( l/:",l _/~ ~_ ... ~- (.:1 _ ---CIAT 1997 Program Plans and Funding Requirements Including 1995 Outcome and 1996 Program and Working Budget Contents I. Introduction 1 Il. CIAT's Research Mandates and HighIights 5 111. Financia) and Budgeting Information 19 IV. CIA T' s Portfolio of Projects 23 V. Research Support 91 Annex: Financia) Tables 99 l. Introduction In a wmld oC accelerating change, CIAT remains committed 10 its mission oC contributing 10 the alleviation of hunger and poverty in developing countries by applying science 10 !he generation of technology that will lead to lastíng inereases in agricultural OUlput, while preserving Ihe natural resource base. To take advantage of new opportunities while coping wi!h ever more dífficult resource conslraints, ClAT has ímplemented important changes in recent years: • The Center has taken up new challenges, includíng the improvement of natural resource management, a renewed ecoregional role in Latin America, and an inereased concern wi!h conserving agrobiodiversity. • In its ongoing research activities, CIAT has fully adopted new scientific methods, including biotechnology, geographic infonuation systems, and participalOry research techniques. • New organizational patterns have been introduced, including the project managemenl system, particípatíon in CGIAR systemwide programs, stronger research partnershíps with NARS and with advanced research organizations, and the CGIAR project matríx. • Financial condítions have changed, as prívate industry has assumed sorne responsíbílity for rice research in Latín America, Colombia has joíned the CGlAR as a contributíng member, and many ímportant long-time members have had to significantly reduce their investments in the CGIAR system. Recognizing that ClAT must continue to adjust to changing circumstances, the Board of Trustees, in its December 1995 meeting, requested that Center prepare for its consideratíon options ror structural adjustment. The Program Committee of ¡he Board requested that the process follow these guidelínes: • • • • • Reduce expenditures lO ¡he level of expected íncome. Maintain the Cemer's commitment to its current mandates. Preserve the integríty of CIAT's core scientific competencies. Enhance integration of efforts wi!hin !he Center. Expand strategic alliances with partners. Moreover, the Board expected that a positive and forward-Iooking vision for CIAT should permeate the structural adjustment options. They must enable the Center to continue contributing substantíally to the agenda of the CGIAR. The development objectives and research themes of utmost concem to CGIAR stakeholders provide key signposts fm orienting CIAT's future strategy. TAC has embarked on a prioritization exercise, whose outcomes will provide a structure for preparation of Ihe centers' 1998-2000 midterm plans. TAC's analysis is based on two main criteria: 1) poverty al/eviation and 2) environmental protection. At ICW95 the members of (he CGIAR clearly endorsed these criteria. Moreover, several members, among them Germany, expressed particular concern with rural poverty and especially poverty infragile lands. Numerous members (including Canada, Denmark, and Norway) emphasized the need for a user orientation, including a gender perspective, tha! can be realized through participatory research approaches. Market oppormníties are c1early seen as the engine for improving the incomes of the rural peor, and several members (e.g .. France, IFAD, and USAID) stressed the need for research on postharvest technology and rural agroenterprises. CIAT can make vital, high-profile contributions 10 this agenda through a well-chosen portfol io of projects. The Cen(er is especially well placed to deli ver significant outputs Ihal contribute to environmental protection in the following arcas: • Crop biodiversity: By conserving and utilizing neotropical genetic resources for (he world. • Fons! margins: By restraining the expansíon of agricultural frontiers to preserve forest resources. • Regenerative systems for tropical soils: By improving organic malter managemem 10 regenerate degraded soils. • lntegrated pest and disease management: By developing and promoting management systems ¡hat mínímíze pesticíde use. • Policy information systems: By providing databases and methods tha! SUppOTl decision makíng 3imed at improvíng natural resource management. Although poverty is concentrated mainly in Afríca and Asia, sizable segments of ¡he populatíon in Latín Ameríca and the Caribbean continue to live in absolute poverty. CrA T can make a major comríbutíon to poverty alleviation through research on the following topíes: • Crops for fragile areas: Beans, cassava, and forages are important for the poor in marginal areas of Africa and Asia as well as Latín America. • Participatory methods: Approaches developed at CIAT, íf applied glQbally, would benefit ¡he poor by imroducíng a stronger user perspective in research. • lntegrating product/on and marketing: Improved market integration is Ihe key lO raising incomes and reducing poverty. 2 • Hillsides and lorest margins: AlIeviating poverty is the key lo improved resource management in (hese agroecosystems. • Environmental protection: Mos! CIAT work on Ihis Iheme is closely linked 10 poverty allevialion. In summary, there are significant opportunities for CIAT 10 deliver outputs that contribute to poverty alleviation and envirorunental protection. These must be c1early reflected in the Center's plan fOí structural adjustment. Moreover, to be successful, this plan must: • Set CIA T' s sights on meaningful and attainablc goals Ihal are congrucnt with the concerns of stakeholders. • Enable the Center lo organize itself for effective production of the desired outputs. • Assign and utiJize scarce public resources wisely and prudently. • Make CIAT more outward looking-alert to new opportunities to satisfy the needs and concems of stakeholders and open to strategic partnerships with institutions that share our goals. This presentation of CIAT's 1997 Program Plan and Funding Requirements incorporates the principal elements of the structural adjustment plan, which were píesented ro and approved by the Center's Board of Trustees in February 1996. Section 11 of the document reviews CIA T' s research mandates and presents recent highlights, including developments related 10 the Center's involvement in systemwide initiatives and programs. Section III provides details on finances and budgeting. Section IV describes CIA T's portfolio of projects, which are designed to meet mandate objectives. The services needed to support these research projecrs are considered in Section V. Financial tables are given in an annex. 3 11. CIAT's Research Mandates and Highlights CIA T's mandate areas were chosen with great care according to several criteria: • They must allow the Center lo make a balanced contribulion to productivity, poverty alleviatíon, and sustainable management of natural resourccs. • They must draw on CIA T's comparative advantages, especially with respect to the mandates of other eenters in Ihe COlAR system. • They must show a particular concern for Ihe development of Latín America and the Caribbean. In contrast to some other IARCs, which from their inception were closely identified with specific commodities, CIA T has germplasm research mandales lhat resulted from explicit choiees about the commodities to be improved. As discussed in detail below, CIAT's current commodity portfolio of beans, cassava, rice, and tropical forages remains highly relevant lo the needs, not only of Latín Ameriea but Afriea and Asía as well. CIAT's mandate to improve resource management in the forest margíns, hillsides, and savanna agroecosystems of Latín America emerged in the late 1980s, as a result of intensive analysis of natural resource problems and opportunities in lhe region. The CGIAR system has recently asked CIAT to serve as an ecoregíonal convening center for Latin America. This is not an altogether new mandate, since CIAT has from the start developed an especially c10se relationship with Latin America and the Caribbean. Initially, the Center defined its priorities and mandates solely in the context of this region. Only later did CIA T accept global responsibilities for the crops that it had originally selected for their importance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Thus, the ecoregional function of CIAT simply reaffirms and reformulates its historie commitment to satisfying the needs of the region. Over the past 2 years, CIAT has begun particípating in various systemwide programs. In 1995 the Cenler was confirmed as the convener of the Systemwide Soil, Water, and Nutríent Management Initíative. In 1996, TAC has encouraged us to proceed with the development of a systemwide initiative for participatory research and gender analysis. CIAT al80 plays an active role in the Systemwíde Genetíc Resources Program, the Systemwide Livestock Program, the Systemwide Integrated Pes! Management Initiative, Alternatives to Slash and Burn, and African Highlands lnitíative. Bean Program Goal: To make a lasting contribution to the food security and incomes of the poor by ímproving bean productivity through technology developed in collaboration with national ínstitutions. Importante: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the world's mos! important food legume. The global value of production exceeds US$6 billion dollars, twice that of ¡he next leading food legume. Of this production 80% occurs in developing countries. The major bean·producing regions in the developing world are Brazil, the highlands of eastern and southern Africa, Mexico, and Central America. There is also significant bean production in temperate South America, the Andean region, China (snap beans). ~orth America, and Eastem Europe. Beans are a nearly perfeet food. They are commonly referred to as "the poor man's meat," because they are high in protein and relatively inexpensíve. But the erop is also an important sourcc of calories, iron, folie acid, dietary fiber, and complex earbohydrates, which are especially important to young children and ehild-bearing women. In eastern and southern Afríca. beans are the seeond most important source of protein after maize. and the third most imponant source of caloríes. In Latin Ameríca, where díets are more diversified, beans are equal lo beef in importance as a source of protein and are ranked sixth as a contributor of calories, exceeding other important staples, such as cassava. pota toes, and beef. Strategy; To work effeetively on a global scale, the Program pioneered a stralegy for grouping countries into regional rescareh networks 10 achievc more efficicnt development and transfer of new technologies across large areas. The fírst network was begun in 1978 in Central America (PROFRIJOL). Since ¡hen four olher networks have been established: the Africa Greal Lakes Regional Network (RESAPAC) in 1984, Eastern Afriea Network (EABRN) in 1985, Southern Afrícan Network (SADC) in 1986, and Andean Network (PROFRIZA) in 1987. The Bean Program's main contribution 10 these networks is to solve recalcitrant and eomplex production problems, primaríly Ihrough germplasm improvement and associated researeh. For Ihis purpose Ihe Program makes full use of the world Phaseolus germplasm colleetíon housed al CIAT. To complement genelic solutions, the Program also does researeh on crop, pest, and natural resource management. The outputs of this work are as follows: • Phaseolus genetic resources maintained, chamcterized, and deployed (Projeels #13, 14, 15)' • Enhanced resislance 10 diseases and peSIS, greater lolerance lo abiotic stresses, and increased yield potential (Project # 1) • Improved gene pools and regional networks for applíed researeh in Latin America and the Caribbean (Projects #5, 18) • Improved gene pools and cropping systems and regional networks for applied rescareh in sub-Saharan Africa (Projects #6, 18) -_._------ L ClA,T's portti.llio of22 projccts is described in St!ction IV. 6 i Highlights: Reeenl work in Tanzania has demonstraled the value of the Phaseolus core collection, which CIA T bean researchers formed several years ago in cooperation with specialists in biotechnology and geographic information systems (GIS). Part of the collection was evalualed for ils reaction 10 bean stem maggot, the most devastating pest of the erop in Africa. These materíals showed surprisingly good le veis of resistance, more Ihan tripling the number of sources avaiJable. Studies on lhe mechanisms of Ibis resislance suggest Ihal more than one type opera tes in common bean, making il possible 10 obtain quite high levels of resístance through genetic recombinatíon and selection. Ihis work takes place against a background of research consolidation in the regíon. In 1995 two networks were merged lo form lhe Eastem and Central Africa Bean Researeh Nelwork. which is part of the Pan-Afríca Bean Research Allianee. Al Center headquarters we continue lo evaluate the core colIections at the molecular level, using RAPD and AFLP analysis. This work is yielding new insights into the pattems of genetic diversity in Phaseolus, which will help guide ¡he search for useful genes in Africa and Latín America. Cassava Program Goal: To enhance the contribution of cassava to the well-being of farmers, processors, and consumers. Importance: Global cassava production in 1995 was estimated at about 155 million tons. During the last decade, production increased at an average rate of 1.8% per annum. Production has grown fastest in Afriea (2.7%), followed by Asia (0.8%). In Latín America production has essentially stagnated, although in (he last 3 years it has shown signs of recuperation after a períod of severe drought. On all contínents cassava area is increasing at a faster rate than yield. This trend has resulted mainly from the movement of cassava production from relatively fertíle environments, where it is being replaced by higher valued crops, to regions with poorer soíls and/or lower rainfall. Cassava cultivation and processing provide household food security, income, and employment for over 500 million people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The erop is tolerant to low soil fenility and drought. Roots can be stored for long periods in ¡he ground and have multiple end uses. These attributes have given the crop an important role in alleviating hunger and in providing opportunities for economic development in less favored rural areas. Strategy: The Program generates knowledge, research methods, and technology components that will lead to sustainable improvement in the level, stability. and quality of 7 cassava production and to diversification in (he end uses of the crop. The relevance of the Program's work depends on the establishment of strong links with partner instítutíons in developed and developing countries. The Program has adopted an interdisciplinary, commndity system philosophy that integrates research on germplasm improvement with research on erop management and process, product, and market development. The products of this research are as foUows: • Conserved and characterized Manillat genetic resources (Projeets 1113, 14, 15) • Improved cassava gene pools, with adaptation to major biotic and abíotíc constraints and appropriate quality characteristics (Project 112) • Crop management practices for eeonomically and environmentally sustainable cassava production (Project #7) • Cassava agroindustrial processes that strengthen links belween small-seale farmers and markets (Project 1112) • A stronger capaeity for cassava research and development at the national, regional. and global levels through needs assessment methodologies for priorily setling. ínformalion serviees, and training (Projects 1117, 18) Highlights: In cassava improvement and pest management, CIAT scientists have registered important complementary achievements in upstream and dow!1~tream research. We nearly compIeted (he prelíminary version of a genetic molecular map of cassava and will publish it 1996. CrA T wiII be (he first inlernational center lo have developed such a map in its entirety. We expect that il will greatly increase the speed and precision of cassava improvement. Other developments al the opposile end of Ihe researeh spec(rum have a similar effect. Major cassava programs in Asia and Latín America are now routinely applying (he Center' s methods for farmer particípation in the evaluation and selection of cassava clones. This approach increases Ihe efficiency of crop improvcmenl by eliminating al an early stage material s tha! do no! salisfy farmers' requirements. Likewise, the farmer research teams formed during 1995 in Northeast Brazil will improve lhe effectiveness of work on inlegrated managemcnt of cassava pests. Importan! developments in this research included the identificalÍon of whitefly resistant clones and the rclease of predators of cassava green mite. Rice Program Goal: To improve the nutritional and economic well-being of rice growers and low-income consumers in Latin America and the Caribbean through sustainable inereases in nce productíon and productivity. 8 Importance: Rice is the most important grain crop for human consumption in mos! of Ihe tropícs of Latin America and the Caríbbean (LAC). It supplies more calories in people's diet Ihan wheat, maíze, cassava, or potalees, and for the poorest 20% of the region's population, it even supplies more protein than any other food source, including beef, milk, and beans. By steadily reducing the real príce of rice, research benefits mainly Iha! half of the population in LAC that live below Ihe poverty line (as defined by FAO). Food purchases accoont Cor over 50 % of Ihe tolal expenditures of ¡he poor, and rice accounts for abou! 15 % of their total food purchases. Rice is preferred by the poor, because it is cheap, nutritious, appealing, easy to prepare, and easy 10 store and transport. Strategy: The Rice Program takes advantage of two key factors ¡ha! give CIAT a comparative advantage in rice research and increase our prospects for success. One, since rice ís simple and ínexpensive to multiply, the delivery of seed-borne technology is relatively straightforward. And second, since the commercial ríce sector in LAC is well organized, new technology is adopted fairly rapídly. This second factor has made possible ¡he creation of the Latín American Fund for Irrígated Rice (FLAR), an innovative semiprivate mechanism created in 1995 to finance irrigated rice research in Latín America. The future of rice research holds excíting challenges and opportuníties. CIA T's contributions will take the form of the following outputs: • Improved rice gene pools (Project #3) • Integrated crop management practices (Project 118) • Strengthened private and public sector linkages to rice research (Project #18) An important chaJlenge for the Program is to develop upland rice gene pools with tolerance to low phosphorus and high aluminum in savanna soils, work Ihat is c10sely integrated with the Tropical Lowlands Programo Highlights: 1995 brought new evidence of the value of rice germplasm provided through CIAT, and of the Center's strong capacity to deliver innovative teclmiques and tackle major threats 10 production. Eight new varieties developed from CIAT-derived materials and distributed by INGER- LAC nurseries were released in Latín America this year. As part of a strategy to raise yield ceilings, CIAT has started adaptíng the new plant type developed at IRRIto Latín American conditions. INGER, FLAR, and CIAT organized a breeders workshop in August. INGER also organized a workshop in Brazil on recurrent selection of rice, a method that CIA T is Q actively applying and promoting with support from CIRAD. In addition, we comp!eteú a 2-year project, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, for transferring an anther culture method of rice improvement lo national programs. Several are now using Ihis too! routinely. Studies on rice blast, the crop's mosl devastating disease worldwide, have idenlified valuable insighls as well as new sources of resistance, which are now being deployed m several of the region's commercial rice varietíes. In work on another major stress, rice hoja blanca virus, rice planls were successfully Iransformed with coat prole in gene and with Ihe antisense of the major nonstructural g~ne of the virus. These plants are now being tested for genetic stability and possible use as resistance sources. Tropical :Forages Program Goal: To inerease the efficiency of livestock production and contribute to sustainabk land use in production systems of the subhumid and humid tropies through collaboralÍve research aimed al identifying, improvíng, and deploying multipurpose grasses and legumes. Importanct!: In tropical America 79% of the agricultural land (or 420 million hectares) is used for grazing. Beef, dairy, or dual-purpose cattle account for 81 % of the lotal cattle and for 70% of the total beef and milk production in Latin America. Low quality ana seasonal fluctuation in forage supply are the maín barriers to more efficient productíon. A large proportion of lhe grazíng land (245 míllíon hectares) líes wilhin the CIA T mandate agroecosystems. Much of this area is considered lO be degraded in lerms of rcduecd livestock productivity, invasion by undesirable species, and loss of soil productivity. This degradation ís most severe in marginal areas, such as the hillsides and forest margins. In the savanl1as Ihe area of cultivated land has increased rapidly, accompanied by soil erosion, soil physical deterioralÍon. and nutrient loss. It has been demonstrated that improved, well-managed grass, grass-legume, and pasture- erop systems can contribule lo overcoming the limitations in feed supply and lo reducing land degradatíon. Ex-ante analysis suggesls tha! Ihe expected present net value of slOcial benefits from research on forages in grass-based, legume-based, and pasture-crop sys¡ems could reach US$4 bi!Iion over 25 years, with an internal rate of retum of 55%. In addition, there is slrong demand for effectíve leguminous covers and green manures ro reduce soil 1055 and control weeds in tree plantations and potential demand for forages 10 improve fa!Iow land. In Asia and Africa, there is a need for legumes and grasses Ihat can add value 10 intensive production systems (e.g., to supplement crop resídues and improve soíl fertilíty in plantations) 10 ICRlSAT, organizations in developed countries, and NARS involved in the RIEPT and SEAFRAD networks ro improve problem definition, share resources, and ensure transfer of technology. The outputs of CIAT's research will be as follows: • Identification and maintenance of legume and grass ecotypes for multiple uses (Projects #13, 14, 15, 16) • Gene pools of cornmercial grasses and legumes with high feed value and tolerance to abiotie and biotie stresses (Projeet #4) • Forage components developed and deployed in production sysrems (Project #9) • Research and training networks in Latin America and Southeast Asia (Projects #9, 18) Highüghts: Forage researchers made good progress during 1995 in widening the range of genetic diversity available, in introducing promising species into farmers' systems. and in overcoming constraints of important species. We also increased coJlaboration with other IARCs and NARS. We undertook major collections of Arachis and of the legume shrub Cratylia argemea with natíonal cooperators in Brazil. In addition. we identified new accessions of A. pintoi tha! will widen its range of adaptatíon and of Cajanus rajan for hillsides. Our Forages for Smallholders project in Southeast Asia is establishing strong link:s wilh nationaI programs. In cooperation with them, a CIAT agronomist is pursuing an innovative approach to farmer particípation in research on promising forages for complex Asian production systems. Similarly, for Latín America we embarked on a major on-farm program this year for introducing A. pintoi and olher legumes in forest margíns. In research on Brachiaria grass, we confinned that AFLP as well as RAPD markers are línked ro apomixis in a hybrid population. Thís is an important step toward our goal of increasing the efficiency of seJectíon in Brachiaria for desirable adaptive traíts as well as apomictic seed production. A new project funded by the Japanese govermnent will examine (he role of endophytic fungi in tropical grasses. Through Ihis research we hope to ídentify novel approaches for crop protection. Hillsides Program Goal: To improve Ihe welfare of hillsides farming communities by developing sustainable and commerciaIly viable produclion systems. Importance: HilIside agroecosystems in Latín America provide a livelihood for a large proportíon of Ihe regíon's rural poor. In an effort lo meet basic food requírements. II smallholders are compelled to use practices thal erode the soil and destroy nati ve biodiversity. To find solutions to this problem requires an understanding of the biophysical determinants of resource degradation and rehabilitation. But in order for solutions to be adopted, one must also understand the socioeconomic context. HilIside communities possess unique cultural traditions and value systems, including indigenous approaches to group action. But, being marginalized by mainstream society, these people lack established ehannels for negotiating with groups outside the community that are affected by their resouree management practices. Strategy: The HiIlsides Program is pioneering methods for involving farmers and communities in setting research priorities and objectives and in forming consonia for community action lo improve resource management. This research is organized around four outputs: • Technologies and cultural praclices for soil regeneration (Project #11) • Prototype systems for integrated management of production and conservation (ProJect #10) • Decision-suppon systems for watershed users (Projects #18, 20) • Community organization and participalory research melhods for natural resource management (Projects #18, 19) Given Ihe extreme diversity of the biophysical and social environment of the hillsides, it would be unrealistíc 10 desígn broadly applicable technologies for improving productivtty and resource management. Instead, Ihe Program aims 10 pro vide an approach and a sel of methodological tools tha! better enable dien! organizations 10 extrapolate, target, and promote conservation practíces, produclion systems, and new land use strategies through decentralized, location-specifíc research. To this end Ihe Program idemifíes principies and mechanisms of soil degradatíon and regeneration that can be used 10 design locally adapted practices. These practices need 10 be integrated into production systems that al so protect the environment. The development and application of methods for farmer participation in research improves the design of ¡he lhese systems. In hil1side environments natural resources have multíple uses, and there are man) impoverished users of any given resource. Moreover, off-site or downstream users of ¡hese resources have a vested interest in how they are managed. Consequemly, to achieve ¡he adoption of improved resource managemem practices, involving competing interests. requires cont1ict management. For this purpose the HiIlsides Program provides better informatíon from research, through decisíon-support syslems, tha! help multiple stakeholders reach a consensus on how to develop and conserve hillside envíronments. 12 Al present the prograrn is focusing its research on lOO,ooo-ha watershed in Cauea depanment, southwest Colombia, and in five subwatersheds (5,000-10,000 ha) in Honduras and Nicaragua. The Hillsides Program works c10sely with a wide range of panners, including advaneed research institutions in donor countries, other IARCs, regional institutions, and several govemment and nongovernment organizations. Highlíghts: In research on hillsides, CIAT staff made particularly important advances in two areas-farmer participation and geographical characterization. This work is eritical for conducting effeclive strategic research for solving problems in an agroecosyslem characterized by tremendous human and agroclimatic diversity. Resource degradation has grave consequences no! just for individual farmers bul for whole groups in society. The search for solutions therefore requires broad participation in rural commuruties. To promote effeclÍve methods for organizing farmer participation in research on a large scale, we made a heavy investment this year in training for the tropical forages projeet in Southeas! Asia and for the cassava pes! management project in Northeast BraziL Under a project funded by ¡he Kellogg Foundation, we also entered into agreements for training in Bolivia and Ecuador. The development of GIS databases on land use in híllside environments is greally eomplieated by the prevalence of sloping land and small plots, which distort remote imagery. Working c10sely with GIS specialists at CIAT, we rnade good progress Ihis year in overcoming those diffieulties. The Center is now well placed to develop user-friendly, interactive GIS databases that will help our own 51aff and others analyze resource management issues and plan research. Tropical Lowlands Program Goal: To develop and test a diverse se! of sustainable land use forms for the acid soil savannas and forest margins of tropical America. Importance: The neotropical savannas constitute the las! significant agricultural frontier in the world. But they are al50 a fragile and precious natural resource, rieh in flora and fauna and located in the basin of major American rivers. This environment extends over 250 million hectares, including Ihe Cerrados of Brazil, the Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela, and large areas of Bolivia. Over the las! 40 years, significan! areas 01' the ncocropical savannas have been sellled, and ínappropríate technology for agricultural production has been widely applied. As a result, erosion, soil chemical and physícal degradation, and the buildup of pests in monocropped arcas are eommon problems. The impact of land use on flora and fauna has no! been thoroughly assessed but does eonstilute a major problem. 13 Agricultural frontiers ha ve also expanded rapidly in the forest margins, beginning in the 1960s. Between 1970 and 1985, the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon was estimated at 1.5-2.0 million hectares per year. Even so, there are still considerable opportunitíes for influencing future land use patterns, since only 6% of that area has been cleared. Strategy: The Program's research strategy is reflected in the three main outputs 01' ils work: • A demand-driven orientation 10 technological and policy inlerventions in Ihe Latín American savanna and forest margins (Project #21) • Technologies Ihat permit sustainable produclion in the acid-soil savamtas and forest margins of tropical America and that reduce environmental degradalion by maintaining or enhancíng Ihe natural resource base (Project # 10) • A belter understanding of the biophysical processes underlying improved agriculTUral producti vity, soil conservation, and the regulatory and amelioralive functions of soils (Project #11) Highlights: CIA T research on the processes underlying soil degradation and on ¡he development of systems thar regenerate the soil contínued to build momentum. Long-term experiments begun in 1989 have yíelded valuable informatíon on the impoverishment of soils under continuous monocropping and poorly managed sown pastures. Our work has also produced new evidence that agropastoral systems (which combine Iropical grass and legume forages with rice and other crops) can reverse Ihe decline, improving rhe chemical, physical, and biological condition of the soíl. Research partners from national and regional research programs, universities, and farrner cooperatives showed keen inrerest in agropasloral systems at a workshop held during 1995 in Bolivia. A key purpose of the meeting was lo standardize methodologies for research on these systems to facilitare data exchange. The event, partially financed by lOB, al so discussed Ihe agenda for the savarmas portion of CIAT's Ecoregional Program. The external consultan! who conducted the review strongly endorsed our research approach. Tropical America Ecoregional Program Goal: To enhance the effectiveness of research in agriculture and natural resource management in tropical America by strengthening the region's capacity 10 define and undersland productivity problems in agriculture and lo extrapolate results across agroecosystems. 14 Importance: Th" agroecosystems of tropical America are extremely diverse. yet che resources for national research in these environments are increasingly scarce. It is ¡hus beyond Ihe individual capacily of all bUI ¡he largesl national programs lo develop solutions lo the numerous and varied problems that degrade the resource base and depress agricultural productivity. Given the diversity of ¡he regíon's agroecosystems, research cooperatíon among countries is vital, focusing partícularly on their capacity to link research and technology ¡ransfer in similar but often distant agroecosyslems. An accurate knowledge of the extent of different agroecosystems and their associated constrainls makes it possible 10 concentrate limited research resources where ¡hey can make Ihe grealest dífference. Thus. there is a need for a regional effort lO identify comlllon problems and widely applicable solutions as well as lo develop technology and poliey options to address priority problems through joint aetion, leading to equitable sharing of benefits. Ecoregional research addresses envirollmental-agricultural linkages through a landscape- based regional perspective. Ir involves improving the productivity of agricultural systellls, while ensuring their sustainability through judicious management of resource stocks and flows (e.g., hydrological cyeles, nutrient fluxes, biomass accumulation, and agrobiodiversity) . Difficulties in ¡he geographical delineation of problems limit our ability to quantify the extent of constraints, select representarive siles, and extrapolate result~ widely from a limited number of sites. Moreover, understanding the relation between land use systems and Iheir environments ís based principally on expert opinion ralher Ihan statistical analysis of dala. Strategy: The central outputs of Ihis project are designed lo enhance the region's capacity 10 prioritize, plan. target. and extrapolate research on natural resource management in tropical Amerka: • Enhanced capacity for cross-eountry prioritization, largeting, and extrapolalion (Project #17) • lmproved lllethods lO rarget and extrapolare research at the agroecosystem level (Projects #20, 21, 22) • Methods for ídentífying problems in príority watersheds (Projects #20, 22) • Strengthened national capacity to use georeferenced models and data (Projects #18, 22) lligllfíghts: Early in 1995 mcetings were hcld with various consortia to consult wirh NARS about research issues in particular agroecosystems. At about midyear TAC endorsed CIAT's proposal for an ecoregional program. After ICW95 the Swiss government and !DB pledged support lo ¡he programo and it was presented at a joint meeting 01' PROCIANDI/';O and PROCITROPICOS. 15 A UNEP-supported project 00 environmental aod sustainability índicators, whích got well under way in 1995, i5 already contributiog to several of the aims of the ecoregíonal framework. The project developed a framework for definíng and using indicators at ¡he regional, natíonal, and local levels and is now planníng with UNEP a regional conference to consult with potential users of these tool5. Participation in Systemwide Programs Soil, Water, and Nutrient Management (SWNM) Program: In February 1995, CIA T and IBSRAM prepared a program proposal for TAC's meeting in Lima. The two centers organized a meeting in Iune at Feldafing, Germany, a report of whích was delivered to the TAC task force on natural resource management. Between these events, CIAT prepared an ínvenlOry of research on sOll and nutrient management in !he CG and associated centers. By míd-1995, TAC had endorsed a revised versíon of the CIAT/IBSRAM proposal and recommended the aHocatíon af US$900,000 to initiate the SWNM programo The CG confirmed that an additional $350,000 would be available for 1995. At a meeting of the convening cemers during ICW95, the governments of Germany, The Netherlands. and Norway pledged further support for the program in 1996. In December 1995 a meeting was held for parlicipants in Managing Acid Soils (MAS), one of síx research consortia that make up the SWNM initiatíve. Early in 1996 participants in the SWNM program convened at Rome to prepare a proposal for consíderatíon by T AC69. The Committee responded favorably, approving an allocation of $1.0 million for program coordinatíon and for suggested changes in research directions, particularly with respect [O work on optimizing soil water use. A revised proposal ís beíng prepared Ihal ís wirhin this funding level and that responds to TAC's comments. Participatory Research and Gender Analysis lnitiative: In March 1996, TAC encouraged CIAT ro proceed with the development of this initiative. It also recommended, tentatively, Ihat $900,000 be sel aside for the work in 1997, on the condition lbat a proposal for a research program is approved. The goal of the program would be lO improve the abílity of the CGIAR System 10 alleviate poverty, improve food security, and protect ¡he enviromnent, with greater equity, by applying upstream participatory approaches in research. Over the last decade or more, the lARes ha ve done substantial work 10 introduce a user perspective ínto downstream adaptive research. This program would build upon that work bUI concentrate more on user participation in the upstream stages of certain types of research. A new role for farmers-one in whích Ihey help sel priorilies, defíne critería for success, and determine when an innovation is "ready" for release-could dramatically inerease the impact and reduce Ihe cost of applied research. 16 To determine the pOlential of upstream participatory research requires considerahle effort in methodology developmcnL The outputs of Ihis work wil! be participatory techniques and tools for gcnder analysis that are useful inside and outside the CGIAR. By pooling resources in a systemwide eITor!, institutions could greatly accelerate the development of new tools tha! make farmers genuinc partners in research, Genetie Resources Program: As a result 01' a planning meeting held in Mexico for the SINGER project, CIA T received funds to develop in 1996 a computerized system lhat will improve access to data on genetic resources stored at lhe Center. Along wirh other centers tha! safeguard genetlc resources, CIAr underwent an external review of its gene bank during 1995. In a report on lbe status of lhe bank's activities, the review panel identifted a number of pressing needs (e.g., the introduction of Phaseolus and tropical forage accessions inlo long-tcrm storage and safety duplicatíon 01' cassava and forage collections). The panel also commcnded Cenler 5laft' for their application of molecular marker and GIS techniques lO rescarch on core collections and for their progress in cassava cryopreservation. CIAT submitted three proposals al a meeting he Id in Lima by the Intereenter Workíng Group on Genetic Resources for possible funding by the syslemwide programo Among the total of 32 proposals submitted by all centers, l\VO from CIAT received very high ratings. These focus on cassava cryopreservation and application 01' molecular markers and GIS lO studies 01' Manillot and Phaseolus gcnetic resources. LivestQck Program: Tile Cenler is well-placed lO contribute importanlly 10 this programo Among projecls submitled for funding under the systemwide initiatíve, a 3-year CIAT project was ranked first. Referred lo as Tropileche, lhe project wiII investiga te legume- based forages ror dual-purpose canle production systems, with research activitíes in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru. Alternafives fo Slash alld Burn: In this program CIA T has made significant contributions, complementing Ihe researcb supported by UNDP/GEF. Staff al Center headquarters have done considerable GIS analysis 01' laml use patterns at study sites in the southwest Brazilian Amazon and havt~ coordinated and implemellled field work aimed al furrher characterizing land use by senlers and al assessing so me 01' the ecological and economic consequences of current land use systcms. The success of these acrivitics has made CIAT a recognized leader on me¡hodological ¡ssues in ¡he program. Cenler ,taIT have published a number 01' articIes on the work in peer-reviewed journals. Results from lhe analysis of deforestation at the sites in Brazil indicate thal policy is a !l1()re decisive factor ¡han technology in delermining Ihe extenl of land clearing. 17 Africa Highlands Initiative: Several CIAT bean researchers based in eastern Africa played active roles in the initiative during 1995. participating in teehnical advisory panels on plant proteetion for intensive productíon systems. on maintenance and ímprovement of soil productivity, and on socioeconomic analysis. In addition, ¡he Center appointed a research fellow based in western Kenya to investigate soíl fertility practices for managing bean stem maggot and bean rom rots. CIAT staff took part in a series of consultations and planning workshops and then initiated research activilies during the latter part of the year. Program on lntegrated Pest Management: TAC has approved the eight research projects selected by program participants in their firsl meeting, held al the Hague in February 1995. CIAT has been designaled Ihe lead center for IWO of those projects: 1) integrated managemenl of whitetlies and 2) participatory methods fm implementing IPM. Center slaff wiU al so take part in three other projects: 1) integrated management of lnseet pests in grain legumes, 2) rice weed management, and 3) characterization of agrobiodiversity for sustainable productíon syslems. TAC approved funds 10 form lask forces for each of Ihe eight projeets. The whitefly projeet has already attracted global imerest, and efforts are underway 10 build donor support for it. Five international centers, several national programs in Africa and Latin America. two regional organizations, and two US universities are involved in developing the project's research programo 18 111. Financial and Budgeting Information This discussion of the financial years 1995 and 1996 and of the 1997 funding request is based on information provided in Tables 1-11 of the Annex. The 1995 Financial Year The Core Budget CIAT's base budget for 1994-1997 is $27.5 million. expressed in current doIlars, with inflation to be absorbed by lhe Center. The revaluation of the Colombían peso-the currency of CIAT's host country, where the Center spends two-lhirds of its budget-caused CIAT's overall inflation rate to be 9.5 percent aboye OECD inflation rates for 1994-1995.! Consequently, in lale 1994 and throughout 1995, CIAT alened the CGIAR Ihat to finance íts workíng budget based on a $27.5 million funding targel would require an upward adjustment of the base by at leas! $2.1 million. Based on this projection, CIAT implemented a 1995 working budget of $29.9 millíon, exactly $2.1 million aboye the level of $27.8 million ($27.5 million for the base, plus $0,3 millíon for the cost of the EPMR) , Unfonunately, al ICW95 the CGIAR decided no! to provide CIA T any reHef for the eros ion of CIAT's real budget, caused by the revaluation of the Colombian peso, In fact, by year's end it was clear that the CGIAR would not even be in a position lo provide the full, unadjusted funding target of $27,8 million, The amount actua/ly received was $26.7 million, or $1.1 million below target, Tbe decision nOI lo compensale crA T for Ihe extra inflatíon caused by the revaluation of the Colombian peso and underfunding of the base resulted in afunding shortfall in 1995 of $3.2 mil/ion, Given a core program of $27,9 million (made up of $26,7 million from Ihe CGlAR and $1,2 in self-generated income) and expenditures of $29,9 million, CIAT ran an operating deficit of $2.0 mimon for the 1995 fiscal year. In an effort to safeguard its operating fund balance, which al the beginning of 1995 was $3.0 million, the Center opted to take a charge of $2.0 million against its capital fund in order to deal Wilh the operating deficit for 1995. Clearly, this use of resources in the capital fund cannot be justified in the medium- or long-term; however, under Ihe circumstances-Le" significant underfunding, whose dimensions became c1ear only toward the end of fiscal 1995-CIAT had little recourse but lo proceed as described here, The Non-eore Budget Systemwide programs and initíatíves: In ¡he course of 1995, as convening Center for the Systemwide Tropical Latín America Program, CIAT spent $18,000. Similarly, as 1. In fact, (he revaluation pfOCt:S~ contmued until early Ocwber 1995. During !.he pcriod from 1 January 1994 to 30 Scptember 1995, CIAT experienced a cost increase nf $3, 1 million over the OECD intlation rates. which would have caUed for an adjustmcnt in the $27.5 mmian tunúmg base to $30,6 million by rhe end oí" 1995, convening Center for the Systemwide Initiative on SoiJ, Water, and Nutrient Management, CIAT spent $265,000, As a participant in other systemwide programs and initiatives, the Center carried out actívíties at a caSI of $17,000. Aclivwes outside the research agenda: For project activities that do not forrn pan of the agreed research agenda, CIAT receíved and spent $4.9 miJlion. The accompanying table summarízes total íncome and expendítures, as described aboye. 1995lncome and Expenditures: Budget VS. Actual (in 'OO:¡ of US$) Budget Actual Income Cara Program $ 27,fiXJ $ 26,684 Adjustl1l3ft lor RevalualiCll Costs $ 2,100 $ - Costs 01 EPMR $ 300 $ - SystenWde Programs & lnitiatives $ 300 $ 300 (Nemead and Other lnoome $ fiXJ $ 1,207 Special Projects $ 4,917 $ 4,917 ITotallncome $35,717 $33,1081 Expendíturos Core Program $ 29,600 $ 29,590 EPMR $ 300 $ 300 SystemMde Programs & lnitiatives $ 300 $ 300 Special Projects $ 4,917 $ 4.917 IT ola! Expendilures !35,117 $35,1071 SurplusI(Delicit) $ 600 $ (1,999) The 1996 Working Budget Financíal Planning Parameters for the 1996 Fiscal Year At ICW95 the COlAR approved a 1996 financing plan for CIAT amounting to $27.5 million for the CIAT program per se, plus $0,9 million for the Tropical Latin America Program, and $0.9 million for the design phase of the Systemwide Initiative on Soil, Water, and Nutrient Management. In addition. CIAT projects self-generated income 20 of $1.5 million in fiscal 1996. Accordingly, total expected income fOf tbe core program of CIAT amounts to $30.8 million. Income for speciaI projects, Le., activities outside the 1996 CGIAR research agenda, is estimated at $4.4 million. Discussion 01 a Bahuzced Budget To continue in 1996 the 1995 CIAT program would require the following amounts (in US$OOO): Cost of continuing the 1995 work program in fiscal 1996: (Core only, (00) Working budget in 1995 + Systemwide: Tropical Latín America Program Soil, Water, Nutrient Management + Inflation cost Total required in 1996 $29,600 $900 $900 $1,000 $32,400 In view of Ihe imbalance between expected income ($30.8 million), and projected expenditures ($32.4 million), CIAT is reducing activities amounting lo $3.0 million so as lo ensufe a balanced budget and to heed Ihe advice of Ihe CGIAR Finance Committee lO proceed with working budgels slightly below the level of expected income. Accordingly, CIAT's Working Budget for 1996 is $29.4 million, and CIAT is projecting a surplus of $1.6 mili ion in fiscal 1996. However, the cosls lo CIAT of phasing out on-going activilies amounting lO $3.0 mili ion are conservalively eSlimated at $2.0 million. CIAT therefore projects a net deficit in fiscal 1996 oC $0.5 mili ion. Budget Request for 1997 Financial Planning Parameters lor 1997 Fiscal Yeor CIAT's financial planning framework for 1994-1997 has been fixed by the CGIAR al $27.5 million, expressed in current dollars (Le .• inflation in this period must be absorbed by CIA T). Added 10 this base amount are the budgets for systemwide initiatives and programs. Funding for ¡he Tropical Latin America Program, as recommended by TAC, is at $1.8 million. Fundíng in 1997 for the CIAT-convened Systemwide lnitíative on Soil, Water, and Nutrient Management (SWNM) ís recommended by TAC at $1.0 million. Finally, T AC is recommending the allocation of $0.9 million for a systemwide initiative on participatory research. At this stage 1997 funding for special projects is projected al $3.9 million. These parameters are summarízed as follows: 21 Projected ¡ncome in 1997 (U8$OOO): From CGIAR for core program Systemwide: Tropical Latin America Program Soil, Water, Nutrient Management Panicipatory Research Specíal projects Self-generated income 27,500 900 1,000 900 3,900 1,500 35,700 Using the 1996 proposed budget allocation as a base, ¡he following 1997 expenditures are anticipated: Projeeted expenditures in 1997 (in $(00): Core program Inflation cost Systemwide: Tropical Latin America Program Soil, Water, Nutrient Management Panicipatory Research Special projects Projected surplus in 1997: 27,600 900 900 1,000 900 3,900 35,200 500 To summarize, CIAT is requesting from CGIAR donors Ihe following financing for ils core program in 1997 (in US$ooo): Core Systemwide: Tropical Latin America Program Soil, Water, Nutrient Management Participalory Research 22 $27,500 $900 $1,000 $900 IV. CIAT's Portfolio of Projects Projects are the prímary means by whích CrA T attains the goals of its mandate areas and implements the strategies of its programs. Operating through projeets offers a number of advantages: • Strengthened output orientation in research • Explicit correspondence 10 the new CGIAR programs • Integration of efforts from diverse sources within CIAT • Transparent accountability to stakeholders • Flexibilily 10 undertake new activities or complete aclivilies • Improved responsiveness 10 stakeholders' agenda • Effective mechanism for joint ventures wilh partners • Closer association of research and financial functions • Basis for resource mobilizalion CIAT's projecl porlfoJio consisls of the following 22 projects: 1 Bean Yield Stability 2 Cassava Gene Pools 3 Rice Gene Pools 4 Enhancing Forage Grasses and Legumes 5 Bean Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean 6 Bean Productivity in sub-Saharan Africa 7 Integrated Cassava Crop Management 8 Integrated Rice Crop Management 9 Utilization of Grasses and Legumes 10 New Land Use Syslems for Tropical America 11 Soil QuaJity and Environmental Impact in Production Systems 12 Rural Agroenterprises 13 Conservation of Genetic Resourees 14 Understanding Genetic Diversity 15 Broadening the Genetíc Base 16 Tropical Grasses and Legumes for Multiple Uses 17 Impact Assessment 18 Strengthening Private and Public Linkages 19 Methods of Farmer Participation 20 Community Management of Watershed Resources 21 Land Use Change in Savannas and Fores! Margins 22 Environmental Sustainability and Land Use Dynamics Project #1: Improving the Yield Stability of Common Bean by Increasing Disease and Pest Resistance, Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses, and Yield Potentíal Objective: To ¡nerease and stabílize bean yields by developing gene pools with pes! and disease resístance, tolerance lo abiotic stresses, and enhaneed yield potentía!. Outputs: New sources of resistance to bíotic and abíotic constraints; charaeterization of the genetic díversity of major palhogens; integrated pest management practices; improved biological nitrogen fíxation; increased tolerance to low soil fertilily; effective breeding strategies to inerease yield potenlial and adaptation. Gains: Improved bean varíeties will be grown on 20% of the productíon area. Bean lines with multiple resislance to diseases, ínsects, and abíotic stresses will be available 10 public and prívate breeding programs. Greater tolerance 10 drought and low soil fertility will increase bean productivity and permit expansion into marginal areas. Pesticide use will he reduced by 30 % in targeted regions. The present value of CIA T' s sbare of expected net benefits of this project is US$I.47 billion. DuratWn: 5 years 1996 1998 1999 2001 Gene combinations defined that confer stable rcsistance to anlhracnose and angular leaf spot pathogens. Key resistance genes tagged to facilitate gene pyramiding; drought tolerance genes tagged. At least two mechanisms defined that confer phosphorus efficiency, including one for tolerance of BNF to low P. Varieties wíth stable resistance developed. Users: New hean genotypes and crop management practices will improve the welfare of small-scale bean farmers (particularly in marginal environments of Latin America and Africa) by increasing their income from bean production, by reducing pesticide damage ro human health and the environment, and by increasing protein and micronutrient intake. especially among women and small children. Collaborators: Field selection of populations and identificatíon of reliable sources 01' resistance and tolerance-PROFRlJOL, PROFRlZA, and EMBRAPA (Brazil). l\fechanistíc studies of low-P tolerance-NARS (Costa Rica), INRA. Tagging of critical resistance genes-Bean-Cowpea CRSP and Michigan State University (USA). CG system linkages: Program 1 (85%), Program 2 (15%). 24 Working Budget 1996 Estimated 1997 -----T--~~~-~ --~~,._~~ _ .. ~. --_ .. ProjectlL1; CGIAR Special CGIAR Special Research I Projects Research i Projects 8ean y leld Stabílity Ag~enda Agenda 1996 US$OOO 1997 US$OOO - -~ -- - --- ~ - t Senior Slaft 339.4 ! 56~O 349~6 ! 56 O Other Personnel 520,2 ! 130 5358 ' 130 Operations 22.7 i 38.4 23.41 39.0 Research Services , ! 144,8. - 149,' - Central Services I 329,3 ! 319.7 ' - - _._--._-,_ .. ~--~ .. ,- ._- ------ -_ .. _-- t --_ .. _- ~ , Total 1,346.8 ' 107.4 1,387,2 108.0 Financing Plan Unrestricted Core 1,3468 , 1.3872 - Non-agenda financing i France - Improved Efliciency 01 8ean - 81.4 - 54,0 Iran - Improvement Disease Resislance - 26.0 - ¡ 54,0 ------. -_.----~--------~----~---~---------~-- ---~-- - . --1----- --_.------- ----- - -------- Total 1,346.8 : 107,4 1,387,2 I 108.0 25 ::: !:- ~ " Project #1: Improving the Yield Stability of Common Bean by Increasing Disease and Pest Resistance, Tolcrance to Abiotic Stresscs, and Yield Potential ~ Project purpose To inen,,,,e and stahilizc ocan yields by developing gene pools with pest ami tlisea", J Resistancc to bioti stresses resistancc, lolerancc ro abiotic stresscs, and enhanccd yield potentiaL - [ Tolerance to abiotíc stresses ---- I Improvcd yield potential ; I Identify new sources o[ dis insect resisrance. determine mechanjsms and inhcritanc' resistance, and incorporate rcsístance genes ¡nto major gene pools. ~ f elop gene recombination and tion strategies in Andean and .oamericall gene pools to ase yields. .~ .~ , "" Characterize the genetic di major palhogens and Iheír wilh bean gene pools, usin. molecular and classic.1 tee Develop integrated pest an, palhogen management prae usin? pilot IPM proieet, to 1I,¡¡itlllal "LicH!b[~ ano farn ---- I , 1 I p s adaptauun tu water ¡Jcl!Clts. y rporate photoperiod and peraturc iruensitivíty ¡nto ean gcnotypes. Project #2: Improved Cassava Gene Pools for Major Agroecologies in Latin America, Asia, and Africa Objective: To develop cassava gene pools wilh improved yield, qualily Irails, and resistance or tolerance to major pests, díseases, and abiotic stresses. OUtpuis: Sources of tolerance to biotic and abíotíc constraints, improved breedíng populatíons and cultivars, data on the socíoeconomic impact of new varíeties, and effectíve methods for germplasm screeníng. Gains: The dry matler yield potentíal of eHle eassava germplasm wíll ínerease. The area planted to CIAT-derived germplasm will expando The area planted to cassava in marginal semiarid ecosystems will also expando Adoptíon of new germplasm will raise annual erop value. And the nutrient-use efficieney of the germplasm will be enhaneed, thus reducing nutrient requirements per Ion of rOOls produced. The present value of CIA T' s share of expected nel benefits of this project ís US$J.23 billíon. Duration: 5 years 1998 1999 2000 2001 Models developed for introducing ímproved genetic diversity in farmers' fields. Whitefly and mite resistance mechanísms identified; cultívars with multiple pest resís¡ance available; eultivars with multiple dísease resistance available; regional breeding workshops held in Latín America and Asia. Mechanisms controllíng yield stabílity under prolonged drought identified and selection criteria incorporated into breeding programo Elite genotypes, with ¡he potential to inerease productivity at the fíeld level by 20% in lowland humid, 25% in subhumid, 40% in semiarid, 30% in highland, and 15% in subtropical envirornnents, avaílable to national programs. Users: New varieties wiJI ímprove the díets and socioeconomic conditions of smaJl-scale cassava farmers (partícularly in marginal envirornnents of the tropies and subtropícs), processors, and poor urban consumers by increasing and stabilizing crop production, by enhancing the efficiency of postharvest processing, and by raising tbe qualíty of cassava products. Collllborators: Breeding-EMBRAPA/CNPMF (Brazil), FCRl (Thaíland), lITA. EvaluatÍon-CORPOICA (Colombia), olher NARS in Latin AmerÍca and Asia. CG system linkage: Program 1 (85%), Program 12 (10%), Program 9 (5%). 27 Working Budget 1996 CGIAR Special Research Projects Cassava Gene Pools ~_ ... Agel1da_L .. _~ ~.~ 1996 US$OOO ---.. _~ --- --··_------t··- _ .. - --~ .. Senior Staff Other Personnel Operations Research Services Central Services Total Financing Plan Unrestricted Core Non~agenda financing ORSTOM ~ Cassava Bacterial Blight Total 369.6 i . . 293.1 i 107.5 i 137.9· 2227· 1,150.8 +-~ 1.150.6 i 1,150.8 . 28 40.0 40.0 ~ 40 O .. 40.0 Estimated 1997 CGIAR Research Special Projects Agenda ~-1997 US$OOO 401.3 301.9 110.7 142.0 229.4 1,185.3 I~· 1.185.3 · . · - 1,185.3 · ----_ ... _~ ... ~~ Project #2: Improved Cassava Gene Pools for Major Agroecologies in Latin America, Asia, and Africa : Sources of toleruncc or resistancc to major PC\ts. díscases. and abiotic stress ESlablish and maintain colonJes of major peSlS. Develop inoculatlOl1 methods anti culturing techniques tor major pathog.cns. Screen germplasm for l1utrient·usc efficicncy and characlerilt: resistancc lo pests and disca::.cs, ~--~-------- Project Purpose To develop cassava gcnt..: poob \\Iilh improvcd yícld, quaHty traits, and resistanCé Uf tolerance lO major pests, diseases, ami abiotic stresses. Murces of rool qualil) ch.utlcteristics Optimlze cyanogcn comen! for differem end uses wilhin gene pool>. Develop melhods 10 comrol pO¡¡;thafvcst delcrioration, using convenlionaJ and nonconvcnlional teclmiques. Modify slareh qualtly through genelie mampuJallon. ( I 1 lnlproved breeding uH..'lhodotogics Dcvclop nonconventional Tllt:lhods for genctic modification 01' cassava (e.g .. genetic transformation for interspecific gene transler) Hinked to # 15). 1 Integraled gene pool, adapted lo the lowland humid. subhumid. semiarid. and híghland trupics and subtrupics Ev;,¡]uatc and sclcc{ elite genotypes with critical traits fOl' (he target 3groecosystcllls (Imkcd !O #10). Recornhine selectcd caSSJva gL'nolypcs, Carry out recurrent evaluation and imrrovcm~nl of germpJasm. Incorporare new scrccníng mclilOds lOto hrccdm;::, schcmc. ,~----------------~, , ~etworks and trained I natíonal personnet for I effeetive dissemination aud deplo~menl uf genetic material Organi/c in~servíce trammg for N ARS breeders. Di,tnhUlC breedillg material s to natJonal programs in Latin Atneril'd and Asia Consolrdate regional nelworks in Lalin Amalea and Asia ¡IJnkcólo #18>. PubJish newslellers anó d¡:,:,cmmatc :.clcntii'ir informalÍoil Omked to #18). Project #3: Improved Rice Gene Pools for Latin America and the Caribbean Objective: To increase genetic diversity and enllance gene pools for higher, more slable rice yields. Outputs: Sources of tolerance to bíotie and abiolic conslraints; improved breeding populatíons and cultivars; characterízed progenitors for major lraíts of regional interes!; effeclíve methods for germplasm screening; and ínformation on variety release, adoption. and impac!. Gains: The projecl will generate well-adapted varieties and provide natíonal programs with better progenitors for erosses. It will also inerease the exchange of information from local and regional Irials. Wide adoption of improved germplasm will result in a more competitive rice sector, offering cheaper rice for consurners and gains for producers through greater efficiency and lower uní! costs. During 1967-1990 the release of more ¡han 250 new rice varieties in the regíon yíelded benefits worth about US$150 million per year. The curren! phase of this project will create benefits of a similar magnitude. Duration: 5 years 1996 1997 1999 2000 New plan! type crossed with local progenilors; yield Irials of F2BC2 wíth wild rices and QTL analysis conducted. Second backcross made 10 improve new planl type; Ihird backcross made with wild rice lines; recurrent selection populations for upland and irrigated rice delivered lO national programs. Near isogenic lines available to national programs. Improved populations with new planl type available to national programs; near isogenic lines evaluated by national programs for variety release; upland rice varieties released in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Bolivia. Users: This work will mainly benefit poor urban consumers in tropical America, where rice is a basic staple. In addition, the gains in production efficiency and the lower uni! costs made possible by improved varieties will tend to lower pesticide use and reduce the pressure to expand rice onlo new land. Collaborators: Germplasm exchange-JRRl, WARDA, CIRAD, Texas A&M (USA). Breeding-IRRl, CIRAD, NARS in Latin America and the Caríbbean. Wild rice crosses-Cornell University (USA). CG system linkages: Program 1 (60%), Program 12 (30%), Program 9 (10%). 30 Working Budgel1996 Estimated 1997 ...... _- . _ .. ~.,.......- ..... --~_ .. -~-~-~- ._-- ProjecU 3.: CGIAR Special CGIAR I Special Research i Projects Research Projects Rice Gene Pools Agenda Agenda I _._-~ ....... ----~ _-'-__ _ __.J. ... ___ .. 1996 US$OOO 1997 US$OOO ---. -_ .... _._- _.~----_ .... - -~.- ~ ~ --~ .... ----;- ~ - .. _.~_. .~-~ , 160.7 ' Senior Staff 1560 43.8 43.8 Other Personnel 152.1 38.4 1567 ¡ 38.4 Operatlons 50.6 938 521 93.8 Research Servlces 100.9 - 103.9 . - Central Services 115.2 - 1186 . - - --- ------ - Total 574.8 176.0 592.0. 176.0 Financing Plan I ._ .... - - -_. .- -- ··--····T- ---- Unrestricted Core 439.8. - 4530 • - Restricted Core Colombia - Rice Gene Pools 35.0 - 36 O - RF - Applícation of Rice Blotechnology 100.0 - 103.0 - Non-agenda nnanclng France - Upland Rice Gene Pool s - 30.0 . 30.0 Colombia - Improved Lowland Rice - I 1460 146.0 .... - ---_ . --~ .. - --~ ... ~--~ Total 574.8 i 176.0 592.0 176.0 31 ~ :."" E':-, e ~ :~ ;; ." í Project #3: Improved Rice Gene Pools for Latín America and the Caribbean I Improved source germplasm Evaluare segregallllg materials, Project Purpose To ;ncrease genetic díversíry and enhanee gene pools for higher. more stable rice yiclds ------ Improved populations e seiection. 1 dentification and use of genes in wild germplasm ldenlify use fui rraírs io wild germplasm (linked to #15). Make ímerspecífic crosses (linked ro # 15). Selee! for liseful lraíls, wilh lhe aid of nlOlecular markcrs. Better understanding of the physiological basis for yield enhancement and adaptation to acid soils Characterize new plant lype under direel secdíng. Improve demand-driveo N supply and N uplake for full cxpressíon of yíeld polcntial. Serceo for iron to.idly. ~----- ------- ------ ~------- Stronger institutional Iillks in the rice sector and enhanced research capacity Coordinare FLAR (Iinked lO #18). L Organizc rraining aClivilies (linkcd lo #18) . Project #4: Genetic Enhancement of Tropical Grasses and Legumes for Feed and Soil Improvement in the Subhumid and Humid Tropics Objective: To improve the utility of commercially important tropical grasses and legumes by increasing their edaphic adaptation, feed quality, and lolerance to diseases and pests through the use of natural germplasm and genetic manipulation. Outputs: New cultivars of important tropical grasses (Brachiaria and Panicum), herbaceous legumes (Arachis and Stylasanthes), and shrub legumes (Cratylia and Leucaena), wilh good adaptation lo infertile soils and resistance to anthracnose (legumes) and spittlebug (grasses), for rehabilitation of degraded grazing lands, slabilizing hillsides, improving the soil, and increasing productivity in mixed farming systems. Gaina: New grass and legume cultivars will permil the development of more produetivc and sustainable forage eomponents for crop-livestock and perennial tree erop systems, resulting in increased farm income and more stable priees for the consumer and more sustainable land use syslems. The present value of ClAT's share of expected net benefits of Ihis projeet is US$L59 billion. Duratíon: 5 years 1997 1998 1999 2000 New genotypes of Brachiaria, Arachis, and Stylosanthes available for distribution. New shrub legume genotypes availabJe for acid soils and subhumid environments. New cultivars of Brachiaría, Arachis, and Stylasanthes released by NARS. New shrub legumes re1eased for acid soils and subhumid environments. Users: Thís work will benefit government, nongovemment, and farmer organizations, commercial seed producers, and low-income farmers working in erop, crop-livestock, and perennial tree erop systems in the subhumid and humid regions of the lowlands and hillsídes of tropical America, in ¡he upland farming systems of Asia, and in the íntensi ve erop-Iivestock systems of Africa. Collaborators: Enhancement of Brachiaría, Arachis, and Stylosanthes-EMBRAPA (Brazil), CORPOlCA (Colombia). Research on pathogens-CSlRO (Australia). Regional germplasm evaluation-RIEPT (Latin America), SEAFRAD (Asia), AFRNET (Africa). CG system linkages: Program 1 (60%), Program 2 (20%), Program 3 (10%), Program 9 (5%), Program 12 (5%). 33 Enhanclng Forage Grasses and Legumes Semor Staff Other Personnel Operations Research Servíces Central Services Total Financing Plan Unrestncted Core Restncted Core Colombia ·Enhanced Genetic Resources Non-agenda financing FEDEGAN • Resistence to Spittle Bug JIRCAS - Plan! Ecology NESTLE - Development Dual Purpose "--"- ------ ---- -_ .. _.~_.- --~. --- --- Total CGIAR I Research Agenda Special Projects -~ "f996US$OÓO 411 7 296"1 72"1 ! 62"1 147"0 ! 22"8 81 "0 Estimated 1997 -----~._._--~ .. _- ----- CGIAR Special Research Projects Agenda " r- 1997 US$OOO 424"0 305"0 74"3 64"0 lS1A 22"8 77.2 -_" ________ 1 ~- ;-"-- ~"-- - 989.0 I 103.8 1.018.7 100.0 ~ 734" 1 - 756.2 - 254"9, . 262"5 . I - 35"0 . 37"0 , - I 18"0 . . . 50"8 - 63"0 --,---- """-"- -- ---- 989.0 ! 103.8 1,018"7 100.0 34 ~ ~ Eo ~ '" ~ ,~ w '" ---~~" -----~ Project #4: Genetic Enhancement of Tropical Grasses and Legumes for Feed and Soil Improvement in the Subhumid and Humid Tropics Project Purpose To improve Ihe utility of commercially ímportan! tropical gr.sses .lId legumes by íncreasing edapbic adaptation, feed qualily and IOlerancc to díseascs .nd pesls Ihrougb use 01 natural germplasm aud gcnetíc manipulation ______________________________ -J/ Mechanisms, sources, and genetic characterization of key plan attributes Assess and characterize spíttlcbug reslstancc in Brachiaria. CharaCledze amhracnosc in ~r Slvlosalllhes~ Evaluate disease susceptibilíty Arachis PinlOÍ. ~ Conduct epidemiologícal slUdíe, of I main diseases of lcgumes. r Assess virus resistance in Brachiaria. IdcIlIify nutrienl~efficient gcnOlypes (Iinked to #II)~ Investigale abiotic amíbUles affccting persistence in associations. Evalumc plant altributes conlributing fo soil improvemenl. L Asscss feed quallty auribules and gcnctic control. Superior grass cultivars ~ Evaluare promlSing accessions I and lines 01 Brachiaria, , Panicum and Paspalum fur produeHon sY,lems (linked lo #10)~ Breed improved gene pools 01 Brachiaria with edaphlc adaptalion and inseel resislancc. Investigate genelíe control and identlfy molecular markers lor key a!tribules, includlng apomíxi, (linked lo #15)~ Enhance cdaphic adaplation 01 grasses (linked to lill) Evaluatc feed value of grasses, J Superior legume cultivars Evaluate promising accessions of StyloJanthes and Arachis for producrion sysrems. Evaluate promising accessions of the sbrubs, Craty/ia and Leucaena for produetíon systems~ Enbanee dlscase resistance ín ~[ S¡yloJant/¡es~ Evaluate feed value of legumes~ Investigate disease resístance through rransformation !O#15)~ Seed for research and national partners Multiply promising accessions and advanced Iines of gras,es .nd legumes ~ Investigale faClors affecting ~' secd quality~ Investigate seed production and storage methodologies l' lhal are appropriate lo nallonal partners ~ Distribute seed through a revolving seed fund, ---~~-~--~--- ! Project #5: Improving Bean Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean through Gene Pool Development and Regional Networks Objective: To improve bean productivíty in Latin America by deploying gene pools Iha! help solve major production constraints and by supporting nelworks for applied research. Outputs: Improved gene pools and breeding populations with multiple stress resistance and acceptable seed Iypes (the distribution of these will be largeted wilh the aid of a classification of bean envrronments based on agroecologícal and biologícal data); strengthened research capacity and more effective priorily setting in regional bean networks (PROFRIJOL and PROFRIZA) and in Brazíl; ecologically sound crop and peSI management praclices; and nonformal methods of seed production and distribution. GaiTts: Resístant varieties will be grown on mosl of the bean productíon in Central America, and bean productivity will increase significantly in the Andean Zone. In Brazíl about 500,000 hectares will be planted to modero bean cultivars. Regional networks wíll be fully devolved lo local managemenl, with CIAT partícipaling as a research partner The presenl value of CIAT's share of expected nel benefits of this projecl is US$376 million. Duration: 3 years 1998 1999 2001 NARS in the Andean zone promoting viable methods for eros ion control in bean production. PROFRIJOL produces new Iines with multiple resistance, demonstrating Íts strengthened research capacily. Bean yields continue to grow at 3% per year, and marginal land planted to beans is reduced. Users: Increased research collaboration and technology exchange in the region will speed the acquisition of new gertnplasm and methods by national programs. This in lum will better enable them lO conduct research and develop technology in a timely manner for small-scale fartners in both marginal and favorable production areas. Increasing numbers of small-scale seed producers will further accelerate the flow of new germplasm into fartners' fields. Collaboraton: Testing of eros ion control methods-PROFRIZA. Developing varieties with multiple resistance-PROFRIJOL, PROFRIZA, EMBRAPA (Brazil), Bean-Cowpea CRSP. CG system linkages: Program 1 (45%), Program 2 (25%), Program 6 (15%), Program 12 (15%). 36 f'rojej;L# 5: Bean Produetivlty In Latln Amenea and the Canbbean Senior Staff Other Personnel Operations Research Services Central Services Total Finaneing Plan Unrestricled Core Non-agenda financing SOC - Sustaining Bean Produc!ivity LA France - Improved Efflciency of Bean IORC - Development 01 Bean Total ~or_king Budget1996 _ c---- _ Estimated 1997 CGIAR Researeh Agencta Special Projeets .~. 1996US$OOO CGIAR Speeial Researeh I Projects lI:!!enda ____ _ 1997 US$OOO ~+- _ .. _-~~--- ... -~. ~-_.~. , 172.5 - 177.7 470 53.0 48.4 40.0 212.1 ! 88.9 218.5 39.0 67.1 - 69.1 - 146.6 . - 151.0 l - ----, _. ... - ___ o 645.3 141.9 664.7 79.0 .. --- -- -- ---- + 645.3 - 6647 - I 14.0 - 15.0 44.9 - 54.0 83.0 - i 10.0 ----_. ____ o ---~-- ----- ------ 645.3 i 141.9 664.7 79.0 37 í ~ , O'- • e ~ :~ ~ "'" -------~~--~-~ ---- Project #5: Improving Bean Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean through Gene Pool Development and Regional Networks Project Purpose To improve bean productivil)' in Latin America by deploying gene pool. lhal hclp solvo major productíon constraints and by supporting nelworks for applied researeh. Improved germplasm I germplasm with resistance Uf toleranee 1 lO major constraints among natíonal \ programs and form regional nurse ríes l' for dissemination of elite materials among network partners. Devclop collaborativc farmer participatory breeding projeets for lhe development of new bean varictíes (Iinked to #19). l Network development 1 Participate aud provide tcchuieal input into PROFR IJOL, PROFRIZA, and Brazihan research networks. Assist in , traíníng evenls and workshops (línked ¡ to #18) ) I Establish ways for network members lo assume responsibility for projec! management fhrough participatary planning, which involves researehers as well as olher people working in bean production (e.g., seed specialists, extensino agents, and farmers) (linkcd 10#18) L PHrfk-ipal(' ill uctwulk training evrnt.;¡, llIonilOring ¡mus, c¡)nfcn:tlcc~, and wor""hops, and lk"ign 1'11!l;¡bl)rllllVt' research projects with national programs (Iinked to # 18). Inte prodt grated bean edon systems ~ In collaboration with natíonal ins¡jIUlions, develop, test, .nd promotc sustainable crop management practices, including no-till cropping, erosían control barricrs, green and organic manures, intercropping, and IPM systems (linked lO #19). Develap novel methods for seed multiplicatlOll and distríbution lo spced testíng and adopt;on of new bean varieties (linked to #12). L Participate in lnterprogram and intercenter projects on natural resourcc managemcnt in ('rnfffll America. lhe Andean Zonc, ami Bral.il, focllsing 011 .,ni! ;lIld w;¡lrl con~('!'vatinn and prototype systclII devclopmcnl (Iinkcd 10 #10). - - ~- --- ~-- ~~-. --- ~----_. ---_/ Project #6: Improving Bean Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa through Gene Pool and Cropping System Development and Regional Networks Objectives: To improve bean productivity in sub-Saharan Africa by deploying gene pools lhal help solve major production constraints and by supporting networks for applied research. Oulputs: Improved gene pools, breeding populations, and mixtures with multiple stress resistance (Ihe dístríbution of these will be targcled with lhe aid of a c1assífication of bean envíronrnents based on agroecologícal and biological data); strenglhened research capacity and more effective priority setting in regional bean nelworks (ECABREN and lhe SADC- Southern Africa Bean Netwark); ecologically sound crop, soil, and pest management practices; nonformal methods of seed production and distribution. Gains: Varielies resistant to multiple stresses will oeeupy about 200,000 heetares (5 % of rhe bean production area) in network countries. Farmers growing the new varielies will see a 10% ¡nerease in their ineome from marketing of beans. Five pereent of farOlers in the region will have adopted improved erop management praetices; and regional networks will be fully devolved to local management, wifh CIAT partieipating as a researeh partncr. The present value of CIA l' s share of expected net benefits of the outputs of this project is US$352 million. Duration: 5 years 1997 1998 1999 2000 Pan-Africa network is a functional unit, íntegrating bean research in al! of eastem and southern Africa. Climbing beans widely adopted in Kenya and at least one other country. Lines resistan! to bean fly available; tine with multiple disease resístance developed. Farmers starting to adopt new agronomic practices, including erosion control measures and use of green manures. Users: Increased research collaboration and technology exchange in the region will speed the acquisilion of new germplasm and methods by national programs. This in mm will better enable them to conduet rcseareh and develop technology in a timely manner for small-scale farmcrs (Olainly women) in both marginal and favorable production areas. Increasing numbers of sOlall-scale seed producers will further aceelerate the flow of new germplasm into farmers' fields. Collaborators: Development of improved germplasOl-regional networks of NARS. Diffusíon of new technology-NGOs (includíng churches and relíef agencies). CG system linkages: Program 1 (30%), Program 2 (30%), Program 6 00%), PrograOl 9 (10%), Program 12 (20%). 39 Workin!l S!:,d!let 1996 Estimated 1991 ,--- - ~ject#§; CGIAR Special CGIAR Special Research Projects Research i Projects Bean Productivily in sub-Saharan Afriea Agenda .. ~A!I!.n.- Projed #7: Integrated Cassava Crop Management in Major Agroecosystems oC Latin America and Asia Objective: To promote sustainable cassava production by developing component technologies and principIes for integrated erop management in major agroeeosystems of Latin America and Asia. Ol/tputs: Integrated pest and erop/soí! management praetices for eassava-based systems tha! permit minimal or no pesticide use and low inputs of ehemical fertilizer. Gains: Dry matter yield in eassava-based systems will increase by up to 30%. Production cosls and soil erosion will decline, and soil fertílity will improve over the long termo More stable and sustainable cassava productivity will improve farmers' ineomes through reduced risk of crop loss. The present value of CIAT's share of expected net benefits of ¡he outputs of this project is US$1.39 billion. Duration: 5 years 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Field-level methodologies developed for the release and establishment of phytoseiid mites; field-Ievel biological and cultural control practices for the eassava burrowing bug available. Management components for control of soil erosion in cassava-based cropping systems in hillsides evaluated in technieal and eeonomic terms and validated by farmers. Methodologies for farmer participation in developing integrated pest management, soil conservation, and fertility management strategies tested on a pilot scale at sites in Latin Ameriea and Asia. Potential for using semidwarf genotypes and related propagaríon systems determined. Biological control components for whitef1y avaílable. Users: The technology generated through Ihis work will benefit mainly small-scale cassava farmers by increasing productivity, lowering costs, and reducing environmental damage. Society as a whole will benefit through a reduction in off-farm effects, such as soB erosion and sedimentatioll of rivers. Natíonal research and development programs will gain from collaboration in research conducted al representative sites in various ecosystems, from improved research methodologies, and from knowledge on pest and erop/soU management. Collaborators: Strategic research on pest and soíl management-ETH (Switzerland). Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (Denmark), University of Hohenheim (Germany), EMBRAPA/CNPMC and /CPDA (Brazil), UTA. Applied and adaptive research-DOAE (Thailand), MACIF (Indonesia), SCATC (China), CORPOICA (Colombia), state organizatíons in Northeast Brazil, NARS in various Latín American and Asían countries. CG system linkages: Program 6 (50%), Program 2 (35%), Program 9 (15%). 42 Project ti: 7: Integrated Cassava Crap Management Senior Slaff Other Personnel Operabons Research Services Central Services Total Financing Plan Unrestricted Core Restricted Core UNDP - Integrated Pest and Disease Non-agenda financing Sasakawa . Improving Agricultural Sus!. BMZlGTZ - Soil Conservatíon Total _~ Worldng Budget 1996_ ~ __ Estirn.a~!~ __ CGtAR ! Speclal CGIAR! Special Research Projects Research, Projects , Agenda . Agenda : --_ .. ~._--~.~ ... - -- _ ... ~_. _ .. ~~-_ ... __ .¡ 1996 US$OOO 1997 US$OOO >.-.- .----.----_. - . -----.- 358.1 143.1 3688' 143 1 280.1 148 O 287.9 1522 233.0 228.8 240.0 277.7 74.8 ¡ . 77.0, - 127.7 131.6 i - ----_.~-~ .. ---._.-~ ... 1,085.3\ . 1,053.7 i 519.9 573.0 i I ! -- ._ .. -. ----- -.- ---_ .. ~- 644.7 . - 664.0 - 409.0 ' - 4213 - 308.6 , 347.0 - 211,3 . 228,0 .----- .. -+--- -~---- 1,053.7 ! 519.9 1,085.3 573.0 43 ( ~ I , '" I " e ~ ~ ¡; ~ Project #7: Integrated Cassava Crop Management in Major Agroecosystems of Latin America and Asia ~---------------------------------------------------, I Project purposel i To promote sustainahle casst:rva producüon by devcloping componcnt lcchnologics and JI ¡principies for integrated crop management in major agroecosystems of Lalin America and Asia, \~--- ----------'~. --------------------~ I Crop, soil, and pest ( J rnanagement components and '1 Improved propagation systems / , I Networks and trained national 1 I personnel for effective I . technology design and adaptation I implernentation strategies Identify and quantify pest .nd disease complexes m selected agroecosystems, í Identify and quantify soil r degradatíon in cassava,based I systerns. ~ Develop biologícal. botanieal, .nd cultural practices to control I selecled cass.va pests aud I diseases and soi! eros ion and lO I maintain soil fertilíty, with farmer participalion (linked to 1119), - Develop implernentatiuH t.tI alegíes Ihmugh IHlot projects III sdcctcd agroeco:-.ystcms ~{¡nkcti to "12). Explore lhe polentiaI of semidwarf genotypes for suslaioable L 1 production, Refine conventiooaI cassava propagation techniques,- Incorporale photoperiod and temperalurc insensitivity into Andeao genolypes, I / r Organizc in+servlce and other training for natíonal progr.m scienuSlS and extension leaders (línked to /f18), r i Establish natíonaI and regional crop management networks in Latin Ameríca and Asia (linked to 1118). L Publísh newsleHers aud dissemínate scíemific ínformatlon (línked to #18), Project #8: Integrated Rice Crop Management ror Latin America Objective: Jo develop technoIogies that reduce unít production costs of rice and avoid environrnental contaminatíon. Outputs: Enhaneed ICM eomponents and principIes; information on rice pests and their interaetions with the erop; a better understandíng of resistance mechanisms, breakdown, and stabílity and of pes! epidemiology; and IPM components and strategíes. Gains: The ex -ante benefits of more efficient use of ínputs, wíth varietal resistance maintained at íts current level, has been estimated in sorne US$600 million per year, which go mainly lo urban consumers. Duration: 3 years 1997 1998 1999 2000 Transgenic plants evatuated for HBV resistance. Genetic structure of blast pathogen characterized for virulence and genetic families in main rice-producing areas. Potential progenilors with mosl relevant blast resistance genes available 10 NARS. Transformed plants tested for HBV and herbicide resistance by national programs. Users: Rice producers witl gain, as more efficient and ralional use of pesticides translates into lower unít costs and higher profíts; consumers will benefit through lower prices; and socíety as a whole wíll benefit from reduced environmental pollution. Collaborators: Strategíc research for control strategies-IRRI, Purdue University (USA), ClRAD, Integration of control strategies-NARS. CG system linkages: Program 6 (40%), Program 1 (30%), Program 9 (20%), Program 12 (10%). 45 Integrated Rice Crop Managemenl Senior 81aff Other Personnel Operabons Research Services Central Services Total Financing Plan Unrestncted Core Res!ricted Core - ----.. ~ Colombia - In!egrated Rice Improvement RF . Genetic Transforma!ton Non-agenda financing ODA In!egrating Rice Improvement JIRCAS - Physiological Mechanisms Total .... Working B.'ldget 11'196 __._ .. E:~d 1997 CGIAR Speeial Raseareh Projeets Agenda _ . 1996 US$OOO - - - 2336 · 192.1 · 367 51.5 98.3 · 153.0 . - .- ----.~--_ ... _- -- .. 113.7 51.5 35.5 160 -----------.- 113.7 51.5 46 CGIAR Research ' A~ellda Speeíal Projects 1997 US$OOO .. -,- -.- 240.6 - 197.9 1 . 37.8 50 i 101.2 - 157.6 . r-- ---- l--- -- .- - 735.1 564.7· 143.6 ¡ 26.8 i . I - , I ------ , 735.1 5.0 5.0 -. 5.0 : Project #8: Integrated Rice Crop Management for Latin America Characterization of rice pathogens and disease resistance Monitor genetíc diversity of bIast pathogen. Test breeding methods fúr improving bIas! resistance. Dissec! blasl resistance genes in highly res iSlam cultivars. Project purpose: Tú develop lechnologies !hat reduce unit production eosts of rice and avoid environmental contamination. Genotypes and practices that enhance weed control Identify traits for competitiveness .nd their heredity. Identify geno!ypes thal emerge under weed-suppressing f100ding. l... Examin i t e herblclde res s ance in lowland pepulalioos and determine principIes fOl management. I I Rice lines with diverse resistance to Tagosodes and RHBV r Evaluate germplasm for resistance 10 Tagosodes in collaOOratíon wilh NARS. L Evaluate germplasm for resistance to RHBV in collaOOralion with NARS. l C",",""out'" of the rice e~orcluzmiento VirUS Characterize the red stripe necrosIs furovirus associated with enlorchamiento. Conduet lransmíssion studies. using Ihe vector Polymyxa graminis. Project #9: Utilization oC Tropical Grasses and Legumes in Production Systems oC the Subhumid and Humid Tropics Objective: To develop and deploy seleeted grasses and legumes as eomponems in produetion systems of the subhumid and humid tropies in collaboration with other organizations. Outputs: A generie methodology for introducing improved grasses and legumes into farming systems; stable grass-Iegume pastures for the humid tropies; fodder grasses and shrub legumes for dry season supplementatíon; legumes for fallow improvement; legumes for use as soil eovers in tree crops; forages for intensive smallholder systems; and grasses and legumes for renovation of degraded lands, with positive eeonomic returns for fanners and beneficial enviromnental impacts for the eommunity. Gains: Fann incomes will inerease as a result of higher prnductivity and lower production costs, leading to more stable prices of livestock products Cor the consumer. Production systems will be more stable, contríbutíng lo more sustaínable land use practices. In Latín Ameríca new forage systems should give an IRR of 50-80% on research inputs and a current nel value of social benefíts of US$l to 1. 7 billion over 25 years. NARS' capabilities wilJ be strengthened. Duration: 5 years 1997 1998 1999 2000 Arachis-based pastures avaílable for smallholder dairy producers in the humid tropics. Forage-based systems for dry sea son supplementatíon in Central America. Legumes available for improvement of fallow lands. Forage eomponents available for a variety of intensive productíon syslems in Southeast Asia; new forages available for renovation of degraded pasture lands. Users: These products will ¡nerease ¡he productivity and raise the living standards of fanners managing arable crops, mixed arable crop-livestock systems, and perennial crops throughout ¡he subhumid and humid tropies, while maintaining soil fertility, conserving water. and preserving the natural vegetation in critical areas of the landscape. ColÚlborators: Research on legume-based systems for dual-purpose cattle: ILRI. Comen University (USA), Latín American NARS. Work on forages for smallholders in Southeast Asia-IRRI, CSIRO, NARS. Work on legume covers-CENICAFE (Colombia) and industrial organizations in Central America. Renovation of degraded lands-EMBRAPA (Brazil), CORPOICA (Colombia), CIAT-SC (Bolivia). CG system linkages: Program 3 (40%), Program 2 (30%), Program 6 (10%), Program 9 (10%), Program 12 (10%). 48 Working Budget 1996 Estimated 1997 ----- ... . , - - - - - ---- Prºi~ct # 9: CGIAR Special CGIAR Special Research I Projects Research Projects Utilization 01 Grasses and Legumes Agenda I Agenda 1996 US$OOO 1997 US$OOO ------- -- - - Senior Staft 280,3 - 288,7 ! - Other Personnel 173,3 86,0 178,5 71,0 Operations 235,8 123,2 242,9 i 35,0 Research Services 33,9 : - 34,9 ' - Central Services 794 - 81 8 - --- - Total 802,7 209,2 826,8 106.0 Financing Plan i ---- - -- -------~------ ------- ---- -1--- I Unrestricted Core 414,1 - 426,6 I - Restricted Core 338,21 Australia - Forages lor Small-holders - 348,3 ! - Colombia - Stylosanthes cultivars 50.4 r - 51,9 : - Non-agenda financing NESTLE . Development lor Dual Purpose - 78,2 - 63 O BMZ/GTZ - Interaction Desmodium Oval. - 944 - 43,0 Australia - Development Forages - 36,6 - I - - ---- -- - - - - --- - - --- - - -- , . -- -- -- ------;26.S¡-----106,O Total S02.71 209.2 49 Project #9: Utilization of Tropical Grasses and Legumes in Production Systems oC the Subhumid and Humid Tropics ! Legume-ba<óed forage Project purpose To develop .nd dcploy selecred grasses and legumes as components in producrion systems of Ihe subhumid and humid tropies m collaboration wilh other organizations. Forages for smallholder i 1 , Grasses and legumes for systems for dual-purpose mixed farming systems multipurpose use in cattle production in Southeast Asia Match feed resources and Tnrroduce new grasses and integration of forage Tegurnes for differen! components. agroecosysterns _ Develop improved torage Develop gra" and legume components on-farm. components for production Dcvelop forage-based syslcms. with farmer technology ror dry-season participmion (línkcd tú It 1 91. supplememalÍon. hillsides and lowlands Invesrigate use for: Rehabílítatíon of degraded land. SoiI cover and erosion control (Imked lo 1111). Fallow improvemcm Imercropping (Iinked to liJO). ~ Cut .nd carry fodder_ L Agro-mdustna1 purposes (linked lO H 12). 1 Information on impact of grasses and legumes in different production - - systems Conduct ex-ame and ex-post írnpacl analysis. Conducr socioeconomíc slUdies of forage adoption (linked to It 17). Examine contributlon !O sustainable land use for individuals and ¡he community. Develop mdlealOrs of sustainabílity for pasture land Project 1110: Integrated Management oC Production and Conservation in New Land Use Systems for Tropical America Objective: Io identify strategic principies for innovative management of ecologically and economicaJ1y sound production systems. Outputs: Integrated principies and procedures for combining ecologically sound practices with highly productive germplasm in new systems for managing mixed farming enterprises. Gains: Guidelines and management principies will be available for enhancing biodiversity in agropasloral production systems through the integration of multipurpose legumes, crops. and animals. Generally applicable techniques and methods will be available lO enable users lo monitor and interpret data on trends in produclion, the regeneration of resources, and conservation in new integrated systems. PrincipIes and guidelines will be developed lo help researchers and farmers make adjustments in syslem management. Duration: 5 years 1996 1997 1998 Yearly subregional workshops initiated. Fírsl prololypeS of improved land use systems available; ex ante analysís of selected allernatives eompleted. Input! output budgets and ex-post economie analysis of existing systems completed; first management techniques and germplasm available for rec\aiming degraded lands; whole farm bioeeonomic models; NARS staff trained. Users: Ihis work will mainly benefit low-income farmers and urban consumers in tropical America by improving their food seeurity and ineomes, by ensuring the long-term productive eapacity of farm land, and by proteeting the natural resouree base. Widespread adoption of conservation praetices in farming will also benefit socíety at large, but particularly the inhabitants of fragile environments. Collaborators: Field researeh-ClRAD-EMVT, CONDESAN. Models-IFDC, University of Hohenheim (Germany), Florida State University (USA), University of Uberlandia (Brazil). CG system linkages: Program 6 (60%), Program 2 (25%), Program 12 (10%), Program 3 (5%). 51 New Land Syslems far Tropical Amariea WORKING BUOaET 1996 Estimaled 1997 - ----- I-~· CGIAR CGlAR I Special Resesrch I Projects ._A!lend,,_J~_.~_.Agen~ .L_ ... _.. __ . Special Proíects Rasareh . ____ . . __ ~ ... __ ~ .. c--.~~1~96 ~S$OOG___ _ 1997 US$OOO.. __ ¡ Senior Staff Other Personnel Operahons Research services Central services Total Finan.:ing Plan Unrestncted Core Restncted Core SDC . Improvlog Agricultural Sustaio_ ColombIa - Prouductton Systems IDB - Participatory Research Total 441·°1 250.01 3650 64.5 108.4 . -----~c_- 1,228.9 173.0 51.0 175.0 - _ .. 1,228.91 52 454.2: 257.5, 3760 66Aj 1117 ---.:1----- ... :..:..:..:.'-+-- .~-... - . 1,265.81 - 1782 ! - 52.51 - 180.3 .... i·" .-- ··· .. ·st~- ~~---- - 1,265.8 - - ( I ~I ::::¡ '" . ~ I "1 Project #10: Integrated management of production and conservation in new land use systems for Tropical America ( Project Purpose i To ¡dentify strategic principies for innovalivc management of ecologically alld economk.al1y sound production systems. I I i , I i '\ Components of i Quantitative estimates C oncepts and principIes Monitoring and evaluation Enhanced instilutiona I ' I i I - ecologically i i sound i production i syslems i Cllntlu\:! (,.'lllllpOIlt!llI ft!M.:arch (o idclHity 1!ermpIJ\m for ál.:H.I :.oib (hnked [n #1.2, 3. 4). Evaluare dHt' gcrlllpla~m ¡)f ca:-.:-ava, bt':all~. nr.:c, ;¡nd tl,rages for ~ystem" n:scan.:h III sUcs homoloi!üu~ lo tb¡; 11lJblde anu lowÍl.lml agrm:c()syste!llS (linketl W 11 ¡. 2, 3. 4). Evalu~ile potemtaJ . t:omhlll.J!Ml1,~ uf othu crops filJ' mc!uslOll tn sy"tems, (hnkcd to #5. 6.7.8.9). Mea;-.url,: tl!t: eft{!c! nI (()n~-:;rvaH(ln pr~n¡ce~ ¡In unp rrodUC[IOlL of lhe production and conservation tradeoffs 1 l I between a1ternative prototypes Dcvdop wholc: fanu mo{.!t:!s of fanners' allm:arioll 01' rc,sources lo Jítlercnl rmom':lion and ¡,:nl)servati,)Jl alternatívc~, Examine farmer ot'(i~lOn makmg ahnut c()l1~rvation ano production traueoff~. C{HlÚuct lnicHle¡,:onmnK evaluation of altcrnative prolOtypes {Imkr:l.I 10 #5, 6.7. 8. 9). ComJuct ex-antt Jlla!ysls üf adoptahil ity nf impwVt:u systellls (lmkL'lJ lo #17). Value cnvinmmenla! ímpau ot I1!corplwatlllg mrmvatlve t:omhma!iolls í)f spe¡;ies mtn ¡Jifferem protlul:t!on systcl1I\ (lmJ...eu lo #17). for integrated management of production and conservation in ecologically sound systems L Müftlwr alteruat!ve land use., on-far to qUállUfy mputl llUlpUI ratto!>. Evaluart' l(lng~rt'rll1 biophysical tratlcoffs in agrurastnral. ¡,:rop I\ltatiml\, sy\tt'l1lS with (rces, ami native vegetatloll systems (llIlked ,,, #5. 6, 7. 8. 9). EvaJuatc \:ompalihle crop, paMur!!, lree. and animal ctJmbinatinns anu mallagemcnt prat:ticcs wJth farmcr parlicipatiüll (linki:d ",#19). Integrale SOI( Irnpwvcmellt te.:hnnlogl\:s tnto .systems to I regenerJte .anó improVl; tbe l' ... nl! ílUiked \O #12) DJ.:'vdop imegrateJ weeó and of the dynamics of biodiversity and soil and water conservation in improved systems Inventory and :.tudy Iht.' dyl1amu.:~ amJ managemet)( ot nativc vegeta!lOll, Examme [he cl'f..:t:!:I uf !llJllagcmelit rrauice\ on ~n¡l fauna intlucllclI1g :-.nil qua!uy (llIlk~d: [O #tI). Monitor the dlcct 01' ditlercnt lanu us..: systems at rhe fann ami 1 wal..:rsh..:d levt:l, uSlllg soil anú p!ant !Ildicl.ltor~ (lillketl LO #12), ~ fnLft!"ase soíl 'Wah::r \torage capa(;íty anJ lIitHUlI"j¡ sor! antl WJter losse\ I (llIlkeJ tn # 11. lO). - Ass,~\s on-fann !llIpa>.:t 01' lInprov,:J ,. r Examine ¡Ile efkct (JI introuuceu l' ;.rt:de~ lm dt:grJu.:lI fallows. Cllilfil":lcnll: r.:llan~\::-. !JI plan! CílmmUtllly anú hHl¡]lver.suy ¡t" a lUlln¡on of land u .. e ílwked ¡ .. #2 J. 22) capacity to develop, condud, and transfer knowledge of alternative land useS Orgallllt: and í.:O\ln.hnale ycarly at:tropastoral wtirkshor~ wuh the Lowlamb Agrnra~lora! Sy\;tcm:{ Nt'twllrk (Imked i ln #18, 21} r- Supt:rví:.e gratluale ano undergraduate Ih6CS. PnHn~1tc anJ parrlclpaie in ~pc¡':laj¡z.:J traming I.:ourscs. Pub!¡\J¡ r..:~ults lit rCfL"H.:t' .Inurnal ... antl ot!J¡;r puhllcatlO!1\. Or"allllL" \'t:arl " w()rkshop~ wrth tite Centra! American HJlhiJe.\ (\mStlrtlum ami rONDESAN 1(¡r the Anut;:an hilba.le., (!mketl !tI #18, 20) I Project #11: Biophysical Processes Affecting Soil Quality and Environmental Impact in Agropastoral and Sequential Crop Production Systems Objective: To improve soil quality and reduce deleterious envíronmental impacts of agriculture through a mechanistic understanding of soil-plant processes in tropical hillside and lowland agroecosystems. Outputs: Agropastoral and crop rotation systems that increase productivity while preserving natural resources; increased soil quality in tenns of nutrient retention. cycling capacity, aOO structure and reduced soU erosion; improved models of integrated soil-plant systems for medium- and fong-tenn assessment of changes in soil quality and productive capacity; and indicators of changes in soíl quality. Gains: Soil chemical, physieal, aOO biological processes that affeet the efficiency of nutrient cycling and inputs, ¡he conservation of soil organíc malter, and the maintenance or improvement of soil structure will be quantified. Soil quality iOOicators will be identified and verified in on-farrn experíments. Progress in the development of crop and soif-plan! models based on quantified processes will pennit !he extrapolation of results in ¡he development of altemative prototype systems !hat improve nutrient-use efficiency. Duration: 5-10 years 1997 Indicators of soil quality (chemical and physical) available. 1998 Indicators of soíl quality (biological) available. 1999 Methods transferred lO NARS. 2000 Nutrient (P, N) cycling models used as inputs to fonnulate more sustainable land use systems; ímproved methods avaílable for managing soil fauna; techniques available for mauaging plan! residues effectively. 2001 Indicators of off-site impacts available. Users: Princípally crop and Iívestock producers in acid soil environments of Latín America. This work is also relevant to fanners in tropical agroecosystems of Africa and Asia (savannas, hillsides and fores! margins) tha! are characterized by infertiJe acid soil5. Collaborators: Field research-CORPOlCA (Colombia), EMBRAPA (Brazil), IFOC, Cornell and Ohio State Universities (USA), University of Complutense (Spain). ORSTOM. Modelling-IFDC and Comell University (USA). CG system linkages: Program 6 (60%), Program 2 (20%), Program 12 (10%). Program 3 (5%), Program 9 (5%). 54 WORKING BUDGET 1996 ~. Estimate.. M¡xid puten/Ji;! IInpa;,;t ¡ji m,Hkth UIl :¡Jtlpoul1 pi proll1ljp\' :.:\tern~ ¡j1!1j..,~,j {;) liS. 7, 9, lOi Devdop and pllbihb n:h:rel1":¡; ,mu tr;l!ll!n~ l\l-'l(efj,¡h. OIV.;.;t1l1ndle !hrllugh PROD1\R ¡¡!Id o(her ¡~~h)¡)al JntÍ 1(l~llwrl!)I1;(: ¡¡r!!tlli¡IJIIOll\ opportunities, production and processing technology, and environmental conservation. ( Expert systems for designing ~ ( ; integrated. smalJ-scalc production, l proccssing. and marketing enterprises ~ Fnm. !o;.:al staKl!hokkn. commiUct\ 1Il scject~¡J plln! reg I{)U\ (/lIIkeJ to #19). Chatac(enn cKlsf:nV pro¡JUl.,:flOtl, rm.;es~wg, and markellng ~}"I~m\ Develnp ;If adUJ1l fcdllllt:.al ami I mauI¡ng \ele;,;rt:d. Ioenttty p¡¡nneJ llNltll(¡Olh anu prepaf~ pnlJec\:) fur dt'velopmeul \)f adaptAtlon of ~ele;;(\!d t":<..'hnology. ObtaUl runtÍlIlg and exe..:u!t' te.::hnnJngy (k\ehlpmem pm¡ed\ m ;,;oJ]ahüralwt1 lA lth rur.lI Oe\dl)plilltllt agem,;te:-. 111 laf!!t:! agrnccol\l~¡e~ Puhj¡~h MIli JI\~\'n;fIl,ll"" U':"I¡l!1 Jml \)jX'f:.1\1:" 01 l . "ucct:\sfu! suppon !ü rural entcrpmc pmjecis ,L- IH~II!UIt: mechanls!}) fOf (Omllllm¡¡;Jlllln Oétween emerprl~e. develllpm .... nr projet:t anO rural ctJm!mjJ)ll~ iI1 ~elc::!eJ ~[(c;, Olllked te 1110, 2m ~ Cféalc or 'ltn:.ngl!1¡;>ll SUppoft ),crYII.: .... ~. ll:cluOIJi~' I I I I '" A~~elllbly ,1!1J ba,,!!'; p!-lstt .. fvest haudJJJ1!,- Illtm-.rru.;tun.: * ~1arke! :lnJ prke IliI()nn¡;!Il:n accountmg cxpcrtl\C 1 ,¡. T .. ':.:Illl\)!t)¿!.;.:,¡] l 1:¡lnr;n¡;IPtl. eH': t'repMe 1- h!\)(j tl;!chnol!.)gl.,,(~ and agrJcuh:ura! é<:<)noml~!'" and ellglllt:t:f\ l'ruv¡¡l,,; !nlh'\\-up ~uflPun In spe-.:i1¡¡.: prO)éCI', al mU!\lpk .,He, E':L'1ll1 apphi..alJon n; melh,t\.h throu¿!.h PRülJAR ;;'J)ú nrllef mterr:'':1lIol1a! \'t¡;anVil¡IOI1\ Project #13: Conservation of Genetic Resources of Beans, Cassava, and Tropical Forages for Sustainable Agriculture in Latin America, Africa, and Asia Objectives: To meel internalional standards in Ihe conservatíon of genetíc resources Iha! will satísfy the present and future needs of plant breeders and other germplasm users and to train national scientists in the conservatíon of planl genetíc resources. Outputs: Germplasm collections, managed according to FAO/IPGRI slandards and safely duplicated and restored; characterization and evaluation of the germplasm for agronomic traits; core colleelions foc efficient screening; and related sources of diversity identified. Gains: Farmers throughout the tropics and subtropics will be using dozens of germplasm accessions. as such oc after improvement. Sources of disease and pest resístance will be idemified for germplasm enhancement and plant breeding. This will make production systems more sustainable by eontributing to the eonservation of agrobiodiversit) and by reducing farmers' dependence on expensive and potentially harmful inputs. Duration: 7 years 1997 1998 2001 2003 Fully eomputerized system available for monitoring conservation, characterization, and dístribution; protocols for multíplication of clean seed and facilities for eonservation and eharacterization available. Improved in vitro technologies developed for vegetatively propagated germplasm; safety duplication and restoration initiated. Procedures dcveloped for conservation of wild species, based cm studies of seed biology and physíology; safety duplication and restoration continues. Technologies developed for cfYopreservation; safety duplication and restoration completed; upgrading of gene bank completed. Usen: Plant breeding programs throughout the tropies and subtropics, extension services. and farmers assocíations. This work wiII also benefit universities in research and teaching. Collaborators: Research-CORPOICA (Colombia), EMBRAPA (Brazil), INIFAP (Mexico). INIA (Pecu), Colombian NGOs, USDA, IPGRI. Distribution. safet)' duplícation. and reslOration-CORPOICA (Colombia), EMBRAPA (Brazil), INIFAP (Mexico). INIA (Pecu), INIA (Ecuador), CIP, CIMMYT, CATIE, IPGRI. CG system linkages: Program 7 (80%), Program 1 (10%), Program 8 (5%), Program 9 (5%). 60 Project #13: Conservation 01 Genelic Resources Senior Slaff Other Personnel Operatlons Research Services Cenlral Serviees Total FinaRclng Plan Unrestricted Core Restríeled Core RF . Genetic Translormalion 01 Rice Non-agenda financing AGCD - Blchem.eal Basle Bean .. Total __ W..orkinj! El,udget1.9!6 _ f------ Estimated 19_9r._~ .. CGIAR Special CGIAR: Special Research ProJects Research. Projects Agenda I Agenda I r· 1996U§iooo--- f-----·-~97uS$OOO - -- .. - i----~--·:· .- f------.. ----- - - .- 296.3 -- 3052 595.8 187.2 34.4 3699 1,483.6 I .---- I 1,459.6 24.0 1.483.6 61 - 74.9 - - .... 74.9 ---- -- - - 74.9 -- --- 74.9 613.7 1928 35.4 , 3810 , _.- .. _ .. , 1,528.1 I I ---_._+ . --_. , 1,S03.4 i 247 - , -- 1,528.1 I I .~~-._-~~._--- Project #13: Conservation and Study of Genetic Resources of Beans, Cassava, and Tropical Forages for Sustainable Agriculture in Latin America, Africa, and Asia Project Purpose To meet internationa) standards in the conservation el' generic resources that will satlsfy the present and futurc nccds of plan! brecdcrs and other germplasm uscrs and !O train national sciemists in the conservation of plant genetic resources. Techniques for germplasm conservadon Develap improved discasc diagnostit procedures for safc germplasm introduetion, multiplication, and distributiün. ldentify opttnlUm condiuons for main!enanee of germplasm viability lhrough research on physiological and c10nal propagation. Develop effeelive procedures for: * Cryoconservation of meristcms and secds * in vitro conscrvalion of Manihol and ¡ nonseeding grasses and legumes [ '. Dcvdop and implemcm cffidem computer ~ ha~ed system for ;!t:fmpia:-.m manap;ClIlcm. IHlpklllt'llt c.ttatq!ir,,/¡echniquc'\ for .1 .... \t·V>lIl~ ~l'1It'lfv t"llVl'¡;!Ft', 1'\;llln¡!1~' targeted coHechon, and moniroring gellt!llc drift and contamimuion of consérved germplasm. Safely , conserved J germplasm Conserve plan!. rhizobia. and mycorrhizal germplasm under long-term conditl0ns. Regenerale and multiply germplasm. Duplicale mandate collections [or safet)' . Link ex situ conservalion witll de\'eioprnl'nt dI' "n :Ih>gic, fUf in ~itu conservation. ~.- ~_._ .. ~~~. Germplasm characterization Characterize conserved accessions for morphoagronomical traits and collaborale in cvalualion for specifie lfails. ~.. Characlerize I conserved accessions at the bioehemical and molecular levels lo idemify dupl ieales and detcrmlm: slabilüy Dtvelnp well- ddillí,:d cnn: t:uIlCctIOl1S, Information and germplasm available to partners Compile characterization and evaluation dala in databases. Provide documentation thrúugh publications and lhe SINGER ne!work. Dislribule germplaom and restore nationaJ collections. Training, capacity building, and public awareness L Train CIA T and NARS i slaff in gene bank l · management and germplasm conservalion I (ltnked lO #18). r Network wi!h o!her g~netíc reSOufces centers and conservation agencies in the ecoregion and beyond (Iinked lO # 18). L Develop public awarene,s produc!s with IPGRI, NARS, NGOs. and media companies (Iinked lO #18). .._-~-----_._- .. __ .. -_._-~ .-"--~-._.-.--,,._. Project #14: Understanding Genetic Diversity for Improved Conservation and Use of Genetic Resources Objective: To hetter understand the genetic and spatial relationshíps hetween genetic resources and their habítats, wíth a view to ímproving the conservatíon of genetic resources and promoting their use for sustainahle agricultural deve!opment. Outputs: Knowledge of the relationships among plant genetic resources (Phaseolus, Manihot, Brachiaria, Stylosanthus, Arachis, etc.) and their habítats for application to the conservation and utilizatíon of germplasm in agricultura! development. Gains: Techniques for assessing genetic diversity will be adapted for target species and for the available infrastructure. Ecological, geographical, genomic, and agronomic descriptive data wiIJ be integrated. The occurrence of useful gene tic diversity will be predicted and explored. A better understanding of gene pool structures will be achieved at the intra- and inter-specific and generic levels. Information and methodo!ogies will be shared with partners. Duration: 5 years 1997 1998 2000 2001 Biotech and GIS techniques available for assessing genetic diversity. Molecular Iinkage maps and DNA-based markers available for assessing diversity; core collections developed for target species, Agroecological, genomic, and sociological infortttation integrated and mapped for CIAT mandate crops as models for other species; training and other capacity-building activities organized for N ARS, Information available on plant genetic diversity at the inter- and intraspecific and generic levels; linkage made between ex situ collections and in situ diversity and the relation established between this and the conservation and use of genetic resoueces, Users: This work will better enable germplasm custodians and plant breeders to develop rational strategies for conserving, monitoring, and using genetic resources. Institutions located in the centers of diversity of target species (primarily in Latín America) will be gain most from the knowledge generated by this work, but programs in Asia and Africa will a150 profit from more readily available genes and gene complexe5 and from information about their potential uses. Collaborators: Fundamental research-CORPOICA (Colombia), EMBRAPA (Brazil), ORSTOM, CSIRO, University of Hohenheim (Germany), Purdue and Cornell Universities (USA), CIMMYT, IRRI, IPGRI, CIP, lmplementation and testing-CORPOICA, Instituto von Humboldt and Universidad de los Andes (Colombia), EMBRAPA (Brazil), INIFAP (Mexico), UNA/La Molina (Peru) CG system linkages: Program 7 (75%), Program 1 (15%), Program 8 (5%), Program 9 (5%). 63 . . vv0rJ¡iIl9 .B~d[e!.199~ Estlmated 1997 .. "- ~-~--"- ¡ Project 1114: CGIAR Special CGIAR Special Research Projects Research Projects Understandlng Genetlc Dlverslty Agenda Agenda 1996 US$OOO 1997 US$OOO . Semor Slaft 276.7 53.2 287.1 Other Personnel 1703 51.9 175.4 · Operatlons 66.7 98.6 68.7 Research Servlces 47.2 . 48.6 · Central Services 162.9 . 167.8 · --.--"- ~-' . . . . Total 725.8 203.7 747.6 - Financing Plan Unrestncted Core 7258 - 747.6 · Non·agenda financmg RF • Development Cassava Mapping · 93.2 · · AGCD • Development 01 Bean Mappmg · 46.7 · · UNIVIENA· Bioch. and Genetic. · 13.1 · · Italy· Translormation 01 Bean · 33.0 · BMZfGTZ Improving Chilling T olerance : 17.7 . - --- ....... '1 Total 725.8 203.7 747.6 · 64 ---~ --~-~~~ ------- Project #14: Understanding Genetic Diversity for Improved Conservation and Use of Genetic Resources í Project purpose , To better understanding the gcnetic and spatial relationships bClwecn genetic resources and lhelf habitats, wi¡h a view tú improvlng the conservatjon of genetic divl'rsity and promoting its utilization for sUMainable agricultural devclopmenc --=r ( . 1 ( \ [ I Tech?lques fo~ j tIntegrated agroecological, genomic, I ~ Knowledge of g~ne pool - assessmg genetlc d' I . l' f' t' J l structures al the mtra- and - .. an SOCIO oglca m orma Ion c;; dlverslty interspecific and generic levels ~ Adapt molecular ~ Produce maps relating geographlcal, ~ Dcvelap linkages to conservatlon I tcchniqllcs for CIAT : genomic. and agronomic trails of mrget I strategies for CIAT mandate erops I targel species~ í species and associated orgallisms~ I and agroecosystems (linked to #13)~ L Dcvelop easily accessed ,- Use genomc maps of CIAT species L Develop core collections of target spatiaI data sets (GIS)~ I incorporatiog biochemical, molecular. aud I s~ecies (ManihOl~ Phaseolus, Apply screeniog tools i agronom:cdata for :aggmg genes of , Stylosanthes. ArachlS, and :;; based on biochemical ,economlc Importance~ I Brachwrta) (hnked 10 #1.2,4, 13). pathways~ L Predict occurrence of useful genetic f Elucidale phylogeny of target species :;: l~ Build capability for i di~ersity of species (Manihol, Ph~s~olus, I (Manihol: Phaseolus, and I statistical an.lyses of I Sl)los~lIIhes, and Ararhl.\) or specles BrachlarU1)~ I genetic diversity ~ I assoCIallons (hnked to #13)~ ~ Defín~ SI~ueture of intraspecific 1 _ Develop tcchniques tor 1- Predlct potentlal ada~ltal!On range of I va~!ablhIY (Maruho!: Phaseolus, relatmg genetic .nd I genmypes and, specles (Ma/uho/, ~ ~ I Sl>losanthes. Arachu. and I phcnotypic traits to Phaseolus, Sl)losGnrhes, and Arachls) I Brach/(mal. I spatial dala~ I (ltnked to #13)~ r Integrale gcnomie informauon ! Develop mokcular I As~es~ variability of.as~ociatc,d organisms I (~ompar~.tlve ~apping).wilhin . Iinkage mars for CIAT I (mnes, Xamf¡(mlOn(/s~ etc) aeross ~ i Euphorblaccac. Legummos.e, and mandatc crops I cnvlronmcntaI and temporal gradlcnts Jl1 ¡ Grammeae. ~ CIA T agroecosystems L Srudy gene Ilow betwcen wild and L Gencrale and irucgratc Jata Oí! agronomic cu!tivalcd forms. traits and socjoeconomic knowledge IManíhor and Phaseollls) (Iinkcd 10 #1, _._-_., _. - ---- ---~ -,-- '""'~'.'''{-''~'_~'_''~'~' ,_ • ." .... "_ .... """'"_._,..,....,,,~,~ .... "_· •• '.. """"'-TN .. _ .~, •. ,~,...~"""._""_, __ , ___ " __ -, Information available to CIAT's partners Develop user-fnendly interfaces for applylOg teclmiques to geographical databJ'es. Contributc to and make available integrated genome databases by CD Rom and Internet. Train partners in lhe use 01' databases (línked to#J8)~ Exchange informatÍon with partncrs. Project #15: Broadening the Genetic Base of Cultivated Gene Pools Objective: To identify and access exotic or novel genes and gene combinalions 10 broaden the erop genetíc base and contribute to germplasm enhancement. Outputs: Exolic or novel genes and gene combinations identified and accessible ro cultivated gene pools; improved methodologies for genetk transformation; know ledge about mechanisms of genetic variability in plant-stress response; improved melhods for gene transfer; and plant stocks expressing useful genes for germplasm enhancement. Gains: Improved methodologies will be avaílable for exploiting the variability in wíld species and for interspecific and alíen gene transfer 10 enhance gene pools for quality traits and resistance. New knowledge will be developed about points of genetic intervemion for erop improvemenl. Techniques for genetic transformation will be available for modification of quality and resistance characters. Information will be available on variability and stability of plant produets with value for erop improvement. Duration: 5 years 1997 1998 2000 20001 Genes and gene combinalÍons identified for gene pool enhancement; methodologies developed for gene transfer in Phaseolus, cassava, rice, and Srylosanthes. Factor in biotic resistance identified; genetie stoeks available ¡ha! express quality and resistance traits. NARS scienlists tmined. Characterized gene pools and genes available; enhaneed gene pools available for testing and use. Users: This work wíJl add value 10 genetic resources by identifying useful variabilíly and by generating knowledge on selected mechanisms of lolerance to biotic and abíotíc stresses. In addilÍon, linkages between the eonservation of genetic resources and their use for germplasm enhancement will be strengthened through improved aecessibility of genes and gene combinations and improved procedures for broadening the erop genetic base. Collaborators: Fundamental research-EMBRAPA (Brazil), CORPOICA (Colombia), Scripps Researeh Institute al Comell University (USA), Purdue and Ohio Stale Universities (USA), IRRI, CIMMYT, lITA, IPGRI. Testing of genetie stocks-ORSTOM: John lnnes Institu!e (UK), University of Ghent (Belgium); University of Hannover (Germany). CSIRO, INIFAP (Mexico), CORPOICA (Colombia), EMBRAPA (Brazil), U~A¡La Molina (Peru). CG system linkages: Program 1 (60%), Program 7 (30%), Program 8 (5%), Program 9 (5%). 66 Working Budget 1996 Estimated 1997 ~ - ---, ~- ~ PrQj\lct If j§; CGIAR I Special CGIAR I Special Research : Projects Research Projects Broadeníng the Genetic Base Agenda í Agenda I ----1996 US$OOO .. ~-~~- ~ --1997 US$OÓO---- -- ~_.~ -- ._-----_.- ~~ ;---- ---- ~- Senior Staff 277.5 : 78.2 285.8 - i Other Personnel 226.9 i 47.6 233.7 ; - Operations 142.1 57.0 146.4 25.0 Research Services 50.4 - 51.9 - Central Servlces 222.7 - 229.4 - .~ ~i Total 919.6 182.8 947.2 25.0 I Fjnancing Plan I - .-. __ ._. ~ .... ~- - ~ .. ~ .~~ Unrestricted Core 919~6 I - 947.2 : - Non-agenda financing I I IGER - Antjnutritíonal Comp. of Forages - I 250 - 25.0 AGCD - Bíochemical Basís Bean Weevll - I 1578 - - _._~-¡ 1- Total 919.6 182.8 947.2 25.0 67 Project #15: Broadening the Genetic Base of Cultivated Gene Pools Knowledge on exotic and novel genes and gene combinations Identify transgressive gene combinations from wide croS$es within Phaseolus and Oryza, usíng molecular marker technology (linked to /11, 3). Identify and acces, lhe apomixis gene from Brachíaría, using molecular biology techniques, for gene taggmg and cloning (Iinked 10 #4). Devclop and charactenze gtllt:ll~ ,\¡fx:k\ fttr t'nhaw . .-cJ U~l' \)( gCHI.'w,: VtcIU 11 lal~ J.í the lalhJ:-'Ldpt: ~I..ih; \ir 1111 gl dU{b ot :.lJ"'dl~dÚl'! ". 1J1.'IIVe Ie~, amI seminar:-. of CfAT projecls (imkt::J lo #18). Institutiül1alize capadry lO teach lhe ('IAL IHdhodülogy with p inhl devc!opmcm 01' puhhL .J\\'JII.'Ilt"'" !!~Jtt:1 í"h Oinkl'd lo # J 1\, Project #20: Community Management of Watershed Resources in HiIIside Agroecosystems of Latin America Objective: To develop decision-support systems and organizational models for local planning and technological innovation in community-Ied watershed management. Outputs: Procedures lO identify prioriry areas, problems, and benefieiary groups for community management of watershed resources; methodologies for ineorporating stakeholders' values into scenarios for change; guidelines for defining the minimum data needed for decision support; methods to faeilitate eolleetive aetion by multistakeholder community organizations; models for using decision-support systems in particípatory planning; a set of interactive decision-support tools. Dura!ion: 5 years 1997 1998 2000 Watershed-scale prototype interactive computer applications tested at a pilot sire with stakeholder organizations; regional databases available to NARS collaborators. Prototype applications add multiple-scale mechanisms; models incorporate indigenous knowledge and market effects on adoption. Minimum data needji and process versus knowledge-based models assessed; prototype computer applications replicated and distributed to NARS. Gains: In project srudy sites, tbere will be increased commullÍty action to sustain the productivity of the resource base. Communities will be better able to develop projects for funding. Farmers and communities will inerease testing of innovatíve, value-adding activities. Socioeconomic and biophysícal indicators of sustainability will show positive gains. Personnel will be trained in conflict resolution. Extrapolation and targetíng of project research results will be improved through querying of publicly available databases and GIS. Users: The prímary beneficiaries are resource-poor farm famílies and communities in the Andean and Central American billsides. Secondary beneficiaries are off-sí te stakeholders. Tertiary beneficiaríes are national and intemational development organizations interested in prioríty setting. Collaborators: Model development-University of Florida (USA), Universily of Wageningen (Netherlands), IFPRI. Database development-University of Beme (Switzerland). Croppíng system data-CIMMYT. Land cover and Iand use change-CIP, lICA. Water management research-I1MI. Dissemination of results-PROCIANDlNO. Field level srudies-CIPASLA (Colombia), Híllsides Consortium in Central America, CONDESAN. Participatory research-CIA T' s Farmer Particípation Projeet, CIPASLA (Colombia); NGOs in Colombia, Honduras, and Nicaragua. CG system linkages: Program 6 (60%). Program 8 (20%), Program 11 (20%). 81 Worldng Budget 1996 Estímated 1997 - r- Project # 20; CGIAR Special CGIAR Special Commumty Management 01 Watershed Research ProJects Research Projects Resaurees Agenda A[enda _ . 1996 US$OOO 1997 US$OOO -. -- - . - Semor Slaft 424 O 44.0 436.8 - -Other Personnel 108 O , - 1112 - Operalions 491.0 4.0 505.7 Research Serviee. 21.1 - 21.7 - Cenlral Serviees 51.1 - 52.7 , - - -- - - Total 1,095.2 48.0 1,128.1 - Financing Plan Unrestncted Core 560.2 - 577.0 - Restricted Core SDC - Improving Agricultural Suslainab 233 O - 240.0 - IDB - Ecoregional Activities 3020 - 311.1 - Non-agenda finaneing DANIDA - Postdocloral Fellow - 48.0 - - -- - - --- ~--~. - -- Total 1.095.2 48.0 1,128.1 - 82 Project #20: Community Management of Watershed Resources in HiIIside Agroecosystems l Project Purpose To devclop decís ion· support systems and organizationaI models for loeal planJling and technological Improved IlIrgeling and extrapolation of conservalion technologies C0l150Ji¡Jate data into ust!r~friendly hiophy'ilCal ano SO-.:illCC()I)omic Jataba\c:. wuh NARS {linked lo #22}, CR!velnp a ~{ep-wise pnlCeduft! for mcreasmg the prt'Clsloll and resolurion 01' spatlal uat¡L Charactenze key mdll'ator\ for hllblde watersheds al plUL farm. ¡;at¡;hmenL and watersht!d ~cales. Defmc cause~eftect méchanjsm~ ot Jano U~ changt' al plot. farm. catch111e:flL and watcrshed sc"des, Défme and characterilé pnverty levds (ji hefli .. 'ficiary amI stakcholdcr gmup~ in databa.;cs. Ellt~r rrohk:m Jiagno~¡s and goal scUing hy ditfo:reH( stakeholoer groups III úataha"c~. Dcslgn prw.:eJun: ... u:-mg J.a(aha:-.~s hl "knt¡fy prJ\JJ 11)' area.\, pmbkllls. ami helléflclary group'" fnr mtervcntion lJl water\hed mana~e!llCJl(. innovation in community-Ied watershed managemenL I 1 Interaetive decision-support systems tesled with watershed stakeholder groups l Link wíth stakenolúcr-based, ! watéfsheti groups as a fúrum tür evaluatlng pnl[¡)[ype deci"lion-support f syslcms. Conducl pamclpatory land use planrllng and technology tésting al a l landscape scaie with communities (Iinked tu #19). ldentity lrnilgenous envirQnmentaJ l indicators aud cahbrate with scientific sustamabtltty indicators (linked lo #12). Dcvelop held tools for local l monitoring nf ¡noícator~ hy difkrenl ¡meresl groups. Im;orporaté indigenous indicatnr'i ¡tito , km)wlt'¡Jge~oa~cd de':lsion-supp¡)rt syM.ems. and cahhrate: with GIS I analy,i,. l COIlOUe! work,l¡op' !O te,t ano retine oed.\io!l ::,upport in lu"':JI fllanlllllg. 1 A flexible Sel or interact!ve decision-support tools t Mudel potentíal impact of ncw lcchnnlogy (Iinked to #1 1). Construct mulüobjectíve ¡ hioéconomic mudels. Dcvdop knowletlge-ha:.,cd models. Value effeCIs of ddorestaUofl on ::.edimemaüün ami agrm.:hcmiJ.:al pollulion from diffen:!ll land usc~. Evaluate imeractivc development of scenarin~ with :"lakeholders. ConJuct .:ostíbenefít analy)ols 01 Jct!sion.support moJel:; (lmked lo #17), Ddlne minimum data no:tds and costs rol' modeling np¡ions. Compaft' result~ ffOm process .. [ ' models. bullt WHh hard daca ;md ffOm knowledge"has\.'d l1lüdeb hudl with :-'UbJCCI1Vi.! wClghh or , .. k>t;I~IOJl ruks. Derívt! M.:¡;tl,.Hln~ 1'\11 ¡Jillt:r!.'U[ technülogtt:s ano I.mu u~e ~y~I.Cllb 1 An inslilulional capadty lo use decision-support systems for communily management oC watershed resources Develop (irganiuttllnal prilldpks ano procedurc~ rOl" watersheu user assoClatinns and institutional consortia. Cnnduct acuon rescarch w I(h user participation on orgamzati.mal development. Monitor and évaluatt' lo¡;al plaruling with deCJSiOn support sCt:narins. Proct:ss re~ults into (omputer-assi~ted tramlOg f malcrials. Di~~emlna{¡;: mfllnllatHl1l [O l'ARS. , Lmk tu resean:h networks (e.g" ICASA .md cnmmodlly anO NRM networks) Project #21: Socioeconomic and Ecological Causes and Consequences of Land Use Change in the Latin American Savannas and Forest Margins Objectíve: To analyze ¡he socioeconomic and ecological consequences of land use change and derive technological and polícy prioritíes through field research and GIS analysis. Outputs: Characterízation of changing land use patteros and causal factors and of plant community changes relative to land use; economic evaluation of biodiversity 10s$; quamification of trade-offs between land users' objectives and environmental protectíon; and profiles of required technological and policy interventions. Gains: Diagnostíc fíe Id studies and GIS analysis will give a demand-driven orientar ion 10 technology developmem. Teehnology adoption will inerease. Poliey makers and the world eommunity will have quantitative evaluations of ¡he trade-offs between production and environment. Duration: S years 1997 1998 2000 Georeferenced socioeconomic and biophysical databases developed; dynamies of plant communities understood with reference to past and present land use. Adoption studies completed; valuation of sorne exteroalities completed. Scenarios of development paths developed for savannas and forest margins and tradeoffs defined between equity, conservation, and agricultural production. Users: Researchers in the biological sdences, policy makers, and NGOs will obtain field- based feedback on technological and polícy needs. Farmers in unfavorable environmems will obtain rechnologies more suited to their conditions. The urban poor will get cheaper food, and in the long run socíety al large will benefit from reduced global warming and biodiversity losses. Partners: Field research-EMBRAPA (Brazil), CORPOICA (Colombia). GIS-Universidad de los Andes (Colombia), University of Uberlandia (Brazil), Wageningen (Netherlands), University of Maryland (USA). Scenarios-IFPRI. ICRAF, Wageningen, Universidad de los Andes. CG system linkages: Program 6 (70%), Program 8 (20%), Program 7 (10%). 84 Worlbbeat' Bean PrOOUCII\i'tr lO $ub-Saharan Alnca Il"Itegtaled Casslihla erop Managem$nl Integtaled R'ce Cróp Managemel'lt Ullhzal~ 01 Trop¡,:al Grassas and legumes New Land S)'stflms toe Tropical Am$flCS 5011 a",aHy tlnd Eovlfomnenial Jmpact Rural Agroenterpnses COflser~at>M of GenellC ReSO<.lrces UndefstatldlnQ G9f161ir. Ow&r$'ty 6w10 j'\'\ .N.M ~. Total . i ....... , I 8 • -----J 12 118.5 1776 SO. 997 36\3 ns 827 1266 900 344 284 1365 1S ~ - - . i' 1,387.21 .! '1 .! ',185.3! • - . ) 592.0· I 1018.1 '1 '"".7 · ¡ 1,807.5 · i 1,085.3 · '! 735.1 82&.6 '1 I 1,m.8 i "'.3 I 344 .• 1 528.1 '1 '741.6 , 947.2 I 567,3 431.0 ! " .... 0 I 262,1 826.1 1 400,' 828.5 . I 9OO~1 l'! ! 90 •. 0 .! 1 000 o 1 1,OOO.Q ~ • 000 o $OO.Q 1--'.'07 ~~ _ . '_....J. _,.151'1 ~ _,,~;j ,,25.:1.'!)OO0 '~31,"5!i I . 2230 Z . __ . -- 769.1) .. -- ! 5000 I 300,0 ! 7000 1,500.0 i I Table 1b: 1997 Center Non-Agenda Projects (in thousands of US dollars). , 1"1 I Non-Agenda Projects I Expendlture _.~~._~~ __ ~~_.~~.~~._~~ __ ~--L..::~ lowlanó nce gIW"',e pool:; SUeng:henmg collabo' al",e beso H:ssarch 576 '08 347 Farme¡ partlcipalOly re$$arc", lar SOl! 'rnpwvamenl, Alnca '84 Sed degradat'ofl al'Kl efOP p'oduchvlty research 226 200 and trUf'sier - rhase UJ 224 304 30 6D 82 " Agncullural reS:1urce 8i/;sessmenl .n the AN;les 33 35 371 01' 21$ Non.Agenda totals of which, j overhead I Noto I c~~vo.nent r-~ Wtty proJ~'rWtP-artOiU;;C;;;;;;::; re$·ot.irct1 ~~a ------¡ , Adé 9 Training 10 Documenta:!on PublicaÍlons, lnformatlon Disseminatíon 11 OrgarlzaMn & Management Counselhng 12 Ner.vorKs Actual 1995 I , 7.530 1 Estimate 1996 7.450.3 ~ ---- --, -~ Changes over- .~ Propasal, 1996 estímate : 1997 i (~$'OOO)-'-'" %-¡ - ---: - ---+---- _.- "1 , 7,1078 , (343)\ 5.964. 3,771.2 3,560.1 (211)[ 1.954 ' 8954 845.2 (50). (56)¡ ~,- .-~~_L_ I 15,448_12.1.16~ .. .!1,51.3.·1_~ ...@03~ .. _!5-Q) ~. '6, l:¡;¡t}..7'O~:,,-- 5,~2.2 ~J7 42)~ _JH .f~ I·_~· -' , __ . -- .. .:.... ... --.-l-... -- -' . __ .J f--......1,450 1. ~,165.1 .:-3,973:0T .. .119~~~6!J t_~230.: ~ .... 985:~ +--:8~G-:':-(i.4TI¡.~-(14:~ . I i 1,072 ' 2,717.7 . 2,5242 (194)' (7 1)! 1.965 , 805.6 769 O (37) (4.5)1 810 O 572 6 (237) (293): : .611 20653 1.9509 (114)' (55)1 , _.-- ----- ,------ ----- ------ --------¡--- ----- --,-_ .. _ .. ' Tolal Slrengtheníng NARS_4,648.~._..ti,398.6. _.~,816.:1_._J581~)+-_~:!lj __ .. _. _ .. ___ __L ____ ~ _____ .~ _____ . __ ~ ___ ~_~ . .....; Total Center Programs ._. __ .. ________ . 29,890 i 30,370.2 I 28,109.5 (2,261), (7.4)\ 15 Tropicallatin Amenca Program 16 Altematives to Slash and Burn 18 SOd, Water and Nutnent Management _._~Part¡cípatory Research ____ ~ ______ ~ __ _ Total Systemwide Programs Total Al! Center Activity --_.-- 300 I , 54.8 I 200.0 i - I 7750, 300 I 1,029.8 . L ! _.-- --"-30~~0 I 31,400 i 1,255.5 1.201 2,191.1 (200)' (100.0)1 1.0000 225, 29.0 900.0 gOOL . , 3,155,5 2,126 ! 206,4, , -----------1 31.265 (135): (0,4)1 Table 3: Center Project Expendilures, by Program and Region, 1995·1997 (in thousands of US dollars). PhaseohJs Owenuj< Pllaseoh,.l$ C~e\lC SlrtJcl'Jre Sustalmng Oean P'oOlICtlVlty ¡(¡ La\m i\!'oenca arn1lhe Carmbean Sus{airung Bean Ptoducbvíty Sub- Sahara AfñCill Coorr!ination Conservation anó diaractenzation of Mamhot OewlIng Pesirnble Characrelisllcs of Cassava Genn Dev. fl)( lhe Semiand Tl'QptCS Genn Dev. fot file subhumíd tropics GIWn Dev. forthe Humld troplCS Gerro Dev. for Ihe High!ands Germ Dev. 10( the SublroplOl !n!egfalfJC Pes! aM QIS{M5e Managemeft! Inlegrated CaSS(t\fl'i elo¡;) MartagelYief1l Cassava Product Processmg, and Mart::el ~"e¡opmenl Research Planfl1:J9. !nforrnatloo Exch. and Netlwl1\lfVJ lmproved Lowland Rice Gene Pools Informallon am1 T echnológy Sharir.g Improved Uplaná Rice Gene POOs Durable Blast Relilstance Rice TralÍl!l lo Eflhaoce Weed Control Diversltled Tagosooesll-j()ja Blanca Resístance llítegrated Rice Crup Management Enhanee CultlllruS "'Itn Anlhracnose Reslslance F orage Eeolypes Wlth Htgh Feed Quallty Adaphve Attnb..:les 01 Fora¡;¡f!s to Aod 50,:s rorago CS 163 316 646 ", 1: ¡ 91 , $40 i 71'1 256 42. 360 413 45, 312 lOO 127 99 487 , 42:1 i 289 ~ 244 ' 270 I 220 : 796 "' 253 121 '" 720 202 293 206 221l 13' 162 :¡ 20 í ~;I 311 ~ .,.1 105 : 924 i 459 ! 26 i 373 i 410 : 175, 269 ! 816 ! 7 2 1 2 2 2 12 1 " 1 2 2 1 3 7 3 2 3 " 6 6 6 • 6 6 6 6 6 6 • • 6 1 2 2 2 2 7 6 6 • 6 • 12 , , ! • í , • ! í · i • I , ./ Table 3: Center Project Expendltures, by Program and Reglon, 1995·1997 (In thousands of Usdollars). Informa1lon and dOClJmefltallOP Pubhcattons 8usm€ss Dewelopme!'\! Bean Y leld Stabdity CilS$. 1.4331 , -_ .... _---_ ..... ~'m.'_ ¡ ~Tm CGIAR CGIARI AmoLl"! program! AmOLlnl: program! 1,346.8 1·2 i -i 1,387,2 1-' 1.150.8 1-9-12 1,165.3 1-9-12 514.8 1-9-12 592.0 1~9-12 989.0 1-2-3-9-12 1,018.1 1·2·3,.9..12 645.3 1-2-6-12: 664.1 1-2-6-12 1.754.9 1~2..a..g,.W 1,807.5 1.2-6-9-12 I 1,053.7 , .... 1,065.3 2-6-' 713.7 1.G.9.12 135.1 1-&-9-12 802,7 2·3-6-9-12 ""'.8 2-3-6-9.12 ! 1,228.9 ! 2-3-6-12 1265 e 2-$-6-12 1,0566 2·3*9--12 897,3 2·3-&-9·12 S3·tO 2-&9.12 ! 344,0 2.6-9-12 I 1,4836 '·7·6-9 1,526,1 1-7-8-9 725.8 1·7·8-9 741,6 1-7-8·9 i 919l$ 1-1·tt-9 947.2 1-7-&-9 550.8 i 2.3.7..9-12 567.3 : 2·:)...7·9-12 418.4 : 7 431,0 I 7 1.324.2 9-1(}..12 1,3650 : g...10-12 ...... 9-11 ! 262.1 9-" 1,0952 6-8-11 ""'.1 &.8-11 389.2 6-1-8 I 400,9 6-7·8 972.3 ... 628.5 ... 200.0 1. - 1. 775 U " ! UlíJ(lO le ! 340 15 900.0 _ 15 I 900.0 10,412.1 8,751,4 i ! 31,400 31,265 I J.U!l!ll1 l> i1.W!1l l> , 3,658 , 11.80 3.82G 12.20 ¡ .'-80 ! 22,168 ; 74.40 22,443 : 70.80 21,481 6S.70 6,19& ! 2080 I 5,060 15_40 5,450 : 1150 - 23. 0.10 505 100 Latm Amerita and Caribbean (LAC) .__ _ ~:·tS::::d'::h:;: (WAN~ .. ______ ,__ -+ ___ -,~. ... ~ __ i::I_~ ... _+-.. ~314 31,265 1 Non-Agenda !,rolee!. Develop IPM Systems for Small Sean F3/"i'nern, H1 Andea'l Ré9;Qfl Sean Improvemeflt In Matawt Sean In Eastern Afrlca tmpro\lt!tTIeflt of Sean Prodl.lction In Itle Central Amenea and Carttlbean Reglon . Phase U! Bean Research NetwOl1c: tos-!he An4ean Zone of South America (PROFRIZA) Compafison of Altemative Selectlon Methods for Improvemeot Compebtion and Sorvlval . Oenetlcs and Biocnerrustty of Sean Seed Protelo ,. ImpfOlled Efficiency Ph8$e0/u5 Vulgan"s SeeusofHope Eftec! of Phosphoto..lS AV81tabhly ón!he Eff¡cency Bean Easl Ajnca PrQg:-am Bean chilhng lrTl'fO'ffllllen! Fanner partlClpa1.ory research to ¡mprove SOl!S Capllat. Atrica I 59 ". 334 10 81 1 ~ I 246 4 37 ,. , l' i I . I 831 308 304 .,8 518 14 15 2. 4 51 108 2.' 2. 54 ,. 56 -¡ Table 3: Center Project Expenditures, by Program and Region, 1995-1997 (in thousands of US dollars). r-~!1995 -----l~ É~~ 1.996: Proposal1997 J r-- I CGIAR , CGIAR I I CGIAR ' -C¡¡;sava.bjOlech~~jogyn;b.von: _ .. - ~-____ ---f'm":: '_m: 'm-: I '~""'c '-:: I-~ I 1 ' , Centro! of cas:t.ava pes! CYflomenus bergl I 62 31 I - Developmet\t uf cassava mo'-ecular map 76 89 ' • lmprovI1)9 smaJl"scnle :::assava, sl1.ltd'\ e¡;!raclion 'Z3 f;7 ! Developffi(!lt of cassav:J ger!"lplasm for dner t'v¡:m::s 26 : Pru:ké:l'Ofl rrlzrkehlg 111 :::aSS3\B Invest,g::l:!r:lrl uf metabohi0S Implerren!aflol) P¡eld lus:mg uf ¡mprovea caS$ava flOllf pfmlucllOfl nrocess lecllnolog,es So,' (H~g/a;;l{lj¡('l'l ano crop produc1wlty reseOfch In Andean hllls;óe farmlng Módemtzahon and stfetlglhen¡r'1'J of trie cassava 8SfO¡¡){]tlStry m !he Atlanhc Coastot Colombm !mprov¡r¡g agncu!lural susll"'lablJ¡1Y Reg¡QfHi' cooperatmn In agncul!uro Add ~g valuc to ploducts. Geneuc clver!!lly o! c8ssa ... a ~aS$8"a ul'¡,.:ahon Cilpl\a' Ac1I\¡-¡hes Clr~AD SA1~. )Tip'o'lie low!aoó "ce gene pools :nte¡;ffltmg nee lf7lptOveme;l! \l,iI:¡; (¡ agropastOfSl sys:erns Sihcon 'el'1lhI4\!Ofl ilIn .alterr.¡.llve lo fung,cu1es tor ó,¡wase rnanagemenl An!her cu!h.!re Iramlno for lalin America INGER nee eva~"Ja!Ujr'l Up:and rice gene pools Oeve,~pmenl of SlylDsanmes CUUlV3rs ~eºume selectw;1y by grall!19 a:umals G x e l'l:emction DesmodlliT! oval!follum R::Hi! ;;1 et.dcpl1y:es ellO! cCIi&,cpm"wl lor Cl--Jl pMp.:se ca'lIe ,c'reSer"ah)¡' 01 ",lld specws A~Jch:S In Souir. Ame!c1l ,'·.Hlinulnl,onals (:o-npOrlenb 01 :w;Jlca' (orageS 3011s .r-::hA'I!O.- ,n suSlamahle agfO;Jastom! systef11 s E'fect of IrlPluved ptlSloral syMem on P dyr-amlC$ Traor«1Q prújed In research anó I I Asia 216, 458 : 193 4,40, latm AmI!Mica and Carlbbe:an (LAC) 3,68U I 74 SO i 2745 6240 \ Sub-SaharanAfriea (SSA) 1,019 207G ' 1,462 3320 < I ~-_.-~~ .. _--~. Note These atft approved pro¡ects only; CIA':' expecls lha! 10 the course of 1996;1997 an additooal amoum 01 sorne US$400J)OO in non-agl!f'lda proJeás wiU be idenlffie4 331 403 3,500 It:ml lO I I 19' 570 I 2.283 65.20 lma 2910 I , , Table 48. Research Agenda Operating Requirements. by Cost Center, 1995-1997 (in thousands o, US dollars). r~:ctual~¡' Est=t~l ~u~:~T~~;;::~~;] --:r. _1,--,9 9 5 ,1 9 9 6t reques~$'llOO __ ~I , I Beans 4.851 I 4,039! 3,987 (52) (13)' Cassava 3,418 , 2,814 , 2,765 (49) (23)1 Riee 2,010 I 1,606 1,585 (21) 1: 0)1 Trop,cal Forages 2,846,' 2,508 : 2,476 ' (32) l' O) HiIIsides U04 1,328 i 1,311 I (17) (1 O) Operatlons Researeh Tropical Lowlands 2,0821 1,620 ( 1,600 I (20) (1,0) Biotechnology 714 ' 822 i 812 , (10) (10) Vlrology 5791 645 : 637 I (9) (1 O) Genetic Resources 924 ' 1,076' 1,062 ' (14) (10) Lanó Management 1,268 1,3531' 1,336 (17), (10) ImpactAs.es5ment 175 502, 495 (71( (10) farmer Participatory 67 : 62 (51' (8 O) Enterpríse Development • 259 , 247 (121' (5,0) Str.tegic Research Initiativ.. 45 200 I 2~~ 1 6 l' 3.0 ( ~ TO:~;:::r:~O~,~=_=-=~:::====t-20.:~-t~~~~~~it_j~5:) '=-(13:~ Research Support .: i Research somees 176 407 ( 386' (21;, 'S,O) Field oporatlons 802 759 ~ 720 I (39)1 ,5 O) Inlonmation management 2,255. 2,398.1, 2'275_¡ (123.) (50.) Biometry support Visiting scientists and postdoctorals 95 398 ' 367 (19), (5 O) -TO~·::~:~;~~--~-~~· 3':276:91 -';~35135':' - 4'14z:gg:r "'(:j:6)))lt'-,: - «~55'~D~) Institutional Oevelopment Support Unkages - .~_T",ini~~an_~ cf)l)fer:n~",, _____ ~. -1~,OB_815S. '-1',18546+---1.',0799:78 [---«(5493)) I ('55.'0°) :rotal Instit"tj"nal.[)e."!'''P...'"ent_ .. _ __+---- .. Managemen! and administration Board oITrustees 320 269 i 255 (14) (5,0) Central administraban 2,692 2,898 , 2,750 (148) (5.0) Central.ervices 1,258 1,743: 1,520 (222) 113.0) EPMR ' 315· ~ __ Tata' manai"",-"nta-;'d admini$tration-+-~4:-585 4,91Ó ' 4,52¡ r (3si¡ ~(8.Ó) Systemwlde programs . _ ~_ _ _ _ _3~ ~2,ooo_L ---V69-~~~ _390 Subtotaloperatlons 1--30,190 31,400 i 31,265 (135~- SurplUS (Def¡Cii)-~--------t---""'(1,999)1 (400)1 500 900J (225ilj ~.~._._ .. _-_.~_._._--_._.-+--_.--¡---- ___ o . Total c:¡"",ations. re.5~~_ 76~_~_ ~O Self.generated income ' ! lnvestments 300 500 , 500 ; - I ._~ __ ~;~!~~en~:ry ~~t recQvery _ 90~~ __ ~~ 1-. ;g¿: _~._:~_j ..2otaJ,:;elf'!l.,e."."rated ~..c.~)r,~-,,-__ ~~~ __ ~ 1,206 _ 1,500' 1.500 I - i Total funding reqUlreme."ts ___ =- '-26-;985 29,"5001 -;:;;~=:;~=~ Table 4b. Non-Agenda Operaling Requiremen!s, by Cosl Center, 1995-1997 (in Ihousands 01 US dollars). !=ctua~:stima:r~~~:~T~::;:::;;:Tl : 1 9 9 ~ I 1 9 9 6 ' request ~-$'OOOT ~-o/;--l -~--" ____ ' ____ "~ ___ '_~~~ __ ~_"" __ '_~.---l-.--.-..~ __ .. ,,_. ___ .. ~!-----.... _,_. __ Operations l" I ' Research ' i ¡ 1,1251 (403); Beans 1,070 Cassava 1,247 Rice 158 Tropical Forages 487 HiIIsides 412, Tropicallowlands 696 ! Biotechnology 241 ! Virotogy 17 i Genetic Resources Land Management 46 1,528 685 212 499 48 300 : 308 ! 79 1 50 ' 263 949 '1 264 I 181 (31): 431 224 71 33 ; 33. (68)' , 176 : (229)1 (308) (46) I (50)1 (230) I (26) 39 (15) (14) 367 (76) (100): (58l! (l00l l' (87) Jmpact Assessment 24 ~ Farmer Partícípatory i - i 241 I _ ¡ (241) i (100)1 Enlerprise Developmenl l. I 351 . I (35)1 (100)1 _.--_ .. --... __ .... --. __ ._~._,_._~._ .. _ .... _ .. ~._~ .. _I __ .. _~--_.~ Totalresearch 1'~9~ 4,248 ¡ 3,04+(1,201-4-_ .. (28), Instilutional Development Support i I . I ! .. , I Training and conferences I 78 ¡ -1 - I Inlormalíon aOO documentalíon : 2 1 152 .. 82 ; (70) (46) I I : I , ~Jotá'llnstitutional_Dev~opment .-=-..... ~ .. 'sr' .. _~D_._1l.2~_ (70) i (46) 1 "T;'taloperatjo~;;--=-_-=-~-=-~-=~~_+4:478-=_- 4,40~-3:129'"(1 ,271) I (29): Capital 439 ! ,371 ,371 . I , , ! -- -.---.. ----.-~ .. -- .-.-.~ .. ---- ~-_·-:---·-~-·~"---_·-~---:_+~-·-----~------i--~-·---~--~i ~"-i Totalopera~ng re .. quirements ,4,917 i 4,400 . 3,500 , (900) , (20), Table 5. Summary of Costs by object of expenditures, 1995 -1997 (in thousands of US dollars). .-'---'--'--'--"-'- -.-----,------ 1 1997 i Changes over Expenses by category I Actual i Estimate I bUdget L~1I96 estilllate __ --+_11195 --t-~~~+ request_; _to0o::I_y-,--_ Research Agenda .. I . I Personnel I 19,831 I 21223" 21,015 1 208: 1 Supplies and services I 6,300 i 7,3421 7,550: (208), (3i¡ Qperationaltravel 1,891 1,235' 1,100 135 111 Depreciation expense I 2,168 , 1.600 i 1,600 . I : Contingency i ' , . 1 . , . . ______ .. _, ________ ---L ____ + ___ ._' , ____ L ____ +-___ _ .l'~_'_~e-""ar<:~~!I,,"__d"__, __ ,__ I 30,190: 31,400 I 31,265' 135 i '1 1: Non-research Agenda Personnel Supplíes and serviees Operational Iravel Contingency Sublo!al Capital Additional operating funds I 2,508 I 2,464 i 1.736 ! 1,4261 1,408' 980 ! 5441 52S! 413¡ -1- 4,47~ 439 : 3,129 -~ -~. -"- 371 - --.- -,- - - -- _._-,---'.._------'-.- Total Non-research Agenda 4,917 I 728 i 428 ' 115 1,271 (371) . 30 í 30 22 ' 29 : - I Table 6: Capital Buget, 1995 - 1997 (in thousands of US dollars). A. Physlcal Facilities Research Traimng Adm!nistratlon Houslng Auxiliary Units SubtDtal B. Infrastructure and Leasehold C. Furnishing and Equlpment Heavy duty equlpment i-aboratory and sClentlfic Office equlpment and others Computers Vehicles Airc(aft Subtotal -------- Total capital expenditures 1. Sources of Asset Financing Capital Fund 11. Capital Fund Reconciliatlon Balance, January 1 DepreciatJon charge Dlsposal gainsflosses Transferred from other funds Transferrect ta operating fund Subtotal Uses (Acqulsitions} 8atance, December 31 ~- I Actual i 135 ! :~: ,- 813 1.259 I l--~~08 i i 3,6921 Asset Acquisition Cost Estimate Propasal 1997 j Non- ,Research --¡Non- , Agenda I Agenda 1 Agenda ------¡.---- .-- 199 G Research I 80 60 100 80 40 300 250 50 32 200 150 40 106 400 450 150 171 i 300 400 81 - i -1 349 ¡ ----t- .1 1,330 I 321 I ~ I r - T ; 439 i 1,600 I . I 1,600 I 371 r Asset Financing and Capital Fund Reconcifiation 3,761 2.358 2.175 466 761 (1.999) 3,761 3,692 69 1 500 69 1,600 400 31 2,100 1.600 500 900 500 1,600 350 2,450 1,600 Table 7. Staffing Pallem: Approved Posilion. for 1995,1996, and Eslimated 1997. R!'!§earch Agondª-i t tnternational 5taft positions Research Research support Ins1ftu!ion building Management and adrninistraüon Total ti. Post~Doctoral Fellows !JI, Supervisory staff IV. Support Staft Research Research support l:lstltu~;on bUIlding Managemen! and admlnlstratlOr. Total ti. Post~Doctorai Fellows U1. Supervlsory staff IV. Support Staff Total Non~agenda Grand Total r----Actua~I~~-~~-Es~mate~T-1997:-B~Udget -~C-hang4!$ -oveil ;_~_1.!.-~~.~_J..~.~~~~~.~._~_~ .. ~~~r.qu".'...~~~I . ..1!9..s.~tI.mate~J C.,mter Otiler I Center , Qther I Center i Other '1 : hired h¡r~ hired I hired ~ hired _~._ ~~ ~~ .. _ ~~ I I 6~ I :1 76 I S: 254 i í 4 : 41.25 I 6 6 I I - I _ í I ! -I -! I - I • ! I . í : I ! -T~'~'- ..•. ~~._ .• ~ •.. ..;..~.~~~~_~L~. ~._ . .j. .• ~ .. ~.~f-~ .~_.+~- ~.,.- -"-1 ~=-'-' .~~-~~.-+-~.-_.~" - í - i #OlVlOl ! 75.25, ---1 1.141 6 = ., Positions are shown tot the fuI! year, although for budgetary purposes a fíll ratio of 9ii % is Ilissumed" Table ea: Oonor fundlng for Research Agenda Projects, 1997 (in thousands of current US dollars). a"llI YI(I«I Slab1ty (; .. 11.\11: G .. ~ Pe,,!s 500ilnclI'>{j F~ Grassu. lO"" luj¡Il''!'I1IS alW\ Product!\Hty Ir' l!Nn A-enca'"IQ ltM CIJflPbun 5Nn PrOClud.!'I!ty '" &.h·Sana'an AIr..CfI lnt~ ClInllva C'); M$/ligllment ¡~I .. d A~ .. C,<,p Wan&jlemm Ulillz-' dI) 1)/ T 1011 "" G,j),~ei ami lI9UR\~' N1IWlt.-.:l Syllem! 1m "~p",a: A_m;¡:¡ SOII O..af!l)' a'ld Etwtr~~me"¡lIi Impict A\OI AG~nt...,., ... ~ Voo.rstlIndlrlQ G_l¡O;: Dw .. 'M~ BiClldllllllQ lhe G;!nl1"!aa~1 Tro~1 G'lssel I!>"d l.q"","'s lO! 1.+.1hpIf: "ns ¡,..,plldAluUIMfrt Sh\wgIlullIong PrrvlIl", AAd P"ilIJ<; lln''';'' MoIit.odl 01 Fill'mllf P!lrt,clplll'o~ Com¡'¡\;.m!ly M .. ~.g~~t1I ¡¡! .'ltallf$~,d "et'WfUlS Urrd Use Cn."Ili'1 '" Sa"~mlalll"ld f:\fUI '-4111'911\1 IOII .... ronme!'lljl! Sus1alr.,lb\;II c .... t.< l .. ~d1t'~ 11""'" .... 16,Z>w 1,$00 rOl~1 R, .. v. AI_an: P'''joKl I tó ~~~_s ~~.---I-.--¡----~~r~-~-~~r~-r---~t~~~'~~!!:!L ~1!"' poOl 1II 1 i ,~"" :~~: lOO '" '" m lO' " "2 1,14a '" '" '" ToU.! r.ceJ-t1ld trom donora 1 I 1,1115,3 135 4570 ::-55 763 r "" 1.551 256.5 118 3673 ". '" '" 592.0 1.0187 "'" 1 1.801 S "'0 "" "" "" "" 15261 1,5281 " '" "" lO. .. '''' 5,4Ó1 31,650 ],(16 1416 Y2U :J163 'l!Il J 2621 la81 400.9 "" 1 ,QlXl.O 3000 875\ os ,'" "" 4310 "" "" '" . ." , "'. I 1 roen, ." '1 8.751 S i 31.2151 Tabla 8b: Donor fuoding for Non-Agenda and SystemwidelEcoregionallnitiatives, 1997 (in thous.nds ef curren! US dollars). Donor Sean Chilling lfI",prúll8rnent Comparison uf allW\ahvtll seieétKm melhOds. Strengtheoing rollaboratrlle rean ~ o •• tmproved EtUciency of Phasec!us VulgatiS lOWland nce improvemem !mproving agt'lCl.litural susla.rn&bility Fwmer partlélpstory féSHreh Cassava bioIechnology netWOfk lmprovlng smaII-scaJe cassava ' staIeh e~ SQiI degradabon and crop prOOucti\tJIy teseat'Ch VI Andean tnllSlde flilrO'ílng Role of endQphyte:$ Piot devebpment for dual pUIpU$é catIIé ., G !( E Inler~ Desmt)dium ovalif~ .. AJlÜntItritiooa! compone!íls of tropical fOOlge& " Farmer pattlapabOn In t$dlnology de$igl'l and Inmsfer - PhQse 111 Bean~jn~ Integr~ing rice unpravemen'l wUhin agropasloral ,"""", Upland nce gene pilols Researt;h 10 implove nat!w; gra$$1artd Improved dinemil'laOOn 01 informatiofl. Oynamtcs or $CII orgamc matter ". AgnOJltural resource assessment lha Andes tdenOOcatioo Of Maracuya vituses Cauava mart