Pioneer-Positive Deviance Adaptation Pioneers as Agents of Change ETH-AF-HI-LIM-4 Hida, Afar, Photo:Fuad Mohammednur Amin/ILRI Birgit Habermann Tigist Worku CGIAR - International Livestock Research Institute/Sustainable Livestock Systems Lowland Livelihoods Resilience Programme Phase 2 Launch Workshop, Hawassa, 12 – 13 July 2024 Who is a positive deviant? A positive deviant livestock keeper performs livestock management more successful than others in the same circumstances, successful in terms of securing livelihoods and overcoming the impact of climate change. = Adaptation Pioneer ETH-AF-HI-LIF-2 Hida, Afar, Photo:Fuad Mohammednur Amin/ILRI www.cgiar.org Why Positive Deviance? Enforcing “scientific solutions”: slow change, better coproduce Challenges are increasing rather than decreasing Livestock keepers are adapting to the world, we must adapt too Pioneer pastoralist in Kajiado, Kenia (Photo: ILRI) www.cgiar.org New ways of learning: revisiting the extension paradigm Historical Role of Extension Vision for Extension in the 21st Century Mainly technology transfer Providing options and co-developing solutions Instructor: tells farmers what to do and how to do it (implement a certain technology), but with little follow-up after instruction Coach: helps farmers and rural communities organize themselves and to take charge of their growth and development over a longer period of time Organizing people into groups to make training more effective Community mobilization and facilitation to enable community-driven change Owns knowledge and solutions Engages in co-production and social learning Hierarchical and top-down decision-making Follows participatory principles by default Photo: Birgit Habermann/BOKU Field day of Kidane and Weleta, Ethiopia (Photo Apollo Habtamu/ILRI) passive active www.cgiar.org Objective of P-PD Identify and learn about solutions: producer-led innovations that are realistic, attainable and sustainable Find pioneer pastoral communities willing to share innovations with others Scale out innovations through peer-to-peer learning from one community to the other Support a knowledge and learning network connected to the pioneer pastoral communities www.cgiar.org How can we align our work with people’s needs and capabilities using P-PD? Extension meeting after church, Gojam, Ethiopia (Photo: Birgit Habermann/BOKU) Adaptation pioneers Kidane and Weleta, North Shewa, Ethiopia (Photo Apollo Habtamu/ILRI) Large dairy farm in Hawassa, Ethiopia – a good example for willingness for knowledge sharing (Photo Birgit Habermann/ILRI) www.cgiar.org Implementation: 5 Basic Steps of Positive Deviance Define the problem, common practices, and desired outcomes Determine the presence of PD Discover uncommon but successful behaviors and strategies. Design activities to practice the discovered behaviors. Monitor and evaluate which further fuels change by documenting and sharing improvements https://positivedeviance.org/ www.cgiar.org Implementation: www.cgiar.org Pilot P-PD for (Agro-)Pastoralism Tools Role of P-PD to support LLRP Training of Trainers Extension Agents learn about P-PD and become coaches rather than teachers Pioneers and DAs form a team of mentors, learn about engaging training methods and follow-up strategies (Agro-)Pastoralist Field School Pioneers lead Field Schools with community-based learning approaches, demand-led topics, finding the right pioneer for the right topic (Agro-)Pastoralist Rangeland Days Pioneers in groups organise rangeland days for their communities. Beyond the field, looking at pastures and herds. Learning Platforms Pioneers provide inputs to learning platforms, create knowledge networks around their expertise. Participatory Demonstrations Pioneers engage in demonstrations with peer (agro-) pastoralists, group-based multi-actor approach (linking in extension, veterinarians, seed providers, market actors….) www.cgiar.org (Agro-)Pastoralist P-PD Focuses on both pioneer households and their communities Scaled to community level, and between communities Connections between pastoralists and agro-pastoralists, but not just focusing on agro-pastoralists alone Goat Fattening in CIG Group, Somali Region (Photo: Birgit Habermann/ILRI) www.cgiar.org (Agro-)Pastoralist P-PD Positive deviance in …. Adaptation practices (e.g. climate risk assessment & management, feed/pasture management, profitable fattening practices,…) Learning through diverse pathways and different sources of learning Sharing of knowledge in community and beyond Attaining livelihood security between household and community level Goat Fattening in CIG Group, Somali Region (Photo: Birgit Habermann/ILRI) www.cgiar.org How to support (Agro-)Pastoralist P-PD? Create partnerships between pioneers and other actors: knowledge networks Train mobile extension officers to work as coaches Use existing facilities as learning and resource centres: support learning platforms Learning in the field: provide incentives for extension officers to facilitate pioneer field days on site Visiting LLRP and other partners, Somali Region (Photo: ILRI) www.cgiar.org Improve pioneers’ practices through on-demand training specifically for pioneers to scale Follow-up and monitor pioneer practices and scaling out Link the pioneers to other extension service providers depending on gaps How to support (Agro-)Pastoralist P-PD? www.cgiar.org Example of Implementation in Kenya Farmer-led feed innovations in dairy farming in Kenyan smallholder systems 2020 -2024 Development of Farmer2Farmer Scaling and Knowledge Networks with partners Reaching out to 20000 dairy farming households Pioneers Pioneer groups 1st level Pioneer groups 2nd level 2020-2022 6 600 6000 2022-2024 39 1500 15000 www.cgiar.org New Pioneer Farmers 2023 New Pioneer Farmer Field Days Original Pioneer Farmer Field Days Original Pioneer Farmers 2019 39 1500 600 6 What roles do pioneer farmers play in scaling? Pioneer farmers become hubs in knowledge networks Share knowledge and foster mutual learning at field days Create new partnerships for knowledge networks Study their own practices, record keeping, support analysis Can become the centre of new groups that move forward jointly, as one Mr. Tabut and wife, pioneer farmer, Kenya (Emmaculate Kiptoo/LRI) www.cgiar.org Field Day of Mr. Tomas, pioneer farmer, Kenya Emmaculate Kiptoo/ILRI) Building a network: www.cgiar.org Building a network: Knowledge networks in 2 counties in Kenya: 45 pioneer farmers work with more than 2000 peer households Partners: county extension, Equity Bank Foundation, Kenya Forest Service, Kenya Animal Genetic Resource Centre and Sistema Bio (biodigester, private company) >> reaching up to 20000 livestock keepers end of 2024 www.cgiar.org Example of Implementation in Ethiopia Field Day of Mr. Tomas, pioneer farmer, Kenya (Photo: Emmaculate Kiptoo/ILRI) Study Sites since 2019 Map prepared by Michael Graham/ ILRI Somali 2024: Feasibility study regarding adaptation of P-PD approach to Somali Region www.cgiar.org Farmer-led feed innovations in smallholder sheep fattening systems 2020 -2024 Development of Farmer2Farmer Scaling and Knowledge Networks with partners Plan: reaching out to 20000 sheep fattening households Pioneers Pioneer groups 1st level Pioneer groups 2nd level 2020-2022 4 64 600 2022-2024 40 n/a n/a www.cgiar.org New Pioneer Farmers 2023 New Pioneer Farmer Field Days Original Pioneer Farmer Field Days Original Pioneer Farmers 2019 40 0 64 4 Farmer-led innovations in sheep fattening in response to CC Looking for Adaptation practices: ranked differently among key informants and local innovators Local innovators’ priorities: Feeding straw Improved breeds Fattening -> adaptation to loss of cash crops due to the impact of CC (frost and hail) www.cgiar.org Adaptation practices ranked as number one in comparison between LI/KI (ETH) Key informants Feeding Oat and vetch Improved breeds Forage production and utilisation Reducing number of livestock Awareness on livestock mgt practice Feed bank Diseases control Feeding on time and properly Feeding of bran Building a feeding/ drink trough Fattening Feeding straw 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 25 12.5 12.5 Local innovators Feeding Oat and vetch Improved breeds Forage production and utilisation Reducing number of livestock Awareness on livestock mgt practice Feed bank Diseases control Feeding on time and properly Feeding of bran Building a feeding/ drink trough Fattening Feeding straw 14.7 20.6 2.9 5.9 5.9 17.7 32.4 Percentage of LIs and KIs Farmer-led innovations in sheep fattening in response to CC Improved feeding practices for sheep fattening by pioneer farmers documented on: Crop residues Hay making Home-made concentrates Tree-lucerne www.cgiar.org Results Pioneer farmers are endogenous innovators, not best adopters Changes in practice observed Record keeping taken up Pioneers understand what they do is right & change of self-perception Practices as a learning ground: practice > attitude > knowledge change Field day at the farm of Ms Tenagne , pioneer farmer (Photo: Apollo Habtamu /ILRI) www.cgiar.org Expected Results of P-PD Strengthens institutional structures in a bottom-up manner from the adaptation pioneers to extension Platform for increased interaction between extension agents and livestock keepers​ Empowers livestock keepers to demand ​higher-quality services from service providers.​ Pioneers’ technologies support extension, e.g. formulate their own ​fodder using locally available resources. Field/Rangeland days: great platform for information exchange, dissemination and building a community of practice with different stakeholders. Improved community relations​ through peer to peer interactions involving extension: wider benefits to communities surrounding adaptation pioneers. Camel in Hida, Afar Region (Photo: Birgit Habermann/ILRI) www.cgiar.org Acknowledgements This work was conducted as part of the CGIAR Initiative Livestock and Climate and is supported by contributors to the CGIAR Trust Fund. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future dedicated to transforming food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. This work has been partly financed by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) commissioned by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany (grant number: 2017.0119.2). image6.jpeg image2.png image3.svg image7.jpeg image4.jpeg image8.jpeg image9.jpeg image10.jpeg image11.jpeg image12.jpeg image13.jpeg image14.jpeg image15.jpg image16.jpeg image17.jpeg image18.jpeg image19.jpeg image20.jpeg image21.jpeg image22.jpeg image23.jpeg image24.png image25.png image26.png image27.png image28.png image29.png image30.png image31.jpeg image32.png image33.png image34.jpeg image35.jpeg image36.emf 36.836.93535.535.234.332.53427.5303738.5051015202530354045January, 2021February, 2021March, 2021April, 2021March, 2022April, 2022Bodyweight (kg)MonthSheep body weight gain/loss per month for two consecutive years sheep 1sheep 2sheep 3sheep 42021 image37.jpeg image38.png image39.jpeg