop information shop "Let's say you're a botanist in Addis Ababa and you want to During 2013, he added a new layer of information to the know about a certain tree species, I hope you would go to the online maps developed by the Vegetation and Climate Change agroforestry switchboard first," says Roeland Kindt. Launched in East Africa (VECEA) project. Using an overlay of Google in 2013, the switchboard currently documents the presence of Earth, the VECEA maps provide guidance about which species over 22,000 plant species – not just trees – in 13 web-based will grow well, and where they will grow, under different databases. climatic conditions. They are particularly useful for extension agencies and NGOs who are planning planting projects in East The switchboard also provides hyperlinks to information Africa. Users can now access distribution maps for 1022 plant on selected species in a number of other globally important species. For each species, VECEA assesses distribution under databases, such as the Plant List, Tropicos, the Royal Botanic three headings of characteristic, present and marginal. The Gardens, Kew, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. VECEA website is now linked to the agroforestry switchboard "We see this as a one-stop shop for retrieving information," http://www.worldagroforestry.org/products/switchboard/ says Roeland. index.php/name_like/Acacia/. Distribution of Parkia biglobosa in Burkina Faso inferred by ensemble suitability modelling. Colours correspond to the number of models that predict the presence of this species (black: no model; red – blue: 1 – 5 models). 61 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF TREES, FTOHOED W SAEYC UWREI TWYO ARNKD HEALTH GETTING TO GRIPS WITH A COMPLEX WORLD In 2012, the World Agroforestry Centre set up the Over a period of several years, the CGIAR Programme on GeoScience Lab as a new unit to support advanced spatial Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) data analytics within the centre. Since then the GeoScience has conducted research at six benchmark sites in Uganda, lab has developed an online portal for storing and analysing Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. At each site it has carried spatial data. "We've revolutionized the way the system out baseline surveys to gather information about farming works with the launch of the Landscapes Portal," says Tor- practices, diet, incomes, the risks faced by households and Gunnar Vågen, who leads the GeoScience Lab. "This gives communities and other matters. At a later date, survey us the potential to enhance the way we do science." teams will revisit the same villages and ask the same questions, enabling researchers to make comparisons of Scientists at the Centre – or behavioural changes and assess the influence of research “We’ve revolutionized the way the indeed any other institution – can and development projects. system works with the launch of the use the Landscapes Portal (http:// Landscapes Portal.” landscapeportal.org) to store data, In 2013, Tor combined data gathered by the CCAFS Tor-Gunnar Vågen create maps, merge their own data socioeconomic baseline surveys, and analysed by Anja Lead Scientist, GeoScience Lab with data from other scientists, Gassner and her team in the Research Methods Group, and use a wide variety of analytical with geo-referenced biophysical information from the same tools. All the data and maps must be attributed, so their sites. The latter had already been collected by scientists origins are traceable. from the World Agroforestry Centre and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), using the Land Although the Landscapes Portal is in its infancy, it had been Health Surveillance Framework. This included data about used by over 2000 scientists by early 2014. Besides storing, various aspects of soil health, including soil organic matter, sharing and analysing data, scientists were writing stories carbon content and erosion. about their projects. "I think this attracts a lot of traffic," says Tor. "People like to read stories, for example about "By combining the two sets of data we were able to what's happening in projects in places like the Western get a better understanding of the relationship between Ghats in India or the sentinel landscapes in Central biophysical factors and changes made by farmers," explains America." Tor. The analysis found, to give just one example, that farmers whose land had low soil organic carbon content Coping with complexity tended to make fewer changes to the way they farmed than farmers with land which had higher organic carbon During the past year, Tor and his colleagues have been content. working on the idea of linking social and economic databases in a more systematic way. The new Landscapes This is of far more than academic interest. "This sort of Portal is helping them to do that. To illustrate the point, information provides evidence about the constraints, social Tor describes a recent programme of research and analysis or biophysical, which determine how farmers behave," which has focused on climate change and smallholder says Tor. "That means that when extension agencies and farming systems in East Africa. development workers are planning interventions, they'll have a better idea about what will work, and what won't." 62 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 For example, if an area is particularly low in soil organic content in the soil, as the fertilizers won't have the desired carbon due to inherent constraints such as high sand effect. "What we're trying to do is unravel complexity and content, there's little point in offering farmers fertilizers to get a better understanding of the relationship between improve production without addressing the lack of organic social and biophysical factors," says Tor. A page from the Landscapes Portal website. 63 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF TREES, FTOHOED W SAEYC UWREI TWYO ARNKD HEALTH MEASURING WHAT MATTERS In 2012, the World Agroforestry Centre, working in of 83 variables in the model. In 10,000 model simulations, collaboration with Hubbard Decision Research, developed the value of impacts ranged from minus US$5 billion to a new intervention decision model. This is now being used plus US$10.5 billion. to help scientists work out what they need to measure in order to improve development interventions. "Traditionally, “The model thus indicated that there was a high risk of scientists have tended to measure things that are easy making the wrong choice, and that the potential size of loss to measure, but this often adds little value to improving from this was large,” says Keith. Much to the researchers’ decision-making, because these are typically not the areas surprise, the variable that had the highest information value where there is greatest uncertainty," says Keith Shepherd, a was the economic impact of the project on migration. The senior scientist at the World Agroforestry Centre. value of having better information on migration, in terms of its potential impact on the investment decision, was as high During 2013, Keith and his as US$470 million. Impacts ranged from minus colleagues used the decision analysis and metrics framework to The decision and metrics framework encouraged the US$5 billion to plus assess nine projects being carried scientists to revise their research programme. They now US$10.5 billion out under the CGIAR Research have a much clearer idea about what they should be Programme on Water, Land and measuring. This means that the project is likely to have Ecosystems. These included an greater impact and, just as importantly, that the research integrated water management programme in the Tana River will be cost-effective. "All too often," says Keith, "research basin in Kenya; research into alternatives to large dams programmes spend large amounts of money collecting data on the Mekong River in Laos; evaluation of a government which simply isn't relevant to a project's success." irrigation scheme in Ghana; and a risk assessment of It has been shown that in most decision analyses done in investment in a water scheme in Northern Kenya and the business sector there is an almost inverse relationship targeting of conservation agriculture. between the amount of management effort focused on a "Researchers often find it difficult to identify what specific variable and its information value. This paradox is known as development decisions they are trying to influence, and ‘measurement inversion’, and it affects scientific research as that's one reason why they end up gathering data which much as it does business. has zero impact," says Keith. In a series of workshops, Another project which took advantage of the decision modelling exercises and online discussions, Keith and analysis and metrics framework involves the setting his team helped researchers and others involved in the up of crop seed distribution systems in West Africa. projects to identify which decisions they were trying to The biodiversity team in charge of the project held five influence, what alternatives to consider, and what sort of modelling workshops, exchanged dozens of emails related information they needed to gather. to modelling and spent hundreds of cumulative staff hours Take, for example, the integrated river basin management on the exercise. Tellingly, the six variables with the highest project in the Tana River basin. Here, various research information value were discussed in less than an hour, institutions belonging to the CGIAR were planning a range illustrating the ‘measurement inversion’ phenomenon. The of interventions to improve land and water management variables with the highest information value were related and agricultural productivity. The researchers used a total to infrastructure degradation and the risk of producing 64 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 poor seeds, and curiously enough a variable as basic as politicians, hydrologists and business groups to work average farm size. However, the process was important, as together to build an impact model for the project.” The it encouraged the biodiversity team to redesign the project model will guide decision-making about whether and how to ensure that the research effort addresses the issues that the project should be developed. really matter. Besides making science more useful for supporting The decision and metrics framework is helping scientists development decisions, the approach taken by Keith’s group to improve the impact of their research. Just as importantly, also facilitates a kind of holistic science that research for it is helping to create lasting partnerships. To give just one development has been struggling to adopt. “In development example, Keith's team were closely involved in discussions contexts, we’re always faced with a wide range of factors about the Merti aquifer project in Northern Kenya. for which we have no hard data, but which everyone This project aims to supply drinking water to the city of considers of critical importance," says Keith's colleague Wajir from a fossil groundwater body some 100 km away. Eike Luedeling. "The ability to deal with imperfect and This controversial scheme has been challenged by the incomplete information in modelling agricultural systems local communities, who feel that overutilization of the has been a liberating experience for me." For the first groundwater might lead to the drying up of their wells. time, Eike feels able to include all these critical factors into models, and this has greatly raised his confidence about the According to Jan de Leeuw, a lead scientist on this project, results being close to reality. "Our approach encouraged local councils, pastoralists, 65 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TREES, FTOHOED W SAEYC UWREI TWYO ARNKD HEALTH CHANGING THE WAY WE THINK ABOUT EXTENSION In East Africa, volunteer farmers are playing a significant farmer trainer model, and some of the challenges trainers role in spreading knowledge among dairy farmers. This face.10 In sparsely populated areas, for example, they have innovative approach to agricultural extension – known as to travel long distances. However, such is their commitment the volunteer farmer trainer model – has been applied with that few of these challenges have proved insurmountable. great success within the East Africa Dairy Development Indeed, farmers involved in EADD have doubled the amount (EADD) project, which seeks to double the incomes of of milk they sell each day to chilling plants. 179,000 dairy farmers by improving dairy production and marketing. Evelyne Kiptot, a social scientist and lead author of the policy brief, recalls the testimony of one of the women "The success of the volunteer farmer trainer approach is she met. "Seeing other farmers in the community improve changing the way we think about agricultural extension," their productivity as a result of my training gives me great says Steven Franzel, leader of the World Agroforestry satisfaction," said Agatha Buuri from Kieni West District in Centre's research on Rural Advisory Services. "Here, the Kenya. "It makes me feel good." farmers themselves are the principal agents of change in their communities, with extension workers serving as The volunteer farmer approach complements, rather than facilitators." By June 2013, over 2000 volunteer farmer replaces, regular extension services run by the government, trainers, one-third of whom were women, were helping non-governmental organizations and the private sector. dairy farmers in Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda to raise their "Indeed, it is through these traditional avenues that the productivity and incomes. Most of the training on better dairy production is practical, and happens at demonstration “Seeing other farmers in the plots maintained on volunteer community improve their productivity farmer trainers' land. As the as a result of my training gives me trainees embrace improved dairy great satisfaction” farming methods, the volunteers Agatha Buuri pay them regular visits to follow Volunteer Farmer up on their progress and respond to questions. Being residents, volunteer farmer trainers use the local language and have a good understanding of local culture. This means that it is much easier for them to communicate with farmers than it is for outsiders. On average, each volunteer farmer trainer reaches five villages besides their own, travelling mostly on foot and covering up to 7km a day. A policy brief published by the Centre describes the volunteer A volunteer farmer trainer in Wakiso district, Uganda, training farmers on planting Gliricidia fodder shrubs from cuttings. 10 Kiptot E, Franzel S, Kirui J. 2012. Volunteer farmer trainers: improving smallholder farmers access to information for a stronger dairy industry, World Agroforestry Centre Policy brief 13. 66 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/ Pius Lutakome volunteers receive technical support and training about silage or hay. The policy implications are that extension innovations in the dairy sector," says Steven Franzel. "The managers can benefit from finding out what motivates their volunteers also rely on qualified extension staff to address farmer trainers and designing low-cost means of keeping problems and questions they cannot handle on their own." them motivated. However, he emphasizes that the model is unsuitable for complex high-risk practices which require specialized skills, In January 2014, the EADD partners launched the second such as those involving animal health issues. phase of the project, which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The aim is to expand the Steve and his colleagues interviewed 100 volunteer farmer project to assist more than 136,000 dairy farming families trainers and found that 61% said the main motivation was in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Integrating the volunteer early access to new information and technology. However, farmer trainer approach into producer organizations will 42% said they were doing it out of altruism. Over time be a priority for the World Agroforestry Centre. This will many of them learned ways to earn money from providing help to ensure that farmers access knowledge on feeds in training, selling seed from their demonstration plots, and the most cost-effective way. starting small enterprises providing services such as making A volunteer farmer trainer in Wakiso district, Uganda, training farmers on how to establish a tree nursery Reference: Kiptot d Franzel S. 2014. Voluntarism as an investment in human, social and financial capital: evidence from a farmer-to-farmer extension program in Kenya, Agriculture and Human Values 31:231-243. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10460-013-9463-5 67 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Photo © ICRAF/ Pius Lutakome TREES, FTOHOED W SAEYC UWREI TWYO ARNKD HEALTH OUR PEOPLE Board of Trustees Dr John Lynam, Chair Ms Hilary Wild Prof Olavi Luukkanen Dr Lailai Li Chair Vice Chair Dr Rita Sharma Dr Hector Cisneros Ms Marie Claire O’Connor Dr Paco Sereme Dr Hosny El-Lakany Mrs Sicily Kariuki Mr John Hudson Prof Tony Simons Ex-officio Ex-officio Ex-officio Ex-officio Senior Leadership Team Prof Tony Simons Dr Ravi Prabhu Laksiri Abeysekera Dr Margaret Kroma Ms Christine Larson-Luhila Ms Elizabeth Kariuki Director General Deputy Director General, Deputy Director General, Assistant Director General, Director of Human Resources Executive Manager Research & Region Finance and Corporate Partnerships & Impacts Services 68 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Science Domain Leaders Fergus Sinclair – Science Domain Leader – SD1– Agroforestry Systems Henry Neufeldt – Science Domain Leader – SD6 – Climate Change Keith Shepherd – Science Domain Leader – SD4 – Land Health Decisions Meine van Noordwijk – Chief Science Advisor, Principal Scientist Peter Minang – Science Domain Leader – SD5 – Environmental Services Ramni Jamnadass – Science Domain Leader – SD3 – Tree Diversity, Domestication and Delivery Country, Node and Regional Coordinators and Representatives Anthony Kimaro – Country Representative, Tanzania Antoine Kalinganire – Representative, Sahel Node Christophe Kouamé – Programme Manager, Côte d’Ivoire Clement Okia – Country Representative, Uganda Delia Catacutan – Country Representative, Vietnam and Social Scientist Ebenezar Asaah – Country Coordinator, Sierra Leone Isaac Nyoka – Acting Regional Representative, Southern Africa Javed Rizvi – Regional Coordinator, South Asia Jeremias Gasper Mowo – Regional Coordinator, East and Southern Africa Jerome Tondoh – Country Coordinator, Mali Jianchu Xu – Regional Coordinator, East and Central Asia Jonathan Cornelius – Regional Coordinator, Latin America Jonathan Muriuki – Country Representative, Kenya Kiros Hadgu – Country Representative, Ethiopia Rodel Lasco – Country Coordinator, Philippines Sonya Dewi – Country Coordinator, Indonesia Ujjwal Pradhan – Regional Coordinator, Southeast Asia Zac Tchoundjeu – Regional Coordinator, West and Central Africa 69 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TREES, FOOD ASNENCEUXREITSY AND HEALTH INVESTORS 2013 Abt Associates INC. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Agropolis Foundation (GIZ) Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) European Union (EU) Association for Strengthening Agriculture Research in Finland Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Australian Aid (FAO) Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Ford Foundation (ACIAR) Global Crop Diversity Trust Belgium Global Food and Farming Futures Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services BOTH ENDS (Environment and Development Service) Government of India Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) Governors of St. Francis Xavier University (COADY) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Harvard University Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies (CMES) Heifer International Centre on International Cooperation HK Logistics Ltd Global Solutions Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical, Colombia India Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) (CIAT) Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) CGIAR Research Programme 1.1 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry CGIAR Research Programme 1.2 Areas (ICARDA) CGIAR Research Programme 2 International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid CGIAR Research Programme 4 Tropics (ICRISAT) CGIAR Research Programme 5 International Development Research Centre (IDRC) CGIAR Research Programme 6 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) CGIAR Research Programme 7 International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) China International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Columbia Global Center in Eastern and Southern Africa International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (CGC Africa) International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Common Market For East and Southern Africa (COMESA) International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research (CIMMYT) Organization (CSIRO) International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Concern Worldwide Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Cooperation of Common Fund for Commodities Développement (CIRAD) CORAF/WECARD Ireland Cornell University Japan Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning Japan International Research Center For Agricultural Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) Sciences (JIRCAS) Department for International Development (DFID) Macaulay Land Use Research Institute 70 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Margaret A. Cargill Foundation Swiss Development Corporation Mars Inc Tegemeo Institute of Egerton University McKnight Foundation The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Michigan State University The Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH) National Smallholder Farmers’ Association of Malawi Unilever Natural Environment Research Council United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Natural Resources Canada United Nations University – International Organization Natural Resources Institute Center Netherlands United States Agency for International Development Northern Rangelands Company Limited (USAID) Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation Universite Laval (NORAD) University of California, Davis Peru University of Copenhagen Rainwater Harvesting Implementation Network Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Foundation William J. Clinton Foundation Republic of South Africa World Bank Rights and Resources Group World Cocoa Foundation Rwanda Agricultural Development Authority World Vision Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences WorldFish Centre 71 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TREES, FOOD ASNENCEUXREITSY AND HEALTH FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS Statement of Financial Position AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2013 (In US Dollars ‘000’) Note 2013 2012 ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 5 23,252 19,800 Short term investments 6 1,386 5,197 Accounts receivables Donor 7 11,929 11,077 Employees 8 282 155 Other CGIAR Centres 9 429 223 Other 10 3,128 3,165 Inventories - net 11 80 96 Prepaid expenses 12 1,087 1,178 Total current assets 41,573 40,891 Non-current assets Property and equipment 13 6,386 5,653 Long term investments 14 18,181 14,624 Total non-current assets 24,567 20,277 TOTAL ASSETS 66,140 61,168 LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS Current liabilities Accounts payable Donor 15 20,320 17,306 Employees 16 787 688 Other CGIAR Centres 17 858 380 Other 18 2,062 1,919 Accruals 19 8,310 8,307 Total current liabilities 32,337 28,600 Non-current liabilities Accounts payable Employees 20 6,692 5,579 Total Non-current liabilities 6,692 5,579 TOTAL LIABILITIES 39,029 34,179 NET ASSETS Unrestricted Designated 21 14,309 16,658 Undesignated 21 12,802 10,331 27,111 26,989 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 66,140 61,168 72 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Income Statement FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2013 (In US Dollars ‘000) Note 2013 2012 Grant revenue 22 56,062 51,385 Other revenue and gains 23 1,422 1,713 Total revenues and gains 57,484 53,098 Research costs 24 50,196 46,170 General and administration 25 7,166 6,692 Total operating expenses 57,362 52,862 Financial income - - Financial costs - - Surplus for the year 122 236 Fair value gains/(losses) on financial assets measured at fair value through OCI - - Actuarial gains/(losses) on post employment benefit obligations - - Cash flow hedges - - Total comprehensive surplus for the year 122 236 73 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TREES, FOOD ASNENCEUXREITSY AND HEALTH BOARD STATEMENT ON RISK MANAGEMENT The Board of Trustees have reviewed the risk register and the a framework by which the Centre’s management identifies, proposed mitigating actions. The Board endorses the current risk evaluates and prioritizes risks and opportunities across the ratings, having considered the requirement for any amendments. Centre; develops risk mitigation strategies which balance benefits with costs; monitors the implementation of these The Board of Trustees has the responsibility of ensuring that an strategies; and periodically reports to the Board on results. This appropriate risk management process is in place to identify and process draws upon risk assessments and analysis prepared by manage current and emerging significant risks to the achievement staff of the Centre’s business unit, internal auditors, Centre- of the Centre’s business objectives, and to ensure alignment commissioned external reviewers and the external auditors. The with CGIAR principles and guidelines as adopted by all CGIAR risk assessments also incorporate the results of collaborative Centres. These risks include operational, financial and reputation risk assessments with other CGIAR Centres, office system risks that are inherent in the nature, modus operandi and locations components, and other entities in relation to shared risks arising of the Centre’s activities. They are dynamic owing to the from jointly managed activities. The risk management framework environment in which the Centre operates. There is potential seeks to draw upon best practices, as promoted in codes and for loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes or standards promulgated in a number of CGIAR member countries. systems, human factors or external events. Risks include: It is subject to ongoing review as part of the Centre’s continuous 1. Misallocation of scientific efforts away from agreed improvement efforts. priorities; Risk mitigation strategies include the implementation of systems 2. Loss of reputation for scientific excellence and integrity; of internal controls, which, by their nature, are designed to 3. Business disruption and information system failure; manage rather than eliminate risk. The Centre endeavours to 4. Liquidity problems; manage risk by ensuring that the appropriate infrastructure, 5. Transaction processing failures; controls, systems and people are in place throughout the Centre. Key practices employed in managing risks and opportunities 6. Loss of assets, including information assets; include business environmental scans, clear policies and 7. Failure to recruit, retain and effectively utilize qualified accountabilities, transaction approval frameworks, financial and and experienced staff; management reporting, and the monitoring of metrics designed 8. Failure in staff health and safety systems; to highlight positive or negative performance of individuals and 9. Failure by the Consortium to execute legal and business processes across a broad range of key performance fiduciary responsibilities; areas. The design and effectiveness of the risk management system and internal controls is subject to ongoing review by the Centre’s 10. Withdrawal or reduction of funding by donors due to internal audit service, which is independent of the business units, the financial crisis; and which reports on the results of its audits directly to the 11. Subsidization of the cost of projects funded from Director General and to the Board through its Finance and Audit restricted grants and/or partial non-delivery of Committee. promised outputs, due to inadequate costing of restricted projects; The Board also remains very alive to the impact of external events over which the Centre has no control other than to 12. Failure by the lead Centre to comply with the terms monitor and, as the occasion arises, to provide mitigation. of the agreement and/or not delivering on the agreed outputs could affect ICRAF as a participating centre; and John Lynam 13. Non-prioritization of agroforestry in the CRPs due to Chair, Board of Trustees lack of funding. 11 April 2014 The Board has adopted a risk management policy that includes 74 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Performance indicators The Performance Measurement (PM) system of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) measures the performance of the Centres it supports in terms of their results and potential to perform. The PM system provides the Centres with a method to better understand their own performance and demonstrate accountability. The results are presented below. Results for the World Agroforestry Centre Publications 1. Composite measure of Centre research publications: 471/568 (83%) Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2013 that are published in journals listed in Thomson Scientific/ISI: 137 Number of externally peer-reviewed publications in 2013: 334 2. Percentage of scientific papers published with developing country partners in refereed journals, conference and workshop proceedings in 2013: 44% Institutional health Percentage of women in management: 27.59% Financial health Long-term financial stability (adequacy of reserves): 138 days where the minimum benchmark is 90 days Cash management on restricted operations: 0.59 where the benchmark is less than 1.00 75 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TREES, FOOD ASNENCEUXREITSY AND HEALTH PUBLICATIONS Journal articles Njenga M, Karanja N, Jamnadass R, Kithinji J, Sundberg C, Jirjis R. 2013. Quality of cooking fuel briquettes produced locally from Ackom E, Alemagi D, Ackom N, Minang P, Tchoundjeu Z. 2013. charcoal dust and sawdust in Kenya. Journal of Biobased Materials Modern bioenergy from agricultural and forestry residues in and Bioenergy 7 Cameroon: potential, challenges and the way forward. Energy Osano PM, Said MY, De Leeuw J, Moiko SS, Kaelo DO, Schomers Policy 63 S, Birner R, Ogutu JO. 2013. Pastoralism and ecosystem-based Herrick JE, Urama KC, Karl JW, Boos J, Johnson MV, Shepherd adaptation in Kenyan Maasailand. International Journal of Climate KD, Hempel J, Bestelmeyer BT, Davies J, Guerra JL, Kosnik C, Change Strategies and Management 5 (2) Kimiti DW, Ekai AL, Muller K, Norfleet L, Ozor N. 2013. The Paul BK, Vanlauwe B, Ayuke F, Gassner A, Hoogmoed M, Hurisso global Land-Potential Knowledge System (LandPKS): supporting TT, Koala S, Lelei D, Ndabamenye T, Sixe J, Pullemana MM. 2013. evidence-based, site-specific land use and management through Medium-term impact of tillage and residue management on soil cloud computing, mobile applications, and crowdsourcing. Journal aggregate stability, soil carbon and crop productivity. Agriculture, of Soil and Water Conservation 68 (1) Ecosystems & Environment 164 Iiyama M, Newman D, Munster C, Nyabenge M, Sileshi GW, Ranjitkar S, Luedeling E, Shrestha KK, Guan KY, Xu JC. 2013. Moraa V, Onchieku J, Mowo JG, Jamnadass R. 2013. Productivity Flowering phenology of tree rhododendron along an elevation of Jatropha curcas under smallholder farm conditions in Kenya. gradient in two sites in the Eastern Himalayas. International Journal Agroforestry Systems 87 of Biometeorology 57 (2) Kuyah S, Dietz J, Muthuri C, van Noordwijk M, Neufeldt H. Siriri D, Wilson J, Coe R, Tenywa MM, Bekunda MA, Ong CK. 2013. Allometry and partitioning of above- and below-ground 2013. Trees improve water storage and reduce soil evaporation biomass in farmed eucalyptus species dominant in western Kenya in agroforestry systems on bench terraces in SW Uganda. agricultural landscapes. Biomass and Bioenergy 55 Agroforestry Systems 87 Lescuyer G, Cerutti PO, Robiglio V. 2013. Artisanal chainsaw Sotelo Montes C, Weber JC, Silva DA, Andrade C, Muñiz GIB, milling to support decentralized management of timber in Garcia RA, Kalinganire A. 2013. Growth and fuelwood properties Central Africa? An analysis through the theory of access. Forest of five tree and shrub species in the Sahelian and Sudanian Policy and Economics 32 ecozones of Mali: relationships with mean annual rainfall and Mbow C, Chhin S, Sambou B, Skole D. 2013. Potential of geographical coordinates. New Forests 45 dendrochronology to assess annual rates of biomass productivity Sow M, Hély C, Mbow C, Sambou B. 2013. Fuel and fire behaviour in savanna trees of West Africa. Dendrochronologia 31 analysis for early-season prescribed fire planning in Sudanian and Minang PA, van Noordwijk M. 2013. Design challenges for Sahelian savannas. Journal of Arid Environments 89 achieving reduced emissions from deforestation and forest Vrieling A, De Leeuw J, Said MY. 2013. Length of growing period degradation through conservation: leveraging multiple paradigms over Africa: variability and trends from 30 years of NDVI time at the tropical forest margins. Land Use Policy 31 (2013) series. Remote Sensing 5 Muriuki JK, Kuria AW, Muthuri CW, Mukuralinda A, Simons AJ, Yang X-Q, Kushwaha SPS, Saran S, Xu J, Roy PS. 2013. Maxent Jamnadass RH. 2013. Testing biodegradable seedling containers modelling for predicting the potential distribution of medicinal as an alternative for polythene tubes in tropical small-scale tree plant, Justicia adhatoda L. in lesser Himalayan foothills. Ecological nurseries. Small-Scale Forestry 12 (2) (online first) Engineering 51 (2013) Nguyen Q, Hoang MH, Oborn I, van Noordwijk M. 2013. Multipurpose agroforestry as a climate change resiliency option for farmers: an example of local adaptation in Vietnam. Climatic Change 117 (1-2) 76 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Books Trees for Change booklets Badege B, Neufeldt H, Mowo JG, Abdelkadir A, Muriuki J, Dalle G, Pye-Smith C, Tarman AE, Janudianto, Rahayu S. 2013. Harapan yang Assefa T, Guillozet K, Kassa H, Dawson IK, Luedeling E, Mbow C. Terhenti di Tengah Jalan Perbaikan terhadap ketersediaan benih 2013. Farmers’ strategies for adapting to and mitigating climate dan bibit pohon berkualitas tinggi agar bermanfaat bagi jutaan variability and change through agroforestry in Ethiopia and Kenya. petani kecil. ICRAF Trees for Change No. 11. Nairobi: ICRAF Oregon: Oregon State University Pye-Smith C, Tarman AE, Janudianto, Rahayu, S. eds. 2013. Kakao Bernard F, Minang PA, van Noordwijk M, Freeman OE, Duguma untuk Masa Depan. Program penelitian dan pelatihan inovatif LA (eds) 2013. Towards a landscape approach for reducing untuk mengubah kehidupan masa depan petani kakao di Indonesia emissions: substantive report of Reducing Emissions from All dan tempat lainnya. ICRAF Trees for Change No. 9. Bogor: ICRAF Land Uses (REALU) project. Nairobi: ICRAF Pye-Smith C. 2013. The quiet revolution: how Niger’s farmers are Donovan J, Cunha M, Franzel S, Gyau A, Mithöfer D. 2013. re-greening the croplands of the Sahel. ICRAF Trees for Change No. Guías para el desarrollo de cadenas de valor: una revision 12 Nairobi: ICRAF comparativa. Turrialba: Costa Rica Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) Lasco R, Pulhin F, Pulhin P. 2013. Guidebook on mainstreaming climate change in biodiversity planning and management in the Philippines. Los Baños: ICRAF Pye-Smith C. 2013. Trees for life: creating a more prosperous future through agroforestry. Nairobi: ICRAF Shrestha RM, Ahmed M, Suphachalasai S, Lasco R. 2013. Economics of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in South Asia: options and costs. Manila: Asian Development Bank HIGH QUALITY RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS REMAIN A CORE OUTPUT OF ICRAF’S ACTIVITIES In 2013, ICRAF generated a total of 569 publications 334 91 81 63 Peer reviewed Science in progress Extension & policy Updates & progress outreach For a complete list of publications, visit our publications page on http://worldagroforestry.org/our_products/publications 77 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TREES, FOOD ASNENCEUXREITSY AND HEALTH OUR OFFICES HEADQUARTERS World Agroforestry Centre United Nations Avenue, Gigiri PO Box 30677, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224000 Via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254 20 7224001 Via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: worldagroforestry@cgiar.org www.worldagroforestry.org EASTERN & SOUTHERN AFRICA Malawi Uganda REGIONAL PROGRAMME Chitedze Research Station, off Mchinji Rd c/o NaFORRI, Kifu, Mukono PO Box 30798 Lilongwe 3, Malawi PO Box 26416 World Agroforestry Centre Tel: +265 1 707328/319 Kampala, Uganda United Nations Avenue, Gigiri Fax: +265 1 707319 Tel: +256 414 220 600 PO Box 30677, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya Email: i.nyoka@cgiar.org Mobile: +256 772 391311/772603621 Tel: +254 20 7224000 Fax: +256 414 220 611 Via USA +1 650 833 6645 Mozambique Email: c.okia@cgiar.org Fax: +254 20 7224001 Caixa Postal 1884 Via USA +1 650 833 6646 Av. das FPLM 3698, Mavalane Zambia Email: j.mowo@cgiar.org Maputo, Mozambique c/o Provincial Agriculture Office Tel: +258 21 461775 (Eastern Province) Ethiopia Email: arnela.mausse@yahoo.com Msekera Agriculture Research c/o ILRI Campus, Gurd Shola PO Box 510046, Chipata, Zambia P.O. Box 5689 Tanzania Tel: +260 62 21404 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia c/o MARI-Mikocheni Fax: +260 62 21725 Tel: +251 11 617 2491 Coca-Cola Road Email: drsmartlungu@yahoo.com Mobile: +251 930 105748 PO Box 6226 Fax: +251 11 617 2001 Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Zimbabwe Email: k.hadgu@cgiar.org Tel: +255 22 2700660 c/o DRSS, 5th Street Mobile: +255 684 223889 Extension, PO Box 594, Causeway, Harare Kisumu, Kenya Email: a.kimaro@cgiar.org Zimbabwe PO Box 2389 – 40100 Tel: +263 4704531 Kisumu, Kenya Rwanda Fax: +263 4728340 Tel: +254 57 2021234/2021456 c/o IRST Campus, Email: l.matarirano@cgiar.org Mobile: +254 722 631983 (Huye)-Butare Email: g.aertssen@cgiar.org or j.muriuki@ Tel: +250 25 2531350 cgiar.org Mobile: +250 788 210530 Email: a.mukuralinda@cgiar.org 78 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA Pucallpa, Perú SOUTHEAST ASIA REGIONAL Beijing, China Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria – PROGRAMME #12 Zhongguancun Nan Da Jie INIA JL, CIFOR, Situ Gede CAAS Mailbox 195 Carretera Federico Basadre Km. 4.2 Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115 Post code 100081, Beijing China Pucallpa, Perú PO Box 161, Bogor 16001 Tel: +86 10 8210 5693 Tel: + 61 579078 Indonesia Fax: +86 10 8210 5694 Tel: +62 251 8625415 SOUTH ASIA REGIONAL Email: J.C.Xu@cgiar.org or cmes-icraf@mail. Via USA: +1 650 833 6665 PROGRAMME kib.ac.cn Fax: +62 251 8625416 1st Floor, Block C, National Agricultural Via USA: +1 650 833 6666 Kunming, China Science Complex (NASC) Email: u.pradhan@cgiar.org Dev Prakash Shastri Marg Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India 110012 c/o Kunming Institute of Botany Philippines Tel: +91 11 25609800/25847885/6 3/F, North Research Building 2nd Floor, Khush Hall Bldg. Fax: +91 11 25847884 Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201, China International Rice Research Institute Email: j.rizvi@cgiar.org Tel: +86 871 5223014 Los Baños, 4031 Fax: +86 871 5223377 Laguna, Philippines Bangladesh Email: cmes@mail.kib.ac.cn Tel: +63 2 5805600/49 5362701-5 Ext. Dr Giashuddin Miah 2675/2544/2580 LATIN AMERICA REGIONAL Country Liaison Scientist for Bangladesh Fax: +63 49 5392925 PROGRAMME c/o Department of Agroforestry and Email: icrafphi@cgiar.org or r.lasco@cgiar.org c/o Centro Internacional de la Papa - CIP Environment Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Perú Bangbandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rehman Thailand PO Box 1558 Agricultural University (BSMRAU) Faculty of Social Sciences Tel: +511 349 6017 Gazipur - 1706, Bangladesh 5th Floor, Chiang Mai University Fax: +511 317 5326 Tel: +88 02 9205310-14, Ext: 2104 PO Box 267, CMU Post Office Email: icraf_la@cgiar.org Fax: +88 02 9205330/9205333 Chiang Mai 50202 Mobile: +88 01715401443 Thailand Brazil Email: g.miah@cgiar.org Tel: +66 5335 7906 or 5335 7907 Instituto Iniciativa Amazônica – IIA/ICRAF Fax: +66 5335 7908 (Embrapa Amazônia Oriental) Sri Lanka Email: icraf@icraf-cm.org Trav. Dr Enéas Pinheiro s/n° Dr DKNG Pushpakumara 66095-100, Marco-Belém/PA, Brazil Country Liaison Scientist for Sri Lanka Vietnam Tel: +55 91 3204 1108 c/o Faculty of Agriculture No. 8 Lot 13A, Trung Hoa Street Email: icraf_brazil@cgiar.org University of Peradeniya Yen Hoa Ward, Cau Giay District Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka Ha Noi, Vietnam Costa Rica Tel: +94 81 239 5110 Tel: +84 4 3783 4645 CATIE, CATIE 7170, Fax: +94 81 239 5110/81 2388041 Fax: +84 4 3783 4644 3 km Carretera a Siquirres Mobile: +94 714933591 Email: d.c.catacutan@cgiar.org Turrialba 30501 Email: ngpkumara@pdn.ac.lk or Costa Rica d.pushpakumara@cgiar.org Tel: +506 2558 2611 Email: icraf_cr@cgiar.org 79 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TREES, FOOD ASNENCEUXREITSY AND HEALTH WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA Sierra Leone REGIONAL PROGRAMME Mali No. 5 Presidential Lodge Road PO Box 16317 Yaounde, Cameroon BP E5118, Bamako, Mali Makeni Northern Province Tel: +237 22 215084 Tel: +223 2070 9220/4490 1806 Sierra Leone Fax: +237 22 215089 Fax: +223 4490 1807 Tel: +232 79 274500 Email: z.tchoundjeu@cgiar.org or icraf-aht@ Email: icraf-wca@cgiar.org Email: icraf-sl@cgiar.org cgiar.org Nigeria Abidjan Edo ADP Premises, Ogba Road, Oko Cocody Mermoz, Avenue 9 PMB 1698, Benin City 08 BP 2823 Abidjan 08 Edo State, Nigeria Tel: + 225 22 446774 Tel: +234 052 894 750 Email: icraf.cdi@cgiar.org Email: icraf-nigeria@cgiar.org Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Soubre, Côte d'Ivoire c/o INERA Zone ANADER Avenue des cliniques No 13 Tel: +225 34 712593 Commune de la Gombe, Kinshasa Email: icraf.cdi@cgiar.org Tel: +243 817762807/993373922 Email: a.biloso@cgiar.org 80 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABCD Asset-Based Community Driven Development Principles ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ADAPPT African Dryland Alliance for Pesticidal Plant Technologies AFOLU Agroforestry, Forestry and Other Land Uses AgFor Agroforestry and Forestry AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa AOCC African Orphan Crops Consortium ARS Agricultural Research Service CATIE Center for Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education CCAFS CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT International Centre for Tropical Agriculture CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement COP Conference of the Parties COSUST Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability DFATD Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development DFID Department for International Development DGIS Directorate General for International Cooperation EADD East Africa Dairy Development Embrapa Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FORDA Forestry Research and Development Agency ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute ILRI International Livestock Research Institute InPaC-S Participatory Knowledge Integration on Indicators of Soil Quality IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JKUAT Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute LDSF Land Degradation Surveillance Framework LUWES Land-use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategies MINAM Ministry of Environment in Peru NAC National Advisory Council NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development NGO Non-Governmental Organization 81 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4TREES, FOOD ASNENCEUXREITSY AND HEALTH NOEL Nurseries of Excellence PAFERN Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network PES Payments for Environmental Services R&D Research and Development REALU Reducing Emissions from all Land Uses REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RISING Research in Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation SAMPLES Standard Assessment of Mitigation Potential and Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SWAT Soil and Water Assessment Tool UC University of California UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture V4C Vision for Change VECEA Vegetation and Climate Change in East Africa WCA World Congress on Agroforestry WHO World Health Organization 82 Annual Report 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 Writer: Charlie Pye-Smith Other contributors: Amy C. Cruz, Craig Jamieson, Daisy Ouya, David Wilson, Kate Langford, Kristi Foster, Pal Singh, Regine Joy P. Evangelista, Rob Finlayson Coordination, compilation, editing/proofreading: Betty Rabar, Paul Stapleton Design & layout: Martha Mwenda Financial information: Francis Kinyanjui Performance indicators: Humphrey Keah, Aziz Arthur, Francis Kinyanjui Publications: Humphrey Keah Staff list: Aziz Arthur Distribution: Naomi Kanyugo, Hellen Kiarago World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P. O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Phone + (254) 20 722 4000, Fax + (254) 20 722 4001, Via USA phone (1-650) 833-6645, Via USA fax (1-650) 833-6646, World Agroforestry Centre is a Email: worldagroforestry@cgiar.org member of the CGIAR Consortium Website: www.worldagroforestry.org