International Potato Center Annual Report 2005 C o n tr ib u ti n g t o t h e M ill en n iu m D ev el o p m en t G o al s C o n te n ts Foreword Contributing significantly to the Millennium Development Goals 4 Poverty Using true potato seed in South, West and Central Asia 8 Market link benefits farmers in southwestern Uganda 9 Business opportunities for poor households in Kenya 10 Raising incomes with sweetpotato in Indonesia 11 Earning money from sweetpotato and pigs in Vietnam 12 Breeding sweetpotato in Southeast Asia 13 Hunger Adapting sweetpotatoes for acceptability in Kenya/Uganda 16 Sweetpotatoes and pigs in Papua 17 Improving nutrition and food security in DPR Korea 18 Bringing benefit to tsunami victims in Indonesia 19 Potato improves livelihoods of farmers in the Maasai community of Kenya 20 Potatoes for food security in Ethiopia and Kenya 21 Mortality Human health and potato production in the Andes 24 Sweetpotato fights blindness in India 25 Orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Sub-Saharan Africa 26 Sustainable development Roadmap to collaboration in the Andes 28 Sustaining development in Central Asia and the Caucasus 29 Supporting research and development in East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific 30 Conserving sweetpotato germplasm in Indonesia 31 Farmer field schools: success in East Africa 32 Major new project benefits the Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia 33 Slums Selling flower garlands in Metro Manila, the Philippines 36 Health and urban agriculture in Kampala, Uganda 37 Producing high value, quality vegetables in Lima, Peru 38 Least-developed countries More food for a new country – Timor-Leste 40 Developing technologies to increase yields in Bhutan 41 Rebuilding agriculture in Afghanistan 42 New technologies Complex agricultural knowledge and information systems in Peru 44 Innovation in the Andes 45 Indigenous biosystematics of potato landraces in Peru 46 Double transplanting worth the effort in India and Bangladesh 47 Using schools to transfer technology in Kenya 48 CIP Outcomes and Impact 49 Letter from the Chair 58 Board of trustees 59 Report on center governance 60 Financial report 62 Selected publications 66 Global contact points 70 CIP’s internal structure 72 Staff list 73 3I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Fo re w o rd 4 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Contributing significantly to the Millennium Development Goals I am pleased to be able to contribute this introduction to CIP’s 2005 Annual Report. CIP is a member of the Alliance of CGIAR Centers and, as such, is part of the broader international development community. In 2000, under the leadership of the United Nations and after a long process of consultation, this broader community articulated a series of well-defined development goals that became known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Each of these Goals outlines a series of very specific quantitative and temporal development targets, the Millennium Development Targets (MDTs). The MDTs clearly show that agricultural research is a valid and significant vehicle to contribute to international development. Agriculture is central to reducing poverty, raising food security, improving human health, maintaining environmental stability and fostering broad-based economic development. Indeed, Kofi Anan, the UN General Secretary, includes agriculture as one of the five sectors most important to eradicating poverty and achieving the MDGs by the target date of 2015. In his book The End of Poverty, Jeffery Sachs, the Director of the UN Millennium Project, put forward the challenge that “A special effort of world science, led by global scientific research centers, … must commit specifically to addressing the unmet challenges of the poor.” In 2004, CIP adopted a new Vision, organized around the MDGs and re-orienting the way we work, explicitly aimed at contributing to the Goals. More specifically, we have committed ourselves to contributing, through the results of a re-organized research structure, 5I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5I i l to eight of the Millennium Targets which we have prioritized as our own millennium development challenges. We do not see this as a polemic on research versus development, rather a dialectic on research and global science in the service of development. Hence, the title of this report, “Contributing to the Millennium Development Goals”. In 2005 we began work on an ambitious Strategic Plan to implement our Vision by adopting a new R&D paradigm that we believe will protect and strengthen our core research while enhancing our development impact. We expect to finish the strategic planning exercise in 2006 and present evidence of its positive effect on CIP’s work in our next Annual Report. This 2005 Annual Report presents brief highlights of the impact we have made, as a result of the first efforts to re-align our program work with the Millennium Development Targets. I commend this report to you and I hope that you are as excited as I am by the benefits that CIP’s work is bringing to the poorest people of the world. Pamela K. Anderson Director General 6 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 CIP can contribute to: • halving the proportion of the population in extreme poverty between 1990 and 2015—that the population living in poverty be less than 15% by 2015 (Target 1). • halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Target 2). • reducing by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate (Target 5). • reducing by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio (Target 6). • integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and to reversing the loss of environmental resources (Target 9). • to achieving a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers (Target 11). • addressing the special needs of the least developed countries (Target 13). • in cooperation with the private sector, to making available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies (Target 18). CIP and the Millennium Development Goals 7I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Po ve rt y halving the proportion of the population in extreme poverty between 1990 and 2015—that the population living in poverty be less than 15% by 2015 (Target 1) 8 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Using true potato seed to grow potatoes is proving to be valuable to farmers in parts of India, Nepal and Bangladesh as a way of reducing the cost of cultivation and increasing productivity and profits. The true potato seed (TPS) method takes two seasons to produce seed. Although more labor intensive than using normal tubers, the system decreases the amount of seed tubers used as seed. Because the tubers are relatively free of disease, yield is higher and less chemicals are needed to control late blight, so the crop is more profitable. Because of the smaller size, they take up less space in storage, and they can be transported easily to distant places and hilly areas. The characteristics of TPS make the technology particularly suitable for certain areas. During the 2004-05 cropping season, CIP collaborated with the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute to produce and distribute 10.50 kg of true potato seed and 3300 kg of seedling tubers to farmers at demonstration trials. In India, about 500 kg of seedling tubers were produced using the technology, in collaboration with self-help groups and co- operatives in Nagaland. After using the seed system, yields are increasing and incomes are rising in both areas, as well as increasing local food supplies. The farmers of Wokha village of Nagaland agreed that TPS is solving the problems of shortage of good and healthy seeds in hilly places like their region. Mr. Tara Lama, Potato Development Section, Nepal said “In the context of Nepal’s geophysical setting, diverse agroecology and socioeconomic condition, acceptance of TPS by the majority of the farmers is mainly due to easy transportation as low volume planting material and seed health contributing to less disease and higher productivity”. CIP is also working to help non-governmental organizations, self-help groups and co-operatives to produce and market healthy seed materials from TPS, and develop marketing strategies for potatoes produced through TPS technology. In Central Asia, TPS was tested for the first time in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, in two different agroecological conditions, highlands and lowlands, during the main cropping season in Tajikistan (May-October) and the first growing season in Uzbekistan (March-June). In Tajikistan, although late maturing, one TPS family showed excellent bulking behaviour that attracted the interest of both Tajik scientists and farmers. Experience showed, however, that March-June was not the best season in Uzbekistan for TPS, more in terms of temperature, which from May onward gradually increases to reach 40-45ºC at the end of June, rather than in terms of photoperiod (from shorter to longer days). “In general, we do not expect much success under the continental lowlands conditions due to the high competition exerted by imported clonal varieties,” said CIP’s Carlo Carli. “However, TPS could have more chance of success in the Highlands, for reasons related to scarce accessibility to potato growing areas, high price of seed that farmers cannot afford to pay, small plot size and other factors.” TPS harvest in Nagaland in North- East, India U si n g t ru e p ot at o se ed i n So ut h, W es t an d C en tr al A si a 9I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Ugandan potato farmers are earning bigger profits as increased consumer demand in the country is driving growth in the potato sector. With a growing number of fast food restaurants and kiosks opening in many urban centers in Uganda, potato has become a preferred dish among urban dwellers and the nation’s youth. So demand for potatoes is growing; this in turn has motivated farmers to produce more quality table potatoes especially for French fries. PRAPACE* and the National Agricultural Research Organization of Uganda assisted a group of farmers in the Kabale district to negotiate a contract with Nandos, one of the biggest fast food restaurant chains operating in Kampala, to supply 10 tonnes of quality table potato a month for French fries. The group currently has a total membership of 141 people (94 married women, 42 married men and 11 youths). “The gross earnings for the group is more than 81 million Ugandan Shillings (about US$41,000),” said the chair of the group, Mr. Charles Byarugaba. “This does not include what was sold outside the Nandos outlet, which rejects about 90% of the harvest due to size.” The project is having a significant impact on incomes. Several farmers have bought more land and animals, built permanent houses and sent more children to school. One member has even bought a pick-up truck, which is used to transport potatoes to town, reducing the problems of transportation that the group had. Having already benefited from a CIP Farmers’ Field Schools project (1999-2001), the farmers are actively involved in participatory adaptive research to develop ways to greatly increase the proportion of potatoes per harvested crop that the Nandos outlets accept. Nandos requires large-sized potatoes and the group, through their own research, identified planting at wider spacing (80 m x 30 m) to be the best way to produce tubers of the required size. This is a deviation from the narrower spacing recommended by research for high yield. Achieving such a level of skill has been possible through farmer empowerment, technical and logistical support from the National Agricultural Research Organization, Africare. CIP, PRAPACE and the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and Africare give a lot of support to make the supply- market chain sustainable. “Market availability and access are key to adoption and sustained use of technologies by farmers,” said CIP’s Berga Lemaga. “The technologies, however have to be simple to use and affordable. Crop varieties *PRAPACE is the French acronym for the Regional Network for Improvement of Potato and Sweetpotato in Eastern and Central Africa (ECA). It is a Partnership Program of CIP and one of the networks of the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa. M arket lin k b en efits farm ers in south w estern U g an d a Kabale farmers at a field workshop that meet market demand are a good example of such a technology.” 10 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Over 1500 smallholder farmers and more than 10 private sector partners are benefiting from enhanced market linkages in western Kenya. Consumer awareness has triggered enormous demand for fresh roots and flour of orange-fleshed sweetpotato, with stocks sometimes running out in various outlets before midday. With over 50 percent of the population living in poverty and a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the region, thousands of households are benefiting from a sustainable source of income and a source of livelihood by growing and selling the orange sweetpotatoes. A partnership among CIP, Family Concern (a market development agency) and 13 non-governmental organizations in western Kenya has led to a unique private sector–community partnership developing. This partnership is allowing local communities to emerge as key suppliers of fresh roots and flour of orange-fleshed sweetpotato for the formal and informal markets. “Access to profitable and consistent markets is a key determinant of access to B u si n es s op p or tu ni tie s fo r p oo r ho us eh ol d s in K en ya incomes and source oflivelihoods for poor communities,” said CIP’s Michael Potts, who is working on the project. CIP, with Family Concern, is focusing on developing commercial production in the villages, the private sector partners, processors, traders, supermarkets and retail shops, to establish a sustainable market development platform. Family Concern is setting up integrated marketing services based on local business service providers like truckers, commercial vine multipliers, locally based millers and a commercial chipping group. “Continuing market access is improving the farmer’s competitiveness in the market place. Incomes are fairly consistent and stable for more than 75 percent of the supply communities,” said Family Concern’s Mumbi Kimathi. Promoting orange-fleshed sweetpotato in a Ugandan supermarket 11I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 In a collaboration between CIP and Toyota-Bio in the agroindustrial use of sweetpotato as animal feed, variety and fertilizer trials achieved yields that were 300 percent higher than the average yields achieved using the cultivation techniques of local farmers. The factory’s aim is to process sweetpotato for feed. Accessing such a sweetpotato industry provides a valuable opportunity for the local people to improve their livelihoods by supplying the factory with raw material. R aisin g in com es w ith sw eetp otato in In d on esia Demonstrating sweetpotato varieties in Indonesia Toyota-Bio built a new factory in Lampung, Indonesia in April 2001 to process sweetpotato for animal feed. However, a continuous, adequate supply of high quality sweetpotato roots is essential for business success. CIP worked with Toyota-Bio to develop a superior sweetpotato variety that met the industrial need, as well as improve local cultivation techniques to allow farmers to achieve optimum yield. Together these produced a three-fold increase in production. The study showed that virus-free cuttings produced higher yields, some almost doubling production. Several sweetpotato cultivars were identified with the high levels of dry matter that were an important characteristic for industrial use. Other research assessed the best cultural practices to achieve good yields. In some areas of Lampung, adding dolomite could increase yield by 14-17 percent, while applying 10-20 tonnes/ha of manure increased yield by 32-48 percent. 12 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Modern, high-yielding varieties of sweetpotato developed by CIP are producing a 50 percent increase in yield over traditional varieties in Vietnam. Average yield was over 33 tonnes/ha, representing a significant contribution to the livelihoods of the farmers. More than 80 percent of 210 farm households that CIP researchers surveyed in eight villages in Vietnam had adopted the varieties. Sweetpotato is an important crop in Vietnam, especially as feed for pigs, which are important money earners and a major element in the local diet. Working in collaboration with the National Institute for Animal Husbandry, the Vietnamese Agricultural Science Institute, and Hanoi Agricultural University, and with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, another CIP project in the country is developing a more efficient sweetpotato-pig production system. On-station breeding and on-farm selection produced sweetpotato varieties with a high total dry matter yield with high crude protein and starch contents that are suitable for pig feed. Laboratory research backed up by feeding trials developed an efficient system of processing the crop by ensiling and sun drying, grinding and mixing it with other feed resources. By combining the sweetpotato harvest with other locally available material like cassava roots and leaves, groundnut vines, corn, rice bran, fish and soybean, the farmers can produce pig feed that can be stored over several months. This resource then allows the farmers to develop a healthy year- round feeding strategy for fattening pigs that balances nutrients and increases feed efficiency and hence the health and growth of the animals. The strategy takes into account seasonal yields of different crops, allowing them to economize on their labor and time, reduce the use of firewood for cooking feed, increase feed efficiency and produce a higher cash income. Another challenge has been to extend this innovative production system to the largest number of farmers in Vietnam at a low cost. This is being done by building demonstration sites and developing ‘Training of trainers’ and ‘Farmer to farmer’ workshops. By 2005, 248 farmer trainers and 1100 farmers, members of veterans’, womens’ and farmers’ groups, agricultural cooperatives, commune leaders and local extension workers had been trained in 11 provinces. The training is making the farmers much more efficient at fattening pigs by increasing their skills in planting, breeding, selecting and processing, storing and using sweet- potato, and managing pig health. More recently, CIP initiated new cooperation with non-government organizations working in rural development to further extend this innovation to poor communities. “Extracting more benefits from existing resources is saving work and time, increasing feed efficiency and producing a higher cash income for small-scale pig farmers in Vietnam,” said Keith Fuglie, Leader of CIP’s Impact Enhancement Division. “The methodology of the project is so successful that we are also providing expertise and sweetpotato planting material to projects in Laos.” Farmers in Vietnam are becoming more efficient at fattening their pigs Ea rn in g m on ey f ro m s w ee tp ot at o an d p ig s in V ie tn am 13I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Between 1996 and 2015, CIP’s high starch varieties of sweetpotato are estimated to earn US$277.5 million in Asia, with over 50 percent of that amount benefiting the poor. Most of the sweetpotato cultivars available in Southeast Asia are low in dry matter, because most of the countries in the region do not use sweetpotato for starch or flour-based industry. Developing a high dry matter sweetpotato variety adapted to Southeast Asian countries is an important step in building up such an industry, so CIP researchers in the region started to focus breeding activities on developing well-adapted varieties with high dry matter content. In Indonesia alone, the potential is enormous, with a harvested area of sweetpotato of about 171,000 ha and production about a million tonnes per year. Sukuh, a variety with a dry matter content of about 36 percent, was developed in collaboration with the Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Root Crops Institute (ILETRI). The Government officially released the variety in 2001, recommending it as raw material for processing industries. By 2005 the variety, with potential earnings of almost US$1 million per year, had been adopted by the biggest flour industry in Indonesia. Availability of high-dry matter sweetpotato is one of the key factors for the sweetpotato flour Industry. The industry is beginning to develop in Indonesia, indicated by the increasing interest of private industry to invest in this business. Sweetpotato farmers of course will benefit by having a market for their product. A 3-year collaboration involving CIP, the Toyota Motor Co. and ILETRI, adapted a Japanese high dry matter variety called Shiroyutaka that was released officially by the Indonesian government. CIP is continuing work to breed for better high dry matter yield. New crosses using current varieties or promising parents and selection of the best progeny of the crosses are on going. In 2004 and 2005 trials at three different sites (Malang, 500 m asl; Lampung, 10 m asl; Bogor, 200 m asl) identified 53 clones for further yield trials. “Recently developed new varieties should have higher yield potential than the currently available high dry matter varieties,” said CIP’s Asep Setiawan. “Now, sweetpotato farmers have a new opportunity to sell their product to the sweetpotato flour-based industry instead of just selling their product in the form of fresh storage roots. This is clearly an advantage for the sweetpotato farmer in the region.” B reed in g sw eetp otato in South east A sia The Sukuh variety that has been so successful in Indonesia, growing in the field and ready for market 14 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 15I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 H u n g er halving, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Target 2) 16 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Up to the end of 2005, in Western Kenya, about 30 million cuttings of mainly orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties have been distributed to farmers. In the Lake Zone of Tanzania, about 6 million of three newly released varieties and two local varieties have been distributed. In Uganda farmers have received over 10 million cuttings. Improved sweetpotato varieties are currently grown on at least 30 percent of the total area planted by farmers in the major growing areas of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. A d ap ti n g s w ee tp ot at oe s fo r ac ce p ta b ili ty i n K en ya /U g an d a Over 347,000 households in Mozambique have received at least 200 vines and projections are that over one million households will soon have received material. These figures show that there is increased acceptance and consumption of orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties among consumers, especially caregivers and children. These varieties are being given emphasis in almost all the countries in the region. Orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties represent the least expensive, year-round source of dietary vitamin A available to poor families and they are also an important food and cash crop. In recent years, breeding efforts have intensified in eastern, central and southern Africa, largely conducted with the support of CIP and PRAPACE*. A multidisciplinary team approach in the national breeding programs is being employed in the evaluation of sweetpotato varieties. Test varieties have included many introductions from CIP, regionally bred materials as well as local varieties. Key stages of the breeding program incorporate breeders, integrated crop management specialists, post-harvest technologists, social scientists, consumers and farmers. CIP and partner scientists in the region have been working closely with farmers to identify and adapt the preferred orange-fleshed varieties. Farmers critically assess the varieties for yield, tolerance to drought as well as pests and diseases. Their knowledge assists in the selection and development work, but it also means that the new varieties are immediately suitable for use on their release. Consumers and farmers assesing new orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties *Footnote, p. 9. 17I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Papua farmers have increased pig productivity from one litter every 2 years to 4 or 5 litters in the same period, and with more piglets surviving in each litter. In a project led by CIP*, local farmers are learning through practical experience how to grow sweetpotato better and produce more pigs. Sweetpotatoes account for 90 percent of the daily diet of local people in Papua, Indonesia, and up to 100 percent of the pig feed. So improving the sweetpotato-pig production system is certain to improve the livelihoods of local people. When project workers first met Penina Matuan in 2002, she was a very ordinary farmer, like others in the Baliem valley of Papua. With her husband, Wamisik Elopere, she grows sweetpotatoes and pigs. Both are important agricultural commodities, but pigs also carry a significant sociocultural, financial and nutritional value in the indigenous cultures of Papua. The farmers learn to build good pig housing with improved enclosures or lalekens for a rotational foraging system. They learn how to increase sow productivity with better care and diet. The project also encourages them to share their experiences with other farmer collaborators as well as among their own communities. * Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research – CIP – South Australia Research and Development Institute Project (AH/1998/054): Poverty Alleviation and Food Security through Improving the Sweetpotato-Pig Systems in Papua, Indonesia Sw eetp o tato es an d p ig s in Pap ua For Penina and Wamisik, their involvement promises them a brighter future. Now, in 2005, after three years of working with the project, they have a better life. Their household economy is very much improved. From the income earned by growing sweetpotatoes and raising pigs, next year they are ready to send their son, Otnil Elopere, to study at the university. Wamisik Elopere checking his pigs in Papua 18 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Increasing potato production, potato yields and planted areas are the targets for CIP’s collaboration with government agencies in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. In the last decade total potato production in DPR Korea has more than tripled as a result of area expansion. The potato was declared a priority crop by DPR Korea’s Great Leader Kim Il Sung and the country is making efforts to increase productivity. “CIP’s work is aimed at enhancing breeding, increasing yield and reducing post-harvest losses by removing the major constraints to production,” said CIP’s Fengyi Wang, who is coordinating the work. A team of potato scientists from CIP and the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of DPR Korea is rehabilitating seed-producing facilities, introducing improved methods for production of high-quality seed, and identifying post- harvest storage and handling technologies suitable to the local climate and economic conditions. Clones and true seeds with resistance to late blight and viral diseases Im p ro vi n g n ut rit io n a n d f oo d s ec ur ity i n D PR K or ea were also introduced toenhance potato breeding ability. For example, disease pressure has been assessed, and 10,000 true potato seeds and healthy seed tubers of six promising cultivars have been introduced for testing. The project, which started in June 2004, and is funded by the Common Fund for Commodities, also supports field research activities in the lowlands and highlands of the country, aiming at improving the single- and double-cropping potato-production systems that prevail. After one year of work, achievements have been made in capacity development, by training local scientists inside and out of the country, organizing study tours and Farmer Field Schools. “Some of the main outputs of this project are going to be improved capacities that, when properly applied with the strong support given by the government of the DPR of Korea, will bring sustainable development to the potato sector,” commented CIP’s Regional leader Fernando Ezeta. Potato has been declared a priority crop in DPR Korea 19I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Since the tsunami on 26 December 2004, CIP has sent over 12,000 cuttings of different salt-tolerant clones to Banda Aceh and Meulaboh for trials, planting and multiplication to provide a much-needed alternative food source to help farmers rebuild their livelihoods. Over 250,000 people are dead or missing in Aceh, with over 500,000 internally displaced. Many farmers in the most affected areas have lost two consecutive rice- planting seasons. Months after the tragedy, rice will not grow in the heavily salinated soil. About a half of the 147,000 ha of irrigated rice fields and 683,000 ha of rain-fed food crop areas have sustained various degrees of damage. Asep Setiawan from CIP’s Region Office for East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific, takes up the story. “At the end of January 2005, CIP staff in Bogor met and mapped out a course of action, including the introduction of salt-tolerant clones from the Lima sweetpotato collection, multiplication of local and introduced clones in Indonesia, identification of local partners in Aceh to receive, multiply and disseminate the adapted clones and identification of partners to finance this activity. “Aceh is on the northern tip of Sumatra, far away from Bogor. The road system in Aceh was seriously disrupted, making surface transportation difficult if not impossible. Transporting sweetpotato vines to this remote area has to be done by plane, therefore limiting the quantities that can be carried in. “The work with the local clones started in the first quarter of 2005 in Bogor after the salt-tolerant clones arrived in Indonesia. Koko Tjintokohadi from our office went to Aceh to make contact with local institutions to take up and multiply the clones. “Over two seasons, CIP staff organized trials of 8 local and 12 varieties imported from the CIP genebank in Lima, Peru, and worked to multiply and introduce them into Aceh. One variety, Muara-B, which has orange flesh, performed well, with local farmers saying that it had good flesh color and taste after frying. They believe it will be popular in the area. In another multiplication plot of salinity-tolerant materials sent from the CIP genebank in Lima, several varieties were showing resistance to the debilitating disease foliar scab.” CIP’s actions, in collaboration with local authorities and institutions, will give the poor some alternatives to choose from and provide sweetpotato as a nutritious food to feed their families. “I wish we could move faster and tell you that many thousands of people have our sweetpotatoes to eat,” said Asep. “This will probably happen in 2-3 years because this is the way with vegetatively multiplied roots and tubers. We are convinced sweetpotato is a good alternative to rebuild the livelihoods of the people. Our contribution is mainly to rehabilitate the agriculture of those farmers affected by the tsunami. The important thing here is that we have a strategy and a plan and we moved to implement it right away with the strong commitment of local Indonesian staff.” B rin g in g b en efit to tsun am i victim s in In d on esia CIP’s Koko Tjintokohadi and a worker from the Catholic Relief Service checking out a load of sweetpotato clones 20 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 i n t h e M aa sa i co m m un ity o f Ke n ya Until 2001, the Maasai people of the Olokurto Division in Kenya, who are known mainly for animal keeping, were cropping only barley and wheat. In 2001, the improved variety Tigoni (CIP-381381.13) developed by the Kenyan Potato Program with support from CIP and PRAPACE* was supplied to the Naramatisho Self Help Group of 97 members (67 males, 30 females). Contracts were established with two potato processing companies (Njoro Canning and Steers restaurants) in 2001 and 2003, for supply of table potato. Between 2001 and August revenue of 15525 Ksh (about US$ 210). With potato, the average yield/acre is 115 bags (100 kg each) for an average total revenue of 46 000 Ksh (US$622) per acre per season. He affirmed that many members of his group now pay school fees for their children and others have constructed new houses and bought furniture for the house. In Olokurto Division, every household has potato for daily food security as potato is now mixed with all local meals. Mr Saoli also remarked that “Potato is becoming a number 1 crop in this Division.” 2004 the group supplied an average of 8 tonnes of potato per week to the two companies. The chairman of the group, Mr Ezekiel Saoli announced on 11 October 2005 that potato is an appropriate crop for both food security and poverty reduction since two crops are possible per year and the yield is high compared to barley and wheat. He said that before the introduction of potato, they used to have only one barley crop per year with an average yield/acre of 11.5 bags (90 kg each) which provides an average total Abundant potatoes in a Kenyan market *Footnote, p. 9. Po ta to i m p ro ve s liv el ih oo d s of f ar m er s 21I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Potato varieties resistant to late blight, developed by CIP’s PRAPACE*, more than doubled gross incomes from farmers’ fields in Uganda (US$473 vs. $1103 per tonne) and raised the net benefit of growing the varieties in Ethiopia from about US$300 per ha to over $3000 per ha. Late blight-resistant varieties also enabled farmers in Ethiopian highlands to grow potatoes during the long rainy season, which was never possible before. This provides much-needed food to thousands of farmers during the months of acute food shortage in September, October and November, just before the period of grain harvests. Local farmers emphasized that they had not faced food shortages throughout the year since the introduction of the improved potato varieties. In Kenya, the CIP variety Tigoni, which is resistant to late blight and high yielding, allowed farmers to earn gross margins of up to US$720/ha as compared to actually losing $50/ha when they were growing the local late blight- susceptible variety Nyayo. The Ginchi area of Ethiopia and the Mount Elgon region of Kenya both have relatively long dry spells that result in periodic shortages of fresh potatoes in the markets. The Ethiopian Potato Program, PRAPACE and CIP introduced low-cost, naturally ventilated ware potato stores that offer a simple way of storing potatoes. These are now becoming popular because they allow farmers to get two or three times more income by selling when prices are Po tato es for food security in Ethiop ia and Kenya high, rather than during the harvest season. Lack of quality seed is a major production constraint in many of the Sub-Saharan African countries. Quality seed represents less than 2 percent of total materials planted each season. Most planting materials are saved from table potato crops, which leads to a build up of systemic diseases such as viruses and bacterial wilt and to low yields. In 2004-2005, selected groups of farmers were trained in Kenya and Ethiopia in the technique of positive selection to improve productivity and the importance of quality seed. Positive selection means saving seed tubers from healthy looking plants that produce a high yield of healthy looking tubers. It is a simple but efficient technique that can contribute to improving the quality of self- supply planting materials and potato productivity in resource-poor farmers’ conditions. This training was done with the support of CIP, PRAPACE, CIP’s partnership program the Global Mountain Program, national potato programs and extension services. Crops grown with seed tubers selected through positive selection consistently had highly significant lower virus incidences ranging from 7.5±0.7 percent to 19.3±1.6 percent compared to a range of 62.0±5.7 percent to 79.1±2.9 percent in crops planted with seed selected using farmers’ methods. Seed from positive selection resulted in generally higher crop vigour. In Kenya, mean tuber yield/ha and mean number of tubers/plant were 31.4 and 31.6 percent higher in crops grown from positively selected seed compared to plants from seed selected by farmers through the traditional method. Teaching the technique to farmers empowers them to produce better planting materials and educates them in the importance of quality seed and the need to renew seed when their stock is degenerated. Packing the potato harvest in an Ethiopian field *Footnote, p. 9. 22 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 23I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 M o rt al it y reducing by two- thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under- five mortality rate (Target 5) reducing by three- quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio (Target 6) 24 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Ecohealth is a participatory research intervention project on health and agriculture. The aim of the project is to improve the sustainability of the agricultural production systems by reducing health risks and the promotion of health benefits. The impact of pesticides on human health and potato production is the main research issue. Ecohealth also looks for the relationships among potato production systems, biodiversity, agroecology and malnutrition. “We started implementing the project in Ecuador in January 2005,” said CIP’s Fadya Orozco, who is coordinating the project. “And we have already had some significant outcomes at the community, municipality and provincial levels.” Project staff started collecting toxic garbage from pesticide products together with Montufar Municipality in two local communities in Carchi. Potato production groups and staff in the municipalities of Montufar and Quero completed questionnaires on the use and management of pesticides and integrated pest management. Data have also been collected on the use and management of pesticide and health impacts in 21 communities in Carchi, Chimborazo and Tungurahua, as well as information from health care providers at the Ministry of Health on the health impacts of pesticide use. “These have carried through to the municipality level,” said Graham Thiele, CIP’s coordinator in Quito. “We now have written agreements signed with the Departments of Environment and Production at the Montufar Municipality in Carchi and Quero Municipality in Tungurahua on local policies to promote the reduction of health risks associated with pesticide use.” At the provincial level, 38 people from the Ministry of Health have been trained in using an epidemiological surveillance information package for pesticides and 12 health care facilitators were trained as trainers in using a diagnosis and treatment guide for pesticide poisoning in Carchi. A regional workshop developed together with the Food and Agriculture Organization and Ministry of Health targeted nearly 70 health care providers of the Andean Region in Ecuador and highlighted the need for policy support to develop national surveillance systems for pesticide poisonings. The project is aiming to integrate the health and agriculture agendas by involving stakeholder partnership platforms and policymakers from the agriculture and health sectors at the provincial and national levels at key times. “Farmers and technicians in the potato production platform in Chimborazo have already shared their experiences on market opportunities and the use of integrated pest management in potato production with 40 farmers leaders in the Montufar Municipality,” pointed out Orozco. “Ultimately we will be developing health and agriculture strategies to promote the reduction of health risk associated with pesticide use in Carchi, Chimborazo and Tungurahua.” H u m an h ea lth a n d p ot at o p ro d uc tio n i n t h e A n d es Ecohealth is promoting careful handling of pesticides 25I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 In India 30-40,000 children suffer from eye disease brought on by vitamin A deficiency. Most of them go blind in a year. Applying the lessons learned by CIP’s VITAA*, staff in CIP’s Regional Office for Southwest and Central Asia are working to introduce, develop and disseminate orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) in the region. The varieties developed by CIP are rich in vitamin A and powerful tools in this fight against blindness. Nearly 70,000 vine cuttings have been distributed for planting in the farming communities in Orissa, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in the past three years. Sweetpotato is rich in carbohydrates and nutrients like vitamin A and vitamin C, and produces more edible energy per hectare per day than wheat, rice or cassava. Vitamin A deficiency and its inevitable consequences, eye disease and blindness, are a major public health problem in South Asia. Children less than 5 years old suffering from this deficiency are the main targets for dietary supplementation through OFSP. CIP is identifying potential stakeholders directly or indirectly involved in sweetpotato cultivation in the region who are spearheading the work on food and nutritional security. CIP is also linking up with grassroots organizations and agencies to implement programs to scale up multiplication and distribution of OFSP and other improved sweetpotato varieties. Participatory research programmes in Orissa and in other states of India have involved almost 20,000 farmers and had tremendous impact on the impoverished tribal and farming communities. Working with grassroots development agencies, CIP has been active in selecting and scaling up the distribution and production of nutritionally rich and high- yielding OFSP varieties. The area planted to these varieties has grown from nothing to almost 35-40 hectares today. CIP has also engaged in training resource-poor farmers and tribal people in integrated crop management and creating greater awareness of the usefulness of the sweetpotato varieties. “We want more and more orange sweetpotatoes as they have now become part of our livelihood and our children like its color and taste,” said a farmer from Gajapati district of Orissa in Eastern India. “I could earn money with these sweetpotatoes by growing them in my backyard and in the waste land of my village and my children could eat food which is healthy,” added a woman farmer from eastern Uttar Pradesh in northern India. Sw eetp o tato fig h ts b lin d n ess in In d ia In India, 30-40,000 children suffer from eye disease brought on by vitamin A deficiency *See footnote, next page 26 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 50 million African children under the age of six can avoid the risk of blindness and disease by eating just 100 g a day of the new varieties of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) that CIP’s Vitamin A for Africa partnership (VITAA1) is pioneering. “In recent years, breeding efforts have been intensified and about 15 new varieties with high dry matter content and resistance to viruses have been accepted by farmers and consumers in Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Mozambique and South Africa,” said Regina Kapinga, the coordinator of VITAA. Sweetpotato is an important food and cash crop in East and Central Africa. National programs in almost all of the countries in the region are emphasizing OFSP varieties. A multidisciplinary team approach is being employed in the national programs. Many new varieties have been released officially. Multiplication and distribution of planting materials have been expanded by engaging individual farmers, community- based organizations and international non-governmental organizations. The work has been largely conducted through support to the main countries from CIP and the PRAPACE2 and SARRNET3 networks. Key stages of the breeding programs incorporate breeders and nutritionists, as well as consumers and farmers. This ensures that both the farmers and consumers accept the new varieties, and that they grow well. Over 45 million cuttings have also been distributed in the region. In Western Kenya, about 30 million cuttings of mainly OFSP varieties have been distributed to farmers from stations of the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute and local organizations. In the Lake Zone of Tanzania, about 6 million vines of three popular varieties have been distributed. In Uganda the Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Research Institute alone has distributed about 10 million cuttings of the newly released varieties to farmers. Over 550,000 households in Mozambique have received at least 200 OFSP vines. To make these cultivars available to farmers in quantities sufficient to have quick impact, innovative methods of vine propagation and distribution are necessary. CIP has successfully promoted a number of new methods4. “Improved multiplication schemes have focused on building on farmer’s traditional methods,” said CIP’s Sam Namanda, who is based in Kampala. “We also give additional training on selecting healthy material for planting.” These schemes have been promoted through partnerships with government organizations, larger non-governmental organizations, networking with groups of smaller non- governmental organizations, farmer field schools, church groups, unemployed youths, schools and private entrepreneurs. Farmers with small land-holdings, limited resources, marginal soils and frequent droughts are common and have been the particular target of activities. Support has also been given to the many refugees and internally displaced people within the region. “As root production increases there is a demand from farmers for market opportunities,” said Namanda. “Producer groups, linked to the vine-production groups, are being encouraged to exploit the market opportunities for fresh roots, processed chips and animal feed.” “OFSP varieties currently grown by farmers in major growing areas of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda cover at least 15 percent of the total planted area,” said Regina Kapinga. “And there is ever-increasing acceptance and consumption of OFSP varieties by consumers, especially among children and caregivers.” 1The VITAA partnership includes more than 60 agencies from the health, nutrition and agricultural sectors, working together to extend the impact of orange-fleshed sweetpotato in more than ten partner countries in the SSA region. 2See footnote, p. 9 3SARRNET, Southern African Root Crops Research Network, an International Institute for Tropical Agriculture/CIP partnership for cassava and sweetpotato distribution. 4Through the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)-funded project “Large-Scale Deployment of Improved Sweet Potatoes in sub- Saharan Africa,” targeting Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The research has been done in collaboration with and supported by Harvest Plus, PRAPACE, CIP-GTZ, the McKnight Foundation, as well as governments in partner countries. O ra n g e- fl es h ed s w ee tp ot at o va rie tie s in S ub -S ah ar an A fr ic a 27I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reversing the loss of environmental resources (Target 9) Su st ai n ab le d ev el o p m en t 28 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 ideas and experiences in order to generate new development options in the Andes. The Road Map allows CONDESAN to concentrate on ecoregional activities, based on the results, knowledge and networks of its partners. “The Road Map will better define the cooperative relationship between CONDESAN and its partners,” said Hector Cisneros, CONDESAN’s Programme Coordinator. “CONDESAN is powered by its partners’ work, allowing it to enrich every partner’s work in return.” R o ad m ap t o co lla b or at io n i n t h e A n d es deforestation, salinization,political violence and market marginalization are among the most common constraints to social and economic development. CONDESAN, the Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion, is an ecoregional programme operated by CIP that has been working on the frontier of research and development in the rural Andes since 1992. Building on many years of successful collaboration, in 2005, CONDESAN began preparing a ‘Road Map’ that will give its partners much greater influence in the operation and impact of the Consortium in the region. CONDESAN’s partners are assuming more leadership and organizing themselves into Partner Initiatives. The Road Map establishes a framework of priority issues that respond directly to research questions that are key to rural development in the Andes. The Road Map allows CONDESAN to advance its work yet increase the participation and influence of its partners. Over 70 organizations, both national and international, public and private, are involved as partners. Most of CONDESAN’s work takes place in seven benchmark sites, within the Andean countries, in watersheds that are broadly representatives of major Andean ecosystems. CONDESAN’s effort has always focused on ways to stimulate and take advantage of its partners’ Project staff working with local farmers on an Andean farm The purpose of this road map is to improve the quality and effectiveness of the work of CONDESAN’s partners, through alliances and interchanges. This will harness the social management of Andean natural resources and their rational and sustainable use, and promote productive transformation and institutional changes that help to overcome conditions of poverty, exclusion and inequality. To achieve this objective, CONDESAN will stimulate and support learning and relationships among its partners, who will work throughout the Andes to generate, synthesize and integrate knowledge, sthrenghthen multi-player networks and platforms, foster communication and information, strenghthen the capabilities of local players, and promote dialogue with citizens and affect policies on the following two issues: · Integrated management of water resources with respect to watersheds, ecosystems, and political units, and · Innovations in agrarian systems that take advantage of the wealth contained in the diversity of the Andes. A novel approach to collaboration will allow the partners of a CGIAR Andean development initiative much greater representation at the regional level. Despite decades of research and development initiatives, more than 60 percent of the rural inhabitants of the Andes still live in poverty. Less than half have access to health services, safe drinking water and sanitation. One child in nine fails to reach his or her first birthday. Population pressure, soil erosion and nutrient loss, drought, frost, flooding, 29I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Potatoes are an essential element in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have a high potato production potential and have been increasing their production capacity in recent years. CIP is gradually expanding its operation in this area in response to an overwhelming need. The region produces about 6 million tonnes of potatoes on about 470,000 hectares. However, productivity is still low, recovering on average only 4.5 times the amount of potatoes used as seed. CIP is working on a number of different approaches to the many challenges in the region. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the consequent disintegration of the former agricultural research and production systems, local seed multipliers struggled to obtain healthy materials at an affordable price because of unfavorable currency exchange rates. “As a consequence, local farmers tend to utilize their own saved seed for more generations, with yields declining year after year due to various diseases,” said Carlo Carli, CIP’s regional seed specialist in the Liaison Office in Uzbekistan. As well as working with local institutions to develop capacity throughout the region, CIP is playing an important role in supplying adapted germplasm for variety development. This will allow local scientists to identify clonal varieties with the resistance and tolerance characteristics (viruses, late blight, heat, drought) and marketability that will permit the countries to develop their own seed production program. “Selecting early varieties is particularly important because of the large export market to Russia that exists in the entire Caucasus region,” noted Carli. In the dual cropping system practiced in the lowlands, there is a need for early varieties (for export), tolerant to abiotic stresses (heat, drought, salinity), resistant to viruses and pests. In the main cropping system practiced in the highlands, there is a need for mid-late and late varieties with long dormancy, resistant to diseases (late blight and frost in the Caucasus). In the past several years, over 100 in vitro clones that combine earliness, heat tolerance, resistance to viruses and high tuber quality have been distributed by CIP in Kazakhstan, Armenia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In the highlands of Tajikistan, in collaboration with staff of the local Horticulture Research Institute Bogparvar based in the capital Dushanbe, 4000 seedlings from 40 true seed families have been undergoing regional clonal selection, with eleven tuber families already showing promising results. Furthermore, more than 3000 in vitro plantlets have been transplanted into a CIP-built screenhouse in the premises of the Biotechnology Dept. of the State Agrarian University, Tashkent. They will produce minitubers that will be used for further multilocation trials in several Uzbek sites with specific micro-climates and abiotic stress conditions. CIP is also working to evaluate the usefulness of true potato seed (TPS) as an alternative seed production technology for marginal areas of the region. At the Research Institute of Vegetables, Melon and Potato, Tashkent, TPS have been sown in a nursery for direct seedling tuber production. In the highlands of Tajikistan, again in collaboration with Bogparvar, TPS is under test for its suitability. “Such innovations will rapidly increase yield and so are contributing to development in a region characterized by poor agricultural productivity and low living standards,” concluded Carli. Su stain in g d evelop m en t in C en tral A sia an d th e C aucasus Women play an essential role in Tajik agriculture. In the picture: women cutting haulms in a seed potato field, Gonchi district, Tajikistan 30 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Potato farmers in Nepal have increased their net income by 35 percent by using healthy seed, after adapting global research products and merging them with local knowledge on integrated crop management. In the Philippines, sweetpotato farmers have increased their net income by 38 percent using clean planting materials. Over 1500 small- scale pig producers in Vietnam have been trained on how best to use sweetpotato to feed pigs. These grassroots benefits are typical of the impact of CIP’s partnership program, User Perspectives with Research and Development, or UPWARD. UPWARD is a network of scientists and development specialists working to increase participation by farmers and other users of agricultural technology in research and development. “The case of Nepal is a good example of its operation,” said UPWARD’s coordinator, Dindo Campilan, who is based in Los Baños. Nepal’s potato consumption per capita is the highest in South Asia. However, the country’s potato productivity is one of the lowest in the world. Use of low-quality seed, prohibitive cost of chemical control measures, and poor crop management practices were among the key factors for serious disease problems. Potato farmers, especially in very remote mountain areas, are barely reached by formal research and extension services. They are mostly left on their own to manage their potato livelihoods. Since the 1990s, CIP has worked with national partners to develop and promote potato integrated disease management (IDM) appropriate to the extremely resource-poor conditions of Nepal farmers. In 1998, UPWARD and a previous project led the development of a farmer field school (FFS) approach to facilitate farmer learning and experimentation on potato IDM. By 2003, over 1400 farmers in 14 pilot districts had participated in FFS activities coordinated by the Department of Agriculture. A post-FFS evaluation revealed high knowledge recall by farmer- participants, with each of them sharing potato IDM knowledge with an average of 18 other farmers. From 2003 to date, collaborative work has focused on sustaining and institutionalizing FFS-potato IDM. “Advocacy and networking efforts led to Nepal’s adoption of a national policy granting authority to district offices in using government funds for FFS activities,” said Campilan. “Various non-governmental organizations, particularly CARE Nepal and World Education, have likewise integrated the FFS-potato IDM approach into their own farmer training programs.” Since then, at least 5000 additional farmers have participated in potato/ vegetable FFSs. “It is this approach that has led to the dramatic increase in farmer income, together with benefits such as increased use of healthy seed maintained on-farm and better use of chemical inputs,” concluded Campilan. Su p p o rt in g r es ea rc h an d d ev el op m en t in E as t an d S ou th ea st A si a an d t h e Pa ci fic Farmers assesing test plots in Nepal 31I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 High-starch varieties of sweetpotato will have been worth over $20 million to Indonesia by 2015. Sweetpotato is an essential food and livelihood crop in Indonesia, and conserving its biodiversity is essential in developing new varieties with higher yields, increased disease resistance and greater productivity. CIP’s collaboration with national institutions is having a major impact on conserving the biodiversity of this valuable crop, increasing food supplies and stimulating local industries. In 1990, CIP’s staff at the Regional Office for East, Southeast Asia and the Pacific began to collect and evaluate sweetpotato germplasm. The office currently maintains over 1000 accessions in Indonesia. Field genebanks of landraces are the main form of ex situ storage but for long-term conservation, this essential genetic material is also conserved as botanical seed. Extensive evaluation work allowed elite local and introduced varieties to be selected and utilized as a basis for breeding and disseminating improved varieties. CIP is playing an important role in supporting the distribution of planting materials for various purposes to national institutions in Indonesia. Since 1992, it has distributed 1631 samples to 29 groups in the country. Selected varieties are used in breeding programs for food varieties as well as for varieties needed for starch and flour processing. The collection also has a security function. In 1997, when drought caused major losses of sweetpotato diversity in parts of the Central Highlands of Papua, CIP was able to supply thousands of cuttings of material collected from those areas to revive the local agriculture. C o n servin g sw eetp otato g erm p lasm in In d on esia Extensive evualation work has contributed to improved sweetpotato varieties in Indonesia 32 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 In 2005, field school graduates in Soroti district in eastern Uganda have provided over 4.5 million vines for wider distribution in the region. This is only one tangible result of 59 season-long pre- and post- harvest sweetpotato farmer field schools that have trained more than 1400 farmers in western Kenya, northeast Uganda and northwest Tanzania. The experiential learning approach of farmer field schools provides farmers with a deeper understanding of crop ecology and with farmers with traders or suppliers, and leads to an increased awareness of their rights. Twenty three extension staff and 18 staff of non- governmental organizations have been trained as master trainers; 26 farmers who are field school graduates have been given supplementary training and are operating as farmer facilitators. The future of the schools in the region now lies in the hands of these skilled farmer facilitators, who are not only trusted by their colleague farmers, but are also highly experienced and committed. The project has stimulated huge demand for further support for sweetpotato farmer field schools from a wide range of stakeholders including farmers’ groups, local government officials, extension staff, non- governmental and community organizations and other projects.F ar m er f ie ld s ch oo ls : s uc ce ss i n E as t A fr ic a observational, analytical and problem-solving skills. Farmers are using what they learn to improve household nutrition and income through growing sweetpotato varieties with high vitamin A content and producing more sweetpotato. They can also make better decisions as a result of understanding how to base economic decisions on evidence they collect about their own activities. As well as selling vines to others in time for the planting season, farmer groups are developing new market linkages for roots and chips and setting up profit making village-level quality processing units. CIP scientists are participating in this UK Department of International Development project that is being run by the Natural Resources Institute (NRI) in the UK. “The project brings together the most promising results from a number of successful studies into an integrated management approach,” said NRI’s Tanya Stathers, who is coordinating the project. “It aims to contribute realistically to higher yields, more reliable food security, and improved household incomes and livelihoods in East Africa,” added project assistant Sam Namanda. Farmers have been keen to try out new varieties and planting techniques, and the formation of cohesive farmers’ groups during these collective learning activities, and their exposure to economic analysis, increases the negotiating power of A Rwanda farmer assessing field attributes of sweetpotato 33I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Thousands of families that live in the Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia will see their living conditions improved through an important new project that is being implemented by CIP and funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The Altiplano, a plateau located between the two nations at more than 3,635 m asl, is one of the poorest regions in the world. “This 5-year, C$10 million project will help to reduce poverty in isolated regions in the Altiplano and to improve governance and self- sufficiency at local level,” said the Ambassador of Canada to Peru, Ms. Geneviève de Rivières. “It will make it possible to develop the private sector, it will contribute to environmental protection and to the empowerment of women.” “This work will help to reach the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations, and - among other things - improve human health through food security and better nutrition,” commented Pamela K. Anderson, CIP’s Director General. “The Altiplano is home to 6 million people, three quarters of whom live in poverty. Around 55 percent live in extreme poverty, facing problems like low agricultural productivity, natural resource degradation and marginalization.” “Our objective is to improve the livelihood of rural communities in the Peru-Bolivia Altiplano,” said CIP’s Dr. Hugo Li Pun, activities that add value to primary products. Other work is focused on improving child nutrition and health through enhanced food availability, dietary diversity and nutritional education. Promoting the use of better agricultural technologies will reduce and reverse natural resources degradation. “The net impact will be to raise the standard of living of the local people,” concluded Hugo Li-Pun. M ajo r n ew p roject b en efits th e A ltip lan o of Peru an d Bolivia Andean roots and tubers are essential to the diet in the Altiplano Executive Director of the project. “CIP and our partners have worked successfully in that area for the past two decades and obtained impressive results among the native communities.” The project is working initially in 20 communities that represent 700 peasant communities, which in turn host 42,000 farming families, although strong links will be built with local governments and their research and extension systems, non- governmental organizations (NGOs) and other development agencies. Field work by staff from CIP divisions and the Center for Research on Natural Resources and the Environment (a key partner NGO in Puno) has started, including the inventory and collecting of native potatoes, identification and characterization of potato varieties adapted to environmental stress for the selection of resistant varieties. Major efforts are focusing on increasing income through higher agricultural productivity of potatoes, quinoa, oca, alpacas, meat and milk, and trout among others, and by adding value through better processing and marketing. Development work such as the promotion of the production, processing and marketing of dairy products and organic quinoa, and capacity building of artisan women started during 2005. Building on existing CIP work, local women are being organized and trained to take part in post-harvest 34 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 35I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 to achieving a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers (Target 11) Sl u m s 36 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 The picturesque business of making and selling flower garlands in Metro Manila is complicated and even dangerous. Although providing a livelihood for thousands of people, it also promotes child labor and holds the threat of chemical poisoning. CIP’s partnership programmes Urban Harvest and UPWARD looked at ways of improving the system. Garlands made from jasmine flowers (or sampaguita) can be seen everywhere in the Philippines, hanging from mirrors in public transport, presented to tourists as welcome offerings, as decoration in weddings and in houses and churches. This simple but fragrant flower plays a big role in the economic survival of the poor peri-urban and urban households in Metro Manila and nearby provinces. It also has socio-cultural benefits such as work opportunities for out-of-school youths and women, promotion of trust and loyalty, and strengthening community traditions. “Simple as it seems, sampaguita garland vending is a complex system that needs comprehensive and integrated action,” said UPWARD’s Arma Bertuso, who completed a study in 2005. “The business provides significant economic benefits to urban poor households, but it is besieged with challenges.” These include health and social issues, economic difficulties, technical challenges and institutional and policy problems. An increasing number of street children from urban poor households are involved in the sampaguita business as garland peddlers. Vendors are constantly exposed to pollution, particularly the children that sell in busy intersections. High seasonal prices cause problems for the capital-starved vendors. The flowers themselves have a very short storage life and the plants are susceptible to disease. Local governments, church officials and police authorities can be unsympathetic or even antagonistic to the trade. “We need to turn the existing garland-peddling business into a family micro- enterprise,” said Bertuso. “We enhance the skills of the parents and older siblings and so eliminate children from vending in streets.” For example, in 2004, four government agencies and the Congressional Spouses Foundation Inc. launched a project to protect and remove the sampaguita garland child vendors from the streets of Metro Manila by providing an alternative livelihood project to the families. The project helped 110 mothers to attend arts and craft classes, and provided them with seed capital and marketing assistance to start small businesses. The marketability of sampaguita garlands could be improved through research into a high-end product that would broaden the market to stores. Prolonging the storage life of the flowers would help vendors who cannot afford good storage facilities. Establishing sampaguita gardens in Metro Manila on vacant lots would increase production during lean months. At the policy level, legislators and government officials need to understand the significance of the sampaguita enterprise to urban poor households to support its development. “This study is an excellent example of the way we can bring our abilities to bear on the urban and peri-urban poor,” said Urban Harvest’s coordinator Gordon Prain. Although picturesque, selling flower garlands has some hidden dangers * User’s Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development Se lli n g f lo w er g ar la n d s in M et ro M an ila , th e Ph ili p p in es 37I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Agriculture is an important source of food and livelihood support to the urban poor. Recent research by CIP’s partnership program Urban Harvest convinced Kampala City Council to change its bylaws restricting agriculture in the cities. In Kampala, the capital of Uganda, as in other developing country cities, many urban poor and unemployed people grow crops and keep livestock as a means of alleviating poverty and hunger. About half the land in Kampala is farmed, and the majority of farmers are women. Food production and processing form a large part of the economy of the urban informal sector and have known nutritional benefits. Yet the health benefits may be undermined by accompanying health hazards. To identify the main risks and benefits in urban agriculture, Urban Harvest made a study in Kampala, Uganda from 2002 to 2005 that included farmers, policymakers, researchers and non-governmental organizations. Urban farming systems carry higher risks and higher benefits than surrounding rural farms. Urban farmers have always used the nutrients found in waste water and solid wastes. These present an opportunity for higher agricultural productivity since they contain plant nutrients. The main health risks are contamination of crops from soils, water or air by industrial and chemical byproducts, contamination of crops and farm workers by pathogenic micro-organisms in urban waste and human excreta, contamination from agrochemicals in confined urban spaces, and disease spread from domestic livestock. The study clearly showed that children in urban farming households have better nutrition. The risks from heavy metals are very limited and complex organic compounds in vehicle emissions and smoke from wood and refuse burning show no immediate risk. Pathogens are not transmitted to crops through their roots, or to tubers grown in contaminated wetlands. However, farmers should not use contaminated waste water to clean or freshen up leafy vegetables, although they can be decontaminated by cooking. Even if poor urban farmers and residents understand the health risks, they felt powerless to do anything about them due to their limited options – daily survival and feeding the family come first. “This is where Urban Harvest can be most effective,” said Diana Lee-Smith, who carried out the survey. “Previously, the laws and policies of Kampala City Council did not support or recognize farming as an urban activity. The results of the 2005 study influenced reform of laws governing urban farming in Kampala.” The City Council developed new laws on urban agriculture, livestock keeping and the production and marketing of meat, fish and dairy products. This was done through a participatory process according to Uganda’s constitution, which provides for public participation in law-making. Five meetings were held involving stakeholders including urban farmers, with the support of Urban Harvest. “Poor farmers, local politicians, officials, non- governmental organizations, national and international scientists are coming together to find ways of the urban poor feeding themselves safely and making a living from urban food production,” said Lee-Smith. Urban farming means better nutrition as well as livelihoods H ealth an d urb an ag riculture in Kam p ala, U g an d a 38 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 To strengthen the contribution of agriculture to household food security, income and well-being, Urban Harvest is working with farmers, local government and other research and development organizations in the lower zone of the Rimac river watershed in Peru to assess positive and negative impacts of crop and animal production systems on human and ecosystem health and identify appropriate technology and policy interventions. Based on previous indications of contamination of the Rimac river, one of three sources of irrigation water for Lima agriculture, the project has undertaken an evaluation of irrigation water quality, to determine the presence of heavy metals, bacteria and parasites. While heavy metals were not found to be a major problem, the water had high levels of Escherichia coli bacteria and parasites, mainly coming from untreated domestic wastewater released into the river. The presence of these contaminants on vegetables is a potentially serious health problem for consumers. “We looked for a simple low-cost way to improve water quality,” said Urban Harvest coordinator Gordon Prain. “We constructed a small, 185 cubic meter water reservoir to test the feasibility of using aerobic and anaerobic treatment technologies to eliminate bacteria and parasites.” Water enters the reservoir and is left to stand for about 10 days, during which time the bacteria are eliminated through aerobic chemical processes and parasites removed through sedimentation. Water from the treatment process and untreated river water were compared as irrigation sources for vegetables. The results showed that the reservoir cleared 98 percent of bacteria and eliminated all parasites from the river water. When radish and lettuce where tested for contaminants, those planted in treated water had up to 97 percent less bacteria (well below permitted limits – Table 1) while the parasites were practically absent in both crops (Table 2). The loss of productive farmland occupied by the reservoir results in a net loss of about 500 Peruvian soles (US$160) to the farmer. However, irrigation with reservoir water appears to have had a beneficial effect both on rate of emergence and growth and on the uniformity of the crop, with higher percentages of marketable products available sooner than with use of river water (Table 3). The use of small reservoirs has multiple benefits, and can be repeated in the area. Working with local producers, Urban Harvest is therefore in the process of implementing other reservoirs with the capacity of irrigating up to 70 hectares with clean water. Table 1. Bacteria evaluation CF/100ml River water Reservoir water Water analysis 9000 CF/100ml 127CF/100ml Radish (430 - 4300) CF/100ml (0.40 - 2.30) CF/100ml Lettuce (9.3 - 7500) CF/100ml (0.90 - 210) CF/100ml According to the General Water Law, a maximum level of bacteria in CF/100ml, for irrigation water at 1000CF/100ml Table 2. Parasite evaluation parasites/100g River water Reservoir water Water analysis Present Absent Radish 101 parasites/100g 8 parasites/100g Lettuce 17 parasites/100g 4 parasites/100g Table 3. Economic comparison of crops irrigated with reservoir and river water Reservoir water River water Radish 119.5 soles 113 soles Radish production 199 bundles 176 bundles Lettuce 598 soles 330 soles Lettuce production 346 dozens 214 dozens Both areas of cultivation 472.3 m 2 Significant difference, P<0.05 P ro d u ci n g h ig h v al ue , q ua lit y ve g et ab le s in L im a, P er u 39I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 addressing the special needs of the least developed countries (Target 13) Le as t- d ev el o p ed c o u n tr ie s 40 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 In Timor-Leste, new CIP sweetpotato clones are producing five times greater yield than the local material. Three CIP clones produced about 33, 26 and 19 tonnes/ ha in one particular field trial, compared to the best yield ever achieved with a local variety, which was 6.9 tonnes/ha. Recently independent Timor-Leste is the newest country in Southeast Asia but one of the poorest in the Asia-Pacific region. About 85 percent of the population lives in rural areas, relying on subsistence agriculture. Improved varieties are an important component in enhancing agricultural development. So the new clones, CIP-1, CIP-6 and CIP- 7, are having a direct impact on livelihoods, nutrition and health. The Timor-Leste government expects to release CIP-1 and CIP-6 in the second phase of the project. About 100 km long and 30 km wide, Timor-Leste has 1 million inhabitants and a M o re f oo d f or a n ew c ou nt ry – T im or -L es te *Under the Seeds of Life project funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). gross domestic product per capita of about US$400. During 2000–2005*, local researchers with CIP staff made field trials of 21 introduced high dry matter clones of sweetpotato in several sites with different agricultural ecologies. Most of the clones tested performed exceptionally well under local conditions compared to local controls, in terms of taste as well as yield. To accelerate distribution of the new clones in Timor- Leste, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery has been multiplying CIP-1 and CIP-6 and distributing cutting to farmers. By the end of the first phase of the project, 10,000 cuttings had been distributed to farmers in four different districts. Several non-governmental organizations have been incorporating the clones into their programs. The second phase of the project started in June 2005 (to 2010) funded by ACIAR and AUSAID, the Australian Agency for International Development. Test plots of new sweetpotato clones in Timor-Leste 41I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Aum Wangmo is a typical potato grower in a small village at 3100 m above sea level in central Bhutan. Traditionally the farmers were growing buckwheat in fallow rotation systems in a largely subsistence economy. However, access to a new road gave villagers the opportunity to sell their crops and so introduced a cash economy to the area. That trend, coupled with a decrease in land holdings, meant that traditional production systems were no longer viable. Aum Wangmo has two children, she needs to produce enough food to eat and to generate cash to buy rice and send her oldest daughter to school. With the extreme geography she faces several challenges. She has no choice in what crops to grow; potatoes are the only option. She only owns 1.3 ha of land, which has a slope gradient of up to 60 percent. Yields are low, with an average of 1.5 t/ha for buckwheat and 20 t/ha for potato, yet she still has to stay in the field every night from planting to harvest to protect the crop from wild boar and bears. “Bhutan has a good climate for potato production,” said CIP’s Walther Roder, who is based in Bhutan. “According to statistics it has the lowest yields in the region.” Parameters affecting yield include weed coverage, late blight, soil moisture, competition, lack of rotation and weed fertility. Late blight for many situations is the greatest limiting factor, yet only 16 percent of the households used fungicides. Some of the research activities that are having an immediate impact include putting less emphasis on the seed source (or seed replacement) and more on good seed handling (storage and pre-sprouting). Improved fertility management is also having an immediate effect, and in the long term, the introduction and dissemination of new varieties for late blight management will show an impact in 4-5 years. CIP is working with the Bhutan Potato Development Program, and a range of other partners in research, extension and marketing, to directly address the needs of mountain farmers, to develop strategies to optimize production management, to increase yields and to help capitalize on the opportunities for exporting seed potato. Aum Wangmo is not aware of it yet, but her production environment provides excellent opportunities to produce and store healthy seed potato for the Bhutanese and Indian markets. Researchers are also developing strategies for pest management (especially late blight) and appropriate methods for informal and formal seed production. These include group management, quality control, providing quality seed and opening market channels at the same time as introducing varieties of potatoes for processing. “Together, these activities will result in higher yields, better sustainability and better product prices,” said Roder. “And will contribute to improving and sustaining the livelihoods of Aum Wangmo and her fellow potato growers.” D evelo p in g technolog ies to increase yield s in Bhutan Potato growers in Bhutan 42 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 CIP has been working with the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) on healthy potato seed production, multiplication and marketing. The high- yielding improved varieties Kufri Chandramukhi and Desiree were introduced for potato production in Afghanistan in 2002. “The end result is an increase in livelihoods and earnings potential for the local farmers by enhanced productivity and quality,” said CIP’s Muhammad Arif, who is coordinating CIP’s participation in the work. Potato yield has increased by 30 percent in five provinces in Afghanistan as a result of CIP activities to increase seed supply to local farmers and provide rapid access to quality seed of profitable potato varieties. Potato cultivation has also been introduced into Helmand, Kunduz and Takhar provinces as a viable alternative livelihood to growing illicit crops such as the poppy. Technical assistance on seed production, multiplication and maintenance has allowed farmers to produce and distribute over 3000 tonnes of quality seed in the plains and mid-elevations from 2004 to 2005. In 2005, 2300 tonnes of clean seed potato were produced from Ghazni, Parwan and Nangarhar provinces. The project has also developed seed-marketing channels in different zones and provinces of Afghanistan, increasing the farmers’ potential to earn money from sales. Further seed potato production areas have been identified in Miadan Wardak, Ghazni and Parwan (high altitude), and Nangarhar (low altitude for autumn and high altitude for spring seed potato crops). ”We are looking to see if we can produce clean seed potato in Helmand and Kundes during the autumn season that would serve as an alternative to illicit crops,” said Arif. Thirty five low cost country stores were built in Afghan provinces providing an economical and improved way of seed potato storage. Each store is 6x5x4 m with a capacity of 20 tonnes each. CIP/ICARDA established a tissue culture laboratory and a screen house facility at Badam Bagh, Kabul, for basic seed production. The cost of this establishment was met from three project grants from USAID. As well as directly increasing yields and incomes, the project has focused on building national capacity by training farmers, Ministry of Agriculture staff and non- governmental organizations on best practices, integrated crop and disease management, tissue culture and potato marketing. This is the best way to sustain the impact of the project. Over 1000 small-scale farmers and 100 extension workers were formally trained on clean seed production and marketing from Ghazni, Helmand, Kunduz, Nangarhar and Parwan provinces to boost potato as a profitable cash and food crop in Afghanistan. Additionally, 2824 farmers have been trained on improved technologies through 30 field days. Over 20,000 farmers, extension workers, village elders and staff of other agencies have directly benefited from project activities, and three radio programs on potato production and marketing, produced with ICARDA’s Communications Unit in Afghanistan, were broadcast by more than 50 local radio stations and reached over an estimated 15 million listeners. In addition to this, during 2004-05, a total of 25 formal training workshops were conducted and received wide media coverage throughout the country. R eb u ild in g a g ric ul tu re i n A fg h an is ta n Afghan farmers inspecting crops in the field 43I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 in cooperation with the private sector, to making available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies (Target 18) N ew te ch n o lo g ie s 44 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 In a single district in northern Peru, 13 different groups and organizations are working on potato-related issues. In other sites in the country, even more players are involved. CIP researchers are working to understand these complex systems and what stakeholders are actually doing in the potato production chain, particularly how they interact among each other, to identify the most effective points to deliver research products. “We need to know what individuals and organizations know about potato manage- ment and how they ex- change information about the potato crop,” said CIP’s Oscar Ortiz. “Then we can look at how new potato technologies and methods can be scaled up and distributed with the greatest impact, in other words how CIP can be an efficient component of the innovation system.” What is known as the agricultural knowledge and information system, AKIS, or innovation system, is a highly complex set of research and technology transfer organiza- tions, as well as service pro- viders and private institutions. Coordinating the AKIS in de- veloping countries to operate more efficiently is a major bottleneck in agricultural technology systems. As part of a project funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development that is looking at how methodologies related to the potato crop can be scaled-up and out, CIP started activities in Peru, Bolivia, Uganda and Ethiopia to understand the AKIS of the potato. Some countries have more complex systems than others. The challenge is to understand this complexity to help farmers access, and use, scientific results for improving their livelihoods. CIP organized a series of very participatory workshops that allowed people involved, from farmers to government officials, to analyze their role in the network or AKIS in which they participated. Close networking among organizations and individuals can meet the needs of the target community and make practical resource sharing possible. “However, even a C o m p le x ag ric ul tu ra l kn ow le d g e an d i nf or m at io n sy st em s in P er u very small community may lack the social organization necessary for their residents to recognize similar goals and possibilities for networking or sharing assets,” cautioned Ortiz, “So it is not only the availability of a technology but the existence of suitable inter- organizational links that can make a difference”. Using Peru as an example, institutions include non- governmental organizations, universities, government agencies, farmers’ organizations and private institutions. All of them have different activities and provide different types of information to farmers, but also demand useful information. Most work directly with farmers without interacting with other institutions, which weakens the AKIS. There are differences in flows of information among actors in the different regions. Family knowledge is still the most important in isolated communities, but governmental, and particularly non-governmental institutions operate as major information providers. To achieve the greatest impact, participatory methods require replication or scaling- out to reach sufficient numbers to improve farmer livelihoods in a sustainable way. CIP is working to build up innovative partnerships, such as with non- governmental organizations like CARE-Peru, that contribute to delivering technologies to farmers, and at the same time contribute to strengthen human capital of the organizations. “One of the main ways to transmit knowledge to farmers is through people who are in frequent contact with them,” concludes Ortiz. Farmers from the Potato Park near Cuzco, Peru sorting potatoes by size, shape and colour 45I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 * Technological Innovation and Competitiveness of Potatoes in Peru, a project funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) In n o vatio n in th e A n d es T’ikapapa potatoes on sale in a Peruvian supermarket During the year, small-scale farmers linked to Papa Andina activities in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru managed to access more demanding markets with quality products. This is an example of the innovative approaches that Papa Andina, a partnership programme of CIP, INCOPA* - a Papa Andina project developing market chains, and their partners are taking in the work to reduce poverty and empower small producers. By facilitating access to information, Papa Andina is raising the farmers’ power of negotiation and developing entrepreneurships, all of which increase incomes. The value of these approaches is reflected in the number of new potato-based products that have been developed to date, the benefits that have accrued to poor farmers, and the trust and social relations that have been developed over time as work has progressed in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. INCOPA has brought many innovative products to the market, including ‘Jalca chips’, which are potato chips made from highly coloured Andean potato varieties, and ‘T’ikapapa’, a specially packed native variety of potato that is supplied by small producers from the highlands and sold in two major supermarket chains in Peru. INCOPA worked in a strategic alliance with private and public partners to bring T’ikapapa to the market. The impact of this collaboration was recognized when in 2005, the T’ikapapa initiative won the Peruvian Business Creativity Award 2005 in the Food category. This is the most prestigious award conferred in the Peruvian business circle. To grant this award the jury took into consideration the fact that T’ikapapa “presents the varieties of native Peruvian potatoes in a selected, hygienic, packed presentation and with a brand.” In addition, T’ikapapa “revaluates the biodiversity of this culinary heritage, taking advantage of the versatility of these potatoes and generating sustainable businesses for small producers from the Andean highlands.“ Papa Andina facilitates such participative activities to encourage the competitiveness of potato producers from the Andean highlands of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, taking advantage of potato biodiversity and its specific culinary and colorful characteristics for generating new sustainable business alternatives. At both the national and regional level, Papa Andina works to achieve constructive interaction among researchers, extension workers and private market agents. This expansion of interactions beyond the research community has been a major achievement. 46 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 In d ig en o u s b io sy st em at ic s of p ot at o la nd ra ce s in P er u Table 1. Quechua vocabulary for naming specific landraces cultivated, semi-domesticated and wild potatoes,” said CIP’s Stef de Haan, who is supervising the work. “Then we compared the resulting scheme of folk taxonomy with other systems of ethnobiological and formal classification. We were surprised at the results.” Farmers used a total of 22 characteristics for aboveground parts to identify specific potato landraces. However, the farmers only used about eight descriptors to positively identify a specific landrace, without seeing the tubers, 71 percent of the time. Men and women scored the same, but older farmers identified more samples correctly. Informants use a rich system of nomenclature to name specific landraces. Names generally consist of a noun and a qualifying adjective. Primary nouns usually refer to tuber shape (44 percent) while secondary qualifying adjectives refer to tuber color (74 percent). A rich Quechua vocabulary for direct and indirect (metaphorical) characterization of tuber morphology (shape/color) is the basis for naming specific landraces (Table 1). The folk taxonomy of native potatoes in Huancavelica recognizes at least five ranks and multiple taxa. At the generic level farmers recognize three taxa: papa tarpuy, araq papa and atoq papa. Papa tarpuy (sowing potatoes) are those managed and grown by farmers, and consist of at least five formally recognized species. Araq papa is a group of semi- domesticated potatoes that grow in the wild, yet are collected and eaten. Atoq papa are wild potato species that are not consumed. Cultivated potato cultivar- groups are mostly differentiated by tuber shape. Specific landraces are recognized within each cultivar group. “Indigenous biosystematics help us to understand how farmers themselves perceive and classify diversity,” said Stef de Haan. “A basic understanding of its principles is essential for in situ conservation and related interventions.” Term Meaning Primary Word Direct Reference Suyto “Long” (tuber morphology) Ñahui “Eyes” Indirect Reference Uman Like a “Head” (tuber morphology) Maquin Like a “Claw” Secondary Word Direct Reference Yana “Black” (tuber color) Yuraq “White” Muru “Two colored” Indirect Reference Acero Like “steel” (tuber color) Lasta Like “snow” Cheqche “Sparkled” (two colored) Farmers in the Peruvian Andes have their own unique system of folk taxonomy to recognize and classify potatoes. This knowledge shows a deep understanding of the biodiversity of the individual species and landraces. CIP staff are working to understand and classify this indigenous knowledge using a technology they have called ‘indigenous biosystematics’. “We did an exercise with 68 farm families in eight communities in Huancavelica using a fixed sample of Andean farmers have a deep understanding of potato diversity 47I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Farmers in the Indo- Gangetic Plains of India and Bangladesh have increased some of their boro rice yields after planting potatoes by almost 40 percent using an innovative double- transplanting technology. On these plains, rice is a staple food and potato an important cash crop for farmers. The main cropping system is kharif (wet season) rice-potato-boro (summer) rice. However, to plant boro rice at the best time, the potato crop has to be harvested early, reducing yield. When the potato is harvested at full maturity, this delays planting of the next rice crop, which also reduces the yield. CIP, in partnership with the Department of Agriculture, West Bengal, India, organized on-farm trials of double transplanting of boro rice at three locations in West Bengal. Rice seedlings are grown in nurseries while the potato crop is growing, then transplanted to small plots after 45 days. They are then transplanted again into the vacant fields after the potato harvest. “Although this involves extra work, the system allows the potato crop to mature without sacrificing rice yield,” agreed Dr. S. K. Bardhanroy, national agricultural research system collaborator. The grain yield of boro rice, planted using double transplanting after the potato harvest was enhanced by 39 percent and 11 percent compared to traditional systems of kharif rice-potato- boro rice and kharif rice-boro rice. The double- transplanting method allowed the potato crop to grow to full maturity leading to optimum yield without sacrificing the boro rice yield. It also reduced the need for pesticides and irrigation, but increased fertilizer use. The overall cost of production of boro rice using double- transplanting technology was increased by US$ 15/ha compared to the traditional system. The cost of potato production was similar in both systems. However, using double-transplanting technology in the rice- potato-rice system and efficient management of natural resources increased the income of poor farmers by 17 percent. “The double-transplanting technology increases incomes, reduces hunger, enhances employment opportunities, lowers health hazards by decreased use of pesticides and reduces risk factors such as hail storms, unusual rains and high temperatures,” said CIP’s Mohinder Kadian. Above, the potato harvest; below, rice and potato growing together in West Bengal, India D o u b le tran sp lan tin g w orth th e effort in In d ia an d Ban g lad esh 48 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Schools are the focal point of many rural and urban communities. As well as educating future generations they bring together families within the community to discuss a wide range of issues. CIP is exploring ways to use schools to introduce new varieties with superior nutritional traits and dissemination them on a wide scale in a cost-effective way. Kwale is a district in the coastal province of Kenya with ideal conditions for testing such an approach. “Malnutrition is endemic, vitamin A deficiency is very serious and a number of charities and non- governmental organizations have set-up eye clinics,” said CIP’s Michael Potts, who is based in Uganda. “Over 70 percent of the population lives below the poverty line.” Soils are poor and rainfall unreliable. Grain crops fail frequently and food aid is required annually. Trials by the University of Nairobi and supported by CIP at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute at Mtwapaidentified cultivars of orange-fleshed sweetpotatoes (OFSP) capable of high yields in the harsh conditions. On-farm evaluations done with women’s groups in Kwale district confirmed these findings. Group evaluations of their culinary qualities at harvest showed adults and children readily accepting them. “Looking for a good way to publicize the work, we held discussions with the Provincial and District Departments of Education, Health and Agriculture (and Home Economics extensionists) to coordinate a launch throughout the district,” said Rose Njeru, a professor at the University of Nairobi working on the project. “A one-day workshop was held to sensitize and involve Department directors from all seven districts in the province.” Themes included the current agricultural and nutritional situation in the province, the value of OFSP and the potential of schools for technology dissemination. The following day a launch was held at Lukore Primary School attended by teachers from 90 of the District’s 270 primary schools, local dignitaries and community members. First came presentations about the crops, nutrition information and the role that crops such as OFSP could play in ensuring a healthy diet, demonstrations of cultivationtechniques and food preparation. Then the pupils presented plays, poems and songs. “We also distributed leaflets, hats, T-shirts, posters and calendars at both meetings,” noted Michael Potts. At the end each dignitary was given 200 vines to take back to their community for planting. “Each school was also given 100 vines of two cultivars to multiply with the assistance of the extension services for distribution in the community,” said CIP’s Sammy Agili. “Farmers took the remaining vines, about 540,000 in total.” Competitions were held to maintain subsequent interest. Sixty schools grew crops and entered one competition. Prizes included a trip to the coast province agricultural show, as well as highly valued netball hoops and balls, volleyball nets and balls and footballs. Women’s groups also competed to create new recipes with the orange varieties that were suitable for school dinners. The group that produced the most and best– quality vines in the early stages were awarded a community phone. “They set it up in the village centre,” said Potts. “Previously there was no phone or cell phone connection. Not only did it provide a source of income for these poor women, it allowed them and other villagers to link to traders and, we hope, to get better prices.” U si n g s ch oo ls t o tr an sf er t ec h n ol og y in K en ya Local children singing at the launch of the sweetpotato varieties 49I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 These four short accounts were stories submitted to the CGIAR Science Council as part of the Council’s 2005 analysis of CIP’s outcomes and impact. Each story directly illustrates work that was specified in CIP’s 2005 Medium Term Plan C IP O u tc o m es a n d Im p ac t 50 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 DIVA-GIS: A geographical information system for the analysis of biodiversity data DIVA-GIS is a unique, free geographic information system that visualizes and analyzes data sets from genebanks with emphasis on plant genetic resources and biodiversity. In 2003 DIVA-GIS was put under an open source license and made available through a public open-source site in addition to CIP’s web site thus enabling the direct re-use of CIP technology. Since 2005 CIP has been upgrading DIVA-GIS technologically and functionally, using cutting-edge technology and collaboration with partners from CGIAR (IRRI, Challenge Program Generation) and the private industry (Refractions.net). Versions 1 to 3 (2003) were developed in close collaboration with SGRP/IPGRI and versions 5 to 6 (2006) in close collaboration with IRRI under the Challenge Program Generation. This tool relates to the MTP 2005 identified output “(ii) Morphological, genetic and eco- geographic patterns of diversity analyzed and integrated with characterization data, documented and made available along with the germplasm”. Over the years DIVA-GIS has been used not only by CIP staff but also by other partners and collaborators e.g. from CIAT, ICRISAT, IPGRI, and Peruvian scientists, as evidenced by the scientific publications its use has generated. Major applications are related to georeferencing of accessions, data quality control of georeferences, analysis of plant species diversity and richness, prediction of specimen presence for collection and conservation purposes and trait analysis in a geographic context as well as simply plotting accessions. The program is used by scientists throughout the developed and developing countries. It has been used in national and international training events as evidenced by publications in the literature using the system in the Americas, Africa and Asia. Sua, S., Mateus, R.D. y Vargas, J.C. (2004): Georeferenciacion de registros biológicos y gacetero digital de localidades. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogota, Colombia. Jarvis, A. et al. (2003): Biogeography of wild Arachis: assessing conservation status and setting future priorities. Crop Science, 43(3): 1100-1108. Hijmans, R. et al. (2003): Frost tolerance in potato species: Assessing the predictivity of taxonomic, geographic, and ecological factors. Euphytica 130: 47-59. http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/ccrpE/projects/spk/kenya_sweetpotato.html http://www.fao.org/world/regional/rap/meetings/2005/Aug29/Aug29.htm 51I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Promotion of sustainable sweetpotato production and post-harvest management through farmer field schools in East Africa CIP, in collaboration with the UK’s Natural Resources Institute, have developed holistic sweetpotato production and post-harvest management Farmer Field Schools (FFS), to increase returns from sweetpotato enterprise by East African smallholders. The work is related to CIP’s activities on participatory, integrative and methodological research conducted in Sub Saharan Africa to adapt the FFS approach to sweetpotato-related problems. The output was first identified in the 2003-2006 MTP stated as “SP ICM FFS manual developed and field-tested in E. Africa”. Over 1,400 farmers in western Kenya, northeastern Uganda and northwest Tanzania have adopted sweetpotato ICM, processing and marketing practices, increasing not only their food and nutritional security but also their incomes through sale of planting materials, pastries and juice, fresh roots and dried chips. Governmental and non-governmental agricultural organizations are also using the approach. In 2005, a manual for sweetpotato IPPM farmer field schools in Sub Saharan Africa was produced and 1100 copies of the manual distributed to individuals in more than 21 countries. The approach has stimulated demand from stakeholders including farmers’ groups, local government officials, extension staff and NGOs. Organizations implementing linked activities include: the Ugandan National Agricultural Advisory Service Programmes; NARO/ DFID Client-Oriented Agricultural Research and Dissemination Project; World Vision; Africa Now; the McKnight Foundation; GTZ/CIP Mass Dissemination of Planting Materials project in Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and Sudan; the Kenya National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Programme; and the Tanzanian Society of Agricultural Extension and Education. Stathers, T., Namanda, S., Mwanga, R.O., Khisa, G. and Kapinga, R. (2005) Manual for Sweetpotato Integrated Production and Pest Management Farmer Field Schools in Sub- Saharan Africa. CIP, Kampala, Uganda. pp 168 +xxxi. ISBN 9970-895-01-X. Sweetmore, A. and Kimmins, F., eds. (2006) Promotion of sustainable sweetpotato production and post-harvest management through farmer field schools in East Africa. In: ‘Perspectives on Pests II: Achievements of research under UK Department for International Development CPP 2000-2005’, pp. 26-27. Natural Resources International Ltd, Aylesford, UK. ISBN: 0-9546452-7-8. 52 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Use of integrated weevil management in Andean farmer communities With the support of the McKnight Foundation, we have researched, developed and applied over the last four years an integrated management approach for the Andean weevil that has drastically reduced weevil damage. The output of the December 2003-2005 MTP “Root and tuber crop biodiversity, representing a range of wild and cultivated species, conserved and made accessible for distribution using up to date technologies and collaborative linkages” contained the following: Milestone 2: “2002: Collaboration on on-farm potato conservation with NARS and farmer communities carried out.” Today, CIP’s integrated management of the Andean weevil complex is used by farmers in more than 30 communities located near or around the experimental site; and hundreds of farmers, agronomists, technicians, school and university teachers of government, private sector, and NGOs in the Cusco and Apurimac Departments of Peru. The most dangerous pest of the starchy Andean tuber oca (Oxalis tuberosa) is the weevil. In Peru the weevil can severely damage up to 98% of harvested tubers. Other weevils, just as damaging, are present in Andean potato (Solanum spp.) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus); thus, a complex of Andean weevils threatens cultivation of these three staples. The approach combines ancestral indigenous knowledge and modern scientific research. Use of repellent plants, ashes, and early harvest were combined with the utilization of a parasitic fungus, use of weevil-free sprouts for planting, and weevil collection from the field. Together, these methods have reduced the occurrence of the weevils and their damage, as well as reducing the need for pesticides and insecticides, with a concomitant benefit to the health of the local farmers and their families. The research has been extremely popular, with demand to disseminate the results in Peru through farmers’ and childrens’ schools, farmers’ workshops, seminars, and broadcast through a local radio program to Andean farmers using the native language Quechua and Spanish. Reference: Progress Reports, and Newsletters. Collaborative Crop Research Program, The McKnight Foundation: http://www.mcknight.org/about news_detail.aspx?itemID=179&catID=53&typeID=2 53I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Product prototypes from native potato biodiversity in the Andes – adding value to farmers’ assets CIP, its Papa Andina partnership program, non-governmental organizations and various agencies and communities in Peru and Bolivia have developed innovative uses for native potato varieties that are creating new markets and increasing income for Andean subsistence farmers. Development of a prototype product to demonstrate and explore added-value potential of non-commercial native Andean potato cultivars was first listed in CIP’s 2002-2004 MTP as a milestone under Project 6A “Post Harvest Quality, Nutrition and Market Impact of Roots and Tubers”. Farmers, entrepreneurs, NGOs and state agencies have worked together to facilitate the access of poor Andean farming communities to new market opportunities. Tourists and supermarket shoppers in Peru are buying the products of this initiative, with the profits benefiting rural communities. CIP researchers and farmer conservationists in Peru discovered outstanding innate properties for use in modern processing in a group of about 35 potato cultivars with unusual shapes and yellow, red and purple patterned flesh. They were perfect for development as gourmet and ‘novelty’ snack foods, including potato chips with less oil than better-known commercial types. A prototype product of 8 ‘families’ of colored potato chip cultivars was developed. Colored chips (UK = crisps) branded as ‘Jalca Chips’ are being sold duty free in Lima Airport. The farmers identified further varieties suitable for chips and for marketing as washed and bagged high culinary quality potatoes with excellent flavor, under the brand name ‘T’ikapapa’. Local farmers are also earning increased income by growing and selling ‘clean seed’ of selected varieties. Similar colored chips and potato products are being produced in Bolivia, where the prototype from Peru has renewed interest in the biodiversity of potatoes and Andean culture. The Papa Andina initiative through its INCOPA project linking small Andean farmers to the supermarket chains in Peru won the Peruvian Entrepreneurial Creativity Award in 2005 in the Food category. Bernet, T. and Amoros, W. 2004. Marketing Biodiversity. LEISA Magazine Vol.20, Issue 3,18-19. Anon. 2005. La Papa Palpita. Carretas Vol 1887, 58-60. 54 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Performance measurement indicators This text is drawn from an account of performance measurement indicators submitted to the CGIAR Science Council to allow a rating of the overall impact assessment performance of CIP Ex-post Impact Studies in Progress or Completed in 2005 Campilan, D. (2005) An impact evaluation was conducted in 200 randomly selected potato- growing households to determine field-level outcomes of Farmer Field School (FFS) potato- integrated disease management in Nepal. Participation in FFSs led to an increase in the production and use of quality seed and generation of marketable surplus, facilitated by the availability of cold stores, adopting separate seed plot growing practices and increased awareness. Efficient use of farm inputs, better management practices, etc. has significantly increased the gross and net returns to land and labor. Basilio, C.S., Rizalina, M. T., Fe, P. and Lolit, M. D. (2005) Assessing Impacts of Pathogen- Tested Sweetpotato Planting Materials in Central Luzon, Philippines. Paper presented at the Impact Assessment Workshop, CIMMYT, Mexico City, Mexico, 19-21 October 2005. Data from 117 farmers in 19 villages showed the positive contributions of participatory farmer learning and inter-agency partnerships in effectively introducing innovations for farmers to manage a sweetpotato virus disease. López, G., Oros, R. and Arandia, S. (2005) Study of the impact of the Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA) on the farmers of Candelaria, Cochabamba, Innova Project Report. The use of PMCA opened new marketing channels, increased planting of native potatoes amongst participating farmers by a factor of 10, farm gate prices improved by a factor of 3, with a secure market for the native potatoes. Other impact studies performed in 2005 Peters, D., Nguyen, T.T., Mai, T.H., Nguyen, T.Y., Pham, N.T. and Fuglie, K.O. (2005) Rural Income Generation through Improving Crop-based Pig Production Systems in Vietnam: Diagnostics, Interventions and Dissemination. Agriculture and Human Values, 22 (1): 73-85. Xie, J. and Fuglie, K.O. (2005) Development of Sweetpotato Processing Industry and its Impact in Sichuan, China. Paper presented at: UPWARD Meeting on Participation and Change: Enhancing Research for Impact, Hanoi, Vietnam. Fuglie, K.O., Campilan D. and Nguyen T.T. (2005) Impact of innovations in small-holder sweetpotato-pig systems in Vietnam. Paper presented at: UPWARD Meeting on Participation and Change: Enhancing Research for Impact, Hanoi, Vietnam. Fuglie, K.O. (2005) Economic and Poverty Impacts of CIP-Related Technologies in Asia: A Progress Report. The Sichuan International Symposium on Potato Development, Chuang’an City, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China. Fuglie, K.O. (2005) Development, adoption and economic impact of improved varieties of sweetpotato in Asia. Invited paper presented at: 2nd International Symposium on Sweetpotato & Cassava (2ISSC), Innovate Technologies for Commercialization, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 55I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Innovation and Advancement of epIA Methods and Processes Bucher, O. (2005). PMCA - Evaluating a New Participatory Method Used to Innovate Market Chains in the Peruvian Potato Sector. Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, Report. ETH Zürich. Innovation theory and literature on the development of trust was used to design a qualitative interview with a diverse sample of participants in the PMCA cycle. PMCA is stimulating innovation and knowledge, contacts and trust between participants had grown. There were marked differences between active and passive participants. Jimenez, J. 2005. Economic Evaluation of the Impact of the I-Fripapa-99 Variety in the Ecuadorian Sierra during 1992-2004. Universidad Central del Ecuador. In 2004 Fripapa, a CIP potato variety, was being sown on 6% of the area cropped to potato in Ecuador. Initially favoured by larger farmers in the north of the country it is now being widely adopted by smaller farmers in the center. The internal rate of return to the research and extension investment is estimated at 26%. Other studies: Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Forbes, G. A., Shtienberg, D., Grunwald, N.J., Taipe, M. V., Hijmans, R. J. and Fry, W. E. (2005) Computer simulation of potato late blight: performance of the LATEBLIGHT model across a broad range of environments. Phytopathology, 95: 1412- 1422. Communication/dissemination and capacity enhancement External workshops to disseminate impact • UPWARD Meeting on Participation and Change: Enhancing Research for Impact, Hanoi, Vietnam, January 2005. The Meeting reviewed field experiences through 11 project evaluations, and derived lessons for enhancing the contribution of participatory approaches to research and development impact. • CIP organized an exhibition during 2005 National Potato Day celebrations, to demonstrate the market chain approach that Papa Andina’s INCOPA project is taking. National experts, journalists and CIP stakeholders attended. • CIP organized a display of the impact of activities in all of its regional offices for its annual Ambassadors Day, held in September 2005. Over 30 Ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives attended. Media mentions as a result of communicating impact findings • 40 posters produced for Ambassadors Day. • 10 brochures and posters produced for Peru Potato Day. • 10 press releases produced, over 50 articles published in media throughout the world. • 10 local radio and 3 international TV features. 56 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Impact assessment capacity strengthening activities for partners during 2005 Horizontal Evaluation Workshop: Using multistakeholder platforms to link farmers with markets. April 2005, Riobamba, Ecuador. 35 participants from Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador used the horizontal evaluation method to learn about multistakeholder platforms. The evaluation criteria used included the relevance of platforms for linking with markets, effects on farmer empowerment and gender equity, provision of services for market development and prospects for sustainability. Impact culture (internal feedback and learning for user relevance) Internal workshops run by CIP impact analysis specialists during 2005 Series of interviews with CIP staff to assess internal needs and opportunities (30 participants). Impact of farmer field schools – information session at CIP Annual Meeting (50 participants). Workshop to Review the Approaches Developed by Papa Andina: Participatory Market Chain Approach and Multi-Stakeholder Platforms, Papa Andina (25 participants from Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador). Two examples of evaluation of user relevance of center research outputs CIP. 2005. 3rd Workshop on Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA) in Uganda. December 2005, Mukono, Uganda. CIP, Lima, Peru During 2005, CIP shared its experiences of the Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA). More than 20 staff from Ugandan R&D organizations were introduced to the method and its first applications in the Andes. Participants concluded that PMCA’s strengths outweigh its weaknesses as a method to promote pro-poor innovations in Uganda and that it will be important to draw in additional key actors in the PMCA process and strengthen business, marketing and communication skills of the members of the Commodity Groups. Horizontal Evaluation: Stimulating Social Learning Among Peers CIP’s Partnership Program Papa Andina and partners have developed a new method for evaluations with partners that promotes learning called horizontal evaluation. During 2005 we developed and applied this method for use within an Andean regional program. Horizontal evaluation brings together local participants who are developing a new research-and- development methodology and a group of peers who are interested in the experience. The workshop elicits and compares the perceptions of the two groups concerning the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology under development. Specific examples of how ex-post impact assessment findings are used for CIP priority setting During 2005, CIP staff conducted two international surveys of its major stakeholders to examine the impact that its work has had and to elicit information to establish priorities for the development of its new strategy. These studies are in draft form, as follows: Priorities for Sweetpotato Research in Developing Countries; Priorities for Potato Research in Developing Countries. 57I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Le tt er fr om th e C ha ir 58 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 I am pleased to report on another successful year at the International Potato Center (CIP). On 30 April Dr. Hubert Zandstra retired as Director General after 14 years at the helm. We are greatly indebted to Dr. Zandstra for all the insight and wisdom he brought to CIP and to steering us through changing times. Dr. Zandstra was only the second Director General; his predecessor was Dr. Richard Sawyer, who was appointed when CIP was established in 1971. On 1 May we welcomed our new Director General, Dr. Pamela K. Anderson. This was a smooth transition as she was our Deputy Director General - Research and I am very happy to report how well she is establishing herself in her new role. Our head person in Africa, Dr. Charles Crissman was appointed as the new Deputy Director General - Research and Mr. Carlos Alonso as Board Secretary and Director of Finance and Administration. Again, we are pleased with these appointments. During the year the Science Council determined the research priorities for the CGIAR and these were endorsed by the Members at the CGIAR 2005 Annual General Meeting in Morocco. CIP’s research vision fits in with these priorities and we have aligned our Medium Term Plans with these priorities, thus giving our research staff the stability they need to undertake their work. The CGIAR has reviewed both the program of work and the organizational structure in Sub-Saharan Africa and made recommendations that help us align with existing and new partners to help us increase the impact of our work. We have appointed Dr. Jan Low, who is well experienced in working with resource poor African farmers, to lead our work in Africa. During the year Dr. Eija Pehu retired from the Board of Trustees after 6 years. Dr. Pehu chaired our Program Committee for 5 years and has been a great supporter of CIP. I express my thanks to Dr. Pehu and my Board and all the staff at CIP for making this another successful year for the International Potato Center. This annual report will give you an insight into the high quality of work that takes place at CIP and demonstrates that we make real outputs and outcomes that improve the lives of many of the poorest people in the world. I hope you will enjoy reading this annual report. Jim Godfrey Chair Letter from the Chair of the Board of Trustees 59I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 B o ard of trustees 1. Mr. James Godfrey (Chair) United Kingdom 2. Dr. Alexander Boronin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences Russia 3. Dr. Ruth Egger Intercooperation Switzerland 4. Dr. Song Jian Chinese Academy of Engineering China 5. Dr. Kang-kwun Kim College of Natural Science, Konkuk University Republic of Korea 6. Dr. Pauline Kuzwayo Medical University of Southern Africa South Africa 7. Dr. Keiji Ohga College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University Japan 8. Dr. Orlando Olcese Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Peru 9. Dr. Victor Palma INCAGRO Peru 10. Dr. Eija Pehu (1999-2005) World Bank U.S.A. 11. Dr. G. Edward Schuh Hubert Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs U.S.A. 12. Dr. Madhura Swaminathan Indian Statistical Institute India 13. Dr. Hubert Zandstra (January-April) International Potato Center Peru 14. Dr. Pamela K. Anderson (April to date) International Potato Center Peru 1 2 3 45 67 8 9 1011 12 13 14 60 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 CIP is committed to business integrity, high ethical values and professionalism in all of its activities. As an essential part of this commitment, the Board supports the highest standards in corporate governance. CIP complies with the principal intentions and provisions of best practice in corporate governance. Board The Board’s role is to determine the strategy and policies of the Center, to set the guidelines within which the Center is managed and to review its performance. It is also responsible for ensuring that financial controls and systems of risk management are robust. There is a schedule of matters reserved for the Board which is reviewed annually; this ensures that the Trustees maintain full and effective decision-making control over all significant financial, organizational and compliance issues. Trustees CIP’s Board of Trustees is made up of 12 non-executive Trustees and the Director General. The Board considers all non-executive Trustees to be independent of the Center in character and judgement in all matters and that there are no relationships or circumstances that are likely to affect, or could appear to affect, the judgement of the non-executive Trustees. Non- executive Trustees are appointed for a 3-year term; subsequent re- appointment is only approved after an appraisal process. Chair and Director General The roles of the Chair and the Director General are distinct and held by different people. The Chair is responsible for leading the Board and ensuring that it acts effectively. The Director General is responsible for managing the Center’s business in line with the strategies and policies agreed by the Board. Board Appraisal The Board has implemented a 3- year review cycle of the performance of non-executive Trustees. The Board meets once a year without the Chair present to appraise the Chair’s performance. The Board meets once a year without the Director General present to appraise the Director General’s performance. Board Induction and Ongoing Training The Board has introduced a formal induction program for Trustees that provides information about Trustees’ duties, corporate governance, Board Committees and details of the Center’s structure and strategy. In addition, all Trustees are encouraged to attend the Alliance Board orientation program. Executive Committee The Center’s Executive Committee is chaired by Mr. Godfrey. Its other members are Dr. Kim, Dr. Pehu (to 18 March), Dr. Swaminathan (from 18 March) Dr. Zandstra (to 30 April) and Dr. Anderson (from 1 May). Its responsibility is to act on behalf of the Board between full meetings of the Board, to act as the Finance Committee of the Board and to act as the Remuneration Committee of the Board. Nomination Committee The Nomination Committee is chaired by Dr. Kim. The two other members are Mr. Godfrey and Dr. Egger. The Committee is responsible for proposing candidates for appointment to the Board, having regard to its balance and structure. In appropriate cases, recruitment consultants may be used to assist the process. All trustees are subject to re-election at least every 3 years. Audit Committee The Audit Committee is chaired by Dr. Olcese. Its other members are Dr. Palma and Dr. Schuh. The Committee meets not less than once annually. The Committee provides a forum for reporting by the group’s external and internal auditors. Meetings are also attended, by invitation, by the Director General, the Board Secretary and the chief financial officer. The Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing a wide range of matters, including the annual financial statements before their submission to the Board, and monitoring the controls that are in force to ensure the integrity of the information reported to the Board. The Audit Committee advises the Board on the appointment of external auditors and on their remuneration both for audit and for non-audit work, and discusses the nature, scope and results of the audit with external auditors. The Audit Committee keeps under review the cost effectiveness and the independence and objectivity of the external and internal auditors. Program Committee The Program Committee is chaired by Dr. Pehu (to 18 March) and Dr. Swaminathan (from 18 March). Its other members are Dr. Kazawayo, Dr. Boronin, Dr. Song, Dr. Ogha and Dr. Egger. Its responsibility is to advise the Board on all aspects of the Center’s research and research- related programs, focusing on the formulation of policies and plans and monitoring performance and impact. Relations with Stakeholders Communications with stakeholders are given high priority. There is dialogue with the CGIAR secretariat, donors and members. The Board uses a staff meeting at the time of the Annual Meeting to communicate with staff and welcomes their participation. The Chair aims to ensure that the Chairs of the Audit, Remuneration and Nomination Committees are available at the annual staff meeting to answer questions. Internal Control The trustees acknowledge that they are responsible for the Center’s system of internal control and for reviewing its effectiveness. The system is designed to manage rather than eliminate the risk of failure to achieve the group’s strategic objectives, and can only provide reasonable not absolute assurance against material mis- statement or loss. A continuing process has been established for identifying, evaluating and managing the significant risks faced by the Center. The process has been in place for the full year under review and up to the date of approval of the annual report and financial statements. The Board regularly reviews the process. The Center’s key risk management processes and system of internal control procedures include the following mechanisms. Management structure: Authority to operate is delegated to management within limits set by R ep o rt o n c en te r g ov er n an ce 61I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 the Board. Functional, operating and financial reporting standards are established by management for application across the Center. The corporate procedures manual sets out, inter alia, the general ethos of the Center, delegation of authority and authorization levels, segregation of duties and other control procedures, together with Center accounting policies. These procedures are supplemented by operating standards set by the management, as required for the geographical location. Identification and evaluation of business risks: The major financial, scientific, legal, regulatory and operating risks within the Center are identified through annual reporting procedures. The internal audit team regularly reviews these risks to ensure they are being effectively managed and appropriately insured, and prepares an annual group risk assessment report. The team also undertakes regular reviews of the most significant areas of risk and ensures that key control objectives remain in place and reports its findings to the audit committee. Information and financial reporting systems: The Center’s comprehensive planning and financial reporting procedures include detailed operational budgets for the year ahead and a 3- year rolling plan. The Board reviews and approves them. Performance is monitored and relevant action taken throughout the year through the quarterly reporting of key performance indicators, updated forecasts for the year together with information on the key risk areas. Investment appraisal: A budgetary process and authorization levels regulate capital expenditure. For expenditure, beyond specified levels and outside of the approved budget, detailed written proposals have to be submitted to the Board. Reviews are carried out after the acquisition is complete, and for some projects, during the acquisition period, to monitor expenditure; major overruns are investigated. Proposals for research and development programmes are considered by a team led by Dr. Anderson and proposals beyond specified limits are considered by the Board. Audit Committee: The Audit Committee monitors, through reports to it by the internal audit team, the controls that are in force and any perceived gaps in the control environment. The Audit Committee also considers and determines relevant action in respect of any control issues raised by internal or external auditors. The Board confirms that it has reviewed the effectiveness of the systems of internal control; the key processes used in doing so included the following mechanisms. • Review of the annual group risk assessment report • Production and regular updating of summaries of key controls measured against Center benchmarks, which cover all internal controls, both financial and non-financial • Review reports prepared throughout the year by the internal audit team • Annual confirmations from local management that the procedures set out in the Center’s corporate procedures manual have been followed • The Chair of the Audit Committee reports the outcome of the Audit Committee meetings to the Board and the Board receives minutes of the meetings • Review the role of insurance in managing risks across the group. 62 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 (US$000) 2005 2004 Assets Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents 10,525 10,561 Investments 537 99 Accounts receivable: Donors 3,524 3,582 Employees 160 259 Others 240 215 Inventories 396 385 Advances 82 154 Prepaid expenses 185 179 Total Current Assets 15,649 15,434 Non -Current Assets Investments non-current 305 369 Furnishing and equipment, Net 2,768 2,745 Total Non-Current assets 3,073 3,114 Total assets 18,722 18,548 CIP’s total revenues reached US$22.3M in 2005, 2% below 2004 (Figure 1). Total revenues include US$8.1M of unrestricted donations and US$13.9M of restricted donations. At the end of the year, US$3.5M of approved grants (16% of total revenues) had not been released. Unrestricted contributions fell by 9% from US$9.0M to US$8.1M in 2005, while restricted contributions increased by 3% from US$13.4M to US$13.9M. Lower than expected contributions from the World Bank, Italy, Japan, and the Swiss Agency for development Cooperation, as well as a stronger US dollar, reduced unrestricted revenues, while new proposals approved by donors helped to increase restricted revenues. During the year, 41 new restricted proposals, for a total commitment of US$15.8M, were approved by donors. New commitments increased by 26%, compared with 2004. The average donation per proposal approved also increased from US$0.25M to US$0.39M in 2005. The growth in the average donation per proposal approved was greatly influenced by the approval of a large donation, which represented 54% of the total value committed by donors during the year. Total expenditures increased by 3% to US$22.2M (Figure 2). Research and research support activities, as well as training and operations, increased, while research management expenditures decreased. 2005 was the third year in a row of program expansion. CIP achieved a slight surplus of US$0.07M in 2005. The surplus increased CIP’s financial reserves from US$5.6M to US$5.7M (Figure 3). Programmatic growth and austere and prudent policies reduced CIP’s indirect expenses. Following the CGIAR indirect cost ratio guidelines, the indirect cost ratio declined from 14% in 2004 to 12% in 2005 (Figure 4). The Center plans to continue exercising prudent policies to strengthen even further CIP’s financial position. CIP’s financial indicators continue to be within the recommended ranges by the CGIAR. The liquidity indicator, measured as net working capital divided by the daily average expenditures minus depreciation, reached 93 days in 2005 (Figure 5), while the financial stability indicator, measured as the unrestricted net assets divided by the average daily expenditures minus depreciation, reached 91 days (Figure 6). The financial indicators provide the Center with flexibility to deal with short-term negative effects from unanticipated events (see box next page). The statement below summarizes CIP’s financial position as of December 2005. A copy of the complete audited financial statements may be requested from the office of the Director for Finance and Administration at CIP headquarters in Lima, Peru. Statement of financial position Year ending 31 December 2005 (compared with 2004) (US$000) 2005 2004 Liabilities and net assets Current liabilities Accounts payable Donors 4,586 3,508 Others 5,746 6,295 Provisions 78 182 Total current liabilities 10,410 9,985 Non- current liabilities Long -term loan 250 Employees 73 61 Total non-current liabilities 73 311 Total liabilities 10,483 10,296 Net Assets Designated 2,512 2,598 Undesignated 5,727 5,654 Total Net Assets 8,239 8,252 Total liabilities and net assets 18,722 18,548 Fi n an ci al r ep or t 63I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Center Financial Indicators CIP attaches a high priority to maintaining a healthy financial position. Sound financial indicators reflect the Center’s ability to cope with external shocks, ensure that research activities will continue in cases of unexpected funding shortfalls and provide a sound base to support future growth. To this end, CIP will strengthen further its financial indicators in the medium run and will continue to exercise caution in financial planning and budget design. Short-term solvency (liquidity) In 2005, the short-term solvency indicator decreased to 93 days. CIP is forecasting an increase in its short-term solvency indicator for 2006, as a result of an estimated higher surplus and lower daily expenditures due to a temporary fall of total expenditures and a rise of depreciation. The Center estimates that the liquidity ratio will grow to 116 days by 2009. Long-term financial stability (adequacy of reserves) The Center’s long-term financial stability indicator reached 91 days in 2005. CIP will continue building up its long-term reserves indicator over the medium term as a result of growing liquidity and surplus. CIP is estimating that the long-term financial stability indicator will increase to 111 days in 2009, which is above the recommended range of reserves. Indirect cost ratio CIP continued with its austere and prudent financial policies in order to control the expansion of indirect costs. According to the CGIAR indirect cost ratio guidelines, the indirect cost ratio declined from 14% in 2004 to 12% in 2005. CIP has one of the lowest indirect cost ratios in the System. Reducing the indirect cost ratio further seems unwise; promoting and sustaining growth will require increasing investment in research-support services. Restricted accounts receivable/payables ratio In 2005, the ratio of accounts receivable over accounts payable of restricted donations reached 0.8. This ratio reflects conservative financial policies when managing special projects. CIP expects that the ratio will increase slightly in the medium term. 64 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Expeditures (Thousand of Dollars) Figure 2. CIP’s expeditures 2002-2005 Financial Reserves (Thousand of Dollars) Figure 3. CIP’s financial reserves 2001-2005 Revenues (Thousand of Dollars) Figure 1. CIP’s revenues 2002-2005 - 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 Unrestricted Restricted 2002 2003 2004 2005 0 3,500 7,000 10,500 14,000 Unrestricted Restricted 2002 2003 2004 2005 65I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Indirect Cost Ratio Figure 4. CIP’s indirect cost ratio 2000-2005 Liquidity Figure 5. CIP’s liquidity 2000-2005 Adequacy of Reserves Figure 6. CIP’s financial stability indicator 2000-2005 91 70 49 51 97 95 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Acceptable range - 75 / 90 daysAc eptable range - 75/90 days 93 9997 5149 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Acceptable range - 90/120 days 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 66 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Forbes, G. A., Shtienberg, D., Grünwald, N. J., Chacón, M. G., Taipe, M. V., Hijmans, R. J. and Fry, W. E. (2005) Qualification of a plant disease simulation model: Performance of the LATEBLIGHT model across a broad range of environments. Phytopathology, 95(12):1412- 1422. Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Hijmans, R. J., Forbes, G. A., Fry, W. E. and Nelson, R. J. (2005) Simulation of potato late blight in the Andes. I: Modification and parameterization of the LATEBLIGHT model. Phytopathology, 95(10):1191- 1199. Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Hijmans, R. J., Juárez, H. S., Forbes, G. A., Shtienberg, D. and Fry, W. E. (2005) Simulation of potato late blight in the Andes. II: Validation of the LATEBLIGHT model. Phytopathology, 95(10):1200- 1208. Anthofer, J. and Kroschel, J. (2005) Above-ground biomass, nutrients, and persistence of an early and a late maturing Mucuna variety in the Forest-Savannah Transitional Zone of Ghana. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 110 (Fallow Management in the Tropics), (1-2):59-77. Antle, J. M., Valdivia, R. O., Crissman, C. C., Stoorvogel, J. J. and Yanggen, D. (2005) Spatial heterogeneity and adoption of soil conservation investments: Integrated assessment of slow formation terraces in the Andes. Journal of International Agricultural Trade and Development, 1(1):29-53. Bernet, T., Devaux, A., Ortiz, O. and Thiele, G. (2005) Participatory market chain approach. pp. 181- 187 In: Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Research Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 1. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Butler, G. P., Bernet, T. and Manrique, K. (2005) Mechanization of potato grading on small-scale farms: A case study from Peru. Experimental Agriculture, 41(1):81-92. Campilan, D. (2005) A livelihood systems framework for participatory agricultural research: The case of UPWARD. pp. 212-219 In: Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 1. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Campilan, D. (2005) From piloting to scaling up participatory research and development: Enabling Nepal farmers to grow a healthy potato crop. pp. 139-146 In: Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca-Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 2. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Campilan, D., Perez, J., Sim, J. and Boncodin, R. (2005) Evaluating capacity for participatory research. pp. 39-47 In: Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca-Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 2. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Campilan, D., Perez, J., Sim, J. and Boncodin, R. (2005) Evaluating capacity for participatory research. pp. 39-47 In: Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca-Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 2. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Castillo Ruiz R. A., Herrera, C., Ghislain, M. and Gebhardt C. (2005) Organisation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), acidic PR-5 and osmotin-like defence-response gene families in the potato genome. Molecular General Genetics, 274(2):168-179. Claessens, L., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Schoorl, J. M. and Veldkamp, A. (2005) DEM resolution effects on shallow landslide hazard and soil redistribution modelling. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 30:461-477. Creed-Kanashiro, H., Oré, B., Scurrah, M., Gil, A. and Penny, M. (2005) Conducting research in developing countries: Experiences of the informed consent process from community studies in Peru. Nutrition, 135:925-928. Davies, F. T., Calderon, C. M., Huaman, Z. and Gomez, R. (2005) Influence of a flavonoid (formonetin) on mycorrhyzal activity and potato crop productivity in the highlands of Peru. Scientia Horticulturae, 106(3):318-329. Se le ct ed p ub lic at io n s 67I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Feingold, S., Loyd, J., Noreno, N., Bonierbale, M. and Lorenzen, J. (2005) Mapping and characterization of new EST- derived microsatellites for potato (S. tuberosum L). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 111(3):456- 466. Forbes, G. A., Chacón, G., Kirk, H. G., Huarte, M., Damme, M. V., Distel, S., Capezio, S., Mackay, G., Stewart, H., Lowe, R., Duncan, J., Mayton, H., Fry, W. E., Andrivon, D., Ellisseche, D., Pelle, R., Platt, H., MacKenzie, G., Tarn, R., Colon, L. T., Budding, D. J., Lozoya-Saldaña, H. and Hernandez-Vilchis, A. (2005) Stability of resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato: An international evaluation. Plant Pathology, 54(3):364-372. Fuglie, K. O., Chien, D. H. and Yen, L. T. (2005) Market integration and price stability of vegetables in Vietnam. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 44(4):371-379. Garry, G., Forbes, G. A., Salas, A., Santa Cruz, M., Pérez, W. G. and Nelson, R.J. (2005) Genetic diversity and host differentiation among isolates of Phytophthora infestans from cultivated potato and wild solanaceous hosts in Peru. Plant Pathology, 54(6):740- 748. Garry, G., Salas, A., Forbes, G. A., Perez, W., Cruz, M. S. and Nelson R. J. (2005) Host specialization not detected in isolates of Phytophthora infestans attacking wild and cultivated potatoes in Peru. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 113(1):71-81. Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) (2005) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 1: Understanding Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. 248p. Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) (2005) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 2: Enabling Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. 194p. Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) (2005) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 3: Doing Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. 224p. Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) (2005) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 1: Understanding Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. 248p. Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) (2005) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 2: Enabling Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. 194p. Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) (2005) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 3: Doing Participatory Research and Development. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. 224p. Grüneberg, W. J., Manrique, K., Zhang, D. and Hermann, M. (2005) Genotype x Environment interactions for a diverse set of sweetpotato clones evaluated across varying ecogeographic conditions in Peru. Crop Science, 45:2160-2171. Immerzeel, W.W., Quiroz, R. A. and De Jong, S. M (2005) Understanding precipitation patterns and land use interaction in Tibet using harmonic analysis of SPOT VGT-S10 NDVI time series. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(11):2281-2296. Katafire, M., Adipala, E., Lemaga, B., Olanya, M., El-Bedewy, R. and Ewell, P. (2005) Management of bacterial wilt of potato using one- season rotation crops in southwestern Uganda. pp. 197-204 In: Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex. Allen, C., Prior, P. and Hayward, A. C. (Eds.). APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 68 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Kimoone,G., Lemaga, B. and Adipala, E. (2005) Evaluation of selected elite potato genotypes in eastern Uganda. African Crop Science Journal, 13(2):125-134. Kinyua, Z. M., Olanya, M., Smith, J. J., El-Bedewy, R., Kihara, S. N., Kakuhenzire, R. K., Crissman, C. and Lemaga, B. (2005) Seed-plot technique: Empowerment of farmers in production of bacterial wilt-free seed potato in Kenya and Uganda. pp. 167-176. In: Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex. Allen, C., Prior, P. and Hayward, A. C. (Eds.). APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Kreuze,J. F., Savenkov, E. I., Cuellar, W., Li, X. and Valkonen, J. P. T. (2005) Viral Class 1 RNase III involved in suppression of RNA silencing. Journal of Virology, 79(11):7227-7238. Lemaga, B., Kakuhenzire, R., Kassa, B., Ewell, P. T., and Priou, S. (2005) Integrated control of potato bacterial wilt in Eastern Africa:The experience of African Highlands Initiative. pp. 145-158 In: Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex. Allen, C., Prior, P. and Hayward, A. C. (Eds.). APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Lu, G., Huang, H. and Zhang, D. (2005) Prediction of sweetpotato starch physiochemical quality and pasting properties using near- infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Food Chemistry, 94:632-639 Marley, P. S., Kroschel, J. and Elzein, A. (2005) Host specificity of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht (isolate PSM 197), a potential mycoherbicide for controlling Striga spp. in West Africa. Weed Research, 45(6):407-412. Müller-Stöver, D. and Kroschel, J. (2005) The potential of Ulocladium botrytis for biological control of Orobanche spp. Biological Control, 33:301-306. Nakitandwe, J., Adipala, E., El- Bedewy, R., Wagoire, W. and Lemaga, B. (2005) Adaptability of SIFT potato genotypes in different agro-ecologies of Uganda. African Crop Science Journal, 13(2):107- 116. Nakitandwe, J., Adipala, E., El- Bedewy, R., Wagoire, W. and Lemaga, B. (2005) Resistance to late blight and yield of population B3 potato selections in Uganda. African Crop Science Journal, 13(2):95-101. Oswald, A. (2005) Striga control - technologies and their dissemination. Crop Protection, 24(4):333-342. Oyarzún, P. J., Garzón, C. D., Leon, D., Andrade, I. and Forbes, G. A. (2005) Incidence of potato tuber blight in Ecuador. American Journal of Potato Research, 82(2):117-122. Peters, D., Nguyen, T. T., Mai, T. H., Nguyen, T. Y., Pham, N. T. and Fuglie, K. O. (2005) Rural income generation through improving crop-based pig production systems in Vietnam: Diagnostics, interventions and dissemination. Agriculture and Human Values, 22(1):73-85. Peters, D., Thach Hoanh, M., The Yen, N., Thi Tinh, N. and Ngoc Thach, P. (2005) Participatory technology development and dissemination: Improving pig feed systems in Vietnam. pp. 83-90 In: Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca-Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 3. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Posadas, A. N. D., Quiroz, R. A., Zorogastúa, P. E. and León- Velarde, C. U. (2005) Multifractal characterization of the spatial distribution of ulexite in a Bolivian salt flat. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(3):615-627. Prain, G., Thiele, G., Ortiz, O. and Campilan, D. (2005) Agriculture in societies: the contribution of social research to CIP’s mission. pp. 168-193 In: Researching Culture in Agri-Culture: Social Research for International Agricultural Development. Cernea, M. and Kassam, A. (Eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. Priou, S., Aley, P. and Gutarra, L. (2005) Assessment of resistance to bacterial wilt in CIP advanced potato clones. pp. 261-268 In: Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex. Allen, C., Prior, P. and Hayward, A. C. (Eds). APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Reyes, T., Quiroz, R. and Msikula, S. (2005) Socio-economic comparison between traditional and improved cultivation methods in agroforestry systems, east Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Environmental Management, 36(5):682-690. Scurrah, M. I., Niere, B. and Bridge, J. (2005) Nematode parasites of Solanum and sweet potato. pp. 193-219 In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Second Edition). Luc, M., Sikora, R.A. and Bridge, J. (Eds.) CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. Smith, J. J., Murimi, Z. K., Offord, L. C., Clayton, S., Mienie, N., Gouws, N. R., Priou, S., Olanya, M., Simons, S. and Saddler, G. S. (2005) Processes in the development of a biocontrol agent against bacterial wilt. pp. 61-72 In: Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex. Allen, C., Prior, P. and Hayward, A.C. (Eds.). APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Spooner, D., Núñez, J., Rodríguez, F., Naik, P. and Ghislain, M. (2005) Nuclear and chloroplast DNA reassessment of the origin of Indian potato varieties and its implications for the origin of the early European potato. 69I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Theoretical Applied Genetics, 110(6):1020-1026. Sporleder, M., Kroschel, J., Huber, J. and Lagnaoui, A. (2005) An improved method to determine the biological activity (LC50) of the granulovirus PoGV in its host Phthorimaea operculella. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 116(3):191-197. Thiele, G., Braun, A. and Gandarillas, E. (2005) Farmer field schools and CIALs as complementary platforms: New challenges and opportunities. pp. 142-152 Gonsalves, J., Becker, T., Braun, A., Campilan, D., De Chavez, H., Fajber, E., Kapiriri, M., Rivaca- Caminade, J. and Vernooy, R. (Eds.) Participatory Research and Development for Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management: A Sourcebook. Volume 3. International Potato Center - Users Perspectives With Agricultural Research and Development, Laguna, Philippines and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Villamon, F. G., Spooner, D. M., Orrillo, M., Mihovilovich, E., Pérez, W. and Bonierbale, M. (2005) Late blight resistance linkages in a novel cross of the wild potato species Solanum paucissectum (series Piurana) Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 111(6):1201- 1214. Winters, P., Hintze, L. H. and Ortiz, O. (2005) Rural development and the diversity of potatoes on farms in Cajamarca, Peru. pp. 146-161 In: Valuing Crop Biodiversity: On- farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, IFPRI, Washington DC, USA and IPGRI, Rome, Italy. 70 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 CIP Headquarters International Potato Center (CIP) Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina P.O. Box 1558 Lima 12, Peru Tel: +51 1 349 6017 Fax: +51 1 317 5326 email: cip@cgiar.org Website: www.cipotato.org Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Ecuador Liaison Office International Potato Center Santa Catalina Experimental Station Km. 17 Panamericana Sur Sector Cutuglagua Canton Mejía Apartado 17-21-1977 Quito, Ecuador Tel: +593 2 2690 362/363 Fax: +593 2 2692 604 email: cip-quito@cgiar.org Website: www.quito.cipotato.org Contact: Graham Thiele, Liaison Scientist Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Kenya Regional Office International Potato Center P.O. Box 25171 Nairobi 00603, Kenya Tel: +254 020 4223602 Fax: +254 020 4223600/4223001 email: cip-nbo@cgiar.org Contact: Jan Low, SSA Regional Leader Malawi Liaison Office International Potato Center Chitedze Research Station PO Box 30258 Lilongwe 3 Malawi Tel: +265 1 707014, Extension 212 Fax: +265 1 707026 email: p.demo@cgiar.org Contact: Paul Demo, Liaison Scientist Mozambique Liaison Office International Potato Center IIAM Avenida das FPLM 2698 Maputo- Mozambique. PO Box 2100 Maputo. Tel/Fax: +25821461610 email: m.andrade@cgiar.org Contact: Maria Andrade, Liaison Scientist Uganda Liaison Office International Potato Center Plot 106, Katarima Road, Naguru P.O. Box 22274 Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256 41 287 571 Fax: +256 41 286 947 email: r.kapinga@cgiar.org Contact: Regina Kapinga, Liaison Scientist South, West and Central Asia (SWCA) India Regional Office International Potato Center NASC Complex DPS Marg, Pusa Campus New Delhi, 110012, India Tel: +91 11 2584 0201/2584 3734 Fax: +91 11 2584 7481 email: cip-delhi@cgiar.org Contact: Sarath Ilangantileke, SWCA Regional Leader CIP in the world Peru KenyaEcuador Uganda India Indonesia China Afghanistan Malawi Mozambique Uzbekistan Philippines Bhutan Vietnam Orissa Heilongjiang Northeast India Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) South, West and Central Asia (SWCA) East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP) Liaison Office Regional Office G lo b al c on ta ct p oi n ts 71I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Orissa Liaison Office Regional Center of CTCRI P.O. Dumduma HBC Bhubaneswar 751019 Orissa, India Tel: +91-0674-2472244 Fax: +91-0674-2471814 Email: s.attaluri@cgiar.org Contact: Mr. Sreekanth Attaluri Northeast India Liaison Office Nagaland University-SASRD Campus Medziphema Nagaland 797106 India Tel: +91-03862-247311 Fax: +91-03862-247113 Email: nei_cip@yahoo.co.in Contact: Mr. N. Thungjamo Lotha Afghanistan Liaison Office c/o International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) Central P.O. Box 1355 Kabul, Afghanistan Tel: +93 7060 1593 email: m.arif@cgiar.org Contact: Muhammad Arif Bhutan Liaison Office P.O. Box 670, Semtoka G.P.O. Thimphu Bhutan Tel: +975 2 351 016 / 351 694 / 323 355 Fax: +975 2 351 027 email: w.roder@cgiar.org Contact: Walter Roder Uzbekistan Liaison Office c/o ICARDA-CAC P.O. Box 4564 Tashkent 700000 Uzbekistan Tel: +998 71 137 2169/137 2130 Fax: +998 71 120 7125 email: c.carli@cgiar.org Contact: Carlo Carli, Liaison Scientist East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP) Indonesia Regional Office International Potato Center Kebun Percobaan Muara, Jalan Raya Ciapus Jawa Barat, Bogor 16610, Indonesia Tel: +62 251 317 951 Fax: +62 251 316 264 email: cip-eseap@cgiar.org Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org Contact: Fernando Ezeta, ESEAP Regional Leader China Liaison Office International Potato Center c/o The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhong Guan Cun South Street 12 West Suburbs of Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Tel: +86 10 6897 5504 Fax: +86 10 6897 5503 email: cip-china@cgiar.org Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org/ cip-china Contact: Yi Wang, Liaison Scientist Heilongjiang Liaison Office Training Building, Room No. 324 Northeast Agricultural University 59-Mucai Street, Xiangfang District Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030 People’s Republic of China Tel: +86 451 5519 0997 Fax: +86 451 5519 1717 email: f.wang@cgiar.org Contact: Fengyi Wang Vietnam Liaison Office International Potato Center Nha so 10, ngo 283 Doi Can, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: + 84-4-762-3235 Fax: + 84-4-762-3542 email: tnguyen@cgiar.org Contact: Thi Tinh Nguyen, Liaison Scientist Global, Regional and Systemwide Initiatives Papa Andina Initiative same address, telephone and fax as CIP Headquarters email: a.devaux@cgiar.org Website: www.cipotato.org/ papandina Contact: André Devaux, Coordinator CONDESAN (Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion) (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) email: condesan@cgiar.org Website: www.condesan.org Contact: Héctor Cisneros, Coordinator GMP (Global Mountain Program) (same address, telephone and fax as CIP headquarters) email: p.trutmann@cgiar.org Contact: Peter Trutmann, Coordinator PRAPACE (Regional Potato and Sweet Potato Improvement Program for East and Central Africa) International Potato Center Plot 106, Katarima Road, Naguru P.O. Box 22274 Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256 41 286 209 Fax: +256 41 286 947 email: prapace@prapace.co.ug Contact: Berga Lemaga, Coordinator UPWARD (Users’ Perspectives with Agricultural Research and Development) Physical address: PCARRD Complex Los Baños, Laguna 4030, Philippines Postal address: c/o IRRI DAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel: +63 49 536 8185 Fax: +63 49 536 1662 email: cip-manila@cgiar.org Contact: Dindo Campilan, Coordinator Website: www.eseap.cipotato.org/ upward Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA) Liaison Office Uganda International Potato Center c/o PRAPACE Plot 106, Katarima Road, Naguru P.O. Box 22274 Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256 41 287 571 Fax: +256 41 286 947 email: r.kapinga@cgiar.org Contact: Regina Kapinga, Coordinator 72 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Finance Head: Pending Administration Head: Aldo Tang Human Resources Head: Gustavo DelgadoLogistics Administrator: Jorge Locatelli Information Technology Unit Head: Anthony Collins Resource Mobilization Unit Head: Kirsten Johnson Communications and Public Awareness Dept Head: Paul Stapleton Office of the Director General Director of Finance and Administration Carlos Alonso *As at 15 June 2006 Board of Trustees Research Divisions Partnership Programs Regional Offices Research Support Deputy Director Director General for Research Charles Crissman Director General Pamela K. Anderson Division 1: Impact Enhancement Leader: Keith Fuglie Division 2: Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization Leader: William Roca Division 3: Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Leader: Merideth Bonierbale Division 4: Integrated Crop Management Leader: Oscar Ortiz Division 5: Natural Resources Management Leader: Roberto Quiroz Division 6: Agriculture and Human Health Leader: Pending Urban Harvest Coordinator: Gordon Prain Global Mountain Program Coordinator: Peter Trutmann CONDESAN Coordinator: Héctor Cisneros UPWARD Coordinator: Dindo Campilan PRAPACE Coordinator: Berga Lemaga Papa Andina Coordinator: Andre Devaux VITAA Coordinator: Regina Kapinga Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Regional Leader: Jan Low South, West and Central Asia (SWCA) Regional Leader: Sarath Ilangantileke East, and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP) Regional Leader: Fernando Ezeta Library Head: Cecilia Ferreyra Capacity Strengthening Leader: Thomas Zschocke Research Informatics Unit Leader: Reinhard Simon Applied Biotechnology Laboratory Leader: Marc Ghislain Germplasm and Distribution Unit Leader: William Roca Director, Develop- ment Partnerships Roger Cortbaoui C IP ’s i n te rn al s tr uc tu re * 73I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Staff list* 1. Director General’s Office Director General (since 1 May) Anderson, Pamela K. Altet, Mariella, Manager for External Relations and International Personnel García, Erika, Office Auxiliary Infantas, Viviana, Visitors Officer Neyra, Gladys, Administrative Assistant Zandstra, Hubert, Director General (until 30 April) Deputy Director General for Research (since 1 May) Crissman, Charles Anderson, Pamela K., Deputy Director General for Research (until 30 April) Dyer, Carmen, Administrative Assistant2 Ferreyros, Bertha, Information System Analyst Parker, Charlotte, Administrative Assistant Salinas, Lilia, Administrative Assistant Director of Finance and Administration (since 15 June) Alonso, Carlos Deputy Director General for Corporate Development (until 14 June) Li Pun, Héctor Hugo Lanatta, Amalia, Administrative Assistant (until 14 June) Rios, María Inés, Business Development Associate2 Zelaya, Haydee, Administrative Assistant2 Director, Development Partnerships Cortbaoui, Roger Marcovich, Rosario, Administrative Assistant Communications and Public Awareness Department Stapleton, Paul, Head1 Carre, Jean Pierre, Systems Development Support Delgado, Ruth, Exhibits/Display Assistant Fernandez-Concha, Nini, Graphic Designer Hidalgo, Milton, Graphic Designer2 Lafosse, Cecilia, Chief Designer Lanatta, María Elena, Administrative Assistant Moncada, Paul, Webmaster Morales, Anselmo, Graphic Designer Peralta, Eduardo, Graphic Designer1,2 Portillo, Zoraida, Spanish Writer- Editor/Media Taipe, Elena, Graphic Designer1 Resource Mobilization Unit Johnson, Kirsten, Chief Córdova, Margarita, Bilingual Secretary1 Solis-Rosas, Martina, Bilingual Secretary Finance and Administration Department Administration Tang, Aldo, Head of Administration Córdova, Silvia, Bilingual Secretary Secada, Ana María, Head, Travel Office Solis, Gloria, Administrative Assistant Human Resources Delgado, Gustavo, Human Resources Manager1 Bruno, Genaro, Receptionist Ferreyros, Mónica, Auxiliary Services Supervisor Lapouble, Sor, Auxiliary Services Assistant Leon, Roxana, Social Worker, Social Welfare and Health Supervisor Martin, Sofía, Receptionist Olivera, Gicela, Human Resources Assistant Polo, William, Human Resources Assistant Reaño, Lucas, Human Resources Manager2 Schmidt, Lucero, Nurse Távara, María Amelia, Bilingual Secretary Varas, Yoner, Salary Administrator Zamudio, Juana, Auxiliary Services Assistant Logistics Locatelli, Jorge, Logistics Administrator Alarcón, Willy, Maintenance Technician Anglas, Ignacio, Maintenance Technician Arellano, Tito, Warehouse Supervisor Auqui, Filomeno, Purchasing Assistant Bernui, Pilar, Bilingual Secretary Briceño, Antolín, Security Officer Ccenta, Leoncio, Warehouse Assistant Corzo, Guillermo, Purchasing Assistant Dueñas, Javier, General Services Assistant Ganoza, Ximena, Purchasing Supervisor García, Raúl, Purchasing Assistant Gorvenia, José, Security Driver Guerrero, Atilio, Vehicle Programmer Huambachano, Victor, Security Officer Lopez, Luis, Warehouse Assistant Mendoza, Julio, Security Driver Montalvo, Hugo, Security Officer Morillo, Antonio, Maintenance Chief Palomino, Juan, Maintenance Technician Pelaez, Pedro, Maintenance Technician Pozada, Angel, Logistics Assistant Reyes, Carlos, Security Driver Tintaya, Teófilo, Security Officer Uribe, Carlos, Maintenance Technician Vásquez, Lisardo, Safety Officer Yancce, José, Maintenance Technician Zapata, Saturnino, Maintenance Technician Finances Alonso, Carlos, Chief Financial Officer (until 15 June) De los Ríos, Edgardo, Senior Accountant2 García, Andrés, Assistant Accountant Giacoma, Denise, Budget Supervisor Guzmán, Rodmel, Assistant Accountant Hermoza, Willy, Assistant Accountant2 Paliza, Ñantika, Bilingual Secretary1 Paredes, Ruth, Assistant Accountant Patiño, Milagros, Treasurer Peralta, Eduardo, Accountant Saavedra, Miguel, General Accountant Solari, Sonnia, Cashier Tapia, César, Assistant Accountant Vásquez, Rosa María, Project Supervisor Villanueva, Ernesto, Assistant Accountant Zambrano, Mamerto, Office Auxiliary *As at 31 December 2005 74 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Information Technology Unit Collins, Anthony, Head Bravo, Liliana, Server Administrator2 Del Villar, Roberto, Server Administrator Díaz, Denis, Linux Administrator1 Orozco, Erika, Server Administrator Palacios, Dante, Helpdesk Administrator Puchuri, Jacqueline, Administrative Systems Analyst2 Rodríguez, Saúl, Web Systems Analyst Sandoval, Milton, Helpdesk Assistant Torres, Edgardo, Systems Development Administrator Valdivieso, Peter, Helpdesk Assistant Zevallos, Diana, Administrative Systems Analyst Zolla, Andrés, Helpdesk Assistant1 2. Divisions Impact Enhancement Division Fuglie, Keith, Economist, Division Leader Bernet, Thomas, Agricultural Economist, Swiss Associate Expert3 Crissman, Charles, Economist, CIP- SSA Regional Representative (CIP-Nairobi) (until 30 April) Low, Jan, Economist, CIP-SSA Regional Representative (CIP-Nairobi)1 Lozano, María, Database Auxiliary Suárez, Víctor, Statistics Assistant Vásquez, Zandra, Bilingual Secretary Yaggen, David, Agricultural Economist, Associate Scientist2,4 (Montana State University) Genetic Resources Conservation and Characterization Division Roca, William, Plant Cell Physiologist, Division Leader Arbizu, Carlos, Andean Crops Specialist Bastos, Carolina, Agronomist, Research Assistant2 Blancas, Miguel, Systems Assistant Espinoza, Catherine, Research Assistant Gomez, Rene, Agronomist, Research Assistant Gonzales, Roberto, Laboratory Auxiliary Manrique, Iván, Biologist, Research Assistant Martín, Mariana, Bilingual Secretary Panta, Ana, Biologist, Research Assistant Parra, Gabriela, Biologist, Research Assistant1 Reynoso, Daniel, Agronomist, Research Assistant Rossel, Genoveva, Biologist, Research Assistant2 Salas, Alberto, Agronomist, Research Associate Vargas, Fanny, Agronomist, Research Assistant Vivanco, Francisco, Research Assistant Ynouye, Cecilia, Research Assistant Zorrilla, Cinthya, Biologist, Research Assistant Germplasm Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division Bonierbale, Merideth, Senior Potato Breeder, Division Leader Amoros, Walter, Agronomist, Research Associate Arif, Muhammad, Seed Specialist3 (CIP-SWCA-Afghanistan) Auqui, Mariella, Research Technician1 Bartolini, Ida, Biochemist, Research Assistant Beltran, Arnaldo, Research Technician Benavides, Jorge, Biologist, Research Assistant Burgos, Gabriela, Biologist, Research Assistant Cabello, Rolando, Agronomist, Research Assistant Carbajulca, Doris, Research Assistant1 Carli, Carlo, Regional Seed Production Specialist, Liaison Scientist Uzbekistan Cho, Hyun-Mook, Potato Breeder, Visiting Scientist2-3 Chujoy, Enrique, Geneticist Condori, José, Research Assistant Danessi, Lorena, Bilingual Secretary De Haan, Stefan, Potato Breeder3 De Vries, Sander, Associate Expert in Breeding/Agronomy, JPO Diaz, Luis, Agronomist, Research Assistant Espinoza, Jorge, Agronomist, Research Assistant Falcón, Rosario, Biologist, Research Assistant Forbes, Anne, Plant Breeder, Fellow1 García, Paulo, Research Technician Gastelo, Manuel, Agronomist, Research Assistant Ghislain, Marc, Molecular Biologist Gildemacher, Peter, Potato Breeder/Agronomist, JPO3 Gómez, Félix, Research Technician Gómez, Walter, Research Technician Gonzalez, Geoffrey, Research Assistant1 Grande, Enrique, Research Technician Gruneberg, Wolfgang J., Sweetpotato Breeder Geneticist Herrera, Rosario, Biologist, Research Assistant Kim, Hyun-Jun, Potato Breeder, Visiting Scientist Kreuze, Jan, Molecular Virologist – JPO3 Kreuze, Hannelle, Molecular Breeding, Fellow1 Landeo, Juan, Plant Breeder Medrano, Giuliana, Veterinary, Research Assistant Mel, Isabel, Bilingual Secretary Mihovilovich, Elisa, Biologist, Research Assistant Miki, Maria, Research Assistant Munive, Susan, Research Technician Nuñez, Jorge, Research Assistant Ochoa, Carlos, Taxonomist, Scientist Emeritus Orrillo, Matilde, Biologist, Research Assistant Perazzo, Giovana, Biologist, Research Assistant2 Portal, Leticia, Biologist, Research Assistant Potts, Michael, Sweetpotato Production Specialist3 (CIP- Uganda) Rivera, Cristina, Biologist, Research Assistant1 Roder, Walter, Regional Seed Potato Specialist3 (Bhutan) Romero, Elisa, Agronomist, Research Assistant Salas, Elisa, Research Assistant Salazar, Rosa, Bilingual Secretary Samolski, Ilanit, Biologist, Research Assistant1 Schafleitner, Roland, Biotechnology Research Scientist3 Solís, Julio, Biologist, Research Assistant1 Tovar, José, Research Assistant1 Trujillo, Guillermo, Biologist, Research Assistant Velásquez, André, Research Assistant1 Wang, Fengyi, Potato Production Specialist (CIP-Beijing)3 Yactayo, Jessica, Research Assistant2 Zambrano, Victor, Biologist, Research Assistant1 75I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Integrated Crop Management Division Ortiz, Oscar, Agricultural Extension Specialist, Division Leader Alcazar, Jesús, Agronomist, Research Assistant Aley, Pedro, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant Andrade, Jorge, Plant Pathologist - Post Doctoral1,3 Arellano, Jaime, Research Technician Arif, Muhammad, Seed Specialist (CIP-SWCA-Afghanistan)3 Arica, Denis, Research Assistant1 Blanco, Mónica, Bilingual Secretary Cabrera, Antonio, Research Technician1 Cañedo, Verónica, Biologist, Research Assistant Chuqillanqui, Carlos, Agronomist, Research Assistant Demo, Paul, Regional Potato Expert3 Espinoza, Hugo, Research Technician Fonseca, Cristina, Agronomist, Research Assistant Forbes, Gregory, Pathologist French, Edward, Scientist Emeritus Fuentes, Segundo, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant Gamboa, Soledad, Biologist, Research Assistant Gutarra, Liliam, Agronomist, Research Assistant Huamán, Eva, Research Technician Kadian, Mohinder Singh, Agronomist, (CIP-SWCA-Delhi) Kromann, Peter, Plant Pathologist, JPO3 Kroschel, Jurgen, Entomologist Malpartida, Carlos, Agronomist, Research Assistant1 Mendoza, Carlos, Research Technician Meza, Marco, Research Technician Mujica, Norma, Agronomist, Research Assistant Muller, Giovanna, Biologist, Research Assistant Ochoa, Francisco, Research Technician Orrego, Ricardo, Agronomist, Research Assistant Oswald, Andreas, Integrated Crop Management Expert1,3 Padel, Willy, Zoologist, Research Assistant Paredes, Catalina, Research Technician Perez, Wilmer, Plant Pathologist, Research Assistant Priou, Sylvie, Bacteriologist Reyes, Julio, Research Technician1,2 Salazar, Luis, Virologist, Principal Scientist2 Santivañez, Sonia, Bilingual Secretary1 Sporleder, Marc, Entomologist - Post Doctoral3 Tenorio, Jorge, Biologist, Research Assistant Trebejo, Marcelo, Research Technician Trillo, Antonio, Research Technician Vargas, Melisa, Biologist, Research Assistant2 Vega, Adan, Research Technician Wang, Yi, Physiologist, Liaison Scientist (CIP-Beijing) Zamudio, Julia, Bilingual Secretary Zegarra, Octavio, Biologist, Research Assistant ALTAGRO Project Li Pun, Héctor Hugo, Senior Advisor to the Director General (since June 15)3 Lanatta, Amalia, Administrative Assistant (since June 15) Natural Resources Management Division Quiroz, Roberto, Land Use Systems Specialist, Division Leader Barreda, Carolina, Agronomist, Research Assistant Bazoalto, Jimena, Research Assistant Claessens, Lieven, Soil Scientist, JPO1,3 De la Cruz, Jorge, Assistant Programmer Del Carpio, Jorge, Database Technician Ezeta, Fernando, Agronomist, Regional Leader (CIP-ESEAP) Frisancho, Rebeca, Agronomist, Research Assistant García, Alex, Assistant Programmer García, Alberto, Photographic Design Technician Guerrero, José, Systems Assistant Gurusamy, Kumari, Geographic Information Systems Specialist, JPO3 Ilangantileke, Sarath, Postharvest Specialist, Regional Leader (CIP-SWCA-Delhi) Leon-Velarde, Carlos, Agricultural Systems Analysis Specialist3 Loayza, Hildo, Research Assistant Posadas, Adolfo, Physicist, Research Associate Raygada, Yasmin, Bilingual Secretary2 Valdizán, Ivonne, Bilingual Secretary Vela, Ana María, Bilingual Secretary1 Yactayo, Guido, Research Assistant Yarlequé, Christian, Research Assistant1 Zorogastúa, Percy, Agronomist, Research Assistant Training Department Zschocke Thomas, Head Alberco, Roque, Audiovisual Technician Byrne, Pilar, Training and Events Assistant2 Echeandía, Edda, Multimedia Developer Huanes, Martha, Training Coordinator Puccini, Alfredo, Multimedia Designer Suito, Mercedes, Bilingual Secretary Library Ferreyra, Cecilia, Head Librarian Ghilardi, Rosa, Bilingual Secretary Lay, Griselda, Library Assistant Valencia, Luis, Library Auxiliary Field Research Support Otazú, Victor, Experimental Stations Superintendent Aguirre, Carlos, Agronomist, Field/ Greenhouse Supervisor Blas, Walter, Mechanic Carhuamaca, Mario, Administrative Auxiliary Cosme, Anastacio, Driver (Tractor) Duarte, Roberto, Agronomist, Field/ Greenhouse Supervisor Lara, Carmen, Secretary Limaylla, Jenny, Administrative Assistant Piana, Vanna, Administrative Assistant Quino, Miguel, Research Technician Silva, Fredy, Security Chief Research Informatics Unit Simon, Reinhard, Head Avila, Luis, Systems Assistant De Mendiburu, Felipe, Statistician, Research Assistant Juarez, Henry, Agronomist, Research Assistant Rojas, Edwin, Systems Analyst Schmitt, Magna, Systems Assistant Tarazona, Enver, Systems Assistant Villanueva, Sara, Systems Assistant 3. Partnership Programs VITAA Kapinga, Regina, Sweetpotato Breeder (CIP-Kampala), Program Coordinator Papa Andina Devaux, André, Agronomist, 76 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 Program Coordinator3 Alva, María Elena, Information Assistant Cruz, Saco Rocío, Bilingual Secretary Manrique, Kurt, Agronomist, Research Assistant Thiele, Graham, Anthropologist, Andean Potato Project (CIP- Quito)3 PRAPACE Lemaga, Berga, Agronomist, Program Coordinator (CIP- Kampala)3 Amery, Martha, Secretary Nsumba, James, Agronomist, Program Assistant Wakulla, Rachel N., Accountant Wander, Amos, Driver UPWARD Campilan, Dindo, Sociologist (CIP-Los Baños), Program Coordinator Aquino, Mylene, Administrative Officer De los Reyes, Mario, Office Messenger Gallantes, Jaime, Research Fellow Luis, Judith, Project Specialist Nadal, Marietta, Office Manager Sister, Lorna, Project Specialist CONDESAN Cisneros, Héctor, Forestry Program Coordinator3 Briceño, Musuq, Research Assistant Hernández, Connie, Bilingual Secretary Hidalgo, Ruth, Junior Web Assistant1 Mujica, Elías, Adjunct Scientist3 Ponce, Ana María, InfoAndina2 Saravia, Miguel, InfoAndina, Leader1 Estrada, Rubén Darío, Natural Resources Economist (based at CIAT)3,4 Global Mountain Program Trutman, Peter, Program Coordinator3 Rivera, Luciana, Bilingual Secretary2 Urban Harvest Prain, Gordon, Social Anthropologist, Program Coordinator Arce, Blanca, Zoologist, Research Associate Lee-Smith, Diana, Sociologist, Urban Harvest Regional Coordinator for SSA (CIP-Nairobi) Maldonado, Luis, Economist, Research Assistant Muñoz, Ana Luisa, Bilingual Secretary 4. Regional Offices Liaison Office, Quito, Ecuador Thiele, Graham, Anthropologist, Andean Potato Project3 (CIP- Quito) Alcocer, Julio, Field Laborer Ayala, Sofia, Administrative Assistant Barriga, Susana, Accountant Centeno, María del Carmen, Field Laborer Delgado, Juan, Vehicle Maintenance and Messenger Espinoza, Patricio, Coordinator Hofstede, Robert, Program Coordinator Paramus Project2 Inaquiza, Rosa María, Field Laborer Jarrín, Francisco, Research Technician Jiménez, Diana, Research Assistant Paramus Project2 Jiménez, José, Network Management and Systems Maintenance Oliva, Ricardo, PhD Student Orozco, Fadya, Project Coordinator Pérez, Blanca, Junior Assistance Reinoso, Lidia, Field and Greenhouse Laborer Taipe, Jaime, Research Assistance Vinuesa, Marcelo, Research Technician Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Nairobi, Kenya Crissman, Charles, Economist, Regional Representative (until 30 April) Low, Jan, Economist, Regional Representative1 (since 1 May) Agili, Sammy, Breeder, Research Assistant Igunza, Elijah, Purchasing Officer Kaguongo, Wachira, Agricultural Economist, Research Assistant1,3 Kingori, Peter, Research Assistant3 Maine, George, Driver Naomi, Zani, Administrative Assistant Ndoho, Emily, Administrative Assistant Njenga, Mary, Research Assistant3 Reuben, Anangwe, Cleaner Liaison Office, Kampala, Uganda Kapinga, Regina, Sweetpotato Breeder, VITAA Program Coordinator Tumwesige, Annet, Accountant, Administrator Alimbangira, James, Security Guard Atong, Moses, Office Messenger Nagujja, Stella, Impact and Policy Coordinator, Harvest Plus Namanda, Sam, Agronomist, Research Assistant Osaga, Denis, Night Watchman Potts, Michael, Sweetpotato Production Specialist3 Tumwirize, Ronald, Driver Purchasing Assistant Tumwegamire, Silver, Breeder, Research Assistant South, West and Central Asia (SWCA), New Delhi, India Ilangatileke, Sarath, Postharvest Specialist, Regional Representative Anjan, Barik, Office Driver Abdullayev, Marat, Interpreter/ Translator (CAC)2 Arif, Muhammad, Seed Specialist3 (CIP-Afghanistan) Arya, Sushma, Accountant/Program Coordinator Attaluri, Sreekanth, Sweetpotato Scientist, Liaison Scientist- Bhubaneswar, India Carli, Carlo, Regional Seed Production Specialist, Liaison Scientist Uzbekistan Girish, Basavapatna Halappa, Potato Specialist Jagram, Office Assistant Kadian, Mohinder Singh, Agronomist Khalikov, Durbek, Assistant Agronomist (CAC) Dasappan Jayakumar, Computer Assistant Lotha, Nsemo Thungjamo, Agronomist and Liaison Scientist-NE India1 Mony, Lalitha, Administrative Secretary Vasilievna, Li Irina, Interpreter/ Translator1 (CAC) Verma, Romi, Program Associate Roder, Walter, Regional Seed Potato Specialist3 (Bhutan) Norbu, Kencho, Driver1 (CIP/CFC- Bhutan) Yangalichev, Rustam, Office Driver (CAC) 77I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 1 Joined CIP in 2005 2 Left CIP in 2005 3 Funded by special project 4 Joint appointment Liaison Office, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Carli, Carlo, Seed Specialist1 Afghanistan Special Project, Kabul, Afghanistan Arif, Muhammad, Seed Specialist1 Hussaini, Muhammad Essa, National/ Local Coordinator Bhutan Special Project Roder, Walter, Coordinator, CIP- CFC1 East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP), Bogor, Indonesia Ezeta, Fernando, Agronomist, Regional Representative Agus, Irwansyah, Office Driver Asmunati, Rini, Research Assistant Eti, Nurhayati, Janitor Hidayat, Tolent, Facilities Manager Kosay, Luther, Research Assistant3 Kusbandi, Dessy, Secretary Mahalaya, Sukendra, Researcher Ma’mun, Asep, Technician Mulyadi, Yaya, Office Driver Nawawi, Kusye, Accountant Satiman, Partono, Office Driver Setiawan, Asep, Sweetpotato Breeder Suherman, Security Guard Syamsudin, Iman, Guard Tjintokohadi, Koko, Research Assistant Dyumiyo, W., Security Guard Cargill, Colin, Animal Scientist3 (Australia) Liaison Office, Beijing, China Wang, Yi, Plant Physiologist, Liaison Scientist Dian-ping, Yanqing Zhu, Station Manager and Technician Pei, Zhou, Secretary and Accountant Shi-an, Liu, Office Assistant and Driver Wang, Fengyi, Potato Production Specialist (CIP-Beijing), DPRK Project Coordinator3 Xue-fei, Wang, Administrative Assistant Consulting Agencies in the Provinces Min-shuang, Yao, Potato Seed Technology, Breeding and Training, Pengzhou Potato Unit, Sichuan Agriculture Bureau, Sichuan Province Yu-ping, Bi, Pathogen Diagnosis and Training, Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shandong Province Liaison Office, Hanoi, Vietnam Thi-Tinh, Nguyen, Animal Scientist, CIP-Liaison Scientist Thi, Bich Duyen Ta, Project Assistant Thia, Hoa Nguyen, Cleaner 78 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 The International Potato Center (CIP) seeks to reduce poverty and achieve food security on a sustained basis in developing countries through scientific research and related activities on potato, sweetpotato, and other root and tuber crops, and on the improved management of natural resources in the Andes and other mountain areas. The CIP Vision The International Potato Center (CIP) will contribute to reducing poverty and hunger; improving human health; developing resilient, sustainable rural and urban livelihood systems; and improving access to the benefits of new and appropriate knowledge and technologies. CIP will address these challenges by convening and conducting research and supporting partnerships on root and tuber crops and on natural resources management in mountain systems and other less-favored areas where CIP can contribute to the achievement of healthy and sustainable human development. www.cipotato.org CIP is supported by a group of governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). www.cgiar.org International Potato Center CIP. 2006. Contributing to the millennium development goals International Potato Center Annual Report 2005 © 2006, International Potato Center ISSN 0256-6311 Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce material from this Report. As copyright holder CIP requests acknowledgement and a copy of the publication where the citation or material appears. Please send this to the Communications and Public Awareness Department at the address below. International Potato Center Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Perú cip@cgiar.org www.cipotato.org Press run: 2,000 October 2006 Editor and principal writer Paul Stapleton Production coordinator Cecilia Lafosse Design and layout Nini Fernández-Concha Photo Credits CIP Archives, unless otherwise credited: front cover: Z. Huaman, S. Poats; back cover, R. El-Bedewy; E. Carey, O. Ortiz; p. 6, Urban Harvest, Kampala; p. 8, M. Kadian; p. 9, B. Lemaga; p. 10; Family Concern; p. 11, A. Setiawan; p. 13, A. Braun, A. Setiawan; p. 16, R. Kapinga; p. 18, F. Wang; p. 19, K. Tjintokohadi; p. 21, P. Demo; p. 24, F. Orozoco; p. 25, S. Attaluri; p. 26, R. Kapinga; p. 28, CONDESAN; p. 29, C. Carli; p. 30, D. Campilan; p. 31, A. Setiawan; p. 32, R. Kapinga; p. 36, J. Gallentes; pp. 37 & 38, Urban Harvest; p. 40 ©ACIAR, Australia; p. 41, W. Roder; p. 42, M. Arif; p. 44, P. Stapleton; p. 45, Papa Andina; p. 46, P. Stapleton; p. 47, M. Kadian; p. 48, M. Potts. In t e r n a t io n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 5 International Potato Center Av. La Molina 1895 La Molina Apartado 1558 Lima 12, Perú Annual Report 2005