1. lN'fRODtJCTlON 
A. ｬ Ｎ ｍｉｾｒｔ Ｎ ａｐＧＺｩｾｅ＠
The common bean s , ｐＮｑ ｟｡ ｾＮＡＧ Ｎ ｯｴＡｊｳ＠ ｖＱｊＮ Ｎ ￁ＮｾｲＺｴＮｾ＠ L. , nJ so ltnown ｢ｾﾷ＠
various nQmes aR dry bPans, ｫｩ､ｮｾｹ＠ bPans, ration beans, 
sugr.a.r beuns, ｦｲｾｵ｣ｨ＠ beans, hA r i <:o t. br>ans, ｾ｡ｲ､･ｮ＠ beans, 
snap beans, ｳｴｲｩｮｾ＠ beans. bush h!:'a.ns, po)e beans or 
ｦＡｌＮｾｭｬｵ ＬＺ Ｌ＠ nre one o f lhe mos t 1mpo r tan l fo od ｾ＠ ra. í.n legume 
c:rops in Mn.law.i being second onl ｾﾷ＠ to groundnuts in total 
pl·udnctio n among the ｾｲ｡ｩｮ＠ legumE' crops. 
As food, bP- a ns provide h i gh percentagP of protein comparP.d 
with mai:>;e, r· ice n r cassava. Green poLls fLnd ｾ ｲｐ･ｮ＠ shell ed 
ｳ･･､ｾ＠ arP uls 0 good sources of vi t amins A and C . In 
addit io •• t.o 1 he protcin s•.tpply, bt!ans ar·e a.lso a ｾｯｯ､＠
ｳｯｵｲ｣ｾ［ﾷ＠ ,Jf ｾｾｮ｣ｱｾｹ＠ ¡Jroviding r.:omparabJ.P vnlues of calories of 
tnaize f ' our, milled rice or ｾｵｳｳ｡ｶｦｬＮ＠ flour. they provide 
about l .5 trJ 4.5 ｾｩｭ･ｳ＠ more ｲ ｮ･ｲ ｾｹ＠ than bread and potato 
ＮｌｾＹＮｬｩｩｬｬ､Ｎｭ＠ ｟｟Ｚｴ ｟ •ＮＡ ｢•＿ ｟ ｴﾷＮＹ ＮｾＱＡ Ｎ ＡＡￜＬ＠ re ｾＮＮ［ｲｷ｣＠ ti' P 1 y. ! n add l. t1 on to 
ｰｲｯｶｩｲｬｩ ｮｾ＠ ｳｵ｢ｾｬｳｴ･ｮ ｣ｾ＠ ｮ･ｐ､ ｾ Ｌ＠ ｳｵｾｰｬｵｳ＠ beuns ｾ｡ ｮ＠ be sold 
becuuse t.her·e is hig;h derHanci for domest.c US("' Rnd there is 
good f'Xport ｭ｡ｲＭｫ＼ ｾｴＮ＠ fur L l. • 
Th.- hPi'l ' \B most commonly euten jn Na.lawi are the dry 
beans. Th0se are the r e d. whitc, spPcklcd or tan large 
se e ded 1 40-50 grRms/ 100 ｓｐｾ､ｳＩ［＠ kidney shaped seeds, which 
After cnolcing look lik c smu l) d'lltnks of meat, are 
ｰｬＧ･ ｦ･ｲ ｲｾ､ Ｎ＠ ThE?re are sl"! vf>ral wa.vs of ｰｲ･ｰ｡ｲｩｮｾ＠ bean dishf> s 
in Ma ltt<.' j • 'I'he commonr:> s t. one tn homt:>, boarding schoo 1 s, 
ｾｯｬｬｾｧｾ ｾ Ｎ＠ ｦｾｲｭｩｮｧ＠ ｾｳｴ｡ｴ ｣ｒ＠ and ｭｯｾｴ＠ institutions where a 
larg(' ｲＮｱｭｬｊｾｲ＠ of pe()pj c tlre fed commumd ly, is lo soak thP 
sends in water for a ｦ ｾｷ＠ h '.> urs and ､ｬｓＨｾ｡ｲ､＠ｩｮｾ＠ the water 
｡ｦｴｾｲｶｾ ｲ ､ｳＬ＠ The ｰｵｲｰｯｳｾ＠ of soaking is to accelrrate 
｣ｯｯｫｩｯｾＬ＠ and <-.; Pc ondari ly tt) r edu ce flat.ul ence {generation 
o f ｧ｡ｾ＠ in ｾ Ｎ ｨ･＠ di ges L i\·0 ｾｹｳｴＮ｣ｭ＠ l. Sn! t., pepper, cooking 
oi 1, t .omato and other j ngrPdient.s may be acided ｡｣｣ｯｲ､ｩｮｾ＠ to 
tas·Le t.o t .hc> bean n11xt.ure and cookecl.. 'l'his "ndiwo" is 
ser\. 1 ·d w i. t.h uf a o r r ｌﾷｲ［ｾＮ＠ The seed coa t i s somet imes 
removed :1fter soakinf5, a nd thc ｬｊｾｾｾｈｬｓ＠ ｾｲ･＠ boiled till 
soft. . ﾷ ｨ･ｾ＠ <lre ma"hed \dt.h :_1 ｳｰ･ｾｩ｡Ｎｬ＠ stick or l addle to 
forlll h eh i ｰ･ﾡﾷ ｾﾷ ＢＮ＠ Beans are rtl so boi.led ｴ Ｌ ｯｾ･ｴｨ･ｲ＠ wj th mn j ?.e 
frc ;m · ..:h ｾ ･ｨ＠ 1·.h 1i: p e ¡· i cPlrp h :ls been r·<>moved t.o produce a 
p opulill" dis }; , ·nJ }ed " ngat. é'l. " . BPans are c ooked with bananos 
Lo ｰｊﾷｯｲｬ ｾＬ｣･＠ ti dish known as ﾷＧ ｭｨ｡ｲ｡ｮｾ｡ﾷﾷ Ｎ＠ Beans may nlso be 
cooke:d • n t.h <..: ｰｮ､ｾＮ＠ "makat.a.'', tl. nd (•aten l<ith no 
ｾ｣｣ｯｭｰ｡ｬｾＺＭＮ ＭＭ ｩｮｾ＠ portHh;e. Re>i.n flour is also 8 const1t.uent of 
''Llkuni phala" which 1s used for ｷ･｡ｮｩｮｾ＠ childrcn ¡;md for 
｣ｨｩｬ､ｲｾｮ＠ undcr five. 
ｔｾｷ＠ l;(t' P.en i mmature pods, "z1thcb-:t'', Rre commonly eaten as 
r elish. ｸﾷｯｵｮｾ＠ and tender lclives are also bo.lled, a.nd 
groundnt.tt flour may bt- added to léJ.Ste ( "khwanya"). Any 
'surplus' leave s &l L Jr1eJ a, J ｾｾ ｯｲ･､＠ fo r future use as 
''mfulso". In aref.ls whert:> bE>an product ion is low c r at the 
time of Lhe yenr when the supply is low, beans, cowpeas 
ｩｙＮＮＡｋＡｈｾ＠ ＮＡｬ｟｟ｮｧ ｟ ｾＬｾ ｟ ｴｱ｟ｵｬ｡ｴｾ＠ L.) and ｰｩｾ･ｯｮ＠ peas lb.ª_,L<!Jl!J.J? g-ªjan L. l 
ｾ｡ｮ＠ be cooked together either for t he bean flavor and/or to 
qtretch thvir s uppl y. Othcr bP.an dishe s are: baked brown 
beans witl1 hacon joint, brown beans in oil. beans flitlers, 
fried bean balls and mock meat l.o1:1.f. 
On ｾｾ･＠ basis of growth hubit, beans a r e divided into : 
a. dwarf , bush ｾｲ＠ determinat0: 
b. ｳ ･ ｭｩＭ｣ｬｩｭ｢ｩｮｾＮ＠ inde lerm inate; 
c. ｣｝ｩ ｭ｢ｩｮ ｾｓ Ｌ＠ ｩｮ､ｾ［＾ｌ･ｲｭ￭ｬｴ｡ｴ･ Ｎ＠
The dwarf ｶ｡ ｲｩ･ｾｩ･ｳ＠ are short, erect wlth about 10 nodes 
a nd du not neeu support ｾｨ･ｮ＠ planLed. ｔｨｾ＠ main stcm 
t.E::rminat.es in an inflorescence. Matur1tY is about 90-1 00 
days after ｰｬ｡ｮｴｊｮｾＮ＠
The ｳ ＿ ｭｩｾ｣ｬ ｩ ｭ｢ｩｮｧ＠ vnri.eties hav e their main stem longer 
than ｴｨｾｩ ｲ＠ branches. They are weak cl imbers and can grow 
l ｯｮｾ･＠ r than the d1-:arf. The e 1 i mb ｩ ｮ ｾ＠ var ieties are the 
｣ｯｭｭｯｮ･ｾｴ＠ t ypes in Malaw i where they ｡ｲｾ＠ grown in mixed 
ｳｴ｡ｮ ｾ＠ wi Lh cereals, notably maize. The3c varieties have 
relatively long 1.hin ｾｴＰｭｾ＠ with long internodes , few 
branc i¡c;s. Becausf" of t he ir weak st.em, t.hey normally 
gruwn with support, a cereal, so as lo increase seed 
y i eld and qualJty. Because the support o r stake exposes 
lhe ｊｾ｡ｶ･ｳ＠ to ｢･ｴｾ･ｲ＠ lo better light ulilization and the 
pods are ｲ｡ｩｳｾ＿､＠ ahove the fS!'onnd to reduce spoila..ge from 
mí crohíal growth . 
ｴｊｮｬｩ｢ｾ＠ the- dwarf, the l !ist. node is Vt)getatiYe and growtb 
per .i ou fo r t he crop can las t up t.ú 120 days. 
Reans c an Al so be classjfiPd into tvpe s based on 
USHS, ｔｬｴ￩Ａｈｾ＠ Hrc : 
J\ . dry b .'a.ns 
B. r:Hnn ｩｮｾ＠ ｢ｦ＾｡ｮｾ＠
e. ·H :' ed 
1 ¡¡¡_ , 
Dry boans are th e cornmanesl 1 ｙｐｦｾ＠ i.n Malaw1. J' h ese 
are medium-t o-large sizt=-d kicln02v , l'ülHtd, oval , or ｯ｢ｬｴＩｔｉｾ＠
s h aped ｢･｡ｮｾ＠ which ｲ｡ｮｾ･＠ in coJour from red or white t o 
speckled . 
They are usually harvestod whcn Lhe pods are fully dry; 
the dry ｳｾ･､ｳ＠ are c ooked. The pod.s rtrf.:> pare hment 
(fibrousl and dehisce on bo th seems when dry. The second 
lype is canning beans. TlH:se are white a.nd rounrfjsh in 
shnpP and arP grown for th•.ir dry seed ｾｨｩ｣ｨ＠ are canned. 
Be(:ause of the slr.in!o{ent seed quali. t.y rt-'lf'.lirements, 
especiall y for colour and splitg produc tion under 
irrikwtion is prefer to rn.i 11-fed crop. AOMARC)s canning 
fac t.o 1:y, Mu larije peak, c ans these beans in tomato sauce. 
The third type, Reed heuns , also know n as french beans 
are usually eaten ｾｲ｣･ｮ＠ because their pods are tender. 
The pods de not ｳｰｬｩｾ＠ ｯｾ･ｮ＠ whe n dry and has thick flesh y 
pods whrn green with relntivel y sme.ll seeds. Sometimes 
seed hcans can b e cnnned . A t. ｴｨｾ＠ momP.nt. the production 
of ｒｾｲ､＠ beans ｩｾ＠ aimed ｾｴ＠ producing seAds for export so 
thnt t he sceds can be grown for green bPans overseas. 
2. ｒａｔｎＭｆ ｾ ｄ＠ CROP 
Beans can be planted nn ridges 9lcm apart or on flat. 
Land 1hould he prepared before the re.íns since it migh t 
be dlfficull to get into the f i eld after the rains have 
start.ed. 
n. ｖａｒｕ ｕｌｊｽｾ＠
l • º .'-v a r ( _ i.J!JL§ }l___g_r __ _ ｾｾＭｫﾪＭ r.m.J_n.@. t _ej ____ \..:..1;\ r Ｎ ＡｾＮＮＮｊ ｾ Ｎ ｩ＠ｾ Ｍ ｾ＠
a. Nasaka. (25:3/l) 
b. B\.¡e ll ?, iJawvna (373) 
c. Kamtsi.Jo(499 /J) 
Sa.pelékedwa (600/1 l 
- tan seed coRt colonr 
kidney-s ha.ped. 
- yellow SP.ed coat, 
rnt1nd i sh. 
- ｢ｬｵｾ＠ seed coat colour 
kidney-shaped. 
- red sced coat colour, 
kidncy-shaped. 
l 01 
The w:lt i onu) se12d compony of ｾｦ｡ Ｉ＠ awi 
SC'lls ｴｨ ｾＧ＠ ｦｯｬｬｯｷｩｮｾ＠ vancLies: 
Li mited also 
ｾＭ KBnZhma (97/1) 
b. Na majengo 13J6) 
- rerl sced cuat colour, 
roundish, 
- red seQd coat colour, 
roundish. 
Thc ahuve ｜Ｆｲｩ･ｾｩ･ｳ＠ can be purchased froro ADMARC in 
Karonga ADO, Mzuzu ADD, 1\A.Stln;(U ADIJ, L i longwe ADD, and 
Bluntyre ADf) . Thcy ｾｦＺ｜ｮ＠ alsn be ptu·cha!'>ed from other 
S('er:l dcalP.rs. 
l ﾷ ｬｾ ｟ ｴｊｊｾ＠ ｲＺｦ｟ ｾ ｖＮＡｬ＠ r.i ｾ Ｎ ＱＭｩ＠ es 
H0-90 ｫｾＯｨ｡＠
2 · f' ｌｴＮｭｬＲｌｄｒＮ ｟ ｾＡｩＮｴＮｾ Ｎ ｴＮ＠ igJ? 
7 5-90 kg/ha 
Plnnt at such a time that the beans mature in d r y 
,,. ,.,.nther.ThC? dwarf llnd c 1nnb ing beans tFtke about 90-
100 and 100-110 days, ｲ･ｳｰ･ ｣ ｬｩｶｾｬｹＮ＠ to mature. 
ｓｵｾｧ･ｳｴＮｐｲｬ＠ time o f planling fo r ·the Southern Region is 
a. be-u t ] a le Dec:ember to mid-.J anuar-:v whi 1 e in the 
ｃｾｮｴｲ｡ｬ＠ ｒ･ｾｩｯｮ Ｌ＠ nbout early January to late January. 
F:. ffJIT.111ZERS. 
Tn thc ahseOC'(' of S(1 i l tf.lst rcsul1.3 the following 
car. be u sE'd: 
1. TY.PF 
Use compound fer1 i lizet' 20-20 -·0 { N-P205- K20) 
Reans fi x ver-y litt)e ｾＮＱＱ ｮｯｴｭｴ＠ of nitro'{en hence 
nit. l .. ｯｦＵ＼ｾｮ＠ .i!'i needer:! for rf>asonabl e yields. 
2. RATJ: 
ａｰｰｬｾ ﾷ＠ 200-300 kg/ha of 20-20-0 or 23:21:0 
Hand fertil\zer in n ｾｲｯｯｶ･＠ nn ridacs and plant 
f!bcut lO cru awa\' from thl.:' band. J f planted on ｴｨｾ｣ Ｇ＠
flat, bnnd on 1lat u11d plant tO<:m nlr.;o from the 
f ｾＮｾ＠ r l j l í Ｚｾ＠ P r t, <.1 n d . 
LO? 
4. ｉｬｍＡＺ ｾ｟＠ Qf _.A . ＮｦＺ＾ｐｦＮＬＮ ｟ ｬｃＯ ｾ ｟ ｔ ｊ｟ｏｬＧｻ＠
Jusl h0f o re ｰ ｬｾｮｴｩｮｾ Ｎ＠ Onl.y the b.qsal app li.cati o n 
is needed berausc be ans arP a shorl seasoned c rop 
and it i s not economiral t o s lde dress with 
ni t ｲｯｾ･ｮ＠ exer.ept pe r h a p '-> ｵｮｲｬｾ＠ r i rr ｩｾ｡＠ ti on. 
Plant about 222 , 000 plants/ha. This is 
achieved by ｰｬ｡ｮｴｩｮｾ＠ two row s of beans on 
ridges whi c h are made 9lcm apart.The 
di s tance between t .he row should be about 
30cm RPBrt. The fertilizer is banded between 
both rows and coverd. The di stance between 
p]Rnts within each row is lOc m. Plant one 
ｾ･･､＠ per station. Fill ｾ｡ｰｳ＠ lsupplyl within 
one wee k a fter ･ｭ･ｲｧｴ［＾ｮｴｾ･Ｎ＠
Thu s ame populati o n as for ridges. However, 
the S(H.'d should he planted in rows 45cm 
apart . The ､ｩ ｾｴ ｮｮ ｲ･＠ b e tween PlBnts within the 
row shoHld be 5c m i:l1J&rt. If it is machine 
planted, the plan le r shou ld be calibrated to 
deliver about o"P sePd evPry 5cm . The seed 
row s hould be about lO cm from the fertilizer 
be..nd. 
Plnnt population is abou t 7 3 ,000 plants/ha. 
Th i s ca n b e ａＮ｣ｨｩ ｾＺ［｜Ｎﾷ ･､＠ by ｰｬ｡ｮｴＮｩｮｾ＠ on rídges 
9l c m apRrl and 15 c m between plants on the 
ｲｩ､ｾ･Ｎ＠ Pla.nt ｳｩ ｮｾ ｬｅ＾＠ r o w per ｲｩ､ｧｾ Ｎ ａｦｴ･ｲ＠
｡ｰｰｬｹｩＱＱｾ＠ fert.il.i zer on the ｲ ｩ､ｾ ･ Ｌｩｴ＠ is cov ered 
and sceds arP plnnted on top of the rJdge over 
fE>rt:ilj ze r ｢ｾｬ ｮ＼ｩＮ＠ It, i s . ｬｨ･ｲ ･ｦｯ ｲ･Ｌｾｳｳ･ｮｴｩｮｬ＠ to 
e nsurP Lhnt t hc ｦ ｾ ｲｴｩｬｩｺ ｐｲ＠ is at least 5-7cm 
b elow l.he sePd . 
b. flt'!t_ 
P l ant l n r n K :-: r a r' d i r,g frn m 60cm to 9lcm 
apart . The c ho1ce ､ｮｰ ･ｮ､ ｩｮｾ＠ o n the tractor 
d t·;::n.;n impleml"nt avalable.Closer d.ista nce 
b e t.w<·en .rowF> are J.>refer-ed s ioce thcy y icld more 
J ( J. l 
antl co ntro l ｈｴＭＧｾＰＳ＠ mnr(' p ff ecí.etly heca;tse 
pla.n t s ｾｲ ｯ ｷ＠ and r.CJVf:t· t h P. di r-; tuncc ｢Ｈﾷｴｾﾷ･･ｮ＠ ｲｯｾｾ＠
ｮｾｴｬ ＼Ｇ ｨ＠ mo re 1·apidl)t. Tlw di.stauce betw0.r.: n p.lant s 
-wjt. h in ro1-:s can be ｾ ｜ｉｊ Ｎ｝ ｵ ＡＺ［ ｴ ･ ､＠ to nch1eve a plRnt 
fJOpulat i on ｲ｡ｮｾｩｮ ｾ＠ from 7 :1 ,000 to 111,000 
plnnts/ ha. 
This .is r1ot economi. c on :1 comntcn.:inl scale 
｡ｬｴＮｨｯｵｾｨ＠ result.s hBV!' Rho \.rn Lh"i t both seed yieJ.d 
an¿ qun) i ty arE> t'(! dHced b y as much as 50% whc n 
e l imb.ing l1Nln plants are not prt,vi.ded with 
suppor-t. Tbe reduction i.n sePd y .icld of unstaked 
Lean is becaucc o f peor l n af cxposure to sunlight 
Po o r see d quaJ ｩｴｾ＠ is attribut c d to pod s ｲ･ｳｴｩｮｾ＠
o n t. he so i l \"be re w a t e r a n d so i l s p 1 (\ s h ｩｮｾ＠ o n t he ¡n 
in<'rc ase m.ic:rohi A1 ｾｴＧｏ｜Ｎ Ｇ ｴ＠ h on and ｩｮｾＺ￭､･＠ the pod 
a.nci t. h e Ｚｾ･＠ e d • 
Th (? commone s1. b<:.·ar. disease .in Malawi i s halo 
bl i gh t , :t hacte r üd di s eas<:' . Th i s c an be c on troll ed 
by ｳｰ ｲ｡ｾ ｶ ｩｵｾ＠ h'i tl1 a ｦｵｮｾｩＮ｣ｩ､･＠ ca:i. l ed copper 
ox.yc:hlorh.k. The ｣ｨｴＮｾｮｴＢｩ｣｡ｩ＠ is avaj lable from shelJ 
c hemical. in ｮｊｲＭｾＮｮｴｹｲ ﾷ ｰ＠ an d Li lonf(we. 
The ､ｊｾ ｭｩ＠ c Rl :>hou l d be spray,;d ｾｬ ｬ＠ tb e rato of 4. Ｕｾ＠
of commercia ) pt·odurt per o n e l it re of water and 
spra,vPd on Lhe c rop io x·un off.Effective control 
is a chi0.v(-> d hy s praying at Lwo weekl y intervals . 
Anthrar nosf', 1\ngula r· l eafspot, 1\nd Wf'b bl j ght ar0 
o thcr ､ｩＮ ｬＧＡ ｯ｡ｈ･ｳＮ Ｇ ｬＧｨ･ｾￚＧ＠ r1'\n ｨｾ＠ conro.lled by the use 
of daconl J ｾｬＮ＠ t. J . Sg o t romme-rc· i Al produc ts in one 
J it.rc o f ｷｮｴｴｾｲＮ ＺＺｩｰ ｲﾷ ｡ｹ＠ t o run ｾ ＭＬ ｦｦ＠ at.. two-weekly 
lnlPrn\ l s . 
T h e> d t<' m i e a 1 s h o u 1 d b" s p nl. ｹｾ＠ d a t . 1: h e r a te o f 
.-o mftl .:: tci a l vrodu<.;l. }Jer· onc l j tre of ｾ ｡ｬ･ｲ＠ and 
s pray <•rl o n the crop (. O ntn < ..d'f.Effnctive control 
is e.c hit':n>rl b y ｓＡｈ Ｇ｡ｹｪｮｾ＠ ¡¡ \. 1-...·o "'r<dd :·· 1nter•; a Js. 
,\nthr:tcn ost .. , ｊ ｜ｮ ｳｾ ｵＮｊ＼ｊＮｲ＠ it--nf ｾｰ Ｐ ｴＮ Ｌ＠ and Web blight are 
o t:rwr ､ｩ ｳｮｴｈ［･ ｾ ［Ｎ＠ Tli' 'Rt? CRn be c:o ntC'oJ ｬｴｾ ｲｬ＠ by the 11:-.l' 
t'f dac()nil .'\ t ＳＮＺＬ ｾ＠ of corn!ilt::: t·C'i :d prnduct 1n onP. of 
\.Jf1 t.. e r. 
Sp;' ,·lY to run of f "-t. t.wo \o.·reldv 1nt.e r vn)s . 
Most insP cL ｰ ｾ ｳｴ ｳ＠ a re lenf ｢ ･ ｾｴｬ･ ｳＮ＠ Uso dipterex 95% 
S . P. 81 ｴｨ ｾ＠ ra t o o f 1 ＮＵ ｾ＠ of c omme r c i a ] pruduct por 
one o f ｾ｡ｴ･ｲ＠ ｾｮ､＠ sp r a y as n eede d. 
t . tt!!n.cj_ ｷｾｓＺＢ Ｎ ｣ＡＮ＠ .• LnfL.lJ:.jJ-rL.h.9.?.J 
Weed two to thre e t i mes ､ｾｰｐｮｲｬｩｮｧ＠ upon the weed 
si. tu a t ion. No banki ｮｾ＠ a f1.e r- pod set be cause thi s 
rni s cs the h e: ght. of the ddge bringing thc soi l 
too clase to the poJ or ･ ｾ ･ｮ＠ at L imes touching 
Lhe pod ｲ･ｾ［［ｵｬｴ＠ jng in J o t.,; qunlit y seed s . 
l! 8e 1Alsso or d11nl at. thrc E' litres of c o mmercial 
product pe r h 0 r t n rr . 
'fri.H l llav e ｾ ｨｯｾｯｯｷ＠ that. weed control duri n g th e 
fir s t 30 ､｡ｾ Ｇ ｈ＠ ;, r so is ｶ･ ｲ ｾ Ｍ C l Uc i. al in bean 
produc ti or: . ･ｾ ｡ ｹ＠ , ;: ﾡ｟ ﾷ ［｟ Ｚ ｾ Ｚ ｊ＠ contro 1 nnt 1 l aftPr 
this t. J.me >-:0. e>ms tu I: P 1.t wasle of ti ｭｾ＠ ｳｩｮ ｣Ｎ｣ｾ＠
y i e 1 r! t•educ t. ion from we ed .::.ompe t i ti on after 
this time r ann o l be ｣ ｯｭ ｾ ･ｮ ｳ｡ ｴ ｰ ､＠ for from the late 
ｾ｡ﾷｎｬ＠ ｩｮｾＮ＠
Ha r ve:-:; t. .i n m i d · ·m n r n \ n g • Po d s ha r v ｲＭｾ＠ r s t. i n ¡;¡ too e a r 1 y 
in the rr.orn j ng are rat.h <'!r .,.. ,l fro m deN and ｭ｡ｾ｜ ｲ＠
.rot. i f' no t p rop<"rl y dr·i ··· d. I f ｨ｡ｲｶ･ ｲｳ ｴｩｮｾ＠ ) 3 t oo 
lat ..- Ju ｲｨ ｾＺＭ Ｇ＠ tia ;. , t.u <:: pod ...; d e h i. s c e {split. open) 
ｾ ｡ｳ ｩ ｬｹ＠ r Psul LinM ｩｾ＠ ｬ ｯ ｾ＠ ｹ ｩｾｬ ､＠ f rom ｳ ｣ ｾｲｬ＠ lo9s. 
The !:leeds a1·•· d t ff.icult t.o p j c·l.: n f ter t.he pod s 
l"tav r- ｾ ｨ ｾ ｩ＠ ter.;ri . 
S r> nh; ｭ ｾ［Ｑ ｮ ｩＮ＠ for pl :t nr i.nq a r e b f't ｴ ｾ＿ｲ＠ s h P lled by 
hand <-:O a s t. 1) prt've ot ｳｰ ｬｩＱ Ｚｴｩ ｮｾ＠ Ｌ ＬＬ ｨ ｾＭ ｮ＠ ｴｨｾ＠ podarE' 
h i t.. or. flog l!, ed \.:Ílh s:. i c ks. S(' "'d r c::;ultjng from 
ｾｵ ｣ＮＺ ｨ＠ '-' l1t>J l j ｮ ｾ＠ p r r•c r-durt:> II SUall ｾ ﾷ＠ hli','e crucked 
coat- :. , ami l:;<; lll (c'l.imcs sp li t coly l edon that Jead 
t o ｬｯＺＺ［ｾ＠ o f S t'•"' d \: i <Ü l l 11 t ｾﾷ Ｎ＠
SPr·.! hlCRll t fo ¡· f 0od can b e ｳ ｨ ･ Ｑｊ ＮＭｾ ､＠ mt" c hnn ica lly 
1. ith :u1 í-\Pl) r o pr·ia le ｳ ｨ ＮＮＭＮ ｬｊ Ｈｾ ｴﾷ＠ d ri. \' <:> n l: y tra ctor or 
m<Htlt a t 1 :-. C) l-J*' r nte c:L ＧＢＧ ｨ Ｈｾ ｲｾ＠ ｾ Ｚ Ｚ ｨ ･ｊＮ､＠ n ll: i s hy hand c..r 
ld L h u s hc: ll v r. s h e llin)!t ｩＺＺｾ＠ s 'implif.i e rl b;\· f i rst 
of ｾ ＱＱ＠ ､ｴ ｾ＠ iw.; l. b e pod s i n t h c :-;u r. . r o d s so 
Beans <->! '· "" ' . , ·' , , .... "· ' ·' t-- :' \,.;::::vil:; •."ven befor(' 
they 1-1re h11r\ '·' :•L• , ¡ ｾﾷ ＺＮＬ［［＠ ｾﾷ Ｚ＠ :ia.lJ v } f ha.r,: r·stir.g is 
d( ｬ［＾ｹ｣ｾ､ＮＧｬｨ･ｴ Ｇ Ｈ•ｦｯｲ ｣ Ｌ＠ pr,) rc-r ｳｴｴ ＭＮ ｲＧＱｾＧ Ｇ＠ after shellinll! 
is rathE'r ｪｭ ｰｮ ｲ ＺＮｾ ＺＱ Ｌ ｴｴ Ｎ＠ ［ＮＡ ＮｾＬﾷ＠ ｲＮｾﾷｴＮＡ＿ｬｴｊｃ＠ ､ｵｾｴ＠ at ｴｨｾ＠
ratf• of ＱＱＵＭｩｾｬＩｾ＠ ¡_¡r-n Ｑｻ ＩＧＱｫｾ＠ of !:)ean Ｚｾｮ､＠ sorted 
SPeds . F o 1 .·d<ti\11 ''"' . ; \..;.· in <-'<-<nc fcr ｾ･｣､＠
Ｈｰ ｬ ｬＧ ｴｴｬｬ Ｎ ｴｲｬｾ Ｉ＠ ｨｦ ﾷ ｈｮ ｾｾ＠ r ·:1)"¡ 1 .. st ,. red in :J.Sh , tobat:C.:O 
d u •; 1 o r 11 sE> <-o o k 1 n ｾ＠ o i J ＺＮ ｾｵ＠ e h ｡ Ｚ ｾ＠ e o., o ( i f t he r Ｌｾ＠
i ｾ＾＠ <•nough to ;->¡;-t: ·c fr n u cnok ｌｮｾ Ｉ Ｎ＠ H.ub the oi 1 on 
the SPPd f.horoll'{i-J} y q ,..; 1 ｮｾ＠ 11bout 200-250 ce per 
ｬ ｏｏｫｾ＠ o f <;eed. 
ｾｴｩＺＭＭｾｐ､＠ cropping, ｾｨｩ•ＫＬ＠ i!; the Ａ［ｾｉｓｬ＼Ｇｉｄ＠ of ｾｲｯ ｷ ｪ ｮｧ＠ 2 or 
mo1·e- crops on th ·? s a111 •· p.ir' ce of 1and during t .hi:! 
sarnc c'!·opp1r•¡,; <-H·;·. son , ｩ ｾ ［＠ the C·:>r.•mnnest. ｳｹｳｴｾｭ＠ af 
ｧｲｯ｜ｶｩｮｾ＠ bc .<nts in HnJ<l,, i <::> spc.?ciaJ.1y by thE> smnll 
fa r m(' r 1> h o p ro d 11 e ""' !'- t }. e bu l Ｑｾ＠ ü f t h (' e ro p i n t h r 
ｃｃｊｵ ｮｴｲｾ Ｇ Ｎ＠ 'l hj · ｾ Ｎ｜Ｇ ｾ ｾＧ＠ ｲＮｾ＠ :': ｲ ﾷｬＬ ｾ ｔＧｈ Ｈ ＧｴＮｴ ﾷ ｲｩｂ･､＠ bv· intens) Ye 
l<tnd U S f! l:l. l ¡ Cj 0\h>.Jml · .. ｾＺＬ ｬｩ Ｚ ［ｲＬ＠ r; f '-¡ ('"'rC:t::' ｲｾＢＧＭＧＺｏｬｬｲ｣･ｳＮ＠ I'L 
ｌｾ＠ ll e t ., r. : · : r:; i t i v t> u i .t , 1 a p h ｾ＠ z a r d s y s tt: m a s i. t ｾｯＺ ﾡ＠ • ｾｾ＠
once ｴｨ ｵｬｬ ｾ ｨ ｾ Ｎ＠ r·atlt .'- r· ! h •· 'H'r.·r, rwmi.c ｭｾｮｮｧ｣ｭ･ｮｴ Ｎ＠ or 
cr·op:=- ,¿r-o\" fl in ｭｴｾ･､＠ ｾ Ｎ［ ｌ ［ ﾡｮ､＠ .ts mu c h more cnmp.tc.x 
t.ha:1 tt.at nf ·"".l IIIO!l "t'r' 1¡>. f ';(['ffi('1'S (;..ver tlt<• years nave 
n·a) i ｾＮＬ･ｊ＠ thA. t. \\h ¡ lE' -+ . h •" y i e 1 d of a rnir:o1· e rop in 
the l:l.i-..t.ure ｭｩ ｾ ｨﾷ＠ b e t r-•.U!' i:) rLThc tot.'\1. !->eed yicld 
o f a 1 1 e ro p s a r· e· t 1 !:-\ 1 t t ! : y 11 n ·a t. e: r lb a n "'he n t he 
cr(•p·.; h ::1d ｾ ｾ ＬＮＮ ﾷｾ＠ ﾷﾷｾﾷ＠ · ＭｾＺﾷ ＡＧ｜ｲｬＮ＠ Thi.::; may 
･Ｍｾ ｾ＠ p] E.l. i. n ;, h ｾ＠ t h 1 :-. ,_. ｾ＠ ･ ｾ＠ p ¡ i 1, .¿ s y .,.; t '· r¡¡ í s s Li.ll ｾｾｯ＠
p0pn'Hr am<•Hg th!.' Ｚ ｾ Ｚｴ ｵＮＡ Ｎｩｨ Ｚ Ｉｬ､Ｎ ＺＺ ＧｊＧＡＢＬ＠ d<::spite t.he fact 
that res('él!'ch h ·•.':> ＡＢＧｏｾ ｉ￳ＮＢｅＧ ｈｩ＠ ｴ ﾷ ｾ ﾷ ｴｴＮ｣ ﾷ ﾷ､＠ '; f!.nt·ts on the 
ｾｴ ﾷ ｯｶＮ ﾷ ［ｮｧ＠ ,)f ｣ｲｯｰ ｾｾ＠ i JJ Ａ• ｴ Ａｲ ｾＺ＠ ｲﾷ｡ｌｩｆ ｾ ＬＭＭ Lhun in mi.xed 
ｾ Ｍ :. rt n ( 1 s . 
[J\vnt·í' beans ｣ｾ＼ｮ＠ ｢ｾ＠ pir .• uLr·rl r .n tht? same ridge wilh 
ｭ ｡ ｩ ｾ･ Ｎ＠ lf muizt> j !'; plant."'ri ' •"l ｲ ﾷ Ｇｩ､ｾ･ｳ＠ v:hi c b .'l.re ｾｬ｣ＮＺｭ＠
::\ p a r t :.\ t1 d t he r ｦｾ＠ tn· (' t . h re <> m a .i z (·· p l a n t . E pe r s t. a L J o n 
wh<'r f:> ｴｨｦｾ＠ ｾｬ｡ｴｩｯｮｳ＠ ar E- !:llcm apuJ· t: ·it lS posslhle 
to plant Lwo ｬＭＮＧｦＮＧｾＮｴｲＮ＠ rcnv !:; or¡ Lhe ｬ Ｓ ｾｩＮｭ･＠ ¡·idge ｡ ＺＭＺｾ＠ thP 
m:.1izc. Th•· p.lrult \ni.{ popH!at 1on, the ｳｮｮ｣ｩｮｾ＠ l'l nd the 
ｲｾｲＭｲｳﾷｮｾｦＮＱＱ Ａ ｆ Ｚ ｲ•ｴ＠ is th c ;.;;:t J \ (.' ;;_ :; d(· S• ' J: jbed aboYe for :-1 
pHrt crop of hean $ . ｨｨＨ Ｇ ｬ Ｇ Ｇｾ＠ ｭｾＱ Ｎ Ｑ ｚ ｐ＠ ｢ ｾＱ ｳ＠ bePn p]ant!>d 
vn t.h c flat., it ü -: p(•: . !.:ild.e: to p .1 ant ｨｦ Ｇ ｾｮｳ＠ i.n 
b0 t .h'f.'Cri l hr t \.JO ｲｯｾＺｳ＠ e) r 11\ i t; Z f>. H(• r.-\ lH!t\08 should be 
106 
p lant pd ｡ ｾ ｯ ｵ ｴ＠ 5-6m apart in a ｳ ｩ ｮ ｾ ｬ･＠ row ｢･ｴｷ ･ ｾｮ＠
t\-IO mn izP t·o ws. 
The s P c an al so be plante d on the same ridge a 
maize . Jf ｴ ｨ ｾ ｲｾ＠ arr Lhree ma ize plants/station, 
p )ant fou r to s i x b e an seed o n the same station as 
the ma ize c rop. This i s designed to ensure that the 
b e an s c an be trained on the maize plants. 
Tf mBize ｡ｲｾ＠ ｰｬ｡ｮｴｾ｣ｴ＠ a l one p l ant per station, 
p lant two to three bedn seeds o n the same s tation 
a s thc mai z e plant . Again, the beans should be 
trained o n the maize plant. You will note that we 
are f e we r bean plunts/s tation than would be 
•>xpe C' t e d. The reas on i s that increase plant 
c ompe tition and ｴｨｾｲ･ｦｯｲ･＠ reduce maize yield. 
h' ｰｬｯＮｮｴＮｩｮｾｓ＠ eithf"r ､ｴｯｾ｡ｲｦ＠ of c l.imbing ｢ｾ｡ｮｳ＠ with 
mai z e on t he samc ridge . no udditional fertilizer 
is ne eded for the bean crop. Both crops use the 
s ame type; and the rnte of fertilizer, no 
nrlditi onal land is required. 
Al sw not e that. thf> bcan y ield whe n pJ anted together 
with maj ze will b e about 15-50% lowe r than would be 
e xpected whe n bc an s ｾｲ ･＠ ｧｲｯｾｮ＠ as a pure crop. This 
s h o u]d b e ｢ ｯ ｾｮ ･＠ in mind. However, as long as the 
y ie ld o f mai ze remains the ｾ｡ｭ･＠ the bean is a b o nue 
c r o p. 
1 n ｡ｲ｣｡ ｾ＠ l'het·(> ftuf'- CilrNi o r burley toba.c co is dry 
plante d eRr1y , 1 t i s possi blc to grow a crop of 
d-.·arf ｢ ｾ｡ ｮ ｳ＠ a f tE-> r- the Lo bacco ste·ms ha veo been 
uproo t e d,pro v ide d Ｑ ｨ ｾ ｲ･＠ wilJ be ･ ｾ ｯ ｵｾｨ＠ rainfall for 
a r c aso n a bl e y i Pld of a b e an crop.Where the basal 
f r· rt i 1 i ze r ｨｾｴ ｳ＠ ｢･ｲ ｾ ｮ＠ bnnde d for the t. o hace o crop, the 
r :idge!;; o n wh lch th e Lo bacco were g r o wing c an be 
buil t u p a nd ｢･｡ ｮ ｾ＠ p l nn led a A ､ ･ｾ｣ ｲｩ｢･､＠ ｡｢ｯｶｾ＠ for a 
pu r•o Rt a nd of ､ ｾ ﾷ ｡ ｲ ｦ＠ be a11 s . The r e may be no need to 
a pply a ddili o nal ferl i l i zer. 
ｗｨ ｾ ｲ･＠ f e rtil ize r has bce n local ized,i.e. where the 
f p r t i l ize r has b een nppli Pd using dollop me t hod both 
fo ·· lhe bas al and the side d ress ing of nitrogen, 
ｴｨ ﾷ ｾ ｮ＠ plant Lh e bef\ns o n t h c s.<tme s t".ation as ,,,rherfl 
t.h ;' to ba.cc;-o pl a.n t wa s .Of c ou rse , it will be 
ｮｴ ｾ ･ ･ｳ ｳ ｡ｲｹ＠ t o l oo s e n ｴ ｨ ｾＺＮ ｾ＠ so j_) ﾷ ｾ ｲ ｯｵｮ ､＠ t h P- s tat i on and 
we e d Ｑ Ｍ ｨｾ ﾷ＠ e n ti t·e f le l d b e f a r e p l a nt i n g .In thi s 
. ., 
l \l7 
si tu a t ion abo u t 4-5 b e an sec·ds can be planted per 
station about 4 5 -55cm a p •1 rt. uP.pe-ndi ｮｾ＠ upon the type 
of tobacco . l t should h e nalc d, howevP.r, Lhat there 
might be ne matode altacklng the bean c rop following 
the tobacco ｣ｲｯｰＮｔｨｾ＠ degree to whi c h ｾｨ･＠ bean yield 
,.;ill b e r P fh rrd "< · 1 •!l b l < c r o pping system is 
belng ｩ ｮｶ･ ｳｴｩｾ｡ｴ･､Ｎ＠
Excepting in areas wher·e the r e ｩ ｾ＠ prolonged rainfal. l 
or where thA planting i s a fter tobacco since 
climbing heans take ｬｯｮｾ ｾｲ＠ time to mature than the 
dwarf type wilh respect to lhe qualit.y of seeds, 
ｯ｢ｾ･ ｲｶ｡ｴ＠ ion have :,;hown that h il!'thcr qual i t y ｳ･･＼Ｎｬｾ＠ a1·e 
produced af' t.er a tobacC' n e rop tn a tu re s u nder drier 
we rither and Jess diseas€' rE'suJ. Lit1g frum water and 
ｾｯｩ ｬ＠ splashing on pod s . 
TheJe are a bout 16 irrigated settlemPnt sc hemes in 
Mal aw i ｯ｣｣ｵｰｾﾷ＠ j nq about. 114 7 h e e tares; ::md the r e i s 
ｦｵｲｴｨｾｲ＠ planned expansion of 64,000 hectares. Some of 
thebe schemes have no ｦ｡｣ｩ ｬ ｩｴｩｾｳ＠ or ｩｲｲｩｾ｡ｴｩｯｮ＠
dur i ng the dry sef\son und so onl y orh crop of rice H ; 
ｰｲ ｯ｣ｾｵ｣Ｎ･､ Ｎ＠ Re s u 1 Ls o f tr j a L.; ｨｾ｜ Ｇ＠ ｾ＠ s h oHt• tha.t beans can 
be grown on some of these ｳ ｣ ｨｾｭ･ｳ＠ successfully on 
residual mois t ure . ｾ･ｬｯｷ＠ are tE>ntative recommendations 
for ｾ ｲｯｷｩｮｧ＠ ben.ns ns a rola t i onul c rop under re:'!!idual 
moi slure between two rice crops. 
Thi s ｳｾ･ｭｳ＠ to be the ｭｯｾｴ＠ c rucial aR p ect of growi.ng 
beans on r esidual ｭｵｩｾｴ ｵｲ｣ Ｎ＠ ａ ｬ ｾ･ ｲ＠ r icP harvest, the lnnd 
should be ploughed or dug up ｾｩｴｨ＠ hoe and soil clods 
broke n into n good seedbed. The land should be allowed 
to "rest" f or about 7-10 days bf>fore planting. At this 
time molsture cantenl wilJ no t be too h igh for seed 
germ i. nation. Plant on flat. 
ｔｨｴｾ＠ var·ieti.es re c ommended for ruin-fed crop can also be 
used . If planting is late . only the dwarf varieties ｴｨ｡ｾ＠
have a shorthcr growing period should be plhnted. 
108 
40-50 Kg/ha 
33- ·1- 5 Kg¡ ha 
Thí R seed rate í.s ha.lf what js r E>comended for rainfed 
crop becausc there is ne c-d to reduce competition for 
moi s ture . 
Pltlnt al such a tinte that be a n crop cnn bP. har-vested 
befo r e it i s time t o prepart land for the subsequent 
rie•" cr-op. ｩ｜ｮｾｴＮＮｩｭ･＠ frnm the middle of the of Hay to 
the mj dd] t.:! of June is rec ommendE"d. 
Tn 1.he ｡｢ ｾ Ｎ［･ｮ｣Ｈ ｾ＠ ()f ｾｯ ｩｬ＠ t .est rt<> s ults, the follo1--·ing 
reccmmendations can be used . 
1 . ｊｾＮ＠ t!Hed 20-2u-U o; ＺＮＺｊＺｾｬＺｏ＠ ＨｎＺｐｾ￭ｊＵ ＺｋＲＰＱ＠ l:k•ans arP. 
poor ni ｴ ｲ ｯ ｾｐｕ＠ fi xel·s and so ma:v not meet. th«:"ir own 
r.it·. rogen n e Pds fl ·om fixalion. 
8and fertil izers in ｾｲ ｯｯｮﾷｳ＠ and pj a nt. about. l Ocm away 
f r om the fer1 j ｬＮ Ｎｌ ＧＭＧﾷＢ ｾ ｲ＠ ｾ＾ ［ ｈ［ｏＮ＠
4. 1 i me o f IU2..ll,U.Qfl.tiorL_ 
Apply before or at ｰｬ｡ｮｴ ｩ ｮｾＮ＠
1-'la.nt. o n flat. with rows 4 5cm 11.pa r t lit. 20cm between 
ｰｬ｡ｾ ｴｳ＠ on the r o w. Thi s will gi v e about 111,000 
ｰｬ｡ｮｴｾＯｨ• ﾷ＠ whi c h is about half what ts recommended f ct: 
rai .1 - fed crov. The reduct i on in t. h e pJ ant populat ion to 
r·ed ｬ･ｾＺＭ ClH!\PC' t· í t ion f o r m o i. s tu t'P. 
P l a n t. o n f 1 a t w i t h r o w· s 4 5 ＼ ｾｭ＠ a par· t a u el a t 3 O e m t; <' t w e en 
pJant s en thl? row. The populat'ion is half tha.t which is 
re e cm me nd<:,-l ! '-"H nt ir: - h .·d ...- r·op h•..! c: au ¿.,P. ther·e i s need tu 
avo1d cornprt itjon for ｲｮｯ ｩＡＺＧｾＮｕ ｲｴ Ｇ Ｎ＠
T h e ｲ･Ｎｾｯｭｭ･ｮｲｬﾡＺ＾ｩ＠ 1 "P<:: ,., ... , •· ｾ＠ ｦﾷ ＭＭ ｾﾷ＠ .,..r,.; ｮ Ｍ ｦｾ｣ｬ＠ crop . 1 t must· 
l){ notcd t hat t .hP Ｎｩｮ｣ＧＺ＼＾､ｲＭｲＺ｣ｾｾ＠ t.J t' ｲｪｪＡＧ［･ｾｳ｣＠ is v e r y mu ch 
ｲｲ ｾ ､ｩｩｃ＠ ed whe n hPan f: fl ｲ＼ｾ＠ r>J an t<"d o n ｲ･ｾ＠ j dual 
ｭ ｯ ｩ ｳｴｵｲｾ Ｎ＠ 'I'hts is ｰｴ ﾷ ｯ｢ｾＮｴｨｬｹ＠ ｢･｣ｾｵｳ･＠ ｴＮ ｨｾｲｦ＾＠ is no 
wa. t. t< r !'!pll'l.sh i ng t be so i 1 on t... o t ｨＱＮｾ＠ p l ant. 
H . .lliSEQT. PEST& 
The most troublP:.:; c. me pests uf h.:>ans unde r ｩｲｲｩｾ｡ｴ￭ｯｮ＠
a. re nphíds . .t\ ph ids ca.n b(' c o nt ro l J ed by spraying one 
of th<' f o ll ow ing :inse<:t i c.ides: 
1. Rogor 40% EC at 1.2ml/litre of water 
2. Diazinon 60% ｾｲ＠ al O. Bml/litre of water 
3. Malalh i un 50% EC al 1.9m1/ll t.rA o f water 
4 . Mc> lHt?.o n 70% WP at l.Og/li.tt"e of wa ter 
RerJmmPndation are ｡ ｾ＠ f cr rain -fcd c rop. 
ｒ ｾｲﾷ＠ >mme n d:d .ion ｡ｮｾ＠ .'..<S for· j ·ain-fed c r op . 
Thf" growing of mai ze and ｢ｾｾＭｾＮｲ ﾷ ｾ＠ on !"'(·s)duaJ mcisture 
is fe asible ｰｲｯｶｩ､ｾ､＠ thc growing period •1f maize 
Cl't):) does not ; nL,·. r !.t-·r. ｾ＠ !', . . (- ¡,coduction . Where 
mai,,e and beat1 s ctHl he gro\.;¡¡ in assoc;iation! 
ｮｾ｣＠ ' mllle n d :=t ti ons f rJI· r·a i n - fe ·.i t· rop should be ttsed, 
L. ｬｩｾｆＮ ｄ＠ QUAL lTY 
l'><pl' r· lmf'n t.s ha·,· e s hown 1 hat ｨｩｧｨｾｲ＠ .-.{'laUty seeds are 
obt a i. ned from s ecds pt"oducPd under j rt· i ｾ｡ Ｑ Ｎ＠ ion 
( residual moisttn·<·) tbnn T'l:l:ill-ted c t·op. The 
.., 
d j f f <:! t· e n ･ ｾﾷ＠ i n q ua 1 i t y i s A tt r i b u1. e d t o t h e a b s ｾ＠ n e e 
of ｜Ｎ Ｇ ｾｴ･ｲ＠ splashj ng soj 1 a n d pathogen o n tbe c rop and 
ｴｨ ｾﾷ＠ rcl.s:ttively cooler coHd.iiion undcr whic h the crop 
i s , ｲﾷｲﾷｾ ﾷ ｮ＠ whe re di SI? ase spread i s rnu C' h t"educed • 
IV. Illli 1 Q.l\_TEL) __ .QR.QP. 
neat : crop is twt irrig.•.lted in Ma1nHi. The crop is 
u o r r. a 1 J :-· g r o"' n un de r· r a j n - f ｾ＠ d ｾ ｯ＠ n d 1 L i o n a n d re> e E> n t t y 
:·ltlonpt.s ｨｐＮ｜ Ｌ ｾ＠ been ｭＮｆＮｬ､ｾ＠ t -:) g r ow i t 11ndcr r e sidnal 
11. (l 
rnoisture followiníl ｾｾ＠ ri C" <• c r op. Hc•t.:ever , because of 
thc ｮｾ ｾ･ ､＠ to di V'' n.: i f:,.- e rop prnd u ·..: L ion, beans rnay serve 
as a shn rt S(·asoned "w i ntered" r ota t ional crop ｢･ｴｷ･ ｾ ｮ＠
Ltw LHo rice crr.Jpf; . Effort.s we re made a fcw Y€'ars agoto 
e n c<.mrag f' ｾｭ｡ｬ ｬ Ｍｨｯｬ､ ＧｩＧ ｲ ｳ＠ t o ':( row b e ans under irrigation 
a t t.he British ｉｴ ﾷ ｲｩｧ｡ｴＮＮ ｾＺﾷ､＠ ｈＮｬ｣ ｾ＠ Projcct. now ｄｾＮＺ｡ｮｧｷ｡＠ Sugar 
Corpor·ation. 
Results of expr:rimPnts conduC'ted a. t Bunda college, 
Kas l nthula Agri c ult.ncal Researc h Station , Hakhanga 
Ag r ien l tura) Reseavc h Stat ion anri a t Dornas i shO"-' 
promi sing resul ts but H • ＮｾＮｴ･ｲ＠ mnnag0ment, is still a 
problem. 
A. ｌａｾｄ＠ ｐｒｅｐａＸａｔｉｑｾ＠
ｔｨ ｾ＠ r ic<=> c r·op dtH' i ng the n ormal croppi ng season shouJ d 
be ploughcd or dug up with hoes about the end of April 
to the mJ ddle of Hay when ｴｨｾ＠ r ice ｾ ｲ ｯｰ＠ has been 
ｨ｡ｲ ﾷｩ ･ ＺＭＬ［ ｴｴｾ､ Ｎ＠
Beao s can be plant.ed o n rid ges, beds Ot' on flat 
､･ｰ ｐ ｮ､ｩｮｾ＠ on Lhe i r r igation ｦ｡ｾｩｬｩｴｩｐｳＬ＠ soil type 
and planting tP c hnique . If flood irrigation is 
usel, ridges should bP 60 -9 1 apart, preferably 9lcm 
｡ ｰ ｾ ｲｴ Ｎ＠ ｒｬ､ｾ･ｳ＠ c loqp r thn n ROcm jncrease lodging 
proolem becnuse of erosion. [f spt·i.nkler 
irt'igation wjl l t e ｵｳ ｾ､ Ｌ＠ plan t ing can be done on 
fla ': wit.h 45cm bet.ween rows. On medium textured beans 
can hP grown o n co r r ugated r i dges. 
See ｲｲ ｾ｣ｯ ｭｭ･ｵ､･､＠ dwarf var iet j es under i rri ga.t ion . 
ｃｬｩｲ ｡ ｬＮｶｾｲｳ＠ arli' T' C> !- r<"'(' r' m"'"'" ' L -r' Ｑ ＱＢ Ｂｾｮｳ･＾＠ of r e duction of 
yie J d hnd quality Aince thP puds will be resting on wet 
so:i. .' . 
l Oü- 12 0 ＱＭ ｾ ｇＯｈ ａ＠
The ｾ ｢ｯｶｒ＠ r ecornruendat i onR are for t he dwarf 
varietJes list.ed abovP. The seed rale i s higher 
undt:r· ir riQ;a.t io n than unde1· r ain - fed co ndition 
lH'c.tnlse b y i ncrc as j ng t!Je ｾ ･･ ﾷ ､＠ r ate, pl ant 
popuJation c.ln be jnc r eased to tn k €' ｡､ｶ｡ｮｴ Ｎ ｡ｾ･＠ of 
lhP ｮｶ｡ｩ ｬｾｨｬ･＠ ｭｯｩｳｴｵｲｾ＠ and hence increase seed 
:'- i (" ] rl • 
! _. t 
flenn ｲｵｾｴ＠ j g c.i\u.<.;ed by a fungus lJJ:'.<¿ff)X.f.f"-!? __ @.penct.!-: 
ｾ Ｍ ｴ ＮＡｊｾＮＱｾＮｈｳ＠ __ "_ Thís usually infc-ct 1t" nvt-s Rnd pods an<.l 
h a rdl.y st.ems. Symptoms whíte ｳｬｩｾｨｴ Ｎ ｬｹ＠ raised spot. 
ThPse spols latPr dcvelop as br0wn raiscd pustules 
w:i Lh a !'1 n!f. ,-, r · . , i · .!_ ﾷＮ［ｾｭ､＠ the pustules. 
Laler ｴｨｾ＠ entir(' leaf may tu t· n ye .llow. than brown 
and ｦｾｬＱＺＵ＠ o ff frnn, Lhe pltHtt. Cánning bean variet.ies 
an: mnre su o,.;ceptl b)e thru1 most ､ｲｾＧ＠ bean varieties. 
ＱＭｬｵｾｴＮ＠ C<ln be cnn trnllPrl hy Ｈｨｬｾｕｮｧ＠ plé\nts f\t 7-10 
dnys interval with sulphur. Daconil, Dithane M-22, 
Haneb, P1a.nlvll.x or ｾＱ｡ｷ ［ｯ ｮ ･｢＠ can be used. 
ｔ ｾ｣＠ fungus is not seed-horne so. c hemi cal seed ｣ｯｾｴｲｯｬ＠
ｨ ＺＮＺｾＮｳ＠ no vaJ;te. CulturnJ c.ontrol measur-es ) nclude the 
use nf crop r r•t.ation and rnmnvi-11 o f infected plannt. 
ｮｴｲｬｴ ｾｲｩ ｡ｬ＠ from fielrl, ｲｾ､ｵ｣･＠ infection especially 
d t l r ｩｮｾ＠ ｰｲｾＭ f 1 ｯｷｅＧｾ ｲ＠ i ng to f l o\.;erj ng s ｴ｡ｧｾｬｓ＠ o f e rops 
d·'VE-1npment. 
Th ' Ｚｾ＠ i s <"ause d by u fungu::. ｛ｑＮｌｬｲｵｾｴ ＹＮＮＱｊＮＺＮＡＮ｣ｬＺｮ Ｎ ｕｊｌＮ＠
ｬＮＮｴＹ Ｎ ｾ｜ＮｬＡｊｬｩＮﾪＭＮｉＱＮｬＮＡＮＡｊＮｫＮ＠ The ｯｲｾ｡ ｵｩｳｴｮ＠ can infect leaves 1 
pop<.: and ｾｴＮ･ｭｳＮ＠ LPn f s:-·111):>tom-.; arP u __. uall y brown 
lef· ion!-3 ［ Ｍ ､ｯｮ ｾ＠ VGL II '=> l\i1d Ｌ ﾷＺ ＮＺｾｲﾡ｟ｊＮｾ Ｎﾷ ｴｳ＠ which are more 
conspi c nous on the loweY: than the upper leaf surface. 
Pous infe<..:t..il)n are s ttnk en les .i.ons brown to black in 
('o lour. Chemi r.a l con trol incl ude tbe use of Du-Ter, 
ZiPeh, Haneb ami benomyl. Ctt lluraJ co nt rol measures 
in c lude two or three years c rop rotation) the removal 
of infected d ebris and lhe u se of resi s tant 
va1 i.0.t.ies. 
s e · ｾ＠ f- e t. i o n o n ¡·a i n - f e d e r ,_, p . 
Th esP a\ ｴｆｈｾｫ＠ the crcp erratically and h Pnce 
d ifficult lo predict. Contrul measures i n clude thc 
US(! nf h!'l.it, [ól which are appl ied in the late afternoon 
n e a r t. h e p L '\ ;1 t. U :.;; €' b n. i t i n 1 he m i x t.q re ｾＧ＾＠ f ｾ＠
1 , ú(ir· ｾｲｭｭ€Ｇｳ＠ c f !; A.w d.u<-:t or mPI.ize f] our 
1 2 Ü t- Ｇ Ｍｾ＠ Q f l(l u l ｡ｾ［＠ S P. S O 1' S ll h S l_. i t. \ 1 t e 
4 O ｾ＠ 1 ＮｾＬ＠ !IHTH.' s <.> f 1. r i eh l o r f o n 
ｔｨｾ＠ rbov('• bait is nl so ｾＭｦｦ･｣ｴ ｩ ｶ･＠ ngnit1 s t c-;r.ickets 
and n• í l l i ped(!S . 
112 
'l'he c r or-• should b<" ｰＱＮａＮｾＩｴＢＧ､＠ l)etwf':¡.:·n mi d May and 
ｭｩ Ｍｊｌ ｭ ＼ｾ＠ ｾＨｊｏｦｓ＠ thf' 1 a!{cc:;h !re a nd a r e a s o f s imilar 
ｗｬ ｾ｡ ｴｨ｣ｲ［＠ or C'V• ... n a s ｬ｡ｴＬＬｾ＠ f\S thc cnd o f J uJ.y in 
the p lat,el\ 11 rl.rE'I-:B i•'hf'rP tr--rnnPrfi 1 UrC'B a r e Stil} lOW 
e ven :-l t. t lie t tsq Ol ..;t. ·'. t. ,;hou ld be noted that 
Cann ing b cans ｕｉＧＧｾ＠ muí..!, "lCl'C ＼［･ｮｾＺｩ ｴ Ｌ ｩ ｶ ･＠ to low 
ｴｦＭ ｾ ｭｰ･＠ r atu re t ha.h ·lr·y ｢ｦＧ＾Ｎｵﾡｾ［ Ｎ＠ 'l'h i. s shou J d be 
con s idered wh en ､ｐｾＮＮＺ ｩ ＼Ｎｌｩｮ＠ { •.ht." time t.o plant thc 
cnnning b e an s . 
E. ｐ ｾｒｔｉｌｬｬｅ ｦＡ＠
f 1 is advi snb lc t o trst ｾｯ､ＮＺＺ［＠ befo r c applying 
f e rtil.izer. Howev er 1 whete ｴ ｨｩ ｾ＠ i s not possible . 
Ge neral ｲ Ｒ｣ ｯｭｭ ･ ｮ､｡ ｴ ｬ ｯ ｮ ｾ＠ is ｾｩ ｶ ･ ｮ＠ b P low. 
20-20-0 (N-P20b-K?.O) P l u"'> Sulphate of Ammonia. 
Use 3 0 0 --4 00 hg /ha of 20 - 20 - 0 ( N-P2 05 -.K20) plus 1 50-
200kg/ha o f ｳｵ｝ ｰ ｾ ｡ｴ｣＠ r f Hm monia 
Highcr r Btes nrP rccummcnde d f or beans under 
i r r it;:dcd Ln,.w ttnder r·nin-fed crop bec aus e under 
thü ｬ ｡ｴｴｾ＾ ｲ Ｇ＠ conditior1 t.' .. c' n s e of wate r is 
c ontro lled ｾ Ｍ ｩ＠ t.h ｲ ･ｾ ｰ ･｣ｴＮ＠ to t im.ing and amount to 
the ｾｳ ･＠ and the ｮ ･ｾ ､＠ tu ｾｸｰｬｯｩｴ＠ t he nvailability 
of ｷ ｡ﾷｵｾ ｲ＠ i.n o rclf" r Lo incrc-ase s e e d yield . 
p; ant a uou t 2 2 2,(':!)() :iOO-P'ln r t ant / h a . 'rhis i s 
Ｎ＼ｨｾ ｨ Ｚｩ ･ｶ･ ､＠ by p) a n ti n g t"o r · o•.:E; P""r rídg c . The top of 
ｴ •ｬｾＢ＠ ｲ ｩ｣ｩ ｾ ･＠ i s ｦＱ ｲｴ ｴＨ •ｮﾷ ｾﾷＮ ｬ＠ h:-·: in ｢Ｎ ｾ ｴｷ･･ ｮ＠ both rows. 
The d is tanc e b e twPen ｰ ｊ｡ｮｾｾ＠ i w nbout lOc m and 
7.5cm.Pl a nt o11e s erd p P.r s·.atjoll. F.il l g aps within 
s l"'ven d a y s fro m f:' UIE' rgf'nc <·. 
T' •) p btnt ｩｮｾ＠ of b ean s o n ''"ter 1 i ne 1 s n o t. 
r ·commc•d c d b f•ca u se w i t h f 1 uod ir ri g a t i on, most of 
¡ ·e ｾｯｩｬ＠ t:> cndes .Th P ｲｲｯｳｴ､ｴｾ＠ i n l"e r ious lodging 
p • o b lP.ms H i. t lt p od!::: 1 n nntd : l :d wa1 en i n t h e f u rrow. 
J L . 
The S1-lffi(3 popu1at.i.on tts for ridges. However,seeds 
s bott Ld be plantcd on rows 45cm aparl. \d "Lh spacíng 
of 3.5 tu 5 . 0cm ｢･ｌｷ･ｾｮ＠ plantR in row. Plant one 
ｳ･ｾ､＠ pe r s tc.t .. i u H. F .d l. ｾ＠ ﾷａｴＭＭｾＢ＠ { suppl y) w i th in seven 
rlays Rfter e mc rge nce .If the crop is machine 
planted, c alibratP plantcr to deliver onc seed 
every 3 . 5 Lo 5.0cm. 
O. WATER ｍａｎａｇｅｾｅｎｔ＠
Wat,er ｭ｡ｮ｡ｾ･ｭ･ｮｴ＠ i.e. when and how much water to 
app)y is one of the most ｩｲｯｰｯｾｴ｡ｮｴ＠ aspects of bean 
producUon under irriga.Uon. The field wher.e flood 
Ｚｩｲｲｩｾ｡ｴｩｯｮ＠ i G used should be furrowed uniformily so 
that water will not stand in the furrows a.nd they 
s hould be decp enouqh to prevent fJoodlng and to 
1- ee p pods 011t of thc wA.ter. 1'he bean plant is 
relatively shallow-rootnd and has Rn effective depth 
of water withdrawal of about 91cm. lt is, therefore , 
･ｳｳ･ｮｬｩｾｬ＠ that planting should starl w1th a full 
mois t.IH'e pr-o file. 
Two to three days before planting, fields should bo 
irrigated wi 1h aboul lOOmru of water. This is known as 
''pre-planting i.rrigR.t.íon". This is to E'nsure that 
thf:!r.e is t.o nol too much water around the seed at 
planting and seoding cmergence as beans cannot 
withstanc:l "wet feet". The first ｩｲｲｩｾ｡ＮｴＮｩｯｮ＠ after the 
pre -planting one should be ｡ｾｰｬｩ･､＠ before the plants 
｡Ｎｾ･＠ under moisture str0ss,Too liberal and frequent 
il"rigation re!)ult. ｩ ｮ ﾷ ｾｶＬＮＬｲ］ ﾷｳｾ｜ｶｾ＠ vPgP.tative growth 
and ｾ ﾷ ｩ･ｬ､＠ reduct.ion.Proper ｩｲｲＮｩｧｾｴｩｯｮ＠ management , 
t.hE>rP fo rf!, is to irrigntP jnfreqttl:'ntly. 
Tho numbcr o f ｩＮｲｲｩｾ｡ｴｩｯｮｳ＠ a.nd the amnunt of \.¡·a.ter 
ne eded al each irrigatlon depcnd partly on the 
ｾｦＬＺｕｈｈﾡＬ＠ ;tnd t h··· type and l:kpth of ｾｩＡｏｬｬ＠ and pa.rt)y on 
thv amount of organic mattt"r in the so1 1 and t .he 
slope of the l a nd. It has ｢ｾ･ｮ＠ ｳｨｯｾｮ＠ that the ｲｾｴｩｯ＠
uf ･ｶ｡ｰｯｴｲ｡ｮｳｰｩｲｾｴｩｯｮ＠ lo ｯｰｾｮ Ｍｰ｡ｮ＠ evaporation 
{f-t. /Eo) over th e l:ífe of the- r.rop is 0.72 w:.ith an 
E1/Eo ratjo of 0.91 about ｴｊＮｲ｣ｴｾ＠ l'o'et·ks fr(Jm ｰｬ｡ｮｴｩｮｾ＠
"'h j e h e o 1 n .-::- .i d ｴｾ＠ s \\ i t h 1. he pe r :i o d o f 111 a --; J. m t un ｾ＠ r m m d 
covnr. \<lb(· r.-> I"VHporR-tion pun is a\·ai.l,ifdP, irrigat ion 
fl·."· lll"nC7l and ｴﾷ ｾ ＭＮＮＱＮ＼ Ｇ＠ shoHld bP basr-d on Et/Eo fa.ctors. 
In th(' :) b s <·nc c- n f ir.fo rn1a t lo n o n the c-oosumptive 
\.;a l.l r ｮ Ｚｾｴ＿ Ｎ＠ j t· i s !'PcO r.lm(· nd€'d to i r rigate four ti mes 
jn <>.rl.: l .;t i o n t o ｴ ｨ ｣ ｾ＠ ｰ ｲ ｣ Ｍ Ｍｮｌ ﾷ ｜ ｮｴｩｮ ｾ＠ ir.rigati.o n of lOOmm 
wi.th ;¡ Q- 6 5 rn rn eac h t ime ｾｳ＠ fo llo to.· s : 
Pre-plun ; •ｲｲ ｾＬ＠
Two to ｕｮ ﾷ ･ｾﾷ＠ weeks n f ter I• l an1. i ng, 
Begin ing of flowe r ing or j u st befare flowrin g, 
Begini n g of p r, d ｦｩｬ ｬ ｩｮｾ Ｎ＠ a nd 
Be gining of pod maturet ion. 
Tht-> pre - pla rd. ｩｮ ｾ＠ i rr i g f\ ti on :i. s t. o ensu re that the 
pltlllt s tarts with a fulJ moistur€' profile for rap id 
a n d u n i f o r m e m e l' ｾ･＠ n ·:' e . ] r r :j g c-1 t .l o n a t t w o t o t h re e 
we ek r• afte r ｰｬ｡ｮｴ ｩｮｾ＠ ｩｾ＠ f o r adequet.e devel o pme nt 
h rlfo rc ｦｬｯ ｷ ｾｲｩｮｾ Ｎ＠ l r r ig :ttio n at the b eg1ning of 
ｦｬｯｷ ･ ｲｩｮｾ＠ or just befarA ｦｬ Ｐｾ･ ｲ ｩｮｧ＠ increases the 
numb e r o f pods/plant . A good s u pply of wate r at the 
beg inn ing of of pod fi l l i ncreases the number of 
ｾ ･･ ､ ｾＯｰｯ､＠ a nd sced weight . The l ast i rriga t ion is 
i ntended to ha s ten the f i l l ing and mutur i ty o f the 
ｾ ｡ｳｴ＠ pods that wer P set . 
ｾｸ｣ ･ ｳｳｩｶ ･＠ applications ｷ ｡ｅｴｾ＠ water and i n s ome 
·; lace s may c a u se exces sívc· ve ¡;cet.oti ve g rowth, 
product ion of ｳ ｦＧ ｣Ｍｯｵ､ ｾ ｮ Ｍ ｟ｶ＠ ｳｾ Ａｴ＠ o f fl o t.-ers that may 
p roduce ver·y .,;mall ＰＱ ｾ＠ somt, ti mes seedle s s pods dela y 
ｲＮＭ ｴｵ ｴ ｵｐｩｴ ｾ ﾷ＠ Ein<l :-e d!l ce seed y i e ]d . At each irrigation 
' l me , wat e r shoulrl he a ll()wed t o run onl y a s ｬｯｮｾ＠
as is ne cessary to wet the s oi l to cap ac i ty in yhe 
rQot zon e . I n fields of long ｲｩ､ｾ ･ ｳ＠ a nd where there 
i s not ｭｵ ｾ ｨ＠ slope crops ri Jges s hould be made at 
C' on v injen t ｪｲＬｴ･ｲ ｶ｡ ＩｳＮ ｏ ｩﾷ Ｎ ｨ ｾ ｲ ｷｩｳ･＠ the u pper end i s 
J l ke l y to he flooded be fore the l ower end is we t 
t:nough. 
3 . ｊ Ｎ ｬ ｊｊ ＡＮｾｑｦ＠ i rr í gH t _L<;w 
No d efi n lte t ime . Irr·i gtd. io n c an be do ne to fit with 
normal farm o perat jons. Howe v€'r, ｪｲ ｲｩｾ｡ｴｩｮｧ＠ too 
e :). rly in the mornln g o r to0 lat e i n the e'\·ening 
w i ll lowe r soi .l tr:> mpera.ture whi c h could slol-1· the 
ｲ ｾ ｴ･＠ of c r op ' s growth anJ developement. Higher see d 
q ·JP. li t.;.' a r e pro du c 0 d un d e rf ll o ci than sp r·i nkl er 
｢ ｾ｣ ｡ｵｳ＠ of thP sp r cad of d i s e sse s p r e ad with the 
1 ·\! ter. 
b. ｓｰ ｲｩｮｬ ﾷ ｬ ｾＭ ＭＭ Ｚ Ｍ ＬＮＮ Ｍ Ａ｣ｲﾷＺ＾ＭｴＭＭｩＮＭ Ｍｾ＠
'í ·w u se o f ｬＢ ｰｲｩｮｫｬ ･ｾ＠ i rrig .q,tio n h :1 s bec n r eportcd 
t., inc •·ease t he s p l·ead o f ､ｬ ＡＺｈ ｾ＼ ｈ ［ ｐｳ＠ by Jr-oplet 
s p l ｡ｾｨ Ｎ＠ On(' td tc· rnat. j V{-' o f ｯ ﾷ ＮＮＺ･ ｲ ＮＺｾ ｯｭｩｮｧ＠ th(' probJ c m o f 
dtsE>a sr> sprt>ad ｲｾﾷ ｳ ｴ､ ＢＡＮｬＡＺｾ＠ fro:n ｴｨｲｾ＠ Ｇ ｬ Ｇｈｾ＠ o f ｾｰｲﾷｩｮ ｫｬ ･ｬＧ＠
ís to ｩｮﾷｩｾ｡ｴＮ＼Ｚﾷ＠ at nigh t if ｴｨｩＺＮｾ＠ ,- a.n bt? fittE' d int.o 
t.h ·· ｲｷｾ ﾷｭＺ Ｑｬ＠ fnr·min'{ orwr:.ll i()n, ｩＮ･ＺＮ ｶ ･Ｍｾ＠ are ncrmal)y 
w<"t t\t ｮｩｾｓｨｴ＠ ft·orn ÓP\·J &nd. o n r.·e thn J .. ｮｱＺｾｳ＠ are 
｡ｬｬ ｮ ｾ･ｊ＠ lo ､ｲｾ＠ du ri ns t.he day 1 ｬｨｾ＠ risk of ､ｩｳ ･ｾｳ･＠
spt' ('l\d cnn ｾＮｾ＠ r- ' · ' - ;.t ), .. n Rt night might 
SPPtn t o co ntr<1dict i ht re .'\so n for· not ｩｲｲｬｧ｡ｴｩｮｾｓ＠
･＼ｮﾷｊｾﾷ＠ in tlw mo nllng t lJ:' ｌｈＮｾﾷ＠ in Lbe ｦＧｶｾｮｩ ｮｧ＠ in thC> 
｣｡ｾｾ･＠ o f fJond ＺｩＮｮ ﾷ ｩｾ ｡ｴｪｯｮ Ｎ＠ Th(' t.ime of ｳｰｲｩｮｫｬｾｲ＠
i r.-r ig a t i o n i s l••.1sed, ·.lwrP fo r c , o n a c hoic-e between 
di sPasB !:>prea.d and ｲﾷｐ､ｵＮｾＮＭＮ＠ ｾｓｲｯｴＮＬＮｴ ｨ＠ rat.e 1>hi c h may 
pr·o !ont{ t. hP d un-ltion nf c;rop's 5 !'0\>.'1.h tdt ho ut 
ｦﾡｅＧ｣Ｍ･ｳｳ｡ｲＮﾷｩｬｾ Ｎ＠ ｲＮ｡ｮＺＺ［ｩｮｾ＠ rcdu(· t . .ion in seed yield and 
':1 Ulll. j t -:.·. 
l . Hhi :·.ect.rmi a r·oot rot is (;;\tJSed by a fungus 
ＱＳＭｨｩｲｾＮｑＮＮ＼ｾ ｴ ｯ ｴｌ ｾ｡＠ ＵｦＧｬｾｮｩＮ＠ The symptQms o f t h P disease fn·e 
t·ed ｽﾡ［ｾｳｩｯｮｳ＠ o n tlw lmvf>r pD .r t. of th ,.,. st.e m and t h e 
ｲｯｯ ｴｾＮ＠ The plant ｨｾＧ｣ＺＭ ＮＰｭ･ｳ＠ chl o 1ot. ic and sb.m t e d. The 
patho ge n r nn be ｴ ｲ｡ ｮ ｾｭｩｴ ｴ Ｎｾｊ＠ thro .. gh jrrigation 
ｷ ｡ｌ ｣ｾ ｲＬ＠ ｡｣［Ｎﾷ｟ｩＬ［ＮＡｬｾ＠ ¡Ji s .• -- :la.i.llt.>.i..t·tl ｳ｣ＮＺｊＨｾｴﾷｯｴｩ｡＠ o r. 
ｾﾡＮ ﾷｯｲｾｳＮ＠ and infcc:t.r>rl ｾＰｲＮ､ｳＮ＠ Th E> ｦｵｮｾｵｳ＠ ｭ｡ｾ Ｚ＠ bE> 
inLe rwd.iy (Jr ｾﾡＬＺｴｴ•ｲｮ｡ｬｊＬ｜ﾷ＠ seE>d ｬＮｈ Ｉ ｊＧｊ ＧｈｾＮｃｯｮｴｲｯ ｬ＠
metlsures in c.: J.ude t h e use •')f fungic i dcs suc h o.s 
h enomyl , t h\ra.m, zi ne h. captan, v i.tava.x or busan. ThP 
11 B f-: o f <:u l Lura l con trol ｭ ｴＮ＿ ｡ｳ • ｾ＠ res i oc l ud c e r o p 
r·o Lation by p.l anting ｢･ｵｮｾ＠ a f ter· ｭ ［Ｑ ｩ Ｗ ｲｾＬ＠ ｾｨ･｡ｴ＠ or 
Jats . Av,,i df\n c:<.: of t:'Xt'P.S'li,·e mots t ure can also 
ｲｴ＾､ｵｾ･＠ infE'c licHl and. ｾ＾ｄ ｲ ｻ ｾｒ､Ｎ＠
ｓｯｵｴ ｨ＼ ｾｲｮ＠ hl ｩｾｨｌ＠ al so kncw as c rr.;; w root or sc )e roti ll m 
··oot rvt 1s Gnused ｢ｾ Ｇ＠ a ｦｵ ｮ ｾ ｵ ｳ＠ ＭｾｾｾＡ｟Ｎｧ｟ＮｲＮＮＲＮＮｴｊｾＮｭ＠ .LQJ fsii .. 
Pl ant sympt o ms appP.ar a!-'. darl<-brown wat.f-'r soaked 
1 e s s i o H s o n t h e s t ..,. ... m o r h :-.• p o e o t y l j u Ａｾ＠ t be 1 o w t he 
snjl line , Fo U ag(" s:!llpLotns eon :c::i s 'L of y P. llowirtg ()f 
leaves n nd defclia.Lion in the upper bran c h Ｑ•ﾷ｡ｙ･ｾ［ＺＺＮ＠
ｐｯ､ｾ＠ t.ha t t. o uch so i 1 may becomc- infec.-h.' d und rot . 
1 <' n t r 0 1 w i t h eh f."! micA 1 s i. r: e 1 u <i P t !-¡ P use o f PC N B 
i 1-' p n t ¿\ e; l ¡) o r e¡ 11 i t r 1') b t-• tJ :;: (-' n P. l d ¡ r () l d l. H I. 1 F • () r e A. p t a f o l . 
( u l tu:·:'\1 ｾｈ ﾷｴｈＮ＠ i.1 c•:·s t.bat. CfHt t<.•dtH"e southe r n blight 
:rH.: lttde th c u se of ｲｬ Ａ［ｾｲ＾｡ｾ［ｐ＠ ｴＭｾＬｳｩｾｴ｡ｮｴ＠ \'1\rieties, ,,·J.d•• 
¡lant ｳｰｾ ｵﾷ ｩＬ ［［ｓ＠ o r Ln f ollnw ma.i?.f-' or f:!or-ghu m with 
l-e;.1ns . 
] J (., 
2 . ＮｦｊｾｊＮｈＡ＠ _ _f l.Y 
Bean fly or benn titem ｭ｡ｾｾｯ ｴ＠ is ｾ｡ ｵｳ｣､＠ b v three specjes 
of ＹｐｕＮＡＮＹｊＮＡｬＺＺﾷｪＮｾＮ＠ Th:is :is the ma .ior ｽＩＨＮｾｳｴ Ｎ＠ of beans in ｾ Ｑ ｡ｬ｡ｷＮｩ＠
and heuvy i nf e stAt..ion ｾｾﾷｮｮ＠ res11lt in ｣ｯ ｲｵｰｬｾｴ･＠ loss of t hE> 
crop. 
ｄ｡ｭ｡ｾ€Ｇ＠ by bean fl ｾ ﾷ＠ ll:; cn.useri by thc larvae which 
lunnel witllin t.he piHnt tissue. 'l'tlis begins in the 
ｊ･ｵｶｾｳ＠ Lhcn extrndM down the mid rub a nd into the 
steru, ThP ｩｾｲＬｾ･＠ pupate on the Rtem at ground ｬｾｶ･ｬ＠
1-dt.h blnck 1 <> hroh·n colou r ciga t·-shaped ptrpae . 
The:::;c invade thE' vasc ular bundl e and cnusi ng demage 
whi.ch ｲ･ｾｴｲｩｲﾷｴＮ＠ 1\\li'.I' if'rd. a11d ｰｨ•ＮＩｴｯ ｳ ｹｮｴＮ｢ｮＮｴｾ＠
ｴｲ｡ｮｾｬｯ｣｡ｌｩｯｴｊＮｓｵｳ｣･ｰｴ Ｎ ｩ｢ｬ ￭＿＠ plo.nt's lE><'\Yes turn yellow 
and plant ､ｩ€Ｎ Ｎ ﾷ ｾＺＱ Ｌ＠ rE!'3 isttwt. plant.':> prochtc e nerial 
roo ｴＮ ｾ＠ ｮ｢｣ｾｶｦＺ•＠ the would. ｃｨ･ｭｩ｣ｴｾｬ＠ c ontrol met.hods 
i rH .. l Ｇｾ､･＠ t he u s P o f a i d r· i n ·l O% hi P a t t h f' r ate o f 2 8 
grammPs of ｾｯｭｭ･ｲ｣ｩ｡ｬ＠ proJuct per 405 Kilogrammes 
of S(' E'd hS dtt31 
'l'hese are· a prnblem especi a.l.ly if bC'!U1S ｲｾ ｲ･＠ grown 
a t ter n. ｰ｡ｾｴｵｲｾ＠ c 1·o p. 
Ct¡emical l!On t rc.d i n c luJ t= Lite use o f Ca r bofuran . 
l:-\nd prepara1i o n )s <'l ｾｵ ｬ ｴｵｲＺ ､＠ c ont.ro J method . 
ｯｾ｡ｮｾＬ＠ especi allv ｣｡ｮｮｩｮｾ＠ ｾ ｾ ｮｮ＠ variet i es, are rather 
St· r.sit.iv e ｴ ｯ ｬｯｾ Ｚ＠ s oiJ cc mpe rat ure>s (10-ll'iC) .Leaves of 
s 1 •;,.. e p t i L 1 e s Pe d l i n !.S s t. u r n y e .l. 1 ｯｾ＠ a n d fa ll o f f be f o re 
ｴｾ･＠ fir s t trifoliate lenves ｾ ｭ ･ ｲｧ ｐ Ｌ＠
ｓｵｳ｣ｾｰｬｊ｢ｬ･＠ c ulti \ars should be plantcd when the soiJ 
ter.!peraturf' ｾｾ＠ ｨ ｩｾ ｨｅ＾ｲ＠ than l:1C, 
S 11 n s e a 1 d o r .1 i g h t. i n j t1 r y m a ;v a f fe e t 1 P. a ve s , s 1. e rn s 
Ol' pod s . Thi:3 condJtion ｩｾｾ＠ ｣ ｡ｮＺﾷｈｾ､＠ }}_.,. int.ense by hf.' u t 
f >l.l owP.d b y high h11m Jd ty o nd r.lr;udy ＢＧ｣ ｾ ｡ｴｨ･ｲ Ｎ＠ There 
:.11 !"lo ."'ppnar t. o h !? ｾｯ ｴｮ｣＠ ns:=;oc L tt ion \vi th h c avy 
¿.¡ :.J p ! i. 1.: a t. í. ') n o f f P r· l. i l i ［Ｎｾ＠ ｾ＠ r . 
Ar f ec tc·d pl:-.tll! pa! 1 :-. show leBions whlch can be 
tn is t ni--et1 for bctcl. e r·L'l1 ｢ＮｬｩｾｨＱ＠ . . 1-)ut ｾＬ［ ｵ ｣ ｨ＠ lesions 
h .tvc l iO l.>H t.: t (? rlal ｾＢ ｘｵ､ｮｴ･ｳＮ＠ l'herP are n o rf'S.i s ta.n t 
\.- 1 r·1 ei ｩ• Ｎｾｳ Ｎ＠