annual report 1976 international, potato center Apartado Postal 5969 Lima,Peru Cables: C/PAPA contents Introduction Board of Trustees 5 CIP Research 1976 Foreword 7 Thrusts I 11 II 13 III 21 IV 29 v 35 VI 45 VII 51 VIII 61 IX 67 Regional Research and Training 79 Communications 117 Publications by CIP Scientists 121 Staff 125 Financial Statements 131 Cover Photo - Native cultivar from the Central Peruvian Andes maintained in CIP Germ Plasm Bank; belongs to form coerulea of the subsp. a:n- digena. Ill IV The International Potato Center, also known as Centro Internacional de la Papa (GIP), is a Scientific Insti- tution, autonomous and non-profit making, established by means of an agreement with the Government of Peru with the purpose of developing and disseminating know- ledge for greater utilization of the potato as a basic food. International funding sources for technical as- sistance in agriculture are financing the center. lntroduotlon~~~~~~~~--- The year 1976 was the fifth anniversary of CIP ac- tivities. It has included a five year exterior re- view conducted by the technical advisory committee of the Consultative Group on International Agricul- tural Research, who are the sponsors of the center network of which we are a part. There is a need to look back periodically and see how far we have come in a scant five years and what has been accomplished. Pride in what has been done can be counter productive, unless it is strongly associated with: 1) an identification of how far we still have to go to accomplish our objectives, 2) an identification of the obstacles ahead, 3) and a determination of the strategy to attain our goals. Our constituents are the hungry people in develop- ing countries. There are five dimensions in the process of producing technology at an International Research Center and reaching the consumer: These are: 1) source research, 2) regional distribution, 3) country programs, 4) growers fields, and 5) con- sumers in developing countries. There is now a constant flow of technology coming from CIP associated research which is being dis- tributed to the regions for evaluation and appli- cation in the surrounding countries. Getting this material through country programs and into growers fields has been identified as a major obstacle dur- ing the past five years. If our credibility is to be determined by increased productivity in growers fields due to an as~ocia­ tion with CIP technology, a strategy must be devel- oped for the third dimension-country program ap- proach which will catalyze national institutions to 2 interact with each other and react to their most im portant problems in potato improvement. In the pro- cess CIP must play a minimum possible role and hold true to its mandate, which is the production of ap- plicable technology and providing technical assist- ance and training for developing countries inter- ested in potato improvement. We must be wise in our planning as we look back and also ahead so that five years from now at the Tenth Anniversary of CIP we will be able to identify a number of countries where there has• been increased productivity and utilization of the potato as a food due to an association with CIP. For this to take place will require the best efforts of every one associated with CIP in any way. We hope everyone receiving and reading this 1976 Annual Report will be stimulated to join us in the exciting five years which lie ahead as the results of our efforts are catalyzed to flow into growers fields and affect hunger and poverty. ~t! ~rector Geneml International Potato Center CIP builds for the future In August of 1976 construction was begun on a new buil~ ing at CIP headquarters in La Molina. The new building, scheduled for completion in April 1977, will provide o- ver 2,600 m2 .of much needed space including living and study areas for 20 students or visiting scientists and trainees; conference areas for students and staff; la- boratd'ries, including space for an electron microscope; research library and communications center; information center and reception area for small groups; a photogra- phic laboratory; and offices for scientists. Other facilities were also generously provided to CIP by the Peruvian Ministry of Alimentation through the donation of a neighboring building in La Molina which had been severely damaged by the 1974 earthquake. The building, with an area of 630 m2 , was donated under the condition that it be renovated by CIP, and that it be partially occupied by off ices of the Peruvian National Potato Program. The renovation work was completed and the building occupied by December i976. 3 board al trustees Dr. MARIANO SEGURA (Chairman) Director of Research Ministry of Alimentacion Lima PERU Dr. W. GLYNN BURTON Paris House East Malling Maidstcfr1e Kent ME19 6AU ENGLAND Dr. FAUSTO CISNEROS Head Dpto.~Sanidad Vegetal Universidad Nacional Agraria Apartado 456 La Molina, Lima PERU Dr. GERRIT DE BAKKER Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to FAO and WFP Permanent Mission of·the Kingdom of the Netherlands to FAO and WFP Via delle Terme Deciane 6 Rome 00153 ITALY Mr. CHARLES T. GREENWOOD c/o Representacion BID- Honduras Apartado C-73 Tegucigalpa HONDURAS 5 6 Dr. ERNST KELLER Prof. of Plant Protection & Breeding Universitastrasse 2 CH-8006 Zurich SWITZERLAND Dr. COLIN MC.CLUNG Associate Director Agricultural Sciences The Rockefeller Foundation 111 West 50th Street New York, New York 10010 USA Mr. JACK RIGNEY (Secretary) Dean of International Programs North Carolina State University 1 Patterson Hall Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 USA Dr. RICHARD L. SAWYER Director General International Potato Center Apartado 5969 Lima PERU Dr. CLIBAS VIEIRA Dept. de Fitotecnia Universidad Federal de Viscosa Viscosa 37.750-M6 BRAZIL C:IP research 1976 FOREWORD Since 1972 CIP research has been moving forward, step by step, to breed, test and select potatoes to improve the nutrition of hungry humans in develop- ing countries. In this exciting work the vigorous contract research being carried out by seventeen other research teams has provided strong support to CIP's source research. As well, published research information provides a wealth of useful concepts for adaptation to the special needs of National Po- tato Programs in developing countries. The expert advice contributed by ninety-four participants from twenty-three countries who have attended eleven Planning Conferences during the past five years has been directly helpful in developing CIP's research program. But a dynamic, integrated source research program is useful insofar as it provides a continuing source of technology appropriate to improving the productivity and utilization of the potato where the need for better nutrition is greatest. The res- ponsiveness of research scientists centrally lo- cated in each of CIP's seven Regional Centers in assessing the constraints to production in their Regions is essential in guiding source research ef- fort. It is these Regional Research scientists working with potato specialists in National Pro- grams who ultimately evaluate the results of labo- ratory and field research. The results presented in this 1976 Annual Report are indicative of the scope of CIP's research pro- gram in response to some of the needs for improved potato technology in CIP's Regional Program. "W)ur interest is encouraged as the challenge is great to provide ever more food for the hungry. 7 8 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH PROGRESS 1976 Significant research progress continued to be made throughout the year. Some of the achievements, in- dicative of the scope of CIP's research, are pre- sented below. Each is a small step in improving the yielding ability and adaptability of the potato for developing countries in the tropics. Major collecting activities for primitive cul- tivars have been completed ahead of schedule. Approximately three-quarters of over 12,000 accessions have been classified. A second Planning Conference on the "Explora- tion and Maintenance of Germ .. Plasm Resources" developed guideline recommendations to ini- tiate the systematic collection of wild Sola- num species and the computerized management of CIP's germ plasm bank. A population approach to breeding has demons- trated encouraging increases in the frequency of resistance to selected pathogens and nema- todes in Phureja-S~enotomwn diploid popula- tions. Improved frost resistant and bacterial wilt resistant clones have continued to excel under severe field test conditions. The wilt resist- ant variety "Caxamarca" has been released by the Peruvian National Potato Program. Progress has been made in discriminating bet- ween "field" and "major gene" resistance to late blight. The International Late Blight Test Program at Toluca, Mexico, has been up- graded. Under experimental conditions the survival of Pseudomonas solanacearwn in soil has been cor- related with the electric conductivity of soil. In contract research at the University of Wis- consin promising progress has been made on the selective role of potato lectins in binding P. solanacear·um to permit differentiation of com- patible and incompatible clones. Breeding lines resistant to virus have been sent to nine tries for further evaluation. potato leaf roll developing coun- Characterization of novel viruses and strains thereof was con- tinued to further define the spectrum of viru- ses present in the centre of potato evolution. Immunity to root-knot nematodes and combined with high resistance to P. solanacearum has been confirmed in selected clones of Solanum spm'sipi Zurn. breeding. These clones are being used in Clones resistant to single races of Globodera (Heterodera) pallida have been identified in wide scale screening of germ plasm. In multiple cropping studies, potato-peanut systems more than doubled land equivalent us- age over monocultural practices. In contract research at the University of Min- nesota four frost tolerant species of Solanum were shown by NMR spectroscopy to have lower levels of liquid water at killing temperatures than S. clones. Significant cold ac- climation has been demonstrated in these spe- cies but not in S. High dry matter to 35 per cent and high pro- tein to 14 per cent have been identified in routine nutrition assays. Significant losses of protein occur in reducing glycoalkaloids during the processing of white chuno. An effective, well-integrated tissue culture, virus screening and multiplication scheme for the production of pathogen-tested seed was firmly established in 1976. 9 thrust I SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TUBER-BEARING SOLANUMS Following an initial Planning Conference on Germ Plasm Exploration and Taxonomy held in January, 1973, CIP has sponsored or participated in more than twenty col- lecting expeditions. During 1976 collections were made in the Department of Cajamarca in northern Peru, north- west Argentina and in the states of Merida and Trujillo in Venezuela to complete the majo~ collecting activi- ties for primitive cultivars in South America. Mexico remains the only major area for extensive exploration for cultivated species. Summary of the Primitive Cultivar Collection Country· Accessions Argentina 175 Bolivia 598 Colombia 568 Chile 152 Ecuador 235 Guatemala 17 Peru 10,246 Venezuela 200 TOTAL: 12,191 At the beginning of 1973 less than five per cent of more than 3,000 accessions in the CIP world collection had been classified. The following table summarizes the taxonomic grouping to the present. Photo CIP germ plasm on display at a farmers' field day in Huancayo, Peru 11 12 Table 1 - Sununary of the Classification of Primitive Cul ti vars Species 2n % Number s. stenotomum 24 12.8 1 , 120 s. goniocalyx 24 2.8 250 s. phureja 24 2.6 230 s. ajanhuiri 24 0.6 56 s. x juzepczukii (= 3 x hybrid) 36 1. 7 150 s. x chaucha (= 3 x hybrid) 36 6.8 600 s. tuberosum spp. andigena 48 70.7 6,200 s. curtilobum (= 5 x hybrid) 60 1. 8 160 100.0 8,766 In March, 1976, a second Planning Conference on the Ex- ploration and Maintenance of Germ Plasm Resources was held at CIP, Lima. In a published Report recommendations were presented for: future explorations, taxonomic stud- ies, data management and germ plasm maintenance. Priorities were established in conformity with FAO cate- gories to initiate the systematic collection of wild species in 13 countries. It was noted that 54 wild spe- cies are not available in the living state in gene banks or research institutes. thrust II MAINTENANCE AND UTILIZATION OF TUBER-BEARING SOI,ANUMS Maintenance Through the combined efforts of the Taxonomy and the Breeding and Genetics Departments the germ plasm collec- tion is being screened for the presence of duplicate ac- cessions. Data were collected on nearly 7,000 clones in 1976. At harvest 667 duplicate accessions of 62 known native cultivars were eliminated. Before they were dis- carded, true seed from each accession was obtained by controlled pollinations using bulk pollen from acces- sions of the same species or synonym group. The result- ing seed was also bulked for long term storage. Slab electrophoretic analyses of about 1,500 accessions are being carried out to augment morphologic determina- tions of possible duplicates. A proposal for a cooperative exchange system for the maintenance of wild potato species between the gene banks at CIP, IR-1 (Wisconsin, USA) and the Braunschweig Genetic Resource Center (Germany) has been prepared. This is in accordance with a recommendation of the March 1976, Planning Conference on "Germ Plasm Exploration and Maintenance". From January to September, 1976, the following material was distributed from the CIP germ plasm collection to: CIP Scientists Screening for disease, pest and frost resistance Nutritional Quality Low virus seed production Various Tuber Samples 4,755 253 15 62 Seed Lots 199 0 0 3 13 14 Other Scientists from: Peru USA W. Germany The Netherlands Total: 275 700 0 7 6,067 0 0 14 15 231 A new version of descriptor definitions and options for a computerized system for the storage and retrieval of data from the germ plasm bank was completed during the year in cooperation with the Information Sciences/Genet- ic Resources Program of the Unrversity of Colorado. Data on provenance, native names and taxonomic identification of nearly 8,000 accessions in the collection, as well as about 10,000 items on diseases and pest reactions are being stored in the data bank. Utilization of Diploid Populations As a part of research on the adaptation and utilization of potato populations in breeding, the valuable attri- butes which may be present in Phureja-Stenotomum diploid populations are being studied. With superior materials selected in 1974 and 1975, a new population has been generated. Some of the potentially useful characteris- tics which have been observed are as follows: Characteristic Diploandroids (2n pollen) Diplogynoids (2n eggs) Late blight field resistance Bacterial wilt resistance, Race 1 Bacterial wilt resistance, Race 3 Root-knot nematode resistance Virus Y resistance N° of families tested 53 50 50 51 35 N° of clones 422 422 2,500 320 320 1, 020 840 Per cent of clones selected 5 2.5 40 49 4 2.7 7 Data indicate that resistance to PVY is distributed in a population without following a family pattern. Resist- ance is under three levels of genetic control: immunity is dominant over hypersensitivity which is dominant over susceptibility. Gene frequency analyses indicate that the allele for immunity is very low, c~.g .. 036. However, since the genetic control of PVY resistance is simply inherited, it is possible to rapidly upgrade the level of resistance of a diploid population (Fig. 1). The population approach to breeding provides nity to increase dramatically the frequency ance from 7.14 to a theoretical level of 96 resistant plants in four generations. an opportu- of resist- per cent of 90 80 70 en Ill •of Q. >-I- 50 0 z Ill \ ' \ %: 40 Q. \ \ ' \ ~ 30 \ ' \ 20 10 -..... ··- 0 ----·-----· ~·- ' ',,'•, •, '•, .. ·-·-·-· -·-· --. ·-- -.. *-- ---iNMUNE ------HYPERSENSITIVE -· -· - ·-SUSCEPTIBLE -...... ___ _ -- ... ·- -- ---- ... ---- _ _.,._ -· -· -·-T-. -· - . -· -· -· -r -·-· -· -.:::....:__-::.::...:..::. 2 3 4 GENERATION OF SELECTION Fig. 1 - Expected Changes in the Frequency of Immune Phenotypes to Potato Virus Y Through Matings of Resistant Phenotypes The program of breeding and adaptation of cultivated di- ploid species, under a contract with the North Carolina State University, was continued during 1976. Two base populations of S. phureja and S. stenotomum were grown: 17,000 segregating seedlings representing 60 families 15 16 and 3,500 selected clones representing the same fami- lies. Both populations are more tolerant to longer days and warmer temperatures than the native germ plasm and will tuberize under a wide range of daylengths. Tu- ber families from these selections were distributed to Canada for screening for wart (Synchytriwn endohioticwn) resistance, to Egypt for breeding, and to Peru for adap- tation to the lowland tropics and for disease resistance evaluations. The study of increasing tuber dry-matter content was co~ tinued. A program of recurrent selection for increased dry-matter content is in its second cycle. From this an elite high dry-matter population is being established. Utilization of Tetraploid Populations From an original sample of 16,000 clones from a Neo-tub~ rosum population evaluated in 1975, 100 clones having earliness and good yield were selected following evalua- tion at four locations in 1976. These clones have been used to produce approximately 400 hybrid families. Fur- ther crossing is underway. Twenty-five per cent of 9,000 seedlings, belonging to 70 families derived from CIP's germ plasm collection, were found to have varying levels of late blight resist- ance. Intercrosses are being made between these parents and 800 PVY-resistant clones belonging to an original seedling population of 5,000. Forty-six hybrid families from various germ plasm com- binations have been developed by crossing parents se- lected for adaptation to lowland tropical conditions. (Tuberosum x Phureja) x Andigena appears to be the best germ plasm combination for resistance to the hot, humid tropics. Botanical seed from 30 families and 34 tuber families have been sent out for trials in the lowland tropics of Costa Rica, Philippines, Ecuador and Brazil. In contract research at Cornell University, 906 selec- tions of Neo-tuberosum material from the fifth cycle of recurrent selection for adaptation and pest resistance were tested for potato virus X (PVX) resistance during Maintenance of Wild varieties - Huancayo, Peru the winter 1975-76. After further selection 646 clones were planted as 10-hill plots. During the 1976 growing season in New York State clones with PVY and potato leaf roll virus symptoms or poor vine types were eliminated leaving 322 clones. Sixty-seven per cent were resistant to PVX. These clones have been exposed to PVY and now will be tested for this virus during the winter 1976-77. Open pollinated seeds were harvested from 300 of the clones. The same clones were subjected to a severe field-scale epiphytotic of late blight. Most of the clones were much slower in developing symptoms than tuberosum varieties and 20 were classified as resistant. The newer andigena (Neo-tuberosum) population was grown as seedling hills. There were over 13,000 of these from 426 original accessions. Some of these were from bulk intercrosses within this population and some were crosses to PVY resistant 5th cycle clones. About 1,500 were saved to produce seed for the next cycle. 17 18 During the 1975-76 winter 50 seedlings from remnant seed of the initial base population, and four of the subse- quent five cycles of selection were grown in the green- house. These were intercrossed within cycles and out- crossed to five tuberosum clones. This produced true seed with essentially equal freedom from inbreeding to evaluate progress in the recurrent selection program and to observe correlated changes. Other crosses were made to incorporate the resistance to race A of the golden nematode (Globodera Y'octochiensis) found in 7 of the 2nd cycle accessions into selected clones from the 5th cycle. Bacterial Wilt Resistance The S. phureja sources of resistance to Pseudomonas so- Zanacearum have been incorporated into a wider genetic base. Screening for bacterial wilt is being carried out in seedlings derived from crosses between S. phuY'cja and selected hybrids which have resistance to late blight PVY and root-knot nematodes. Research has been initiated to cross the newly identi- fied resistance in the wild species, 8. chacoense and S. sparsipilum~ with cultivated diploids and resistant clones of S. phureja. Although both wild species can be crossed with cultivated diploids, during the first sea- son only S. chaaoense produced flowers in La Molina. Resistance to specific isolates of P. solanacearum may be more independent than previously hypothesized. Highly controlled conditions are indicated to evaluate the in- teractions between host genotype, environment and races of the pathogen. Various national programs are still evaluating material provided prior to 1976. However, in Peru the bacterial wilt resistant variety "Caxamarca" was released by the National Program. A second clone, BR63-65 is also being increased prior to naming. A clone selected in Fiji is likely to be released. Selections from CIP material are also undergoing tests in Brazil, Nigeria, Indonesia, Mauritius and Nepal. Breeding for Cold Tolerance Laboratory screening for frost resistance using the cold temperature bath continues to be a very useful technique for initial selection for frost resistance. Six hundred and ninety clones involving the species S. ourtiZobum, S. a:ndigena (controls), ourtiZobum x andigena, aoauie x stenotomum, megistaaroZobum x stenotomum, ajanhuiri x stenotomum and other hybrids were field tested at 3,700 rots. Heavy frosts (-7° C, -5° C, -4° C) killed all plants in the farmer's fields in the region. However, 79 te~t clones showed varying levels of resistance, some with only approximately of 30 per cene foliage damage. Some clones with frost resistant pedigrees have dry mat- ter levels between 27-32 per cent with 10-15 per cent protein. In other trials with 10,080 seedlings, involv- ing 134 families and 9 species, 1,800 survived -3°C in cold chamber screening tests. Scientist records results of frost resistance trial. These plantlets were subjected to a temperature of -3°C in a growth chamber at CIP Lima. 19 20 Botanical seed for evaluation of frost resistance was sent to the following countries in 1976: Country Families Seeds Chile 8 1I600 Colombia 10 1, 400 Ecuador 8 1, 700 Mexico 60 3,000 Turkey 60 3,000 Total: 146 10,700 The Use of Mexican Wild Species in Breeding High levels of field resistance to Phytophthora infes- tans were identified in species such as S. vernei_, S. microdontwn and S. gourlayi in contract research at the Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. New basic material was obtained in 1976 from crosses of S. acaule with the Mexican species S. bulbocastanwn_, S. pinnatisectwn and (S. pinnatisectwn x S. bulbocastanum) which are highly resistant to late blight but not cross- able with S. tuberosum. Hexaploid (S. acaule 1x S. bulbo- castanwn) x S. phureja and resistant tetrapolid clones (S. verrucosum x S. demissum) x varieties were also ob-, tained during the year. About 80 monohaploids (n=12) from S. tuberosum and three from S. verrucosum have been obtained parthenogenetical- ly by the ~ageningen group. From preliminary experiments on anther culture it appears that monoploids can also be obtained androgenetically from wild Mexican species. Completely homozygous clones are anticipated from a num- ber of monohaploids which have been doubled by colchi- cine treatment. thrust Ill Control of Important Fungal Diseases of Potato The location of CIP in Peru permits field evaluation of native potatoes under a wide range of climatic conditions and exposure to indigenous £J.mgal diseases. During 1976 observations were made on the following fungal diseases in field plots at CJP's principal field research loca- tions: Location Altitude Climate (m) La Molina 238 coastal desert San Ramon 800 high' jungle Yurimaguas 180 hot, humid lowland jungle Huancayo ·3,380 highland, temperate Fungal pathogen Phytophthora inf estans Rhizoctonia so lcmi Sclerotium rolfsii VeY'ticiU1'.u:m alboatrum P. infestans Phoma cucurbitacearum (Dydime l la bryoniae) S. rolfsii; R. solani Fusarium so lani F. avanacearum MacPophomina phaseo U Colletotrichum d.ematium Choanephora cucurbitarum F. solani; M. phaseoli C. dematium Synchytrium endobioticum Thecaphora (Angiosorus) solani P. erythoroseptica P. infestans Phoma andinum nov. sp. Spongospora subterranea R. soZani 21 22 Leaves of potato plants affected by Choancnfzora eucuri.Ji- tarum in the jungle at Yurimaguas, Peru Phytophthora infestans~ the late blight fungus, was a seasonally common pathogen at all locations except at the hot, humid experimental site at Yurimaguas in the Amazon lowlands. A relatively serious leaf blight caused by Choanepho'Y'a cucu'Y'bitaFum has been observed at that location. Differences in attack between clones suggest differences in resistance and the possibility of select- ing resistant clones. Potato smut caused by Thecapho'Y'a (Angiosorus) solani has been observed on the La Victoria farm in the Mantaro valley. This pathogen is widespread in the highlands and certain coastal areas of Peru. It has also been reported from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama and Vene- zuela. Resistant clones are known. Research on the bio- logy and control of potato smut have been initiated. Screening for resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum is continuing and crosses among resistant clones have been made. Resistant clones 700499 and 700116 are being freed of virus by tissue culture techniques for distribution and further testing. The pathogen causing a foliar blight and severe defolia- tion in the high sierras has been recently described as Phoma andinum sp. nov. Screenhouse experiments indicate that foliage damage alone may not entirely account for the crop loss due to this pathogen. Late Blight Research CIP is conunitted to breeding and screening material for field resistance to late blight and distributing to de- veloping countries. In 1976 a total of 4,381 out of 20,671 seedlings were selected for transplant to the field following a screenhouse screening for late blight field resistance. The seedlings belonged to a spectrum of 239 families. Fifty-seven clones were selected at San Ramon in 1976 for late blight resistance and good yield from 119 clones identified in 1975. The San Ramon site located in a high jungle valley has proven to be an excellent location to screen for blight resistance. Field screening is being carried out at San Ramon between December, 1976, and May, 1977. Weather suitablB for blight development, preceded by adequate planting conditions, has permitted three sequential tests to be run during each of the last two years. Late blight tests are also being initiated in new greenhouse facilities at Huancayo to further check resistant mate- rial selected at San Ramon. Thirty-five hundred Andigena clones from the CIP germ plasm collections have been tested for blight resistance. Nine clones had "very high" levels of resistance, 18 had "high" levels, and 60 had "moderate" resistance repre- senting approximately 0.3, 0.6 and 2 per cent of the An- digena populations, respectively tested. A significant correlation (r2 = 0.40) between production and resist- ance of these clones was found under the San Ramon con- ditions (Fig. 2). An additional 1,300 germ plasm clones will be tested in 1977. In studies of diploid Phureja-Stenotomum material, it was arbitarily decided to consider plants with less than 50% foliage damage at 70 days as having field resistance. Under the tropical conditions plants were harvested at 100 days. The wide range of blight resistance in popula- tions not previously tested for resistance, the earli- ness of tuberization as a factor in blight resistance 23 24 ~ z c( ..J Cl. . 1.0 0.8 ' (!) 0.6 :ill: z z 0 ~ 0 0.4 ::> 0 0 a::: Cl. 0.2 o.o • Y=0.24x-0.15 r2 =0.40 • • • • -· .. 2 3 4 RESISTANCE CLASSIFICATION 5 Fig. 2 - Yield of Solanwr: tuber>osum spp. Andigena rela- tive to late blight resistance, San Ramon, 1976 and, the additive nature of resistance genes were eva- luated in 51 diploid families. Observations indicated that population improvement using individual family or combined selection methods can be more fruitful than the clone x clone breeding system. It permits selection from a population of individuals with a wide genetic base, good adaptation, yield potential and high levels of re- sistance in most of its component individuals. The International Late Blight Test Program was continued at Toluca, Mexico, during 1976. Eight institutes parti- cipated: India, Japan, The Netherlands (2), Sweden, USA (2) and West Germany. A total of 1,659 clones (3,205 tu- bers) and 6,000 seedlings were planted. The design of experiments was standardized and a new 1-9 scale rating late blight was introduced. Promising resistance was ob- served in Solanum bulbocastanum obtained through con- tractual arrangements with the Plant Breeding Institute of the Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Nether- lands. The CIP blight resistant germ plasm collection at Toluca has been reduced to 150 clones. Documentation of pedi- gree and genetic background of this material will be completed in 1977. The collection was originally assem- bled by the Rockefeller Foundation Potato Program. Three field experiments were conducted at Toluca in re- search to distinguish between field and major gene re- sistance. The experimental objectives were to: 1) com- pare the rate of blight development of R-gene differen- tials with that on field resistant clones; 2) observe the rate of blight spread on low plant populations of selected R-gene differentials, and 3) to observe the rate of development of complex races of -in- festans. Under the experimental conditions it was con- cluded: 1) Because of the relatively late appearance of races to the less common R-genes, R5 , R3 and R10 , clones containing one or more of these genes cannot always be distinguished from field resistant ones (Fig. 3). 2) There is an increase in the rate of attack by P. infesi;cms with increasing numbers of R-gene compatible hosts (Fig. 4). 3) That the mean number of single R-gene differ- entials out of nine attacked by field isolates increased from 2.3 to 5.8 during the epidemic. The first isolate compatible to all the diffe£ entials used, viz. Race 1.2.3.4.5.7.8.10.11 was identified mid-way through the epidemic. (R6 and R9 differentials were not used) . 25 26 100 90 80 70 0 I.LI 60 I- u I.LI .... .... c 50 I.LI C> c ::::; 0 IL 40 I- z "' u II: "' Q. 30 20 10 24 7 28 7 2 a 5 8 DATE 9 a 12 8 16 8 20 8 25 8 Fig. 3 - Percentage foliage injury caused by Plzytor:htho- ra inf estans on some R-gene differential hosts and on susceptible (Bintje) and moderately field resistant varieties (Libertas and Atzimba) In contract research on late blight resistance at Sva- lov, Sweden, studies were continued on the inheritance of resistance to entrance and resistance to invasion. This component approach to resistance is being evalu- ated in five families of dihaploids and five populations of tetraploids in which both types of resistance are in- herited in a polygenic fashion. Regression analyses in- dicate that resistance to entrance and resistance to in- vasion are not inherited completely independently of each other (r2 = 0.33). In studies on the influence of some growth regulators on field resistance, gibberellic acid (GA3 ) and indole- acetic acid (IAA) have been shown to have a significant effect on growth of germ tube:r:s of P. infestans in vitro as well as to increase resistance to entrance in vivo. However, excess GA 3 and IAA have a toxic effect on germ tube elongation. Abscisic acid (ABA) and chlorcohlin- chloride (CCC) both inhibit germ tube growth but, in spite of that, ABA increases resitance to entrance while CCC has no significant effect. The results support the hypothesis that growth stimulators such as GA3 are in- volved in the mechanism of resistance by promoting long- er germ tube growth on resistant leaf surfaces. Fig. 4 - The rate of infection caused by Phytophthora in- festans on small numbers of R-gene differential hosts expressed in logit units 27 66 the variety Antarki. Dry matter content of tubers de- creased with higher nitrogen fertilizer application in the highlands but not in the lowlands. Other relation- ships are presented in the following table. Table 16 - Average response of 10 potato clones to in- creasing rates of nitrogen fertilization in two locations, Huancayo and San Ramon. Nitrogen Yield Dry Matter Crude protein applied Hyo. San. Hyo. San. Hyo. San. Kg x Ha -1 M.T. x Ha -1 % % of dry matter 50 20.0 19. 1 24.9 18.4 6. 11 10.8 100 27.9 20.2 23.6 18.6 7.9 11 • 5 200 27.7 21. 3 23.6 19.6 9.3 10.8 Interestingly, in trials with a long season variety (160-180 days) at Huancayo, timing as well as fraction- al, sequential application of nitrogen (e.g. 1/4 at planting, 1/4 at hilling, 1/4 at flowering and 1/4 a month after flowering) did not result in differences of either yield or crude protein in tubers. A slight but non-significant effect in tuber protein content in fa- vor of treatments that received nitrogen fertilizer at hilling (8.5%), versus the other five treatments (7.8%, crude protein, dry weight), was observed. A total of approximately 2,800 duplicate potato samples were assayed. Duplicate samples differing by more than 3.0% were reanalyzed. Two hundred and sixty-five (265) glycoalkaloid determinations on bitter potatoes were also made using bromphenol blue titration following a- glycon hydrolysis. In studies of nitrogen nutrition and environmental in- teraction on the accumulation of nitrogen in tubers a strong interaction of locations on yield was shown. Al- though dry matter content was negatively correlated to nitrogen fertilizaton in a highland location (Huanca- yo) , this was not observed at the lowland site (San Ra- mon) . Crude protein of tubers increased linearly in response to increased levels at both locations. Table 15 - Environmental effect on yield, dry matter and crude protein in tubers of the variety Antarki. Nitrogen Yield a) Dry Matter Crude protein applied Hyo. San. Hyo. San. Hyo. San. -1 -1 % Kg x Ha M.T. x Ha % of dry weight 0 21. 0 16.4 23.6 17.0 5.6 8. 1 50 25.4 21 • 3 22.8 16.3 5.8 8.8 100 31. 7 20.9 22.3 17 .0 6.7 9.6 200 34.6 19.6 20.7 16.6 8.0 11 . 5 LSD=0.05 3.6 4.3 1 . 1 N.S. 1 . 1 1.0 a) Hyo. = Huancayo (3,300 meters); San San Ramon (800 m). Ten (10) potato clones, which differed in their adapta- bility to two environments, were evaluated at two loca- tions for their response to nitrogen fertilization. In general, the data confirmed the observations made on 65 64 Evaluation of nutritional quality in the laboratory at CIP I.ima The subspecies andigena exhibited the greatest range in per cent dry matter, 17.6 - 34.8. Levels of crude pro- tein up to 14.7 and 14.4 were recorded for S. stenoto- num and S. phureja3 respectively, while samples of all species except S. curtilobum had levels above 10% pro- tein. A few samples of S. tbr ssp. andigena3 and S. chaucha had relative nutritive values, as determined by microbiological assay, exceeding egg \= 100) A wide range in available methionine was noted for all spe- cies; levels in excess of 2. 25 g/16 g N are" indicative that methionine need not be a limiting amino acid. In contract research at the University of Minnesota it has been established that chemical analyses cf methionine based on un-oxidized potato samples may understimate methionine levels (Am. Pot. Jrnl. 51:369-372. 1974). Albumin and globulins constitute the major soluble pro- tein fractions of potatoes. Per cent dry matter after freeze drying, microkjeldahl determinations of crude and true protein, and microbio- logical assays of relative nutritive values and avail- able methionine by Streptococcus zymogenes were rou- tinely carried out during- the year. Protein losses were estimated at 79% for white chuno, 2 3% for black chuno and 1496 for "papa seca". As part of the general work in post-harvest technology two storages have been completed in Huancayo. Part of these storages will be used for storing potatoes for processing studies. The storages, one of wooden cons- truction and the other of adobe bricks, have convectio!:!:_ al air circulation. They are low cost, small-farm scale prototypes. Evaluation of Nutritional Quality Emphasis was given during the past year to character- izing the nutritional aspects of various cultivated po- tato species. Samples of the following species were se- lected for analyses from the CIP germ plasm collection: SoLanum tuberosum ssp. cmdigenaJ S. S. -Peja_, S .. a;janhuiri:J /3 .. curti S .. ,j:Aze;;,czukii~ and .S. -::haucha as well as some advanced clones and varieti- es of S. t:br ssp. andigena. Table 14 - Quality analyses of selected Solanwn species. Mean levels Dry Crude Rel. Methionine Species Matter Protein Nutrive g/16 g N % % Value C! tbr. ssp. andg. 26.9 7.4 78 1.6 u. Advanced clones 26.7 7. 1 79 1. 7 s. stenotcmwn 28.9 9.9 79 1.4 s. phureja 26.8 9.7 77 1.4 s. aj anhU1:ri 26.2 8.9 82 1. 3 s. curtilobum 29.2 7.2 66 1. 2 s. juzepczukii 25.4 11. 3 53 1. 1 s. chaucha 26.5 7.6 80 1.6 63 62 For centuries in the high Andes types of bitter potato- es have been spread on the ground to freeze over sever- al nights. Upon thawing'during the heat of the day they were trampled to squeeze out water and then allowed to dry. The resulting "freeze-dried" product, black chufio, is used for long term storage of potatoes. A white form of chuno is produced by a month-long wash in water. During 1976 a scientist of the .Peruvian Ministry of Food.produced chuno as well as a new cooked, dehydrated product, "papa seca", under laboratory conditions at CIP. Following processing total glycoalkaloid and pro- tein content were assayed. Table 12 - Total glycoalkaloids in products processed from the bitter potato, Solanwn juzepczukii. Clone N° Product 702443 702444 702445 Raw potato 30.43a) 34.28 30.01 Black chuno 17.97 16.48 14.86 White chuno 4. 16 4.40 2.48 Papa sec a 6.04 6.63 6.12 a) Mg. of glycoalkaloids/100 g of fresh potato. Table 13 - Per cent total protein in products processed from the bit~er potato, Solanum juzepczukii. Clone N° Product 702443 702444 702445 Raw potato 13.9 9.8 13.7 Black chuno 11. 2 8. 1 9.5 White chuno 2.8 3. 1 2.4 "Papa seca" 11. 1 9.5 11. 4 thrust VIII Development of Post-Harvest Technology and Improvement of Nutritional Quality Post-harvest technology involves storage of potatoes as well as preservation of tubers by processing. During 1976, scale-neutral storag~· and processing techniques were further developed for use by low-income farmers in developing countries. Varieties of tuberosum potatoes grown in developed couE:_ tries generally have relatively low protein although a good protein-carbohydrate nutritional balance. However, three-and four-fold higher .levels of well balanced pro- tein are commonly encountered in CIP's germ plasm mate- rial. Identification of high yieiding, high protein clones for use in breeding is a continuing aspect of research to further enhance the excellent nutritional qualities of the potato. Post-Harvest Technology A project with the objective of developing and evalu- ating village level solar dehydration of potatoes was initiated in 1976. Two black box units (0.25m2 and 1.0m2) have been construct~d. Measurements of solar e- nergy at Huancayo (3,300 meters) showed a maximum of over 700 cal/cm2/day. Literature reports that simple energy-trapping black boxes can convert over 40% of the impinging solar energy into heating air or other media. This is equivalent to 3,000 K cal/m2/day permitting the dehydration of 5 kilos of potatoes per square meter per day. It is estimated that a three square meter solar u- nit would dehydrate an annual Andean family's co:t13ump- tion of 600 Kg in about 45 days. Temperatures over 90°C have been attained in trials at Huancayo, adequate to heat water for enzyme inactivation; enzyme inactivation can also be achieved by direct cooking in a black box. 61 There was considerable difference among varieties in root system development ranging from 30 to 80 cm in depth of penetration. The extent of root growth was not directly correlated with yield. In general the several techniques evaluated support the conclusion that there are significant differences in drought tolerance among genotypes which have yet to be exploited. 59 58 ideal solutions. Regression analysis showed no correla- tion between the frost hardiness of leaf tissues and the melting point depression of cell sap or tissue wa- ter content. There was a highly significant correlation between the frost hardiness of leaf tissues and the percentage of unfrozen water at the frost killing temperature: hardy species can tolerate more frozen water than tender ge- notypes (Bot. Gas. 137:313-317. 1976). In other research at the Laboratory of Plant Hardiness at the University of Minnesota, cold acclimation of S. acaule, S. corrrmersoni1:, S. multidissectum and S. choma- tophilum was achieved. Previously it had been consider- ed that potatoes could not be acclimated to freezing temperatures. However, by stepwise shortening of photo- periods and lowered day-night temperatures, the hardi- ness of mature leaves of these species increased as follows: S. multidissectum from -4.7 to -8.3 C; S. cho- matophilum from -5.3 to -8.3 C; S. acaule from -6.0 to -9.3 C; and S. commersonii from -5.3 to -11.7 c. Cul- tivars of S. tuberosum, "Red Pontiac", "Norchip", "Ken- nebec" and "Norland" apparently do not have the physio- logical bases for developing frost hardiness (Bot. Gaz. 137:105-109. 1976). Drought Stress Preliminary experiments have been undertaken to eval- uate techniques useful in characterizing various as- pects of drought stress. Three methods have been test- ed: the use of a diffusion porometer; infiltration of liquids of different viscosity; and, pressure chamber measurements. Visual observations were also made of the extent of the radial spread of roots by means of tan- gential trenching. The infiltration technique using a series of oils of varying viscosity enabled clear differentiation between stressed and unstressed leaves. However, the technique did not permit consistent discrimination of varietal responses to stress. The pressure chamber method clear- ly showed the effect of stress on plant water potential among varieties. At all temperatures, from 20 to 12 hours, as the photoperiod was shortened a greater proportion of the fresh was a.ccu,.'Tlulated in tubers. Further of the photoperiod to 8 hours decreased this ratio because the leaf weight increased faster than tu- ber ·weight under very short days. Cold Tolerance In contract research at the University of Minnesota pulsed nuclear magnetic r?_sonance spectroscopy was used in studies of the freezing process in potato leaves. The average amount o~ liquid water in frost tolerant species of So at killing temperatures was: S. convr:er£ and S. rrm.zt,idisseet7,1x1, 32% at -5° C; S. acaule and S, ehomatophilwn, 22% at -5.5° c. In contrast, S. tuberosum "Red Pontiac" and "Alaska Frostless" had 42. 696 liquid water at a killing tempera- ture of -3° C. A linear relation between liquid water' and the reciprocal of temperature for six different ge- notypes {r=.95 to .99) was as expected for freezing of Cold tolerant varieties are of major importance in high mountain regions such as the Andes 57 56 There is encouraging evidence of the heritability of heat tolerance. One hundred {_100) off-spring from heat tolerant female parents on average were substantially more tolerant than a similar number of off-spring from heat sensitive female parents. Studies are continuing to determine whether the ability of foliage to grow un- der high temperature stress is a component separate from the ability of the foliage to produce "tuberiza- tion stimulus". Single-leaf cuttings with subtended buds are being eva- luated as tools to screen for heat tolerance as well as critical photoperiod. -irhe growth response of the bud is an indication of the intensity of the tuberization stimulus in an intact plant. Iri a hot greenhouse expe- riment there was. a highly signif1~ant correlation bet- ween bud growth on cuttings and tuber.yield. Sixteen (16) clones have been used to examine the in- teraction between photoperiod and temperature response, on cuttings under controlled environmental conditions. 0.6 ...: ll: .., 0.4 C9 ~ ...I 0 ... ....... ..., ll: a: .., 0.2 m ~ ... . 0 5 a:. ·- .. · ..• . ' .. . . .. · ...• , ' .. ·· ' ·· ... ?'·'\·············.·· , ' ... · • ••• 111·20°c ~ ....... , . -·' ·--- ', 8 12 ' ' ' ' ' · •-----• 211-so 0 c 16 20 PHOTOPERIOD ( HRS) Fig. 8 - Interaction of photoperiod and mean tuber/fo- liage weight ratios Downward translocation, once tuberization has been ini- tiated, ditions Ha· .. · 1 , is not limiting. Under field experimental con- . t J ')·-· ·y·>r\ . ·r- -1 /•') c,--,r .. ':g y approxirna ·(-:; .... y ,,: .. ~), 1.,.,,\.)U x r·a \,.::.j>_)Ju l" __ ... 'h \Fiieight.) of })r:;rries vJa.s <::stirna.ted .. DAYS .l\FTER PLANTING Fig. 7 - Photosynthate diversion resulting from flower removal Heat Tolerance Studies were continued under contract at Cornell Uni- versity, Ithaca, N.Y., to develop efficient procedures for heat tolerance screening. Greenhouse screening under an carried out at two temperature night; 25°/20 C, day/night. 18-hour photoperiod was regimes: 40°/30°C, day/ All plants were started from cuttings and were well established before initi- ation of the temperature regimes. Temperatures were maintained for 12 weeks after which yields were taken. Under these conditions there was good separation of clones with respect to tuber yield ratios in the warm and cool houses. For example, one sensitive clone pro- duced 550 g in the cool house and did not tuberize in the high temperature house. In contrast, a heat tole- rant clone produced 630 g in the cool and 381 g in the warm house. 55 .54 Source-Sink Relationships: Flower Remotion Under the climatic conditions of the high Andes potato- es tend to fruit profusely. During the past two years flower removal increased tuber yield by approximately 50 per cent in contrast to controls. ·contr~ry to expec- tations plants with flowers synthesized more total dry matter than those mechanically deflowered. Neverthe- less, tuber yield was significantly higher in the lat- ter. ~ TOTAi.. PLANT• 0 WITH FL.OWERS ./"""@-......_ I- 300 / 0 ::i [] FLOWERS REMOVED 0 ~ 0 '"" TUBERS• ./ ~ 18 WITH Fl.OWERS ./ ~ 0 ~ . ''''"" """" / / ~"' !~ ~ ~ .. fo///. i'" ~/· .~ 95· 110 125 155 170 DAYS OFTER PLANTING Fig. 6 - Total plant & tuber dry matter accumulation in plants with flowers & with flowers removed Growth rates and relative growth rate data indicated that the deflowered plants could have continued growing beyond the 170-day experimental period. Plants on which flow<:ffs were retained had ceased growing at about 160 , the efficiency of a plant to synthesize was lowered by deflowering. The observa- the view th;:;.t photosynthesis is at lea.st contro.llr::;;d by the sink; photosynthate is di- verted from fruits to tubers . Rotation and residue management during three seasons supported the expected conclusion that fertilizer and residue incorporation enhance yields. Of interest is the observation that a legume in rotation is not al- ways more beneficial than a cereal crop. Table 11 - The influence of rotation and residue man- agement systems on potato yields, San Ramon. Yield (T/ha) systems Spring'75 Summer'76 Winter'76 Potato Monoculture Potato Potato Residue incorporated 11 • 3 Residue + fertilizera) 21.0 16.9 32.3 Potato 16.8 39.9 13.2 34. 1 Without residue Fertilizer alone Potato-Bean Rotation Residue inco:i;-porated Residue + fertilizer Without residue Fertilizer alone Potato-Rice Rotation Residue incorporated Residue + fertilizer Without residue Fertilizer alone 14.3 20.0 Bean 1.6 1. 3 1.5 1 • 3 Rice 2.9 3.3 1. 7 1.8 13.5 28.9 Potato 20.8 27.3 16.4 32.0 Potato 24.3 47.6 18.3 35.7 a) Fertilizer: analyses. Recommended rate as determined by soil 53 52 Multiple Cropping, Rotations and Residue Management Systems Multiple cropping studies were continued in San Ramon with potatoes being planted in association with pea- nuts, soybeans, beans and rice. Both large beds and row plantings were used. Potatoes were planted in rows where the associated crop had been the season before. Therefore, the beds had-one-row of potatoes with two rows of the associated crop. This resulted in a very low planting density- of 16,000 p6tatoes plants/ha; re- sulting yields are seemingly low . ...!flhe Land Equivalent, CLER), is the sum.of the ratios of the ·yields .of potato and the associated crop to their respective monocultu~e yields, or the amount of area needed to obtain in a ve- ry low planting density of 16,000 potatoes plants/ha; resulting yields are seemingly low. The Land Equivalent Requirement, (LER), is the sum of the ratios of the yields of potato and the associated crop to their res- pective monoculture yields, or the amount of area need- ed to obtain the same total production of the two crops if planted in monocultur~. The gross income for the different systems given are: Table 10 - Multiple cropping yields and income, San Ra- mon, 1976. Systems Potato(P) P/Rice P/Peanut P/Soybean P/Bean Yield (T/ha) 8.6 9.4/2.2 8.8/2.8 7.5/1.8 7.4/1.8 LER 1.0 2. 1 1. 7 Gross $US/ha. 1, 049 1, 665 2,390 1, 656 1f456 In further studies at La Molina involving local market vegetables, lettuce followed by radish were used as as- sociated crops during the 90 day growing season of po- tatoes. In all cases yields were approximately doubled when each crop was grown separately. .Associated/mono- culture1 T/ha: lettuce, 12,4/23.0; radish, 2.4/6.1; and potatoes {mean of two varieties), 11.8/21.0. thrust vn Development of Potatoes Adapted to Environmental Stress This Thrust cove~s a wide range of activities related to adaptation to environmental stress, including: re- search on agronomic management under unfavorable envi- ronments, the physiological bases of the development of potatoes with wide adaptation, as well as studies of factors bestowing tolerance to heat and cold. Soil Temperature Modification Mulching experiments were repeated during December 1975 to March 1976 at both a coastal desert site (La Molina) and a high jungle location (San Ramon, 800 m) and again during Ji}ne to September, 1976, at La Molina. Through the use of straw mulch at La Molina, soil tem- peratures were lowered as much as 10° C below the maxi- mum soil temperature of 35°; temperatures were raised 2-3° above the minimum of 19-20°. Plastic mulch treat- ments gave variable results; under black plastic soil temperatures exceeded 35° C. Water potentials in check and straw mulch treatments were frequently below 800 mb, while potentials under plastics were commonly above 100 mb. Yields under plas- tics were less than half the mean yield of 12.8 T/ha under straw mulch at the La Molina site. At San Ramon soil temperatures during the summer were approximately the same (34° C) as at La Molina, while the minimums were somewhat higher. Yields of 28-30 T/ha were achieved with either straw or banana leaf mulches; plastic covers resulted in yields of 15-20 T/ha. These yields were obtained despite relatively low rainfall; soil water potential was below 500-600 mb for much of the time. 51 so Comparing yields of different varieties in the highlands of Nepal. Cold resistant varieties are important for. these and other farmers in highland areas. Interaction of Meloidogyne and Pseudomonas Solanura chacoense PI 197760 and S. sparsipilum PI 230502 (CIP N° 760147) selections from the Plant Introduction Station at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin were reevaluated. The most resistant genotypes from these two accessions were chosen for future use in the breeding program. S. spar- sipilum 760147.7 has proven to be immune to root-knot nematodes in several tests; this clone was also highly resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum. Clones resistant to Meloidogyne were resistant to P. solanacearu.m; the converse did not hold. Under field conditions resistance to P. solanacearum in the wilt-resistant clones BR 73.40 and BR 63.76 was bro- ken·under heavy infestation with root-knot nematodes. Up to 50% of the roots of control plants were infested with root-knot nematodes. In both screenhouse and field expe- riments a synergistic interaction between the wilt bac- terium and root-knot nematodes wa~ demonstrated. Simi- larly, a synergistic interaction between Globodera pa- llida and P. solanacearum has been shown under screen- house conditions. False root-knot nematodes, Nacobbus spp. Studies are continuing to establish the distribution and importance of Nacobbus spp. Of several hundred clones from Bolivia examined in CIP quarantine, roots of 17 were found to be infected with false root-knot nematodes. Nacobbus has also been identified in the field in Ecuador and in preserved material from ~exico. In the latter country natural occurring infections were found in the roots of tomato and chilli pepper. In stu- dies conducted in Mexico, the variety "Alpha" was found to be severely infected with Nacobbus following artifi- cial inoculation. It is probable that Nacobbus injury has been assigned erroneously to Meloidogyne injury in some locations. 49 48 and, CIP. 150 clones of diploid and tetraploid material from A 0-4 root-knot index was used to evaluate nema- tode infection in both .. field and screenhouse studies. Only a few clones from the CIP germ plasm collection and breeding material exhibited an average root galling of index 1 (trace of root galling or nematode reproduc- tion) with no apparent tuber infection. These clones aiie presently being retested in the field. The reaction of the North Carolina cultivated diploid material to root-knot nematodes is presented in Table 8. The frequency of resistance was widely spread among fa- milies. Table 8 - Reaction of some diploid So lanion genotypes to Meloidogyne incognita acrita. Families Genotypes N° Tested 51 1, 020 N° Resistant 21 28 % Resistant 41 2.7 In another trial the reaction of 62 tuber-bearing Sola- num species to root-knot was investigated. The results indicate that resistance is relatively wide spread a- mong species. Table 9 - Reaction of some tuber-bearing Solanwn spe- cies to Meloidogyne incognita acrita. Species Accessions Genotypes N° Tested 62 220 2,486 N° Resistant 25 38 83 % Resistant 40.3 17. 3 3.3 During recent progeny screening, 1,728 of 5,838 plants (29.6%) belonging to 73 families showed a level of re- sistance below 15 cysts by the root-ball method. These selections are being retested, increased, and used as the new parental population in future crosses. The va- riation in numbers of resistant clones derived from the same female parent, but with different male parents, was very large in this set of progeny tests. Ten thousand (10,000) seedlings hybrid between resist- ant selection from CIP's germ plasm collection and in- troduced resistant lines were evaluated at La Molina in 1976. Although a relatively high number of resistant progeny were identified, seedling tests tended to be unreliable, particularly when subjected to more than one cyst population. Five thousand (5,000) seedlings from this group are being checked under the cool tempe- rature conditions prevailing in Huancayo (3,300 meters). In retests of material to four populations of cyst ne- matodes, resistance was confirmed in six clones against the Huancayo population, four against the Otuzco popu- lation, eleven to the Cuzco population, while only one clone was resistant to a population of nematodes from Puno. The possibility of finding useful tolerant varieties appears promising following e~aluation of 45 varieties planted in a heavily infested field during the past growing season. Even though the field population was between 700-900 larvae/gm at planting, two groups were identified; Tolerant: yield reduction less than 35% of Temik treated controls; Intolerant: over 65% yield loss. On average, tolerant selections yielded 29% low- er than nematicide-treated controls while intolerant clones yielded 77% less than controls. Root-Knot Nematode Studies Resistance to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne 1..-n-- cognita acrita was assayed in four sources of material: 1746 clones from the CIP germ plasm collection; 64 clones from CIP breeding material; 1020 diploid clones from the North Carolina University research contract; 47 Table 6 - Races of Globodera rostochiensis on Solanum differentials. Races British A Host Dutch A F B c Species Proposed R1A R1B RA 2 R3A s. tbr ssp. tbr + + + + s. tbr ssp. adg (H1) - + + s. kurtizianum KTT/60.21.19 + + s. vernei GLKS 58.1642.4 + s. vernei (VTn) 2 63.33.3 Table 7 - Ra~es of Globodera pallida on Solanum dif- ferentials. Races British A E Host Dutch A D E Species Proposed P1A P1B P2A P3A P4A P5A s. tbr ssp. tbr + + + + + + s. multidissectum (H2) + + + + s. kurtzianum KTT/60.21.19 + + + + + s. vernei GLKS 58.1642.4 + + + + +· s. vernei (VTn) 2 + + 62.33.3 thrust VI Control of Important Nematode Pests of Potatoes Research in this Thrust is oriented toward developing clones tolerant and/or resistant to the potato cyst ne- matodes, Globode1?a (HeteI?odei?a) and G. rosto- chiensis, and the root-knot nematode, (Mel01:dogyne spp). An active screening program to evaluate resist- ance in CIP's germ plasm collection was continued throughout 1976 for both species. During the year par- ticular interest was focused on the interaction of the root-knot nematode and the- bacterial wilt organism, so The biology of the false root-nematode, spp, and the pathogenic var- iants of G. pal .in the Andean region received signifidant Potato Cyst Nematodes The most common cyst nematode in the Andean region is Globodera pallida, which appears to ha~e more pathogen- ic variation than G. rostochiensis. During the year 56 populations of Globodera were examined on European dif- ferential hosts. New classification schemes have been proposed for each of the cyst nematode species. It is noteworthy that the distribution of G. I'OStochiensis is confined primarily south of Latitude 15° S. Screening for cyst nematode resistance has been carried out in over 3,000 clones of the CIP germ plasm collec- tion using three populations of G. pallida and ~ne of G. rostochiensis. No clone showed a level of resistance below five cysts on the outside root ball or less than 40 new cysts (European standards). However, 20 clones have been selected that do significantly reduce cyst nematode reproduction. These clones appear to have sin- gle race resistance; only one clone (G 701478) appeared to act against G. pallida populations from two loca- tions, Cuzco and Otuzco. 45 than were plants with the (more conventional) simple hairs terminating in a sharp point and the presence of this sticky tip seems to provide multiple resistance against several small insect and mite pests. Studies of the inheritance of this modification of the simple hairs have been initiated with the aim of incorporating it into some future cultivars. Photo - (Top) Flea beetle feeding damage to Solanum andigena cultivar, Mariva (left), and S. po- lyadenium (right). Mariva shows much higher susceptibility; (Bottom) Wiped leaflets of S. polyadenium are much more susceptible to flea beetles than unwiped ones. 42 Host Resistance to Insects Glandular hairs with a four-lobed head occur on the leaves and stems of Solanum polyadenium_, S. tarijense and S. berthauUii. They are known to trap aphids by the sticky exudate they release. In experiments at CIP, plants of three species were generally between 10 and 100 times less damaged by the flea beetle (E'pitrix sp.) occurring at Lima than cultivars. Wiping off the glan- dular hairs with tissue paper made leaves of S. poZya-- deniwn much more susceptible. Two kinds of trichomes with sticky tips on Solanwn berthaultii On some S. tarijense and S. berthauUii plants, the simple hairs also had sticky tips. The sticky tips of these hairs have previously been shown to trap both the tetranychid mite Tetranychus urticae and against the thrips Thrips tabaci. In experiments at CIP, plants with these hairs were much more resistant against the tarsonemid mite PoZyphagotarsonerrrus (= Hemitanonemus) latus and to the leaf miner fly Liriomyza huidobrensis group of viruses. It is normally symptomless in pota- toes, but sometimes causes systemic vein necrosis and chlorotic spotting or blotching symptoms. Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Prince and C. quinoa are useful diagnotic hosts. PVT is readily seed transmitted in various sola- naceous hosts. Potato yellow vein virus from Ecuador is also under study in Scotland. New Insect Vectors Preliminary tests indicate that the leaf miner fly (Ly- riomyza huidobrensis Blanchard) can transmit PVT. The flea beetle species shown to transmit APLV has been i- dentified as Epitrix harilana rubia Bech & Bech. Potato flea beetle, Epitrix Harilana rubia 40 APLV was transmitted at low efficiency by flea bec~tles and readily by brushing APLV-infected against healthy plants. A low level of transmission of APLV oc- curred through botanical seed of potato. Table 5 - Low level potato true seed transmission of Andean potato latent virus. Experiment Seed from N° of seedlings Total N° infected of seedlings* Infected clone 4 450 Healthy clone 0 340 2 Infected clone 1 250 Healthy clone 0 550 * Seedlings backtested by combining in groups of ten and inoculating to Zovii plants. A strain of TRSV has been isolated from Peruvian potato cultivars showing yellow symptoms that resembled potato calico disease. Although it produces typical symptoms of TRSV in most indicator hosts, unusual symptoms for this virus are produced in , Chenopodiwn amctY'an lor, C. and Pe m:o laeeae. In im- munodif fusion tests the virus and its homologous anti- serum formed spurs against TRSV strains NC-38, NC-39, NC-72 and NC-87 from tobacco, and against the mottle and Texas strains; spurs were also produced a- gainst these six strains in reciprocal tests. The name Andean potato calico strain of TRSV is proposed. Work on the characterization of APMV, APLV and TRSV was done in cooperation with the Institute of Virus Serolo- gy, Braunschweig, Germany and the Universidad Nacional Agraria. In research at the Scottish Horticultural Research Ins- titute a CIP staff member completed the characteriza- tion of potato virus T (PVT) . This seems to be related to a virus from apples and belongs to the Clostravirus the Cowpea mosaic group of viruses. The most common pr.:!:_ mary an¢i secondary symptoms it induces in both wild and cultivated potatoes are mild and severe mottle respec- tively. Severe secondary symptoms may include leaf de- formation, systemic necrosis and/or strong stunting. APMV was transmitted by contact between healthy and in- fected plants but not by the potato flea beetle Epitrix sp. Three isolates of APLV have been characterized. Accord- ing to their source of origin in Peru they have been designated Caj (= CaJamarca) , Hu (= Huancayo) and Ay (= Ayacucho) respectively. Each infected 27 species of plants in four different families, including wild and cultivated Sol~num. Nicotiana bigelovii and N. clevlan- dii proved the most useful diagnostic indicator hosts. All three were capable of inducing symptoms in culti- vated potatoes so the virus is not necessarily latent despite its name (Table 4). Also, all three differed serologically from Col (= Colombia) , the original iso- late, by spur formation in gel diff·usion tests. Ay and Hu are similar serologically but formed spurs in reci- procal reactions with Caj. The data from light absorp- tion, particle morphology and protein molecular weight for Caj, Hu and Ay are similar to those reported for other Tymoviruses. Table 4 - Reactions of four different potato cultivars to inoculation with Andean potato latent vi- rus. APLV a) Cul ti var Caj Isolate Hu Arran Pilot CVN SS Mi Peru SS SS Renacimiento SS M Revolucion SS SS a) CVN SS chlorotic netting of minor veins, M symptomless systemic infection. Ay SS M SS SS mosaic, 39 38 Antiserum Production As part of a cooperative project with the Universidad Nacional Agraria, adjacent to CIP, antisera to potato virus X (PVX) , potato virus Y (PVY) , tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) potato virus S (PVS) , Andean potato latent virus (APLV) and Andean potato mottle virus (APMV) are now available for distribution to national potato pro- grams: PVX, PVY and PVS sufficient for 150,000, 1,000,000 and 300,000 microprecipitation tests respectively, and TRSV, APLV and APMV sufficient for 20,000, 30,000 and 100,000 gel diffusion tests respectiYely. Sufficient antisera for at least 1,000 tests with each are normal- ly sent out accompanied by detailed instruction sheets describing the microprecipitation and gel methods. So far antisera have been sent to the national programs of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Kenya, Korea, Mexico, Nepal, Paraguay, Peru, Thailand, Tunisia, Tur- key, Venezuela and Zambia. These sera have also been used on a large scale for CIP's pathogen-tested seed program, for meristem cul- ture work for virus elimination and for general virus identification studies. The microprecipitation method has been standardized permitting reliable routine de- tection of .PVS. Work is in progress to adapt the highly sensitive latex method for routine virus detection for seed programs of developing countries. Distribution of Seed of Indicators So far seed has been sent to the national potato pro- grams of more than twenty different developing coun- tries. Normally 200 seeds of each of six different key indicator plants are sent. New or Little Known Viruses The name Andean potato mottle virus (APMV) has been proposed for a new virus which has been found in pota- toes in Peru and in Andean germ plasm. It belongs to Seedlings to be inoculated with virus Y to screen for resistance hour photoperiod. lings 10 days after to develop symptoms inoculation and top Symptoms began to appear in seed- inocula tion. Seedlings that failed were re-challenged using mechanical grafts with PVY infected scions. 37 36 PLRV.- The international program of trials established. last year for testing segregating populations from crosses between PLRV resistant parents was expanded and now involves Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Turkey, Pakistan and Korea. Early results were encouraging and secondary leaf roll symptoms showed directly in seed- lings in the year of exposure obviating the need to harvest tubers for planting for secondary symptom eva- luation. Some rriinor changes to the original experiment seemed desirable so a modified field book has been pre- pared. Actual breeding lines resistant to PLRV have been sent to three additional countrie~ (Argentina, Costa Rica, Colorribia) for evalµation. A labor-saving routine has been established for large scale screening of young seedling families for PLRV re- sistance. Up to 8,000 seedlings can be screened at any one time in a large screenhouse compartment. The seed- lings are transplanted to "Jiffy" strips, the different families arranged in rows in replicated blocks and cut potato leaves heavily colonized with aphids placed at random on top of them. After 2-3 weeks exposure, the aphids are killed with insecticide, the seedlings transplanted to the field, readings for PLRV symptoms made and relative levels of infection resistance in the different families recorded. PLRV resistance in clones is being evaluated by the same method substi- tuting cuttings rooted in "Jiffy" blocks for the seed- lings. Work was started with certain wild examine them for possible immunity tempts to infect S. brevidens and .grafting with PLRV infected potato dicating immunity to the virus. Solanum species to to PLRV. All at- S. etuberosum by scions failed in- PVY.- Precise conditions for efficient screening for PVY resistance in seedlings were established using a growth charriber. Mechanical inoculation with an isolate of the common strain, high humidity and a period of darkness after inoculation gave best results in a charriber at 22°, 200-ft candles illumination and a 16 thrust V Control of Important Potato Viruses and their Vectors The main priority in virus research at CIP continues to be selection and breeding for resistance, particu- larly to potato virus Y (PVY) and potato leaf roll vi- rus (PLRV). Up to the present, little emphasis has been placed on breeding for virus resistance in developed countries. Sophisticated programs to identify and era- dicate virus infected plants, coupled with the use of chemical sprays to control insect vectors have general- ly obviated extensive breeding and screening activities. The difficulties associated with developing and main- taining virus control programs at the level of small farmers in developing countries and the frequent lack of areas with low aphid populations suitable for seed production has encouraged an extensive program at CIP to develop virus resistant potatoes. Other activities include production of antisera for distribution; a service for distribution of seed of indicator plants; detection and characterization of unknown or little known potato viruses; and identifica- tion of new vectors. Resistance Studies Breeding.- A complete collection of breeding lines showing resistance to PLRV, PVY and PVX has been assem- bled from breeding programs in different countries .. These constitute the first generation of resistant pa- rents at CIP. Over 800 crosses have been made and three potato popu- lations in which genes for virus resistance and adapta- tion can be accumulated established to provide a conti- nuous flow of superior parents. Desirable genes are being concentrated in back up populations (2x and 4x) before incorporation into the prime population. 34 4!50 f 0 400 .. 0 350 llC 0) 300 ..J ..J l&I 250 u IL 0 200 a: l&I CD 150 :I :::> z 100 !50 0 !5 10 1!5 20 2!5 DAYS Fig. 5 - Multiplication of acn1c:<)i'iO> c;; e-ase a CIP Regional Research Scie~ tist in India in 1977. This Regional Scientist will have the responsibility to coordinate the transfer of CIP technology and strengthen the development of national programs in India, Nepal and Bangladesh. While the Center maintained an average of one Core Pro- gram funded position in each Region, most of the growth in staff and budg·et assigned to the Regions was made possible by Special Project funding. During the year, seven donors provided special ~oject funds for CIP Re- gional or Country Programs in six Regions. 1976 was also a y~ar of transition for CIP's Regional Programs. As a result of the Planning Conference held in October 1975, the former Program title, "Outreach" was changed to "Regional Research and Training", which re- flects the important research functions carried out by CIP scientists based in the Regions. Regional research activities, complemented by training, are essential for the continuous flow of research results from Source Re- search to CIP's Regional Programs and to ensure the de- velopment of the potato crop in developing countries. Most members of CIP' s Regional Research and ':['raining team are based outside Peru, where they maintain close working relations with national programs, in order to facilitate the transfer of technology to the Regions. The Lima staff is composed of the Program Director, Co- ordinator Seed Production Specialist and the Socioecono- mics Unit. The Director and Coordinator have world-wide responsibility for guiding the technology transfer pro- cess. The Seed Production Specialist carries out the vi- tal -:tunction of linking Source Research Thrust IX, "Seed 79 80 Production Technology for Developing Countries" to the Regional Program, and assists national programs in deve loping sound seed programs. The Socioeconomics Unit is responsible for research and training in socioeconomics and in the adoption of improved potato technology. The following sections summarize the activities carried out by the seven Regional Programs and the Socioeconom- ics Unit during 1976. REGION I: SOUTH AMERICA PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT CIP's regional team for South America, consisting of two Production Specialists, one Seed Production Specia! ist and one Economist was in place at the beginning of 1976. Research transfer activities and training pro- grams were accelerated through the use of special pro- ject funding for Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia (provided by the Ford Foundation) and Latin America (Inter-American Development Bank). The lack of coordination among na- tional agencies and institutions still limits program development in several countries. This year promising developments have occurred. The fo- cal point for cooperation in the Region was the joint CIP/Brazil sponsored international course in Sao Paulo, in which scientists from Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile participated. The result of this course was the realization, particularly in Brazil, but also to some extent in Chile and Argentina, that an overall national program composed of different national organizations could operate. Brazil: In Brazil, the national organization of a potato pro- gram has been taken over by EMBRAPA (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria) which will coordinate various projects and assist with allocation of funds. CIP has offered to train approximately eight scientists in var- ious disciplines, who will return to specific projects in potato research. The training will begin in early 1977. The creation of a National Vegetable Center is being planned for Brazil in which potatoes will be included. The Brazilian National Center for Genetic Resources (CENARGEN) is being organized for vegetatively propa- gated material. Members of CIP's Seed Production Thrust visited CENARGEN to.advise on meristem techniques, and as a result, a CENARGEN scientist will come to CIP for advanced training. Meristem cultures and plantlets were sent to CENARGEN, initiating a "breakthrough'' for the introduction of germ plasm into Brazil. Uruguay: In Uruguay a major program on agricultural development was planned which will continue through 1980, financed by USAID and World Bank. Potatoes are included in this overall plan, and CIP could participate in training and the development of a seed production program. One scieE:_ tist received phytopathology training in Lima and was sponsored by CIP to attend the International Symposium on Pseudomonas soZanacearum in North Carolina in July, 1976. Argentina: In Argentina a three-year research contract involving the utilization of haploids of interspecific SoZanum crosses has been concluded between CIP and INTA (NatioE:_ al Institute of Agricultural Research) at a cost of $26,000 for three years. The Head of the National Pota- to Program was invited to present research papers at the Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America in July. CIP also sponsored the participation of pro- fessionals from Uruguay and Chile at this meeting. The Director of the main regional experiment station con- cerned with potatoes, the Head Economist and two of the largest growers of Argentina visited CIP in October. Plans for development of large commercial storages were outlined. 81 82 Chile: The former Vice-Minister of Agriculture of Chile, vi- sited CIP in April for discussions concerning the crea- tion of a National Potato Program for Chile. During vi- sits to Chile, CIP regional staff participated in the formulation of plans for a new national potato program which is expected to be adopted in early 1977. One trainee from Chile is participating in CIP's production course in Peru, and one Virologist was trained in spe- cial techniques for tuber detection of leaf-roll virus. Venezuela: At a recent meeting in Venezuela, future training re- quirements were discussed, and further opportunities are expected to strengthen CIP's involvement in potato improvement in Venezuela. A. Virologist was trained for three months at CIP's laboratories. Two candidates have been trained in the 1976 Production Course, the cost of which was accepted by Venezuela. Bolivia: In Bolivia, the agricultural public sector has been re- organized. A new semi-autonomous research Institute for Agricultural Research (IBT.i\) was created. The Inter- Am.erican Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IICZ\.) has provided the technical support for its organization and implementation. Following our continuous involvement in training for different levels of professionals from Bolivia and visits to the country, CIP has been invited to participate in the overall Potato .Research Flanning for IBTA. This will include training, research programs and planning to meet future needs both in personnel and facilities. A request from Bolivia to have CIP an in-country resident staff mert~ber to cooperate in de-· veloping their potato program is under consideration. The CIP communications team has been asked to assist Bolivia to plan its overall cornrnunication needs for IBTA. This could be a model study with possible appli- cation in other countries. Colombia: The Colombian potato program was evaluated by their na- tional agencies in cooperation with CIP in October. The purpose was to emphasize the need for support of basic activities and to study the feasibility of national and foreign technical and financial assistance. The program was centered around the new effort to develop a basic seed program, which has been inactive during the last few years. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Socioeconomic studies have begun in some countries. Research contracts financed by CIP have been initiated for studies in Ecuador and Chile. Regular meetings were held to evaluate progress and to provide means by which inter-country exchanges can be expanded. In Ecuador, a monograph on potato production, marketing and consump- tion is being prepared through contract. National pro- grams concerned with marketing and storage problems are receiving greatest emphasis. A contract for a monograph covering basic problems and prospects for potato im- provement in Chile has been made with CENDERCO (Centro para el Desarrollo Rural y Cooperative). Genetic material was sent in the form of botanical seed and/or tuber families from segregating populations for frost resistance to Ecuador and Chile; PLRV to Brazil, Argentina and Chile; and, lowland tropics adaptation to Brazil, Colombia and Surinam. Tubers and cuttings of pathogen tested varieties were sent to Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Colombia and Surinam. Seeds of indicator plants for virus testing were sent to Chile, Peru, Surinam, Bolivia, Colombia and Paraguay. To increase the production of quality seed, two new greenhouses have been supplied to Peru and Bolivia using special project funds. Various Bolivian, Colom- bian and Peruvian varieties are being freed from vi- ruses by the CIP meristem culture laboratory to form a 83 basis for seed production. An adaptability trial of im- prov_ed clones with tolerance to frost is being evalu- ated in the "Altiplano" of Bolivia. Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Colombia are par- ticipating in a joint screening project with CIP to evaluate the potential resistance of available germ plasm to PLRV (potato leaf-roll virus). In Chile, CIP Virologists have proposed studies of aphid population epidemiology to determine optimum conditions for potato seed production. Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia and Surinam are participating in a joint testing trial for adaptation of potatoes to hot humid tropical conditions. Germ plasm in the form of botanical seed families developed at CIP was sent to the above named countries in August this year. In Ecuador, the successful storage project financed by Ford Foundation has been continued and expanded. Twen- ty-four tons of seed were held for three months with a loss of only five per cent. The significance of this project will be apparent when the present socioeconomic study is completed. TRAINING ·A special course to train South American scientists in rapid multiplication of seed with minimum virus content through the use of stem cuttings, was held in Lima. In addition, the Region I - International Potato Produc- tion Course, with on seed production was held from September to Decernber. Eleven participants attend- ed, representing countries of Region I Uruguay, Paraguay, Surinam and 'I'he national potato technology course in Ecuador this year emphasized seed production and communication skills. F'our CIP scientists assisted with the t.'"10-week course for 15 Ecuadorian scientists and technicians. In Peru, support has been given to national scientists to organize and teach courses in various regions of the country. In addition, one course for national personnel was held early in the year, followed by a symposium for research workers. A meeting for personnel of the Na- tional Research Program of Peru was conducted in Novem- ber to evaluate the present research program and devel- op future plans. Three scientists from Uruguay, Peru and Colombia parti- cipated in the International Workshop on Pseudomonas in Raleigh, North Carolina (USA) in July. Several technicians were trained during 1976, in short courses or internships at CIP/Lima. They included Plant Breeders, virologists, Nematologists, Physiologists and Agronomists, representing Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Peru and Venezuela. A summary of the number and distribution of trainees sponsored by CIP or in cooperation with CIP, and the types of training courses offered from 1973-1976, are presented in Table 22. Technicians from the Ecuadorian National Potato Program learning communications skills to aid in the transfer of improved potato technology 85 86 In additiion, a total of five graduate sponsored by CIP for training at the level, of which, three from Bolivia 1976. One of the Bolivian students was Organization of American States. students were Master's Degree were accepted in sponsored by the Table 22 No of Year Trainees International 1973 5 1974 7 1974 16 1974 5 1975/76 5 1976 17 1976 10 National 1974 18 1974 25 1975 15 1975 25 1976 17 1976 12 Summary of Training Courses (South America) in Region I Students Week Subject Location Participating Production Peru Peru(2),Colombia(2), Costa Rica ( 1) 15 Production Peru 'Peru ( 2) , Colombia ( 1 } , Chile(2),Ecuador(2) 2 Altiplano Prod. Puna Peru(11) ,Bolivia(S) 8 Virus diagnosis Lima Peru(1),Colombia(1) Chile(1),Brazi1(1), Cuba(1) 20 Production Peru Peru{2),Ecuador(2), Bolivia(1) 4 Se~.t; Production Braz.il Brazil(12),Argentina{2}, Uruguay(1),Chile(2) 13 Production Peru Peru(2),Ecuador(3), Argentina{1},Chile{1)1 Brazil(1),Bolivia(1), Venezuela(1) 2 Production Quito Ecuador 2 Production Lima Peru 2 Production Quito Ecuador Production Lima Peru 2 Socio-econ./ Quito Ecuador Communications Seed Production Lima Peru REGION II: MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN The program development in Region II, in 1976, has been concerned mainly with technical assistance to national potato programs of the Region in seed production proj- ects, through the distribution of genetic material with resistance to the major diseases in the recipient coun- tries a@ the-training of national scientists through in-country and regional production courses. In.April 1976, CI!:'...'.,.s scientific staff in Region II was expanded through the assignment of a regional research scientist to the "Centro Agronomico Tropical de Inves- tigaci6n y Ensefianza" (CATIE) in Costa Rica, according to an Agreement signed by CIP and CATIE .. •rhe following priorities were defined for the first 6-9 months of work: 1. Research facilities were reorganized at CATIE. A screenhouse was completely renovated and equipment and ~upplies purchased. 2. Familiarization with the potato program and pro- duction problems of Costa Rica. 3. Establishing contacts with the Ministry of Agri- culture (Direcci6n de Investigaciones Agricolas y Centro Agricola Regional de g~rtago) . Negotiations were begun for an Agreement between the Ministry of Agriculture and CIP. 4. A research project on adaptation of potato germ plasm to the lowland tropics was started utilizing tuber lines and botanical seed of families pro- vided by CIP/Lima. Trials were begun in November 1976, utilizing local seed to determine optimum planting dates during the year. As the research program evolves, and adapted mate- rial with disease resistance is identified, it will be possible to associate more closely with the Regional Off ice for Central American Programs (ROCAP) funded program at CATIE on production sys- tems for the small farmer. 87 88 Costa Rica: This year, in Costa Rica, a seed production project based on stem cutting techniques was initiated. For this purpose, 100 kg. of the varieties Rosita and Murca were provided by CIP's Regional Program, and a third variety, Mariva, was sent from CIP/Lima. The same set of clones with resistance to P. infestans and 25 clones resistant to P. solanacearu1n, which were distributed to other countries of Region II, were also sent to the University of Costa Rica as part of CIP's International Diseµse Testing Program. A Costa Rican technician par- ticipated in the CIP Regional Production Course in To- luca, Mexico. Mexico: CIP's Regional Research activities in Mexico have been conducted in cooperation with the Mexican National Po- tato Program. The principal research activities con- cerning the maintenance and evaluation of the "germ plasm bank" of clones resistant to late blight, are conducted in conjuction with CIP's Departments of Breeding and Genetics and Pathology. During the year, 8,000 clones from tubers and botanical seed were re- ceived from 11 institutions in seven countries, for in- clusion in the International Late Blight Test. The dis- tribution of -material from Mexico continued with 650 samples of genetic material to 17 countries. Other clones have been multiplied jointly with the Mexican Program and distributed to collaborating potato pro- grams throughout the world. In Mexico, a National Potato Committee was officially formed with the principal function of coordinating the activities of national institutions for the development of the potato crop. CIP's Regional Program has repre- sentation in this Committee. A total of five Mexican technicians, one of them fi- nanced by CIP, participated during different period in the regional potato production course. 'l'he attendance CIP scientist discussing resistance to late blight (Phy- thopthora infestans) in Mexican germ plasm with local experts 90 of a Mexican scientist at the International Symposium on P. solanacearum in USA was sponsored by CIP in July. A second scientist of the Post-Graduate School in Cha- pingo, Mexico, participated in a training period at CIP/Lima, concerning meristem culture techniques. Guatemala: An Agreement of Technical Cooperation between CIP and the "Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Agricola" (ICTA) was ratified. Visits to this country by CIP staff at various times during the year have permitted an eval- uation of the potential of a realistic program in seed production. A series of meetings was held with Guatemalan farmers on seed production technology. Through the sponsorship of BID, a study concerned with potato storage has been initiated. Genetic material with resistance to P. sola- nacear>1ff(f and P. infestans was sent to Guatemala to be evaluated by national scientists. El Salvador: A plan has been developed for potato research to be conducted in the next few years. Forty-six clones were sent and tested for resistance to late blight. Honduras: A Technical Assistance Agreement the Office of National Resources with the Secretary of has been established. According to this Agreement, CIP will collaborate in the organization of a National Potato Program. 'rhe im- portation of "elite" seed from Holland was recommended by CIP's specialists in seed production to form the ba- sic material which will help initiate a seed multipli- cation project. The recommendation was approved by the Government of Honduras. Recognizing the need to rein- force the country's technical capacity in the agricul- ture, national leaders in Honduras have requested CIP's cooperation for training in potato production. Two Hon- duran technicians participated in the Regional Produc- tion Course in Mexico, and a candidate has been identi- fied and nominated to attend the Production Course in Wageningen, in 1977. Clones with resistance to P. 1:n- festanB have been sent to Honduras for evaluation under local conditions. .I\ new J_s in pro9r<'oS'> v;ith the creation of a R.E::sc~ai.rcb_ .::in.d E;(t·.f:;;:11sion InstitutE~ as an a'lJ.tor1ornous aqricultura1 tute of thi 2.ation. may E:t ter production and evaluation of advanced Panama: of an :L:nst:i·· mater Through the visits of CIP personnel to Panama and meet- ings held with Panamanian farmers regarding Seed Pro··· duction Technology, a general plan was established for conducting a national seed production program. This program will be initiated with the importation of high quality seed from Holland. An initial test regarding the suitability of two specific areas for seed produc- tion was carried out this year with the planting of small quantities of high quality seed of the variety Alpha, which was provided by CIP. Eleven clones resist- ant to P. solanacearwn and 46 clones resistant to P. infestans were sent by CIP for evaluation in Panama, and a Panamanian technican participated in CIP's Re- gional Production Course. Caribbean area: Initial contacts were made with other countries of Re- gion II, particularly those in the Caribbean area. Two technicians working with the German Mission in San Jose de Ocoa, in the Dominican Republic, visited CIP's regional headquarters in Mexico to establish a basis for future cooperative activities. A scientist from the 91 "Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit" (GTZ) also visited CIP/Lima and the Dominican Republic to explore ways our two institutions can work together for the benefit of potato improvement in that country. REGION III: TROPICAL AFRICA The establ~shment of CIP's Regional Program for Tropic- al Africa conunenced in January '1976, with the location of a CIP Scientist and an.Associate Regional Scientist (Associate Expert) financed by the Netherlands, in Nai- robi, Kenya. The CIP team is utilizing facilites at the National Agricultural Laboratories and office space shared with ·cIMMYT. TRAINING COURSE CIP and the Kenya Potato Program jointly sponsored a potato production course in May this year, in which 13 participants attended, representing seven countries of Tropical Africa. The course was general in nature, cov- ering production problems and improved technology ap- plicable to developing countries of Tropical Africa. Consultants from Holland, Kenya and CIP participated in the course and held a series of practical classes. De- monstrations were conducted and seed multiplication plots were exhibited in fields belonging to the Kenya National Potato Program. REGIONAL WORKSHOP A regional Workshop was held in October, at which par- ticipants from eight countries of Tropical Africa took part. The main emphasis was on development of national potato programs, seed production, transfer of technolo- gy and socioeconomic studies. Scientists from the In- ternational Agricultural Center, Wageningen, Holland, assisted CIP in conducting the Workshop. Prior to the meeting, CIP personnel visited Ethiopia, Tanzania, Ma- lawi and Zambia for a direct assessment of the poten- tial of these countries for potato research and pro- duction. At the end of the Workshop, a series of reso- lutions concerning CIP's future Regional Work Program was passed by the delegates. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT During the year, visits were made by the regional staff to Ethiopia, Lesotho, Zambia, Tanzania, Malagasy, Came- roon, Sudan, Ghana and Nigeria to assess the present scope of potato improvement efforts in these countries. Priorities were established and a work plan for 1977 was developed. Demonstration plot showing yields from improved agronomic practices in Kenya 93 94 With respect to the Kenya National Potato Program, it was agreed at the highest level that all agencies in- volved in potato research and production should be part of one integrated national program. CIP will have a ma- jor responsibility to assist Kenyan leaders to achieve this objective. During 1976, a number of "improved yield".plots were planted and the improvement in yields resulting from the "technological package" was demons- trated. However, the results demonstrated the impor- tance of accurate economic analyses in comparing im- proved technological practices with traditional growing methods. Further evaluation of advanced techniques are proposed for the next growing season using a standard variety. A research contract initiated in 1974, with Haile Se- lassie I University (now Addis Ababa University, Col- lege of AgricultulS.e, Alemaya) in Ethiopia, was conti- nued and expanded this year. 'I'he objective of the pro- ject is to screen and evaluate Solanwn andigena and "neo-tuberosum" materials under the highland conditions of Ethiopia. In Nigeria, the establish.~ent of the National Root Crops Research Institute ·~as opened up new possibili- ~ies for CIP's coope~ation with Nigeria's efforts for potato improvement on the Jos Plateau. Nigeria sent participants to CIP's training course and Regional Workshop· ,in Kenya, and a research proposal was re- ceived from a scientist working on the Jos Plateau to continue the search for suitable varieties with resist- ance to both late blight and bacterial wilt. One selec- tion from CIP's Mexican germ plasm collection has been bulked for naming as a new variety. REGION IV: MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AMERICA 1976 was a difficult year for CIP's Program in Region IV, since there was no permanent regional headquarters until September. The civil war in Lebanon, by late 1975, necessitated moving the regional headquarters temporarily to Tunisia. In spite of the difficulties, there has been an accelerated development of the Re- gional Program and the establishment of a permanent re- gional base in Turkey. STAFFING In March this year, CIP's Regional Representative for Region IV, left Lebanon and established a temporary base in Tunisia, where he was joined by another CIP scientist assigned specifically to the special project in Tunisia. In August, CIP's Regional Representative moved to Turkey, and was joined by a third CIP scien- tist to assist with the implementation of CIP's Region- al Program. In addition, an Associate Regional Scien- tist (Associate Expert) was appointed in October. Fol- lowing an orientation period at CIP/Lima, he will join CIP's regionai team based in Turkey. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT A summary of research and training activities in the countries of Region IV is presented in Table 23. Tunisia: In Mcty 1976, a Cooperative Agreement was signed between Tunisia and CIP, funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The Agreement is for a five- year special project for development of a strong na- tional potato program in Tunisia. Using special project funds, CIP will play a central role in research, train- ing and extension activites. Immediately after the signing of the Agreement, a one-week workshop, with CIP scientist participating, was held to launch the Tuni- sian Program. Following the workshop, a four-week pro- duction course was conducted to train Tunisian techni- cal staff and prepare for the autumn planting season. During September and October, various training activi- ties were held using Canadian and CIP consultants. 95 96 Turkey: A formal Agreement was signed between CIP and the Go- vernment of Turkey in May 1976, and the cooperative program was launched by a one-week workshop followed by a one-week field course. CIP and Dutch scientists par- ticipated. In Turkey, the Regional headquarters was established at Izmir. In addition to assit~nce to the national pro- gram, a regional center for e~aluation, multiplication and distribution of germ plasm for the Middle East and North Africa is being established. Turkey produces ap- proximately two million tons of potatoes per year and is one of the most important countries with which CIP is associated. The five-year work plan is part of the Cooperative Agreement, and involves research related to evaluation of the germ plasm-, -basic seed production, agronomic practices, storage, marketing and a program of training to develop national capabilities for pota- to improvement. A set of virus resistant. clones as well as clones from the Cii? leaf roll screening· proj.ect have been sent to Turkey and Egypt for evaluation. Syria: In Syria, late in 1976, the Arab Union for ~gricultural Development that includes Syria, Egypt and Libya, re- quested CIP to develop a cooperative proposal for re- search and production of basic seed for the three mem- ber countries. Similarly, the newly created Syrian "General Organization for Seed Multiplication" re- quested CIP's assistance for potato improvement in this country. Egypt: The PL-480 proposal for investigations on potato stor- age were submitted to USDA in Washington, and is pre- sently awaiting approval. When approval is given, CIP will assist with the implementation of the project through the Regional Representative. In the meantime, assistance is being provided by CIP in the form of im- proved germ plasm and its in-country evaluation is con- tinuing. A set of virus resistant clones as well as clones from CIP leaf roll screenings have been sent to Egypt for evaluation. The potato industry in Egypt has received additional impetus in the last two years as exports have flourished, particularly to Europe, where the dry summers have seriously lowered crop yields. Lebanon: In view of the civil war, the national potato program of Lebanon was temporarily halted until such time as the once successful program can be reactivated. Table 23 Regional Research & Training Activities in Region IV llS i:: ·rl llS '1l 0 i:; 0 ~ ·rl >. •rl u .µ llS i:; i:; llS en Q) 1-1 u ~ .>! 'O llS M llS ·rl •rl .;.: (!) 0 111 M ..Q ..: 'O 1-1 ~ 1-1 °' 1-1 1-1 0 (!) ::I >. ~ r-1 0 w H I") ...:! Ul Ul Ul ..: ::;: Research Development Reg. Germ Plasm Dist. * Germ Plasm - disease resistance * * * * * virus resistance * * * PLRV screen. proj. * * breeding project * Int. Yield Trial * Seed Production Project * * * * * * Storage and tuber moth * * * * Marketing studies * * Training Regional Seminars * * * * * * * * National Courses * * * * * * Conferences * In depth training * * Miscellaneous Nat. Program Tech. Assistance * * * * * * * •k Special Project Preparations * * * Initial Surveys * * * * * * * * * Publications (Training material in Arabic & Turkish) * * * * 91 98 OTHER ACTIVITIES A joint training course in seed production and pest and disease control took place in early November (see "Re- gion V"). The leader of the Turkish National Potato Program assisted in the instruction of the course and two trainees from Turkey participated in the course, as well as the CIP Regional Representatives from Regions IV and v. At the request of the Ford Foundation, the Regional Re- presentative visited the Republic of the Sudan to pre- pa're a report on the possibilities for potato improve- ment in that country. This report wi~l form part of a general survey of Sudanese agricultural research re- quirements to be considered at a final meeting in No- vember this year. The CIP Regional Representative also has been assisting in the development of the program in Region III; as well as participating in the Produc- tion Course and Regional Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya, in May and October 1976, respectively. REGION V: SOUTHWEST ASIA (PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,IRAN) Contacts in Region V were exploratory until an Agree- ment was signed between CIP and the Government of Pa- kistan, in November 1975, to base a CIP regional team in Islamabad for coordination of research and training activities in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. In Feburary 1976, two CIP scientists participated in the Potato Improvement Workshop sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, PL-480 Project in Lahore, Pakistan. The main theme of the meeting was the evalua- tion of the existing PL-480 Research Project for the screening of germ plasm and varieties for adaptation to environmental stress. In May 1976, a CIP Regional Research Scientist was based at Islamabad, to implement the Agreement with the Agricultural Research Council of Pakistan, and to es- tablish contacts with the other countries of CIP's Re- gion V. Funds to establish CIP's Regional Program were provided by the Government of the Netherlands. During his first few months in Pakistan, CIP's Regional Re- search Scientist visited most of the potato growing areas of the country and travelled to Iran and Afghan- istan. In November, a nine-day course on potato seed produc- tion, with special reference to disease and pest coB- trol, was held in Lahore. "Deutsche Stiftung fur Inter- natio~ale Entwicklung" (DSE) provided funding and ex- perts to assist CIP in conducting the course, in which over 20 scientists and technicians from Pakistan, Af- ghanistan and Turkey participated. REGION VI: SOUTHERN ASIA (INDIA, NEPAL & BANGLADESH) In November, 1975, an Agreement was signed between CIP and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) which provides for: (a) exchange of scientists and technologists; (b) exchange of germ plasm and breeding material; (c) exchange of scientific literature, the information and methodology; (d) importation of scien- tific equipment. In June 1976, a Work Plan was approved by CIP and ICAR to implement this Agreement. The Work Plan called for CIP to appoint a resident scientist by January 1977, to be located at the Central Potato Re- search Institute (CPRI) at Simla, where he will serve as CIP's Regional Representative. His responsibility will be to serve as a link between CIP and the strong research program of CPRI, and to establish contacts with the neighboring countries of Nepal and Bangladesh, where research and training help is needed. 99 100 Major developments in Region VI occurred in Nepal, where CIP was requested to help develop the National Potato Development Program and strengthen national re- search capabilities. For this purpose, CIP received a special project grant from the Government of Switzer- land, and employed a Swiss scientist as CIP's Country Program Scientist in Nepal. In September this year, the Deputy Director General for Crop Research of Nepal's Department of Agriculture and the Head of Nepal's Na- tional Potato Program visited CIP/Lima to acquaint themselves with CIP's research program and develop a Work Plan for Nepal. At the same time, CIP's recently appointed Country Program Scientist for Nepal was at CIP/Lima for an orientation period before proceeding to Nepal to assume his new responsibilities. Since a re- gional representative for Region VI will not be on lo- cation until January 1977, CIP's Regional Representa- tive for Region VII based in Korea, visited Nepal sev- eral times to help establish the special project for potato improvement in that country. In September 1976, a trainee from Bangladesh sponsored by USAID, arrived at CIP to participate in a three- month training course to prepare for new responsibili- ties in Bangladesh, in a project on potato seed stor- age. REGION VII: FAR EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA ACTIVITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA 1. CIP/Korea Agreement In May 1976, CIP's Director General and the Direc- tor General of the Off ice of Rural Development (ORD) Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Re- public of Korea, signed an agreement for mutual cooperation in potato research. Under the agree- ment, the CIP Regional Scientist became Team Lead- er for potatoes, at the ORD, Crop Improvement Re- search Center (CIRC) and a member of the CIRC Re- search Committee. 2. Regional Office The office for CIP's Region VII, the Far East and Southeast Asia, established late in 1975, was con- solidated by the appointment of a bilingual secre- tary and a driver. Logistic support and communica- tions facilities for the Regional Office, which is located in the Horticultural Experiment Station of ORD in Suweon, are prqvided by the USAID sponsored Crop Improvement Research Center, ORD, Suweon. 3. The Korea National Progr~m CIP helped prepare a proposal for USAID, as a re- sult of which a full time CIP potato scientist was employed by USAID, w:i:.thJ,_:ri._the CIRC potato program. He will take over the position of Team Leader of the Korean National Potato Program from CIP's Re- gional Representative. 4. The Interdisciplinary Potato :Research Team The team met six times during the year and out- lined the requirements for new personnel, training and equipment for the program. Research programs were analyzed and future program pr.iorities estab- lished. An interim report on potato production in the Republic of Korea was prepared and work was begun on the preparat!on of the final draft. CIP's Regional Representative and Country Program Scien- tist visited potato production areas in Korea as well as the various agencies and institutions con- cerned in potato production and utilization. A greater understanding of potato work in Korea was 9ained thereby helping to unite the members of the potato team into a sound national program. ~. Consultancies An Australian scientist spent six week in Korea to advise on seed production, potato nutrition and agronomy. A scientist from the Tropical Products Institute- spent 12 days in Korea advising on pota- to storage. 101 102 6. Training The above mentioned consultants from Australia and the Tropical Products Institute conducted seminars on physiology and potato storage, respectively. A Korean potato agronomist was partially sponsored by CIP on a study tour of Japan, a visit to CIP facilities in Peru and visits to two U.S. univer- sities. REGIONAL ACTIVITIES 1. Regional Symposium The First Regional Symposium on Potato Production for the Far East and Southeast Asia, jointly spon- sored by CIP anti the Office of Rural Development, was held from June 7-12, at Seoul. Scientists and national leaders from ten countries of the Region attended the Symposium and presented papers summa- rizing the present situation of potato production in their countries. Resolutions were passed at the Symposium emphasizing the organization of national potato programs and outlining ways in which CIP can cooperate with national programs for the bene- fit of potato improvement in the Far East and Southeast Asia. 2. Sri Lanka Work was initiated on drafting of a cooperative agreement between CIP and the Department of Agri- culture of Sri Lanka and recommendations were made for improvement of the Sri Lankan Seed Potato Pro- gram. A training course in seed potato conducted in Sri Lanka, by CIP's tist, aided by a CIP consultant, kan Potato Team Leader. production was Regional Scien- and the Sri Lan- A potato agronomist from Sri Lanka attended the Fifth International Course on Potato Production at Wageningen, Holland. CIP sent the Sri Lankan Potato Certification Offi- cer for a four month training course to Australia, principally at the Victorian Plant Research Insti- tute. 3. Japan Contacts were made with members of the Ministry of Agriculture and the College of Agriculture, Uni- versity of Hokkaido. Japanese scientists are in- terested ~n assisting CIP with its work in South- east Asia. 4. Malaysia During a brief visit to Malaysia, CIP's Regional Representative mape contact with several workers in the Malaysian Agriculture Research and Develop- ment Institute, who are interested in potato re- search and production. The visit and subsequent correspondence with various scientists identified an interest in commencing a seed scheme and test- ing CIP clones for adaptation to the hot humid tropics. 5. Philippines Visits to the Philippines made by CIP personnel during the year have established contacts with key scientists in the National Potato Program. An agreement for "Scientific and Technical Coopera- tion in Research and Training on Potato Improve- ment and Culture" was signed by the Director of the Philippines Council for Agriculture and Re- sources Research (PCARR) and the Director General of CIP. Negotiations are in progress between CIP and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Grad- uate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEA.RCA) at 10.3 104 Los Banos in the Philippines whereby SEARCA would provide administrative support and facilities for CIP's Regional Team, when it is relocated from the Republic of Korea to the Philippines in 1977. Although CIP will continue an active program of cooperation in research and training with CIRC in Korea the new base for CIP's regional team in the Philippines will offer several advantages. It will be a more central and economical base for travel throughout the Region. The climate and agriculture of the Philippines is also more typical of the tropical and sub-tropical countries of the Region, and therefore, the j'hiJi.ppines will provide an ex- cellent base for the testing of CIP germ plasm and techno1og;,'. In September, PCARR visited CIP personnel implementation 6. Nepal this year the Director General of CIP/Lima to become acquainted with and facilities and to discuss the of the PCARR/CIP agreement. Although Nepal is considered as part of CIP's Re- gion VI, visits to.Nepal, in 1976, were made by CIP's Regional Representative from Region VII, and other CIP scientists, since the regional team for India, Nepal and Bangladesh had not yet been es- tablished. Two Nepalese scientists participated in the Region VII Symposium held in Korea, in June 1976. The head of the Nepal Potato Program visited CIP in September of this year. 7. Thailand Major program developments in Thailand occurred in 1975 and 1976, which have created new possibili- ties for CIP's cooperation with national potato improvement efforts in that country. In November 1975, the Director General and a CIP team visited Thailand to assess the potential of the country for potato improvement. Personnel of the Rocke- feller Foundation and the United Nations Programme for Drug Abuse Control (UNPDAC) were particularly helpful in establishing contacts with national leaders at Bangkok and Chiang Mai. CIP staff tra- velled to Chiang Mai to meet with the Director and staff of the Northern Agricultural Development Center (NADC). Visits were made with the Project Manager of the Crop Replacement and ~ommunity De- velopment Project to several villages in the "Hill-Tribe" areas near Chiang Mai, including the villages of Ban-Phui, Khun Wang and Chawlae, to assess potential seed producing areas. The NADC at Chiang Mai is being assisted by a UNDP/FAO project which is providing funds and staff members to develop and staff the new Center. The NADC program is divided into five branches: Planning, Research Extension, ~atural Resources and Field Stations. The Government of New Zealand is assisting NADC by providing funds for agricul- tural training. The potato program for northern Thailand is included as one of the projects of NADC. The United Nations/Thai Program for Drug Abuse Control (UNPDAC) is concentrating in the "Hill- Tribe" areas of northern Thailand, which is the main area of production of the opium poppy. UNPDAC has established a Crop Replacement and Community Development Project based in Chiang Mai, to devel- op alternative crops to the opium poppy. Seed po- tato production is being considered as one such alternative crop for the "Hill-Tribe" areas be- cause of its high value and possible adaptation to the hill areas surrounding the potato producing areas near Chiang Mai. Recently, a road has been completed into one "Hill-Tribe" area which could make transportation of seed potatoes feasible. In 1976, a proposal was developed by the Interna- tional Programs Division of the USDA Agricultural Research Service with the Government of Thailand, entitled: "Table and Seed Potato Production in the Highlands of Northern Thailand, as a Replacement for the Opium Crop". 105 106 In June 1976, CIP sponsored two scientists from Thailand to participate in the Regional Symposium on Potato Production for the Far East and South- east Asia, held in Suweon, Korea. In September this year, CIP's Regional Representative for Re- gion VII, visited Thailand. 8. Taiwan Visits to the Asian Vegetable Research and Devel- opment Center (AVRDC) by CIP scientists and a vi- sit by the Director General of AVRDC to Korea, have strengthened the regional role AVRDC is playing in selection program for potatoes suitable for the lowland tropics. CIP has an active ex- change program with AVRDC for genetic materials. INTRODUCTION OF GERM PLASM In 1976, CIP arranged the supply of new and im- proved clones of potatoes to countries of Region VII as follows: Country Korea Sri Lanka Philippines Fiji Thailand Number and Description 5 varieties 7 varieties 5 varieties 2 varieties 10 clones 8 clones and true seed Source USA and Canada Holland Australia Japan USA CIP Bacterial wilt resistant Wisconsin clones Heat-tolerant, early CIP maturing clones Heat tolerant clones CIP Heat tolerant clones CIP CIP'S SOCIOECONOMIC UNIT Objectives and Program Development The International functions within (RR & T) Program. Potato Center's Socioeconomic Unit the Regional Research and Training Its major objectives follow: I. Complement and support CIP's research and training programs. II. Carry out socioeconomic studies at the national level to facilitate the transfer of technology from CIP to national programs. III. Carry out and sponsor, in collaboration with CIP and national scientists, applied socioeconomic re- search to determine acceptability and impact of new technology at the farm level. In line with CIP's overall approach, the Unit 'is prob- lem-oriented and interdisciplinary. It is felt that a broadly based, social science program, focused on a few key problems and working closely with CIP research scientists and regional teams, can make significant contributions to the development and transfer of im- proved potato technology. Research projects are design- ed and executed in collaboration with other Center's scientists and with National Potato Programs. Socioeco- nomic training, included in courses held at the Cen- ter's Lima headquarters and in regional courses, aims at preparing national workers for applying socioecono- mic methods and techniques to strengthen potato pro- grams in their own countries. The Center's socioeconomic program includes four prin- cipal areas of work: I. Development of a socioeconomic information base for potatoes II. Comparative study of potato production and utili- zation in selected countries 107 108 III. In-depth research A. Farm-level constraints to potato production B. Potato seed production and distribution sys- tems C. Post-harvest technology and utilization IV Socioeconomic training In 1976 emphasis was placed on building an information base and initiation of three country-level studies within a comparative framework. Future work will focus on research and training in the areas of production cons~raints, seed, and post-harvest technology. Development of a Socioeconomic Information Base During 1976 the Socioeconomic Unit placed high priority on bibliographic research, establishment of a special- ized document collection, and analysis of available world statistics on potato production and utilization. A bibliography on socioeconomic aspects of potatoes in Peru was published, and bibliographic work on socioeco- nomic aspects of potato production and utilization in the world was initiated at Cornell University. A col- lection of documents was established for the RR & T Program, which has documents organized by country and catalogued by author and subject. This makes informa- tion on countries in the seven CIP Regions readily a- vailable to center scientists and trainees. FAO statis- tics on potato production and utilization in the world were analyzed and summarized for publication. Analysis of national-level data indicates a strong re- lationship between per capita income levels and major aspects of potato production and utilization. In poor countries, levels of potato yields, per capita consump- tion and the per cent which is processed or fed to livestock are all lower than in the developed countries (Maps 1 and 2, Figure 9). The growth rate of potato production is highest in countries where levels of per capita income and potato consumption are lowest. In countries at an intermediate stage of development, the growth rate of potato production is smallest (in some cases negative). In highly industrialized countries, where large volumes of potatoes are processed, the rate of growth of production increases again (Figure 10). The Peruvian bibliography was compiled by the staff of the Socioeconomic Unit. Analysis of FAO statistics was also carried out by the Unit directly. An independent consultant was hired on a part-time basis to organize the RR & T Library. Bibliographic work at Cornell is being carried out by graduate students under contract with the Cent'er. Comparative study of Potato Production and Utilization During the year, comparative study and use in three objectiv~s: the Socioeconomic Unit initiated a of potato production, distribution countries, with the following major 1. Outline major characteristics of potato research, seed and extension programs and of potato produc- tion and distribution systems. 2. Identify major barriers to improved potato produc- tion, distribution and use. 3. Develop typologies of producers which facilitate the design of strategies for improving potato technology and productivity and the evaluation of their impact. 4. Analyze market problems (unstable prices and sup- ply, inadequate storage and processing, excessive marketing· margins, inelastic demand) and identify high-priority areas for improving storage and processing technology and distribution systems. 109 .... 0 40\- 160 140 120 100 ...... ""' _.,, -4--'·t~ 80 100 120 140 160 '80 " \ \ ( ·D ~ . Cl!Z··'i" 0 Cir) r:s,= ~ip- . ~ ·'I> . --~it> ::,'\ \ \ ~. \ POTATO YIELDS (T/ha) 1972/74 - 15. 1 + ___ .,_ _______ . __ -- - -- -- --- ------. , .. :..J20 ~ 10. 1 to 15 .0 - 7.6 to 10.0 ~ 5. 1 to 7 .5 -., .. ;~/" c=i 2. 0 to 5.0 j ' Source: FAQ Production Yearbook 1974. • ___\ L____L . ,. '------·-'-----'-----'--~~ 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 J_______-'-----L----''--~-~ 40 60 80 100 120 Map 1 - Potato yields by country (T/ha), 1972-74. 140 l~ 180 - ... - 7 .. , oL-- POTATO PRODUCTION PER CAPITA I (kg/yr) 1972174 \ w\----- \ 40\ \ -~ l11lillllID EQfil CJ 100. 1 + 75, 1 to 1qo so. 1 to 75 25. 1 to 50 under 25 ~e: FAD Production Year Book 1974. 100 iGo l'40 ·-1~270--~,oo~--ieoc---~,"'o'~--'°"c----,"'o---+ L_ j___ 20 40 60 80 100 120 Map 2 - Potato production per capita (Kg/yr), 1972-74. 140 16-0 \ ~o I I 20 ;;· I 180 30 25 ~ ""' r-- ;:;;-20 r-- °' It! ::i:: " E-< ~is Q ..:I r:i::I H :>t 0 ~ 10 E-< 0 p., 5 0 112 Fig. 9 - Potato yields as a function of GNP per capita. o3 06 / os ol x / /0 02 /" /" 8 9 ~ 12 18 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 GNP PER CAPITA ($ US, 1973) Figures 9 and 10: Countries with over 10,000 Ha. in potatoes were rank ordered in terms of their average GNP per capita. These countries were separated into 20 strata, each-with approximately the same area in potatoes. The 20 strata include the following countries (in descending order of GNP per capita): (1) U.S.A.; (2) Switzerland, Sweden, Canada; (3) Germany F.R.; (4) Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France; (5) Australia, Nether- lands, Japan, Finland, Libyan Arab Rep.; (6) Austria, United Kingdom; (7) Germany D.R.; (8) Czechoslovakia; (9) Italy, (10) Ireland, Greece, Hungary; (11) Spain, Argentina; (12) Venezuela, Bulgaria, Portugal, South Africa; (13) Yugoslavia, Uruguay, Mexico; ( 14) Iran, Brasil, Chile; ( 15) Peru, Turkey; (16) Algeria, Cuba, Albania, Colombia, Rep. of Korea, Ecua- dor; ( 1 7) Dem. Rep. of Korea, Morocco, Egypt, Cameroon; ( 18) Bolivia, Kenya, Madagascar, Zaire, Tanzania, Indonesia; (19) India; (20) Pakistan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Burundi, Rwanda. -6 z 0 H E-< u p Q 0 0:: p, 0 E-< ~ E-< 0 tj< p, r--- µ:) -.....__ N (.9 r--z CT'\ ~ -2 ::r:: I u LI) E-< \.D z -.....__ µ:) \.D u CT'\ 0 0:: µ:) p, f-1 ~ ::i z -2 ~ µ:) > ~ -4 020 0 o9 10 1000 07 2000 0 8 06 O'.J o4 3000 4000 GNP PER CAPITA ($ US, 1973) Fig. 10 - Per cent change in potato production as a function of GNP per capita. 01 5000 113 114 5. Provide a general framework for future, in-depth research on production constraints, seed and post- harvest systems. 6. Present benchmark information for future evalua- tion of CIP and National Potato Programs. In 1976 country studies were initiated in Chile, Ecua- dor (CIP Region I) and Kenya (Region III). In each case, research contracts were signed with lqcal insti- tutions to carry out necessary field work and draft the reports, following a uniform format. In each of the three study countries, national program leaders placed great emphasis on marketing problems and the need to stabilize potato prices. Consequently in each study, analyses of market and price problems were carried out. In Chile, it was generally believed that the main cause of price instability was cyclical expan- sion and contraction of the area seeded to potatoes. However, an analysis of time series data revealed that the main source of supply instability was not the fluc- tuation of area in potatoes but potato yields. This was even true in the Central Zone, around Santiago, where production is highly market oriented and yields are quite stable due to an effective irrigation system. Ex- periments on determinants of yield instability are now planned by the Chilean Potato Program. In Ecuador, when the study was initiated there was great interest in stabilizing prices through a state- operated storage system. However, price analysis indi- cated that in Quito a three-year cycle overshadowed the seasonal cycle, placing in doubt the economic viability of a storage facility. Farm-level and regional storages are much more promissing, and research on low-cost sys- tems continues. In Kenya, potato genetic work and seed production fo- cused for many years on white-skinned varieties. Howev- er, an early finding of the country study was that the market price of red-skinned potatoes generally exceeded that of white-skinned varieties by 30 per cent. This price differential partially explains why the adoption of new varieties and technological packages has been poor. In late 1976, anthropologica{ fieldwork was carried out on potato storage systems in Peru's M~ntaro Valley one of the most highly market oriented areas in the Pe- ruvian Highlands. Research findings indicate that while nearly all producers store potatoes for seed and home consumption, few store for "speculative" purposes in anticipation of a future price increase. While it is generally assumed by technicians that losses in common house storages are high (e.g. 20-40 per cent) small farmers prefer this type of storage for convenience and security. Potato storage units of small farmers were multipurpose in design, being used for the storage of other crops and tools. Only a few large producers thought that specialized permanent facilities for stor- ing potatoes could be a profitable investment. In 1977, research will continue to be carried out in conjunction with CIP's Thrust 8 on appropriate storage and proces- sing techniques and their socioeconomic viability under Peruvian conditions. Socioeconomic Training Socioeconomic staff members participate Center training courses, presenting material on the following topics: (a) patterns and trends of potato production and util- ization in the world. (b) socioeconomic fieldwork methods (c) analysis of farm-level production constraints (d) potato seed production and distribution systems (e) post-harvest potato technology Emphasis is placed on the preparation of national work- ers for the application of socioeconomic procedures de- veloped by the Unit in the three major in depth re- search topics, outlined above. As a practical exercise, in the Fourth International Potato Production Course (1976) field visits were carried out in two regions of Peru (the Coast and Central Highlands). Trainees were 115 116 instructed to observe and report on farming systems and technology, and to obtain information for the develop- ment of projects to improve production. Emphasis was placed on the diversity of farm types and technology, barriers to change, and the estimation of project costs and benefits. In 1976, one Master of Science thesis carried out at Peru's National Agricultural University was supervised by the Socioeconomic Unit. This project, entitled "Eco- nometric Study of Meat and Potato Consumption in North- ern Peru", tested a simple demand-projection model for Highland and Coastal zones in northern Peru. The main obje.ctives of this research were to test the explanato- ry and predictive power of the model (in which per ca- pita consumption was considered a function of per capi- ta income) , and to determine how this simple model could be improved. The source of d&ta was the National Consumer Survey (ENCA) carried out recently by the Pe- ruvian Government. Research findings indicate that, due to the high degree of on-farm consumption and high transport costs, an aggregate model for the whole northern region is of low explanatory and predictive power. A method developed for weighting sub-regional elasticities could be applied at the national level in Peru or other countries where household survey data are available. Research Contracts The following research contracts were activated ih 1976: Contract 1. Chile Country Study 2. Ecuador Country Study 3. Kenya Country Study 4. International Bibli- ography 5. I.and Use Study, Mantaro Valley of Peru Contractee. CENDERCO (G.Fu) INIAP (M.Valderrama, H. Luzurriaga) University of Nairobi Cornell University of Peru (R. Offenheiser) Catholic University (E .Mayer, R. Shae) communications In 1976 Center Support Communications, a new department created last year, continued to hire and train person- nel, and to acquire the necessary equipment for produc- tion of publications and audiovisual aids for the pur- pose of facilitating scientific investigation, communi- cation between scientists, and the transfer of CIP technology to developing countries. By midyear, basic equipment for production of photo- graphic and printed materials was in place, and regular production of publications began, including the Annual Report (in English and Spanish), reports on Planning Conferences and other scientific activities, biblio- graphies, and informational pamphlets in several lan- guages. Preliminary work was also begun on a full-color pocket-sized field manual for identification of major potato diseases. Center Support Communications has worked closely with scientists in the preparation of articles for profes- sional journals, and in the elaboration of audiovisual aids for conferences, seminars, and training courses. Although Communications personnel participated directly in two Regional Production Courses this year, major ef- forts were more oriented toward the production of training aids for CIP Regional Representatives and na- tional potato programs. By December, work was nearly completed on slide sets covering major potato diseases, storage (with, and without light), stem cuttings (a rapid multiplication technique for potatoes), and a general information presentation about the Center en- titled "What is CIP?" These sets will be copied in quantity for distribution to CIP Regional Representa- tives and national potato programs in 1977. 117 118 In December of 1976 Center Support Communications moved to new quarters in a neighboring building in La Molina, donated to CIP by the Peruvian Ministry of Alimenta- tion. New facilities, which provide ample space for personnel and equipment, include: offices; a printing shop; a "mini-auditorium" with projection facilities and seating for 20 persons, intended for seminars and audiovisual presentations; a photographic studio; and space for future instal~ation of a photomechanical cam- era and darkroom, and plate making equipment. A full- sized auditorium, photographic darkroom, audio record- ing studio, and broadcast center (for possible instal- lation of closed-circuit television) are presently un- der construction in the new wing of the main building of the Center in La Molina. These facilities, scheduled for completion in 1977, will be equipped gradually ac- cording to growth of the communications needs of the Center. LIBRARY The year 1976 was an important and busy period because of preparations for moving into new library facilities scheduled for mid-1977. The new library will have three floor levels. It is being organized to permit miniatu- rization of print information; study carrels will be equipped to use modern information retrieval. Over 20 new journal subscriptions were added during the year. CIP now subscribes to a total of 76 journals; ex- changes and donations triple this number. A generous gift of 40 texts and two-year subscription to 29 Bri- tish research journals were received from the British Council. Through the services of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) the first volume (1976) of "Potatoes Abs- tracts" containing 1881 abstracts was produced. CAB scans over 8000 journals for articles of interest. Dis- tribution to CIP scientists provides an excellent meth- od of maintaing a watch on world-wide potato research. The library collaborated in several joint projects at the Peruvian national level for the Union Catalog of Periodicals, including Directories of the National Agrarian University, the Documentation Center for Agri- culture (CEDSA) and the National Institute for Indus- trial Technology and Technical Standards (ITINTEC) . At the international level the library continued coopera- tive activities with sister Agricultural Research Cen- ters. The project to develop a Union Catalog of Periodicals of the International Agricultural Research Centers is nearing completion. The joint project for a Union Cata- log of Theses available in the libraries of the Inter- national Agricultural Research Centers was published and distributed b:[ ICRISAT. During 1976 the CIP library exchanged information and publications with 39 libraries in Latin America, 8 in Africa, 20 in Asia, ~~n Canada, 22 in Europe, 5 in Oceania and 12 in the United States. There was a signi- ficant increase in the use of the library over previous years by Research Trainees from the Regional Research and Training program. These increased activities were maintained despite two temporary moves of the library to allow for construction alterations. By the end of 1976 the library staff was increased by the employment of a Reference Circulation Assistant. An Assistant Librarian was hired on a temporary basis. Visitors and Language Instruction One hundred and eighteen visitors from 33 countries vi- sited CIP facilities during the year. In addition many professional and other interested persons from Peru vi- sited CIP. As in previous years, staff members and short-termers, as well as their families, have taken Spanish instruc- tion from our Language Teacher, Mr. Jorge Palacios, who has given Spanish lessons to English, German and French speaking scientists, 27 workers and 13 wives. Due to the increasingly larger number of students and less time available, only 6 Spanish speaking people have oc- casionally had a chance to take English lessons. 119 publications by C:IP scientists CANTO S~ENZ, M. and SCURRAH, M.M. de. of the potato cyst nematode in the a~d a new system of classification. (In press). 1976. Races andean region Nematologica - 2 COOPER, J.I., JONES, R.A.C. and HARRISON, B.D. 1976. Field and glasshouse experiments on the con- trol of potato mop-top virus. Annals of Applied Biology 83: 215-230. 3 CHRISTIANSEN, J. and THOMPSON, N.R. 1976. The util- ization of "bitter" potatoes in the cold tropics of Latin America. Proceedings 4th Syrop. Int. Soc. Tropical Root Crops. pp. 212-215. 4 FRIBOURG, C.E. 1976. Andean potato calico strain of tobacco ringspot virus. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society. 3: 235 (Abstr.). 5 HUAMAN, Z., HAWKES, J.G. and ROWE, P.R. 1976. Stu- dies on the origin of S. ajanhuiri Juz. et Buk., a south american cultivated diploid potato. Amer. Po- tato J. 53: 372 (Abstr.). 6 HENSHAW, G.G., and ROCA, W.M. 1976. Special tech- niques in germ plasm storage. CIP planning confer- ence on exploration and maintenance of germ plasm resources. pp. 109-130. 7 INAGAKI, HARUO and SCURRAH, M.M. de. 1976. The pos- sibility of contamination of Peruvian guano by po- tato cyst nematode. Japanese Journal of Nematology. 6: 95-98. 8 JACKSON, M.T., ROWE, P.R., and HAWKES, J.G. 1976. The enigma of triploid potatoes: a reappraisal. Amer. Potato J. 53: 395 (Abstr.). 121 122 9 JATALA, P., GUTARRA, L., FRENCH, E.R. and ARANGO, J. 1976. Interaction of Heterodera pallida and Pseudomonas solanacearum on potatoes. J. Nematolo- gy. 8: 289-290. 10 JATALA, P., and JENSEN, H.J. 1976. Self-interac- tion of Meloidogyne hapla and Heterodera schachtii on Beta vulgaris. J. Nematology. 8: 43-48. 11 JATALA, P. and JENSEN, H.J. 1976. Histopathologi- cal interrelationship of Meloidogyne hapla and He- terodera schachtii on Beta vulgaris. J. Nematology 8: 226-341. 12 JATALA, P. and JENSEN, H.J. 1976. Parasitism of Beta vulgaris by Meloidogyne hapla and Heterodera schachtii alone and in combination. J. Nematology 8: 200-205. 13 JATALA, P. and lflENDOZA, H.A. 1976. The reaction of some clones of diploid cultivated potatoes to in- fection by the root-knot nematode. Meloidogyne in- cognita acrita. Amer. Potato J. 53: 395-396 (Abs tr.) . 14 JATALA, P. and ROWE, P.R. The reaction of 62 tu- ber-bearing Solanum species to the root-knot nema- tode Meloidogyne incognita acrita. J. Nematology 8: 290. 15 JATALA, p. I The reaction potatoes to Meloidogyne Journal. 53: MENDOZA, H.A. and HAYNES, F.L. 1976. of some clones of diploid cultivated infection by the root-knot nematode incognita acrita. American Potato 395-396. 16 JATALA, P. and VALENCIA, L. 1976. Nuevo metodo pa- ra matar y fijar insectos para coleccion. XIX Con- vencion Nacional de Entomologia. Sociedad Entomo- logica del Peru. pp. 89. 17 JONES, R.A.C. and FRIBOURG, C.E. 1976. Beetle, contact and potato true seed transmission of An- dean potato latest virus. Proceedings of the Amer- ican Phytopathological Society. 3: 235 (Abstr.). 18 LANDEO, J., ROWE, P.R., and SCURRAH, M.M. de. 1976. The inheritance of resistance to Heterodera palli- da in clones of Solanwn tuberoswn ssp. andigena. Amer. Potato J. 53: 395 (Abstr.). 19 MENDOZA, H.A. 1976. General and specific combining ability for tuber initiation in tetraploid culti- vated potatoes. Amer. Potato J. 53: 369-370 (Abstr.). 20 MENDOZA, H.A. 1976. Adaptation of cultivated pota- toes to the lowland tropics. Proceedings 4th Symp. International Society for Tropical Root Crops. pp. 50-53. 21 MENDOZA, H.A. 1976. Potato population improvement and transfer of genetic materials to the countries of Region VII. In Regional Symp. on Pot. Prod. - Far East and South East Asia. Suweon, Korea. pp. 1-10. 22 MENDOZA, H.A. daptation of land tropics. International li, Colombia. 1976. Preliminary results on the a- t.he cultivated potatoes to the low- Proceedings of the 4th Symp. of the Society for Tropical Root Crops. Ca- pp. 50-53. 23 MENDOZA, ILA. and HAYNES, F.L. 1976. Variability for photoperiodic reaction among diploid and te- traploid potato clones for three taxonomic groups. Amer. Potato J. 53: 319-332. 24 MENDOZA, H.A. and VARGAS, S. 1976. The adaptation of the cultivated potato to the lowland tropics. Amer. Potato J. 53: 404 (Abstr.). 25 NELSON, D.C. and SHAW, R. 1976. Effect of planting and harvested dates, location in hill and tuber size on sugar content of Kennebec potatoes. Amer. Potato J. 53: 15 123 124 26 RODRIGUEZ, A. 1976. Sintomatologia del virus del Enrrollamiento de las hojas en cultivares de papa de la Zona Andina y su incidencia en el PerG. Master's thesis, U.N.A. 27 RODRIGUEZ, A. and JONES, R.A.C. 1976. Symptoma- tology of potato leaf roll virus in toes. Amer. Potato J. 53: 400 (Abstr.). pota- 28 SCQRRAH, M.M. de. 1976. Breeding for resistance. Report of the second cyst nematode workshop, Jack- son, Tennessee. 29 SHAW, R.J. 1976. On the translocated carbohydrate in Solanwn tuberoswn (Peer review completed. To be offered to Plant Physiol.). 30 SHAW, R.J., MILLER, VARNS K. and TALLEY, E. 1976. Potato tuber callus: Validation as biochemical tool. (Accepted by Plant Physiol. Jan. 1976). 31 THOMPSON, N.R., ROWE, P.R. and EZETA, F.N. 1976. Breeding potatoes to increase the nutritive value. Amer. Potato J. 53: 364 (Abstr.). 32 'I'HOMPSON, N.R., WURSTER, R.T. and SAYRE, K.D. 1976. Utilization of potatoes in the tropics. Proceed- ings 4th Symp. International Society for Tropical Root Crops. pp. 20 3-- 206. 33 VALENCIA, L. 1976. Una forma roja de , :x:;1°s1,- cae SULZER, en papa de la Costa Central del Peru. Rev. Peruana de Entomologia. 18 (1): 128. 34 VALENCIA, L. 1976. How to recognize potato Aphids, International Potato Center. 7. illust. 35 WESTCOTT, R.J., HENSHAW, G.C., and ROCA, W.M. 1977. Tissue culture storage of potato germ plasm: cul- ture initiation and plant regeneration. Plant Sci: Letters (accepted, in Press). stall on December 31, 1976, including Special Project Personnel BRE~DING AND GENETICS Roger Rowe, Ph.D. Nelson Estrada, Ph.D. Humberto Mendoza, Ph.D. Zosimo Huaman, Ph.D. Jerome Franckow_iak, Ph.D. Juan Landeo, M.S. Fernando Rey, Ing. Agr. NEMATOLOGY Rolf Schafer, Ph.D. Parviz Jatala, Ph.D. Marfa de Scurrah, Ph.D. Javier Franco, M.S. Manuel Canto, M.S. PATHOLOGY Edward R. French, Ph.D. Lodewijk Turkensteen, Ph.D. Carlos Martin, Ph.D. Roger Jones, Ph.D. A.M.H. de Lekeu, Ph.D. Luis Salazar, M.S. Cesar Fribourg, M.S. Richard Gibson, Ph.D. PHYSIOLOGY Kenneth Sayre, Ph.D. Roy Shaw, B.S. Raymond Meyer, Ph.D. Head of Department Breeder Geneticist Geneticist Breeder Geneticist (on leave) Breeder Head of Department Nematologist Nematologist Nematologist (on leave) Visiting Nematologist Head of Department Mycologist Pathologist Virologist Virologist Virologist (on leave) Visiting Scientist Visiting Scientist Head of Department Physiologist Agronomist 125 126 William Roca, Fh.D. Fernando Ezeta, Ph.D. Tjaart Glas, Ph.D. Luis Manrique, M.S. Francisco Guill~n, Ing.Agr. TAXONOMY Carlos Ochoa, M.S. Peter Schmiediche, M.S. Alberto Salas, In~. Agr. Physiologist Physiologist Physiologist Agronomist Physiologist Head of Department Taxonomist Taxonomist REGIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAM Headquarters-Lima, Peru Richard T. Wurster, Ph.D. Director Kenneth J. Brown, Ph.D. Coordinator John s. Niederhauser, Ph.D. Senior Consultant James K. Bryan, M.S. Senior Seed Prod. Spec. Rainer Zachmann, Ph.D. Research Scientist Socieconomics Unit - Lima, Peru Douglas Horton, Ph.D. Head of the Unit Anibal Monares, M.S. Economist Robert Werge, Ph.D. Anthropologist Luis Quintanilla, M.S. Socioeconomics Assistant Region I - South America Oscar Malamud, Ph.D. Patricio Malagamba, Ph.D. Adriel Garay, Ph.D. Regional Representative (Peru) Research Scientist (Peru) Seed Production Specialist (Peru) Region II - Central America, Mexico & the Caribbean Oscar Hidalgo, M.S. Michael Jackson, Ph.D. Regional Representative (Mexico) Research Scientist (Costa Rica) Region III - Tropical Africa Sylvester Nganga, Ph.D. Siert Wiersema, Ir. Regional Representative (Kenya) Assoc. Research Scientist (Kenya) Region IV - Middle East and North Africa Primo Acca~ino, Ph.D. Brian Honess, D.T.A. Willem Schrage, Ir. Roger Kortbaoui, Ph.D. Region V - Southwest Asia Garry Robertson, M.A. Romke Wustman, Ir. Regional Representative (Turkey) Seed Production Specialist (Turkey) Associate Research Scientist (Turkey) Research Scientist (Tunisia) Regional Representative (Pakistan) Associate Research Scientist (Pakistan) Region VI - India, Nepal and Bangladesh Paul Egger, Ir. Region VII - Southeast Asia Lindsay Harmsworth, B.S. COMMUNICATIONS Stanford H. Sleeth, Ed.D. Richard Galton, M.A. Carmen de Podesta, BA.Sc. Jorge Palacios, Dip. Elsa Franco Research Scientist (Nepal) Regional Representative (Korea) Head of Unit Communications Officer Librarian Language Teacher Publications 127 128 SUPPORT DEPARTMENT Marco Soto, Ph.D. Cesar Vittorelli, Ing.Agr. Hebert Torres, M.S. Luis Valencia, Ing.Agr. German Rossani, M.D. Lauro Gomez ADMINISTRATION Richard L. Sawyer, Ph.D. Orville T. Page, Ph.D. William Hamann, B.S. Carlos Bohl, Ing.Agr. Luis Palacios, Ing.Agr. Rafael Garcia Oscar Gil, C.P.C. Ricardo Avila, C.P.C. Pedro Arriola, C.P.C. Blanca de Joo, C.P.C. Guillermo Romero TECHNICIANS Juan Aguilar, Ing.Agr. Saturnino Vargas, Ing.Agr. Susan Turner, B.Sc. Luisa Arens, B.Sc. Lis de Ocampo, Ing.Agr. Liliam G. de Lindo, Ing.Agr. Ursula Nydegger, Tech.Dip. Ilse de Balbo, Tech.Dip. Carlos Chuquillanqui, B.Sc. Superintendent, Huancayo Facility :·Field Supervisor, Huancayo Greenhouse Supervisor, Huancayo Entomologist Medical Officer Field & Greenhouse S~~ervisor, Lima Director General Deputy Director Director of Research Assistant to the Director General Executive Officer Assistant to the Executive Officer Administrative Assistant Controller General Accountant Accountant Accountant Accountant DEPARTMENT Breeding & Genetics Breeding & Genetics Nematology Nematology Pathology Pathology Pathology Pathology Pathology Soledad de Rodriguez Amparo de Siveroni, Q.F. Nelly de Fong, Biol. Norma Gonzalez, Q.F. Rosa Mendez, Ing.Agr. Josefina de Nakashima, Biol. Donald Berrios, Ing.Agr. Rosario de Roca Matilde Orrillo, Biol. Nelson Melendez, Tech.Dip. Martha Carrillo Cecilia Moreno, Ing. Zoo. Hugo Fano Maria Isabel Benavides Pathology Physiology Physiology Physiology Physiology Physiology Physiology Physiology Taxonomy SupP,ort Regional Research (Mexico) Socioeconomics Socioeconomics Socioeconomics 129 CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE LA PAPA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 1976 CONTENTS Report of independent :accountants Balance sheet Statement of source and application of funds Notes to financial statements S/. US$ Peruvian sol Unites States dollar Moreno, Patino y Asociados Asociados con Price Waterhouse Peat & Co. REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS To the Board of Directors Centro Internacional de la Papa Los l•gonio1 4'-41 - $of\ l•Mlro ·umo·P•r" Corr.spondenda: Apottodo 2169 March 30, 1977 In our opinion, the accompanying balance sheet and the related statement of source and application of funds present fairly the financial position of Centro Internacional de la Papa at December 31, 1976 and the source and application of funds for the year, in confonnity with accounting principles generally accepted applied on a basis consistent with that of the pre- ceding year. Our examination of these statements was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and accordingly included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the ~ircumstances. ~~~/l~_/y~ --- Countersigned by -------(partner) ifio B. eruvian Public Accountant Registration No. 1245 .. CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE LA PAPA BALANCE SHEET (Note 1) ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS cash Accounts receivable From donors (Note 3) Advances to third parties for research work Staff advances Other Inventories Spares and materials Construction materials Prepaid expenses Total current assets FIXED ASSETS (Note 2) At December 31, 1976 ~1~9~7~5~~- US$ US$ 282,907 85,518 584,962 638,563 39,259 115,015 44, 304 60,894 165£ 570 65i673 834£095 880£145 39,006 55,243 44, 114 133£120 55£243 17 £ 057 24i447 1,267,179 1, 045, 353 2,027,902 1,129,267 3,295,081 2il74i620 LIABILITIES, CAPITAL BALANCES AND UNEXPENDED FUNDS CURRENT LIABILITIES Overdrafts Accounts payable Other liabilities Total current liabilities DEFERRED LIABILITIES Provision for employees' severance inJemn1t1es net of advances of US$ 488 in 1076 GRANT RECEIVED HJ ADVANCE (~Tote 3) CAPITAL BALANCES AND UNEXPErlDED FUNDS Capital grants Capitalization of fixed asset Funds utilized in excess of grants received Working capital grants Unexpended (in excess) operating grants, per accompanying statement Core Special projects Earthquake repairs At December 1976 ----- US$ 213, 673 147,402 24,531 _]35, 6().0 71, 303 314,488 2,021,902 ( 137 ,440) l,890,462 340,000 2,230,462 54, 771 322. l '>8 83,707) __£33,222 2,523,684 3,295,081 31, 197 5 US$ 116, 258 56, 081 15 395 187,734 48,901 134,263 1,129,267 ( __ 15, 750) 1,113,517 l 77, 930 1,291,447 36,276) 548, 551 512,275 1,803,722 2,174,620 CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE LA PAPA STATEMENT OF SOURCE AND APPLICATION OF FUNDS (Npte 1) SOURCE OF FUNDS (Note 3) Operating grants Unrestricted, net of US$ 43,002 expended in excess in 1975 Restricted, including in 1976 US$ 6,726 unexpended in 1975 Special projects grants, including in 1976 US$ 548,551 unexpended in 1975 Earned income, net Capital grants for: Acquisition of fixed assets, net of US$ 15,750 expended in excess in 1975 ~ Earthquake repair funds l Working capital Total source of funds APPLICATION OF FUNDS To core program Potato research program Research support Regional research and training Library and information services General administration General operating costs To special proJects (Note 3) Total operating costs Carried forward: For the year Decerriber 31, 1976 US$ 1, 584, 768 1,567,411 3, 152, 179 935,716 129,123 731, 250 34, 264 155,000 5, 137' 532 954, 111 270,389 1,111,281 138,637 392,409 __ 320, 574 3,187,401 616, 714 3, 804, 115 3,804,115 ended 197 5 US$ 1,222, 513 992,000 2, 214, 513 760,995 66,295 253,201 114, 822 3,409,826 799,994 246,022 617,104 56,184 320, 327 241,269 2,280,900 212' 444 2,493,344 2,493,344 Brought forward: To capital Capital expenditures: Net increase in fixed assets Earthquake repair funds Working capital Unexpended balances Unrestricted (in excess) funds Restricted funds Capital grants (in excess) Special projects Earthquake repairs (in excess) Total application of funds 2 For the year ended December 31, 197 6 US$ 3, 804, 115 897,595 117,971 162,069 l,1;77,635 4,981,750 54, 771 54. 771 137 ,440) 322, 158 83 707) 155,782 5, 137, 532 197 5 US$ 2,493,344 305,135 114,822 419,957 2,913,301 43,002) 6 726 36,276) 15,750) 548' 551 496,525 3,409,826 CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE IA PAPA NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 1976 1 OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES The Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) was constituted in 1972, in accordance with an Agreement for Scientific Cooperation between the Government of Peru and North Carolina State University, United States of America, signed in 1971. The CIP is a non-profitable institution, located in Lima, Peru, with an indefinite life, The CIP's principal objec- tive is to constribute to the development of the potato and tuberous roots, at the national and international level, by carrying out research programs, preparation and training of scientists, organization of conferences, forums, seminars and all other activities in accordance with its objectives. In accordance with existing ·legal dispositions and the provisions of the Agreement described above, the CIP is exempt from income tax and other taxes. The aforementioned Agreement provides that, if for any reason the CIP's operations are terminated, all its assets will be transferred to the Peruvian Ministry of Food. The principal accounting policies are as follows: a) up to December 31, 1975 the books and accounts of the CIP were maintained in Peruvian soles. The financial statements in Peruvian soles at December 31, 1975 were translated into U.S. dollars on the following bases: assets and liabilities, other than fixed assets, generally at exchange rates prevailing at the year-end. Fixed assets were stated at the rates prevailing when acquired. Capital grants were translated into U.S. dollars at histor- ical rates. Source and application of funds were trans- lated at month-end rates RI"evailing during the year. 2 As from January l, 19/G t~1e books and accm1nts have been maintained in U.S. dollars. During L~76 transactions in Peruvian soles 'lave been translated ar:c recorded in the books of account at the exchange rates prevailing during the year as follows: January 1, to June 25, 1976 - ~ 45 per US$ 1 June 26, to September 19, 1976 - S/. 65 per US$ 1 September 20 to December 31, 1976 -Sib'.) toSj.69.37 per US$ 1 Assets and liabilities .in soles at Decen1ber 31, 1976 have been translated into U.S. dollars at U!e exchange rates prevailing at the year-end. b) Grants received an.d their application are accounted for on an accrual basis. Restricted operating grants and unrestricted grants are accounted for in the period indi- cated by the donor and, when grants are used abroad, the expenditure is accounted for on the basis of advices received. In accordance with the instructions of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, the unex- pended fund balances at year-end, if authorized by donors, ~ may be treated as income in the next year in order to ~ absorb the correspcnding expenses. Working capital grants are recorded in the year they are received. Special projects grants are recorded in the year they are received and the related expenses are applied against the respective income when incurred. c) The spares and materials are generally valued at estimated actual value. d) Fixed assets are recorded as application of funds at the time of their acquisition and simultaneously are capital- ized at their purchase cost. It is not the policy of the CIP to reduce the net value of the fixed assets and the related capital account for depre- ciation. When assets are sold or retired their cost is removed from fixed assets and the related capital account. 3 e) Indemnities payable upon severance to the local staff for service time are provided in full in accordance with the legal dispositions of Peru. 2 FIXED ASSETS g .. ~ The movement of fixed assets during 1976 is as follows: Operating equipment Research equipment Vehicles Furniture and fixtures Buildings, con- struction and installations Aeroplane Other Balances at 1.1.76 US$ 35,346 309,806 154,607 77,317 481,563 701628 111291267 Additions US$ 14,917 47,225 97,746 18,949 624,639 92,500 11619 8971595 Replace- rr.ents J_net) US$ 360 680 ~,040 Balances at 12. 31. 76 US$ 50,263 357,391 253,033 96,266 1, 106, 202 92,500 721247 2,0271902 3 :r GRANTS RECEIVED The grants corresponding to 19J6 are summarized as follows: Grants of Unexpended 1976 grants in 1975 Total US$ US$ US$ Operating grants 3,186,895 34, 716) 3,152,179 Capital grants 747,000 15,750) 731, 250 Special project grants 387,165 548,551 93.5., 716 Earthquake repairs 34,264 34,264 Working fund 1551000 1551000 415101324 4981085 510081409 4 These grants comprise: a) Received and administered by the err International Development Agency - United States (USAID) In teramerican Development Bank (IDB) International. Development Agency - Canada (CIDA) International Development Association (IBRD) International Development Agency - Sweden (SIDA) Federal,German government Netherlands government International Develop.~ent Agency - Denmark (DANIDA) Government of Switzerland Overseas Development Administration - United Kingdom (UKODA) Australian Development Agency (ADAA) Belgian government Rockefeller Foundation Saudi Arabian government Portion of the grants to be applied in 1977 b) Donations for special projects, including US$ 548,551 unexpended in 1975 c) Grants applied to Earthquake repairs from Federal German government c) Funds utilized in excess of grants received in 1975 US$ 1,000,000 600,000 529,100 400,000 342,270 335,860 250,000 244,451 140,000 123,483 104,125 54, 094 50,000 50,000 4,223,383 134,488) 4,088,895 935,716 5,024,611 34,264 5,058,875 50,466) 5,008,409 5 The unexpended balance of the special projects grants at December 31, 1976 comprised of: International Development Bank (IDB) Ford Foundation Federal German government International Mineral and Chemical Corporation (IMC) Institut Mondial du Phosphate (IMP) Netherlands government Government of SWitzerland International Development Agency - Canada (CIDA) International Development Research Centre (IDRC) The net balances of IMC and IMP projects have been covered by a portion of 1976 earned income Cornrnited grants US$ 427,887 88,492 80,589 14,128 5,255 94,000 75,000 76,550 _]3, 815 935,716 Application US$ 278,542 76,654 45,572 17,666 4,873 111,338 23,431 36, 813 21,825 616,714 Unexpended balance US$ 149,345 11,838 35,017 3,538) 382 17,338) 51, 569 39,737 51,990 319,002 The following portions of the grants committed have not yet been received, and they are shown as Accounts receivable from donors in the balance sheet at December 31, 1976: International Development Bank (IDB) Federal German government Belgian government Government of switzerland International Development Agency - Canada (CIDA) US$ 297,090 156,988 54,094 37,500 39,290 584,962 During 1976 additional donations of US$ 314,488 were granted by donors to be utilized by the CIP during the year 1977. These amounts are shown as Grant received in advance in the balance sheet at December 31, 1976" 6 4 GRANT PLEDGED 6 .. During 1976 the following donations were pledged for special project to be received and applied in future years: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Netherlands government Switzerland government Canadian government US$ 80, 948 188,025 75,000 382,850 726,823 TH E IN TE RN A TI ON AL P OT AT O CE NT ER Sc he du le 1 .- FU ND S PR OV ID ED A N D C OS TS Fo r t he y ea r en de d D ec em be r 3 1, 1 97 6 (U S$ th ou sa nd s) To ta l EX PE NS ES CH AR GE D % of G ro l. Tr an sfe r to Fu nd s Fi xe d To to I Re g. Re s. Li br ar y, G en er al G en er al A dm .& O pe ra t. U ne xp en de d A va ila bl e A ss et s Re se ar ch & Tr ai ni ng D oc .& ln fi:> . Ad rn in ist ~ O pe ra tin g to D ir ec t B al an ce Un re st ric te d Co re (1) 1 ,6 74 .8 65 4. 2 - - m :2 96 .6 2 36 :4 15 4. 6 32 % - ~ R es tr ic te d C or e US AI D 1, 00 0. 0 33 4. 0 39 0. 0 42 .0 10 8. 0 12 6. 0 31 % AD AA 10 4. 1 - 10 4. 1 N et he rl an ds 55 .0 33 .0 22 .0 ID B 40 0. 0 19 5. 0 11 7. 0 - 48 .0 40 .0 28 % B al an ce f ro m p re vi ou s ye ar 8. 3 8. 3 - - - - 1, 56 7. 4 57 0. 3 63 3. 1 42 .0 15 6. 0 1< 16 .0 TO TA L CO RE 3, 2 42 .2 !', 22 4, 5 1, rn -: J 13 8': 6 39 2, 4 32 0. 6 54 .8 C ap ito l G ra nt s ID B 20 0. 0 20 0. 0 U ni de nt i f le d Se rv ic es (m ul ti- pu rp os e) 54 7· .0 54 7. 0 Ea rn ed i nc om e 28 .9 28 .9 So l o n c e f ro m p re vi ou s ye ar (d ef! ci t) (1 5.7 ) 12 1. 7 (1 37 .4) To ta l 76 0. 2 89 7. 6 (1 37 .4) Sp ec ia l Pr oje cts Fe d e ra I G er m an y 80 .6 19 .9 25 .7 35 .0 In te rn at io na l M in er al & C he m ic al 14 .1 12 .2 5. 4 (3 .5) !n st itu t M on di al d u Ph os ph at e 5. 2 3. 5 l. 4 0. 3 ID B 42 7. 9 27 8. 6 14 9. 3 Fo rd F ou nd at io n 88 .5 39 .2 37 .5 11 .8 N et he rl an ds 94 .0 11 1. 3 (1 7.3 ) Sw iss G ov er nm en t 75 .0 23 .4 51 .6 C ID A 76 .5 36 .8 39 .7 ID RC 73 .8 21 .8 52 .0 Ea rn ed I nc om e 3. 2 - 3. 2 To ta l 93 8. 8 96 .6 SI D ' 32 2: 1 E ar th qu ak e Re po i1 Fe de ra l G er m an y 34 .3 11 8. 0 (8 3.7 ) TO TA L GR AN TS & E XP EN SE S ~,, ,2, lhl ~~ ~~ ~ ~ l ~3 1. ~ ~8 .6 39 2. 4 ~2 0. 6 15 5. 8 = (1) In cl ud es e o n ·ie d in co m e o f$ 9 0, 00 0 THE INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER Schedule 2o- DETAILED SCHEDULE OF EARNED INCOME For the year ended December 31, 1976 (US$ thousands) Sources of Earned Income Interests on Deposits Sa I es of Craps Indirect Costs charged on Special Projects & Current Acoourits Adjustment prior year Rate af Exchange adjustment & other Plus: Auxiliary Services Suri)Jo.is Aircraft- estimated rent Application of famed Income Appli!!d to Core Operations Applied to Copital Applied to Working Funds Applied to Special Projects Approved Budget 4 5 90 11 110 Actual 2.7 4.6 93.0 (19.6) 13.7 94.4 5.8 28.9 129. l 90.0 28.9 7.0 3.2 129.l TH E IN TE RN A TI O N A L PO TA TO C EN TE R Sc he du le 3 .- CO M PA RA TI VE S TA TE M EN T O F AC TU AL E X PE NS ES A N D A PP RO VE D BU DG ET F OR T HE Y EA R EN DE D DE CE M BE R 31 , 19 76 (U S$ th ou sa nd s) CO RE CO RE Ea rt hq ua ke R ep ai r U nr es trl ct ed R es tri ct ed C ae ita l & Bu ild in g lm er ov . ~ A ct ua l Bu dg et A ct ua l B ud ge t A ct ua l B ud ge t A ct ua l Pr og ra m s Po ta to R es ea rc h 76 3. 3 65 4. 2 57 0. 3 57 0. 3 Re gi on o! R es ea rc h & Tr ai ni ng 39 7, 5 47 8. 2 63 3. l 63 3, 1 Li br ar y, D oc . & !n fu . Se rv ic es 89 .2 96 .6 42 .0 42 ,0 G en er al A dm in is tra tio n 22 3. l 23 6. 4 15 6. 0 15 6. 0 G en er al O pe ra tin g Co st s 13 8. 7 15 1. 3 16 6. 0 16 6. 0 C on tin ge nc ie s 63 .0 TA C Qu in qu en ni al R ev ie w 55 .0 3. 3 To ta l 1, 72 9. 8 l,6 2D .O l , 56 7. 4 l , 56 7. 4 C ap ito l R ev ol vi ng F un ds 10 .0 0. 4 O pe ro tin _g E qu ip m en t 20 .7 14 .9 Re se ar ch E qu ip m en t 36 .1 47 .2 ln st al la ti4 'ti s 7. 5 35 .0 Fu rn itu r(. >s , Fi xt ur es & O ff . E qu ip . 24 .0 19 .0 V eh ic le s 84 .0 97 ,8 C on st ru ct io ns & B ui ld in gs 52 2. 0 57 1. 3 Si te D ev el op m en t 27 .0 18 .3 A ir cr af t - 92 .5 O th er l. 2 73 1 :3 89 7. 6 E ar th qu ok e R ep ai rs 34 .3 ll E .O A na ly si s o f V ar ia nc es B ud ge t Su rp lu se s: N et I nc om e Sh or ta ge 55 .0 Tr am fe r to U ne xp en de d B ol on ce 54 .8 10 9. 8 D ef ic its : C ov er ed b y· U nb ud ge te d Ea rn ed I nc om e 28 .9 C or ry -o ve r l 9 77 13 7. 4 83 .7 T6 6:3 83 .7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1, 72 9. B l , 72 9. 8 l, 56 7. 4 1, 56 7. 4 89 7. 6 89 7. 6 11 8. 0 11 8. 0