What is the nature of the evidence base on climate variability and extreme weather impacts on diets and nutritional status among marginalized agri-food system workers and micro, small- and medium-sized enterprises in low- and middle- income countries? A Protocol for Systematic Evidence and Gap Map Contents | Page 1 of 49 CGIAR Contents Contents 1 Background 3 Theory of Change 4 Stakeholder Engagement 5 Objective and Review Questions 6 Definition of Question Components 7 References 21 Appendix I: Search Strategies 22 Appendix II: Benchmark Studies 35 CGIAR Contents | Page 2 of 49 Authors: Bianca Carducci¹, Costanza Conti², Yu Chia Natasha Hu¹ and Maya Moore³ Affiliations: 1. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto 2. M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation 3. Columbia Climate School, Columbia University Corresponding Author: Bianca Carducci (bianca.carducci@alumni.utoronto.ca) Citation: Carducci, B., Conti, C., Hu, Y. C. N., & Moore, M. (2025). What is the nature of the evidence base on climate variability and extreme weather impacts on diets and nutritional status among marginalized agri-food system workers and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in low- and middle-income countries? A protocol for systematic evidence and gap map. CGIAR. CGSpace link: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/180857 . Cover photo: ICARDA. Copyright: © 2025. ILRI. This publication is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). To view this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Disclaimers: This publication has been prepared as an output of the CGIAR Climate Action Program. Any views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily representative of or endorsed by the CGIAR System Organization. Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the stakeholders who provided feedback during the protocol development: Namukolo Covic, Claudia Ringler, Elizabeth Bryan, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Shouro Dasgupta, Jessica Fanzo, Saiful Islam, Hazel Malapit, Meredith Niles, Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo, Praveen Kumar, Vijesh Krishna, Neil Haddaway and Aditi Mukherji. This work was conducted by ILRI as part of the CGIAR Climate Program. CGIAR research is supported by contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future dedicated to transforming food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/180857 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. https://www.cgiar.org/funders/ Background | Page 3 of 49 CGIAR Background Agri-food system workers and actors such as micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) that produce, process, transport and sell a significant share of the world’s food, yet they remain among the most food insecure and climate-vulnerable (Reardon, 2015; Bezner Kerr et al., 2022). In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), climate stressors such as extreme heat, erratic rainfall, droughts, floods, and ecosystem shifts are already undermining crop, livestock, and fishery yields, threatening livelihoods, nutrition, and health (Mbow et al., 2022; Mufungizi et al., 2023; Khatri et al., 2024). Livestock keepers face water scarcity, heat stress, and disease outbreaks, while small-scale fishers confront shifting ecosystems and declining stocks due to warming waters and extreme weather (Mufungizi et al., 2023). These disruptions jeopardize livelihoods, food security, nutrition, and health, especially among marginalized groups (IPCC, 2022). Women, Indigenous Peoples, and other vulnerable communities disproportionately bear the burden due to entrenched inequalities in access to land, capital, information, and decision-making power (GermanWatch, 2025). Agri-food system workers and actors within MSMEs face climate impacts across the food value chain from agricultural production to consumption, but evidence is limited on the ‘missing middle’, such as activities post farm-gate (e.g., processing, packaging, distribution, wholesale and retail markets). While evidence linking climate change to a range of nutrition outcomes is growing, existing reviews are often narrow in scope, geographically limited, or focused on broad vulnerable populations rather than marginalized food system workers and MSMEs specifically. No review to date synthesizes climate-related food and nutrition security impacts on marginalized agri-food system workers and MSMEs with an explicit focus on gender and Indigenous communities. Understanding how climate change affects the diets and nutrition of these groups is critical for building equitable, effective climate adaptation and food system transformation strategies. Women and Indigenous Peoples are not only more exposed to climate-related shocks, but also often hold key knowledge systems and play central roles in household food security and ecosystem stewardship. Overlooking their specific vulnerabilities, capacities, and constraints risks reinforcing inequality and undermining resilience. Therefore, this systematic map aims to fill this knowledge gap by centering these communities –marginalized food system workers and MSMEs – providing an evidence base for equity-focused interventions and ensuring that the needs and voices of those most affected by climate change are reflected in global and national response. CGIAR Theory of Change | Page 4 of 49 Theory of Change Climate, diets and nutrition are closely interconnected. Seasonality and climate variability – which include year-on-year variations in climate, over seasons to decades, as well as extreme weather events and longer-term climate trends have already been documented to disrupt health, food, water and social protection systems, leading in particular to increased food insecurity, poor quality diets, malnutrition, infectious disease burden and morbidity and mortality. To ground our research questions, search strategy and results, we will leverage previous work by UNICEF, USAID, WHO, USAID Advancing Nutrition (Figure 1) which illustrates the multi-system and multi-factorial pathways in which shocks, including extreme weather events affect diets and nutritional status. While this theory of change is not specific to agri-food system workers and MSMEs, this systematic map aims to refine the model and identify nuances and differential effects specific to these populations. Figure 1. Theory of Change Adapted from: UNICEF, USAID, WHO, USAID Advancing Nutrition (2022) Stakeholder Engagement | Page 5 of 49 CGIAR Stakeholder Engagement Expert consultations will be conducted throughout the systematic evidence map process to sharpen the search strategy by determining relevant concepts, keywords, and eligibility criteria. The consulted experts have research experience on specific fields of the relationship between the climate and nutrition, including agriculture, livelihoods, and gender. Primary stakeholder groups (SG) include: (i) research organizations such as ILRI, other CGIAR centres, universities and national agricultural research systems (SG1) and (ii) non- governmental organizations and development practitioners implementing field-level climate adaptation and resilience interventions with smallholders, women-owned businesses and Indigenous communities (SG2). Stakeholder engagement will occur at three stages: inception, interim and final validation. • At inception, we will circulate a short background note and the draft protocol to a purposive sample of around 15–20 stakeholders across SG1 and SG2, prioritizing LMIC- based experts. They will be invited to complete an online survey (Google Forms) that asks for structured feedback on the systematic review questions, populations of interest, eligibility criteria and relevance of the review. In parallel, we will convene a half-day hybrid stakeholder workshop on 12 December 2025. This workshop will bring together ILRI staff, CGIAR partners, LMIC researchers and practitioners to discuss the same issues in more depth, resolve divergent views and identify any critical omissions in the protocol. Notes, poll results and chat comments will be recorded and synthesized in a short note that documents how feedback is incorporated. • During the interim stage, a smaller group of stakeholders (including several from the inception phase) will be consulted once preliminary mapping and synthesis results are available. We will share a short summary of emerging patterns and gaps and invite comments via email and a focused online consultation (e.g. 60–90-minute virtual meeting). The aim is to decide whether the developing evidence map and planned subgroup analyses are useful and to identify priority lenses (e.g. gender, type of MSME, region) for the final analyses. • For final validation, we will organize a final workshop/webinar with LMIC experts, practitioners and policy actors (SG1, SG2). These sessions will focus on: (i) testing the validity and usefulness of the findings for real policy and programme decisions; (ii) identifying context-specific implications for agri-food MSMEs and marginalized workers; and (iii) agreeing on 3–5 clear messages for different audiences (research, policy, implementation). The workshops will be documented, and participant feedback will be used to refine the discussion, conclusions and recommendations in the final review and any associated materials. CGIAR Objective and Review Questions | Page 6 of 49 Objective and Review Questions The project is composed of two stages: 1. A systematic map of the evidence base on climate variability and extreme weather on the diets and nutritional status of marginalized agri-food system workers and MSMEs in LMICs. 2. A systematic review examining differential impacts of climate variability and extreme weather within specific population groups and across different types of climate hazards, based on evidence clusters identified in the systematic map. The primary research question of this systematic map is: What is the nature and extent of the evidence base on climate variability and extreme weather on the diets and nutritional status of marginalized agri-food system workers and MSMEs in LMICs? Secondary research questions are: 1. What are the differential impacts of climate variability and extreme weather on the diets and nutritional status of youth, women and or Indigenous agri-food system workers and MSMEs in LMICs? 2. How do different types of climate hazards affect the diet and nutritional status of marginalized agri-food system workers and MSMEs in LMICs? The primary and secondary questions can be broken down into the following elements: Population(s): Individuals employed within food systems (from inputs, agricultural production, processing, packaging, distribution, markets) including those who work within and own MSMEs (according to OECD definition), across low- and middle- income countries, in both urban and rural settings. In particular, this systematic map aims to understand the differential impacts on youth, women and Indigenous agri-food system workers and MSMEs. Exposure(s): Climate variability or extreme weather events related to climate change such as floods, droughts, heatwaves, cold waves, wildfires, landslides and mudslides, and storms (cyclones, typhoons, monsoons, hurricanes). Outcome(s): Changes in diets, including quantity (e.g., food security) and quality (e.g., dietary diversity, intake of macro- and micro-nutrients), as well as nutritional status, including anthropometry and biomarkers of micronutrient status. Definition of Question Components | Page 7 of 49 CGIAR Definition of Question Components Types of Study Designs We will consider the following empirical quantitative or qualitative primary study designs: 1. Case reports: Detailed documentation of a single individual or household, describing their specific situation, characteristics, exposures, and outcomes. These are useful for identifying unusual patterns or generating hypotheses about potential relationships. 2. Surveillance: Systematic, ongoing collection and analysis of health or nutrition data from individuals or households to monitor trends, detect changes, and identify emerging issues over time. 3. Cross sectional: Studies that collect data from individuals or households at a single point in time to describe the prevalence of conditions, behaviors, or characteristics and examine associations between exposures and outcomes at that moment. 4. Cluster studies: Investigation of an unusually high occurrence of cases among individuals or households grouped together in time, place, or both, to identify potential common exposures or risk factors. 5. Case-control: Studies that identify individuals or households with a specific outcome (cases) and compare them to similar individuals or households without that outcome (controls), examining past exposures or characteristics to identify potential risk or protective factors. 6. Cohort: Studies that follow individuals or households over time, comparing those with different exposures or characteristics at baseline to determine who develops specific outcomes. These track participants prospectively or use historical data retrospectively. We will exclude animal studies, conference abstracts, and opinion/letters. Types of Settings and Participants Local food system workers including those within or who own MSMEs, across low- and middle- income countries, in both urban and rural settings, will be included in this review (e.g., smallholder farmers and horticulturists, livestock rearers/ranchers, laborers, fishers and aquaculture, processers, distributers, vendors) in low- and middle-income countries. As defined by OECD (2023), MSMEs are categorized by the following: • Micro: <10 workers, including small farms, petty trade, informal processing or vendors. • Small: 10-49 workers, including local millers, traders and cooperatives. • Medium: 50-249 workers, including regional processors, distributors. In particular, we aim to conduct subgroup mapping on examining the effects on vulnerable and marginalized food system actors including women, youth, Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC), as well as food system actors navigating multiple intersecting forms of social exclusion. We recognize that food system actors are also consumers. Eligible studies must include participants that are employed within the food system, and any spillover effects as consumers will be captured. We will not include studies that examine participants employed outside of food systems. We will include participants aged 15-19 (youth) and 20+ years (adults) from LMICs using the 2025 World Bank classification. CGIAR Definition of Question Components | Page 8 of 49 Types of Climate Exposures Climate is measured routinely around the world by the meteorological community using internationally agreed standards, with a significant amount of data shared freely in real-time. Historical and current climate data and information products can be used to inform a wide range of planning processes as well as in early warning systems. Importantly, information about the future weather and/or climate varies in specificity (lead-time, spatial and temporal averaging), the regions and seasons where it is most accurate and its status in terms of operational delivery. Information that is currently available across the globe for routine operational decision-making can be divided into three specific timeframes: weather, season and climate change. These timescales are related to spatial scale: at the one extreme, short- term weather predictions are reliable at the local level, while, at the other, climate change trends (especially temperature) are most reliable at the subcontinental level. For this review, we will consider climate variability and extreme weather events that are related to climate change according to IPCC (Ranasinghe et al., 2021 and Ruane et al., 2022), including, floods, droughts, heatwaves, cold waves, wildfires, landslides and mudslides, and storms (cyclones, typhoons, monsoons, hurricanes) (See Figure 1). The following IPCC definitions will be used: Climate Variability: Refers to the natural variations and fluctuations in the earth's climate system over various time scales. It encompasses changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other climate elements that can occur over short-term or long-term periods. Climate variability can be influenced by various factors, including natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, solar radiation, and ocean currents, as well as human activities like the emission of Greenhouse gases. Extreme Event (Weather or Climate): An extreme weather event is an event that is rare at a particular place and time of year. Definitions of rare vary, but an extreme weather event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function estimated from observations. By definition, the characteristics of what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an absolute sense. When a pattern of extreme weather persists for some time, such as a season, it may be classed as an extreme climate event, especially if it yields an average or total that is itself extreme (e.g., drought or heavy rainfall over a season). Definition of Question Components | Page 9 of 49 CGIAR Figure 1. IPCC Climate Impact Drivers Source: Ranasinghe et al., 2021 and Ruane et al., 2022 Types of Outcomes Primary outcomes will encompass quantitative metrics of diet (e.g., diet quantity (accessibility, affordability including food security) and diet quality (e.g., dietary intake, dietary diversity)) and nutritional status (e.g., anthropometry and biomarkers of micronutrient status) in youth and adults, measured individual or at the household level. We will also include both quantitative and qualitative studies which describe these outcomes qualitatively. Secondary outcomes will include livelihood and health outcomes exclusive to income loss and mental health, respectively. Our primary outcomes will be used as eligibility criteria for including studies (i.e. if a study does not report any of the primary outcomes, it will be excluded). For example, if a study only reports on mental health it will be excluded. CGIAR Definition of Question Components | Page 10 of 49 Table 2. Primary and Secondary Outcomes Dominion Sub-Domain Indicators Primary Outcomes Diets Physical Access Mean change or prevalence/incidence of food and water accessibility using the following metrics and tools or other appropriate metrics: • Access to markets • Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) • Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) • Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) • Household Hunger Score (HHS) • Food Consumption Score (FCS) Diets Economic Access Mean change or prevalence/incidence of food affordability or other appropriate metrics: • Household expenditure on food • Individuals and household relying on social protection measures (food aid, cash vouchers) Diets Quality Mean change or prevalence of direct measures of consumption or other appropriate metrics: • Frequency of consumption • Energy intake • Macronutrient and micronutrient intake • Food group intake Mean change or prevalence/incidence of dietary diversity using the following tools or other appropriate metrics: • Women’s Dietary Diversity Score (MDD-W) • Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) Nutrition Anthropometry Mean change or prevalence/incidence of underweight: • Body mass index (defined as less than 18.5 kg/m2 in adults) Nutrition Micronutrient Deficiencies Mean change or prevalence/incidence of anemia status: • Hemoglobin concentration • Anemia • Iron deficiency anemia (serum ferritin, serum transferrin receptor) Nutrition Micronutrient Deficiencies Mean change or prevalence/incidence of micronutrient status: Definition of Question Components | Page 11 of 49 CGIAR • Iron • Zinc • Folate • Vitamin A • Vitamin B12 • Vitamin D Secondary Outcomes Livelihoods Income Mean change or prevalence/incidence of income loss Health Mental Health Mean change or prevalence/incidence of mental health outcomes: • Anxiety • Depression • Perceived stress Search Strategy A comprehensive search of the literature will be conducted from January 1, 2000 to January 12, 2026, without language restrictions or search filters (See Table 3 and Appendix I). The selection of the start year was based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s third assessment report, published in 2001 which confirmed human influence and activities to exacerbate climate change. Bibliographic Databases We will search the following academic databases, as they cover most of the main food systems, climate, agriculture, and nutrition journals that publish in this area: • Ovid MEDLINE, 1946-present • Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), including SCI-Expanded, SSCI, AHCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-Expanded, IC, 1900-present • Scopus (Elsevier), 1788-present Table 3. Scopus Search String # Search Query Results 1 TITLE-ABS-KEY((environment* OR season*) W/2 (change* OR varia* OR disrupt* OR hazard* OR impact* OR vulnerab* OR footprint* OR extreme OR exposure OR expose*)) 1201799 2 TITLE-ABS-KEY((climate OR climatic) W/2 (change* OR changing OR varia* OR disrupt* OR hazard* OR impact* OR vulnerab* OR function* OR extreme OR catastroph* OR emergenc* OR shift* OR dynamic* OR sensitiv* OR sustainab*)) 740275 3 TITLE-ABS-KEY((hydrometeorolo* OR atmosphere* OR hydrologic* OR ocean* OR weather) W/2 (change* OR varia* OR disrupt* OR hazard* OR extreme OR exposure OR expose* OR phenomen*)) 121276 CGIAR Definition of Question Components | Page 12 of 49 4 TITLE-ABS-KEY((global OR planet* OR world OR climat* OR earth OR worldwide OR world-wide OR "ambient air" OR ocean*) W/2 (heating OR warming OR temperature*)) 225020 5 TITLE-ABS-KEY((temperature OR cold OR heat OR hot OR "ambient air" OR "relative humidity" OR thermal) W/2 (increas* OR extreme OR elevate* OR irregular OR intense OR reduc* OR pattern* OR global)) 1011999 6 TITLE-ABS-KEY((sea-level OR "sea level") W/2 (increas* OR rise OR rising OR change OR changing)) 52748 7 TITLE-ABS-KEY((rain* OR precipitation) W/2 (increas* OR extreme OR elevat* OR irregular OR intense OR reduc* OR pattern*)) 105384 8 TITLE-ABS-KEY((tide OR tidal OR sea OR ocean*) W/2 surge*) 3095 9 TITLE-ABS-KEY((ocean* OR sea OR marine) W/2 (ph OR acidification OR heating OR warming OR change* OR varia* OR extreme OR expand OR expansion)) 100070 10 TITLE-ABS-KEY((fire OR burnt OR inferno OR conflagration) W/2 (change* OR variab* OR extreme OR expand OR expansion OR intense OR elevate* OR increas* OR catastroph* OR emergenc* OR shift* OR dynamic* OR frequen*)) 32992 11 TITLE-ABS-KEY(("co2" OR carbon OR methane OR ozone OR "nitrous oxide") W/2 (elevat* OR emission* OR rise OR increas* OR decreas* OR reduc* OR neutral OR offset*)) 489935 12 TITLE-ABS-KEY((global OR planet* OR world OR earth OR worldwide OR world-wide) W/2 ("co2" OR carbon OR methane OR ozone OR "nitrous oxide")) 44643 13 TITLE-ABS-KEY(emission* W/2 (elevat* OR rise OR increas* OR decreas* OR reduc* OR offset*)) 271522 14 TITLE-ABS-KEY("extreme weather" OR "natural hazard" OR "natural hazards" OR "natural disaster" OR "natural disasters" OR ENSO OR "el nino-southern oscillation" OR "el nino" OR "la nina" OR heatwave* OR "heat-wave" OR "heat-waves" OR "heat wave" OR "heat waves" OR coldwave* OR "cold-wave" OR "cold-waves" OR "cold wave" OR "cold waves" OR flood* OR "water stress" OR drought* OR cyclone* OR hurricane* OR typhoon* OR storm* OR monsoon* OR windstorm* OR landslide* OR "land-slide" OR "land slide" OR "land slides" OR mudslide* OR wildfire* OR wild-fire* OR "wild fire" OR "wild fires" OR "greenhouse effect" OR "green-house effect" OR "green house gas" OR "greenhouse gas" OR "green-house gas") 1229536 15 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 4319752 16 TITLE-ABS-KEY((agricultur* OR agrarian OR farming OR subsistence OR poor OR rural) W/2 (household* OR communit* OR population)) 207207 17 TITLE-ABS-KEY((food OR agri*) W/2 (producer* OR processor* OR distributor* OR worker* OR trader* OR vendor* OR laborer* OR labourer*)) 53856 18 TITLE-ABS-KEY((micro OR small OR medium) W/2 (enterprise* OR business* OR vendor*)) 571529 19 TITLE-ABS-KEY((factory OR marginali*ed OR temporary OR migrant OR wage OR casual OR seasonal OR contract OR informal OR street OR farm) W/2 (worker* OR vendor* OR laborer* OR labourer*)) 41714 20 TITLE-ABS-KEY("indigenous community" OR "indigenous communities" OR "native people" OR tribal OR "low income" OR low*income OR "low class" OR "informal food" OR campesino* OR peasant* OR women OR woman OR adolescent* OR youth OR "young adult" OR "young adults" OR "child labor" OR "child labour" OR farmer* OR smallholder* OR "small- holder" OR "small-holders" OR "small holder" OR "small holders" OR "dependent on agriculture" OR "depend on agriculture" OR MSME* OR SME* OR fish* OR aquacultur* OR rancher* OR pastoral* OR "indigenou s people" OR "indigenous peoples") 7455896 21 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 22 TITLE-ABS-KEY((diet* OR food OR micronutrient* OR macronutrient* OR energy) W/2 (divers* OR quality OR intake OR consumption OR evaluat* OR assess*)) 1021020 23 TITLE-ABS-KEY(nutrition W/2 (evaluat* OR assess* OR indices OR index OR evaluation* OR surveillance OR survey* OR status OR state*)) 83425 24 TITLE-ABS-KEY((insufficient OR poor) W/2 (intake OR consumption)) 8153 25 TITLE-ABS-KEY((nutrition* OR micronutrient* OR "trace element" OR vitamin OR iodine OR protein OR niacin OR zinc OR vitamin OR thiamine OR iron) W/2 (deficienc* OR deficit* OR deprivation)) 237251 Definition of Question Components | Page 13 of 49 CGIAR 26 TITLE-ABS-KEY(under W/2 (feeding OR nourish* OR nutrition OR weight)) 24182 27 TITLE-ABS-KEY("body mass index" OR "BMI" OR anthropometr* OR hunger OR hungry OR "household hunger score" OR famine OR "water insecurity" OR "water insecure" OR "water security" OR "water secure" OR "water scarcity" OR "water access" OR "access to water" OR "water adequacy" OR "food insecurity" OR "food insecure" OR "food security" OR "food secure" OR "food consumption score" OR "food affordability" OR "food availability" OR "foods available" OR "food expenditure" OR "expenditure on food" OR "food access" OR "market access" OR "access to market" OR "time to market" OR "food aid" OR "food assistance" OR "cash transfer" OR "food voucher" OR "cash voucher" OR "take-home ration" OR "in-kind transfer" OR goiter* OR goitre* OR "amino acid starvation" OR "protein malnutrition" OR "protein starvation" OR "severe acute malnutrition" OR "SAM" OR "moderate acute malnutrition" OR "MAM" OR malnourish* OR malnutrition OR marasmus OR "pellagra*") 1056639 28 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 2227956 29 TITLE-ABS-KEY(afghan* OR africa* OR albania* OR algeria* OR angola* OR antigua* OR barbuda* OR argentin* OR armenia* OR aruba* OR azerbaijan* OR asia* OR bahrain* OR bangladesh* OR bengal* OR bangal* OR barbados* OR barbadian* OR bajan OR bajans OR belarus* OR belorus* OR byelarus* OR byelorus* OR belize* OR benin* OR dahomey OR bhutan* OR bolivia* OR bosnia* OR herzegovin* OR botswan* OR batswan* OR bechuanaland* OR brazil* OR brasil* OR bulgaria* OR burkina* OR burkinese* OR "upper volta" OR burundi* OR urundi* OR "cabo verde" OR "cape verde" OR cambodia* OR kampuchea* OR khmer* OR cameroon* OR cameroun* OR "ubangi shari" OR chad* OR chile* OR china* OR chinese OR colombia* OR comoro* OR comore* OR comorian* OR mayotte* OR congo* OR zaire* OR "costa rica" OR "costa rican" OR "cote d'ivoir" OR "cote d'ivoir" OR "cote divoir" OR "cote d ivoir" OR "ivory coast" OR ivorian* OR croatia* OR cuba OR cuban OR cubans OR "cuba's" OR cyprus* OR cypriot* OR czech* OR djibouti* OR "french somaliland" OR dominica* OR ecuador* OR egypt* OR "united arab republic" OR "el salvador" OR salvadoran* OR guinea* OR equatoguinea* OR eritrea* OR estonia* OR eswatini* OR swaziland* OR swazi* OR swati* OR ethiopia* OR fiji* OR gabon* OR gabonese* OR gabonaise* OR gambia* OR georgia* OR ghana* OR gibraltar* OR greece* OR greek* OR grecian* OR grenada* OR grenadian* OR guam* OR guatemala* OR guyana* OR guiana* OR guyanese* OR haiti* OR hispaniola* OR hondura* OR hungary* OR hungarian* OR india* OR indonesia* OR iran* OR iraq* OR "isle of man" OR jamaica* OR jordan* OR kazakh* OR kenya* OR karabati* OR korea* OR kosovo* OR kosova* OR kyrgyz* OR kirgiz* OR kirghiz* OR laos OR lao OR laotian* OR latvia* OR lebanon* OR lebanese* OR lesotho* OR lesothan* OR lesothonian* OR basutoland* OR mosotho* OR basotho* OR liberia* OR libya* OR jamahiriya* OR lithuania* OR macedonia* OR madagasca* OR malagasy* OR malawi* OR nyasaland* OR malaysia* OR malay* "federation or maldives" OR maldivian* OR "indian ocean" OR mali OR malian* OR "mali's" OR malta OR maltese* OR "malta's" OR micronesia* OR marshallese* OR kiribati* OR "marshall island" OR nauru OR nauran OR nauruans OR "naurian's" OR mariana OR marianas OR palau OR paluan* OR tuvalu* OR mauritania* OR mauritan* OR mauritius* OR mexico* OR mexican* OR moldova* OR moldovia* OR mongol* OR montenegr* OR morocco* OR moroccan* OR ifni OR mozambique* OR mozambican* OR myanmar* OR burma* OR burmese OR namibia* OR nepal* OR "new caledonia" OR "netherlands antilles" OR "lesser antilles" OR nicaragua* OR niger* OR oman* OR omani OR omanis OR "oman's" OR pakistan* OR palestin* OR gaza* OR "west bank" OR panama* OR paraguay* OR peru OR peruvian* OR "peru's" OR philippine* OR philipine* OR phillipine* OR phillippine* OR filipino* OR filipina* OR poland* OR polish OR pole OR poles OR portugal* OR portuguese OR "puerto rico" OR romania* OR russia* OR ussr* OR soviet* OR rwanda* OR rwandese OR ruanda* OR ruandese OR samoa* OR "navigator island" OR "pacific islands" OR polynesia* OR "sao tome and principe" OR "sao tomean" OR santomean* OR "saudi arabia" OR saudi OR saudis OR senegal* OR serbia* OR seychell* OR "sierra leone" OR slovak* OR sloven* OR melanesia* OR "solomon island" OR "norfolk island" OR somali* OR "sri lanka" OR ceylon* OR "saint kitts and nevis" OR "st kitts and nevis" OR kittian* OR nevisian* OR "saint lucia" OR "st lucia" OR "saint vincent" OR "st vincent" OR vincentian* OR grenadine* OR sudan* OR surinam* OR syria* OR tajik* OR tadjik* OR tadzhik* OR tanzania* OR tanganyika* OR thai* OR "timor leste" OR "east timor" OR timorese* OR togo* OR togoles* OR "togo's" OR tonga* OR trinidad* OR tobago* OR tunisia* OR turkiy* OR turkey* OR turk OR turks OR turkish OR turkmen* OR uganda* OR ukrain* OR uruguay* OR uzbek* OR vanuatu* OR "new hebrides" OR venezuela* OR vietnam* OR "viet nam" OR yemen* OR yugoslav* OR zambia* OR zimbabwe* OR rhodesia* OR arab* OR "middle east" OR "global south" OR sahara* OR subsahara* OR magreb* OR maghrib* OR "west indies" OR caribbean* OR "central america" OR "latin america" OR "south america" OR "central asia" OR "north asia" OR "northern asia" OR "southeastern asia" OR "south eastern asia" OR "southeast asia" OR "south east asia" OR "west asia" OR "western asia" OR "east europe" OR "eastern europe" OR "developing country" OR "developing nation" OR "developing population" OR "developing world" OR "less developed country" OR "less developed nation" OR "less developed world" OR "lesser developed country" OR "lesser developed nation" OR "lesser developed world" OR "under developed country" OR "under developed nation" OR "under developed world" OR "underdeveloped country" OR "underdeveloped nation" OR "underdeveloped world" OR "middle 1416570 CGIAR Definition of Question Components | Page 14 of 49 income country" OR "middle income nation" OR "middle income population" OR "low income country" OR "low income nation" OR "low income population" OR "lower income country" OR "lower income nation" OR "lower income population" OR "underserved country" OR "underserved nation" OR "underserved population" OR "under served population" OR "under served nation" OR "under served population" OR "deprived country" OR "deprived population" OR "high burden country" OR "high burden nation" OR "countdown country" OR "countdown nation" OR "poor country" OR "poor nation" OR "poor population" OR "poor world" OR "poorer country" OR "poorer nation" OR "poorer population" OR "poorer world" OR "developing economy" OR "less developed economy" OR "underdeveloped economy" OR "under developed economy" OR "middle income economy" OR "low income economy" OR "lower income economy" OR "low gdp" OR "low gnp" OR "low gross domestic" OR "low gross national" OR "lower gdp" OR "lower gnp" OR "lower gross domestic" OR "lower gross national" OR lmic OR lmics OR "third world" OR "lami country" OR "transitional country" OR "emerging economy" OR "emerging nation" 30 TITLE-ABS-KEY(epidemiological OR "cross-sectional" OR "cross sectional" OR cohort* OR longitudinal OR prospective OR retrospective OR "case-control" OR "case control" OR exposure* OR impact* OR effect* OR association* OR risk* OR surveillance OR "mixed method" OR "mixed methods" OR "mixed-methods" OR "mixed-method" OR survey* OR quantitative OR qualitative OR interview* OR "focus group" OR "focus groups" OR ethnograph* OR “case report” or “case reports” or “case series” or cluster* or “panel-study” or “field observation” or phenomenology* or “grounded theory” or “participant observation” or “discussion group” or questionnaire*) 42878525 31 15 and 21 and 28 and 29 and 30 4817 32 Limit to 2000-current 4645 Web-based Search Engines We will use a modified version of the database search string to search Google Scholar and use the first 200 records retrieved by the search for Title and Abstract screening. Organizational Websites To ensure maximum coverage of unpublished literature, and reduce the potential for publication bias, we will use the United Nations Food Systems Summit Champions Network as guidance to search the following organizational websites and databases using the keyword search for unpublished grey literature in the area of climate change, agriculture and nutrition including the following: • Africa's Food Systems Forum, https://afs-forum.org/ • African Development Bank, https://www.afdb.org/en • Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, https://www.apaari.org/ • Asian Development Bank, https://www.adb.org/ • Asian Farmers' Association for Sustainable Rural Development, https://asianfarmers.org/ • Bioversity International, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, https://alliancebioversityciat.org/ • Food and Agriculture Organization, https://www.fao.org/home/en • Global Alliance for the Future of Food, https://futureoffood.org/ • Global Forum on Agricultural Research, https://gfair.network/ • Inter-American Development Bank, https://www.iadb.org/en • International Fund for Agricultural Development, https://www.ifad.org/en/ • International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), https://www.3ieimpact.org/ Definition of Question Components | Page 15 of 49 CGIAR • La Via Campesina, https://viacampesina.org/en/ • World Bank, https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/home • World Farmers' Organization, https://www.wfo-oma.org/ • World Fish, https://www.worldfishcenter.org/ • World Food Programme, https://www.wfp.org/ • World Resources Institute, https://www.wri.org/ Comprehensiveness of the Search Based on previous experience with the subject matter, the authors identified ten benchmark articles (Appendix 2) that met all eligibility criteria. All ten articles were returned by at least one database and/or supplementary search. The authors therefore concluded a sufficient comprehensiveness of the search. Search Update We do not plan on updating the search as resources do not allow for an update. Screening Strategy Studies will be screened, full-text reviewed and extracted using the review platform Covidence. After removal of duplicate studies, we will perform a multistage screening process to select studies that meet the eligibility criteria. At the title and abstract stage, studies will be assessed by two reviewers independently removing those that are not relevant. Any disagreements will be resolved by discussion and, where necessary, by consulting a third review author. At the full-text stage of the screening process, studies will be assessed by two reviewers independently and we will document the reasons for exclusion. We will exclude studies without primary outcomes. We will not exclude studies on the basis of reporting of an outcome (i.e., that an effect size is not estimable although the outcome was clearly measured). We will also contact the primary authors of the study for any insufficient or unclear information if required. CGIAR Definition of Question Components | Page 16 of 49 Eligibility Criteria Studies will be assessed according to the Population, Exposure, Outcome (PEO) defined in Table 4. Table 4. Eligibility Criteria Inclusion Exclusion Population Local agri-food system workers including those who work within and own MSMEs (15 years or older), including those in the input sector, farmers, livestock keepers, laborers, fishers, aquaculture workers, processors, distributors, vendors in low- and middle- income countries (as defined by World Bank). We focus on marginalized groups (e.g., women, youth, BIPOC, those facing intersecting exclusions). Studies must involve participants primarily engaged in food systems; spillover consumer effects will be noted. Studies with animal subjects or any specific high-risk population other than general populations. Studies that do not specify employment within the food sector, or are conducted in high-income countries. Exposure Studies that measure increased exposure to climate change, climate variability and or extreme weather including increases/decreases in temperature and precipitation such as droughts, floods, heat waves, wildfires, landslides, storms. Extreme weather not related to climate (i.e., earthquakes) according to IPCC. Outcomes Studies that measure and report on diet quantity (e.g., physical and economic access, including food security), diet quality (e.g., direct measures of consumption and dietary diversity) or nutritional status (e.g., anthropometry and biomarkers of micronutrient status). Studies with morbidity/mortality outcomes other than diets and nutritional status. Study Designs Studies with quantitative and or qualitative data on exposure-response relationships, and clear exposure-response metrics using observational study designs published without language restrictions, between January 1, 2000 to January 12, 2026. Studies published before January 1, 2000 or experimental study designs (including adaptation/mitigation studies). Consistency Checking To ensure consistency between applying eligibility criteria at the title and abstract screening and full-text review stages, a random subset (10%) of studies will be selected and assessed for agreement. A kappa coefficient above 0.6 will be considered in good agreement. Discrepancies will be discussed and clarifications in interpreting the eligibility criteria to maximise the consistency for remaining studies. A third reviewer will be consulted if a decision cannot be reached, and clarification on eligibility criteria will be added to aid further decision making. If the inter-reviewer consistency is low, the consistency checking will be repeated using a further random subset of articles (blocks of 150 studies), until a good inter- reviewer agreement is achieved. Definition of Question Components | Page 17 of 49 CGIAR Reporting Screening Outcomes Screening, full-text review and extraction outcomes will be visualized using the PRISMA flowchart provided by Covidence. Lists of the total numbers of records, those included and those excluded (with reasons) will be made available in separate supplementary files. Study Validity Assessment Critical appraisal is optional for systematic maps and therefore will not be carried out. However data related to study characteristics and outcomes will be extracted, which may be related to study validity. For example, we will extract information on study design (e.g., cross- sectional, case-control, longitudinal/cohort), length of the study (e.g., over multiple seasons or one time point) and tools to assess various outcomes (e.g., validated tools for food security and dietary diversity), which may help to identify the rigor of studies. Consistency Checking N/A Data Coding Strategy Data from the included studies will be independently coded and extracted by two review authors using the predefined data extraction forms. Data extraction forms will be matched. A third review author will be consulted in the event of any disagreements, and consensus will be sought. We will attempt to contact authors of the original reports to obtain further details if required. Meta-data to be Coded The following variables will be extracted from each included article in Covidence: 1. General information ► Study title (free text) ► Authors (free text) ► Year of publication (free text) ► Location type (single-country, multi-country) ► Country ► World Bank region ► World Bank income-level (low, lower-middle, upper-middle) ► Study design (case report, surveillance, case-control, cross-sectional, cluster, cohort) ► Length of study (free text) ► Language CGIAR Definition of Question Components | Page 18 of 49 ► Type of data (quantitative, qualitative, mixed) 2. Study setting and population ► Setting (urban, rural, peri-urban, urban slum, mixed, other, not specified) ► City/Town (free text) ► Type of population (micro, small, medium, other, not specified) ► Context (free text) (e.g., youth, women, Indigenous, low SES, migrant worker etc.) ► Stage of the value chain (e.g., producers, processors, distributors, retailers, other, not specified) ► Sample size reported ► Sample size analysed ► Age unit (%, mean, median, range) ► Age value ► Descriptive statistics value (free text) ► Descriptive statistics unit (lower confidence interval, upper confidence interval, SD, SE, P-value, IQR) ► Sex (male, female, mixed, other, not specified) ► Sex value ► Sex unit (%, mean, median) 3. Exposure ► Type of climate/weather event (seasonality, extreme weather event or other) ► Type of extreme weather event specified (floods, droughts, heatwaves, cold waves, wildfires, landslides and mudslides, and storms (cyclones, typhoons, monsoons, hurricanes), other, not specified) 4. Primary Outcomes ► Type of primary outcome (Diets, Nutrition, other, undisclosed) ► Type of primary outcome (free text) ► How was outcome assessed? (tool or measurement) ► Is the outcome tool or measurement validated? (Yes, No, Unclear) ► Outcome tool used validated how and when (free text) ► Name of outcome tool or measurement (free text) Definition of Question Components | Page 19 of 49 CGIAR 5. Other Notes (Free text) Consistency Checking A standardized data extraction form will be developed and pilot-tested on a subset studies (5%) by two independent reviewers. Extraction will be matched and assessed for agreement. If the inter-reviewer consistency is low, the consistency checking will be repeated using a further random subset of articles (5%), until a good inter-reviewer agreement is achieved. Type of Mapping The extracted meta-data will be made available in form of a table. The systematic map will provide information about the relation between the exposure and outcome, disaggregated by relevant population subgroups where data permits. This includes analyzing relationships across different parts of the value chain (e.g., producers, processors, distributors and retailers) and vulnerable population groups (e.g., youth, women and Indigenous Peoples). Furthermore, the investigated associations between the exposure and outcome will be mapped to identify knowledge gaps and give directions for the systematic review and meta- analysis. Especially articles that covered the combination of several outcomes will be of interest. Moreover, the type of study designs (e.g. cross-sectional, cohort) and study populations (e.g. youth, women, Indigenous Peoples) will be inspected. By means of evidence gap maps, upset plots and other descriptive illustrations the study findings will be presented. Narrative Synthesis Methods We will present the characteristics of included studies through descriptive statistics (e.g. percentages, frequencies) visualized in tables and/or figures. We will first categorize the studies based on type of exposure, then by outcome. Knowledge Gap Identification Strategy The systematic map will inform refinements to our scope, research questions, and inclusion criteria for the subsequent systematic review and meta-analysis. Demonstrating Procedural Independence No member of the research team has authored articles that may be retrieved by the search strategy detailed above. Competing Interests The authors do not have competing interests to declare. CGIAR Definition of Question Components | Page 20 of 49 Funding Information This systematic evidence map and review was funded by International Livestock Research Institute. Author’s Contributions BC, MM, CC developed the research topic and study design. BC drafted and revised the protocol. NH will assist as the second independent reviewer in the screening and data extraction process. BC provided supervision on this draft and will assist as a third independent reviewer should any conflicts in screening decisions arise. All authors read and approved the final protocol. References | Page 21 of 49 CGIAR References Bezner Kerr, R., T. Hasegawa, R. Lasco, I. Bhatt, D. Deryng, A. Farrell, H. Gurney-Smith, H. Ju, S. Lluch-Cota, F. Meza, G. Nelson, H. Neufeldt, and P. Thornton, 2022: Food, Fibre, and Other Ecosystem Products. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 713–906, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.007. GermanWatch (2025). Climate Risk Index - Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2018 and 1999 to 2018. GermanWatch. IPCC (2022). Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing and the Changing Structure of Communities, in: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Cambridge and New York. Khatri, P., Kumar, P., Shakya, K.S., Kirlas, M.C., Tiwari, K.K. (2024). Understanding the intertwined nature of rising multiple risks in modern agriculture and food system. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 26, 24107–24150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03638-7 Mbow, C., C. Rosenzweig, L.G. Barioni, T.G. Benton, M. Herrero, M. Krishnapillai, E. Liwenga, P. Pradhan, M.G. Rivera-Ferre, T. Sapkota, F.N. Tubiello, Y. Xu. (2019): Food Security. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.007 Mufungizi AA, Musakwa W, Chanza N. Shifting ecosystems, past, current, and emerging trends: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review of literature. Ecological Indicators. 2023;156:111175. Ranasinghe, R., Ruane, A. C., Vautard, R., Arnell, N., Coppola, E., Cruz, F. A., et al. (2021). Climate change information for regional impact and for risk assessment. In V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, et al. (Eds.), Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1767–1926). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.014 Reardon, T. (2015). The hidden middle: the quiet revolution in the midstream of agrifood value chains in developing countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 31(1), 45-63. Ruane AC, Vautard R, Ranasinghe R, Sillmann J, Coppola E, Arnell N, et al. The Climatic Impact-Driver Framework for Assessment of Risk-Relevant Climate Information. Earth's Future. 2022;10(11):e2022EF002803. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), World Health Organization (WHO), United States Agency for International Development Advancing Nutrition (USAID Advancing Nutrition). Multi-sectoral Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nutrition Outcomes: An Analytical Framework. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2022. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/357869/9789240041424-eng.pdf?sequence=1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03638-7 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.007 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.014 https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/357869/9789240041424-eng.pdf?sequence=1 CGIAR Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 22 of 49 Appendix I: Search Strategies Table 1. MEDLINE Search: January 12, 2026 Search # Search Terms Results 1 exp Human Activities/ and (ecosystem/ or exp ecology/ or environment/) 7147 2 exp climate change/ 40787 3 exp global warming/ 5454 4 exp weather/ 613980 5 exp climate/ 173346 6 exp disasters/ 119482 7 exp temperature/ 476013 8 exp floods/ 4914 9 exp droughts/ 15787 10 exp cyclonic storms/ 3384 11 exp landslides/ 347 12 exp wildfires/ 1969 13 exp greenhouse effect/ 6353 14 exp greenhouse gases/ 3877 15 exp ozone depletion/ 77 16 ((environment* or season*) adj2 (change* or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or impact* or vulnerab* or footprint* or extreme or exposure or expose*)).ab,ti. 171717 17 ((climate or climatic) adj2 (change? or changing or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or impact* or vulnerab* or function* or extreme or catastroph* or emergenc* or shift* or dynamic* or sensitiv* or sustainab*)).ab,ti. 18 ((hydrometeorolo* or atmosphere* or hydrologic* or ocean* or weather) adj2 (change* or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or extreme or exposure or expose* or phenomen*)).ab,ti. 10492 19 “extreme weather”.ab,ti. 3425 20 ("natural hazard" or "natural hazards" or "natural disaster" or "natural disasters").ab,ti. 7972 21 ((global or planet* or world or climat* or earth or worldwide or world-wide or "ambient air" or ocean*) adj2 (heating or warming or temperature*)).ab,ti. 28957 22 ((temperature or cold or heat or hot or “ambient air” or “relative humidity” or thermal) adj2 (increas* or extreme or elevate* or irregular or intense or reduc* or pattern* or global)).ab,ti. 101863 23 (ENSO or “el nino-southern oscillation” or “el nino” or “la nina”).ab,ti. 3117 24 (heatwave* or heat-wave* or “heat wave” or “heat waves”).ab,ti. 5274 25 (coldwave* or cold-wave* or “cold wave” or “cold waves”).ab,ti. 206 26 ((sea-level or “sea level”) adj2 (increas* or rise or rising or change or changing)).ab,ti. 2639 27 ((rain* or precipitation) adj2 (increas* or extreme or elevat* or irregular or intense or reduc* or pattern*)).ab,ti. 9602 28 flood*.ab,ti. 27880 29 "water stress".ab,ti. 6417 30 drought*.ab,ti. 41565 Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 23 of 49 CGIAR 31 cyclone*.ab,ti. 2826 32 hurricane*.ab,ti. 5132 33 typhoon*.ab,ti. 1149 34 storm*.ab,ti. 27232 35 monsoon*.ab,ti. 6224 36 ((tide or tidal or sea or ocean*) adj2 surge*).ab,ti. 173 37 ((ocean* or sea or marine) adj2 (ph or acidification or heating or warming or change* or varia* or extreme or expand or expansion)).ab,ti. 9109 38 windstorm* or “wind storm” or “wind storms”.ab,ti. 118 39 landslide* or “land-slide” or “land slide” or “land slides”.ab,ti. 1713 40 mudslide*.ab,ti. 78 41 (wildfire* or wild-fire* or “wild fire” or “wild fires”).ab,ti. 5191 42 ((fire or burnt or inferno or conflagration) adj2 (change* or variab* or extreme or expand or expansion or intense or elevate? or increas* or catastroph* or emergenc* or shift* or dynamic* or frequen*)).ab,ti. 2768 43 ("greenhouse effect" or “green-house effect” or “green house effect”).ab,ti. 1055 44 ("greenhouse gas" or “green-house gas” or “green house gas”).ab,ti. 15810 45 (("co2" or carbon or methane or ozone or “nitrous oxide”) adj2 (elevat* or emission* or rise or increas* or decreas* or reduc* or neutral or offset*)).ab,ti. 66229 46 ((global or planet* or world or earth or worldwide or world-wide) adj2 ("co2" or carbon or methane or ozone or “nitrous oxide”)).ab,ti. 5712 47 (emission* adj2 (elevat* or rise or increas* or decreas* or reduc* or offset*)).ab,ti. 22831 48 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 or 47 1296720 49 exp child labor/ 100 50 exp women, working/ 5736 51 exp Indigenous Peoples/ 31914 52 exp transients/ and migrants/ 15949 53 exp farmers/ 5317 54 exp small business/ 396 55 farmer*.ab,ti. 35992 56 (smallholder* or small?holder* or “small holder”).ab,ti. 3154 57 ((agricultur* or agrarian or farming or subsistence or poor or rural) adj2 (household* or communit* or population)).ab,ti. 39351 58 ("dependent on agriculture" or "depend on agriculture").ab,ti 59 59 ((food or agri*) adj2 (producer* or processor* or distributor* or worker* or trader* or vendor* or laborer* or labourer*)).ab,ti. 5170 60 ((micro or small or medium) adj2 (enterprise* or business* or vendor*)).ab,ti. 3150 61 ((factory or marginali?ed or temporary or migrant or wage or casual or seasonal or contract or informal or street or farm) adj2 worker* or vendor* or laborer* or labourer*).ab,ti. 8443 62 (MSME* or SME*).ab,ti. 103171 63 fish*.ab,ti. 320323 CGIAR Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 24 of 49 64 aquacultur*.ab,ti. 23629 65 rancher*.ab,ti. 313 66 pastoral*.ab,ti. 5611 67 "indigenous people" or “indigenous people” or “indigenous community” or “indigenous communities”.ab,ti. 8815 68 "native people".ab,ti. 786 69 tribal.ab,ti. 6385 70 ("low income" or low?income).ab,ti. 55056 71 "low class".ab,ti. 289 72 "informal food".ab,ti. 62 73 campesino*.ab,ti. 43 74 peasant*.ab,ti. 1256 75 (women or woman).ab,ti. 1545992 76 (adolescent* or youth or “young adult” or “young adults”).ab,ti. 542318 77 ("child labor" or "child labour").ab,ti. 669 78 49 or 50 or 51 or 52 or 53 or 54 or 55 or 56 or 57 or 58 or 59 or 60 or 61 or 62 or 63 or 64 or 65 or 66 or 67 or 68 or 69 or 70 or 71 or 72 or 73 or 74 or 75 or 76 or 77 2621446 79 exp anthropometry/ 593654 80 exp nutritional status/ 60418 81 exp malnutrition/ 143105 82 exp hunger/ 17649 83 exp food security/ 1308 84 exp micronutrients/ 778258 85 exp nutrition assessment/ 19883 86 exp nutrition surveys/ 42489 87 exp diet/ 361383 88 exp energy intake/ 54163 89 exp food aid/ 2296 90 ("body mass index" or "BMI").ab,ti. 382199 91 anthropometr*.ab,ti. 79699 92 ((diet* or food or micronutrient* or macronutrient* or energy) adj2 (divers* or quality or intake or consumption or evaluat* or assess*)).ab,ti. 220289 93 (nutrition adj2 (evaluat* or assess* or indices or index or evaluation* or surveillance or survey* or status or state*)).ab,ti. 42160 94 (hunger or hungry or "household hunger score").ab,ti. 16067 95 famine.ab,ti. 2938 96 ("water insecurity" or "water insecure" or "water security" or "water secure" or "water scarcity" or "water access" or "access to water" or "water adequacy").ab,ti. 6977 97 ("food insecurity" or "food insecure" or "food security" or "food secure").ab,ti. 26719 98 "food consumption score".ab,ti. 100 99 ((insufficient or poor) adj2 (intake or consumption))ab,ti. 4005 Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 25 of 49 CGIAR 100 ("food affordability" or “food availability” or “foods available” or "food expenditure" or "expenditure on food").ab,ti. 6300 101 ("food access*" or "market access" or "access to market" or "time to market").ab,ti. 3283 102 ("food aid" or "food assistance" or "cash transfer" or "food voucher" or "cash voucher" or "take-home ration" or "in-kind transfer").ab,ti. 2243 103 (goiter* or goitre*).ab,ti. 21615 104 "amino acid starvation".ab,ti. 1376 105 "protein malnutrition".ab,ti. 1615 106 "protein starvation".ab,ti. 75 107 "severe acute malnutrition".ab,ti. 1340 108 "SAM".ab,ti. 18039 109 "moderate acute malnutrition".ab,ti. 266 110 "MAM".ab,ti. 3092 111 malnourish*.ab,ti. 13771 112 malnutrition.ab,ti. 57218 113 marasmus.ab,ti. 766 114 ((nutrition* or micronutrient* or “trace element” or vitamin or iodine or protein or niacin or zinc or thiamine or iron) adj2 (deficienc* or deficit* or deprivation)).ab,ti. 94656 115 (under adj2 (feeding or nourish* or nutrition or weight)).ab,ti. 6120 116 "pellagra*".ab,ti. 1269 117 79 or 80 or 81 or 82 or 83 or 84 or 85 or 86 or 87 or 88 or 89 or 90 or 91 or 92 or 93 or 94 or 95 or 96 or 97 or 98 or 99 or 100 or 101 or 102 or 103 or 104 or 105 or 106 or 107 or 108 or 109 or 110 or 111 or 112 or 113 or 114 or 115 or 116 118 exp developing countries/ 84904 119 (afghan* or africa* or albania* or algeria* or angola* or antigua* or barbuda* or argentin* or armenia* or aruba* or azerbaijan* or asia* or bahrain* or bangladesh* or bengal* or bangal* or barbados* or barbadian* or bajan or bajans or belarus* or belorus* or byelarus* or byelorus* or belize* or benin* or dahomey or bhutan* or bolivia* or bosnia* or herzegovin* or botswan* or batswan* or bechuanaland* or brazil* or brasil* or bulgaria* or burkina* or burkinese* or “upper volta” or burundi* or urundi* or “cabo verde” or “cape verde” or cambodia* or kampuchea* or khmer* or cameroon* or cameroun* or “ubangi shari” or chad* or chile* or china* or chinese or colombia* or comoro* or comore* or comorian* or mayotte* or congo* or zaire* or “costa rica" or "costa rican" or "cote d'ivoir" or "cote d'ivoir" or “cote divoir” or “cote d ivoir” or “ivory coast” or ivorian* or croatia* or cuba or cuban or cubans or "cuba's" or cyprus* or cypriot* or czech* or djibouti* or “french somaliland” or dominica* or ecuador* or egypt* or “united arab republic” or “el salvador” or salvadoran* or guinea* or equatoguinea* or eritrea* or estonia* or eswatini* or swaziland* or swazi* or swati* or ethiopia* or fiji* or gabon* or gabonese* or gabonaise* or gambia* or georgia* or ghana* or gibraltar* or greece* or greek* or grecian* or grenada* or grenadian* or guam* or guatemala* or guyana* or guiana* or guyanese* or haiti* or hispaniola* or hondura* or hungary* or hungarian* or india* or indonesia* or iran* or iraq* or “isle of man” or jamaica* or jordan* or kazakh* or kenya* or karabati* or korea* or kosovo* or kosova* or kyrgyz* or kirgiz* or kirghiz* or laos or lao or laotian* or latvia* or lebanon* or lebanese* or lesotho* or lesothan* or lesothonian* or basutoland* or mosotho* or basotho* or liberia* or libya* or jamahiriya* or lithuania* or macedonia* or madagasca* or malagasy* or malawi* or nyasaland* or malaysia* or malay* “federation or maldives” or maldivian* or “indian ocean” or mali or malian* or "mali's" or malta or maltese* or "malta's" or micronesia* or marshallese* or kiribati* or “marshall island” or nauru or nauran or nauruans or "naurian's" or 12856145 CGIAR Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 26 of 49 mariana or marianas or palau or paluan* or tuvalu* or mauritania* or mauritan* or mauritius* or mexico* or mexican* or moldova* or moldovia* or mongol* or montenegr* or morocco* or moroccan* or ifni or mozambique* or mozambican* or myanmar* or burma* or burmese or namibia* or nepal* or “new caledonia” or “netherlands antilles” or “lesser antilles” or nicaragua* or niger* or oman* or omani or omanis or "oman's" or pakistan* or palestin* or gaza* or “west bank” or panama* or paraguay* or peru or peruvian* or "peru's" or philippine* or philipine* or phillipine* or phillippine* or filipino* or filipina* or poland* or polish or pole or poles or portugal* or portuguese or “puerto rico” or romania* or russia* or ussr* or soviet* or rwanda* or rwandese or ruanda* or ruandese or samoa* or “navigator island” or “pacific islands” or polynesia* or "sao tome and principe" or “sao tomean” or santomean* or “saudi arabia” or saudi or saudis or senegal* or serbia* or seychell* or “sierra leone” or slovak* or sloven* or melanesia* or “solomon island” or “norfolk island” or somali* or “sri lanka” or ceylon* or "saint kitts and nevis" or "st kitts and nevis" or kittian* or nevisian* or “saint lucia” or “st lucia” or “saint vincent” or “st vincent” or vincentian* or grenadine* or sudan* or surinam* or syria* or tajik* or tadjik* or tadzhik* or tanzania* or tanganyika* or thai* or “timor leste” or “east timor” or timorese* or togo* or togoles* or "togo's" or tonga* or trinidad* or tobago* or tunisia* or turkiy* or turkey* or turk or turks or turkish or turkmen* or uganda* or ukrain* or uruguay* or uzbek* or vanuatu* or “new hebrides” or venezuela* or vietnam* or “viet nam” or yemen* or yugoslav* or zambia* or zimbabwe* or rhodesia* or arab* or "middle east" or "global south" or sahara* or subsahara* or magreb* or maghrib* or "west indies" or caribbean* or "central america" or "latin america" or "south america" or "central asia" or "north asia" or "northern asia" or "southeastern asia" or "south eastern asia" or "southeast asia" or "south east asia" or "west asia" or "western asia" or "east europe" or "eastern europe" or "developing country" or "developing nation" or "developing population" or "developing world" or "less developed country" or "less developed nation" or "less developed world" or "lesser developed country" or "lesser developed nation" or "lesser developed world" or "under developed country" or "under developed nation" or "under developed world" or "underdeveloped country" or "underdeveloped nation" or "underdeveloped world" or "middle income country" or "middle income nation" or "middle income population" or "low income country" or "low income nation" or "low income population" or "lower income country" or "lower income nation" or "lower income population" or "underserved country" or "underserved nation" or "underserved population" or "under served population" or "under served nation" or "under served population" or "deprived country" or "deprived population" or "high burden country" or "high burden nation" or "countdown country" or "countdown nation" or "poor country" or "poor nation" or "poor population" or "poor world" or "poorer country" or "poorer nation" or "poorer population" or "poorer world" or "developing economy" or "less developed economy" or "underdeveloped economy" or "under developed economy" or "middle income economy" or "low income economy" or "lower income economy" or "low gdp" or "low gnp" or "low gross domestic" or "low gross national" or "lower gdp" or "lower gnp" or "lower gross domestic" or "lower gross national" or lmic or lmics or "third world" or "lami country" or "transitional country" or "emerging economy" or "emerging nation").ab,ti,in,cp. 120 118 or 119 12880699 121 exp epidemiologic studies/ 3570799 122 exp observational study/ 187194 123 exp cross-sectional studies/ 567128 124 exp cohort studies/ 2821402 125 exp longitudinal studies/ 191660 126 exp prospective studies/ 734024 127 exp risk assessment/ 341120 128 exp environmental exposure/ 390605 129 exp qualitative research/ 114075 130 exp interview/ 31680 Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 27 of 49 CGIAR 131 observational.ab,ti. 343958 132 epidemiological.ab,ti. 243136 133 (“cross-sectional” or “cross sectional”).ab,ti. 665628 134 cohort*.ab,ti. 1111534 135 longitudinal.ab,ti. 394909 136 prospective.ab,ti. 841217 137 retrospective.ab,ti. 956782 138 (“case-control” or “case control”).ab,ti. 177055 139 exposure*.ab,ti. 1214416 140 impact*.ab,ti. 2087323 141 effect*.ab,ti. 9662413 142 association*.ab,ti. 2030120 143 risk*.ab,ti. 3493586 144 surveillance.ab,ti. 279553 145 ("mixed-method" or "mixed-methods" or "mixed method" or "mixed methods").ab,ti. 60983 146 survey*.ab, ti 813125 147 quantitative.ab,ti 875164 148 qualitative.ab,ti 402110 149 interview* or “focus group” or “focus groups” or ethnograph* or “case report” or “case reports” or “case series” or cluster* or “panel-study” or “field observation” or phenomenology* or “grounded theory” or “participant observation” or “discussion group” or questionnaire*).ab,ti 586690 150 121 or 122 or 123 or 124 or 125 or 126 or 127 or 128 or 129 or 130 or 131 or 132 or 133 or 134 or 135 or 136 or 137 or 138 or 139 or 140 or 141 or 142 or 143 or 144 or 145 or 146 or 147 or 148 or 149 17623392 151 48 or 78 or 117 or 120 and 150 4701 152 limit 151 to yr="2000 -Current" 4387 Table 2. Web of Science Search: January 12, 2026 Search # Search Terms Results 1 (TI=(((environment* or season*) NEAR/2 (change* or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or impact* or vulnerab* or footprint* or extreme or exposure or expose*)))) OR AB=(((environment* or season*) NEAR/2 (change* or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or impact* or vulnerab* or footprint* or extreme or exposure or expose*))) 658581 2 (TI=(((climate or climatic) NEAR/2 (change$ or changing or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or impact* or vulnerab* or function* or extreme or catastroph* or emergenc* or shift* or dynamic* or sensitiv* or sustainab*)))) OR AB=(((climate or climatic) NEAR/2 (change$ or changing or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or 499910 CGIAR Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 28 of 49 impact* or vulnerab* or function* or extreme or catastroph* or emergenc* or shift* or dynamic* or sensitiv* or sustainab*))) 3 (TI=(((hydrometeorolo* or atmosphere* or hydrologic* or ocean* or weather) NEAR/2 (change* or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or extreme or exposure or expose* or phenomen*)))) OR AB=(((hydrometeorolo* or atmosphere* or hydrologic* or ocean* or weather) NEAR/2 (change* or varia* or disrupt* or hazard* or extreme or exposure or expose* or phenomen*))) 91376 4 (TI=(((global or planet* or world or climat* or earth or worldwide or world-wide or "ambient air" or ocean*) NEAR/2 (heating or warming or temperature*)))) OR AB=(((global or planet* or world or climat* or earth or worldwide or world- wide or "ambient air" or ocean*) NEAR/2 (heating or warming or temperature*))) 173928 5 (TI=(((temperature or cold or heat or hot or “ambient air” or “relative humidity” or thermal) NEAR/2 (increas* or extreme or elevate* or irregular or intense or reduc* or pattern* or global)))) OR AB=(((temperature or cold or heat or hot or “ambient air” or “relative humidity” or thermal) NEAR/2 (increas* or extreme or elevate* or irregular or intense or reduc* or pattern* or global))) 800242 6 (TI=(((sea-level or “sea level”) NEAR/2 (increas* or rise or rising or change or changing)))) OR AB=(((sea-level or “sea level”) NEAR/2 (increas* or rise or rising or change or changing))) 35451 7 (TI=(((rain* or precipitation) NEAR/2 (increas* or extreme or elevat* or irregular or intense or reduc* or pattern*)))) OR AB=(((rain* or precipitation) NEAR/2 (increas* or extreme or elevat* or irregular or intense or reduc* or pattern*))) 85149 8 (TI=(((tide or tidal or sea or ocean*) NEAR/2 surge*))) OR AB=(((tide or tidal or sea or ocean*) NEAR/2 surge*)) 2091 9 (TI=(((ocean* or sea or marine) NEAR/2 (ph or acidification or heating or warming or change* or varia* or extreme or expand or expansion)))) OR AB=(((ocean* or sea or marine) NEAR/2 (ph or acidification or heating or warming or change* or varia* or extreme or expand or expansion))) 81644 10 (TI=(((fire or burnt or inferno or conflagration) NEAR/2 (change* or variab* or extreme or expand or expansion or intense or elevate$ or increas* or catastroph* or emergenc* or shift* or dynamic* or frequen*)))) OR AB=(((fire or burnt or inferno or conflagration) NEAR/2 (change* or variab* or extreme or expand or expansion or intense or elevate$ or increas* or catastroph* or emergenc* or shift* or dynamic* or frequen*))) 50611 11 (TI=((("co2" or carbon or methane or ozone or “nitrous oxide”) NEAR/2 (elevat* or emission* or rise or increas* or decreas* or reduc* or neutral or offset*)))) OR AB=((("co2" or carbon or methane or ozone or “nitrous oxide”) NEAR/2 (elevat* or emission* or rise or increas* or decreas* or reduc* or neutral or offset*))) 373343 12 (TI=(((global or planet* or world or earth or worldwide or world-wide) NEAR/2 ("co2" or carbon or methane or ozone or “nitrous oxide”)))) OR AB=(((global or planet* or world or earth or worldwide or world-wide) NEAR/2 ("co2" or carbon or methane or ozone or “nitrous oxide”))) 35352 13 (TI=((emission* NEAR/2 (elevat* or rise or increas* or decreas* or reduc* or offset*)))) OR AB=((emission* NEAR/2 (elevat* or rise or increas* or decreas* or reduc* or offset*))) 191548 14 (TI=("extreme weather" OR "natural hazard" OR "natural hazards" OR "natural disaster" OR "natural disasters" OR ENSO OR "el nino-southern oscillation" OR "el nino" OR "la nina" OR heatwave* OR "heat-wave" OR "heat-waves" OR "heat wave" OR "heat waves" OR coldwave* OR "cold-wave" OR "cold- waves" OR "cold wave" OR "cold waves" OR flood* OR "water stress" OR drought* OR cyclone* OR hurricane* OR typhoon* OR storm* OR monsoon* OR windstorm* OR landslide* OR "land-slide" OR "land slide" OR "land slides" OR mudslide* OR wildfire* OR wild-fire* OR "wild fire" OR "wild fires" OR "greenhouse effect" OR "green-house effect" OR "green house gas" OR "greenhouse gas" OR "green-house gas")) OR AB=(("extreme weather" OR "natural hazard" OR "natural hazards" OR "natural disaster" OR "natural disasters" OR ENSO OR "el nino-southern oscillation" OR "el nino" OR "la 802578 Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 29 of 49 CGIAR nina" OR heatwave* OR "heat-wave" OR "heat-waves" OR "heat wave" OR "heat waves" OR coldwave* OR "cold-wave" OR "cold-waves" OR "cold wave" OR "cold waves" OR flood* OR "water stress" OR drought* OR cyclone* OR hurricane* OR typhoon* OR storm* OR monsoon* OR windstorm* OR landslide* OR "land-slide" OR "land slide" OR "land slides" OR mudslide* OR wildfire* OR wild-fire* OR "wild fire" OR "wild fires" OR "greenhouse effect" OR "green-house effect" OR "green house gas" OR "greenhouse gas" OR "green- house gas")) 15 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 2982670 16 (TI=(((agricultur* or agrarian or farming or subsistence or poor or rural) NEAR/2 (household* or communit* or population)))) OR AB=(((agricultur* or agrarian or farming or subsistence or poor or rural) NEAR/2 (household* or communit* or population))) 115667 17 (TI=(((food or agri*) NEAR/2 (producer* or processor* or distributor* or worker* or trader* or vendor* or laborer* or labourer*)))) OR AB=(((food or agri*) NEAR/2 (producer* or processor* or distributor* or worker* or trader* or vendor* or laborer* or labourer*))) 14429 18 (TI=(((micro or small or medium) NEAR/2 (enterprise* or business* or vendor*)))) OR AB=(((micro or small or medium) NEAR/2 (enterprise* or business* or vendor*))) 59770 19 (TI=(((factory or marginali$ed or temporary or migrant or wage or casual or seasonal or contract or informal or street or farm) NEAR/2 (worker* or vendor* or laborer* or labourer*)))) OR AB=(((factory or marginali$ed or temporary or migrant or wage or casual or seasonal or contract or informal or street or farm) NEAR/2 (worker* or vendor* or laborer* or labourer*))) 28195 20 (TI=((farmer* OR smallholder* OR "small-holder" OR "small-holders" OR "small holder" OR "small holders" OR "dependent on agriculture" OR "depend on agriculture" OR MSME* OR SME* OR fish* OR aquacultur* OR rancher* OR pastoral* OR "indigenous people" OR "indigenous peoples" OR "indigenous community" OR "indigenous communities" OR "native people" OR tribal OR "low income" OR low$income OR "low class" OR "informal food" OR campesino* OR peasant* OR women OR woman OR adolescent* OR youth OR "young adult" OR "young adults" OR "child labor" OR "child labour"))) OR AB=((farmer* OR smallholder* OR "small-holder" OR "small-holders" OR "small holder" OR "small holders" OR "dependent on agriculture" OR "depend on agriculture" OR MSME* OR SME* OR fish* OR aquacultur* OR rancher* OR pastoral* OR "indigenous people" OR "indigenous peoples" OR "indigenous community" OR "indigenous communities" OR "native people" OR tribal OR "low income" OR low$income OR "low class" OR "informal food" OR campesino* OR peasant* OR women OR woman OR adolescent* OR youth OR "young adult" OR "young adults" OR "child labor" OR "child labour")) 3925325 21 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 4070737 22 (TI=(((diet* or food or micronutrient* or macronutrient* or energy) NEAR/2 (divers* or quality or intake or consumption or evaluat* or assess*)))) OR AB=(((diet* or food or micronutrient* or macronutrient* or energy) NEAR/2 (divers* or quality or intake or consumption or evaluat* or assess*))) 627102 23 (TI=((nutrition NEAR/2 (evaluat* or assess* or indices or index or evaluation* or surveillance or survey* or status or state*)))) OR AB=((nutrition NEAR/2 (evaluat* or assess* or indices or index or evaluation* or surveillance or survey* or status or state*))) 49634 24 (TI=((insufficient or poor) NEAR/2 (intake or consumption))) OR AB=((insufficient or poor) NEAR/2 (intake or consumption)) 6303 25 (TI=(((nutrition* or micronutrient* or “trace element” or vitamin or iodine or protein or niacin or zinc or vitamin or thiamine or iron) NEAR/2 (deficienc* or deficit* or deprivation)))) OR AB=(((nutrition* or micronutrient* or “trace element” or vitamin or iodine or protein or niacin or zinc or vitamin or thiamine or iron) NEAR/2 (deficienc* or deficit* or deprivation))) 112814 26 (TI=((under NEAR/2 (feeding or nourish* or nutrition or weight)))) OR AB=((under NEAR/2 (feeding or nourish* or nutrition or weight))) 28102 CGIAR Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 30 of 49 27 (TI=(("body mass index" OR "BMI" OR anthropometr* OR hunger OR hungry OR "household hunger score" OR famine OR "water insecurity" OR "water insecure" OR "water security" OR "water secure" OR "water scarcity" OR "water access" OR "access to water" OR "water adequacy" OR "food insecurity" OR "food insecure" OR "food security" OR "food secure" OR "food consumption score" OR "food affordability" OR "food availability" OR "foods available" OR "food expenditure" OR "expenditure on food" OR "food access*" OR "market access" OR "access to market" OR "time to market" OR "food aid" OR "food assistance" OR "cash transfer" OR "food voucher" OR "cash voucher" OR "take-home ration" OR "in-kind transfer" OR goiter* OR goitre* OR "amino acid starvation" OR "protein malnutrition" OR "protein starvation" OR "severe acute malnutrition" OR "SAM" OR "moderate acute malnutrition" OR "MAM" OR malnourish* OR malnutrition OR marasmus OR "pellagra*"))) OR AB=(("body mass index" OR "BMI" OR anthropometr* OR hunger OR hungry OR "household hunger score" OR famine OR "water insecurity" OR "water insecure" OR "water security" OR "water secure" OR "water scarcity" OR "water access" OR "access to water" OR "water adequacy" OR "food insecurity" OR "food insecure" OR "food security" OR "food secure" OR "food consumption score" OR "food affordability" OR "food availability" OR "foods available" OR "food expenditure" OR "expenditure on food" OR "food access*" OR "market access" OR "access to market" OR "time to market" OR "food aid" OR "food assistance" OR "cash transfer" OR "food voucher" OR "cash voucher" OR "take-home ration" OR "in-kind transfer" OR goiter* OR goitre* OR "amino acid starvation" OR "protein malnutrition" OR "protein starvation" OR "severe acute malnutrition" OR "SAM" OR "moderate acute malnutrition" OR "MAM" OR malnourish* OR malnutrition OR marasmus OR "pellagra*")) 744962 28 23 or 24 or 26 or 27 1468600 29 ((TI=((afghan* or africa* or albania* or algeria* or angola* or antigua* or barbuda* or argentin* or armenia* or aruba* or azerbaijan* or asia* or bahrain* or bangladesh* or bengal* or bangal* or barbados* or barbadian* or bajan or bajans or belarus* or belorus* or byelarus* or byelorus* or belize* or benin* or dahomey or bhutan* or bolivia* or bosnia* or herzegovin* or botswan* or batswan* or bechuanaland* or brazil* or brasil* or bulgaria* or burkina* or burkinese* or “upper volta” or burundi* or urundi* or “cabo verde” or “cape verde” or cambodia* or kampuchea* or khmer* or cameroon* or cameroun* or “ubangi shari” or chad* or chile* or china* or chinese or colombia* or comoro* or comore* or comorian* or mayotte* or congo* or zaire* or “costa rica" or "costa rican" or "cote d'ivoir" or "cote d'ivoir" or “cote divoir” or “cote d ivoir” or “ivory coast” or ivorian* or croatia* or cuba or cuban or cubans or "cuba's" or cyprus* or cypriot* or czech* or djibouti* or “french somaliland” or dominica* or ecuador* or egypt* or “united arab republic” or “el salvador” or salvadoran* or guinea* or equatoguinea* or eritrea* or estonia* or eswatini* or swaziland* or swazi* or swati* or ethiopia* or fiji* or gabon* or gabonese* or gabonaise* or gambia* or georgia* or ghana* or gibraltar* or greece* or greek* or grecian* or grenada* or grenadian* or guam* or guatemala* or guyana* or guiana* or guyanese* or haiti* or hispaniola* or hondura* or hungary* or hungarian* or india* or indonesia* or iran* or iraq* or “isle of man” or jamaica* or jordan* or kazakh* or kenya* or karabati* or korea* or kosovo* or kosova* or kyrgyz* or kirgiz* or kirghiz* or laos or lao or laotian* or latvia* or lebanon* or lebanese* or lesotho* or lesothan* or lesothonian* or basutoland* or mosotho* or basotho* or liberia* or libya* or jamahiriya* or lithuania* or macedonia* or madagasca* or malagasy* or malawi* or nyasaland* or malaysia* or malay* “federation or maldives” or maldivian* or “indian ocean” or mali or malian* or "mali's" or malta or maltese* or "malta's" or micronesia* or marshallese* or kiribati* or “marshall island” or nauru or nauran or nauruans or "naurian's" or mariana or marianas or palau or paluan* or tuvalu* or mauritania* or mauritan* or mauritius* or mexico* or mexican* or moldova* or moldovia* or mongol* or montenegr* or morocco* or moroccan* or ifni or mozambique* or mozambican* or myanmar* or burma* or burmese or namibia* or nepal* or “new caledonia” or “netherlands antilles” or “lesser antilles” or nicaragua* or niger* or oman* or omani or omanis or "oman's" or pakistan* or palestin* or gaza* or “west bank” or panama* or paraguay* or peru or peruvian* or "peru's" or philippine* or philipine* or phillipine* or phillippine* or filipino* or filipina* or poland* or polish or pole or poles or portugal* or portuguese or “puerto rico” or romania* or russia* or ussr* or soviet* or rwanda* or rwandese or ruanda* or ruandese or samoa* or “navigator island” or “pacific islands” or polynesia* or 5966104 Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 31 of 49 CGIAR "sao tome and principe" or “sao tomean” or santomean* or “saudi arabia” or saudi or saudis or senegal* or serbia* or seychell* or “sierra leone” or slovak* or sloven* or melanesia* or “solomon island” or “norfolk island” or somali* or “sri lanka” or ceylon* or "saint kitts and nevis" or "st kitts and nevis" or kittian* or nevisian* or “saint lucia” or “st lucia” or “saint vincent” or “st vincent” or vincentian* or grenadine* or sudan* or surinam* or syria* or tajik* or tadjik* or tadzhik* or tanzania* or tanganyika* or thai* or “timor leste” or “east timor” or timorese* or togo* or togoles* or "togo's" or tonga* or trinidad* or tobago* or tunisia* or turkiy* or turkey* or turk or turks or turkish or turkmen* or uganda* or ukrain* or uruguay* or uzbek* or vanuatu* or “new hebrides” or venezuela* or vietnam* or “viet nam” or yemen* or yugoslav* or zambia* or zimbabwe* or rhodesia* or arab* or "middle east" or "global south" or sahara* or subsahara* or magreb* or maghrib* or "west indies" or caribbean* or "central america" or "latin america" or "south america" or "central asia" or "north asia" or "northern asia" or "southeastern asia" or "south eastern asia" or "southeast asia" or "south east asia" or "west asia" or "western asia" or "east europe" or "eastern europe" or "developing country" or "developing nation" or "developing population" or "developing world" or "less developed country" or "less developed nation" or "less developed world" or "lesser developed country" or "lesser developed nation" or "lesser developed world" or "under developed country" or "under developed nation" or "under developed world" or "underdeveloped country" or "underdeveloped nation" or "underdeveloped world" or "middle income country" or "middle income nation" or "middle income population" or "low income country" or "low income nation" or "low income population" or "lower income country" or "lower income nation" or "lower income population" or "underserved country" or "underserved nation" or "underserved population" or "under served population" or "under served nation" or "under served population" or "deprived country" or "deprived population" or "high burden country" or "high burden nation" or "countdown country" or "countdown nation" or "poor country" or "poor nation" or "poor population" or "poor world" or "poorer country" or "poorer nation" or "poorer population" or "poorer world" or "developing economy" or "less developed economy" or "underdeveloped economy" or "under developed economy" or "middle income economy" or "low income economy" or "lower income economy" or "low gdp" or "low gnp" or "low gross domestic" or "low gross national" or "lower gdp" or "lower gnp" or "lower gross domestic" or "lower gross national" or lmic or lmics or "third world" or "lami country" or "transitional country" or "emerging economy" or "emerging nation"))) OR AB=((afghan* or africa* or albania* or algeria* or angola* or antigua* or barbuda* or argentin* or armenia* or aruba* or azerbaijan* or asia* or bahrain* or bangladesh* or bengal* or bangal* or barbados* or barbadian* or bajan or bajans or belarus* or belorus* or byelarus* or byelorus* or belize* or benin* or dahomey or bhutan* or bolivia* or bosnia* or herzegovin* or botswan* or batswan* or bechuanaland* or brazil* or brasil* or bulgaria* or burkina* or burkinese* or “upper volta” or burundi* or urundi* or “cabo verde” or “cape verde” or cambodia* or kampuchea* or khmer* or cameroon* or cameroun* or “ubangi shari” or chad* or chile* or china* or chinese or colombia* or comoro* or comore* or comorian* or mayotte* or congo* or zaire* or “costa rica" or "costa rican" or "cote d'ivoir" or "cote d'ivoir" or “cote divoir” or “cote d ivoir” or “ivory coast” or ivorian* or croatia* or cuba or cuban or cubans or "cuba's" or cyprus* or cypriot* or czech* or djibouti* or “french somaliland” or dominica* or ecuador* or egypt* or “united arab republic” or “el salvador” or salvadoran* or guinea* or equatoguinea* or eritrea* or estonia* or eswatini* or swaziland* or swazi* or swati* or ethiopia* or fiji* or gabon* or gabonese* or gabonaise* or gambia* or georgia* or ghana* or gibraltar* or greece* or greek* or grecian* or grenada* or grenadian* or guam* or guatemala* or guyana* or guiana* or guyanese* or haiti* or hispaniola* or hondura* or hungary* or hungarian* or india* or indonesia* or iran* or iraq* or “isle of man” or jamaica* or jordan* or kazakh* or kenya* or karabati* or korea* or kosovo* or kosova* or kyrgyz* or kirgiz* or kirghiz* or laos or lao or laotian* or latvia* or lebanon* or lebanese* or lesotho* or lesothan* or lesothonian* or basutoland* or mosotho* or basotho* or liberia* or libya* or jamahiriya* or lithuania* or macedonia* or madagasca* or malagasy* or malawi* or nyasaland* or malaysia* or malay* “federation or maldives” or maldivian* or “indian ocean” or mali or malian* or "mali's" or malta or maltese* or "malta's" or micronesia* or marshallese* or kiribati* or “marshall island” or nauru or nauran or nauruans or "naurian's" or mariana or marianas or palau or paluan* or tuvalu* or mauritania* or mauritan* CGIAR Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 32 of 49 or mauritius* or mexico* or mexican* or moldova* or moldovia* or mongol* or montenegr* or morocco* or moroccan* or ifni or mozambique* or mozambican* or myanmar* or burma* or burmese or namibia* or nepal* or “new caledonia” or “netherlands antilles” or “lesser antilles” or nicaragua* or niger* or oman* or omani or omanis or "oman's" or pakistan* or palestin* or gaza* or “west bank” or panama* or paraguay* or peru or peruvian* or "peru's" or philippine* or philipine* or phillipine* or phillippine* or filipino* or filipina* or poland* or polish or pole or poles or portugal* or portuguese or “puerto rico” or romania* or russia* or ussr* or soviet* or rwanda* or rwandese or ruanda* or ruandese or samoa* or “navigator island” or “pacific islands” or polynesia* or "sao tome and principe" or “sao tomean” or santomean* or “saudi arabia” or saudi or saudis or senegal* or serbia* or seychell* or “sierra leone” or slovak* or sloven* or melanesia* or “solomon island” or “norfolk island” or somali* or “sri lanka” or ceylon* or "saint kitts and nevis" or "st kitts and nevis" or kittian* or nevisian* or “saint lucia” or “st lucia” or “saint vincent” or “st vincent” or vincentian* or grenadine* or sudan* or surinam* or syria* or tajik* or tadjik* or tadzhik* or tanzania* or tanganyika* or thai* or “timor leste” or “east timor” or timorese* or togo* or togoles* or "togo's" or tonga* or trinidad* or tobago* or tunisia* or turkiy* or turkey* or turk or turks or turkish or turkmen* or uganda* or ukrain* or uruguay* or uzbek* or vanuatu* or “new hebrides” or venezuela* or vietnam* or “viet nam” or yemen* or yugoslav* or zambia* or zimbabwe* or rhodesia* or arab* or "middle east" or "global south" or sahara* or subsahara* or magreb* or maghrib* or "west indies" or caribbean* or "central america" or "latin america" or "south america" or "central asia" or "north asia" or "northern asia" or "southeastern asia" or "south eastern asia" or "southeast asia" or "south east asia" or "west asia" or "western asia" or "east europe" or "eastern europe" or "developing country" or "developing nation" or "developing population" or "developing world" or "less developed country" or "less developed nation" or "less developed world" or "lesser developed country" or "lesser developed nation" or "lesser developed world" or "under developed country" or "under developed nation" or "under developed world" or "underdeveloped country" or "underdeveloped nation" or "underdeveloped world" or "middle income country" or "middle income nation" or "middle income population" or "low income country" or "low income nation" or "low income population" or "lower income country" or "lower income nation" or "lower income population" or "underserved country" or "underserved nation" or "underserved population" or "under served population" or "under served nation" or "under served population" or "deprived country" or "deprived population" or "high burden country" or "high burden nation" or "countdown country" or "countdown nation" or "poor country" or "poor nation" or "poor population" or "poor world" or "poorer country" or "poorer nation" or "poorer population" or "poorer world" or "developing economy" or "less developed economy" or "underdeveloped economy" or "under developed economy" or "middle income economy" or "low income economy" or "lower income economy" or "low gdp" or "low gnp" or "low gross domestic" or "low gross national" or "lower gdp" or "lower gnp" or "lower gross domestic" or "lower gross national" or lmic or lmics or "third world" or "lami country" or "transitional country" or "emerging economy" or "emerging nation"))) AND AD=((afghan* or africa* or albania* or algeria* or angola* or antigua* or barbuda* or argentin* or armenia* or aruba* or azerbaijan* or asia* or bahrain* or bangladesh* or bengal* or bangal* or barbados* or barbadian* or bajan or bajans or belarus* or belorus* or byelarus* or byelorus* or belize* or benin* or dahomey or bhutan* or bolivia* or bosnia* or herzegovin* or botswan* or batswan* or bechuanaland* or brazil* or brasil* or bulgaria* or burkina* or burkinese* or “upper volta” or burundi* or urundi* or “cabo verde” or “cape verde” or cambodia* or kampuchea* or khmer* or cameroon* or cameroun* or “ubangi shari” or chad* or chile* or china* or chinese or colombia* or comoro* or comore* or comorian* or mayotte* or congo* or zaire* or “costa rica" or "costa rican" or "cote d'ivoir" or "cote d'ivoir" or “cote divoir” or “cote d ivoir” or “ivory coast” or ivorian* or croatia* or cuba or cuban or cubans or "cuba's" or cyprus* or cypriot* or czech* or djibouti* or “french somaliland” or dominica* or ecuador* or egypt* or “united arab republic” or “el salvador” or salvadoran* or guinea* or equatoguinea* or eritrea* or estonia* or eswatini* or swaziland* or swazi* or swati* or ethiopia* or fiji* or gabon* or gabonese* or gabonaise* or gambia* or georgia* or ghana* or gibraltar* or greece* or greek* or grecian* or grenada* or grenadian* or guam* or guatemala* or guyana* or guiana* or guyanese* or haiti* or hispaniola* or hondura* or hungary* or hungarian* or Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 33 of 49 CGIAR india* or indonesia* or iran* or iraq* or “isle of man” or jamaica* or jordan* or kazakh* or kenya* or karabati* or korea* or kosovo* or kosova* or kyrgyz* or kirgiz* or kirghiz* or laos or lao or laotian* or latvia* or lebanon* or lebanese* or lesotho* or lesothan* or lesothonian* or basutoland* or mosotho* or basotho* or liberia* or libya* or jamahiriya* or lithuania* or macedonia* or madagasca* or malagasy* or malawi* or nyasaland* or malaysia* or malay* “federation or maldives” or maldivian* or “indian ocean” or mali or malian* or "mali's" or malta or maltese* or "malta's" or micronesia* or marshallese* or kiribati* or “marshall island” or nauru or nauran or nauruans or "naurian's" or mariana or marianas or palau or paluan* or tuvalu* or mauritania* or mauritan* or mauritius* or mexico* or mexican* or moldova* or moldovia* or mongol* or montenegr* or morocco* or moroccan* or ifni or mozambique* or mozambican* or myanmar* or burma* or burmese or namibia* or nepal* or “new caledonia” or “netherlands antilles” or “lesser antilles” or nicaragua* or niger* or oman* or omani or omanis or "oman's" or pakistan* or palestin* or gaza* or “west bank” or panama* or paraguay* or peru or peruvian* or "peru's" or philippine* or philipine* or phillipine* or phillippine* or filipino* or filipina* or poland* or polish or pole or poles or portugal* or portuguese or “puerto rico” or romania* or russia* or ussr* or soviet* or rwanda* or rwandese or ruanda* or ruandese or samoa* or “navigator island” or “pacific islands” or polynesia* or "sao tome and principe" or “sao tomean” or santomean* or “saudi arabia” or saudi or saudis or senegal* or serbia* or seychell* or “sierra leone” or slovak* or sloven* or melanesia* or “solomon island” or “norfolk island” or somali* or “sri lanka” or ceylon* or "saint kitts and nevis" or "st kitts and nevis" or kittian* or nevisian* or “saint lucia” or “st lucia” or “saint vincent” or “st vincent” or vincentian* or grenadine* or sudan* or surinam* or syria* or tajik* or tadjik* or tadzhik* or tanzania* or tanganyika* or thai* or “timor leste” or “east timor” or timorese* or togo* or togoles* or "togo's" or tonga* or trinidad* or tobago* or tunisia* or turkiy* or turkey* or turk or turks or turkish or turkmen* or uganda* or ukrain* or uruguay* or uzbek* or vanuatu* or “new hebrides” or venezuela* or vietnam* or “viet nam” or yemen* or yugoslav* or zambia* or zimbabwe* or rhodesia* or arab* or "middle east" or "global south" or sahara* or subsahara* or magreb* or maghrib* or "west indies" or caribbean* or "central america" or "latin america" or "south america" or "central asia" or "north asia" or "northern asia" or "southeastern asia" or "south eastern asia" or "southeast asia" or "south east asia" or "west asia" or "western asia" or "east europe" or "eastern europe" or "developing country" or "developing nation" or "developing population" or "developing world" or "less developed country" or "less developed nation" or "less developed world" or "lesser developed country" or "lesser developed nation" or "lesser developed world" or "under developed country" or "under developed nation" or "under developed world" or "underdeveloped country" or "underdeveloped nation" or "underdeveloped world" or "middle income country" or "middle income nation" or "middle income population" or "low income country" or "low income nation" or "low income population" or "lower income country" or "lower income nation" or "lower income population" or "underserved country" or "underserved nation" or "underserved population" or "under served population" or "under served nation" or "under served population" or "deprived country" or "deprived population" or "high burden country" or "high burden nation" or "countdown country" or "countdown nation" or "poor country" or "poor nation" or "poor population" or "poor world" or "poorer country" or "poorer nation" or "poorer population" or "poorer world" or "developing economy" or "less developed economy" or "underdeveloped economy" or "under developed economy" or "middle income economy" or "low income economy" or "lower income economy" or "low gdp" or "low gnp" or "low gross domestic" or "low gross national" or "lower gdp" or "lower gnp" or "lower gross domestic" or "lower gross national" or lmic or lmics or "third world" or "lami country" or "transitional country" or "emerging economy" or "emerging nation")) 30 (TI=((epidemiological OR "cross-sectional" OR "cross sectional" OR cohort* OR longitudinal OR prospective OR retrospective OR "case-control" OR "case control" OR exposure* OR impact* OR effect* OR association* OR risk* OR surveillance OR "mixed method" OR "mixed methods" OR "mixed-methods" OR "mixed-method" OR survey* OR quantitative OR qualitative OR interview* OR "focus group" OR "focus groups" OR ethnograph* OR “case report” or “case reports” or “case series” or cluster* or “panel-study” or “field observation” or phenomenology* or “grounded theory” or “participant observation” or “discussion group” or questionnaire*))) OR AB=((epidemiological OR "cross- 32944998 CGIAR Appendix I: Search Strategies | Page 34 of 49 sectional" OR "cross sectional" OR cohort* OR longitudinal OR prospective OR retrospective OR "case-control" OR "case control" OR exposure* OR impact* OR effect* OR association* OR risk* OR surveillance OR "mixed method" OR "mixed methods" OR "mixed-methods" OR "mixed-method" OR survey* OR quantitative OR qualitative OR interview* OR "focus group" OR "focus groups" OR ethnograph* OR “case report” or “case reports” or “case series” or cluster* or “panel-study” or “field observation” or phenomenology* or “grounded theory” or “participant observation” or “discussion group” or questionnaire*)) 33 15 and 22 and 30 and 31 and 32 6284 34 Limit to 2000-Current 6214 Appendix II: Benchmark Studies | Page 35 of 49 CGIAR Appendix II: Benchmark Studies • Ghosh-Jerath S, Kapoor R, Ghosh U, Singh A, Downs S, Fanzo J. Pathways of Climate Change Impact on Agroforestry, Food Consumption Pattern, and Dietary Diversity Among Indigenous Subsistence Farmers of Sauria Paharia Tribal Community of India: A Mixed Methods Study. Frontiers in sustainable food systems. 2021;5:667297. • Parvez, M., Islam, M. R., & Dey, N. C. (2022). Household food insecurity after the early monsoon flash flood of 2017 among wetland (Haor) communities of northeastern Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Food and Energy Security, 11, e326. • Motuma, A., Dawe, M.J., Gemada, A.T. et al. Food consumption patterns and score among women receiving cash assistance: emergency nutrition response in drought affected pastoralist community eastern Ethiopia. J Health Popul Nutr 44, 160 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-00892-5 • Derbile EK, File DJM, Dongzagla A. The double tragedy of agriculture vulnerability to climate variability in Africa: How vulnerable is smallholder agriculture to rainfall variability in Ghana? Jamba. 2016 Apr 19;8(3):249. • Dibakoane S, Siyongwana P, Shabalala AN. Vulnerability, impact and adaptation strategies of female farmers to climate variability. Jamba. 2022 Sep 15;14(1):1302 • Batame M. Unlocking gender dynamics in food and nutrition security in Ghana: assessing dietary diversity, food security, and crop diversification among cocoa household heads in the Juaboso-Bia cocoa landscape. BMC Public Health. 2024 Apr 8;24(1):985 • Rosinger AY, Stoler J, Ford LB, McGrosky A, Sadhir S, Ulrich M, Todd M, Bobbie N, Nzunza R, Braun DR, Ndiema EK, Douglass MJ, Pontzer H. Mobility ideation due to water problems during historic 2022 drought associated with livestock wealth, water and food insecurity, and fingernail cortisol concentration in northern Kenya. Soc Sci Med. 2024 Oct;359:117280. • Roba KT, Jacobson H, McGrosky A, Sadhir S, Ford LB,