DDDR: IAR 74/12 Restricted January 1974

CONSULTATIVE

GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL Seventh Meeting, Rome,

AGRICULTURAL 1974

RESEARCH

ADVISORY COMMITTEE 4-8 February,

PROPOSAL FOR AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE ON WATER BUFFALOES Presented by the Government of the Philippines

(Agenda Item 19 b)

TAC SECRETARIAT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION ROME 1974 OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research Mailing Address: College, Los Banes, Laguna Philippines Tel, Nos. 2317, 2290

in Agriculture Cable Address: SEARCA, Manila

July 26, 1973 Sir John 6, Crawford Chairman, TAC C onsultative Group on International Agricultural Research 1818 H Street, N, W, Washington, D, C, 20433 ue so A, My dear Sir John: Enclosed is a self-explanatory letter dated July 24, 1973 of the Director General of the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (PCAR), regarding its proposal for an Ynternational Research and Training Center on Water Buffaloes??, I had intended to handcarry this to the Centers Week meetings in Washington which starts today,, However, pressing responsibilities in the national scene have suddenly changed by plans and I find myself Therefore, I am sending PCAR’ s proposal to unable to make the trip, you by mail for your consideration. With best regards, Sine er ely y our s, J, D, DRILON JR, (SEARCA Direct or) Asia and the Far East Representative CGAIR Enclosure

to

Republic of the Philippines PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL Los Bafios, Laguna, Philippines Tel, ND, 2308 OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

RESEARCH

24 July 1973

Han, Jose D, Drilon, Jr. Representative of Asia and the Far East to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Washington D. C,

sir:
We wish to submit for consideration of the Consultative International Agricultural Research the attached proposal for This is Research and Training Center on Water Buffaloes”. an increasing interest in the improved utilization of the water number of countries, especially in Asia, and the need for an center that will capitalize on this interest and efficiently mar resources for the increased contribution of the water buffalo agriculture, Group on an “International an offshoot of buffalo in a international shall available to animal

I

This was the subject of informal discussions at the recently concluded third World Conference on Animal Production which was held in Melbourne, Australia in May 1973, and recent informal meetings with animal husbandry leaders from Taiwan, Thailand, South Vietnam, Malaysia, and New Zealand, We hope that this can be favorably soon. Sincerely, J, C, MADAMBA Director-General :cdt considered by the Consultative Group

COMMENTS OF FAO ON THE PHILIPPINES PROPOSAL FOR AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE ON WATER BUFFALOES Assistant Prepared by Dr. W. Ross Cockrill to the Director, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO

There is at present - mainly due to the activities of this Division - a growing recognition of the fact that the water buffalo, which has been largely neglected by science, is an animal of outstanding production potential. A number of countries, of which Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan may be particularly mentioned, are showing interest in the possibility of establishing an institute devoted to studies on the buffalo, This increasing interest in the animal may receive an added impetus when the FAO/Australian FFHC publication “The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo”’ appears early next year. My colleague, 20 following comment: Ian Mason, of our Animal Production Service, makes the

10

“With a threatened world shortage of grains, concentration of efforts on ruminants is clearly going to be necessary. With increasing demand for beef and milk the various bovine species must have preference, The emphasis up to now has been on cattle: the other species of bovines, which all have adaptation to special conditions, now deserve attention both in research and development, The water buffalo is the most numerous and most widespread and the case for increased research on this species is very strong. An international research centre, if it could command more and better staff than the present national centres, certainly merits support, However, in view of the factual inaccuracies in this presentation, is the Philippines the correct venue? Also, can one centre cope with all the specialized research listed on p. 14-15? Possibly a centre in Southeast Asia for the Swamp buffalo, one in India for the dairy buffalo and one in South-east Europe for meat production might be desirable,” It is possible that, at a later date, the Asian Livestock Development Centre 3. (UNDP) which has recently commenced operations may extend its activities to include buffalo research, My personal view is that the project would be more suitable for bilateral support. However, Philippines would not be the country of my choice: I would advocate, in this order, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Pakistan, India. The possibility of three individual centres, as mentioned by Mason, has decided attractions.

-2Some of the facts and figures quoted in the submission are erroneous or out4. of-date, but the recommendation is basically sound. There are about 140 million buffaloes in the world used as milk producers, work animals and a source of meat. In all these fields research is needed to increase output, particular emphasis being given to meat production, following the lead being provided at present by Australia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Italy, I hope that TAC will give consideration to the general idea of such a research 5. and training centre as a suitable subject for international support, and will at least lend strong moral support to the project, In his Foreword to the buffalo book Sir John Crawford says “It is hoped that this buffalo will not only research which will where the buffalo is first attempt at serve as a useful have a practical of importance in a definitive work on the water reference but also stimulate application in all the countries furthering agricultural production”.

I shall be happy to supply any further information which may be required, but 6. I do not feel that it is appropriate for this Division to communicate directly with the Philippines authorities at the present stage.

Page 1

IWI’ ER?YATIOiXJAalZE RESEAIXII AND TRAINING GN Wf~‘ I’ ER BUFFALOES

CEMTER

SUMMA-R m----.--w.-, Protein major world mslnutriticn wide problem partictiarly

Y is well recognizedas countries a where

in developing

20 per cent of the popTulation nourished. buffalo notably Paradoxically,

is undernourished while

and 6C per cent malcattle and

‘ 70 pa r cent of the world poorly developed output from

populations

are found in these

countries, these animals

in Asia o meat and milk lows which of animal buffalo, account origin.

production

is alarmingly protein intake

for the generally

low per capita

The water is widely distributed

numbering Asia.

no less than 110 million It has occupied

hec?.ds,

throughout animals

an important

place among the dcmestic of human ruminant, . effective foods,

of the tropics of farm genetic

not only as provider power. potential waste 33eing.a as an materials of

but as well as source offers

the wa.ter buffalo converter human asset integrate,d is instituted.

great farm

of otherwise

and industrial D However, cannot

into valuable this important a sustained this aspect

food commodities of the water program.

the full impact be realized

buffaloes of research

unless along

and development

-2-

Fortunately, Asian region

there

are some research interest buffalo.

institutions

in the

with potential of the ,water

in the efficient To capitalize pressing

production on this interest, health re-

and utilization aimed

at solutions

to the constantly protein

and urgent

quirement countries, Research

for increased there

consumption

in the developing af an International in the Asian region.

is a dire need for the establishment Center on Water Buffaloes

and Training

The Center ,, with an organization have the basic the water productive needs* training improve objective s of condu cting to exploit

of the IRRI type o will researches on all aspects its potential to human food of and

buffalo

designed

and maximize efficiently

capabilities

for contributing

primarily and other

in the form extension-type

of meat and milk., activities

and to conduct to develop and

aimed

competencies world-wide

of manpower utilization located,

at various of the water

levels

for better

and effective

buffalo. with the scientific

The Center, essential facilities scientists research . It will from

idee’ lly

16 l.l be provided and all the needed competent

infrastructures be staffed

with highly

and productive

different

parts

of the world.

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER ON WATER BUFFALOES ‘ ----BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION -* Animal Production and Resources - In terms of livestock units 70 per

‘ cent of the world cattle . tnd buffalo population buted in the developing countries,

is claimed to be distriis only 21 and 3 4 (15). This countries, of which

but production

per cent of the world milk and beef output, alarmingly aggravated low animal production by a generally i -2

respectively

in most developing

high rate of population human population

increment

74 per cent of the world’ s developing nations, protein

are found to be in these low per capita situation, in

Eiccounts for the characteristic

intake of animal origin.

In the light of this depressing research

the need is imperative
*

for accelerating
il

and development

animal production, worldwide

ptirticularly

on the water buffaloes because of their attributes to survive and relow cost of

distribution

and desirable sacrificed
l

produce and to utilize productions (ll, 18,20)

land areas at relatively

The developmental production the protein

strategy

for increasing

meat and milk

from the water buffalo, gap in developing

to ensure the success of narrowing coordinated and sus-

countries , requires

tained research long neglected

and manpower training major economic animal.

on all important The capabilities

aspects of this and potential

of the water buffalo as producer

of human food should be fully exploited

-2through a research program aimed at achieving processing optimum efficiency in

meat and milk production, and by-products. Protein Food Problem

and utilization

of their products

in Developing

Countries

- Protein

malnutrition, as

more specifically a major worldwide It is estimated

protein-calorie-malnutrition, problem particularly

is well recognized countries

in developing

(2,19). 20 per

that in poorly developed nations approximately undernourished

Fent of the population-is

and 60 per cent is malnourished.

A survey made in the Philippines of the children using an interim are malnourished, WHO reference

in 1969 showed that over 59 per cent based on weight to age ratio and
scale as standard

(2).

Death among small children

associated

with malnutrition

ranges from 0.9 in developed countries developing countries

to as high as 19.0 per cent in

as shown in table 1 (19).

Table 1. Death Among Small Children
country

Death among 1 to 4 year olds % of total deaths in population 19.0 18.9 17,6 15.6 11.4 1.4 0.9 0.9

Pakistan Philippine s India Thailand China (Taiwan) Japan Australia U.S.A.

Economic -(Bubalus domestic power.

Impcr tance bubslis animals

of Water

Buffaloes -..-an impcrtant

- Water

buffaloes among the milk and farm

L . ) occupy of the tropics

place notably of meat,

as a provider

It is for the latter economy. buffalo,

purpose

that bluffaloes

are often associated economic import-

with the peasant ance of the water studies

In spite of this it is astonishing on its production potential

significant

that relatively characteristic IIowevero

few research and its the growing buffalo

have been conducted meat industry awareness

world-wide general

(7, 13, 22). importance greater

on the economic role

of the water impact

and its consequent in the near future buffalo

in contributing-a from :

on agriculture on the

can be gleaned

the following

symposia

held in the following 1 . Malaysia

countries

- MAMA Institute Kuala Lumpur, Biennial

of Technology. October 19, 1971.

2. Australia

-

Ninth

Conference of Animal 1972 o

Of the
Production.

Australian Canberra, 3. Philippines

Society February#

- NSDB Science March Improved

Pavilion,

Manila - For Economy buffalo. October, 1973). .‘ I

l-2 o 1973. “Carcbeef Nutrition Workshop University and Eetter

4. Thailand

- Seminar Konkaen

on the water (Scheduled

- 4Being one of the most important world, the desirable domestic animals in the distri-

assets are: (a) number and widespread and (c) productivity.

bution; (b) adaptability Distribution namely:

and Population

- The water buffalo is of two types, by the carabaos in the and (b) river type

(a) swamp type as exemplified Thailand,

Philippines,

Indonesia and Malaysia;

which consists of breeds found in India, Egypt,

Pakistan,

Bangladesh, countries

and Italy as well as in the southeastern

European

and in the Azerbaidzhan

region in Southern Russia (5). state, the water buffaloes tropical and sub-tropical in

In a more or less domesticated are widely distributed zones in the Northern the 1820s (18j. Williamson throughout Territories

the northern of Australia

since its introduction

and Payne (27) cited the world distribution

of

the water’ buffaloes as shown in Table 2.

-5-

Table _I_Area

2 . -World

Distribution -. Number in Thousands

of Buffaloes ,- --Number in Thousands Total Number in 3iousands (Estimated at 4% annual rate increment, 1972) 700 6 700 6

Country

Total lQil&utier in Thouands (F..A.,,‘ 3. ,l962)

Europe America Trinidad and Tobago ’ India China Thailand Pakistan P’ hilippine s Indonesia Burma Ceylon Vietnam Iraq Malaya Other countries B!ZYP* Tunisia

500 4

500 4

Asia

51,137 20,948 6, ?4b 6,319 3,452 2,861 1,049 512 754 250 247 2,865 1,212 370 1

107,335

71,592 29,316 9,449 8,847 4,833 4,005 1, 469 1,137 1,059 350 346 4,011 1,697 518 2

136,414

Africa

1,582 --1

2,215 --.139,337 2

Oceania World Total

, e . .109,322

-E.

General ---. Characteristics -I..“.-. -- --II_-_ buffalo

and A,daptability_. in contrast which

-

The carabao

or swamp buffalo, the

has 48 chromosomes breed color

to the Indian

or river

such as the Murrah former the neck, whitish has a gray white color

hzs 50 (4,8,12,21). stripes across

Furthermore, the ventral region9 Its horns

with white

side of and are curva

spot or spots in the intermandibular the knees or hocks describing downwards. a semi-circle. more

from

ing outward

and backward

It possesses

body that is robust purposes

and muscular production.

and is suited

for meat and draft of the breed (5,26).

than fcr milk

The average is 129.8 a dairy

live weight centimeters animal

is 521 kilograms In contrast, ation

and height

at the withers is typically

the Indian

buffalo

in conformand spare, weights of the

and performance. system bulls

The body is more being well developed.

or less angtrlar The average of Agriculture,

the mammary Murrah buffalo

and cows at the College at Los Ba?os were in color

Univer-

sity of the Philippines respectively Oftentimes present

577 and 557 kilograms,, and some are light brown.

. They are jet black the tip of the tail

is white curl

and white inward.

spots may also be Another important and testof the other or swamp buffaloes .

on ‘ the legs.

The horns

characteristic tales breeds buffaloes which which

of the swamp are closer

buffalo

is the presence

of penis

to the body compared hanging.

to the organs carabaos breeds

are ioosely

In gencr.alp than the other

are relatively’ smaller

of water

These tific

differences name -.--Bubalus -

?ed to the proposal carabnnensis -. -_-._.- -

of giving

carabaos while

a new scienretaining of buffaloes habitat, to the breed(41. and

(Linn .) C?stillo, or river

J$balus

bubelis -. __- Linn.. Ge&r&ly,

for the Indian

type breeds in its na.tural

the buffalo fond of wallowing conditions production

is semi-aquatic in pools

is exceedingly most adverse

and plastering The rather

itself

of c’ limate

(23,27).

regular breed

ing end normal

performance Malaysia animal in-born

OF the Murrah

of water

buff aloe s. in India p Egypt9 of the vcr6otility (13,13 ,E,l7,25). significantly search efforts of this This contribute

and the Philippines itself

are reflective

to adjust asset

to its environment no doubt, through can re-

of the buffalo,

to its total

genetic

improvement capacity foods9 nutrition

and its inherent degree enhanced

productive

can be tailored which capacity

to a maximum can be gre?.tly prectices. ‘ Productivity .its two-fold 2) as source of Southeast a. great status

2s pscducer by suitable

of human efficient

and management

- The economic functions

importaOnce

of the water

buffalo

lies and

in

e .e. p 2) as prcducer

of meat and mi’ lk> growing

of f?.rm power o espc:cial?y Asia. Me;.t ?roduction --. -for animal -

in the rice

countries

In the Philippines. b,y an overgrowing

becc.use of the population, from tbo

demand

protein

of the lowly

carz.b?o

1~:s been emancip?.teJ

that of a mere

- 8-

beast of burden

to a potential

source

of meat as well as milk. The important, r4e

Lccslly, of

the meat cf carat;-,.c is known carabeef the large At present3 in the Phifippines animals slaughtered

as c?.r;beef.

is shown by the fact that about 70 per cent of ‘ dziljr in Nlznile plant animals and suburbs are car?.baos . slaughters .

the largest

meat prccessing of the large may not differ

of the country

about 90 per cent carabaos Data from ing that the and lower the provinces broad classes,

that go into the block these, suzgest-

ver.y much from society composed

base of Philippine consumes carzbeef.

of the middle c.?rqbeef and meat

In tho Philippines, such as corn cara.beef

also has been processed losf (4). Devendra which represents

intc products

(7) indicated 99

thp-t in Mal?ysin, buffalo,

the swamp popuiation,

bu?falo, is of beef,

per cent of the total In terms

primarily buffalo

fcr beef than for milk. and cattle contribute

of the total but more

supply

about 10 percent, from buffaloes.

than h?-lf of further th-t

this beef production in view of their milk production, buffalo

is derived

He stressed value

decreasing

numbers

~.n.d also their
*

for meat and pro.gram in

the need for a vigorous should be established

o>jzctive

research

the water

and developed. factor in the utilize.In Rddition in rcccnt

In RustraW&, tion of the sub-coastal to being a source

the buffalo plains

has betin a mrjor

of the Morthzrn hide industry,

Territory. the buffalo

of a profitable

-9-

years

has been responsible meat industry expanded foreign

for the establishment and limite markets. apart d export

of a small.,

but

profitable of future

with the bright to fully the pbtential

potential

However, from

understand source of these importof

the performance

of the buffaloes there

food they represents animals relative

is a need to study the future effect on the environment (18, 20, 22). by CaXub, -et al. is regarded. to ?Villiamson

tc their control

and their

ance in disease Cockrill that in other

programs

(1967) as cited ccuntries, czrabeef

(3) reported to beef for (2 a), when it report nc significant

inferior

some vegue reasons however,

o According

and Payne calf, This

the meat of a four to six-week fed, in no way of Calub, differs et a al. -_I

old buffalc from veal,

has been properly agrees

with the findings between

(3) who reported of flavorp

difference tenderness higher

beef and carabeef acceptability longer

in terns

juiciness, had

and general yield,

(1 They also found that cattle and large

carcass

carcasses

rib eye area than

Palatability buf%lo

studies

in .,Gustralin ch?.racteristics tenderness :Less tender

and Trinidad indicate appears with

o.n water ~~cceptability with age,

meat for carcass

genern,l

by the consumers. . ire*,, with buffalo meat

Howeverp becomes

correlated

?.;ze as is th? case also

beef (6, 28).

Studies beef in Chinese sausages

also show that carabeef style sausage products

can completely

substitute pork juiciness data

or 70 per cent pork lean in fresh with essentially acceptability identical similar (19). tipor, These

producing

and tenderness obviously cerabeef

as well

as general

show that given proper

feeding and nutritive

and management, value. with In fact, buffalo meat

could be equal to beef in taste that coarsenes defect

it has been reported

s often associated

is not due to any intrinsic are usually

SC much as to the fact that buffaloes

old when they are slaughtered. Production of milk p The Indian -_ in India buffalo is an important a Of the total factor

be Milk in the production world

and Pakistan

109 million and Pakistan. and not is

bquffalo population the buffalo

about 53 per cent is found in India for milk of the buffalo annually

In India,

cow is used primarily production

production

the zebu cow. almost twice

The average as mueh#

cow in India compared This in India

or 159 to 169 gallons of only

to the

zebu cow production why the approximately contribute 51 million Butterfat over China, buffalo lactose
more

in India

80 to 90 gallons. buffaloes produced

explains alone to

2 4 million

milking milk

than half of the total cows which generally

as compared

milking content

contributed from

I aisr 43 Peru cent (a), ‘ 7 to S per cent, in the PhilippiE the miII: solids although s and of Indian except

ranges

10 and 12 per cent had been reported respectively is richer a + Compare d with

cow’ s milk,

not only in butterfat

but also in other

Average herd Indian lactation Murrsh

milk period buffalo

production

of 1 o 383 kilograms

on an average from the

of 2.57 .rS days had been obtained herd at the Central Luzon

State University, individual kilograms for

MuAoz , Nueva Tcij’ a s Philippines buffalo cow production lactation content According with the Philippine both for milk Philippine record period

t E-However p highest had reached

as high as 2,200

an average butterfat

of 347 Qys

and containing

an average

of 5 per cent (10). to Villegas carabao (26), produces purposes. the Indian buffalo when crossed are superior than the workers. buffalc for

crossbreeds

which

and for work

Be sides being larger are willing and diligent

carabao

the crossbreeds the advantages

The se findings crossbreeding and milk

suggest

of using the Indian carabao a draft power. - Traditionally, has been

and upgrading

the Philippine

not only for meat that will move

production, rate

.but also to develop and with greater

animal

at a much faster

c. ---II.-.--. As Source buffalc role limbs, enable ficulty as the principal

of FarAm---Power

the -water playing an important

beast of burdena Re a work with

in Asian

agriculture.

animal,

its large power

feetp

coc?rse

and nlso size coupled it to maintain of pulling

its hardiness, traction, thereby forces fields,

and frugAity the difhard

a balanced

overcoming

the plow over opposing mud in the lowland rice

of deep plowing;, It furnishes

soil and sticky unit on farms

the power

with

area-s from

1;: ss than 2 hectare

to five hectares

- I2 -

which

constitute

a higher

percentage farms

of the farm where

holdings

in Asian of the

ccuntries, land makes machinery. fcr pulling steady

and even on larger animal labor more

the topography

advantageous

than the use of farm of transportation slow but areas, one

It is also used on uplands carts and sleds in the rural and extremely is its sensitivity frequent to regulate caused &ccess well

a s a means areas,

Although to swampy rays

workerso

adapted

of its limitations IIence* wallow9 reduce fJ-Y (24). According the buffalo decidedly it requires primarily annoyance

to the direct to water

of the sun. it can as to

ponds where

its body temperature parasites,

as well chiefly

by external

the buffalo

to Williamson

and 3yne

(2’ ?), the efficiency road is

of

when L.Sed as drsft. anime.1 on macedamized below that of good strains of work-oxe.ne

for it is slower

in movement bad1.y resulting particularly a ten-hour plentiful

and its, feet are not notably in lameness for fores t work e The buffalo, where,

tough that they wear howeverB is suited in the shade, periods, difficulty. if a

when operating over prolonged without

day can be maintained supply of fodder

is obtainable

.

TYPE

AND NATUBE

OF PROPOSED

CENTER

Type -of Orgsnization -----I_.. wherein Nothing there

- The ideal

type of research

organization

is one

is the minimum

amount

of bureaucracy than having undertaking.

or red tape. to grapple with

so frustrates

a researcher

more

such unccessary For machinery

barriers

to his productive speed and efficiency support

this reasons and full logistic

of administrative are vital after requirelments

to research patterned

of the organization. Rice Research conduct highly

An organization

the International for the would be

Institute

(IRRI) p wherein directly

it is responsible Beard*

of its operations recommended An international .

to its Governing

center

has responsibilities

to many countries necessary

of the world, obligations willing

hence.

it must have only the minimum The host CDuntry

to the ‘ host country,

must be one that is that it is to her benefits

to accept

such type of arrangement to host sr:id center character and,

and realize thereby

own best interest from

derive

its international

and mode of operation.

CIbjectMes General Obje_ctivc s To conduct research on all aspects or milk of the water buffalo o

both swamp type and river underlstanding its natural

type with a view to and abilities

characteristics

- 1*4-

and to enhancing tributing to human training

its potentials food needs. and other

and capabilities

for con-

2. To conduct designed at various water Specific

extension-type manpower

activities competencies of the

to develop levels

and improve

for efficient

optimal

uti’ lization

buffalo

in many parts

of the world.

Objectives “- -

Researnb 1. To develop buffalo a sound breeding O program on the water program on the water

as a meat animal

2. To develop buffalo

a sound breeding animal e

as a milk

3. To develop

an intensive

ecological

study including

the

buff,alo-vegetation sustained herd

interacticn management I

as basis

for developing

4. To study the prevention diseases and parasites

and control affecting habits

of the various buffalo D physiology

water

5. To study the breeding of the water buffalo

and reproductive

as affected insemination and storage.

by the environment. and water buffalo

6. To study artificial semen processing

- IS -

7. To study the nutrition
for optimum productivity.

and management

af water

buffalo

8. To study the comparative buffaloes and cattle

production

economics .

of

on a regional of products

basis

9. To study the processing of the water buffalo,

and by-products . and potential

20. To study and improve of the water Training ,, buffalo.

the draft

a.bilities

and Extension manpower with at the undergraduate on the water and graduate buffalo in conjunction

1. To traid
levels

specialization

.’I

with a duly recognized

university

of good standing.

2. To train middle-level
on the raising and/or milk.

(without B.S. degree) manpcwcr
of water buffalo for meat

and management

3. To disseminate widest possible

information world-wide

on the water clientele.

buffalo

ta the

Site $’ the #Center
To promote

optimum

operational

efficiency

of the Center environmental
of every

and at the same time provide

the most wholesome and fruitful

oontitko~

for the satisfactczy

participatinn

- 26 -

scientist

a the following of the ideal should

criteria country

may serve

as basic

guidelines

in the choice

site for the Center:
..

-1.. Climate buffalo growth 2. Adequate area

be favorable

not only for

normal

productions the year-round. resources

but also for forage

and pasture

in terms propera

of water research

buffalo stations

population, and sub-

for the Center

stations e
3 . Should be within agricultural research 4 * Number research easy access to an internationally reputed

institution and training of technical on water

with appropriate facilities. manpower currently

and functional

engaged

in

buffalo national

and other livestock

ruminants. reseerch national program and/or e

5. Type of.existing 6. Proximity international 7’ . Presence and water8 scientists 8. Healthful and cultural

to existing research

complementary agencies p

of good infrastructures educational of the Center and beautiful and housing RS well scenery

such as road* facilities

light

for the

as their

fxmilies. to cities

and proximity

centers.

LITEl3ffiTURE .->----

CITE!3

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