‘Haricot de Lima’, ‘Haba de Lima’ or ‘Lima bean’: 
only a toponym or reflecting an evolutive value? 
a name derived from the name of a place, dated ~ 1770: Carter 1949, Webster 2001
D.G. Debouck 
@ Cali-Quito, 23 June 2022
1/25
1753
1707-1778
[pod] moon-shaped
[continuously] beautiful
1737
2/25
additional reading: Debouck 2021; Linné 1737, 1753; Westphal 1974; Yoon 2010
Phaseolus lunatus L. Phaseolus inamoenus L.
G27475, from Myanmar G25694, from Ethiopia
. . . what Carl von Linné might have seen
• No reference specimens in the LINN and CLI Herbaria (solved by Westphal 1974, Debouck 2021)
• Reports about Old World origin: A.P. de Candolle 1825, Don 1832, Dietrich 1847
• Doubts about Old World origin: Bentham 1859, Al. de Candolle 1883
photos: CIAT 2022 additional reading: Mackie 1943; van Eseltine 1931 3/25
already described in the pre-Linnean botanical literature
✓ Charles de l’Écluse (1601) acknowledged as ‘foreign’
✓ John Gerarde (1597 [1636]) reported one pair from Brazil
✓ J. Bauhin & J.-H. Cherlero (1651) reported several from Brazil
from Gerarde 1597 (same woodcut as in de l’Obel 1591?!)
already referring to the striae from the seed hilum
already reporting the ‘willow-leaf’ variant
from de l’Écluse 1601 mentioned from Africa, Brazil and America
4/25
the Amerindian/ folk names (possibly used by 1500!?)
Cuba: fríjol caballero
Petén: ib limits of Tahuantisuyu
Haiti: pois souche
Dominican R.: haba
Guerrero: comba Jalapa: furuna
Chiapas: patashete Córdoba: carauta
Suchitepequez: ixtapacál Carabobo: guaracaro
San Salvador: chilipuca
Puntarenas: kedeba
Calderón & Standley 1941
Antioquia: carcha
Debouck 1988
Cundinamarca: machete
Nariño: torta Esquivel et al. 1992
Carchi: torta Hazlett 1986
Imbabura: cacha Martínez 1987
Cañar: pallar McBryde 1947
Cabieses 1995 Piura: pallar
Cajamarca: layo Miranda 1952
Cárdenas 1989
La Libertad: pallar Montero-Rojas et al. 2013
Debouck 1989 Pittier 1926
Lima: pallar
Estrella 1988 Schmeda-Hirschmann 1994
Freyre et al. 1996 Ica: pallar
Parodi 1932 Cochabamba: pallar Pdte. Hayes: cugué
Peralta-Idrovo et al. 2019 Chuquisaca: pallar
Ramos-Nuñez 1950
Jujuy: pallar
Soukup 1986
Wilhelm de Mösbach 1992
Atacama: pallar 5/25
About the name and geographic origin:
at contact (1492-1500) in Hispaniola the (Lima) bean was called ‘haba’: 
its flat seeds remind those of Vicia faba L., then grown in the Iberian Peninsula
that name persisted in the Dominican R. because of the extinction of Taino people
in Cuba the translation of ‘horse bean’ ‘fríjol caballero’was preferred (same reason?)
1520: discovery of the Strait of Magellan; another route to access Peru and Chile
1532: end of Inca empire
1564: the sea route from Acapulco to Manila was opened by the Spanish galleons
the coastal agricultural areas (Brazil, Chile, Peru) were fully exposed to explorers
pallar was the adopted name in Spanish since 1560 given the Quechuan expansion
from the Ancasmayo (Nariño, Colombia) down to the Maule (R. del Maule, Chile)
Lima bean was a logical European name for this pulse in 1777 onwards, as it refers
to a native bean when Lima was the capital of the viceroyalty (1542-1821)
the linguistic argument helped turn down any claim of origin in Old World tropics
additional reading: Andrews 1992; Carter 1949; Columbus 1492-93; Cubero 1992; de Candolle 1883; Gay 1865; 
Lumbreras 1974; Molina 1810; Navarrete 1560; Sturtevant 1889 6/25
The biological origin:
The crop (Lima bean) = the wild ancestor modified by the domestication syndrome
DGD-502, Campeche, Mexico, 1979 • reduced pod shattering
• increased seed size
• novel seed colors & patterns
• reduced seed dormancy
• reduced HCN glucosides
• early flowering & monocarpy
‘ib choh’ • dwarf determinate growth habit
• photoperiod insensitiveness
photo: Debouck 2008
1859: Bentham reported about ‘spontaneous’ forms in the Neotropics (but no specimens)
1926: Piper reported wild forms in CUB, PRI, MEX, PNM, CLB, VNZ, BRA, PER (but no specimens)
1943: Macbride reported wild forms for eastern Peru (later on shown with ‘M’ lectin pattern) 
1952: Burkart reported wild forms for Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Argentina (but no specimens)
additional reading: Debouck 2016, 2021; Erickson 1982; Lewis 1987; Maquet & Baudoin 1997; Montero-Rojas et al. 2013
Smartt 1988 7/25
One often repeated story (Mackie 1943):
Carter 1949; Friedberg 1958; Westphal 1974; Baudet 1977 
G25217, Arizona
G27555, Dominican R.
Hopi branch
Carib branch
G25850, Guatemala Inca branch
✓ weak because of poor and uneven sampling of wild forms
✓ infraspecific diversity created by people from a single domestication
G25903, CLB, Nariño
although some argued about a double domestication:
photos: CIAT 2022 Allard 1960; Estrella 1988; Evans 1976; Harlan 1971; Heiser 1965; Kaplan 1965 8/25
# 3245, CRA, San José, Sn Gerardo, 12/12/12 # 2863, ECD, Chimborazo, Huigra, 17/06/90
what brought a change in the thinking about double domestication:
photo: Debouck 2012 photo: Debouck 1990
Background: Standley 1937 Background: Piper 1926
Explorations (13) in CRI in: 1987 - 2017 Explorations (2) in ECD in: 1989, 1990 
9/25
at least 2 groups of wild forms
Sonora Tamaulipas
Puerto Rico
Pan-Neotropical range
Revillagigedo Is.BCS.
small seeds : 6-12 g
Panama sea level – 2200 m
Yaracuy Trinidad-&-Tobago
Caldas
Imbabura
Pacific range Huila
(not very different from Pará
the one of P. debouckii) Junín
Bení
Cajamarca
small-medium seeds: 12-20 g
320 – 2000 m Paraguay
Salta
“sacha viuda”: Loja
“layo del zorro”: Cajamarca source: Debouck 2019
“pallar de monte”: Cajamarca
10/25
A noteworthy wild Lima bean from Boyacá, Colombia
• found in 1992 NE of Bogotá
• racemes and flowers similar to
wild P. lunatus of S Ecuador
• 100-seed weight (16.8g) within
the range of Andean AI wild forms
• lectin pattern M1, as the ‘Mesoamerican’
but also as in Phaseolus augusti
• formed a separate cluster in AFLP analysis
• classified as MII on cpDNA markers
• found close to MII on 4,593 SNPs
sources: Caicedo et al. 1999; Chacón-S. & Martínez C. 2017; 
Serrano-S. et al. 2010; Toro et al. 1993
Two genepools in the wild and two domestication events: expected !
marker references
lectin polymorphisms Debouck et al. 1989; Gutiérrez-S. et al. 1995; Lioi 1996
20 and 13 isozyme loci Maquet et al. 1994, 1997
RAPDs on genomic DNA Nienhuis et al. 1995; Fofana et al. 1997
RFLPs on rRNA Jacob et al. 1995
17 isozyme loci, RFLPs on rDNA Lioi et al. 1998
RFLPs on 6 IGRs of cpDNA Fofana et al. 1999
SSRs on genomic DNA Lioi & Galasso 2002
two cpDNA probes Fofana et al. 2001
sequences of cp and nDNA Serrano-Serrano et al. 2010
sequences of cpDNA and ITS Motta-Aldana et al. 2010
ITS of rDNA Serrano-Serrano et al. 2012
2 intergenic spacers of cpDNA Andueza-Noh et al. 2013
10 microsatellite loci Martínez-Castillo et al. 2014
✓ 2 independent domestication events in distant locations (as in common bean)
✓ possibly few original populations involved  high linamarin in wild forms
✓ parallel demonstration by use of similar markers of molecular genetics
12/25
More genepools in the wild and a third domestication event: unexpected !
Existence of a 2nd genepool in the wild Neotropical “small-seeded” Lima bean (MII)
marker references
sequences of cp and nDNA Serrano-Serrano et al. 2010
sequences of cpDNA and ITS Motta-Aldana et al. 2010
sequences of cpDNA Andueza-Noh et al. 2013
genome-wide 4,593 SNPs Chacón-Sánchez & Martínez-Castillo 2017
Possibility of a 3rd domestication event from wild forms in MII genepool !?
marker references
sequences of cpDNA Andueza-Noh et al. 2013
✓ insufficient sampling of MII in South America to claim a 3rd event ???
Existence of a 2nd genepool in the wild Andean “large-seeded” Lima bean
marker references
AFLP of genomic DNA Caicedo et al. 1999
genome-wide 4,593 SNPs Chacón-Sánchez & Martínez-Castillo 2017
GBS: 12,398 SNVs analyzed Garcia et al. 2021
✓ these wild forms from Boyacá-Cundinamarca seem not to be hybrids !
13/25
The migration northwards to Antioquia and Cundinamarca: 
expected, but towards the Chaco and eastern lowlands !?
Elevation m; 100-seed g; 
Materials Region
lectin pattern
G25579 BLV, Sta. Cruz 450; 111.0; A6
G25540 ARG, Salta 1100; 70.0; A3
G26102 BRA. Rio Grande Sul 830; 95.4; A3
G26068C BRA, Minas Gerais 650; 86.0; A3
Santa Cruz Minas Gerais
Lima bean grown by peoples of Chaco:
the Ayoreo in Paraguay: Schmeda-H. 1994
Rio Grande do Sul 
Salta
14/25
Bentham 1859: “Specimina Brasiliensis formae macrocarpae vidi a Pohlio in Brasilia centrali
et a Spruceo prope Santarem lecta”.
Elevation m; 100-seed g; 
Materials Region
lectin pattern
70 g < 100-seed weight < 130 g  (39 acces.) Ceará
G26003A BRA; Ceará 180; 80.0; M1
G25997 BRA; Pernambuco 1000; 73.0; M1
G26140 BRA; Sergipe 280; 70.0; M1 ?
G26034 BRA; Minas Gerais 400; 95.0; M1
G26296 BRA; Goias 1000; 88.0; M1
Pernambuco
Goias
Sergipe
?
Minas Gerais
if introduced from the Caribbean, why no such big seeds there? 15/25
wThwy odo edsi tshte iAnncdtea dn odommeesstitcaictioant liooonk  aesyvmemnettrsic ?al?
DGD-453; Jalisco DGD-1944; Cajamarca
DGD-508; Campeche DGD-1176; Cajamarca
10 g 12 g
2250 ppm
increase in seed size and weight
increase in seed size and weight
2747 ppm
43 ppm
328- 4g x
113311 g g
28 g 47 ppm
3-4 x 1
2747 ppm 100-1-144 x x
DGD-453; Jalisco DGD-1944; Cajamarca
2250 ppm
43 ppm
DGD-508; Campeche 10 g 12 g
47 ppm
DGD-1176; Cajamarca
2 cm cm
16/25
Concluding remarks
• “Lima bean predominates over the frijol in the majority of the American tropics” (Sauer 1950, p. 501)
• in archaeological records (5,600 ybP), it appears fully modern; no transition from the wild
in contrast to maize where the transition from the wild can be tracked over 8,000 years
• the reasons to domesticate a lethal legume in absence of pottery (for two millennia)
remain unclear, unless it was originally domesticated for non-food purposes
• on the Pacific side, from Cundinamarca to the Atacama desert, into the Chaco and
from there into southern Brazil, the genepool AI had a huge pre-Columbian range 
• 3 puzzling facts: 
➢ this huge colonization of AI = MI, in spite of a narrow range in the wild 
➢ also puzzling is the colonization of AI in altitude: from sea level up to 3,100 m
➢ the increase in seed size in AI: another genetic control as compared to MI?
• field work, rather than methods, in South America, key to solve several pending questions
additional reading: Debouck 2016; Kaplan & Lynch 1999; Vallebueno-E. et al. 2016
17/25
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Many thanks for your attention!
and a big ‘Thank you’ to (since 1977):
Ana L Caicedo Jorge Acosta AGCD
BMZ
Maria I Chacón Rodolfo Araya
CENTA
César Azurdía CIAT
Jorge Duitama CIFP
Raúl Castillo COSUDE
Eliana Gaitán EU
Néstor Chaves
DfID
Alberto Gutiérrez
Hipólito de la Cruz GCDT
Gov Norway
Antonio Hernández George Freytag+ IBPGR
ICA
Jorge Hernández Paul Gepts
ICTA
Celia Lima Rogelio Lépiz IDIAP
INIA
Luís López
Jenny Motta INIAP
INIFAP
Jorge Liñan
Martha Serrano INTA
José Muruaga IUCN
Alba M Torres UCR
Raúl Ríos USAID
Joe Tohme María C Sevillano USCG
USDA
Orlando Toro+ Luís Valera World Bank
in the lab in the countries for the support
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