INTERN4TIOM FOOD POL! RESEARCH INSTITU1 ational Food Policy Research Institute was i in 1975 to identify and analyze alternative anal and international strategies and policies for meeting food needs in the world, with particular em phasis on low-income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries. While the research effort is geared to the precise objective of contributing to the reduction of hunger and malnutrition, the factors involved are many and wide-ranging, requiring analy sis of underlying processes and extending beyond a narrowly defined food sector. The Institute's re search program reflects worldwide interaction with policymakers, administrators, and others concerned with increasing food production and with improving the equity of its distribution. Research results are published and distributed to officials and others con cerned with national and international food and agri cultural policy. As a constituent of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, IFPRI receives support for its integrated program of re search from a number of governments, multilateral organizations, foundations, and other sources. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE IFPRI REPORT 1992 CONTENTS 5 Message from the Chairman Gerry Helleiner 7 Introduction: Prospects for Meeting Future Food Demands Per Pinstrup-Andersen Research Results 1 1 Environment and Production Technology Division 15 Markets and Structural Studies Division 19 Food Consumption and Nutrition Division 25 Trade and Macroeconomics Division 29 Special Development Studies Division Outreach 31 Collaboration 35 Training 36 Publications and Information 37 Workshops, Seminars, and Other Meetings 39 Publications and Papers 48 Personnel 51 Financial Statements BOARD OF TRUSTEES Gerry Helleiner, Chairman Professor of Economics University of Toronto Toronto, Canada Roberto Junguito, Vice Chairman Director, Executive Board Banco de la Republica Bogota, Colombia Sjarifuddin Baharsjah Junior Minister Ministry of Agriculture Jakarta, Indonesia David E. Bell Professor Emeritus Harvard University Cambridge, U.S.A. G. Arthur Brown Governor Central Bank of Jamaica Kingston, Jamaica Henri Carsalade Director General Center of International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD) Paris, France Anna Ferro-Luzzi Director of Human Nutrition Unit National Institute of Nutrition Rome, Italy Ibrahim Saad Ahmed Hagrass President, Agricultural and Irrigation Committee, Government of Egypt Cairo, Egypt Yujiro Hayami Professor of Economics School of International Politics, Economics and Business Aoyama Gakuin University Tokyo, Japan James Charles Ingram Director The Australian Institute of International Affairs Canberra, Australia Dharma Kumar Professor of Economic History Delhi School of Economics New Delhi, India Harris Mutio Mule Nairobi, Kenya Abdoulaye Sawadogo Professor of Economic Geography, University of Abidjan, Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire Nicholas H. Stern Sir John Hicks Professor of Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science London, England M. Syeduzzaman Chairman, Foundation for Assisting Rural Employment Dhaka, Bangladesh Per Pinstrup-Andersen Director General, Ex Officio MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN In 1992 IFPRI passed through the final stages of a major transition in its governance and management. In 1990 and 1991, the Board of Trustees had made significant changes in its own procedures for the effective governance of IFPRI, and reorganized its committee structure. At the same time, IFPRI management initiated more trans parent and participatory decisionmaking, tightened personnel policies, and introduced other reforms. Following the External Review of IFPRI in 1990, in which many useful recommendations for change were of fered, it was agreed that IFPRI would undergo an interim review in two years to assess its progress. Two members of the 1990 review panel conducted this review in the first half of 1992 and reported very favorably on IFPRI's progress at International Centers Week in Octo ber. The staff, management, and Board of IFPRI are proud of their ac complishments over the past two years. They have found the external review process extremely helpful as a source of advice on the neces sary changes at IFPRI. At midyear, Just Faaland completed his two-year appointment as director general. IFPRI has much for which to thank Just. He joined IFPRI on very short notice at a difficult time in its history, and although his tenure was relatively brief, his accomplishments were many. Just presided over the implementation of major managerial and program changes, development of the IFPRI strategic plan, the move to new of fices, and, finally, a smooth transition to a new director general. Just came to IFPRI when the morale of staff and Board was low and man aged in short order to create an atmosphere of stability, confidence, and trust. He left a much stronger institution than he found, something for which we are all grateful. The new director general, who assumed his responsibilities on July 1, is Per Pinstrup-Andersen, a Danish national, who had pre viously been director of the Food and Nutrition Policy Program and professor of food economics at Cornell University, and a member of the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IFPRI's move, at the same time, from its location of 17 years to new quarters in newly reno vated offices a few blocks away, at 1200 Seventeenth Street, N.W., seemed to symbolize IFPRI's fresh start. Per's energy and enthusi asm have already generated a fresh mood of "new beginnings" among staff members throughout the Institute. He is moving the Insti tute rapidly forward in the areas of management organization, staffing, research focus, public representation, and long-term planning. In the second half of 1992, under Per's leadership, the Board and staff of IFPRI were actively engaged in the careful development of IFPRI's medium-term plan. The process, which is ongoing, has been extensive, involving interaction and discussion within and across IFPRI's research divisions and consultations with collaborators and stakeholders around the world. In its recent review of CGIAR priori ties, the TAC noted that the CGIAR's mission is unlikely to be achieved without the proper policy environment and recommended increasing attention to policy research. Knowledge of the increased recognition of the role of its research within the CGIAR System has added excitement to IFPRI's planning process. So has the fresh CGIAR emphasis on interactions between poverty, natural resource management, and environmental degradation, areas of research in which IFPRI has been active, often in collaboration with other CG centers. During the year, Abdoulaye Sawadogo, professor at the Univer sity of Abidjan, joined the IFPRI Board of Trustees, and Ambassador Charles Valy Tuho completed his term as a Board member. In 1992 the Board continued to refine its new committee structure by reducing the size and adjusting the functioning of the program committee. We hope that the reduction in this committee's size (a recommendation of the Interim Review panel), redefinition of its responsibilities, and plans for its more active involvement in review processes will make it more useful and effective. During 1992, after a period of relative uncertainty, IFPRI returned to what some might see as "business as usual." To my mind, activity at IFPRI this year has actually been highly unusual in that it has been characterized by a remarkable surge of fresh energy and creativity, and new beginnings. The Board has been very pleased with the pro fessional way in which the new management and the staff have taken up the important tasks of defining future research priorities and con structing a sound medium-term plan to pursue them. As this annual report attests, IFPRI continued to contribute to ef fective policymaking in the developing world and to the overall goal of alleviating poverty and hunger. I would again like to thank our many donors, collaborators, and colleagues for their continued support of its important activities. I am confident that in the coming years they will have further reason to be proud of their association with IFPRI. Gerry Helleiner Chairman INTRODUCTION PROSPECTS FOR MEETING FUTURE FOOD DEMANDS Although food production increased at an impressive rate in the developing countries during the 1980s, it failed to keep pace with population growth in two-thirds of the developing countries and in more than 80 percent of African countries. Most of these countries do not have the foreign exchange to import the production shortfalls. On average, per capita food production in de veloping countries increased by 9 percent during the first eight years of the 1980s, while it decreased by 6 percent in Africa. Although net food imports increased, the 1980s saw an expansion in the number of people, currently in excess of 700 million, who do not have access to enough food to meet energy and protein requirements for a healthy and productive life. Keeping up with increasing needs due to population growth and increasing resource requirements in food production due to income in creases and dietary changes is a formidable challenge to the agricul tural production and marketing sectors. Opportunities for increasing food production through area expansion are gradually being replaced by the need to depend exclusively on yield increases as the source of production increases. Future perspectives for per capita food production are grim for Af rica because of the expected continuation of high rates of population growth and slow transition from area to yield dependence for produc tion expansions. Between now and the year 2000, the African popula tion will grow at more than 3 percent per year, while food production will grow annually by only 2 percent. IFPRI projects that the difference between food production and demand in Sub-Saharan Africa will be 50 million tons by the year 2000. Today this gap is 12 million tons. It is extremely unlikely that the region will have the necessary foreign ex change to import such large amounts of food. It is equally unlikely that the governments will be able to count on food aid in these amounts. If the current food production and population growth trends con tinue, the World Bank estimates that the food shortage for Africa will be 250 million tons by the year 2020. That is more than 20 times the current food gap. The World Bank also projects that if the annual in crease in food production could be doubled to 4 percent and the an nual population growth reduced by half or 1.5 percent then the region could be self-sufficient by 2020. While opportunities for bringing new land under cultivation have compensated for slow crop yield increases in the past, continued at tempts to expand agricultural land will entail increasing investments, accelerated deforestation, and land degradation. Thus, as in Asia, Af rica must rely on increased yields to meet most of its future production expansions. But even in Asia, there is trouble ahead. Rice yields increased at an annual rate of about 3 percent between the mid-1970s and the early 1980s. Those increases have dropped to less than 2 percent in the 1980s. In Southeast Asia, rice yields increased at an annual rate of 3.2 percent during the late 1970s. These increases are now down to half of that or 1 .6 percent per year. In China, annual yield in creases dropped from more than 4 percent in the late 1970s to about 1.6 percent during the 1980s. IFPRI projects that developing countries will need 90 million tons more grain in year 2000 than they will pro duce. Some will be able to fill the gap through imports. Most will not. To facilitate the needed increases in crop yields in developing countries, there is an urgent need for accelerated investment in agri cultural research and technology aimed at yield enhancement and sta bilization. The dramatic impact of research and technology on the yields of most crops grown in temperate zones and on wheat and rice in Asia and Latin America is well known. A less dramatic, but signifi cant, impact has been made in other crops for developing countries, notably maize, and results from current experiments on various crops are promising. Accelerated investment in agricultural research and technology is also urgently needed to protect natural resources from degradation. As population, poverty, and food demands continue to grow, failure to develop and implement appropriate technology in production will lead to either more food insecurity and hunger, for which the current gen eration of poor people will pay, or to further degradation of natural re sources, for which future generations will pay. While development and use of appropriate technology is neces sary to meet future food demands, it is not sufficient. Investment in ru ral infrastructure, institutional change, and appropriate government policy are needed to facilitate access by farmers to modern inputs, im prove farm management, develop a marketing system capable of as suring access to sufficient food by the rapidly growing urban population, provide the necessary production incentives, promote eco nomic growth in rural areas, and enhance the exchange of goods and services between urban and rural areas. Renewed emphasis must be placed on efforts to reduce popula tion growth in the developing countries in general and in Africa in par ticular. Although the rate of population growth is falling in developing countries as a whole, the decrease is insufficient to counter absolute increases. Thus, over the next 30-40 years, the world population will increase by almost 100 million people annually, the largest annual in- crease ever. The pressures on food production and distribution will be immense, particularly since most of the population growth will occur in urban areas of developing countries. Failure to significantly reduce the current high population growth rates in Africa within the next 10-20 years will render all other development efforts insufficient to avoid future famines, degradation of land and forest resources, poverty, and human misery of much greater magnitudes than experienced to date. We have become complacent about future food supplies. We have convinced ourselves that there is enough food to go around and that the problem is one of distribution. Real food prices in the world market have decreased, the European Common Market and North America have excess capacity, and some speculate that Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union will, over the next 10 years or so, greatly expand their food production. Unfortunately, current and expected future excess production ca pacity in Europe, North America, and the Commonwealth of Inde pendent States will be of only limited support to low-income countries with little foreign exchange available for food imports. While food self- sufficiency is not an appropriate goal for all countries, most low-in come developing countries must, in fact, rely on their own agricultural sectors for meeting most of their food demands for a long time to come. The agricultural sector may also serve as a major contributor of export commodities needed to generate foreign exchange to support overall economic growth. Furthermore, agricultural development is likely to be the most effective way to generate general economic growth in these countries. Except for those few low-income develop ing countries possessing large amounts of exportable minerals, a stag nant agricultural sector is a prescription for poor economic growth and accelerated rates of poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition. Although the relationship between external assistance to agricul tural development and enhanced food production is widely accepted, both have decreased significantly during the last 10 years. Thus, sup port to agriculture decreased from 22 to 14 percent of all external as sistance to developing countries during the 1980s. Similar trends are found in the allocation of public funds in many low-income developing countries. Sharp reductions in both external and national support of agricultural research during the 1980s has resulted in serious deterio rations in the capacity to generate improved agricultural technology, without which the needed productivity increases will not materialize. The trends of the 1980s must be reversed and soon. Per Pinstrup-Andersen Director General RESEARCH RESULTS ENVIRONMENT AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY DIVISION The research of the Environment and Production Technology Divi sion is concerned with accelerating agriculture and food produc tion in the developing world through the spread of new agricultural technologies without degrading the natural resource base. In many parts of the developing world, from low-potential re gions to some of the best irrigated lands, the demands on the natural resource base arising from population growth, poverty, and increased urban competition have reached the point where it will be difficult to obtain needed increases in agricultural production and rural develop ment without resolving resource management problems. During 1992 the division began to redefine its research program to better integrate the Institute's work in this area. The division is work ing closely with other national and international research institutions to identify appropriate technologies, institutional reforms, and policy inter ventions for sustainable agricultural development. As new research was initiated during the year, research contin ued or was completed on the prospects for Asian agriculture, particu larly rice, in the 1990s; irrigation issues; future growth of Indian agriculture; the links between agriculture, poverty, and the environ ment; and priorities for forestry and agroforestry policy research. During the year, research in the division has produced a number of results that have significance for food policy. I Large-scale national irrigation systems can be economically vi able and improve the efficiency and equity of water distribution. In the Philippines, where 42 percent of the 1 ,488,000 hectares of land under irrigation are part of the large-scale operations of the National Irriga tion Administration, government officials were able to transform the system from a costly drain on the economy into a profitable enterprise that was able to improve the equity of the water system. (Figure 1 ) (From Working Papers 1 and 2 on irrigation performance) I Economic growth in areas of the developing world that rely on irrigation has increased the need to develop markets in tradable water rights. In the past, the relatively low value of water and high transac tions costs impeded the development of water markets in the Third World, but as water has become scarcer, the need for clearly defined tradable water rights to secure the existing rights of farmers and pro vide incentives for irrigators to use water efficiently has become more important. Figure 1 Outcome of a shift to financial autonomy of Philippine irrigation Percent Change Source: Mark Svendsen Without making a major investment in new irrigation systems, Philippine decisionmakers were able to provide benefits to more farmers and increase rice yields to all farmers through low-cost changes in policies and institutions. Developing countries with rapid rates of population growth and without appropriate agricultural technologies for making the most of scarce natural resources are losing soils, watersheds, and forests in order to maintain rural and urban populations. The most environ mentally destructive activities in the developing world are often guided by government policies and are the work of smallholder farmers trying to meet their short-term objective of feeding their families. Solutions to the dual goal of sustainable management of the natural resource base and increased productivity will require policies that induce farmers to make the right choices as well as investment in research to develop the appropriate technologies. (From Food Policy Statement 15) I Many of the existing data on forestry and agroforestry policy research are derived from isolated case studies that have specific, nongeneralizable results. Although much has been written on the causes of deforestation and its potential long-term effects on the envi ronment, little is being done to try to identify appropriate technology and policy solutions. Studies are needed that use comparable meth ods and carefully selected cases to provide evidence that can be ex trapolated to a wide range of situations. Among the areas that future policy research should focus on are the dynamics of the interactions between population, economics, and the environment; land and tree tenure issues; the effect of organizational reform; and the role of mar kets, subsidies, and incentives in sustainable forest management. De veloping countries will need to strengthen their capacity to undertake research on forestry and agroforestry policy. (From Occasional Paper on forestry and agroforestry research priorities) During 1992 the division undertook a number of activities to dis seminate and discuss research and policy issues. Of note, IFPRI co- sponsored two international workshops to identify policy research priorities for tropical forestry and agroforestry. The first, in Asia, was held in Bangkok and attended by experts in forestry from 17 countries. A workshop for Africa was held in Nairobi, in collaboration with the In ternational Centre for Research in Agroforestry. It included partici pants from government, nongovernmental organizations, and university organizations in 12 countries. The workshops identified pri ority topics for regional research, including policies to reduce inappro priate deforestation; to promote sustainable forest management; to promote the sustainable use of nontraditional forest products; to en courage adoption by farmers of agroforestry practices; to promote lo cal management of forest resources; and to influence international tropical forest management. 13 RESEARCH RESULTS MARKETS AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES DIVISION A critical part in the transformation of subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture is markets for the inputs to produc tion such as fertilizer and seeds and those for the sale of farmers' crops. Markets also influence the diffusion of tech nology and the diversification of rural employment. Research in the Markets and Structural Studies Division focuses on policy issues re lated to the development and functioning of agricultural markets in de veloping economies. Infrastructure and institutional development are important components of this work. During 1992 research focused on the role of infrastructure in the development of agricultural production and markets in developing countries, food and agricultural input markets in Bangladesh, the role of food price policies in promoting competitiveness of agricultural ex ports in West Africa, the effects of price policy changes on food secu rity in Senegal, policies to increase labor productivity in Zaire, fertilizer policies in Sub-Saharan Africa, and policy issues and requirements for regional integration of agricultural markets in West Africa. Division research completed during the year identifies a number of results of policy significance. I Although it is widely known that the pace of development of African economies is lagging far behind Asia's, what is not so well rec ognized is the underlying role of infrastructure in this differential eco nomic performance. Paved road and railway lines in seven African countries averaged 0.35 miles per 1,000 persons (weighted by popula tion), whereas the average for four Asian countries was 0.67 miles per 1,000 persons. Statistics on other indicators such as number of vehi cles, telephones, and villages electrified show similar disparities. The availability of infrastructure affects the choice of technology and out put increases. Public works projects such as roads can enhance food security. For example, a 1989 study in Tanzania indicates that US$1.00 invested in transportation would yield US$1.50 in increased income. In most cases infrastructure projects have a positive effect on income distribution. Infrastructure reduces transaction costs and thereby stimulates market operation, which produces a powerful impe tus to production and nonfarm employment. (Table 1) (From Occa sional Paper on infrastructure) I In Bangladesh, the rural ration subsidy cost US$60 million in 1 990/91 , and the leakage of resources to those who were not poor Table 1 Expenditures on transport and communications infrastructure in selected Asian and African countries, 1989 Expenditure Region Country Expenditure Per Capita Per Hectare (US$ million) (US$) Benin 14 3.1 6.2 Kenya 103 4.6 16.9 Malawi 50 6.3 34.5 Africa Senegal 27 3.9 5.2 Tanzania 110 4.5 2.7 Togo 20 5.9 20.2 Zimbabwe 175 18.8 71.1 Bangladesh 260 2.4 26.6 India 3,600 4.4 23.1 Asia Pakistan 780 7.4 37.3 Philippines 650 10.8 48.5 South Korea 800 19.0 373.8 Source: Raisuddin Ahmed. The low per capita expenditure on infrastructure in Africa signifies the limited access of small farmers to infrastructure. African agriculture is extremely dualistic (with both estate and peasant farms), compared with relatively homo geneous systems of farming in Asia. The estate sector has a greater chance of attracting public investment in infrastructure than the small-farm sector. Thus, even though the per capita expenditure on infrastructure is the same, Africa's small farmers have much more restricted access to infrastructure than small farmers in Asia. was estimated at 70 percent. The result was that the government spent US$6.55 to transfer US$1.00 of income to a consumer eligible for the program. The ineffectiveness of the rural rationing program, one of the largest components of the public food distribution system in Bangladesh, suggested a need for its abolition and for effective tar geted food programs for the poor. Subsequently, the Government of Bangladesh has suspended the rural rationing scheme. (From Work ing Paper 5 on food policy in Bangladesh) | Improving the international competitiveness of nonfood agri cultural exports in West Africa solely through macroeconomic reforms designed to devalue the real exchange rate will be difficult. West Africans consume a high share of nontraded foods. And West African farmers face transfer costs for inland agriculture of 150 percent of prices at coastal ports and long-term sustained domestic food prices fluctuate 50 to 70 percent, and 20-40 percent of what is consumed is nontraded domestic foods. These sector-specific conditions, which keep food prices high, affect the competitiveness of nonfood exports. Adjustment policies in West Africa must include a policy focus on low ering domestic food prices, either through increasing domestic produc tion or through facilitating cheaper food imports through better infrastructure, as individual circumstances warrant. (From Delgado ar ticle on why domestic prices matter) I Rural households throughout the Senegalese peanut basin and eastern Senegal depend on nonfarm income. This ranged in 1988- 89 from a low of 16 percent in the remote and fertile parts of south eastern Senegal to 61 percent in the drought-prone and eroded northern peanut basin. Cereal production increased on farms owned by wealthier farmers in years of better rainfall, but did not on farms owned by the less wealthy. This suggests that the poor rely more on less risky nonfarm income for food security. Farmers earned 1.5 times more per day in peanut cultivation than in cereals. Access to good roads and markets for procuring food appears to be central to the con sumption of imported rice in rural areas (rice constitutes 30 percent of the staple calories in half the rural areas) and to the decision to con centrate on cash cropping. Liberalizing domestic cereal prices while retaining guaranteed prices for peanuts encouraged peanut cultivation in areas with good food distribution networks but not in zones with poorer access and more variable food prices. I In the Zairian basin, one of the least-known areas of the devel oping world, 33 percent of the small-farm households did not follow the calendar recommended by the extension services for various agri cultural tasks. Following the correct timing in the study area would mean a labor productivity increase of 14 percent. To encourage more efficient use of farm labor time requires improving extension services, developing credit markets, and improving roads and marketing chan nels. (From Research Report 90) I Accelerated use of fertilizer can break the stagnation in agri cultural production in Africa. With normal levels of output prices, use of fertilizer is still profitable for most farmers. But institutional bottle necks, scarcity of foreign exchange, and structural reforms have cre ated enormous problems in the supply of this input to farmers. Availability and access are key to increased use of fertilizers. Between 60 and 80 percent of farmers in Zimbabwe, Malawi, Togo, and Ghana do not use inorganic fertilizers. Contrary to conventional wisdom, farm ers use fertilizers as much for cereal production as for cash crop pro duction. Unstable farm prices and marketing problems have adversely affected the use of fertilizers by African farmers. (From IFDC/IFPRI fer tilizer special report) As part of the division's work on the integration of agricultural markets in West Africa, IFPRI in collaboration with the Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA) held a regional confer- ence in Saly Portudal, Senegal, which was attended by 30 African poli cymakers and researchers as well as representatives from donor agencies and researchers from developed countries. The group dis cussed the results of four years of research efforts and concluded that effective regional integration depends on three sets of factors: consis tency of national economic strategies with specific objectives in the agriculture sector and consistency of both of these policy levels with objectives for regional integration; adoption of marketing policies that facilitate rather than discourage trade in primary commodities within and across borders; and elimination of incentives spawned by over valued exchange rates that encourage inappropriate trade while dis couraging trade that can contribute to long-run growth through the exploitation of comparative advantage. The division continued efforts to develop a West African research network on agricultural markets. A preparatory workshop was held in Dakar, Senegal, in September 1992, at which researchers from Burk ina Faso, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo participated. The group ex amined policy problems in input and output markets, formulated a joint research agenda, and discussed methodological approaches to be used by national research teams. 18 RESEARCH RESULTS FOOD CONSUMPTION AND NUTRITION DIVISION The Food Consumption and Nutrition Division analyzes the effects of general economic and agricultural policies on nutrition as well as the effects of specific food and nutrition interventions such as food rationing schemes and targeted feeding programs. Because access to food does not guarantee good nutrition, the division's re search examines the effects of health conditions, employment opportu nities, and educational aspects on nutrition as well. The division also monitors global, national, and household food and nutrition conditions in order to identify specific problems and ar eas of research. Among the questions research attempts to address are How do poor households secure food? How is that food shared within a household, particularly by women and children? How do the poor earn their living? What do they purchase and why? And what con straints do they face in the labor and financial markets? To answer these questions, research was undertaken during 1992 in six areas that relate to food security for the developing world's poor: monitoring of food security and nutrition; famine prevention in Africa; gender and intrahousehold aspects of food policy; labor market policies and employment programs; credit policies; and the implications of urbanization for agriculture, food, and nutrition. The division initiated new research on the potential for agricultural tech nology and policy to improve diets through increased intake of micro nutrients such as vitamin A and iron. Research completed in the division during the year identified a number of results of significance to policy formulation. I In 1990 the number of malnourished (underweight for age) preschool children in the developing world was 184 million. Using opti mistic and pessimistic historical trends to predict future trends in mal nutrition to the year 2000 indicates that malnutrition will not decline sufficiently to meet the goals set at the 1990 World Summit for Chil dren and adopted by the December 1992 International Conference on Nutrition in Rome. Regionally, South America is expected to surpass the goals, but all other regions, particularly South Asia and Sub-Saha ran Africa, will fall short. The evidence suggests that what is needed is new approaches to solving the malnutrition problem, which may in clude food, health, and education programs targeted to the vulnerable groups. (Figure 2) (From the United Nations/IFPRI second report on world nutrition by Garcia and Mason) Figure 2 Trends in malnourished children and projections to 2000 Percent Underweight Children 80 70 60 50 40 20 30 20 10 | Pessimistic | Optimistic | | Goal World Summit for Children South Asia Southeast Asia South America 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 The projected trends do not suggest rea sonable improvement in malnutrition rates of pre school children in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa and, at the pre sent rate, not for per haps 100 years in South Asia. What is needed is an assessment of op tions for accelerating im provement. This should be at a national level, re quiring assessments of national trends. Analysis of why nutrition improves is needed to guide future actions. Source: Marito Garcia I In Ethiopia, although war and drought are important contribu tors, poverty is the underlying factor contributing to famine. Yet even where almost everyone is poor, the depth of poverty is important in determining the effects of famine. Relatively wealthier households in drought-affected regions coped better than the poorest and were bet ter able to get enough to eat only 43 percent of the wealthier group was reduced to one meal or less each day, compared with 63 percent of the poorest households. This emphasizes the need for relief efforts to target those in absolute poverty and investment in famine-prone regions. Combating the root causes of poverty through rural income growth remains the key to preventing famine. (From Research Report 92) I In their efforts to improve food security, developing countries have tended to rely on single policy instruments, such as subsidized food rationing, employment programs, or feeding schemes. These spe cialized instruments have not always been efficient or effective. The multiple dimensions of the food security problem in developing coun tries require a selective combination of policy instruments, suitable to the nature of the problem, place, time, and affected population. (From Occasional Paper on improving food security of the poor) I Targeting food and nutrition policies to households in the be lief that resources are allocated according to need may not be effec tive. For example, in parts of Africa, a family with the male head of household present will have different needs and constraints compared with a household in which the male head spends long periods of time as a migrant worker. The structure of households and families must be taken into account when conducting research and designing poli cies to alleviate poverty and hunger. Policies need to account for the different ways each of many types of households allocates income and resources. (IFPRI Policy Briefs 8) I Researchers use complex indicators to quantify the status of food security within households. These indicators, such as pre schooler body measurements or household calories consumed, are difficult to incorporate into ongoing monitoring and evaluation sys tems. Research suggests that there are simple and easy-to-collect in dicators that are comparable to these more complex indicators but that are less expensive to use. Indicators such as number of different kinds of foods consumed, number of rooms per person per household, incidence of illness, and vaccination status all work well to locate households and preschoolers at risk of food insecurity in certain set tings. These new tools will make it easier and less expensive for gov ernments to monitor nutritional status and identify where intervention programs are needed. To disseminate and discuss research findings and policy solu tions and actions, the division undertook a number of workshops and other activities. The Bangladesh government requested that IFPRI review and discuss programs and alternatives to the rural ration program, which was suspended during 1 992, partly as a result of findings from IFPRI research. These results indicated that the program was not reaching the rural poor cost-effectively. A working group was set up to offer al ternative options and approaches to reach the rural poor. The group consisted of representatives of government ministries, IFPRI re searchers, and representatives of donor and nongovernmental organi zations. The division provided guidance to the group, contributed to the terms of reference, and provided insights gained from research in other countries to the meetings. Alternative programs discussed in cluded food-for-work, income support for rural women, and other in come transfers. The results of the working group have been presented to the government. To disseminate findings from its famine research in Ethiopia, the division held the first major international meeting for Ethiopia's newly established transitional government. Sponsored with IFPRI's collabora tor, the Ethiopian Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, the meeting brought together more than 50 policymakers, including Ethiopia's prime minister, researchers, and representatives from donor and nongovernmental organizations, to discuss the redesigning of effective food security policies. Since this meeting in July 1992, the government has adopted a strategy for famine prevention that empha sizes provision of employment programs rather than food handouts. Although the research effort began during the previous regime, the re sults proved to be of timely and lasting value. The division also held three workshops during 1992 to discuss re search initiatives. At a multidisciplinary IFPRI-World Bank workshop on intrahousehold resource allocation, more than 50 economists, nutri tionists, anthropologists, sociologists, and public policy analysts shared their views on how to understand decisionmaking within house holds. This workshop, which led to the published results cited above, asked a number of questions: What are the economic relationships within the household or family? How should relationships within house holds be analyzed? What is the relevance of intrahousehold allocation for policies? The group agreed that the structure of households and families must be taken into account when conducting research and de signing policies to alleviate poverty and hunger. A workshop on data needs for food policy research and house hold survey collection brought together 50 survey practitioners and policy advisers from developing countries, development and research institutions, and major national statistical institutions in China, India, and Brazil to discuss different types of surveys, methodologies, and techniques. Because field data collection in developing countries is an important component of food policy analysis and formulation in gen eral, it is necessary to keep methods relevant to changing research priorities. The participants agreed that synthesizing survey experi- ence, developing and testing appropriate technologies, and building networks to strengthen information exchange about survey methodolo gies, outcomes, and effects are essential to improve survey work in developing countries. At a workshop on the effects of selected policies and programs on women's income, health, and nutrition, more than 30 participants from donor agencies and research and academic organizations dis cussed the effects of agricultural policies on women. Few studies have been conducted on women's nutrition issues. Moreover, where the effects of policies and programs have been considered, they have been mainly focused on women in their capacity as child bearers and rearers as opposed to their role as direct economic contributors. Par ticipants at the meeting discussed how to identify the effects of se lected policies on women's nutrition and health, and the types of indicators that might be used to monitor the effects of development policies on women. 23 RESEARCH RESULTS TRADE AND MACROECONOMICS DIVISION Trade and macroeconomic policies influence incentives for food production directly, for instance through their effects on product prices, and indirectly, for instance through their effects on the for eign exchange, credit, and labor markets. They also affect the ability of developing countries to meet food consumption needs. In ad dition, world market conditions greatly influence domestic food prices in developing countries and thereby food production and consump tion. These conditions include trade and macroeconomic policies of developed countries, trade relations with other developing countries, and movements in international commodity prices. Research in the Trade and Macroeconomics Division addresses various aspects of the domestic and international policy environment that affect the food sys tems of the developing countries. During 1992 the division's work focused on trade and macroe conomic policies in Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia, trade between developing countries, and the GATT-sponsored multilateral trade ne gotiations. This research effort identified a number of results of policy significance. I Protection from import competition in 23 low- and middle-in come countries in Sub-Saharan Africa arising from inappropriate monetary and fiscal policies as well as import-substitution policies dur ing the late 1 980s was appreciably higher than in other developing re gions and the major industrial countries. This protection hindered export performance by reducing the real exchange rate the relative price of exports to nontraded goods in order to balance the supply of exports against the lower demand for imports. For example, reducing tariffs to 10 percent and increasing quantitative restrictions on imports by 10 percent would result in an increase in the real exchange rate of 15 percent and a US$1.3 billion gain in export earnings. (From IFPRI Reprint by DeRosa on protection in Sub-Saharan Africa) I Price stabilization schemes used by governments to shield ag ricultural export producers from the volatility of world prices may affect producers differently depending on the policy regimes under which the country is operating. Biased trade and macroeconomic policies may do more to harm producer welfare defined in terms of the level of in come and the degree of stability of that income than sector-specific policies. Thus, evaluating the effectiveness of domestic price stabiliza tion programs should not be undertaken in isolation from other govern- 26 ment interventions. The welfare gains for producers are more likely to be significant from policy improvements that have a lasting effect on producer prices. In the Philippines, producers of copra (dried coconut) would benefit from moving trade and macroeconomic policy reform to ward a less overvalued domestic currency. In Malaysia, where trade and macroeconomic policies are more liberal, removal of agricultural export taxes would significantly benefit rubber producers. (From arti cle on domestic stabilization of export crop prices by Bautista) I The share of trade between developing countries in all catego ries, including agriculture, has been increasing. From 1966 to 1989 the share of agricultural commodities traded between developing coun tries in total trade rose from 5.4 percent to 6.8 percent. Although most of this trade was between countries within the same region, trade be tween regions also rose. South and Southeast Asia led in the trading of imports between developing countries, and West Asia led in trade of exports. If developing countries maintain income growth rates of about 5 percent until the end of the century, as they are predicted to do, trade among developing countries could increase by 70 percent by the year 2001 . (Figure 3) (From Occasional Paper on agricultural trade between developing countries) I The so-called Dunkel final draft agreement of the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations identified three major elements that could form the basis of a consensus on agriculture: conversion of all nontariff barriers to tariffs only, reduction of domestic support levels for agricultural production and exports, and reduction of export vol umes. Of these, giving priority to the first would increase market ac cess and competition and thereby weaken the administered agricultural price systems found in many industrial and developing countries. But economic interests, primarily in major industrial coun tries, intent on maintaining the status quo in agriculture remain firmly entrenched and politically powerful, reducing the likely acceptance of the Dunkel draft agreement on agriculture in its entirety. (From IFPRI Report, Volume 14, Number 2) Figure 3 Regional origin of imports in the developing world, 1987-89 Importing Region Africa Latin America South and Southeast Asia West Asia I Africa Latin America 20 25 Share of Imports (percent) I South and Southeast Asia t- 35 40 West Asia 27 Source: Nurul Islam Trade among countries in the same region was greater for Latin America and South and Southeast Asia than for Africa or West Asia. Much of the trade between developing countries was concentrated in 10 commodities, which amounted to 56 percent of the total during 1980-82. Oilseeds and fats had the largest share, followed closely by rice and sugar. Rubber, wheat, maize, cotton, and meat followed in descending order. RESEARCH RESULTS SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES DIVISION Agriculture plays a pivotal role in development. A majority of the population of developing countries lives in rural areas where productivity is low and agriculture and related activi ties provide people's livelihoods. Research in the Special De velopment Studies Division examines the links between agriculture and nonagricultural activities and how these can be strengthened. Dur ing 1992, research continued for projects on China, India, Pakistan, and Zimbabwe. A number of research results relevant for food and agriculture policy were identified by the division during 1992. Those of particular significance are noted below. I Access to and distance from services such as public transpor tation and marketing centers for agricultural inputs and products influ ence agricultural development in rural areas. For example, if farmers cannot easily get to a distribution point for fertilizer, they will purchase and use less of it. In South India, for instance, an increase of 1 kilome ter in distance to the nearest fertilizer sales point decreases a house hold's spending on fertilizer by 25 rupees a year. A 1 -kilometer increase in the distance a farmer has to travel to market to sell his 29 paddy results in a decrease of Rs 125 in annual income for the aver- ^^ age paddy-growing household. Policymakers can identify the kinds of services that are needed in a region by using data analysis that categorizes villages and serv ices in a hierarchy. Similarly, it is possible to identify the most likely vil lages for the location of missing services by determining the number of people needed to support a service. (From Research Report 91) I Of the five sources of income in rural Pakistan nonfarm, agri cultural, livestock, rental, and transfer more than 40 percent of the in come of poor households comes from nonfarm sources. Nonfarm income, which includes sources such as government and rural serv ices and commerce, is almost twice as high as income received from any other source, including agriculture. In addition, nonfarm income is equitably distributed among all income groups of households, suggest ing that additional increments of nonfarm income tend to reduce over all income inequality. Additional increments of agricultural income tend to increase income inequality because agricultural income is linked to land ownership, which is unevenly distributed in rural Paki stan. Thus efforts to reduce poverty and improve income distribution in rural Pakistan should focus on nonfarm income. (Figure 4) Figure 4 Sources of income of the poorest rural households, Pakistan, 1986-89 Source: Richard Adams The annual per capita household income for the lowest fifth of the income groups was about US$75. In descending order of importance, nonfarm in come comprises government employment, self-employment activities including shopkeeping and artisan activities, and unskilled labor activities including con struction and ditch digging. Agricultural income includes profits from all crop production, including crop by-products, and agricultural labor. Livestock income includes cattle and poultry production and draft power. Rental income includes rents from land, machinery, and water. Transfer income includes government pensions and remittances. B Development of smallholder communal farming in Zimbabwe will require the elimination of policies that give preferential treatment to large commercial farms as well as the provision of rural infrastruc ture for smallholder farmers. Rural infrastructure includes credit and banking, bus and truck transportation, distribution of seeds and fertiliz ers, and marketing centers, among others. For example, although Zim babwe produces 70 percent of the fertilizer it uses, most of it is directed to commercial farmers. Only one-third of the communal farm ers surveyed in Gazaland district of Zimbabwe said they used fertiliz ers. Most of them lacked information about fertilizers and access to extension, transportation, and distribution services. And at times, there were no fertilizer supplies available for smallholder farmers. (From Occasional Paper on service provision in Zimbabwe) OUTREACH IFPRI's formal outreach activities include collaborative research, training, publications and information dissemination, and work shops, seminars, and other meetings. Through these activities IFPRI reaches policymakers, policy analysts, natural and social sci entists, and opinion formers in the international policy arena. The dis cussion of research results through these various activities at the national, regional, and international levels and within the CGIAR and the donor community makes possible the adoption of better food and agricultural policies. COLLABORATION IFPRI's field-based research is conducted in partnership with develop ing-country institutions. This helps build the capacity for policy re search within national research systems and enables IFPRI to better define its research goals. During 1992 IFPRI collaborated with almost 90 institutions in the Third World. In addition, IFPRI posted nine re searchers to developing-country institutions as part of collaborative projects. IFPRI's collaboration with other centers conducting international agricultural research, including those in the CGIAR, focuses on the policy factors that affect the development and use of the new technolo- 3 ] gies developed by the CGIAR centers. Through collaborative projects, ^ IFPRI shares data, participates in the formulation of intercenter re search strategies, and posts staff to other centers. In 1992 two IFPRI staff members were posted to international agricultural research centers. IFPRI also works with multilateral and developed-country institu tions to identify gaps in knowledge and new developments in method ology. Collaboration includes shared staff appointments, joint projects, consulting arrangements, and conferences and seminars. COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AFRICA Botswana Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Finance and Development Planning Ministry of Local Governments and Lands Ministry of Health Burkina Faso Centre d'Etudes, de Documentation, et de Recherches Economiques et Sociales Cameroon University of Dschang Cote d'lvoire Centre Ivorien de Recherches Economiques et Sociales Ethiopia Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Nutrition Institute Ministry of Planning and Economic Development Ghana Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Health Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics Jomo Kenyatta University College of Agriculture and Technology Ministry of Planning and National Development Madagascar Ministere de I'Agriculture Ministere de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique Malawi Bunda College of Agriculture Department of Research and Environmental Affairs Ministry of Agriculture Mali Institut d'Economie Rurale Systeme d'lnformation des Marches Niger Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger Senegal Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles South Africa University of Cape Town Tanzania Food and Nutrition Commission Ministry of Public Works Planning Commission Prime Minister's Office University of Dar es Salaam Togo Ministry of Rural Development Zimbabwe Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development Institute of Development Studies Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement Southern African Development Coordination Conference University of Zimbabwe ASIA Bangladesh Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies Bangladesh Planning Academy Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee Ministry of Food Institute of Nutrition and Food Science Ministry of Rural Development People's Republic of China China National Rice Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Economics Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography India Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University Central Soil Salinity Research Institute Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices Gujarat Institute of Area Planning Indian Agricultural Research Institute Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad) Institute of Economic Growth Metaplanners Pvt. Ltd. Ministry of Agriculture National Council for Applied Economic Research National Institute of Nutrition Rajendra Agricultural University Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 33 University of Madras ^H Indonesia Center for Agro Socio Economic Research Center for Strategic and International Studies Nepal Agricultural Projects Services Centre Pakistan Applied Economic Research Centre Centre for Applied Economic Studies Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Quaid-e-Azam University Philippines Philippine Institute for Development Studies University of Philippines at Los Bafios University of Philippines, Quezon City Sri Lanka Agrarian Research and Training Institute Ministry of Agriculture Thailand Thailand Development Research Institute LATIN AMERICA Brazil Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria Chile Universidad Catolica de Chile Costa Rica Centro Agronomica Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza Centro de Estudios y Publicaciones-Alforja Guatemala Asociacion de Investigacion y Estudios Sociales Cooperative Union de Cuatro Pinos Fundacion ULEU Honduras Centro de Comunicacion Popular de Honduras Nicaragua Centro de Educacion y Comunicacion Popular-Cantera Centro para la Participacion Democratica y el Desarrollo-Cenzontle NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST Egypt Ministry of Agriculture COLLABORATING CGIAR AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION Center for International Forestry Research Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas International Center for Research in Agroforestry International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics International Fertilizer Development Center International Irrigation Management Institute International Rice Research Institute COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND MULTILATERAL AGENCIES Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Australian National University CARE Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Institute of Development Studies, U.K. Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama Italian Nutrition Institute The Johns Hopkins University, U.S.A. Michigan State University, U.S.A. Rutgers University, U.S.A. United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination/ Sub-Committee on Nutrition United Nations Children's Fund Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain University of Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany University of North Carolina, U.S.A. University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. University of Stuttgart (Hohenheim), Federal Republic of Germany University ofWashington, U.S.A. World Bank World Food Programme Yale University, U.S.A. York University, U.K. TRAINING IFPRI helps build the capacity of developing countries, primarily through long-term collaborative research, to undertake their own food policy research. Short-term training is an integral part of the research process. IFPRI's primary focus is on methodological and practical training for field researchers, which includes data collection during the field component of a project as well as data analysis both in the field and in Washington, D.C. During 1992 the Food Consumption and Nutrition Division initi ated a project with the Bunda College of Agriculture of the University of Malawi to build capacity for food policy analysis in the region. The project will involve undertaking research studies and developing the ~c curriculum for the graduate program; teaching, conducting workshops ^_ and seminars, and training faculty, staff, and students in food security, agriculture, and nutrition policy; and guiding post-graduate thesis work. An IFPRI research fellow is outposted to Bunda College to coor dinate these activities. As part of IFPRI's project on food policy in Bangladesh, 20 policy analysts participated in training programs conducted at the field office in Dhaka. Courses were held on computer use for data management and analysis and on how to undertake rapid rural appraisals of wheat markets. Four mid-level Bangladesh government officials spent a month each in universities in the United States for special training on computer-assisted policy analysis, macroeconomic adjustment and food and agricultural policy interactions, and understanding of interna tional wheat markets. IFPRI participated in a training workshop on methodologies for economic and institutional analysis of agroforestry in Central America, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. Held in conjunction with Centro Agronomica Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE) and the World Bank, at CATIE's offices in Costa Rica, the workshop involved training seven collaborators from the Central American countries par ticipating in the research effort. In Africa, IFPRI's research fellow outposted to Zimbabwe in the ICRISAT regional office conducted training for 10 country economists in Botswana, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and other coun tries. The training included surveys of sorghum and pearl millet mar keting policies, rural trade and processing of sorghum and millet, and policy analysis of maize production. In addition, graduate students in Togo conducted graduate research using IFPRI data under the super vision of IFPRI staff. IFPRI staff supervised a number of doctoral dissertations, includ ing two by Chinese students using IFPRI data on China. During 1992 IFPRI initiated its first series of training publications. Designing a Data Entry and Verification System, by Peter Tatian, the first in this series on using microcomputers in policy research, pro vides hands-on methods of resolving data collection and data base management problems encountered in field surveys in developing countries. The text is illustrated with examples of SPSS/PC+ program ming code and output, and the procedures can be readily adapted to most of the data base management and data entry software available. More than 1,000 copies of this manual are now in use in 85 countries throughout the world, 70 percent of them developing countries, by indi viduals and training institutions. PUBLICATIONS AND INFORMATION IFPRI's publications are the primary vehicle for disseminating re search results. During 1992 IFPRI responded to some 14,000 re quests for publications and information and distributed more than 20,000 publications. IFPRI publishes the results of its major studies in refereed research reports. The key policy implications of each report are summarized in four-page policy abstracts. Research results are also reported in IFPRI working papers, occasional papers that make available conference proceedings and overviews of policy issues, re prints of journal articles by IFPRI staff, and a book series published by the Johns Hopkins University Press, and in other publications. A com plete list of publications for 1992 and a list of the research report refe rees for 1991-92 appears in the Publications and Papers section. As part of its effort to improve communication on development is sues with its more general audiences, IFPRI organized with the Rocke feller Foundation a media seminar on "Feeding the World, Protecting the Earth: Advances in International Agricultural Research," held April 5-7 in Annapolis, Maryland. This was the second media seminar to bring together members of the mass and specialized media with re search scientists from the CGIAR centers and other international re search organizations around the world. IFPRI also held a press briefing in Washington in July following the United Nations Confer ence on Environment and Development (UNCED) on "After the Earth Summit A Revised Agenda for Stemming World Hunger?" and an other in Rome in December in connection with the International Con- ference on Nutrition. As part of these and other efforts to reach its more general audiences with some of its research results, IFPRI is sued a number of short, nontechnical summaries of research issues and results. These Information Briefs have expanded understanding of the crucial issues associated with increasing agricultural produc tion, protecting the environment, and alleviating poverty and malnutri tion. WORKSHOPS, SEMINARS, AND OTHER MEETINGS As part of its research and outreach efforts, IFPRI holds workshops and seminars in Washington and throughout the world. These meet ings bring together IFPRI collaborators and staff to discuss research design, methodologies, results, and the policy implications of the work. IFPRI also holds policy seminars that bring together high-rank ing government officials in developing countries and IFPRI staff to dis cuss major issues related to agricultural development. These meetings are discussed in the sections on each of IFPRI's research di visions. WORKSHOPS, SEMINARS, AND CONFERENCES 1992 Workshop on the Effects of Policy and Programs on Women, Janu ary 16, Washington, D.C. Conference on Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: Policy Issues 37 and Research Methods (cosponsored by the World Bank), Febru- HB ary 12-14, Washington, D.C. Workshop on Famine and Drought Mitigation in Ethiopia in the 1990s, July 2-3, Addis Ababa Workshop on Household Surveys on Food Security, September 1- 2, Washington, D.C. Seminar on Development Cooperation Toward the 21st Century: Agriculture, Environment, and Technology (cosponsored by Japan International Cooperation Agency), September 8, Tokyo Workshop on Forestry and Agroforestry Policy Research in Asia (cosponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, October 5-9, Bangkok Workshop on Forestry and Agroforestry Policy Research in Africa (cosponsored by the International Centre for Research in Agrofore stry), November 30-December 4, Nairobi Conference on Integration of Agricultural Markets in West Africa, December 2-4, Saly Portudal, Senegal As part of the process of developing its medium-term plan for 1994-98, IFPRI held consultative meetings in Washington with re searchers and policymakers from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A meeting on African food policy issues was held August 26, on Asian food policy issues on October 29, and on research priorities for Latin American food policy issues on October 13. In addition, as part of its process of planning research activities, IFPRI held two workshops in Washington, D.C, on potential research topics. Institutional Determinants of Agricultural Policymaking, October 5 Political Economy of Food and Agricultural Policies in the Third World, November 13 During 1992 IFPRI held in-house seminars to provide a chance for visiting officials from developing countries to informally discuss pol icy implications of IFPRI's research with IFPRI staff and other repre sentatives from organizations in the Washington area. Twenty-three seminars were held in 1992. 38 PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS RESEARCH REPORTS AND ABSTRACTS Research Report 90 Labor in the Rural Household Economy of the Zairian Basin, by Tshikala B. Tshibaka, 1992. Research Report 91 Rural Infrastructure, the Settlement System, and Development of the Re gional Economy in Southern India, by SudhirWanmali, 1992. Research Report 92 Famine in Ethiopia: Policy Implications of Coping Failure at National and Household Levels, by Patrick Webb, Joachim von Braun, and Yisehac Yohannes, 1992. Policy implications of each research report are summarized in the four-page IFPRI Abstract, which is published in English, French, and Spanish. OTHER SERIES Occasional Papers Agricultural Trade Between Developing Countries: Patterns and Future Possi bilities, by Nurul Islam, 1992. Improving Food Security of the Poor: Concept, Policy, and Programs, by Joachim von Braun, Howarth Bouis, Shubh Kumar, and Rajul Pandya-Lorch, 1992. Issues of Infrastructural Development: A Synthesis of the Literature, by 39 Raisuddin Ahmed and Cynthia Donovan, 1992. HH Priorities for Forestry andAgroforestry Policy Research: Report of an Interna tional Workshop, edited by Hans Gregersen, Peter Oram, and John Spears, 1992. Service Provision and Its Impact on Agricultural and Rural Development in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Gazaland District, edited by Sudhir Wanmali and Jonathan M. Zamchiya, 1992. Working Papers on Food Policy in Bangladesh Number 5 Operational Performance of the Rural Rationing Program in Bangladesh, by Akhter U. Ahmed, 1992. Working Papers on Irrigation Performance Number 1 A Framework forAssessing Irrigation Performance, by Leslie E. Small and Mark Svendsen, 1992. Number 2 Assessing Effects of Policy Change on Philippine Irrigation Performance, by Mark Svendsen, 1992. Microcomputers in Policy Research Series Number 1 Designing a Data Entry and Verification System, by Peter A. Tatian, 1992. Policy Briefs Number 8 Understanding How Resources Are Allocated Within Households, October 1992. Food Policy Statement Number 15 Linking Sustainability to Agricultural Growth and the Alleviation ofPoverty The Critical Triangle, by Stephen A. Vosti, 1992. IFPRI Report Volume 14: Numbers 1, 2, 3. This newsletter is also published in French (Nouvelles de I'IFPRI) and Spanish (Informe del IFPRI). OTHER PUBLICATIONS Funding Requirements: Program and Budget Plan 1993, October 1992. Senior Research Staff 1992. The International Food Policy Research Institute, general brochure, Septem ber 1992. Information Briefs Where Do We Go from Rio? An Agenda for Reducing World Hunger While Protecting the Environment, by Joachim von Braun, July 1992. Malnutrition and Food Security in Year 2000, December 1992. Worldwide Food Security Is Key to Improving Nutrition and Health, December 1992. World Hunger Expanding the View, by Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Joachim von Braun, December 1992. REPRINTS Ahmed, Akhter U. (With Rajan K. Sampath.) 1992. Effects of irrigation- induced technological change in Bangladesh rice production. Reprinted from American Journal ofAgricultural Economics 74 (February). Ahmed, Akhter U. (With Haider A. Khan and Rajan K. Sampath.) 1991. Pov erty in Bangladesh: Measurement, decomposition and intertemporal compari son. Reprinted from The Journal ofDevelopment Studies 27 (No. 4). Bautista, Romeo M. 1992. Rural diversification in the Philippines: effects of agricultural growth and the macreconomic environment. Reprinted from Southeast Asian Journal ofAgricultural Economics 1 (No. 1). Bouis, Howarth E. (With Lawrence J. Haddad.) 1991. L'expansion de I'agricul- ture d'exportation a grande echelle aux Philippines: consequences sur les menages paysans en termes de tenure fonciere, d'affectation des ressources et de nutrition. Reprinted from Revue Tiers Monde 128 (October-December). Bouis, Howarth E. (With Alok Bhargava.) 1992. Maximum likelihood estima tion of between and within variations in energy and protein intakes from in fancy to adolescence for the Philippines. Reprinted from Statistics in Medicine 1 1 . Braun, Joachim von. (With Rajul Pandya-Lorch.) 1992. Income sources and diversification strategies of the malnourished rural poor. Reprinted from Quar terly Journal of International Agriculture 31 (No. 1). Braun, Joachim von. (With Tesfaye Teklu and Patrick Webb.) 1992. Labour- intensive public works for food security in Africa: Past experience and future potential. Reprinted from International Labour Review 131 (No. 1). Cavallo, Domingo. 1992. Argentina's recent economic reform in the light of Mundlak's sectorial growth model. Reprinted from a paper delivered at the Conference on Theory and Experience in Agricultural Economics in Honor of Professor Yair Mundlak. Rehovot: The Center for Agricultural Economic Re search. DeRosa, Dean A. 1992. Protection and export performance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Reprinted from Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 128 (No. 1). Faaland, Just. (With Jack Parkinson.) 1991. The nature of the state and the role of government in agricultural development. Reprinted from Agriculture and the state: Growth, employment, and poverty in developing countries, ed. C. Peter Timmer. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Garcia, Marito. 1991. Impact of female sources of income on food demand among rural households in the Philippines. Reprinted from Quartehy Journal of International Agriculture 30 (No. 2). Haddad, Lawrence J. (With David E. Sahn.) 1991. The gendered impacts of structural adjustment programs in Africa: Discussion. Reprinted from Ameri can Journal ofAgricultural Economics 73 (December). Haddad, Lawrence J. (With Ravi Kanbur.) 1992. Intrahousehold inequality and the theory of targeting. Reprinted from European Economic Review 36. Islam, Nurul. 1991. Economic policy reforms and the IMF: Bangladesh experi ence in the early 1970s. Reprinted from Structural adjustment policies in the Third World: Design and experience, ed. Rehman Sobhan. Dhaka: University Press Limited. Kennedy, Eileen. (With Lawrence Haddad.) 1992. Food security and nutrition, 1971-91: Lessons learned and future priorities. Reprinted from Food Policy 17 (No. 1). Pandya-Lorch, Rajul. (With John Mellor.) 1991. Food aid and development in the MADIA countries. Reprinted from Aid to African agriculture: Lessons from two decades of donors' experience, ed. Uma Lele. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press for the World Bank. Wanmali, Sudhir. 1991. Determinants of rural service use among households in Gazaland District, Zimbabwe Reprinted from Economic Geography 67 (No. 4). OTHER PUBLISHED WORKS BY IFPRI STAFF Adams, Richard H., Jr. 1992. The effects of migration and remittances on in equality in rural Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review 31 (No. 4). Adams, Richard H., Jr. (With Harold Alderman.) 1992. Sources of income in equality in rural Pakistan: A decomposition analysis. Oxford Bulletin ofEco nomics and Statistics 54 (No. 4). Adams, Richard H., Jr. (With Harold Alderman.) 1992. Sources of income in equality in rural Pakistan: A decomposition analysis. Policy Research Work ing PaperWPS 836, Agriculture and Rural Development Department. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Babu, Suresh C. 1992. Food security and nutrition monitoring surveys in Malawi. The Survey Statistician 14 (No. 2). Babu, Suresh C. 1992. Improved policies through food security and nutrition monitoring: A conference report. Food Policy 17 (No. 5). Babu, Suresh C. (With B. Thirumalai Nivas and B. Rajasekaran.) 1992. Groundwater pollution from agrochemicals: A dynamic model of externalities and policy options. Journal ofWaterResources Management 6 (No. 1 ). Babu, Suresh C. (With P. Subrahmanyam, W. Saka, and G. B. Mthindi.) 1992. Impact assessment of an ICRISAT wilt: Resistant pigeonpea cultivar in 41 Malawi. In Pigeon pea in eastern and southern Afhca, ed. S. L. Silim, S. Tuwafe, and E. M. McGaw. Hyderabad, India: International Crops Re search Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Badiane, Ousmane. 1992. The common agricultural policy and African coun tries. In Europe and Africa: The new phase, ed. I. William Zartman. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Badiane, Ousmane. 1992. The role of agriculture and trade in economic de velopment. In Aghcultural restructuring in southern Africa, ed. C. Csaki, T. J. Dams, D. Metzger, and J. Van Zyl. Windhoek, Namibia: Windhoek Printers and Publishers. Badiane, Ousmane. 1992. Structural adjustment and the food security objec tive. Entwicklung und LSndlicher Raum 26 (No. 4). Bautista, Romeo M. 1992. Development Policy in East Asia: Economic growth and poverty alleviation. Current Economic Affairs Series. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Bautista, Romeo M. (With Clemen M. Gonzales.) 1992. Domestic stabilisation of export crop prices: Philippine copra and Malaysian rubber. The World Economy 15 (No. 6). Bouis, Howarth E. 1992. Food demand elasticities by income group by urban and rural populations for Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 31 (No. 4). Bouis, Howarth E. (With Lawrence J. Haddad.) 1992. Are estimates of calorie- income elasticities too high? A recalibration of the plausible range. Journal of Development Economics 39 (No. 2). Bouis, Howarth E. (With Lawrence J. Haddad and Eileen Kennedy.) 1992. Does it matter how we survey demand for food? Evidence from Kenya and the Philippines. Food Policy 17 (No. 5). Braun, Joachim von. 1992. Agricultural growth, environmental degradation, poverty, and nutrition: Links and policy implications. Quarterly Journal of Inter national Agriculture 31 (No. 4). Braun, Joachim von. 1992. Emerging features of absolute poverty and strate gies for its rapid reduction. In Global Food Problems. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre. Delgado, Christopher L. 1992. Cereals protection within the broader regional context of agricultural trade problems affecting the Sahel. In Global Food Problems. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, In ternational Rural Development Centre. Delgado, Christopher L. 1992. Choix de production et conditions de crois- sance de I'agriculture sahelienne. In L'Avenirde /'agriculture dans les pays du Sahel: Actes du Xleme S6minaire d'Economie Rurale. Montpellier: CI RAD. Delgado, Christopher L. 1992. Why domestic food prices matter to growth strategy in semi-open West African agriculture. Journal ofAfrican Economies 1 (No. 3). Delgado, Christopher L. 1992. Review of "Agricultural development in Africa and the supply of manufactured goods," ed. by J. C. Berthelemy and C. Morrison. Economic Development and Cultural Change 40 (No. 3). Delgado, Christopher L. (With Thomas Reardon.) 1992. Cereal consumption shifts and policy changes in developing countries: General trends and case studies from the West African semi-arid tropics. In Proceedings of the Interna tional Sorghum and Millet CRSP Conference. Lincoln, Neb.: INTSORMIL, Uni versity of Nebraska. Delgado, Christopher L. (With Thomas Reardon and Peter Matlon.) 1992. De terminants and effects of income diversification amongst farm households in Burkina Faso. The Journal ofDevelopment Studies 28 (No. 2). DeRosa, Dean A. 1992. Concluding the Uruguay Round: The Dunkel Draft Agreement on Agriculture. The World Economy 15 (No. 6). DeRosa, Dean A. 1992. Increasing export diversification in commodity export ing countries. IMF StaffPapers 39 (No. 3). Desai, Gunvant M. 1992. Valedictory Address. In Agricultural Input Market ing, ed. S. P. Seetharaman. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Haddad, Lawrence J. (With Thomas Reardon.) 1992. Gender bias in the allo cation of resources within households in Burkina Faso. The Journal ofDevel opment Studies 29 (No. 2). Haddad, Lawrence J. (With J. Hoddinott.) 1992. Household expenditures, child anthropometric status and the intrahousehold distribution of income: Evi dence from the Cote d'lvoire. Research Program in Development Studies Dis cussion Paper 155. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Haddad, Lawrence J. (With R. Kanbur.) 1992. Intrahousehold inequality and the theory of targeting. European Economic Review 36. Hazell, Peter B. R. 1992. The appropriate role of agricultural insurance in de veloping countries. Journal of International Development 4 (No. 6). Hazell, Peter B. R. (With Benoit Blarel, Frank Place, and John Quiggin.) 1992. The economics of farm fragmentation: Evidence from Ghana and Rwanda. The World Bank Economic Review 6 (No. 2). Immink, Maarten D. C. (With Jorge A. Alarcon.) 1992. Household food secu rity and crop diversification among smallholder farmers in Guatemala: Can maize and bean save the day? Food, Nutrition and Agriculture 2 (No. 4). Immink, Maarten D. C. (With Rafael Flores and Erik O. Diaz.) 1992. Body mass index, body composition and the chronic energy deficiency classifica tion of rural adult populations in Guatemala. European Journal of Clinical Nu trition 46. 43 Islam, Nurul. 1992. Bank and Fund approaches towards environmental is- H sues: The concerns of developing countries. In International Monetary and Fi nancial Issues for the 1990s, volume 1. New York: United Nations. Islam, Nurul. 1992. Food and agriculture development issues: The 1990s and beyond. Security Dialogue 23 (No. 4). Islam, Nurul. 1992. The issue of sustainability in Third World food production: A comment. Pakistan Development Review 31 (No. 4). Islam, Nurul. 1992. Poverty in South Asia: Approaches to its alleviation. Food Policy 17 (No. 2). Islam, Nurul. 1992. South Asia: Regional perspectives on the new world inter dependence. Development 1 . Islam, Nurul. 1992. The UNCED challenge: The view from the south. In Trade Environment and Competitiveness, ed. John Kirkton and Sarah Richardson. Ottawa, Canada: National Roundtable on Environment and the Economy. Kennedy, Eileen. 1992. The impact of drought on production, consumption and nutrition in Southwestern Kenya. Disasters 16 (No. 1). Kennedy, Eileen. (With P. Peters.) 1992. Household food security and child nutrition: The interaction of income and gender of household head. World De velopment 20 (No. 8). Kennedy, Eileen. (With Howarth E. Bouis and Joachim von Braun.) 1992. Health and nutrition effects of cash crop production in developing countries: A comparative analysis. Social Science & Medicine 35 (No. 5). Malik, Sohail J. 1992. Private sector investment behaviour under structural adjustment: Some suggestions for improving the Bank-Fund model A Com ment. Pakistan Development Review (No. 4). Malik, Sohail J. 1992. Rural poverty in Pakistan: Some recent evidence. Paki stan Development Review (Nos. 3 and 4). Meinzen-Dick, Ruth. (With M. Cernea.) 1992. Design for water user associa tions: Organizational characteristics. In Developing and improving irrigation and drainage systems: Selected papers from World Bank seminars, ed. G. Le Moigne, S. Barghouti, and L. Garbus. World Bank Technical Paper Number 178. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Mendoza, Meyra S. (With Paul L. Farris.) 1992. The impact of changes in gov ernment policies on economic performance (the ARCH model). Journal of Pol icy Modeling 14 (No. 2). Mendoza, Meyra S. (With Mark W. Rosegrant.) 1992. Market information, dy namics and efficiency of arbitrage, and spatial integration. Southeast Asian Journal ofAgricultural Economics 1 (No.2). Mundlak, Yair. (With Anya M. McGuirk.) 1992. The transition of Punjab agri culture: A choice of technique approach. American Journal ofAgricultural Economics 74 (No. 1 ). Oram, Peter A. 1 992. Building institution capacity for sustainable agriculture in developing countries. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 31 (No. 4). Pinstrup-Andersen, Per. 1992. Global perspectives for food production and consumption. Tidsskrift for Land Okonomi 4/92 (December). Pinstrup-Andersen, Per. 1992. Macroeconomic adjustment and its impact on poor countries. Keynote address. In International Conference on Macroeco nomics and Health in Countries in Greatest Need: Session 1 (Item 6), Macro- economic Environment and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Pinstrup-Andersen, Per. 1992. The World Bank in 1992: Progress in poverty alleviation. Testimony given to the U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Hunger Hearing, 102d Congress, 2d session, June 3, Serial No. 102-32. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office. Rosegrant, Mark W. 1992. The impact of irrigation on production and income variability: Simulation of diversion irrigation in the Philippines. Agricultural Systems 40. Rosegrant, Mark W. (With Robert E. Evenson.) 1992. Agricultural productivity and sources of growth in South Asia. American Journal ofAgricultural Eco nomics 74 (No. 3). Scherr, Sara. 1992. Financial and economic analysis of agroforestry systems: An overview of the case studies. In Financial and economic analyses of agro forestry systems, ed. G. M. Sullivan, S. M. Huke, J. M. Fox. Paia, Hawaii: Ni trogen Fixing Tree Association. Scherr, Sara. 1992. Not out of the woods yet: Challenges for economics re search on agroforestry. American Journal ofAgricultural Economics 74 (No. 3). Scherr, Sara. 1992. The role of extension in agroforestry development: Evi dence from western Kenya. Agroforestry Systems 18. Svendsen, Mark. (With Charles Rodgers.) 1992. Defining irrigation: What is and isn't. ICID Bulletin 41 (No. 1). Teklu, Tesfaye. 1992. Household responses to declining food entitlement: The experience in Western Sudan. Quarterly Journal of International Agricul ture 31 (No. 3). Teklu, Tesfaye. (With Zuhair A. Hassan, S. R. Johnson, and D. Peter Stone house.) 1992. Empirical Demand Systems. In Market demand for dairy prod ucts, ed. S. R. Johnson, D. Peter Stonehouse, and Zuhair A. Hassan. Ames: Iowa State University Press. Vosti, Stephen A. (With Thomas Reardon.) 1992. Issues in the analysis of the effects of policy on conservation and productivity at the household level in de veloping countries. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 31 (No. 4). Vosti, Stephen A. (With Michael Lipton.) 1992. Population change in the wake of agricultural improvement: Lessons for Pakistan. In Papers and Pro ceedings of the 8th Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Devel opment Economists, ed. Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Shamim A. Sahibzada, and Mir Annice Mahmood. Pakistan Development Review 31 (No. 4). Wanmali, Sudhir. 1992. Market towns and service linkages in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Urban Affairs Quarterly 7 (Nos. 1 and 2). Webb, Patrick. (With Thomas Reardon.) 1992. Drought impact and house hold response in East and West Africa. Quarterly Journal of International Agri culture 31 (No. 3). Zeller, Manfred. (With L. J. Robinson.) 1992. Flexibility and risk in the firm. European Review ofAgricultural Economics 19 (October). SPECIAL REPORTS Agriculture/nutrition linkages: Implications for policy and research. Prepared by Eileen Kennedy and Howarth E. Bouis for the 1992 FAO/WHO Interna tional Conference on Nutrition. Credit constraints and household borrowing behavior: Impact on household consumption and fertilizer use in selected areas of rural Pakistan. Prepared by Sohail J. Malik, Sumiter S. Broca, and Manzoor A. Gill for the U.S. Agency for International Development. Effects of selected policies and programs on women's health and nutritional status. Prepared by Eileen Kennedy and Marito Garcia, with contributions from L. Haddad, M. Immink, E. Payongayong, P. Peters, S. Vosti, and J. Wit cover, for the U.S. Agency for International Development. Food insecurity, famines, and coping mechanisms: Lessons from Ethiopia, Sudan and Burkina Faso. Prepared by Joachim von Braun, Patrick Webb, Thomas Reardon, and Tesfaye Teklu for the 1992 FAO/WHO International Conference on Nutrition. Food security through employment in the Sahel: Labor-intensive programs in Niger. Prepared by Patrick Webb for the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technis che Zusammenarbeit. Food security through employment in southern Africa: Labor-intensive pro grams in Zimbabwe. Prepared by Patrick Webb and Sam Moyo for the Deut sche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit. Global and regional results, volume 1 of the Second report on the world nutri tion situation. Prepared by Marito Garcia and John Mason for the United Na tions ACC/Sub-Committee on Nutrition. IFDC/IFPRI Fertilizer Policy Research Project 1987-92. Prepared by the Inter national Fertilizer Development Center and the International Food Policy Re search Institute. Intrahousehold resource allocation: Policy issues and research methods. Pre pared by Lawrence Haddad, John Hoddinott, and Christine Pefia for the U.S. Agency for International Development. 45 Nontraditional export crops among smallholder farmers and production, in come, nutrition, and quality of life effects: A comparative analysis, 1985- 1991. Prepared by IFPRI for the U.S. Agency for International Development. Reporting on the world nutrition situation: A case study ofPakistan (1976- 1991). Prepared by Nishat S. Malik and Sohail J. Malik for the United Nations ACC/Sub-Committee on Nutrition. Watermarkets in Pakistan: Participation and productivity. Prepared by Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Martha Sullins for the U.S. Agency for International Devel opment and the Pakistan Ministry of Food and Agriculture. DIVISION DISCUSSION PAPERS "Famine and Drought Mitigation in Ethiopia in the 1990s," edited by Patrick Webb, Tesfaye Zegeye, and Rajul Pandya-Lorch. Food Consumption and Nu trition Division Discussion Papers on Famine and Food Policy, Number 7, 1992. PAPERS PRESENTED BY IFPRI STAFF In addition to the publications mentioned above, in 1992 IFPRI staff pre sented more than 82 papers in various forums organized by organizations other than IFPRI. Presentations were made at seminars, workshops, and con ferences in institutional settings that included universities and academic soci ety conferences, nationally and internationally organized research colloquia, and bilateral and multilateral advisory group meetings. These intensive inter actions with policymakers and researchers on issues related to food policy enabled IFPRI to contribute to policy dialogues and discussions on research and methodology, complementing other forms of outreach. PUBLICATIONS REVIEW COMMITTEE AND REFEREES All manuscripts submitted for publication as IFPRI research reports and IFPRI/Johns Hopkins University Press books undergo extensive review, both inside and outside IFPRI. The Publications Review Committee oversees these reviews and makes recommendations for publication. The Committee comprises eight research fellows and the director of Information. IFPRI is most grateful for the efforts of the following external referees who reviewed manuscripts for the research report series during 1991 and 1992. C. Baanante International Fertilizer Development Center, U.S.A. R. Barker Cornell University, U. S.A. K. M. Brooks World Bank N. Burney Pakistan Institute ofDevelopment Economics, Pakistan M. Dev Yale University, U.S.A. J. Dyck United States Department ofAgri culture, U.S.A. C. Eicher Michigan State University, U.S.A. R. Evenson Yale University, U.S.A. A. Gulati National Council ofApplied Economic Research, India M. Hossain Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Bangladesh K. Jabara U.S. International Trade Commission, U.S.A. S Jayasuriya La Trobe University, Australia S. Johnson Iowa State University, U.S.A. M. Kaosa-ard Thailand Development Research Institute, Thailand M. Keyser Centre forWorld Food Studies, Netherlands R. Luders International Center for Economic Growth, Chile K. Muir-Leresche University ofZimbabwe, Zimbabwe P. Peters Harvard Institute for International Development, U.S.A. S. Radelet Harvard Institute for International Development, U.S.A. M. Ravallion World Bank P. Schultz Yale University, U.S.A. J. E. Schwartzberg University ofMinnesota, U.S.A. D. Spencer International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria T. N. Srinivasan Yale University, U.S.A. P. Svedberg University of Stockholm, Sweden E. Tapsoba Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy L. Taylor Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A. J. Tybout Georgetown University, U.S.A. P. Visaria Gujarat Institute ofArea Planning, India M. Wolde-Marian Ethiopia 47 PERSONNEL DIRECTOR GENERAL'S OFFICE Director General P. Pinstrup-Andersen, Denmark Senior Policy Advisor N. Islam, Bangladesh L. Paulino, Philippines J. S. Sarma, India Special Assistant to the Director General L. Henderson, U.S.A. Research Fellows Emeriti Research Analyst P. Oram, United Kingdom T. Saji, India Executive Secretary E. Yalong, Philippines SeniorWord Processor V. Lee, Philippines Secretary C. Underwood, U.S.A. RESEARCH Environment and Production Technology Division Director P. Hazell, United Kingdom Research Fellows G. Desai, India V. Gandhi, India R. Meinzen-Dick, U.S.A. M. Rosegrant, U.S.A. S. Scherr, U.S.A. M. Svendsen, U.S.A. S. Vosti, U.S.A. Research Analysts M. Agcaoili, Philippines P. Bonnard, U.S.A. B. Hojjati, Iran M. Mendoza, Philippines S. Rustagi, India J. Witcover, U.S.A. SeniorResearch Assistants N. Perez, Philippines M. Sullins, U.S.A. Research Assistant Y. Tesfaye, Ethiopia Administrative Assistant L. Centeno-Teodoro, Philippines Secretaries L. Hinayon, Philippines Z. Nekaien-Nowrouz, Afghanistan Markets and Structural Studies Division Director R. Ahmed, Bangladesh Research Fellows O. Badiane, Senegal C. Delgado, U.S.A. S. Haggblade, U.S.A. (outposted to IFPRI office, Bangladesh) J. Hopkins, U.S.A. V. Kelly, U.S.A. (outposted to Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles, Senegal) D. Rohrbach, U.S.A. (outposted to the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Zimbabwe) T. Tshibaka, Zaire (outposted to the Inter national Fertilizer Devel opment Center, Togo) N. Ul-Haque, Pakistan (outposted to IFPRI office, Pakistan) Post-Doctoral Fellow F. Goletti, Italy Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Director J. Von Braun, Federal Republic of Germany Research Fellows A. Ahmed, Bangladesh (outposted to IFPRI office, Bangladesh) H. Bouis, U.S.A. M. Garcia, Philippines (ACC/SCN representative to IFPRI) L Haddad, United Kingdom M. Immink, The Netherlands E. Kennedy, U.S.A. S. Kumar, India S. Malik, Pakistan (outposted to IFPRI office, Pakistan) S. C. Babu, India (outposted to UNICEF Malawi) Post-Doctoral Fellow A. Amuah, Ghana (outposted to the Univer sity of Ghana, Ghana) Research Analysts M. Peters, Philippines A. Slack, U.S.A. Senior Research Assistants M. Boroumand, U.S.A. J. Sil, India Administrative Assistant R. Hassan, Philippines Specialist Secretary K. Conley, U.S.A. T. Teklu, Ethiopia P. Webb, United Kingdom Post-Doctoral Fellows H. DeGroote, Belgium (outposted to IFPRI project office in Mali) D. Ngare, Kenya (outposted to IFPRI project office in Kenya) D. Puetz, Federal Republic of Germany M. Zeller, Federal Republic of Germany Visiting Research Fellow M. Lipton, United Kingdom Research Analysts S. Bhattarai, Nepal R. Pandya-Lorch, Kenya E. Payongayong, Philippines Y. Yohannes, Ethiopia Senior Research Assistants S. Broca, India L. Dullin-Jones, Philippines M. Gill, Pakistan E. Jacinto, Philippines A. Leonhardt, U.S.A. Research Assistants Y. Amde, Ethiopia Trade and Macroeconomics Division Acting Director R. Bautista, Philippines Research Fellows D. DeRosa, U.S.A. Visiting Research Fellow Y. Mundlak, Israel Research Analysts C. Gehlhar, Philippines Special Development Studies Division Director S. Wanmali, India Research Fellows R. Adams, U.S.A. B. Stone, U.S.A. Visiting Research Fellow K. Oga, Japan Research Analysts N. Bliven, U.S.A. J. He, People's Republic of China O. Korka, Greece T. Mahmood, Pakistan Administrative Assistant L. Aspillera, Philippines Word Processor J. Willis, U.S.A. Secretary J. Addae-Mintah, Ghana M. Thomas, U.S.A. Administrative Assistant S. Frost, Trinidad and Tobago Senior Research Assistant Y. Islam, India Administrative Assistant A. Beyene, Ethiopia Secretary J. Vibar, Philippines Visiting Researchers More than 50 researchers from around the world spent time at IFPRI during 1992. Those listed below spent about a month or more at IFPRI. Arsenio Balisacan, University of the Philippines, Philippines Kene Ezemenari, University of Guelph, Canada Herwig Han, Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany Sisira Jayasuriya, La Trobe University, Australia Praduman Kumar, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India Marti van Liere, Agricultural University ofWageningen, Netherlands C. Ramasamy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India A. Ramesh, University ofMadras, India Helle Munk Ravnborg, Centre for Development Research of Denmark, Denmark Peter Rieder, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Kimse Savadogo, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Ricardo Sibrian, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala Kasaly Sikuyayenga, University of Illinois, U.S.A. S. Subbiah, University of Madras, India Z. Tong, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricul tural Sciences, People's Republic of China, and University of Guelph, Canada Rod Tyers, Australian National University, Australia 49 RESEARCH SUPPORT Director ofAdministration and Finance C. Farrar, U.S.A. SeniorAdministrative Assistant B. Cordero, Philippines Receptionist Y. Palis, Philippines Budget and Contracts Administrator A. Orlin, U.S.A. Budget and Contracts Analyst M. Mendez, Jamaica Assistant to Administrator R. Zamora, Philippines Accounting Controller M. DeVol, U.S.A. SeniorAccountant E. Reyes-Mendoza, U.S.A. StaffAccountant I J. Tatlonghari, U.S.A. StaffAccountant II J. Hsu, U.S.A. SeniorAccounting Assistant P. Manalansan, Philippines Accounting Assistant I S. Arora, India Administrative Services Office Services Coordinator L. Gaskell, Philippines Office Services Assistant A. Thomas, U.S.A. Photocopy Technician G. Briscoe, U.S.A. Personnel Personnel Manager J. Marino Nachison, U.S.A. Personnel Coordinator J Cabahug, Philippines Secretary B. Trezvant, U.S.A. Computer Services Head N. Walczak, U.S.A. Senior Programmer J. Rozen, U.S.A. External Relations Director R. Bordonaro, USA. Information Director Barbara Rose, U.S.A. Librarian P. Klosky, U.S.A. Senior Editors M. Harben, U.S.A. P. Skillman, U.S.A. Programmer D. Bruton, U.S.A. Microcomputer Specialist Y. Leong, Malaysia Manager, Conference Services L. Goldberg, U.S.A. Information Associate B Rosencrantz, U.S.A. Desktop Publishing Specialist L. McCoy, U.S.A. Publication Specialist D. Grossman, U.S.A. Technical Assistant M. Snyder, U.S.A. Conference Secretary J. King, U.S.A. Information Secretary G. Thomas, U.S.A. Cataloguer K. Lyttkens-Blake, Sweden Library Assistant H. O'Brian, U.S.A. List includes part-time staff members. Country indicates citizenship of IFPRI staff. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Summary of financial information for the years ended December 31, 1992 and 1991. The full financial statements and the independent auditors' report are available from IFPRI on request. Balance Sheets December 31, 1992 and 1991 (US$ thousands) 1992 1991 Assets Current Assets Cash and short-term investments CGIAR unrestricted grants receivable Special project contracts receivable Other receivables Other current assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Accounts payable Accrued vacations Advance payment of CGIAR unrestricted grant funds Unexpended CGIAR restricted grant funds Unexpended special project contract funds Other liabilities Total current liabilities Deferred rent Accrued benefits $596 $1,377 1,163 141 1,878 2,437 433 384 81 158 Total current assets Other Assets Property and equipment, net 4,151 549 4,497 331 Total assets $4,700 $4,828 Liabilities and Fund Balances $452 $440 530 429 1,000 500 978 897 477 1,228 21 26 3,458 277 138 3,520 138 Total noncurrent liabilities 415 138 Total liabilities 3,873 3,658 Fund balances - unrestricted Working capital fund Net investment in property and equipment 278 549 838 330 Total fund balances - unrestricted 827 1,169 Total liabilities and fund balances $4,700 $4,828 51 Statements of Revenue, Expenses,