1 Aksum University College of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Economics Value Chain Analysis of Movable Frame Hive Honey: the Case of Ahferom Woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia By: Atsbaha Mehari A thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science degree in Agribusiness and Value Chain Management Principal advisor: Abebe Ejigu (PhD) Co-advisor: Berhanu Gebremedhin (PhD) June, 2015 Shire, Ethiopia i DECLARATION This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Value Chain Analysis of Movable Frame Hive Honey” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MSc., in Agribusiness and Value Chain Management to the College of Agriculture, Aksum University, through the Department of Agricultural Economics, done by Mr. Atsbaha Mehari, Id.No. AKU/SC/PG/02/13 is an authentic work carried out by him under my guidance. The matter embodied in this project work has not been submitted earlier for award of any degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge and belief. Atsbaha Mehari _____ 29/5/2015 Name of the student Signature Date Abebe Ejigu (PHD) 29/5/2015 Name of the major supervisor Signature Date Berhanu Gebremedhin (PHD) __________________ _______________________ Name of Co-advisor Signature Date As member of the Board of Examiners of the MSc Thesis Open Defense Examination, we certify that we have read and evaluate the thesis prepared by Atsbaha Mehari and examined the candidate. We recommended that the thesis to be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the degree of Master Science in Agri-business and value chain management. ____________________________ _________________ ______________ Name of External Examiner Signature Date ____________________________ _____________________ ______________ Name of Internal Examiner Signature Date ____________________________ ______________________ ______________ Chairperson Signature Date ii BIOGRAPHY The author was born on December 29, 1983 in Wukro town of Eastern Zone, Tigray region. He attended his elementary and junior education at Wukro town. After successfuly passing ESLCE, he joined Haromaya University in 2003 and graduated in B.Sc. in Animal Science in July, 2006. After graduation he was immediately employed in Tselemti Woreda Office of Agriculture and rural development where he worked for about three years and then after, he joined Shire Agricultural Technical Vocational Educational Training (TVET) College in November 20, 2010. Finally he joined Aksum University for his MSc. Study in Agri-Business and value chain management. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my families for their continuous contribution throughout my life. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty God and His Mother St. Virgin Mary for giving me health, patience and strength to complete this work. My deepest gratitude goes to my principal advisor Dr. Abebe Ejigu for his valuable comments, guidance and encouragement from title selection, proposal write up and questionnaire development up to submission of the final thesis write up. I am also indebted to thank my co- advisor Dr. Berhanu Gebremedhin for his effort on finding graduate fellow. I would like also to acknowledge ILRI-LIVES for funding the cost of this study. I want also to thank Woreda Ahferom bureau of agriculture and rural development staffs for their help during data collection, especially developmental agents and beekeeping technicians of Sero, Laelay Megaria Tsemri and May suru. My special thanks also go to Gidey Beyene, Zekiros Fikadu, Hailemariam Gebrehaweria, Girma Gezmu, Selamawit Girmay and Mewael Kiros for their support during the study. Finally I extend my gratitude to my family/ my mother Hiryt H/silasie and my brothers Hadush Mehari, Kahsay Mehari, G/medhin Mehari; and my sister Hiwot Tesfay, Tarik for their ever living love and support. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AD After Death AAFC Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada ARSD Apiculture Research Strategy Document BoARD Bureau of Agricultural Rural Development GDP Gross Domestic Product GTZ German Technical Cooperation IPMS Improving Productivity and Market Success KG Kilo gram MFH Movable Frame Hive M.a.s.l Meter above Sea label MM Mile Meter MoRAD Ministry Of Agriculture and Rural Development MSPA Mauritius Sugar Producers’ Association MTs Metric tons ND No Date OoARD Office of Agriculture and Rural Development Qts Quintals REST Relief Society of Tigray SCP Structure, Conduct and Performance (Analysis Approach) SNV Netherlands Development Organization SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences TMPA Tigray Market Promotion Agency UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNIDO United Nations United Industrial Development Organization US$ United States Dollar VIF Variance Inflation Factor vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i BIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................ iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ....................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES .................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Objective of the study ...................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. General Objective ..................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2. The Specific Objectives of the Study........................................................................ 5 1.4. Research questions ........................................................................................................... 5 1.5. Scope of the study ............................................................................................................ 5 1.6. Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................... 6 1.7. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................. 6 1.8. Organization of the thesis ................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER II- REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................. 7 2.1. Definitions of Terms and Concepts .................................................................................. 7 2.1.1. Value Chain .............................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2. Agricultural Value Chain .......................................................................................... 7 2.1.3. Major concepts guiding agricultural value chain analysis ........................................ 9 2.2. Mapping the Value Chain .............................................................................................. 10 2.2.1. Value Chain Actors ................................................................................................. 10 2.2.2. Value Addition ........................................................................................................ 10 2.3. Market and marketing .................................................................................................... 11 vii 2.3.1. Marketing channel .................................................................................................. 11 2.3.2. Evaluating Marketing System ................................................................................. 11 2.3.3. Market Structure, conduct and performance (S-C-P) analysis ............................... 12 2.4. Benefits of value chain analysis ..................................................................................... 14 2.5. Benefits of beekeeping in Ethiopia ................................................................................ 15 2.6. Constraints of beekeeping in Ethiopia ........................................................................... 16 2.7. Review of Empirical Studies .......................................................................................... 16 2.8. Conceptual frame work .................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER III- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 19 3.1. Description of the Study Area ........................................................................................ 19 3.2. Research strategy and design ......................................................................................... 20 3.2.1. Research strategy .................................................................................................... 20 3.2.2. Research design ...................................................................................................... 20 3.3. Data type and Source...................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1. Data Type ................................................................................................................ 20 3.3.2. Data Source ............................................................................................................. 20 3.4. Sampling Procedures and Techniques............................................................................ 21 3.5. Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 22 3.6. Method of Data Analysis................................................................................................ 23 3.6.1. Descriptive data Analysis ....................................................................................... 23 3.6.2. Value chain analysis ............................................................................................... 23 3.6.3. Market Structure, conduct and performance (S-C-P) analysis ............................... 23 3.6.4. Econometric Analysis ............................................................................................. 26 3.6.5. Ranking analysis ..................................................................................................... 28 3.7. Variable Selection and Definition .................................................................................. 28 3.7.1. Dependent variables ................................................................................................ 28 3.7.2. Independent variables ............................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER IV- RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................... 33 4.1. Descriptive Analysis ...................................................................................................... 33 4.1.1. Demographic and socio economic characteristics of sample households .............. 33 4.1.2. Honey production in Ahferom Woreda .................................................................. 35 viii 4.1.3. Service related issues .............................................................................................. 39 4.1.4. Market related issues............................................................................................... 40 4.1.5. Demographic characteristics of traders ................................................................... 42 4.1. Value Chain Analysis ..................................................................................................... 42 4.1.1. Mapping Core Processes ......................................................................................... 43 4.1.2. Mapping Main Value Chain Actors and Activities................................................. 43 4.1.3. Mapping Volume of Honey Flow ........................................................................... 46 4.1.4. Mapping Honey Value Distribution........................................................................ 46 4.1.5. Mapping relationship and linkage ........................................................................... 46 4.2.6. Mapping Constraints and Feasible Solutions .......................................................... 49 4.2.7. Value Chain upgrading and interventions............................................................... 50 4.3. Market Structure, Conduct and performance analysis ................................................... 51 4.3.1. Market channel........................................................................................................ 51 4.3.2. Market concentration ratio ...................................................................................... 52 4.3.3. Market conduct ....................................................................................................... 53 4.4. Econometric Analysis .................................................................................................... 57 4.4.1. Factors affecting producers’ market channel choice decision ................................ 57 4.5. Constraints and opportunities in the honey value chain ................................................. 60 4.5.1. Constraints of honey production ............................................................................. 60 4.5.2. Constraints of honey market ................................................................................... 62 4.5.3. Opportunities of honey production ......................................................................... 62 CHAPTER V- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................... 64 5.1. Summary and Conclusion .............................................................................................. 64 5.2. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 66 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 68 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 72 Appendix 1: analysis tables ....................................................................................................... 72 Appendix 2: questionnaires ....................................................................................................... 74 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Proportion of households in each Tabia which produce honey using movable frame hive ................................................................................................................................................ 22 Table 3.2: Honey traders sample .................................................................................................. 22 Table 3.3: Description of dependent and independent variables to be used in the model ............ 32 Table 4.1: Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of samples………………………..34 Table 4. 2: Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of sample ...................................... 34 Table 4. 3: Honey type, Honey harvesting season and frequency ................................................ 35 Table 4. 4: Membership to Cooperatives and Honey extraction ................................................. 36 Table 4. 5: Beekeeping experience, Number of MFH hive, Amount harvested and market price 37 Table 4. 6: Beekeeping activities, Chemical application and Colony absconding ....................... 38 Table 4. 7: Access to different services ........................................................................................ 40 Table 4. 8: Market information, previous agreement and collaboration and Post harvest value addition ......................................................................................................................................... 41 Table 4. 9: Distance to nearest market .......................................................................................... 42 Table 4.10: Mapping honey value chain constraints and feasible solutions ................................. 49 Table 4. 11: Honey traders’ concentration ratio ........................................................................... 52 Table 4. 12: honey marketing cost and benefit share of actors ..................................................... 55 Table 4. 13: honey market margin of actors at different channel ................................................. 56 Table 4. 14: Result of Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) and Marginal Effect ........................... 58 Table 4. 15: Pests and Predators ................................................................................................... 61 Table 4. 16: Ranking of Beekeeping Constraints ......................................................................... 61 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Mapping of honey value chain from movable frame hive in Ahferom Woreda ......... 45 Figure 4. 2: Mapping volume of honey flow ................................................................................. 46 Figure 4. 3: Mapping honey value addition ................................................................................. 46 Figure 4. 4: Mapping relationship and linkage ............................................................................ 46 Figure 4. 5: value chain upgrading and interventions ................................................................. 50 Figure 4. 6: Honey market channel in Ahferom Woreda .............................................................. 52 xi LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Appendix table 1: producers honey production cost..................................................................... 72 Appendix table 2: cost and profitability analysis of local honey collectors ................................. 73 Appendix table 3: cost and profitability analysis of Enticho retailers .......................................... 73 Appendix table 4: VIF result ......................................................................................................... 74 Appendix table 5: Result of contingency coefficient ................................................................... 74 xii ABSTRACT This study aims at analyzing value chain of movable frame hive honey in Ahferom Woreda of Tigray region with specific objective of identifying the honey value chain actors, functions, activities, and degree of coordination; assessing profit distribution of participants in the honey value chain; identifying factors affecting market channel choice decision of honey producers and identifying constraints and opportunities of honey value chain in the study area and to propose mechanisms to upgrade the value chain. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected from120 beekeepers, 6 traders, 45 consumers using pre-tested questioner. This was supplemented by secondary data from different published and unpublished sources. The result of the descriptive statistics showed that, the majority of the honey producers in the study area were male households. Value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the Woreda are input suppliers, beekeepers, local collectors, retailers and consumers. The activities performed by the actors in the survey period were input supply, production, marketing and consumption. It is also found that honey passes through intermediaries with little value being added before reaching the final users. The result of market structure-conduct-performance indicates the presence of strong oligopoly market structure. The multinomial logit model result indicates that, the probability to choosing collector channel was positively and significantly affected by producers’ previous agreement with buyers and negatively and significantly affected by average monthly income and market information compared to consumers’ outlet. Similarly, the probability of choosing retailers channel was positively and significantly affected by age, beekeeping experience, distance to nearest market and market information compared to consumers’ outlet. The result of ranking index indicated that, honey production was constrained by prevalence of pests and predators, agro chemical application and lack of beekeeping tools and equipments. Despite this there are also opportunities such as availability of area closures, easy access to modern beekeeping materials, availabilities of bee’s forages, motivating government policy, and high demand for quality and quantity of honey. Therefore, policy aiming at gender consideration, capacity development, establishing honey collection centers, developing and improving infrastructure, market information and adequate supply of beekeeping tools and equipments are recommended to accelerate honey value chain development. Key Words: Movable frame hive, Honey value chain, Market channel, Ahferom Woreda By Atsbaha M 1 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Livestock is an important economic sector in Ethiopia which contributes to economic development. Ethiopia is generally considered to have the largest population of livestock than any country in Africa (Hartman, 2004). Ethiopia has a longstanding beekeeping practices that has been an integral part of other agricultural activities, where more than one million households keep honeybees. The beekeeping subsector is also creating job opportunities in both rural and urban areas through organizing jobless urban and landless rural youth and women to involve in them in bee equipment production and beekeeping activities (Gemechis, 2015). About 5.0 million hives are estimated to be found in the rural sedentary areas of the country and from this total hives, 95.57%, 1.63%, and 2.8%are reported to be kept in traditional, transitional and modern hive respectively. The total estimated honey production is also 39.89 million kilograms of which the greater portion is harvested from traditional hives. In Tigray there are more than 219,036 hived colonies out of which 77,525 are found in central zone of Tigray (CSA, 2012). Tessega (2009) stated: because of lack of technological changes, institutional supports and access to market and value chain development, the district in general and the rural beekeeping households in particular have not been sufficiently benefited from the sub sector. This was reflected by the various indigenous knowledge practices, production of quality honey, and diverse distribution of honeybee floras (in most part of the district), bee product processing and handling, and presence of different type of honeybees in the area. The major constraints to exploit the untapped potential of beekeeping activity in the district are lack of beekeeping equipment, agrochemical bee poisoning, shortage of bee forage, incidence of pest and diseases. Beekeeping as a business is a recent development in the country and presently, honey is a cash crop for almost all beekeeping households. Households consume less than 10% of their total harvest at home (mainly for medicinal, ritual or cultural ceremonies), and the remaining is By Atsbaha M 2 available for sale. The large portion of the marketed honey goes to the production of local beverage called (tej) and small portion is used as a table honey (Beyene and David, 2007). In general, the potential segregation of small-scale producers to the growing market is the main concern for the people concerned with development of poor farmers in developing countries (Reardon and Berdegue, 2005). This shows that there is a need to meet diverse consumer demand which requires commercial interactions/coordination along the value chain and this coordination will become core to competitiveness in the global market (Mesfin, 2012). Value chain is useful as a poverty-reduction tool if it leads to increase on and off farm rural employment and income. Increased agricultural productivity alone is not a sufficient route out of poverty within the context of globalization and increasing natural resource degradation. A focus on post-harvest activities, differentiated value added products and increasing links with access to markets for goods produced by low-income producers would appear to be the strategy open to smallholders (Lundy et al., 2002). Ayalew (2008), Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia suggested the presence of 10 million bee colonies while the recent unofficial information from the same office is indicating to be about 12 million. Production and supply of honey by regions shows that Oromia accounts for over 55% of the bee colonies and 53% of the Honey production, followed by Amhara which accounts for about 20% of the colonies and 21% of the honey production. The Southern Nations, Nationalities Peoples Regional State, on the other hand, accounts for about 15% of the bee colonies and 17% of the honey production. Tigray and Benshangul accounts for 4.5% and 3.6% of the total bee colonies: and 5.5% and 3% of the total honey production respectively. In Tigray, honey has been harvested in almost all Zones of the region but the most potential source of honey is eastern, central, and southern zones. Almost all the Woredas of Tigray produce honey of various colors from white to red/amber. This potential offers wider market range to producers of honey in Tigray (BoARD, 2001). Ahferom OoARD report (2014) indicated that, apiculture is an important agricultural activity in this Woreda and it is practiced as an integral part of farming activities. In this Woreda alone, approximately more than 8546 farmers are engaged in modern and traditional honey production. At present there are 31090 traditional hives of which only 9000 colonies are used for honey By Atsbaha M 3 production and the rest is for colony production and there are also 8399 modern hives (movable frame hive) of which only 7217hives are with colony. The annual crude honey yield from total number of traditional and modern beehive at 2013/14 was 1202.74 and 1271.8 Quintals, respectively. Basing on the theory of value chain analysis, this study mainly focuses on identifying the actors, processes, activities, and degree of coordination, assessing profit margin of participants of the chain, identifying factors that affects market outlet choice decision and identifying constraints and opportunities of honey value chain in Ahferom Woreda. 1.2. Statement of the problem Even if apiculture presents an opportunity for small producers, for many African beekeepers the potential to create a significant livelihood from selling honey remains out of reach. Some of the issues facing small honey producers are similar to those facing other small commodity producers, while some aspects are specific to the honey trade. Beekeeping is often promoted as being a pro-poor income generating activity because it is accessible to marginalized members of communities, has low start up costs and requires little land or labor. However, without access to a market, these benefits cannot be utilized (UNCTAD, 2006). Tessega, (2009) reported that: because of lack of technological changes, institutional support and access to market and value chain development, the district in general and the rural beekeeping households in particular have not been sufficiently benefited from the sub sector. Gidey and Mekonen (2010) added that: major constraints affecting honey production which includes inadequate availability of production technologies, limited beekeeping Knowledge, limited availability of vegetation, limited training and technical assistance in beekeeping and honey marketing lack of proper bee management and marketing facilities are also problems facing the honey sub sector in the region. Mengistu (2010) indicates that: establishing bee product marketing system would be a very valuable tool for producers, collectors and processors to plan and take gain of the products´ seasonal flow. An improvement in marketing efficiency, thus, attracts the attention of many governmental and NGOs and viewed as an important national development strategy. By Atsbaha M 4 In most cases producers have no access to any up-to-date market price information that would enable them to bargain with traders and consumers. For many years, government and private sector development initiatives and programs in Ethiopia have emphasized actions to increase small scale farmers’ access to training, finance services, business development services, and other important elements. The recent focuses have also included helping small and medium enterprises link with global markets and improving markets and business environments (Mengistu, 2010). Mesfin (2012) indicates that: there are also major market problems identified which includes, adulteration of honey, poor linkage of producers with other chain actors, high costs of modern beekeeping equipments, lack of access to rewarding markets, colony absconding due to poor hive management. According to LIVES report of (2013), in Central Zone Ahferom Woreda is one of the selected action district of LIVES project and has great beekeeping potential. In the LIVES districts of central Tigray there are about 55,913 bee colonies Out of which 33,882(60%) of the colony population is found in Ahferom Woreda. Even though the Woreda is believed to have diversified type of vegetation and cultivated crops as potential for beekeeping activities, so far there is no research study conducted on honey value chain in the study area. Furthermore in this area beekeepers are still suffering with input, production and market related problems. So honey value chain analysis is unique research tool to identify the happening bottleneck problems of each honey value chain actors so as to propose possible upgrading interventions. Hence, the purpose of this study is to identify the actors’, functions, activities and degree of coordination, assessing the profit margin of participants in the chain, identifying factors affecting channel choice decision of the producers, identifying constraints and opportunities of honey value chain and propose mechanisms on how to upgrade the value chain in Ahferom Woreda. By Atsbaha M 5 1.3. Objective of the study 1.3.1. General Objective The general objective of this study is to analyze the value chain of movable frame hive honey in Ahferom Woreda. 1.3.2. The Specific Objectives of the Study a) To identify the honey value chain actors, functions, activities, and degree of coordination in the study area b) To assess the profit distribution of participants in the honey value chain c) To identify factors affecting market channel choice decision of the honey producers d) To identify constraints and opportunities of the honey value chain in the study area and to propose mechanisms to upgrade the value chain. 1.4. Research questions This study will answer the following questions.  Who are the honey value chain actors, functions and their activities in the study area?  What the coordination of actors in value chain looks like?  Who is benefiting more among the chain actors in the study area?  What are the factors affecting producers market channel choice decision?  What are the main constraints and opportunities of honey value chain in the study area?  What mechanisms are needed to be applied to upgrade the existing value chain? 1.5. Scope of the study The scope of the study was described geographically, conceptually and methodologically as follows. Geographically, this study was conducted in Ahferom Woreda, Central Zone of Tigray Regional state. Conceptually, the scope of the study was bounded only on analyzing the value chain of movable frame hive honey in Ahferom Woreda. Methodologically, the study involves on analyzing the value chain which starts from input suppliers, beekeepers, locale retailers and consumers of that particular Woreda. However, the district may not represent the whole honey value producers in Tigray and Ethiopia in general. Nevertheless, it is believed that the honey By Atsbaha M 6 value chain analysis which has been conducted in the district may give a picture on the honey value chain actors, functions, governance, constraints, profit distribution, channel choice decision and possible intervention areas on how to upgrade the honey value chain so as to improve the rural livelihood. 1.6. Limitations of the Study Although large sample size is required to deal with the subject matter exhaustively, due to limitation of resources and time, the sample size was restricted to120 beekeepers of the Woreda. And hence, the generalizations of the finding are limited to the study area and locations with similar socio economic characteristics. 1.7. Significance of the Study The focal point of the public policy is job creation, production and productivity improvement, creating market access for the produced products so as to alleviate poverty. This study was conducted on the value chain analysis of movable frame hive honey (MFH) honey and the results of the study would be significant for the local value chain supporters, governmental organizations and NGOs who aim to improve the performance of beekeepers, to see where the higher value and profit exists and to take corrective actions and improve the identified constraints so as to exploit the opportunities from the huge honey potential the district possesses. Finally, the result of this study may also be used as a base for further research by other researchers in the beekeeping development program. 1.8. Organization of the thesis With the above brief introduction, the remaining part of the thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 presents review of literature on value chain analysis from different sources. Subsequently, description of the study area and methodologies are presented in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, both descriptive and econometric results are presented and discussed in detail. Chapter 5 summarizes the main findings of the study and draws conclusion and appropriate recommendations. By Atsbaha M 7 CHAPTER II- REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Definitions of Terms and Concepts 2.1.1. Value Chain Porter (1998), has defined value as the amount buyers are agreeable to pay for what a firm provides, and he conceived the value chain as the amalgamation of generic value adding activities operating within a firm activities that work together to provide value to customers. The value chain describes the full range of activities that are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the different phases of production (which involves a combination of physical transformation and the input of various producer services), delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use (kolinsky and Morris, 2000). The value chain is a concept which can be simply described as the entire range of activities required to bring a product from the initial input-supply stage, through various phases of production, to its final market destination. The production stages entail a combination of physical transformation and the participation of various producers and services, and the chain includes the product’s disposal after use (UNIDO, 2009). 2.1.2. Agricultural Value Chain A typical agricultural value chain consists of all the firms and individuals and their activities involved in input supply, production, assembly, processing, wholesaling, retailing, and utilization (consumption), with export included as another stage for commodities that are destined for export (Berhanu et al., 2012). The value chain concept entails the addition of value as the product progresses from input suppliers to producers and consumers. A value chain, therefore, incorporates productive transformation and value addition at each stage of the value chain. At each stage in the value chain, the product changes hands through chain actors, transaction costs are incurred, and generally, some form of value is added. Value addition results from diverse activities including bulking, cleaning, grading and packaging, transporting, storing and processing (Anandajayasekeram and Berhanu, 2009). By Atsbaha M 8 Value chains encompass a set of interdependent organizations, and associated institutions, resources, actors and activities involved in input supply, production, processing, and distribution of a commodity. In other words, a value chain can be viewed as a set of actors and activities, and organizations and the rules governing those activities (Anandajayasekeram and Berhanu, 2009). Figure 2. 1: Typical agricultural value chain associated business development services. Source: Adapted from Ferris et al. (2006). Porter (1998) indicates that: value can be created by differentiation along every step of the value chain, through activities resulting in products and services that lower buyers’ costs or raise buyers’ performance. Value chain analysis is the process of breaking a chain into its constituent parts in order to better understand its structure and functioning. The analysis consists of identifying chain actors at each stage and discerning their functions and relationships; determining the chain governance, or leadership, to facilitate chain formation and strengthening; and identifying value adding activities in the chain and assigning costs and added value to each of those activities. The flows of goods, information and finance through the various stages of the chain are evaluated in order to detect problems or identify opportunities to improve the contribution of specific actors and the overall performance of the chain (UNIDO, 2009). By Atsbaha M 9 According to Mitchell et al., (2009), value chain performers can be classified in two basic classifications. Those are: primary and secondary performer. According to him, primary performers perform a selection of (primary) functions typically input supply, production, processing, storage, wholesale (including export), retail and consumption. They have further mentioned that actors who perform similar functions are regarded as occupying the same functional nodule, for example the input supply joint, production joint, retail joint and so on. Based on their categorization the secondary actors perform (secondary) service roles that support primary functions, such as transportation, brokerage and service processing, etc. This shows that Value chain analysis is also valuable analytical tool that helps to firms to understand the policy environment. 2.1.3. Major concepts guiding agricultural value chain analysis There are four major key concepts guiding agricultural value chain analysis Anandajayasekeram and Berhanu, (2009), Kaplinsky and Morris, (2000). These are effective demand, production, value chain governance, and upgrading. 2.1.3.1. Effective demand Agricultural value chain analysis views effective demand as the force that pulls goods and services through the vertical system. Hence, value chain analysis need to understand the dynamics of how demand is changing at both domestic and international markets, and the implications for value chain organization and performance. Value chain analysis also needs to examine barriers to the transmission of information in the changing nature of demand and incentives back to producers at various levels of the value chain (MSPA, 2010). 2.1.3.2. Production In agricultural value chain analysis, a stage of production can be referred to as any operating stage capable of producing a saleable product serving as an input to the next stage in the chain or for final consumption or use. Typical value chain linkages include input supply, production, assembly, transport, storage, processing, wholesaling, retailing, and utilization, with exportation included as a major stage for products destined for international markets. A stage of production in a value chain performs a function that makes significant contribution to the effective operation of the value chain and in the process adds value (Anandajayasekeram and Berhanu, 2009). By Atsbaha M 10 2.1.3.3. Value chain governance Value chain governance is one of the main chain features that distinguish a value chain from other ordinary market place. According to his explanation value Governance refers to the inter- firm relationships and institutional mechanisms through which non-market co-ordination of activities in the chain is achieved (Humphrey and Schmitz, 2002). 2.1.3.4. Value chain upgrading Upgrading refers to the acquisition of technological capabilities and market linkages that enable firms to improve their competitiveness and move into higher-value activities (Kaplinsky and Morris, 2000). Upgrading in firms can take place in the form of process upgrading, product upgrading, functional upgrading and chain upgrading. Upgrading entails not only improvements in products, but also investments in people, knowhow, processes, equipment and favorable work conditions. 2.2. Mapping the Value Chain Mapping a value chain facilitates a clear understanding of the sequence of activities and the key actors and relationships involved in the value chain. This exercise is carried out in qualitative and quantitative terms through graphs presenting the various actors of the chain, their linkages and all operations of the chain from pre-production (supply of inputs) to industrial processing and marketing (UNIDO, 2009). 2.2.1. Value Chain Actors According to GTZ, (2007), the term “value chain actors” summarizes all individuals, enterprises and public agencies related to a value chain, in particular the value chain operators, providers of operational services and the providers of support services. In a wider sense, certain government agencies at the macro level can also be seen as value chain actors if they perform crucial functions in the business environment of the value chain in question. 2.2.2. Value Addition Value addition refers to adding value to a raw product, such as raw agricultural commodity by taking it to the next stage of production. Agricultural products offer considerable scope for value By Atsbaha M 11 addition. For example, scope exists to produce dairy products from fluid milk, flour from wheat or rice grain, or juices and jams from fruits. Value can also be added simply by cleaning and grading produce. Farmers can add value through membership in a cooperative that process farmers products, such as a cooperative coffee processing plant. Value-addition makes a greater proportion of revenue to be available to the producer. It also helps to expand the customer base for the product or commodity (Berhanu et al, 2012). Value-addition can involve different activities: (1) change in the physical state or form of the product (such as milling wheat into flour or making strawberries into jam), (2) production of a product in a manner that enhances its value, as demonstrated through a business plan (such as organically produced products), (3) physical segregation of an agricultural commodity or product in a manner that results in the enhancement of the value of that commodity or product (such as an identity preserved marketing system which creates a special link/between the grower and consumer by meeting the specific requirements of food processors) (Berhanu et al, 2012). 2.3. Market and marketing The concept of exchange and relationships lead to the concept of market. It is the set of the actual and potential buyers of a product (Kotler and Armstong, 2003). Conceptually, a market can be visualized as a process in which ownership of goods is transferred from sellers to buyers who may be final consumers or intermediaries. 2.3.1. Marketing channel According to Kohls and Uhl, (1985) Marketing channels are the sequence of intermediaries through which goods pass from the producers to consumers. They are alternative routes of product flows from producers to consumers. 2.3.2. Evaluating Marketing System A marketing system is a collection of channels, intermediaries, and business activities, which facilitate the physical distribution and economic exchange of goods (Kohls and Uhl, 1985). The development of reliable and stable market system has been an important element in commercialization and specialization in the agricultural sector. According to Meijer, (1994) In order to evaluate the functioning and performance of the market, Structure-Conduct-Performance By Atsbaha M 12 (SCP) was applied to assess the agricultural system and this framework was to evaluate the performance of industries in the USA. 2.3.3. Market Structure, conduct and performance (S-C-P) analysis S-C-P approach focuses on the behavior of groups rather than individual firms, and looks into the influence of the horizontal relationships among these firms on market performance. Thus, it is suggested that the S-C-P model is preferable to that model which analyze the productive efficiency of individual marketing enterprises (Magrath, 1992). 2.3.3.1. Market structure Market structure shows trends in the number and size of firms relative to each other and to the number of consumers and producers in particular time and place (Malhotra, 1996). Considerable attention has been focused on market concentration as a measure of competition in marketing. Concentration refers to the proportion of industry sales made by its largest firms. In general, the more concentrated the industry sales, the more likelihood that the market will be imperfectly competitive (Khols and Uhl, 1985). According to Kohls & Uhl, (1985) four traders with the largest volume of honey handled were used for the calculation of market concentration ratio (CR) of honey traders for judging the market structure. A concentration ratio of over 50% is generally considered a tight oligopoly; concentration ratio between 25% and 50% is generally considered as lose oligopoly and concentration ratio less than 25% is no oligopoly. 2.3.3.2. Market conduct Marketing conduct refers to the patterns of behavior that enterprises follow in adopting or adjusting to the markets in which they sell or buy their product and service. This definition shows that there is a need for analyzing human behavioral patterns that are not enthusiastically identifiable, obtainable, or quantifiable (Malhotra, 1996). It shows the Presence or absence, the levels and nature of entry barriers distribution of market information and its capability in sharpness of prices and quantity compositions and individual risk as well (Kohls and Uhl, 1985). By Atsbaha M 13 2.3.3.3. Market performance According to Cramers and Jensen (1982), Performance of the market is reflection of the impact of structure and conduct on product price, costs and the volume and quality of output. If the market structure in an industry resembles monopoly rather than pure competition, then one expect poor market performance. Wolday (1994), market performance refers to the combination of results that firms in the market arrive by pursuing whatever line of conduct they promote up to end results in the dimensions of price, output, production and selling cost, product design. 2.3.3.3.1. Marketing margin Marketing margin is the difference between the value of a product or a group of products at one stage in the marketing process and the value of an equivalent product or group of products at another stage. Measuring this margin indicates how much has been paid for the processing and marketing services applied to the product(s) at that particular stage in the marketing process (Smith, 1992). The size of market margins is largely dependent upon a combination of the quality and quantity of marketing services provided the cost of providing such services, and the efficiency with which they are undertaken and priced. For instance, a big margin may result in little or no profit or even a loss for the seller involved depending upon the marketing costs as well as on the selling and buying prices (Mendoza, 1995). Under competitive market conditions, the size of market margins would be the outcome of the supply and demand for marketing services, and they would be equal to the minimum costs of service provision plus “normal” profit. Therefore, analyzing market margins is an important means of assessing the efficiency of price formation in and transmission through the system. There are three methods generally used in estimating marketing margin: (1) detailed analyses of the accounts of trading firms at each stage of the marketing channel (time lag method); (2) computations of share of the consumer’s price obtained by producers and traders at each stage of the marketing chain; and (3) concurrent method: comparison of prices at different levels of marketing over the same period of time (Mendoza, 1995). By Atsbaha M 14 2.4. Benefits of value chain analysis Kaplinsky and Morris, (2001) outlined three main reasons why value chain analysis is important in this era of rapid globalization. The first is that with the growing division of labor and the global dispersion of the production of components, systemic competitiveness has become increasingly important. The second is that efficiency in production is only a necessary condition for a successful penetration of global markets. Thirdly, entry into global market and making the best use of globalization requires an understanding of dynamic factors that are inherent in the whole value chain. It is an innovation that enhances or improves an existing product, or introduces new products or new product uses. This allows the farmer to create new markets, or differentiate a product from others and thus gain an advantage over competitors. In so doing, the farmer can ask a higher premium (price) or gain increased market share or access. Adding value does not necessarily involve altering a product; it can be the adoption of new production or handling methods that increase a farmer’s capacity and reliability in meeting market demand. Value-added can be almost anything that enhances the dimensions of a business. The key is that the value-adding activity must increase or stabilize profit margins, and the output must appeal to the consumer (AAFC, 2004). Value chain is useful as a poverty-reduction tool if it leads to increase on and off farm rural employment and income. Increased agricultural productivity alone is not a sufficient route out of poverty within a context of globalization and increasing natural resource degradation. A focus on post-harvest activities, differentiated value added products and increasing links with access to markets for goods produced by low-income producers would appear to be the strategy open to smallholders (Lundy et al., 2002). Traditionally, little attention has been paid to the value chains by which agricultural products reach final consumers and to the intrinsic potential of such chains to generate value added and employment opportunities. While high-income countries add nearly US$185 of value by processing one tone of agricultural products, developing countries add approximately US$40. Furthermore, while 98 percent of agricultural production in high-income countries undergoes industrial processing, barely 38 percent is processed in developing countries. These indicate that By Atsbaha M 15 well developed agro-value chains can utilize the full potential of the agricultural sector (UNIDO, 2009). 2.5. Benefits of beekeeping in Ethiopia In Ethiopia, it is estimated that more than one million farmer households participate in beekeeping. Honey is produced mainly as a cash crop, which is serving as a source of additional cash income for hundreds of thousands of households. In general, the potential area for honey and beeswax production in Ethiopia includes South-western, Western and North-western parts of the country (ARSD, 2002). These are classified into high, medium and low potential areas. Many of the districts in Tigray, Wollo and Hararege and in some other parts of the country which are covered with marginal forests do have relatively low potential in honey production when compared with the other parties of the nation (Beyene and David, 2007). As beekeeping has low start-up cost and requires little land or labor, it is accessible to many rural community and is promoted as a pro-poor income generation activity (MoARD, 2007). Numerous droughts coupled with environmental degradation have threatened the livelihood of this rural community for several decades (MoARD, 2007). However, regardless of other agricultural activities, bees survive in drought-threatened areas and supplement the vulnerable communities with nutritious food, honey, and a source of income. Mekonen, et al., (2011) found out that: beekeeping could be a great source of employment creation for the rural people to reduce poverty and beekeeping plays an important role in income generation for beekeepers of the district. Women in Ethiopia play multiple and overlapping roles, which have increasingly put pressure on their health, food security, productivity and potential contribution to improved human welfare and economic development (Ametemariam, 2009). According to Brad bear (2003), honey has value as a food, as a medicine, as a cash crop for both domestic and export markets and as an important part of some cultural traditions. By Atsbaha M 16 2.6. Constraints of beekeeping in Ethiopia The major cause of the problem that affects apiculture in Ethiopia are lack of beekeeping knowledge, shortage of trained manpower, shortage of beekeeping equipment, pests and predators, fires, pesticide threat and inadequate research works to support development programs. The cultural beehives are not comfortable for sanitation and high level of production. Farmers are only using the sales of the honey and do not consider wax as means of income in their business. They do not use proper harvesting of honey and do not have honey and wax separator. The moisture content of the product is beyond the standard range and critical for the business. Farmers fail to supply honey with standard moisture content and needs improvement (Johannes, 2005). 2.7. Review of Empirical Studies Mekonen, et al., (2011) found out that beekeeping could be a great source of employment creation for the rural people to reduce poverty and beekeeping plays an important role in income generation for beekeepers of the district. In their study of Ensuring Small Scale Producers in Ethiopia to Achieve Sustainable and Fair Access to Honey Markets, Beyene and David, (2007), identified that: beekeepers (small scale farmers), local honey collectors, cooperatives, tej houses, wholesalers, honey processors, beeswax processors, retailers, input suppliers and exporters are the major actors in the apiculture sub-sector. The methodology used in their research was based on sub-sector and value chain analytical framework. The overall objective of their research was to significantly increase the understanding of the constraints and opportunities faced by the honey sub-sector in order to identify at what stages of the honey value chains and what kind of policy, technological, institutional, infrastructural, organizational and management interventions are needed in order to make the sector more competitive in the domestic and export markets, and thereby improve the livelihood of, particularly, the rural poor. And they concluded that development of marketing structure, expansion of knowledge based extension services for an improved supply to the domestic and export market and standardization of products are the major areas of intervention required to ensure the small scale farmer (beekeepers) to benefit from apiculture. By Atsbaha M 17 Jari and Fraser (2009) identified that, market information, expertise on grades and standards, contractual agreements, social capital, market infrastructure, group participation and tradition significantly influence household marketing behavior. The study uses multinomial regression model to investigate the factors that influence marketing choices among smallholder and emerging farmers. Bongiwe and Makusha (2012), Used descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses to investigate factors affecting farmers’ choice of marketing channels using survey data gathered during the 2011 production season.. The results indicated that age of the farmer, quantity of baby corn produced and level of education were significant predictors of the choice to sell vegetables to NAM Board market channel instead of selling to other-wholesale market channel. The age of the farmer, distance from production area to market, membership in farmer organization and marketing agreement were significant determinants of the choice to use non-wholesale market channel over other-wholesale market channel. GTZ (2008); used value chain analysis to identify the constraints hindering the growth of the honey subsector and the opportunities in Nepal. The key issue during the analysis stage was to find the most pressing bottlenecks for sub sector growth first and address them in a systemic manner. Referring the key findings of the study, large number of people is already involved in beekeeping, honey collection, processing and marketing of honey and other bee products. However, honey entrepreneurs in Nepal cannot harness that niche market due to Nepal’s inability to meet legal requirements for export. There is limited support for addressing market and quality related issues and value-adding activities. Assurance of quality is the first prerequisite for enhancing export opportunities and improving access to international markets. Tessega, (2009) shows that: because of lack of technological changes, institutional supports and access to market and value chain development, the district in general and the rural beekeeping households in particular have not been sufficiently benefited from the sub sector. This was reflected by the various indigenous knowledge practices, production of quality honey, and diverse distribution of honeybee floras (in most part of the district), bee product processing and handling, and presence of different type of honeybees in the area. The major constraints to exploit the untapped potential of beekeeping activity in the district are lack of beekeeping equipment, agrochemical bee poisoning, shortage of bee forage, incidence of pest and diseases. By Atsbaha M 18 2.8. Conceptual frame work In the traditional marketing system farmers produce commodities that are "pushed" into the marketplace and Farmers are generally isolated from a majority of end-consumer and have little control over input costs or process received for their goods so honey value chain analysis is unique research tool and results on improvement of honey quality, infrastructure, access with market information and creating competitive (fair) market access. The identification of actors, profit distribution among actors, factors affecting market channel choice decision and constraints and opportunities related to honey production and marketing were subject to the application of this research framework. Honey value chain involves varies actors and covers the activities from the stage of honey inputs supply until it reaches the point of consumption. Based on theoretical concepts and empirical studies in honey value chain, a framework is presented in figure 1.1. Figure 1. 1: Conceptual model for MFH honey Personal factors -Education -Age - Additional income Institutional Factors - Extension service - Training - Input Effect on producers’ market channel choice decision Market related issues -Market information Distance to market Production related issues -honey extraction -yield -quality Traders’ behavior - Attitude & - Knowledge By Atsbaha M 19 CHAPTER III- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Description of the Study Area The study was conducted in Tigray region, central zone, in Ahferom Woreda located between 14o 06’ 30"N-14°38' 30”latitude to 38o 50’ 30"E to 39o 18’ 00" E longitude in central zone of Tigray. The elevation of the Woreda is between 1550-2991 MASL, and the average annual rainfall is 540ml-650ml. Based on the elevation the agro ecology of this Woreda is classified in to 45.5% kola, 44.5% weinadega, 10% dega. Ahferom Woreda is mainly bordering to Ganta- Afeshum Woreda in the east, Adwa Woreda in the west, Eritrea in the north and Werie-Leke Woreda in the south (OoARD, 2014). Ahferom Woreda has a surface area of 133979ha of land of which 23434ha is cultivated land. The total population of the Woreda is 206993with 100088males and 106905females. The total number of households are 46395and 28649, 17746 male and female respectively. Geographically, Ahferom Woreda is found north east of Mekelle and the administrative office is at Enticho town (OoARD, 2014). Figure 3. 1: Location Map of the Study Area By Atsbaha M 20 3.2. Research strategy and design 3.2.1. Research strategy Value chain analysis requires access to qualitative and quantitative information on ample range of variables related to its organization and performance. 3.2.2. Research design Since the core objective of the study was to analyze value chain of movable frame hive honey in Ahferom Woreda, the researcher employed descriptive type of research. Among the types of descriptive research design, this particular study employs cross-sectional survey design which entails the collection of data on more than one case at a single point in time. 3.3. Data type and Source 3.3.1. Data Type Since the study required wide range of information with reference to beekeeping both qualitative and quantitative data were generated using conventional survey method. 3.3.2. Data Source In order to get the overall picture of honey value chain in the study area, the study used both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data were collected using semi structured questionnaire for sample respondents and participatory data collection tools like, individual discussions, observation and key informant interview was utilized. Data collected from respondents focuses on demographic characteristics of the household, traders, beekeeping activities, service access, market related issues, and beekeeping constraints and opportunities. The key informants’ interview includes: OoARD, REST and Farm Africa beekeeping experts, LIVES and research center zonal coordinators and Dimma beekeeping development and Honey processing PLC. By Atsbaha M 21 Furthermore, traders questionnaire includes, type of business (wholesaler, retailer, processors), buying and selling strategies, source, marketing costs and problems faced with regard to their honey trade, and other related data. Secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished sources, such as reports from Office of Agricultural and Rural Development (OoARD), Bureau of Agricultural and Rural Development (BoARD), Tigray Agricultural Marketing Promotion Agency (TAMPA), Central Zone LIVES office, central statistics agency (CSA) manuals, Journals and websites were reviewed to strengthen and secure the study. 3.4. Sampling Procedures and Techniques For this study, in order to select a representative sample a multi-stage sampling technique was implemented to select potential Tabias for honey production and sample farm households. In the first stage, with the consultation of Woreda agricultural experts, development agents and central zone LIVES project coordinator, out of 27 Kebeles of Ahferom Woreda, LIVES project supported 5 Kebeles for beekeeping were selected based on the interest of LIVES project. In the second stage, from the identified or selected rural kebeles, 3 sample Kebeles namely Laelay Megaria Tsemri, Sero and May Suru Kebeles were selected purposively based on their beekeeping potential, research accessibility, agro-ecology and LIVES project interest. In the third stage, using the household list of the sampled Kebeles sample honey producers who produce honey using movable frame hive (MFH) were selected and beekeepers stratified based on the number of hives they owned followed by randomly sampling from each stratum so as to collect representative sample respondents. The sample size was determined according to James, et al, (2001) sample size determination table at precession level of 5% and sample honey producing households were randomly selected from each of the selected rural Kebeles using probability proportional to size. Hence, the total number of beekeepers in the selected 3 Kebeles were1069 and 120 sample honey producers from modern hive were drawn. By Atsbaha M 22 Table 3.1: Proportion of households in each Tabia which produce honey using movable frame hive No Name of Selected Kebeles Total Number of honey producers Sample households (11.2% of each strata) 1. Laelay Megaria Tsemri 308 35 2. May suru 436 49 3. Sero 325 36 Total 1069 120 In addition to house hold survey, based on their availability and size data from traders and consumers were also collected. During the survey, it was difficult to get the list of honey traders in Enticho office of trade and industry, because there was no any licensed honey trader in the study area. Due to this reason the researcher followed snowball sampling techniques so as to address the honey traders. In case of consumers, the researcher selected employed respondents. As educated respondents have good understanding to questions and results collecting data at a minimum bias. Table 3.2: Honey traders sample No Market areas Traders Local collectors Retailers Processors Total 1. Enticho - 2 - 2 2. Dibdibo 2 - - - 3. Sero 2 - - - Total 4 2 6 3.5. Data Collection The researcher used different data collection instruments like questionnaire, interview and personal observation and the procedure for data collection was first, questions were set for each respondent group which is then to be discussed by advisors. Next, the questionnaire was translated in to Tigrigna language in order to make the questionnaire easily understandable and avoid any ambiguity to the respondents and enumerates as well as avoids independent translation by enumerators. Pre-testing of the questionnaire and record sheets was made as a pilot survey and on the basis of information obtained during pre-testing; modifications were made on the questionnaire. Then, the primary data collection of information was made at household level By Atsbaha M 23 followed by secondary data. The researcher adequately administered and supervised the data collection process and checked the quality of the returns to avoid bias and errors on the spot through editing questionnaires. 3.6. Method of Data Analysis This study employed different categories of data analyses; namely descriptive, value chain, econometric analyses and ranking analysis with the help of statistical software packages such as SPSS version 16 and STATA version, 10. 3.6.1. Descriptive data Analysis These methods of data analysis refer to the use of percentages, means, and standard deviations. This was used in the process of examining and describing facilities, services, household characteristics, value chain performance and major constraints and opportunities of honey value chain. In addition χ2 –test was applied to complement the result obtained from the econometric model. 3.6.2. Value chain analysis Moreover, individual enterprises may feed into numerous chains; hence, which chain (or chains) was/were targeted depends largely on the point of entry for the research inquiries (Kaplinsky and Morris, 2001). Value chain analysis was applied to this study for identifying actors, functions, activities and their governance in the value chain so as to define upgrading strategies within the chain. 3.6.3. Market Structure, conduct and performance (S-C-P) analysis The model examines the fundamental relationships between market structure, conduct and performance, and is usually referred to as the Structure, Conduct, and Performance (S-C-P) model. Therefore, the study used S-C-P model to evaluate movable frame hive honey market. 3.6.3.1. Market structure Market structure shows trends in the number and size of firms relative to each other and to the number of consumers and producers in a particular time and place (Malhotra, 1996). By Atsbaha M 24 The concentration ratio is a way of measuring the concentration of market share held by particular suppliers in a market. "It is the percentage of total market sales accounted for by a given number of leading firms". Thus a four-firm concentration ratio is the total market share of the four firms with the largest market shares. The greater degree of concentration is the greater the possibility of non-competitive behavior existing in the market (Ayelech, 2011). ܯܵ݅ = Vi∑vi ሺͳ) Where MSi= market share of buyer i Vi= amount of product handled by buyer i ∑vi= total amount of product C = ∑ Si�௜=1 ሺʹሻ Where C = concentration ratio handle Si = percentage share of ith firm r = number of large firm for which the ratio is going to be calculated 3.6.3.2. Market conduct Marketing conduct refers to the patterns of behavior that enterprises follow in adopting or adjusting to the markets in which they sell or buy their product and service. This definition shows that there is a need for analyzing human behavioral patterns that are not enthusiastically identifiable, obtainable, or quantifiable (Malhotra, 1996). It shows the Presence or absence, the levels and nature of entry barriers distribution of market information and its capability in sharpness of prices and quantity compositions and individual risk as well (Kohls and Uhl, 1985). Knowing market conduct in the study helped us to identify price setting in honey market in the study area. 3.6.3.3. Market performance According to Cramers and Jensen (1982), Performance of the market is reflection of the impact of structure and conduct on product price, costs and the volume and quality of output. If the By Atsbaha M 25 market structure in an industry resembles monopoly rather than pure competition, then one expect poor market performance. Wolday (1994), market performance refers to the combination of results that firms in the market arrive by pursuing whatever line of conduct they promote up to end results in the dimensions of price, output, production and selling cost, product design. 3.6.3.3.1. Marketing margin Once the basic structure of a marketing channel is established, it is relatively easy to collect information on the price at which the product is bought and sold at each stage in the production process (Smith, 1992). Knowing of marketing costs and margins in a chain enable us to identify how revenues and margins are distributed over the actors in the value chain in order to conclude whether they can increase margins in a value chain. According to Mendoza (1995), total gross marketing margin (TGMM) is the final price of the produce paid by the end consumer minus farmers’ price divided by consumers’ price and expressed as a percentage ܶܩܯܯ = ܥ݋݊ݏݑ݉݁ݎݏ′�ݎ݅ܿ݁ − ܨܽݎ݉݁ݎݏ′�ݎ݅ܿ݁�ݎ݅ܿ݁ �ܽ݅݀ ܾ� ݐℎ݁ ܥ݋݊ݏݑ݉݁ݎ × ͳͲͲ ሺ͵ሻ The Net Marketing Margin (NMM) is the percentage over the final price earned by the marketing middleman as his net income once his marketing and transaction costs are deducted. From this measure, it is possible to see the allocate efficiency of markets. Higher NMM or profit of the marketing intermediaries reflects reduced downward and unfair income distribution, which depresses market participation of the smallholder. An efficient marketing system is where the marketing costs are expected to be closer to transfer costs and the net margin is near to normal or reasonable profit. ܰܯܯ = ܶܩܯܯ − ܯܽݎ݇݁ݐ݅݊� ܥ݋ݏݐ�ݎ݅ܿ݁ ݌ܽ݅݀ ܾ� ݐℎ݁ ܥ݋݊ݏݑ݉݁ݎ × ͳͲͲ ሺͶሻ Where: TGMM = Total Gross Marketing Margin NMM = Net Marketing Margin By Atsbaha M 26 It is useful to introduce here the idea of “producer participation”, “farmer’s portion” or “producer’s gross margin” (GMM) which is the portion of the price paid by the end consumer that belongs to the farmer as a producer. It should be emphasized that growers that as middlemen also receive an additional marketing margin. The producer’s margin or share in the consumer price (GMMp) is calculated as: ܩܯܯ݌ = ܧ݊݀ ܤݑ�݁ݎ �ݎ݅ܿ݁ − ܯܽݎ݇݁ݐ݅݊� ܩݎ݋ݏݏ ܯܽݎ�݅݊ܧ݊݀ ܤݑ�݁ݎ �ݎ݅ܿ݁ × ͳͲͲ ሺͷሻ Where; GMMp is the producer’s share price. 3.6.4. Econometric Analysis To analyze market outlet decisions a multinomial legit (MNL) model was applied to explain inter household variation in the choice of a specific honey marketing channels because it is widely used in decision that have different choices and commercial off-take studies having more than two alternative choices ( Getachew, 2009). This study assumed that farmer’s decision is generated based on its utility maximization. This implies that each alternative marketing channel choice entails different private costs and benefits, and hence different utility, to a household decision maker. The analytical model is constructed as follows. Suppose that the utility to a household of alternative j is U, where j = 0, 1, 2…. From the decision maker’s perspective, the best alternative is simply the one that maximizes net private benefit at the margin. In other words, household i will choose marketing outlet j if and only if Uij > Uik, ⩝j≠k. It is important to note that household’s utility cannot be observed in practice. What a researcher observe are the factors influencing the household’s utility such as household and personal characteristics and attributes of the choice set experienced by the household (McFadden 1978). Based on McFadden (1978), a household’s utility function from using alternative j can then be expressed as follows: U ሺChoice o ⩝ f j for household iሻ = Uij = Vij + ɛ ij ሺ͸ሻ By Atsbaha M 27 Where, Uij is the overall utility, Vij is an indirect utility function and Ɛ ij is a random error term. Following equation (6) above, we can adapt the MNL model fitting to this study as follow: �ሺܥܪܫܥܧ݆݅ = ݆ሻ = ܧ��ሺßj�݅jሻ∑ ܧ��ሺßj�݅jሻ �௝=1 ሺ͹ሻ Where, i represents ith farm household, and i=1,2,3,…,120. j represents different marketing outlets, j=1 for sale to consumers’, j=2 for sale to local collectors and j=3 for sale to retailers. P represents the probability of honey marketing outlet j to be chosen by farm household i; CHOICE ij= j means that honey marketing outlet j is chosen by farm household i; Xi is independent variables. In the case of this study, farmers have three market channels to sell most of their honey produce, J = 3, and the alternatives j = 1, 2, 3, represent sale outlets to consumers, locale collectors and Enticho retailers respectively. The dependent variables (the marketing channel choice decision) in the analysis are measured by the probability of selling honey to either of these markets. According to the survey result, three main different marketing channels were identified. These include sales to consumers (1), local collectors (2), retailers (3). The model predicts the relative probability that a producer would choose one of the three categories based on the nature of the explanatory variables. For this analysis, the market channel consumer was used as comparison base outcome because this market channel was chosen by the majority of honey selling farmers. Econometric analysis of the data was done using STATA 10 software. 3.6.4.1. Specification of errors Before fitting important variables into the regression models for analysis, it was necessary to test multicollinearity problem among continuous variables and check associations among discrete By Atsbaha M 28 variables, which seriously affects the parameter estimates. According to Gujarati (2003), multicollinearity refers to a situation where it becomes difficult to identify the separate effect of independent variables on the dependent variable because of existing strong relationship among them. The two measures that are often suggested to test the existence of multicollinearity are Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and Contingency Coefficients (CC). Thus, Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) is used to check multicollinearity among continuous variables. As a rule of thumb, if the VIF is greater than 10 (this will happen if R is greater than 0.90), and the value of CC is greater than 0.75, the variable is said to be highly collinear (Gujarati, 2003). 3.6.5. Ranking analysis Constraints of modern beekeeping in the study area were ranked with the help of MS excel 2007 ranking index method. The following formula was used to compute index as employed by Musa et al (2006). ��܌܍� = Rn ∗ Cͳ + Rn − ͳ ∗ Cʹ … . +Rͳ ∗ Cn∑Rn ∗ Cͳ + Rn − ͳ ∗ Cʹ … . +Rͳ ∗ Cn ሺͳͲሻ Where, Rn=Value given for the least ranked level example (if the least rank is 10th, then Rn=10, Rn-1=9, R1 = 1) Cn = Counts of the least ranked level 3.7. Variable Selection and Definition In the course of identifying factors influencing market channel choice decisions, the main task is to analyze which factor influences and how? Therefore, potential variables, which are supposed to influence honey market channel choice decisions, need to be explained. Accordingly, the major variables expected to have influence on market channel choice decisions are explained as follows: 3.7.1. Dependent variables Market channel choice Decision (MCCD): In the analysis it is measured by the probability of selling honey to either of the market channels. The outlet choices might be along producers By Atsbaha M 29 decision involving in three alternative markets. It will be represented in the model as Y1 for household who choose to sell honey mainly to consumers, Y2 for producers that mainly sell their honey to local collectors and Y3 for producers who mainly sell honey for retailers. 3.7.2. Independent variables Age of respondents (Age): Age is a continuous variable and measured in years. Age is a proxy measure of farming experience of household head. Bongiwe and Masuku (2012) found that: age of the farmers was significant determinant of the choice to use non-wholesale market channel over other-wholesale market channel. Therefore, age is hypothesized to have positive influence on producers’ market channel choice decision Education status of respondents (EDR): This is a continuous variable and measured in years of schooling. Education plays an important role in the adoption of innovations/new technologies. Formal education enhances the information acquisition and adjustment abilities of the farmer, thereby improving the quality of decision making (Fakoya et al., 2007). Furthermore the result of Abraham (2013) showed that, if the household head is educated the probability of choice of retail outlet decreased by 13.9% relative to wholesaler outlet. Therefor, it is hypnotized to have positive influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. Average monthly income of beekeepers (AMIOBk): it is a continuous variable measured in birr that individual beekeepers average monthly income out of beekeeping activities. As the beekeepers’ average monthly income increases the probability of producers’ on choosing the profitable channel will increase. Hence, this variable is expected to have positive influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. Beekeeping Experience (BKExp): It is a continuous variable; measured in the number of years that the household head spend in beekeeping business. Higher experience in beekeeping business may favor beekeeping activity and build producers good will so as to build their bargaining power and to choose the profitable market channel. Farmers with longer farming experience are expected to be more knowledgeable and skillful (Ayelech, 2011). Hence, this variable is expected to positively influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. By Atsbaha M 30 Number of Beehives Owned (NBHO): It is continuous variable measured in number of movable frame beehives owned. The probability of owning large number of bee hives may lead producers to produce large volume of honey. The variable is expected to have positive influence on market channel choice decision. Market price (MP): It is continuous variable and expressed in amount of money in birr per Kg of honey producers’ sell their produce to their customers based on the profitability of price attractiveness. The variation in market price is expected to have positive influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. Total honey yield harvested from movable frame hive (THYHM): It is a continuous variable expressed in total kilograms of honey produced in a single household. Study conducted by Mamo and Degnet (2012) that: larger volume of livestock sales increased probability of channel traders to be chosen. Sikawa and Mugisha (2011) found that, the amount of milk produced by the farmer significantly influenced the choice of milk marketing channel. This implies that farmers who produce huge volumes of milk prefer selling their milk to the channel which is capable of absorbing all amounts. The amount of honey produced is expected to have positive influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. Honey extraction (HOEX): it is a dummy variable taking the value of if the beekeepers undertake honey extraction using extractor otherwise zero. It is expected that difference in product type brings change on consumers’ preference. Due to this reason honey extraction is expected to have negative influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. Training Access (TraAcc): This variable is measured as a dummy variable taking a value of 1 if the beekeeper has access to modern beekeeping issues and zero otherwise. It is expected that training access widens the household’s knowledge with regard to the use of improved honey production technologies and is expected to have positive impact on producers’ market channel choice decision. Distance to Nearest Market (DNM): It is a continuous variable measured as the distance of the honey producer households from the nearest market and it is measured in Kilometers. The closer the market, the lesser would be the transportation charges, reduced walking time, and reduced other marketing costs, better access to market information and facilities. A similar study was By Atsbaha M 31 conducted by Holloway et al., (1999) on milk-market development in the Ethiopian highlands has negatively affected. This variable is expected to have negative influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. Previous agreement with the buyers (PAwB): it is a dummy variable taking a value 1 if producers have previous agreement with buyers and otherwise zero. This also develops confidence to producers’ market issue and contributes on quality improvement and production maximization. As expected a positive and significant relationship was found between the availability of marketing agreement and market channel choice. Bongiwe and Masuku (2013) showed that, the probability of Onion producers selling to non-wholesale market channel would increase by 3916.6% with the presence of a marketing agreement. This variable is expected to have positive influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. Market Information (MI): It is a dummy variable. Assign one if a farmer got market information and zero otherwise. Farmers marketing decisions are based on current information available on the market. Hence, it allows producers to sell their product at a time of high demand with motivating price. Again, business decisions are based on dynamic information such as consumer needs and market trends (CIAT, 2004). This variable will have positive influence on producers channel choice decision. By Atsbaha M 32 Table 3.3: Description of dependent and independent variables to be used in the model No Variable Description Type Value 1 Dependent variable 1.1 MCCD Market channels choice decision Continuous Y1,Y2 and Y3 producers sells to Con, LC and R 2 Independe nt variable Description Type Value Expecte d sign 2.1 Age Age of respondent Continuous Years +/– 2.2 EDR Education status of the respondent Continuous Years + 2.3 AMIOBk Average monthly income of beekeepers Continuous Birr + 2.4 BKExp Beekeeping experience Continuous Years + 2.5 NMBHO Number of modern Beehives Owned Continuous N umber + 2.6 MPM Market price Continuous Birr + 2.7 THYHM Total honey yield harvested from Continuous Kilo grams + 2.8 HOEX Honey extraction Dummy 0=No 1=Yes – 2.9 TraAcc Training Access Dummy 0=No 1=Yes + 2.10 DNM Distance to Nearest Market Continuous Distance in Km – 2.11 PAwB Previous agreement with buyers Dummy 0=No 1=Yes + 2.12 MI Market Information Dummy 0=No 1=Yes + By Atsbaha M 33 CHAPTER IV- RESULT AND DISCUSSION This chapter deals with the presentation of results of the collected data and discussion in relation to the research questions and objectives. This chapter has five parts as follow. The first part of descriptive analysis of this chapter has been done to describe the general socio- economic and demographic characteristics of beekeepers and beekeeping activities of the sample households in the study area. The second part of the analysis mainly focuses on honey value chain analysis of the study area. It focuses mainly on mapping of the honey value chain actors, functions, chain governance, constraints and upgrading strategies that exist in study area. The third part of the analysis involves, Structure-Conduct -Performance of honey market chain. In this part marketing channels, marketing costs and margins, and benefit shares of actors in the value chain was analyzed. The fourth part of econometric model was also employed to identify the factors affecting farmers’ market channel choice decision in the study area. The final section deals with the constraints and opportunities of honey value chain in the study area. 4.1. Descriptive Analysis 4.1.1. Demographic and socio economic characteristics of sample households This part presents demographic and Socio-economic characteristics of households that are found in the study area and currently who are involved in honey production using movable frame hive were presented in table 4.1 and 4.2. The total sample size of beekeepers handled during the survey was 120. Of the total sample respondents, 90% were male-headed households and 10% were female-headed in Ahferom Woreda. The average household head’s age was 44.99 with minimum and maximum of 22 and 67years old respectively. From this one can learn majority of beekeeping households are adult and this may result slow acceptance to new technologies. By Atsbaha M 34 Table 4.1: Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of samples Variable Item Consumer Local collector Retailer N=80 N=13 N=27 N N N χ2-value p-value Sex Male 69 12 27 4.327 0.115 Female 11 1 0 N: number of respondent Note: *, **, *** denote variable Significant at 10%, 5%, and 1% probability level, respectively. With respect to educational status of the respondents, mean educational level of households was found to be 4.52 years. This implies that majority of the beekeeping households are literate though they are with low educational status. From the above result the researcher concludes that, majority of the producers involved in beekeeping using movable frame hive in the study area were found at lower educational status and this constrains the acceleration on acceptance and effective utilization of new technologies. Furthermore educational status of respondents has a significant difference on producer’s market channel choice decision. Since educated households have good capacity on achieving training, technical advice and fast understanding of their locality. Table 4. 2: Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of sample Variable N(120) Minimum Maximum Mean SD Education 120 0 15 4.52 3.410 Age 120 22 67 44.99 8.775 Family size 120 2 10 6.33 1.839 AMIOBK 120 250 4678 1329.07 1039.521 SD: standard deviation The finding of Gichora (2003) states that: for more advanced beekeeping, beekeepers should have a good educational background so as to easily grasp bee biology and behavior of bees and better colony seasonal management. Moreover, for illiterate people, intensive training and consistent extension service is needed before distributing movable frame hive. The average family size of the t sample respondents was found to be 6.3 in the study area. This is beyond the national rural average (5.5). By Atsbaha M 35 With regard to income out of beekeeping activities all of the respondents were involved in other income generating activities in addition to beekeeping and the mean monthly income was found to be 1329 birr. Based on the above survey result beekeeping in Ahferom Woreda is practiced as a side line to other agricultural activities. This could be due to the nature of beekeeping that is performed seasonally. Income out of beekeeping will have significant difference on producer’s market channel choice decision. As household monthly income increases producers could have probability of choosing the profitable market channel. 4.1.2. Honey production in Ahferom Woreda In this section major beekeeping related issues like beekeeping experience, beehive possession, type of honey harvested, season and frequency of honey harvest, cooperatives membership, old wax replacement, supplementary feeding, colony inspection and absconding, honey extraction and chemical application are analyzed and discussed as follows: Table 4. 3: Honey type, Honey harvesting season and frequency Variable Item N (120) % Crud honey 24 20.0 Honey type Pure honey and crude wax 86 71.7 Pure honey, crude wax and queen rearing 10 8.3 June - September 2 1.7 Harvesting season October - December 78 65.0 October - December and April – June 40 33.3 Harvesting frequency Ones 80 66.7 Twice 40 33.3 With regard to respondents honey type, they are expected to produce pure honey, crude wax and queen rearing using movable frame hive. Majority of respondents, (71.7%) produce only pure honey and crude wax but 20% of them are still producing crude honey implying that they did not use honey extractor to filter honey from its wax but still practicing the traditional way of honey harvesting techniques which diminishes all the structures of foundation sheets. OoARD beekeeping expert responds that, this is due to lack of awareness and improper distribution of the equipment (honey extractor) during honey harvesting time. Furthermore, 8.3% of the By Atsbaha M 36 respondents were able to utilize the benefit of movable frame hive properly and produce pure honey, crude wax and colony. Table 4.3 shows the respondents harvesting season in the production year 2014/2015, 1.7% responded that their harvesting season was from June to September where as 65% of the respondent’s harvesting season was from October - December and 33.3% of the beekeepers harvest in two seasons- October-December and April – June. So the peak honey harvesting season in the study area was from October-December. With respect to honey harvesting frequency, 66.7% of the respondents harvest once in a year and only 33.3% of the respondent’s harvest twice a year. Honey harvesting frequency may vary due to the availability of honey bee forages and seasonal suitability. From the above result we can infer that in the study area common honey harvesting frequency is once a year. The above result is different from the finding of Mesfin (2012) honey value chain in Kilite Awulaelo Eastern Tigray. In his study 77.3%, of the respondents harvested twice a year, whereas 17.3 % of the sample farmers harvested once in a year and 5.3 % of the sample farmers respond that they harvested trice a year, which indicates the presence of high potentiality honey in the study area. Table 4. 4: Membership to Cooperatives and Honey extraction Variable Item N (120) % cooperative membership No 99 82.5 Yes 21 17.5 honey extraction No 29 24.2 Yes 91 75.8 The survey result in table 4.4 shows that, only 17.5% of the beekeepers are membership of saving and credit cooperatives which are established in their local kebeles. Benefits of being member were credit inputs for beekeeping and other agricultural production. It is known that the establishment of cooperatives is to create market linkage for products produced in the study area. But this is not functional and producers are not selling their products to those institutions (cooperatives). The above result indicates that if majority of the beekeepers By Atsbaha M 37 in the study area are not selling their product to those institutions. This may expose to marketing problems and reduces their market bargaining power. With respect to honey extraction even though majority of the producers (75.8%) of the respondents extract honey using honey extractor, 24.2% of the respondents are still not using extractor (harvesting through distracting the honey comb and foundation sheet). Their reasons for not using extractor were lack of honey extractor, lack of awareness on how to extract honey using the extractor and due to poor market demand for extracted honey. Extracted honey is wax free honey and this is also suitable for adulteration and it is difficult to identify the adulterated from the pure one. Due to this reason producers have been forced to harvest honey with its comb to overcome the occurrence of the problem. Table 4. 5: Beekeeping experience, Number of MFH hive, Amount harvested and market price Variable N(120) Minimum Maximum Mean SD BKExp 120 2 25 7.82 5.608 NBHO 120 1 30 2.72 2.805 THYHM 120 7.00 660.00 64.52 71.458 Market price 120 90 200 137.46 12.686 In case of respondents’ beekeeping experience, 28.3% have been in beekeeping more than 10 years, 29.2% have 5-10 years and the majority of respondents (42.5%) have less than 5years of beekeeping experience. The average mean difference of beekeeping experience is also 7.82 years. Based on the above result, the majority of beekeepers engaged in honey production using MFH were less experienced. This may result less inefficiency in utilization of new inputs. With regard to the respondents number of hive possession, the average holding for 2.72 with minimum of 1 and maximum of 30. This is because the majority of beekeepers own from 2 to 3 hives per household. The above result indicates that honey production using MFH was not well adopted and expanded. The survey result in table 4.5 indicates that honey yield per hive in the past 2014/15 production year was between 5kgs and 61Kgs minimum and maximum respectively. With respect to the total honey production per household, it ranges between 7kgs and 660Kgs minimum and maximum respectively. The above result indicates that there is high production gap in honey By Atsbaha M 38 yield per hive among household. Furthermore the average honey yield was 23.55Kgs per hive. The average honey yield obtained in the study area is almost similar with the research finding conducted by Mesfin (2012) in Kilite Awulaelo Woreda which is 23.63Kg per hive. The survey result in table 4.5 indicates that, the selling price of honey from movable frame hive in 2014/15 production period was between Birr 90 and Birr 200 per Kg. Based on the researcher “Enticho” market day observation, price of honey ranges from 90 to 140 birr per kg. The price difference is based the color of the honey; highest price was given for the white honey and the lowest for the amber one. Table 4. 6: Beekeeping activities, Chemical application and Colony absconding Variable Item N (120) % Old wax replacement No 3 2.5 Yes 117 97.5 Supplementary feeding No 57 47.5 Yes 63 52.5 Frequency of colony Monthly 66 55.0 internal inspection Three times per year 54 45.0 pest control 63 52.5 Chemical application weed control 3 2.5 Pest and weed control 45 37.5 Pest control and anti malaria 9 7.5 Colony absconding No 45 37.5 Yes 75 62.5 With regard to old wax replacement, the survey result indicates that 97.5% of the respondents change the old wax at the interval of one up to three years. But 2.5% of the respondents did not change old wax due to lack of awareness and time of colony introduction. The respondent’s response in table 4.6 indicated that, 52.5% of beekeepers practice supplementary feeding like sugar, honey and cereal and beans flour for their colony during drought, queen rearing and when the colony becomes weak so as to strengthen their colonies. But 47.5% of beekeepers are still not providing supplementary feed to their colony. This may accelerate the tendency of colony absconding. By Atsbaha M 39 With respect to colony external and internal inspection, all of the respondents practice daily external observation but in case of internal inspection 55% of the respondents inspect their colony monthly, and 45% of the respondents inspect their colony only three times per year and respondents of the study area believe that frequent colony internal inspection disturbs the colony. The result of these traditional perceptions may also lead beekeepers to lose their colonies and lower productivity in general. The survey result in table 4.6 with regard to chemical application in relation to agricultural activities, all of beekeepers replied that there is chemical application like pest control, weed control and anti malaria. The common type of chemical applied in almost all Tabias of the Woreda was pest control. Beekeepers take some measures to prevent their bees from chemical hazards through undertaking communication with chemical appliers through forcing bees to stay within their hive. Furthermore legislations have been developed at Woreda level so as to protect/prevent use of weed control around homestead areas. From the above result, the researcher concludes that bees are the best pollinators that maximize yield and product quality but uncontrolled applications of chemicals results diverse effect on overall hive productivity. With regard to colony absconding, 62.5% of respondents replied that they are suffering with colony absconding. All the activities listed in table 9 have direct relationship with colony absconding. From the above result, the researcher can conclude that timely performing of beekeeping activities will minimize colony absconding and maximize hive productivity. 4.1.3. Service related issues In this section credit access, credit provider, training access, training provider and frequency of technical advice were discussed. With respect to credit access for beekeeping activities for the year 2013/14, only 22.5% of the respondents had access to credit. The share of credit providers in the study area was dominated by Dedebit micro finance (77.8%), followed by REST (18.5%) and credit and saving Cooperatives (3.7%). Furthermore, 99.2% of the respondents replied that there was no credit problem for facilitating beekeeping activities. By Atsbaha M 40 Table 4. 7: Access to different services Variable Item Consumer Local collector Retailer χ2-value p-value N=81 N=14 N=25 N N N CA No 58 14 21 6.285 0.043** Yes 23 0 4 TraAcc No 6 2 3 0.983 0.612 Yes 75 12 22 Regularly 18 1 8 FTA Sometimes 45 8 15 6.080 0.193 Rarely 18 5 2 Note: *, **, *** denote variable Significant at 10%, 5%, and 1% probability level, respectively The result of table 4.7 with regard to training access indicates that majority of the respondents (90.8%) had access trainings related to modern beekeeping; whereas the rest (9.2%) did not. The trainings were provided by Government and NGOs. Here the major training providers were OoARD followed by Farm Africa, Zonal LIVES, REST and zonal TARI. With regard to the frequency of technical advice, 22.5%, 56.7% and 20.8% were advised regularly, sometimes and rarely respectively. The researcher conclude that, majority of the beekeepers in Ahferom Woreda were not getting regular technical advice. This also lesser the efficiency of utilization on modern inputs and affects the overall hive productivity. 4.1.4. Market related issues In this section producers honey market participation, market place, market information, previous agreement and collaboration with buyers, , market channels, honey storage, honey market problem, honey quality measures, relationships, value adding activities and distance to nearest market are discussed. With respect to respondents’ market participation, all respondents in the study area sold their product at their home or through taking it in to the nearest local market (Enticho). With respect to access to market information, table 4.8 indicates that, 70.8% had access to market information, whereas 29.2% of them did not have access to current market information. Access to current market price has significant difference on beekeepers market channel choice By Atsbaha M 41 decision. From the above result the researcher concludes that producers who have lack of information on current market price were not able to know profitable market channel and to predict the exact time of sale. Table 4. 8: Market information, previous agreement and collaboration and Post harvest value addition Variable Item Consumer Local collector Retailer χ2-value p-value N=81 N=14 N=25 N N N MI No 23 10 2 17.548 0.000*** Yes 58 4 23 PAwB No 73 9 21 6.641 0.036** Yes 8 5 4 PCwB No 79 14 25 0.979 0.613 Yes 2 0 0 PHVA No 0 0 1 3.832 0.147 Yes 81 14 24 Note: *, **, *** denote variable Significant at 10%, 5%, and 1% probability level, respectively According to table 4.8, 14.2% of the respondents of the study area have previous agreement with buyers to sale their products of movable frame hive, whereas 85.8% of the respondents did not have any agreement with buyers. The type of agreement in this area was not written, it was oral/promise made by the transacting parties. Previous agreement with buyers has significant difference with producers’ market channel choice decision. With regard to previous collaboration with buyers, only 1.7% of the respondents had previous collaboration with buyers’ and 98.3% of the respondents didn’t have any collaboration with buyers. The benefit of collaboration in the study area was material support for beekeeping. With respect to value addition, 99.8% of the respondents perform post harvest value adding activities and the rest 0.2% of respondent did not. The post harvest value adding activities in the study area were like sorting, purification and buying plastic container. Of which buying plastic container is the most common value adding activity in the study area. By Atsbaha M 42 Table 4. 9: Distance to nearest market Variable N(120) Minimum Maximum Mean SD DNM 120 0.0 20 7.5 5.93 With respect to respondents distance to nearest market the minimum is simply producers sell their product at their homes and the maximum distance was 20 Km which is to Enticho. Furthermore, the mean market distance was 7.5Km and most of the producers sell their product in Enticho. As distance to market increases transaction cost increase. Hence, distance to nearest market will have significant difference on producers’ market channel choice decision. 4.1.5. Demographic characteristics of traders 4.1.5.1. Local honey collectors Local honey collectors in the study areas were located in Dibdibo and Sero Tabias and engaged in performing activities like buying of honey from beekeepers that come from different localities and then sell it to retailers and consumers. Those actors perform honey collecting activity not as main income source but in addition to their business (goods shop). All of the actors do not have license for honey collection and retailing activities. In case of trading experience they have two to sixteen year’s minimum and maximum working experience. 4.1.5.2. Retailers These actors are found in Enticho and sell honey directly to consumers. Honey retailers in the study area are engaged in activities like purchasing honey from local collectors and directly from producers and then retail it to consumers. Furthermore they perform value adding activities like sorting, purifying and packaging in a transparent container with a size of one up to two kilograms in attractive way. With regard to their retailing experience they have five to thirteen years of minimum and maximum experience in the honey business. They do not have honey retailing license and perform it as side activity with their Boutique/cultural dress or commodities shops. 4.1. Value Chain Analysis Value chain analysis is the process of breaking a chain into its constituent parts in order to better understand its structure and functioning. The analysis consists of identifying chain actors at each stage and discerning their functions and relationships; determining the chain governance, or By Atsbaha M 43 leadership, to facilitate chain formation and strengthening; and identifying value adding activities in the chain and assigning costs and added value to each of those activities. The flows of goods, information and finance through the various stages of the chain are evaluated in order to detect problems or identify opportunities to improve the contribution of specific actors and the overall performance of the chain (UNIDO, 2009). This part discusses the full range of activities for the honey produced using movable frame hive. The main objective of this part is to identify value chain actors, service providers, their role and function; to map the flow of product, value addition, flow of information and knowledge, relationships and constraints and opportunities within the chain in the study area. 4.1.1. Mapping Core Processes Mapping core processes in any value chain analysis need to be identified first so as to better understand the main stages in the value chain. Hence the core processes in the study area were input supply, production, collection, retailing and consumption. 4.1.2. Mapping Main Value Chain Actors and Activities According to GTZ (2007), the term “value chain actors” summarizes all individuals, enterprises and public agencies related to a value chain, in particular the value chain operators, providers of operational services and the providers of support services. In a wider sense, certain government agencies at the macro level can also be seen as value chain actors if they perform crucial functions in the business environment of the value chain in question. In the study area, there are different public and non public actors involved along the honey value chain, upstream from input supply to downstream consumers, playing different role. The major actors participating in honey value chain and their role is discussed below. By Atsbaha M 44 4.1.2.1. Input suppliers Input suppliers are the first actors in honey value chain. In the study area there are governmental (OoARD and Zonal Research) and nongovernmental (Farm Africa, REST and LIVES) organizations with common objective of honey product maximization and quality improvement through providing of modern beekeeping inputs to the beekeepers. OoARD is the main actor on providing inputs like movable frame hive and equipments by long term payable loan but honey extractor and casting mold by donation. Furthermore, this organization provides trainings and free extension service with the help of expert’s and developmental agents. In case of the nongovernmental organizations, contributions have been dominated by the organization called Farm Africa by providing modern beekeeping tools, equipments and training service for free for those households who have low income. In case of LIVES project, its contribution is through provision of short term and long term capacity building for producers and Woreda experts. REST also has nice contribution on cooperating honey producers and providing necessary inputs of modern beekeeping for better exploitation of the available resource and job creation in the study area. 4.1.2.2. Beekeepers Beekeepers are the second actors in honey value chain. In the study area, small scale honey producers and cooperatives are producing honey using movable frame hive. These actors perform activities like making foundation sheet, colony transfer, supplementary feeding, and internal and external hive inspection, honey harvesting, storing honey in plastic container and transporting it in to market place. They sell their produce to local collectors, retailers and directly to consumers. 4.1.2.3. Local honey collectors Local honey collectors are the third link in the honey value chain in the study area and they are engaged in performing activities like buying of honey from beekeepers that come from different localities and then sell it to retailers and consumers. These actors perform honey collecting activity not as main income source but in addition to their business (commodities shop). They are also found in Dibdibo and Sero Tabias. By Atsbaha M 45 4.1.2.4. Retailers Honey retailers in the study area are engaged in activities like purchasing honey from local collectors and directly from producers. Furthermore they perform value adding activities like sorting and packaging. These actors are also found in Enticho and sell honey directly to consumers. Actors Figure 4.1: Mapping of honey value chain from movable frame hive in Ahferom Woreda Consumption Retailing Collection Beekeeping Input supply Processes Supply Colony, MFH, beekeeping tools &equipments, training &finance Function Consumpt ion as food or medicine Collecting, sorting, storing, packaging & retailing Collecting, sorting, storing& retailing Colony seasonal management, honey production, storing &retailing Colony breeders Actors Small shops in Sero & Dibdibo Individual beekeepers Consu mers Retailers in Enticho Suppliers of modern beekeeping tools, equipments & trainings Beekeeping cooperative s Finance suppliers Value chain supporters OoARD, Farm Africa, LIVES project, REST, Research center, Dedebit micro finance and local cooperatives By Atsbaha M 46 4.1.3. Mapping Volume of Honey Flow Figure 4. 2: Mapping volume of honey flow 4.1.4. Mapping Honey Value Distribution Figure 4. 3: Mapping honey value addition 4.1.5. Mapping relationship and linkage ---- Figure 4. 4: Mapping relationship and linkage Source: Constructed based on own survey result 2014/15 58% 18% Individual beekeepers 4% Retailers in Enticho 35.6% 10.4 Consumers Small shops in Sero &Dibdibo 6.4% Beekeeping cooperative s 13.6% Consumption Retailing Collection Beekeeping Input supply 150 160 137.5 22 Value 10 12.5 115.5 Value added Colony breeders Individual beekeepers Consu mers Suppliers of modern beekeeping tools, equipments & trainings Retailers in Enticho Small shops in Sero &Dibdibo Beekeeping cooperatives Finance suppliers Key: spot market relationship persistent relationship By Atsbaha M 49 4.2.6. Mapping Constraints and Feasible Solutions Table 4.10: Mapping honey value chain constraints and feasible solutions Input supply Beekeeping Processing Marketing Consuming A ct iv iti es Supply of Colony, MFH, beekeeping tools and equipments, training and finance Colony seasonal management, honey production, storing and selling. Collection, quality test, processing, package and labeling and distribution. Collecting, sorting, storing, packaging and retailing Purchasing and consuming A ct or s -Colony breeders -OoARD -Trainings providers -Finance suppliers Individual beekeepers and Beekeeping cooperatives. Dimma beekeeping development and honey processing PLC. Retailing shops In Enticho Consumers C on st ra in s -Shortage of supply of beekeeping tools and equipments. -Poor integration of pest management system. -Lack of consistency in training and technical advice on modern inputs. Chemical application Lack of adequate knowledge and skill on performing activities using movable frame hive. Lack of beekeeping tools and equipments. Prevalence of disease, pest and predators. Colony absconding. Poor linkage with raw honey suppliers Processing under capacity. Un fair price seating. lack of specialization lack of collecting centers Lack of organized market channel Adulteration Illegal honey trading Lack of knowledge on how to separate pure honey from the adulterated one. High product price. Fe a sib le S o lu tio ns Proper supply of beekeeping tools and equipments. Providing training on integrated pest management system and effect of bee pollination. Preparing trainings on proper management of modern inputs and series follow up on frequency of technical advice. Awareness creation on the importance of bee pollination and practicing integrated pest management system. Proper and consistent training on how to manage movable frame hive. Adequate supply of beekeeping tools and equipments. Consistent training and regular technical advice on how to prevent and control from disease, pests and predators. Establishing strong and multi directional linkages with raw honey suppliers. Seasonal revising on purchasing price of raw honey. Establishing honey collection centers. Introducing quality control mechanism with applicable regulation. Establishing organized market channels by seating fair profit distribution. Awareness creation and motivating illegal traders to have legal trading license. Controlling the fake honey makers. Awareness creation on honey quality. Controlling the illegal honey traders. By Atsbaha M 50 4.2.7. Value Chain upgrading and interventions Value chain upgrading is vital mechanism on improving the performance of chain actors and/or chain actors. Hence the possible upgrading in process, function and product are diagrammatically illustrated below as follows. Actors Figure 4. 5: value chain upgrading and interventions Processing Consumption Retailing Collection Beekeeping Input supply Processes Colony seasonal management, honey production, storing & retailing Consumption as food or medicine Collecting, sorting, storing, packaging & retailing Collecting, sorting, storing, & retailing Supply Colony, MFH, beekeeping tools &equipments, training &finance Function Product maximization &quality improvement Retailing Processer Small shops in Sero & Dibdibo Colony breeders Actors Individual beekeepers Con sum ers Retailers in Enticho Suppliers of modern beekeeping tools, equipments & trainings Beekeeping cooperative s Exporter r Collection centers & Quality control Finance suppliers Value chain supporters OoARD, Farm Africa, LIVES project, REST, Research center, Dedebit micro finance Proper supply of modern inputs, Provide frequent technical advice &Consistent Training on hive management Financing Applicable regulation on honey adulteration By Atsbaha M 51 4.3. Market Structure, Conduct and performance analysis Market structure describes the honey market actors’, market concentration ratio; market conduct and performance of honey market are also presented in order. 4.3.1. Market channel A marketing channel is a business structure of interdependent organizations that reach from the point of product origin to the consumer with the purpose of moving products to their final consumption destination (Kotler and Armstrong, 2003). The analysis of marketing channels was intended to provide a systematic knowledge of the flow of the honey from honey producers to the final consumers. In Ahferom Woreda five alternative markets channels were identified. From the total produced honey using movable frame hive in 2014/15, 77.4 Qts of honey were supplied by sample respondents in Dibdibo, Sero and Enticho honey markets. From the total quantity marketed. The main marketing channels identified from the point of production until the product reaches the final consumer through different intermediaries were depicted in Figure 4.6. I. II. III. IV. V. From figure 4.6, one can understand that individual beekeepers are selling the large quantity directly to consumers market channel and the role of intermediaries is not that much significant. Individual Beekeepers Consumers individual beekeepers Local collectors Consumers Individual beekeepers Local collectors Enticho Retailers Consumers Individual Beekeepers Enticho Retailers Consumers beekeeping cooperatives Enticho retailers Consumers By Atsbaha M 52 Figure 4. 6: Honey market channel in Ahferom Woreda 4.3.2. Market concentration ratio According to Kohls & Uhl, (1985) four traders with the largest volume of honey handled were used for the calculation of market concentration ratio (CR) of honey traders for judging the market structure. A concentration ratio of over 50% is generally considered a tight oligopoly; concentration ratio between 25% and 50% is generally considered as lose oligopoly and concentration ratio less than 25% is no oligopoly. Table 4. 11: Honey traders’ concentration ratio Number of traders (I) Cumulative frequency of traders (II) Percent (%) of traders (III) Cumulativ e of traders (IV) Quantity purchased in kg (V) Total Quantity purchased in kg (VI)=V*I Percent (%) share of purchase (VII) Percent (%) cumulativ e purchase (VIII) 1 1 16.7 16.7 300 300 24.79 24.79 1 2 16.7 33.4 250 250 20.66 45.45 1 3 16.7 50.1 200 200 16.53 61.98 1 4 16.7 66.8 180 180 14.88 76.86 1 5 16.7 83.5 150 150 12.40 89.26 1 6 16.7 100 130 130 10.74 100 1210 100 Beekeeping cooperatives Individual beekeepers Local honey collectors Enticho retailers Consumers 8Qts 3Qts 45Qts 5Qts 27.4Qts 10.4Qts 14Qts By Atsbaha M 53 As indicated in Table 4.11, as the number of number of traders increase, the percentage shares of the traders’ decrease and vice versa. The result of sample market honey traders’ concentration ratio was found to be 76.86 percent. The result shows that, the honey market concentration ratio in the study area indicates the presence of strong oligopoly market structure. This implies that the market is controlled by few traders. This is due to poor market organization and lack of any responsible honey collecting agent at reasonable price. Hence, producers have poor bargaining power to sell their produce. 4.3.3. Market conduct It shows the Presence or absence, the levels and nature of entry barriers distribution of market information and its capability in sharpness of prices and quantity compositions and individual risk as well (Kohls and Uhl, 1985). In this study conduct of the honey market is analyzed in terms of the traders’ price setting, purchasing and selling strategies. 4.3.3.1. Producers market conduct In the study area, beekeeping is the most income generating activity through honey production and colony supply to neighboring Woredas (OoARD, 2015). According to the survey result, only 17.5% of producers are membership of cooperatives. But they are not benefiting from membership through creating market linkage. Furthermore, 14.2% of beekeepers also have non- formal type previous agreement with buyers means trust based agreement. According to the researcher observation, majority of honey producers have spot market relationship with their customers. Generally, all of households reported that, demand of honey showed an increasing trend. 4.3.3.2. Traders market conduct No one of honey traders in the study have honey trading license. Their relationship with buyers was medium and there is no specialized honey retailing shop. Hence honey trading has been performed as side activity with their other commodities. The survey result indicated that, in the study area honey marketing transactions takes place with direct contact between sellers and buyers. There were no observed operational brokers in the honey marketing channel during the survey period. The honey retailers were found to purchase honey either directly from beekeepers or from local honey collectors. The method of price setting is crucial importance in honey By Atsbaha M 54 trading activity. About 50% of honey traders reported that purchase price was set by their own, 33.3% of traders set purchase price by market and 16.7% of them respond that selling price was set by suppliers. 4.3.3.3. Market performance According to Wolday (1994), market performance refers to the combination of results that firms in the market arrive by pursuing whatever line of conduct they promote up to end results in the dimensions of price, output, production and selling cost, product design. Profitability analysis for producers who produce honey using MFH was carried out from the survey of household, traders, consumers, researcher observation and input suppliers’ interviews. In this analysis production cost of inputs in year (2014) and marketing cost were considered as listed in Appendix table 1. This indicates that, the highest honey production cost was incurred to labor cost followed by colony cost and cost of MFH with percent of 31.5, 25.6 and11.5 of the total production cost. Labor cost was calculated on average of minutes, working hours and days that one keeper spends on beekeeping activities per day and considering the average daily lobar cost that one daily laborer can earn per day in the study area. The color type of honey extracted from each hive largely depends on the season and availability of bee forage that the worker honey bees collect. For the sake of comparison, white honey selling price was considered in all market channels. Furthermore producers who were involved in honey production using movable frame hive (MFH) were earning net income of 2,465Birr per a single production year per hive. In case of cost and profitability analysis of local honey collectors’ average costs and selling prices of honey collectors and average buying price of consumers were considered in the analyzing profit for MFH honey as described in Appendix table 2. Local honey collectors in the study area were found in Dibdibo and Sero and all have goods retailing shops. In addition to goods retailing activity they perform honey collecting without any license. Based on the result in Appendix table 2, the highest cost in case of honey collectors was cost of packaging material (container). Cost and profitability analysis of honey retailers’ that were found in Enticho was summarized in Appendix table 3. In this analysis, the average expenses, selling prices of traders and consumers’ average buying price were considered. The researcher also observes that those actors mainly By Atsbaha M 55 focus on sorting and packaging of honey in a transparent and attractive container at a size of one up to two kilograms. Table 4. 12: honey marketing cost and benefit share of actors Item (birr/Kg) beekeeper Local collector Retailer Sum Purchasing price - 129.4 133.4 262.8 Production cost 22 - - 22 Marketing cost 11 4.9 6.9 30.9 Total cost 33 134.3 136.4 305.6 Sale for consumers 137.5 150 160 447.5 Market margin 115.5 20.6 26.6 162.7 Share margin (%) 71 12.7 16.3 100 Profit margin 104.5 15.7 23.6 143.8 Profit (%) 72.7 10.9 16.4 100 Table 4.12 indicates that, each of the honey value chain actors adds value to the product as the product passes from one actor to another by sorting, packaging and extraction. Beekeepers have highest profit share followed by retailers and local collectors which is 72.7, 16.4 and 10.9 respectively in the chain at a single exchange. 4.3.3.3.1. Honey marketing margin at different channels Marketing margin is the difference between the value of a product or a group of products at one stage in the marketing process and the value of an equivalent product or group of products at another stage. Measuring this margin indicates how much has been paid for the processing and marketing services applied to the product(s) at that particular stage in the marketing process (Smith, 1992). In the following section sales prices of different channel participants (honey producers, local collectors and retailers), and their marketing costs were summarized to calculate market margin. By Atsbaha M 56 Table 4. 13: honey market margin of actors at different channel Actors Marketing measures per Kg Marketing channels I II III IV V Beekeepers Production cost 22 22 22 22 22 Marketing cost 11 4.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 Selling price 137.5 129.4 129.4 130.8 140 Market Margin 115.5 109.3 107.4 108.8 118 GMM (%) 100 86.3 67.1 81.8 87.5 NMM (%) 76 68.3 62.8 63.7 69 TGMM (%) 0 13.7 19.1 18.3 0 Local collectors Selling price - 150 150 - - Marketing cost - 4.9 4.9 - - Market Margin - 20.6 20.6 - - GMM (%) - 13.7 13.7 - - NMM (%) - 10.5 10.5 - - Retailers Selling price - - 160 160 160 Marketing cost - - 6.9 6.9 6.9 Market Margin - - 30.6 29.2 20 GMM (%) - - 19.2 18.2 12.5 NMM (%) - - 14.8 13.9 8.2 Where: GMM= Gross Marketing Margin, NMM= Net Marketing Margin and TGMMp=Total Gross Marketing Margin The Gross margin can indicate where in the marketing chain value is added. Table 4.13 indicates that, honey producing cooperatives in channel V of the study area added value of birr 118 per kilogram of MFH honey. This is because of their goodwill and good potential of bargaining power. The highest and lowest producers’ Total Gross Marketing Margin (TGMM) was found to be 19.1% and 0% in channel III and I & V respectively. Without considering channel I (producers sell directly to consumers) producers share was highest in channel V and lowest in channel III at the percent of 87.5 and 67.1, respectively. This is due to the involvement of middlemen’s in the channel. The maximum Net Market margin for honey producers in the study area was found in channel I followed by V, II, IV and III at the percent of 76, 69, 68.3, 63.7 and 62.8, respectively. By Atsbaha M 57 4.4. Econometric Analysis 4.4.1. Factors affecting producers’ market channel choice decision To analyze market outlet decisions, a multinomial logit (MNL) model was applied to explain inter household variation in the choice of a specific marketing outlet. This study assumed that farmer’s decision is generated based on their utility maximization. This implies that each alternative marketing outlet choice entails different private costs and benefits, and hence different utility, to a household decision maker (Greene, 2000). In this section multinomial logit model was used to estimate the influence of explanatory variables on producers’ market outlet choice decision with the help of STATA 10. Before running the regression, the study used Variance inflation factor (VIF) to investigate the degree of multi-co linearity among continuous explanatory variables and contingency coefficient (CC) among dummy variables. A statistical package known as STATA 10 was employed to compute the VIF and CC values. The results for all VIF values were ranging between 1.11 and 7.49. Likewise, the values of CC were less than 0.75 (Appendix Table 4 & 5). Hence, multicollinearity was not a serious problem both among the continuous and discrete variables. Several variables which had shown significant difference and relationship with the dependent variable were tried to be included in the model. Finally, twelve explanatory variables were considered and included for the econometric model, out of which seven variables were found to be statistically significant Table (4.14). Out of twelve explanatory variables four were continuous and two were dummy explanatory variables. But one variable (market information) was significant in both market channels. The Model result in Table 4.14 explained that, there is 47.64 percent of the variation in market choice among honey producers in the study area. The channel “consumer” was used as a base category (reference channel) so that coefficient estimates are the logarithm of the odds of selling to local collectors or retailers over this base category. The result indicates that average monthly income of beekeepers, previous agreement with buyers and market information influences the selection of local collector as market options while the variables age, beekeeping experience, distance to nearest market and market information affected the choice of retailer channel compared to the base outcome (consumers). By Atsbaha M 58 Table 4. 14: Result of Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) and Marginal Effect Independent Variables Market channel Local collectors Enticho retailers Coef. Std. Err. dy/dx Coef. Std. Err. dy/dx Age .04 .06 .00 .22 .06*** .02 EDR .01 .14 -.00 .15 .12 .01 AMIOBk -.00 .00** -.00 -.00 .00 -.00 BKExp .06 .08 .00 .17 .07** .01 NMBHO .79 .56 .03 .44 .47 .03 MPM .00 .03 .00 -.04 .03 -.02 THYHM -.02 .02 -.00 -.00 .01 -.00 HOEX 1.20 1.14 .03 .92 1.00 .05 TraAcc -.43 1.25 -.02 -.70 1.48 -.06 DNM -.14 .09 -.01 .17 .06*** .01 PAwB 2.10 1.17* .15 1.50 1.12 .13 MI -3.34 .98*** -.31 2.33 1.10** .13 _cons -2.80 5.42 -12.63 5.10 Consumers outlet is the base outcome, N=120, LR chi2 (26) = 96.80, Prob > chi2= 0.00, Pseudo R2= 0.4764, Log likelihood = -49.96 and dy/dx is marginal effect Note: *, **, *** denote variable Significant at 10%, 5%, and 1% probability level, respectively. The results of the estimated marginal effects were discussed above in terms of the significance and signs on the parameters. The positive estimated coefficients of a variable indicates that the probability of the producers’ being in either choosing local collectors or retailers relative to base outcome increases as these explanatory variables increase. The negative and significant parameter indicates the probability of choosing to consumer is higher than the probability of being in the other two alternatives. From the multinomial estimation for market channel choice in table 4.14, it was found that the probability of choosing local collectors is affected positively and significantly by previous agreement with buyers’ and negatively by average monthly income of beekeepers and market information. Similar to this, the probability of choosing retailers’ is affected positively and significantly by age of household, beekeeping experience, distance to nearest market and market information. By Atsbaha M 59 Age of respondents (Age): This variable was expected to have positive or negative influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. The variable was positively and significantly related to the use of retailers’ market channel at 1% significant level. As age of beekeepers increase, the probability of buyers trust regarding honey quality would increase. This also attracts buyers specially retailers and become interested to purchase product of aged producers at fair price so as to retail it later at high price. In addition to this these beekeepers will develop long term relationship with the retailers (goodwill). The output shows that, as the age of beekeepers increases, their preference to retailers’ market channel would increase by 2% relatively to consumers’ market channel. Average monthly income of beekeepers (AMIOBk): This variable was expected to have positive influence on producers channel choice decision. The variable was negatively and significantly related with the use of collectors channel at 5% significant level. Beekeepers that have good economical status have probability of selling their product at fair price or storing it until the market price of the product rise up. Hence, as the income of beekeepers increases the probability of choosing collector market channel would decrease relatively to consumers’ channel. Hence, those beekeepers could not be enforced by someone to sale their produce at lower price so as to pay their loan. Beekeeping experience (BKExp): This variable was expected to have positive influence on producers channel choice decision. As expected, the variable was positively and significantly related to the use of retailers channel at 5% significant level. Beekeeping experience improves efficiency in honey production and product handling. If retailers have no doubt on the honey quality, they are ready to buy even large volume at a time so as to sell it later with high profit or to mix it with other honey product type. The result indicates that, as the producers’ beekeeping experience increases the probability of choosing retailers market channel slightly increased by 1% relatively to consumers’ market channel. Distance to nearest market (DNM): Distance to nearest market was expected to have negative influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. But the variable was positively and significantly related to the channel choice of retailers’ market channel at 1% significant level. Beekeepers’ that came from distant areas of the Woredas to the market are not well known by customers and this leads them fail to be trusted by consumers regarding the quality of their By Atsbaha M 60 product. The result indicates that, as distance from the nearest market center increases, probability of choosing the retailers’ market channel would increase by 1% relative to consumers’ market channel. Previous agreement with buyers (PAwB): this variable was expected to have positive influence on producers’ market channel choice decision. As expected this was positively and significantly associated with the local collectors’ market channel at 10% significant level. Previous agreement with buyers creates market security and confidence for producers and this type of agreement is trust based. Generally beekeepers prefer to sell their product to the customer that had agreed with them before. The result showed that, as producers’ have previous agreement with buyers, their preference to local collectors’ market channel would increase by 15% compared to consumers market channel. Market Information (MI): Market Information was expected to have positive influence on producers market out let choice decision. But the variable was negatively and positively significantly associated with the choice of collector and retailer market channel at 1% and 5% significant level respectively. Access to current market information improves producers selling price. Because market information helps producers to analyzing the price difference in their locality and the nearby main market and this declines beekeepers preference to local collectors’, rather they transport it to the nearest market. The result shows that producers’ having current market information decreases the probability of choosing local collector market channel by 32% and increases the probability of choosing retailers market channel by 13% compared to consumers’ market channel. 4.5. Constraints and opportunities in the honey value chain 4.5.1. Constraints of honey production The major causes of the problem that affect apiculture in Ethiopia are lack of beekeeping knowledge, shortage of trained manpower, shortage of beekeeping equipment, pests and predators, fires, pesticide threat and inadequate research works to support development programs (Johannes, 2005). By Atsbaha M 61 In this section prevalence of bees’ disease, severity of pests and predators and overall constraints identified by sample respondents which hinders production and productivity of honey using movable frame hive were discussed and raked using ranking index. The result in table 4.15 indicates that, out of the listed pests and predators respondents of the study area raked Ants, Birds and Wax mouse as 1st, 2ndand 3rd respectively. From the above finding the researcher can infer that beekeepers in the study area are still suffering due to the consequences of pests and predators. Furthermore producers are not getting adequate and consistent training on how to protect their hives from honey bee pests and predators. Table 4. 15: Pests and Predators No Pest/predator Rank Count of Respondents Ranking index result Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 1 Ants 30 49 38 3 0.28 1st 2 Wax mouse 34 18 22 21 8 1 0.20 3rd 3 Spider 1 1 1 16 17 17 0.09 6th 4 Honey badger 5 8 20 28 19 6 0.15 4th 5 Bird 49 34 14 11 12 0.25 2nd 6 Lizard 2 11 20 28 17 15 0.14 5th The above result agrees with the findings of Mesfin (2012), similar field of study conducted in Kilite Awulaelo Woreda, Tigray and ranked Ants and Wax mouse at 1st and 2nd sequentially. Table 4. 16: Ranking of Beekeeping Constraints No Pest/predator Rank Count of Respondents Ranking index result Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 Movable frame hive 3 6 7 10 2 0 0 0 0.19 4th 2 beekeeping equipments 29 18 12 17 3 6 0 0 0.21 3rd 3 bees forage 3 3 7 5 3 16 1 1 0.124 7th 4 Colony Disease 2 3 9 18 8 2 0 0 0.15 6th 5 Pests and predators 66 10 22 7 6 0 0 0 0.27 1st 6 Colony supply 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0.119 8th 7 Chemical application 16 49 32 13 1 2 0 0 0.22 2nd 8 Death of colony 0 0 4 9 8 9 2 0 0.11 9th 9 Absconding 6 19 30 9 2 3 2 0 0.18 5th By Atsbaha M 62 In case of beekeeping constraints, most constraints hindering beekeepers’ hive productivity were pests and predators (1st), followed by chemical application (2nd) and beekeeping tools equipments (3rd). From the above finding, the researcher infer that, the ranked constraints were results on lack of consistent training and frequent technical advice on colony seasonal management, integrated agricultural pest and weed control system and poor supply of beekeeping tools and equipments. 4.5.2. Constraints of honey market In the study area, the specified market related problems by the traders were honey adulteration, lack of supply and poor post harvest handling with 50, 33.3 and 16.7 present, respectively. Honey in the study area was adulterated with sugar, banana and wheat powder. The most sensitive honey color is the white one harvested from MFH using honey extractor and this influences the extracted honey type came from MFH. Due to these reasons beekeepers in the study area starts to harvest honey from MFH by scraping the honey comb using knife or spoon rather than extracting it. This also hinders the honey yield maximization by saving time of bees to reconstruct honey comb. In case of honey consumers, in the study area 53.3% of the consumers were unable to identify the adulterated honey from the pure one. In addition to that the preferable type of honey by consumers was honey harvested from traditional, modern and from both hives with percent of 28.9, 37.8 and 33.3, respectively. The reason of consumers’ preference of honey harvested from traditional hive was because of its taste and these also believed that, honey from traditional hive is not suitable for adulterating truly with foreign materials like sugar and banana. 73.3% of honey consumers’ preferable color type was the white one. 4.5.3. Opportunities of honey production Despite the challenges in the study area, beekeeping is a sustainable form of agricultural activity which is beneficial to both environment and provides economic reasons for the conservation of native habitats to perpetuate their life cycle and potentially increased yield and quality of vegetables, fruits and forage crops through pollination. By Atsbaha M 63 The opportunities of honey production using movable frame hive in the area include availability of area closures, easy access to modern beekeeping materials, availabilities of bee’s forages, motivating government policy and demand for quality and quantity of honey. Availability of area closures in the study area improves the likelihood of bees’ forage development and creating opportunities of newly established beekeeping sites. This also creates job opportunity for the land less youth in the area. Access of modern beekeeping materials (movable frame hive) for honey producers in the study area has been introduced by different actors through aid with the help of NGO and by governmental suppliers’ in the form of long term payable loan based on the economical status of producers. The study area is endowed with natural resource and suitable for beekeeping activities; this is because of its diverse and suitable agro ecology and climatic condition. This allows the availabilities of honey bees’ forages and improves the production and productivity of MFH and reduces colony absconding. In Ethiopia the national and regional government as well believes that, honey production is one of the activities of income generating which can be performed with small initial capital investment as part time activity with high return on investment. Hence government policy motivates producers who participate in this activity so as to reduce poverty. These days, the local and international markets are demanding for organic products. Therefore, as our beekeepers produce organic honey they can take advantage of this opportunity both as the local and international market. By Atsbaha M 64 CHAPTER V- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1. Summary and Conclusion This study was done with the aim of analyzing the value chain of movable frame hive (MFH) honey, in Ahferom Woreda of Tigray region. The specific objectives of the study included identifying the honey value chain actors, functions, activities, and degree of coordination, assessing the profit distribution of actors, identifying factors affecting channel choice decision and identifying constraints and opportunities of the honey value chain in the study area and proposing mechanisms on how to upgrade the value chain. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from individual interview using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and checklist. The primary data for this study were collected from 120 randomly selected honey producers using MFH from three kebeles of the Woreda, 6 traders from the sampled kebeles and Enticho and 45 local consumers’ from Enticho interview using semi structured questionnaire and checklist. The sampling technique employed was stratified random sampling. The analysis was made using descriptive statistics, value chain analysis, structure conduct and performance, ranking index and econometric model using SPSS and STATA software’s. Factors affecting Market channel choice decision honey producers were found to be important elements in the study of honey value chain. Therefore, to analyze factors affecting producers’ market channel decision for selling of honey multinomial logit model (MNL) was applied. Furthermore ranking index was applied to rank constraints of honey value chain in the study area. The findings of this study are summarized as follows: Value chain analysis approach was applied to describe actors and their respective functions in the chain. In the study area there are five main actors namely input suppliers, honey producers, local collectors, retailers and consumers. Honey producers, REST, Zonal LIVES, Zonal TARI, Farm Africa, cooperatives and OoARD are the main actors’ involved in input supply and honey production activities in the study area. Local collectors in the study area purchase honey from the producers and sell it to retailers and directly to consumers. Enticho retailers also purchase honey from local collectors and producers and sell it to consumers. The main supporters of honey value By Atsbaha M 65 chain in the study area were OoARD, Farm Africa, Dedebit micro finance, Zonal LIVES, REST cooperatives and Zonal TARI. The researcher conclude that, all traders in the study area have no any collecting and retailing licence, value chain actors are not linked with processing plants and no trader is supplying input, credit and technology to honey producers implying that their interaction with producers is only on honey supply. Beekeepers who produce honey using MFH in the study area supply their produce to three market channels according to their market choice decision; due to this reason volume of produce was supplied to consumers, local collectors and retailers. Major share of honey marketing goes from producers to consumers’ channel (58%). This is due to the preference of honey producers to sell their product directly to consumers so as to get better price for their product. There is strong oligopoly market structure and this implies that the market is controlled by few traders. This is due to poor market organization and lack of any responsible honey collecting agent at reasonable price. Hence, producers have poor bargaining power to sell their produce. Regarding to Net Market Margin (NMM) of honey producers, the maximum for honey producers in the study area was found in producer to consumer (76%) and minimum beekeeper to local collector to retailer to consumer (62.8%). The highest NMM is due to minimum intervention of middlemen’s. The multinomial logit model results indicated that the probability to choose the collector outlet was significantly affected by average monthly income, previous agreement with buyers and market information. Similarly variables such as Age, Beekeeping experience, Market information and Distance to nearest market affected the choice of retailers channel compared to the consumers’ channel. Therefore, these variables require special attention if effectiveness of honey value chain and producers margin from honey production is needed to be improved. The major constraints that hinder the effectiveness of honey value chain in the study area to exploit the beekeeping potential were prevalence of pests and predators, agro chemical application and shortage of beekeeping tools and equipments. This is due to lack of consistent training and frequent technical advice on colony seasonal management, poor integration on agricultural pest and weed control system and poor supply of beekeeping tools and equipments. By Atsbaha M 66 In case of marketing, poor functionality of farmers’ cooperatives, lack of honey quality assurance mechanisms, honey adulteration, lack of practicable legislation on adulteration, lack of honey collection center and poor market linkage are the major problems. This results a market which is poorly organized and dominated by few traders. 5.2. Recommendations Possible recommendations could be given on the basis of the study so that one can consider in future intervention strategies at different levels which are aimed at improving performance of overall honey value chain. Accordingly the following recommendations are forwarded by the researcher: Strengthening the linkage among value chain actors is vital for honey value chain development. There is a need to change the mindset of actors regarding benefit share through developing a wide set of attitudes and trainings. In particular, positive attitudes toward partnership, interaction, networking and learning need to be nurtured among the value chain actors. Therefore, linking traders, cooperatives and potential beekeepers with honey processors (Dimma beekeeping development and honey processing PLC), licensing honey traders are critical interventions that improve the value chain performance. The existing strong oligopoly market structure could be changed in to competitive market structure through developing strong market organization. This includes establishing responsible honey collecting agent or establishing honey collection centers with a reasonable price nearby of honey producers. This also minimizes producers transaction cost and maximizes their profits. Local collectors channel choice is affected negatively and significantly by market information relatively to consumers’ market channel. Therefore, beekeepers should be updated with current market information in order to make them choose the best market channel to improve their livelihoods. This can be done by using rural development offices, farmer training center and schools as hubs for information exchange. Retailers channel choice is affected positively and significantly by distance to nearest market relatively to consumers’ market channel. Therefore, functionalizing the established cooperatives By Atsbaha M 67 or establishing new active cooperatives nearby beekeepers will reduce transportation and marketing cost and sells at motivating price. The major constraints that hinder the effectiveness of honey value chain in the study area to exploit the beekeeping potential were prevalence of pests and predators, agro-chemical applications and shortage of beekeeping tools and equipments. Therefore, providing consistent trainings, integrating any activity operation in the farmers’ area, capacitating developmental agents that can create active interaction with farmers and adequate supply of beekeeping tools and equipments improves the overall performance of honey value chain. In case of marketing, poor functionality of farmers’ cooperatives, lack of honey quality assurance mechanisms, honey adulteration, lack of practicable legislation on adulteration, lack of honey collection center and poor market linkage are the major problems. Therefore establishing honey collection centers in potential production areas and equipping them with the necessary facilities including quality control mechanism will encourage honey producers and enable them to sell their product at better price and reduces the level of honey adulteration. Furthermore, these collection centers will have a potential to build the vertical linkage of honey value chain actors. By Atsbaha M 68 REFERENCES AAFC (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada), (2004). Value-added agriculture in Canada. Report of the standing senate committee on agriculture and forestry, Agriculture and Agri Food, Canada. Abraham, T. (2013). 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Appendix Appendix 1: analysis tables Appendix table 1: producers honey production cost No Honey Production cost (A) Price service year Cost/year Percentage 1 Movable frame hive (MFH) 987.42 11 89.7 11.5 2 Colony 1000 5 200 25.6 3 Wax (2kg) 374.84 2 125 16 By Atsbaha M 73 4 Bee veil 20 3 6.7 0.86 5 Glove 60 3 20 2.6 6 Bee Smoker 48 5 9.6 1.2 7 Honey container (10kg) 36 3 12 1.5 8 Supplementary feed 51 6.5 Total production cost 2338.84 514 Marketing cost (B) Content Cost/hive 1 Labor cost Inspection, Extraction, Per diem 246 31.5 2 Transportation cost Double tripe 20 2.6 Total marketing cost 266 Total production cost (C)= A+B =780 Sale Yield( Kg) price/Kg Revenue (R) 1 Average yield /hive 23.6 137.5 3245 Net Income (NI) =R-C =2465Birr/hive Source: survey result and own computation, 2014/15 Appendix table 2: cost and profitability analysis of local honey collectors No Item Cost per kilogram Percent of total expense 1 Purchasing price (A) 129.4 2 Labor cost 0.4 0.28 3 Rent expense 0.9 6.3 4 Packaging cost 3.6 93.42 Total operation cost (B)=4.9 Total cost (C)=A+B=134.3 Gross sale/kg (S)=150 Profit /lose =S-C=15.7birr/kg Source: survey result and own computation, 2014/15 Appendix table 3: cost and profitability analysis of Enticho retailers No Item Cost per kilogram Percent of total expense 1 Purchasing price (A) 133.4 2 Labor cost 0.5 3 Rent expense 1.3 4 Packaging cost 4 5 Tax 1.1 Total operation cost (B)=6.9 By Atsbaha M 74 Total cost (C)=A+B=133.4+6.9 Gross sale/kg (S)=160 Profit /lose =S-C=19.7birr/kg Source: survey result and own computation, 2014/15 Appendix table 4: VIF result Variable | VIF 1/VIF THYHM | 7.49 0.133566 NMBHO | 7.39 0.135247 BKExp | 1.43 0.698757 Age | 1.39 0.719061 AMIOBk | 1.32 0.758272 EDR | 1.25 0.801416 DNM | 1.11 0.898266 MPM | 1.11 0.902286 Mean VIF | 2.81 Appendix table 5: Result of contingency coefficient | TWDYSM HOEX TraAcc PAwB MI TWDYSM | 1.0000 HOEX | 0.1444 1.0000 TraAcc | -0.0643 0.0905 1.0000 PAwB | 0.1864 -0.1056 0.0462 1.0000 MI | 0.1217 0.1945 0.1138 0.1030 1.0000 Appendix 2: questionnaires Aksum University College of agriculture Department Of Agribusiness and value chain management Postgraduate Program By Atsbaha M 75 Questionnaire: To be filed by beekeepers Dear respondents, This ƋuestioŶŶaiƌe is desigŶed ďy Masteƌ͚s studeŶt of Aksum University, Shire campus. The objective of this questionnaire is to collect data on value chain analysis of MFH honey: the case of Ahferom Woreda. The data that will be collected from you (and from all other respondents) will be confidential and only be used for academic purposes i.e. as inputs to write a thesis for masters degree in Aksum University and by no means it will be transferred to a third party. To this end, your kind cooperation in furnishing correct and reliable information is highly appreciated. The researcher would like to take this opportunity to thank you in advance for your kind cooperation in responding the questions. Thank you!!! Atsbaha Mehari General instructions for enumerator  Make brief introduction before starting any question, introduce yourself to the farmers, greet them in local ways and make clear the objective of the study.  Please fill the interview schedule according to the farmers reply (do not put your own feeling).  Please ask each question clearly and patiently until the farmer gets your points.  Please do not use technical terms and do not forget local units.  Put your answers for the question provided in choice form by putting a [] mark on your choice.  Prove that all the questions are asked and the interview schedule format is properly completed. Respondent code: ___________________ Zone: __________________Woreda: __________ Kebele: ___________ Name of enumerator: ____________________Date: _______/_________/__________ Supervisor Name: _____________________ Date ____________________Duration: Starting time ______________ ending time _________ Part I. Personal information 1. Name of household _____________________________________ 2. Sex: 1. Male [ ] 0. Female [ ] 3. Age of household _____________________________ 4. Your Educational Background By Atsbaha M 76 1. Cannot read and write [ ] 2. Can read and write with no formal education [ ] 3. Primary school completes [ ] 4. High school completes [ ] 5. Diploma and above [ ] 5. Marital status of households. 1. Married [ ] 0. Single [ ] 6. Family size____________________ Part II. Wealth and income other than beekeeping 1. Did you perform any other income generating activities other than beekeeping activities? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 2. If your response for Q. 1 is yes, where do you get the income? 1. Salary [ ] 2. Cereal production [ ] 3. vegetable production [ ] 4. sheep & goat [ ] 5. poultry production [ ] 6. dairy production [ ] 7. Others(specify)_______________ 3. If your response for Q. 1 is yes, how much do you get on average per month?________Birr. Part III. Honey production related issues 1. When did you start beekeeping? 1. >10 years [ ] 2. 5-10 years [ ] 3. Less than 5 years [ ] 2. How do you start beekeeping? No Source Quantity Traditional Modern Price per colony 1 Buying 2 Donation 3 Catching swarm 4 Other 3. Where do you keep your honey bees? 1. Backyard [ ] 2. In area closure [ ] 3. Inside the house [ ] 4. Any other (specify) ------ 4. On average, for how long can one hive serve? 1. Traditional _______ (Years) 2. Modern________ (Years) 5. Could you please mention the type of Bee- hives that you have currently in number? 1. Traditional [ ] 2. Modern [ ] 3. Both type [ ] By Atsbaha M 77 6. What kind of beekeeping products did you produce using modern hives? (Giving multiple answers is possible) 1. Pure Honey [ ] 2. Crud Beeswax [ ] 3. Queen rearing [ ] 4. Any other (specify) ------ 7. What kind of beekeeping products did you produce using traditional hives? (Giving multiple answers is possible) 1. Crude Honey [ ] 2. Crude Beeswax [ ] 3. Queen rearing [ ] 4. Any other (specify) ----- 8. Could you mention honey harvest seasons in your woreda? (Giving multiple answers is possible) 1. July – September [ ] 2. October– December [ ] 3. January – March [ ] 4. April – June [ ] 9. How many times and how much honey do you harvest from a single hive in 2006/2007 harvest time? No Types of hive Frequency Amount harvested per hive(Kg) Total amount harvested(Kg) Price per Kg Total income (birr) 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 Modern 2 Traditional 10. For what purpose did you produce honey? (Giving multiple answers is possible) ϭ. Foƌ sale [ ] Ϯ. Gift foƌ ƌelatiǀes͚ [ ] 3. For consumption [ ] 4. Traditional medicine [ ] 11. Are you a member of any cooperative engaged in any business? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 12. If your answer for Q.11 is yes please describe the type of cooperative._________________ 13. If your answer for Q.11 is yes what kind of service do you get? 1. Inputs for beekeeping [ ] 2. input for crop and vegetable production [ ] 3. Input for livestock production [ ] 4. Credit [ ] 5. Others _______________ 14. Currently do you rear queen? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 15. If the answer for Q. 14 is yes, for what purpose do you rear queen? (giving multiple answer is possible) By Atsbaha M 78 1. To replace old queen [ ] 2. For sale [ ] 3. To increase number of colony [ ] 4. Others _______ 16. Do you replace old, black combs in your hive? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 17. If your answer to Q. 16 is yes, from where did you get wax? 1. from purchasing [ ] 2. From own extracting crud bees wax [ ] 3. Others (specify)___ 18. If your answer to Q. 16 is yes, at what time interval did you replace? 1. Every 1 year [ ] 2. Every 2 years [ ] 3. Every 3 years [ ] 5. Above 4 years [ ] 19. If your answer to Q. 16 is no, what is the reason? 1. Lack of awareness [ ] 2. High Cost of wax to buy [ ] 3. Lack of access to wax to buy [ ] 4.Others(specify)____________ 20. Do you provide supplementary food to your bee colonies? 1.Yes [ ] 0.No [ ] 21. If your answer to Q .20 is yes, when do you feed bees? Multiple answers is possible 1. during the dry season [ ] 2. When the bees are weak [ ] 3. During queens rearing [ ] 4. During colony transport [ ] 5. Others(specify)____________ 22. If your answer to Q .20 is yes, what are supplementary food types given to bee? No Supplementary food type Quantity (kg) Amount given per hive Cost of feed per Kg Source 1 Sugar 2 Honey 3 Cereal + beans flour 5 Other _____ 23. Do you inspect your colony? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 24. If your answer for Q. 23 is yes indicate your frequency of inspection? 1. Daily [ ] 2. Once a week [ ] 3. Once a month [ ] 4. three times per year [ ] 5. others ____________ 25. Did your colonies abscond? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] By Atsbaha M 79 26. If your answer to Q. 25 is Yes, what do you think is the reason? (Giving multiple answers is possible) 1. Shortage of food and water [ ] 2. Due to Pests and predators [ ] ϯ. Pooƌ ďee ŵaŶageŵeŶt [ ] ϰ. Otheƌs, ;speĐifyͿ……………………… 27. Do you process your honey? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 28. If your answer to Q.27 is yes, what materials do you use for processing? 1. Honey extractor [ ] 2. Sieve [ ] 3. Honey presser [ ] 4. Cloth [ ] 5. other (specify)____ 29. Where the processing materials do you get them? (Giving multiple answers is possible) 1. Office of agriculture & rural development [ ] Ϯ. NGO͛s [ ] 3. Buying [ ] 4. other ______________ 30. If your answer for Q.27 is yes, why you decide to process? 1. No market for honey with the comb [ ] 2. Processing earns more market price [ ] 3. To reuse the honey comb [ ] 4. Others (specify) ___________________ 31. If the answer for Q.27 is No, why? 1. No access to honey processing materials [ ] 2. Consumers prefer honey with the comb [ ] ϯ. DoŶ͛t haǀe kŶoǁledge of hoǁ to pƌoĐess it [ ] 4. Others (specify)__________________ By Atsbaha M 80 32. What was your labor cost for honey production in 2014/15 season? A B C D E F G H I=G+H Activity No. Of family Members worked on the honey farm Days spent Average hours Worked each day Total hours worked Rate per Labour hour (Birr) Total family Labour value (Birr) Payment for hired labour (Birr) Total labour Cost (Birr) Colony inspection Wax printing Harvesting Processing Packing honey transportation to selling point Other labour costs Total labour cost 33. What was your equipments and materials cost for honey production in 2014/15 A B C D E F G H I J=F+I K Type of beehive/ material/ equipment Life span of the item Items (numb er) Items purchase d unit costs (Birr) CXD E/B=cost for The past year Rented items (number) Items rental unit fees paid (Birr) FXG Use Freely from BOA in their FTC Modern hive Bee colony Veil Gloves Bee wax Bee smoker Uncapping fork Honey container Other costs (specify) Total purchase and rental cost By Atsbaha M 81 34. Other than labor and material costs, Please mention the costs of the following? 1. Transportation cost?_____Birr 2. Marketing cost?___Birr 3. Miscellaneous cost?____Birr 35. Is there agrochemicals/chemicals application in your locality? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 36. If your answer to Q. 35 is yes, why do you apply agrochemicals/chemicals? 1. Crop pests control [ ] 2. Weeds control [ ] 3. Malaria control [ ] 4. Others (specify): ________________________________ 37. What measures do you take to protect your bees from chemicals toxicity effect on bees? 1. Bees management at beekeeper level [ ] 2. Legislative measure at administration level [ ] 3. Communicating with farmers using chemicals [ ] Other (specify)________ Part IV. Access to credit service 1. Did you borrow money for beekeeping? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 2. If your answer for Q.1 is yes, how much did you borrow last year (2013/14)?____________ 3. If your answer to Q. 1 is yes, who is the service provider? 1. Cooperatives [ ] 2.microfinsnce [ ] 3. Friends [ ] 4. Relatives [ ] 5. Banks [ ] 6. Others (specify)________ 4. Did you face any problem in accessing credit? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 5. If your answer for Q.4 is Yes, what was the problem? (Multiple responses is possible) 1. Limited supply of credit [ ] 2. Limited access to transport [ ] 3. Huge bureaucracy [ ] 4. Others (specify) ___________ 6. How did you solve these problems? ________________________ Part V. Access to training & extension service 1. Have you ever participated in beekeeping training in previous years? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 2. If your answer for Q.1 is yes who is the provider of the training? 1. Office of agriculture & rural development [ ] 2. Zonal LIVES project [ ] 3. Zonal Research centers [ ] 4. Others ________________ By Atsbaha M 82 3. If your answer for Q.1 is Yes, on which aspects do you get the training? giving multiple answer is possible). 1. Queen rearing [ ] 2. Honey Processing, handling & storage [ ] 3. Input utilization [ ] 4. Market information and linkage [ ] 5. Honey bee colony management [ ] 4. Specify your skill gape need additional training in beekeeping_______________________ 5. How often do extension service providers meet you? 1. Regularly [ ] 2. Sometimes [ ] 3. Rarely [ ] 6. How often did you have technical advice on honey production and/or marketing by the extension service providers? 1. Regularly [ ] 2. Sometimes [ ] 3. Rarely [ ] 4. Not at all/never [ ] Part VI. Market related issues 1. Did you sell honey that you produced? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 2. If your answer for Q. 1 is yes, could you tell us the market place that you sell your product?(Giving multiple answers is possible). 1. At my home [ ] 2. Nearby market place [ ] 3. Market place (Enticho) [ ] 4. Market place out of Enticho [ ] 5. Others if any (specify---------------------------------- 3. Means of transportation used; (multiple response is possible) 1. Vehicles [ ] 2. Manpower [ ] 3. Back of animals [ ] 4. Others (specify) _______ 4. If you used vehicles, was it easily accessible? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 5. If transport, how far is the main market place from your residential area? __________kms. 6. Did you have previous agreement with buyers to sale your product? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 7. Do you have any previous collaboration with buyers? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 8. If your response to Q. 7 is Yes, what type service did you get from them? 1. Training [ ] 2. Credit [ ] 3. Material supply [ ] 4. Other ____________ 9. Could you tell us on how you set price of your Honey with buyers? 1. Market based pricing [ ] 2. Product based pricing [ ] 3. On contract base [ ] 4. Other (specify)___________________ By Atsbaha M 83 10. Did you have an access to updated market information on honey? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 11. If your response for Q. 10 is yes, what is your major source of market information? 1. Personal observation [ ] 2. Other honey traders [ ] 3. Telephone [ ] 4. Radio [ ] 5. Office of agriculture and rural development [ ] 5. Others_________ 12. Did you know the market prices before you sold your honey? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 13. To whom did you sell your honey product? (multiple answer is possible) 1. Consumer [ ] 2. Tej-house [ ] 3. Local collectors [ ] 4. Rural collectors [ ] 5. Retailers [ ] 6. Wholesalers [ ] 7.Dima honey processing[ ] 8. Other (specify)_____ 14. To whom do you sell most of your honey?___________________________ 15. Why have you preferred the mentioned buyers/markets to sale your product? 1. Motivating price [ ] 2. Previous agreement [ ] 3. Technical support [ ] 4. Other (specify)______________ 16. How long did you keep/ store the honey? ϭ. I doŶ͛t stoƌe, I ǁill sale / it ǁill ďe ĐoŶsuŵed duƌiŶg haƌǀestiŶg [ ] 2. One to six months [ ] 3. Seven to twelve months [ ] 4. One year to two years [ ] 5. More than two years [ ] 17. For what reason do you store honey? ______________________ 18. What equipment do you use for honey container? 1. Plastic bags [ ] 2. Skin and hide [ ] 3. Ground Pots [ ] 4. Fertilizer bags [ ] 5.Others ( specify)____________ 19. What is the demand of honey in the market? 1. Low [ ] 2. Medium [ ] 3. High [ ] 20. Was there any problem you faced in honey marketing? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 21. If your response to Q. 20 is Yes, could you mention some of the problems that you face? (Giving multiple answers is possible) 1. Lack of market information [ ] 2. Low consumer demand [ ] 3 .Poor linkage with other value chain actors (retailers, traders, consumers, etc.) [ ] 4. Limited access to market [ ] 5. Low quality product (adulterations) [ ] 22. What should be done to solve these problems?_________________________________ By Atsbaha M 84 23. Are your customers concerned about the quality of honey you sold? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 24. If your response for Q.23 is yes, what are the quality measures? 1. By color [ ] 2. By its taste [ ] 3. Goodwill [ ] 4.other _________ 25. Are your customers willing to pay more for better quality of honey? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 26. How do you see your relationship with honey traders? 1. Strong [ ] 2. Medium [ ] 3. Weak [ ] 27. If your response to Q. 26 is weak what should be done to strengthened your relation?_____________________________ 28. Do you have any value addition on your honey products? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 29. If your answer for Q.26 is yes, what are those values added activities and how much it cost? (Multiple response is possible) Product type Value added activities Value added activities done ( ) How much it costs? Honey Sorting Purification Buying plastic jars Other (specify Part VII. Beekeeping constraints and opportunities 1. Aƌe theƌe aŶy ďees͛ diseases iŶ youƌ aƌea? ϭ. Yes [ ] Ϭ. No [ ] 2. If your answer for Q. 1 is Yes what are they?___________________________________ 3. Which type of hive is more likely affected by the disease? 1. Traditional [ ] 2. Modern [ ] 3. Both [ ] By Atsbaha M 85 4. What are the major pests & predators found in the area that threat your colonies? (Please rank according to their severity (from most to least severe) No Pest /predator 1=Yes; 0=No Rank What measures will be taken? 1 Ant 2 Wax mouse 3 Spider 4 Honey badger 5 Birds 6 Lizards 7 Specify any other _______ 5. What are the main constraints that you face in your beekeeping activities in the area? (Please rank according to their severity (from most to least severity). No Beekeeping constraints 1=Yes; 0=No Rank What measures will be taken? 1 Modern hive 2 beekeeping tools &equipments 3 bees forage 4 Colony Disease 5 Pests and predators 6 Honey bee colony 7 Pesticides and herbicides application 8 Death of colony 9 Absconding 10 Others(specify)______ 6. What are the opportunities for honey production in your locality? (giving multiple choice is possible). 1. Availability area closures [ ] 2. Easy access to modern beekeeping materials [ ] ϯ. Aǀailaďilities of ďee͛s foƌages [ ] ϰ. MotiǀatiŶg goǀeƌŶŵeŶt poliĐy [ ] 5. Demand for quality and quantity of honey [ ] 6. Others ______________ Thank you for your time!!! By Atsbaha M 86 Aksum University College of agriculture Department Of Agribusiness and value chain management Postgraduate Program Questionnaire: To be filed by Honey Traders Dear respondents, This ƋuestioŶŶaiƌe is desigŶed ďy Masteƌ͚s studeŶt of Aksuŵ UŶiǀeƌsity Shiƌe Đaŵpus. The objective of this questionnaire is to collect data on value chain analysis of MFH honey: the case of Ahferom Woreda. The data that will be collected from you (and from all other respondents) will be confidential and only be used for academic purposes i.e. as inputs to write a thesis for masters degree in Aksum University and by no means it will be transferred to a third party. To this end, your kind cooperation in furnishing correct and reliable information is highly appreciated. The researcher would like to take this opportunity to thank you in advance for your kind cooperation in responding the questions. Thank you!!! Atsbaha Mehari General instructions for enumerator  Make brief introduction before starting any question, introduce yourself to the farmers, greet them in local ways and make clear the objective of the study.  Please fill the interview schedule according to the farmers reply (do not put your own feeling).  Please ask each question clearly and patiently until the farmer gets your points.  Please do not use technical terms and do not forget local units.  Put your answers for the question provided in choice form by putting a [] mark on your choice.  Prove that all the questions are asked and the interview schedule format is properly completed. Respondent code: ___________________ Zone: __________________Woreda: __________ Kebele: ___________ Village: _______ Name of enumerator: ____________________Date: _______/_________/__________ Supervisor Name: _____________________ Date ____________________Duration: Starting time ______________ ending time _________ By Atsbaha M 87 Part I: Personal Information 1. Sex: 1. Male [ ] 2. Female [ ] 2. Your Age: 1. < 25 [ ] 2. 26 – 33 [ ] 3. 34 – 41 [ ] D. 42 – 49 [ ] E.>50 [ ] 3. Your Educational Background. 1. Cannot read and write [ ] 2. Can read and write [ ] 3. Grades 8 complete[ ] 4. High school completes [ ] 5. Diploma and degree [ ] Part II: Honey Selling Characteristics 1. What is your function in the chain 1. collector [ ] 2. retailers [ ] 3. Collector & retailer 5. wholesaler [ ] 1. Could you tell us for how long have you been honey trading? _______ Years 2. From whom do you buy honey? Giving multiple answers is possible 1. Farmers [ ] 2. Wholesalers [ ] 3. Cooperatives [ ] 4. Retailers [ ] 5. Others specify_________________________________ 3. How do you buy honey? 1. Agreement [ ] 2. Market based [ ] 3. Product based [ ] 5. Other _________ 4. To whom do you sell the honey? Giving multiple answers is possible 1. Retailers [ ] 2. Consumers [ ] 3. Processers [ ] 4. Exporters [ ] 5. Others if any___________ 5. Is there any fluctuation of volume of honey supplied to the market? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 6. If your answer for Q.5 is yes, what are the possible reasons? Giving multiple answers is possible 1. Drought [ ] 2. Due to the variation that exist in the demand of honey [ ] 3. Because of price fluctuation [ ] 4. Others, (specify) ------------- 7. How do you rate the quality of honey that is found in this particular market? Giving multiple answers is possible. 1. By color [ ] 2. By its test [ ] 3. Good will [ ] 4.other _________ By Atsbaha M 88 8. Which honey color is more preferable by consumers on the market? Giving multiple answers is possible 1. White [ ] 2. Amber [ ] 3. Yellow [ ] 4. Mixed [ ] 9. How do you evaluate the current market price of honey when you compare it with another time price? 1. High [ ] 2. Medium [ ] 3. Low [ ] 10. How do you see your relationship with honey producers? 1. Strong [ ] 2. Medium [ ] 3. Weak [ ] 11. If your response to Q. 10 is weak what should be done to strengthened your relation?_____________________________ 12. How do you see your relationship with honey consumers? 1. Strong [ ] 2. Medium [ ] 3. Weak [ ] 13. If your response to Q. 12 is weak what should be done to strengthened your relation?_____________________________ 14. How do you see your relationship with honey processors? 1. Strong [ ] 2. Medium [ ] 3. Weak [ ] 15. If your response to Q. 12 is weak what should be done to strengthened your relation?_____________________________ 16. Do you have any values added activities on the honey you sale? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 17. If your answer for Q.14 is yes, what are those values added activities and how much it cost? (Multiple responses is possible) Product type Value added activities 1. Sorting 2. Purification 3. Buying plastic jars 4. Packaging 5. Other _____ How much it costs? Honey 18. Do you have any previous collaboration with producers? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 19. If your response to Q. 18 is Yes, what type service did you provide for them? 1. Training [ ] 2. Credit [ ] 3. Material supply [ ] 4. Other ___________ By Atsbaha M 89 20. How did you fix the price of honey? 1. Considering labor and other cost incurred [ ] 2. Color of honey [ ] 3. Market force (supply and demand) [ ] 4. Quality of honey [ ] 5. Origin of honey [ ] 6. Others (specify______________ 21. How much do you sale 1 Kg of honey? No Honey type Average Price of honey/Kg (2014) Hive type Purchasing price Selling price 1 White Traditional Modern 2 Yellow Traditional Modern 3 Mixed Traditional Modern 4 Amber Traditional Modern 22. How do you express the degree of computations that exists between honey traders in your market? 1. very low [ ] 2. Low [ ] 3. Medium [ ] 4. High [ ] 5. Very high [ ] 23. If your response for question number 13 is high and very high, what do you think are the reasons? (Giving multiple answers is possible). 1. Easy entry of traders to the market [ ] 2. Existence of unlicensed honey traders in the market [ ] 3. Because of large consumption of honey in the market [ ] 4. Otheƌs if aŶy ……………………………….. 24. Do you store honey in your shop? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 25. If your response for the Q. 16 is yes, for how long do you store honey in your shop? 1. For weeks [ ] 2. For one month [ ] 3. For more than one month [ ] 26. If your response for the Q. 16 is yes, for what purpose do you store it?______________ By Atsbaha M 90 27. Could you tell us the average expense that you spent in Honey trading 2014? No Expense type Average cost (birr) /Kg 1 Average processing cost/Kg 2 Cost of packaging material 3 Transportation cost/kg 4 Marketing cost/kg 5 Shop rent 6 tax 7 Miscellaneous cost 8 Total honey bought for sale in one year 9 Other cost ________ 28. What are the major problems in honey marketing and other related in your market area? I) Market related problems 1. __________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________ II) Transport related problems 1. __________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________ III. Other problems______________________________________________ 29. If you have over all recommendation /comment with regard to the honey and honey related issues that should be addressed so as to extract all the benefits of beekeeping at all level?_______________________________________________________ Thank you for your cooperation!!!! By Atsbaha M 91 Dimma honey processing factory in Adigrat 1. Which of the following describes your position in the value chain 1. Producers [ ] 2. Agricultural input suppliers [ ] 3. Collector [ ] 4. Retailer [ ] 5. Processor [ ] 6. Others(Specify)_____ 2. What are the functions of your factory? 3. Frome which zones of Tigray do you buy honey?____________________________ 4. Frome whom do you buy honey? 1.producers [ ] 2. Collectors [ ] 3.retailers [ ] 4.wholesalers [ ] 5. Cooperatives [ ] 5. Others(specify)_______________ 5. How do you see your relationship with raw honey suppliers? 1. Strong [ ] 2. Medium [ ] 3. Weak [ ] 6. If your response to Q. 5 is weak what should be done to strengthened your relation?_____________________________ 7. Do you have any previous collaboration with raw honey suppliers? 1. Yes [ ] 2. No [ ] 8. If your response to Q. 7 is Yes, what type service did you provide for them? 1. Training [ ] 2. Credit [ ] 3. Material supply [ ] 4. Other ___________ 9. What types of processed honey did you prepare for sale? 1. liquid [ ] 2. creamed [ ] 3. Others(specify)__________ 10. Estimated cost for honey market. N o Different costs Cost birr/kg Cream ed Extra white Whit e Yello w Ambe r 1 Purchasing price of honey from Traditional beehive 2 Purchasing price of honey from Modern beehive 3 Value addition +Marketing cost 4 Total honey bought for sale in one year 11. Where do you sale your products? 1. In domestic market [ ] 2.in foreign market [ ] 3. In both markets [ ] By Atsbaha M 92 12. If you sell in both domestic and foreign market, please tell me the price per kg of liquid honey No Honey product Product type Selling price /Kg Domestic market Export 1 Liquid Extra white White Yellow Mixed Amber 2 Creamed Cream honey 13. Generally, in domestic market to whom do you sell your honey? 1. To consumer [ ] 2. To honey collector [ ] 3. Retailer [ ] 4. Other(specify)________ 14. Generally in foreign market to whom do you sell your honey? 1. To consumer [ ] 2. To honey collector [ ] 3. Retailer [ ] 4. Other(specify)________ 15. How do you see your relationship with your honey consumers? 1. Strong [ ] 2. Medium [ ] 3. Weak [ ] 16. If your response to Q. 15 is weak what should be done to strengthened your relation?_____________________________ 17. Do you collect and give information from your sellers and buyers on the amount and quality of honey required? 1. Always [ ] 2. Sometimes [ ] 3. Not at all [ ] 18. What factors constrain the linkages between actors? 1. Policy [ ] 2. Organizational [ ] 3. Infrastructure [ ] 4. KSA(knowledge, skill, attitude and motivation [ ] 4. Others (specify)_____________ 19. What should be done to solve factors constrain the linkages between actors?_______________________ Thank you for your time!!! By Atsbaha M 93 Questioner to be filled by Consumers 1. Name of Respondent: ____________________________________ 2. Zone: _________Woreda:__________ Kebele: ___________ 3. Sex of the respondent (v): 1. Male [ ] 2. Female [ ] 4. Education level of the respondent (v): 1. Illiterate [ ] 2. Can read and write 4. 4-8 complete [ ] 5. 9-12 complete [ ] 6. Diploma &above [ ] 5. Marital status (v): 1. Married [ ] single 2. [ ] 6. What is your major means of income generation? 1. Farming [ ] 2. Trade [ ] 3. Employment [ ] 4. Others _________________ 7. Is honey consumed in your family? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 8. From whom do you purchase? 1. Producers [ ] 2. Local collectors [ ] 3. Retailers [ ] 4. Cooperatives [ ] 5. Others_______________ 9. What is the purchasing price of honey? No Hive type Purchasing price per Kg for different honey types Extra white White Mixed Yellow Amber 1 Modern 2 Traditional 10. Form which type of hive produced honey do you prefer to buy? 1. Traditional only [ ] 2. Modern only [ ] 3. From Both [ ] 11. If your answer for Q.9 is traditional why? ______________________ 12. If your answer for Q.9 is modern why? ______________________ 13. What type of honey products do you purchased for consumption? (Multiple response is possible) 1.white [ ] 2. Yellow [ ] 3. Mixed [ ] 4. Amber [ ] 14. Do you consider any quality requirements to purchase honey? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 15. If your answer for Q.12 is yes, what quality requirement do you consider? (Multiple response is possible) 1. Test [ ] 2. Color [ ] 3. Viscosity [ ] 4. Good will 5. others_____________ 16. What are the constraints hindering consumption of honey? (Multiple response is possible) 1. Shortage of supply [ ] 2. Poor post harvesting techniques [ ] 3. Adulterations [ ] 4.high price of product [ ] 5. Others ___________ 17. What should be done to solve the happening problem? _____________________ 18. Are you confidentially able to identify adulteration free honey? 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 19. If your answer for Q. 18 is no, what measure do you take to buy quality honey?______________________ Thank you for your time!!! By Atsbaha M 94 Semi structured Interview: with Agricultural Officials & LIVES project of Ahferom Woreda 1. How much is the average productivity of each type of hives that are found in your woreda per year in 2003/2004 production year? A. Modern hive___________(kg) B. Traditional hive _________(kg) 2. What is the main source of income for the people who are leaving in the rural area of your woreda?__________________________________________________________ 3. How do you express the contribution of beekeeping as a source of income for the people who leave in your woreda as compared to other sources of income? _______________________________________________________________________ 4. How do you see the potential of your woreda in the case of honey production (beekeeping) when you compare it with other woreda production potential and convenience? __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5. How do you evaluate the trend in the number of honey bee colonies in your woreda (increasing, decreasing or no change)? Could you explain the reason for such trends? ______________________________________________________________________ 6. Is there out grower scheme and honey collection center in your woreda? ________________________________________________________________________ 7. What do think are the main challenges, problems that are affecting honey production and marketing in your woreda (market price, traditional production system, quality of honey, inaccessibility of the area due to poor road infrastructure, etc)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. What do you think is the measure that should be taken to overcome the challenges and problems that affect honey production and marketing in your woreda? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ By Atsbaha M 95 9. What are the opportunities that exist in your woreda which can be exploited in improving beekeeping activities?____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 10. Could you mention the major problems in honey production, post harvest, marketing and transportation in your woreda? I. Production related problems of honey_____________________________________ II. Post harvest related problems of honey ___________________________________ III. Market related problems honey _________________________________________ IV. Transport related problems of honey_____________________________________ 11. Do the following chain actors exist in your woreda? A. Input suppliers 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] B. Honey collectors and traders 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] C. Processers and exporters 1. Yes [ ] 0. No [ ] 12. How do you evaluate the beekeeping activity of your woreda in terms of? 1. Technology it uses____________________________________________________ 2. Processing and distribution mechanism it adopt____________________________ 3. Coordination that exist in the chain______________________________________ 4. Availability and cost of inputs required____________________________________ 5. Market structure _____________________________________________________ 6. Enabling environment_________________________________________________ 7. Others if any_________________________________________________________ 13. Overall recommendation /comment with regard to the honey and honey related issues that should be addressed so as to extract all the benefits of beekeeping at woreda level?___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time!!! Name of interviewer--------------Date of interview: ----------------------Signature --------------- By Atsbaha M 96 ኣብ ኣክፎም ዩንቨፊስቲ ቢዝነስ ሕፊሻን እሴት ፍንፍጤትን ስፈሕ ኣመፈፊሓ ትምጢፊቲ ክijጦ ናይ 2ይ ዲግፆ ፕፋግፈም መሕትት፡ ብሓረስቶት ዝምላእ ዝከበፊኩምን ዝከበፊክንን; እዚ መሕትት እዚ ብናይ ኣክፎም ዩንቨፊስቲ ናይ 2ይ ዲግፆ (ማስተፊስ) ተምጠፈይ ዝተዳጤዉ እዩ፡፡ ናይቲ መሕተት ዋና ዓላማ ድማ ሓበፉታ ንምእካብ ኮይኑ ናይቲ Ĭንዓት ፊእሲ ድማ ናይ ትንትና እሴት ስንፍጤት ምጢፊቲ መዓፊ ኣብ ወረዳ ኣሕĮፋም ይምልከት፡፡ ካባኩምን ካበ ካልኦትን ዝእከቡ ሓበፉታት ሚስČፋም ዝተሓጤዉን ንዚ መĬናዕቲ Čፈሕ ዝዉዕል ምካኑን ከረጋግĬሎም ይĴቱ፡፡ ትክክልን እሙኑን ሓበፉታኩም ብምጠብ ንእትገብፅጥይ ምትሕብባፊ ናይቲ Ĭንዓት በዓል ዋና ምስጋናይ ክገልħልኩም ይĮቱ፡፡ ሓĮሻዊ ሓበፉታት 1. በይዞኣም/ኣን መልሲ ቅድሚ ምጠቦም እቲ መምፊጮ የንብቡ/ባ ብምቅĪል ንČያቄኡ ብምንባብ ትክክጤኛ መልስም ይጠቡ/ባ 3. ሕቶ እንተጠልዩዎም ንቲ ሓበፉታዝእከብ ወይ ንተቆĪĪፆ ይćይቁ/ቃ 4. ኣብ ዘድጦ ቦታ ክልተን ካብኡ ንላዕጦ መማረĩ ምጠብ ይከአል እዩ 5. ብመማረĩ ንዝቀረቡ ሕቶታት መልሶም ብምክባብ እንትገልĨ ብፍንćረዠ ንዝቀረቡ ድማ ዝስዕብ [] ምልክት ብምČቃም መማረĩኦም/ኣን የፊእዩ/ያ ናይ መላእቲ መሕትት ኮድ ______________ ሽም ናይ ሓበፉታ አካቢ ________________ ዕጤት ___________ ተቆĪĪፆ ሽም __________________________ዕጤት___________________ ዝተጀመረጥ ግዜ__________________________ ዝተወድአጥ ግዜ_____________ By Atsbaha M 97 ክijጦ I ፡ ናይ ዉልቀ መረዳእታ 7. ሽም መፈጮ ስድፈ _____________________________________ 8. ĭታ: 1 .ተባዕታይ [ ] 0. አንስታይ [ ] 9. ዕድመ: ______________ 10. ናይ ት/ቲ ደረጃ: 1. ምንባብን ምĬሓij ዘይክእል [ ] 2. ምንባብን ምĬሓijን ዝክእል [ ] 3. 8ይ ክijጦ ዝወድአ [ ] 4. 2ይ ብፊኪ ዝወድአ [ ] 5. ዲፕሎማን ካብኡ ንላዕልን [ ] 11. ኩነታት መፊዓ: 1. ዝተመፊዓወ [ ] 0. ዘይተመፊዓወ [ ] 12. በዝጮ ስድፈ:_______________________________________ ክijጦ II ፡ ኩኔታት እቶት ካብ ምፊባሕ ንጢቢ ወĪኢ 4. ካብ ምፊባሕ ንጢቢ ወĪኢ ተወሳኪ እቶት ዘፊክቡ ስፈሕቲ ትፍፊጭ ዶ? 1.እወ [ ] 0. አይıል[ ] 5. ንሕቶ ቁ.1 መልሶም እወ እንተኮይኑ ብከመይ ይረክቡ? 1. ብደመወዝ [ ] 2. ካብ ijፊያት Čረምረ [ ] 3. ካብ መስኖን [ ] 4.ካብ ምፊባሕ ć/በጊዕ [ ] 5. ካብ ምፊባሕ ደፊጣን [ ] 6. ካብ ħባ ከijትን [ ] 7 . ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 6. ንሕቶ ቁ.1 መልሶም እወ እንተኮይኑ ብወፊጮ ብማእኸላይ ክንደይ ይረክቡ?___________________ብፊ ክijጦ III፡ ናይ ንጢብ ምፊባሕ ስፈሕቲ ዝምልከቱ 38. ንጢቢ ምፊባሕ መዓዝ ጀሚፋም/ረን? 1. ልዕጦ 10 ዓመት [ ] 2. 5-10 ዓመት [ ] 3. ትሕቲ 5 ዓመት [ ] 39. ንጢቢ ምፊባሕ ብከመይ ጀሚፋም/ረን? ፆጋ ijልijል በዝጮ ባጢላዊ ዘመናዊ ናይ ሓደ ዕስጤ ዋጋ 1 ብ ምግዛእ 2 ብ ዉጢብቶ 4 ብምዕሳል 5 ካጦእ 40. ዕስጤ ንጢብክን/ኩም ኣበይ ተቀምČዎም? 1.ኣብ ድሕፆ ገዛ [ ] 2. ኣብ ሕዛእቲ [ ] 3. ኣብ ዉሽĉ ገዛ [ ] ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 41. ሓደ ቆĴ ንክንደይ ዓመት የገልግል? 1. ባጢላዊ ቆĴ _____________ዓመት 2. ዘመናዊ ቆĴ____________ዓመት 42. በይዘኦም/ኣን ሕዚ ዘጤዉዎም/ዉን ናይ ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ዓይነት ይግጤĨጤይ/ላይ? 1 .ባጢጦዊ [ ] 2.ዘመናዊ [ ] 3.ክልቲኡ ዓይነት [ ] 43. ባጢላዊ ቆĴ ብምČቃም እንታይ ዓይነት ምጢፊቲ ተምፊታ/ቱ? 1. ዘይተĪረየ መዓፊ [ ] 2. ዘይተĪረየሽምዒ [ ] 3. ምዉላድ [ ] 4. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 44. ዘ/ቆĴ ብምČቃም እንታይ ዓይነት ምጢፊቲ ተምፊታ/ቱ? 1. ዝተĪረየ መዓፊ [ ] 2. ዘይተĪረየሽምዒ [ ] 3. ምዉላድ [ ] 4. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ By Atsbaha M 98 45. በይዞኦም/አን ናይ መዓፊ ናይ ምጢፊቲ ወቅቲ ኣብ ወረዳኩም ይግጤĨጤይ/Īጤይ? (ብቕዯም ስዓብ ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣልዩ) 1. ካብ ሓምጤ ክሳብ መፍከረም [ ] 2. ካብ Čቅምቲ ክሳብ ታሕሳስ [ ] 3. ካብ Čፆ ክሳብ መጋቢት [ ] 4. ካብ ሚያዝያ ክሳብ ፍነ [ ] 46. ኣብ ዓመት2006/2007 ዓ/ም ክንደይ ግዜን መćን ናይ ምሕፊቲ መዓፊ ካበ ሓደ ቆĴ ይሓijፎ/ሳ? ፆጋ ዓይነት ቆĴ በዝጮ ብፊበፈ መćን መዓፊ ካብ ሓደ ቆĴ ćቅላላ ዝተረኽበ ምጢፊቲ ዋጋ ሓደ ኪሎ ćቅላላ እቶት ብፊ 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 ዘመናዊ 2 ባጢላዊ 47. ንምንታይ ዕላማ መዓፊ የምፊቱ/ታ? 1. ንመሸĊ [ ] 2. ንዉጢብቶ [ ] 3. ንባዕጤይ ንምČቃም [ ] 4. ንባጢላዊ መድሓኒት [ ] 48. ኣብ ንግዲ ዝተዋĮፈ ማሕበፈት ኣባልነት ኣጤኩም/ክን ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. አይıል [ ] 49. ንሕቶ ቁ.11 መልሶም/ፍን እወ እንተኾይኑ ዓይነት ማሕበፊ ይግጤĨ_________________________________________ 50. ንሕቶ ቁ.11 መልሶም/ፍን እወ እንተኾይኑ ካብታ ማሕበፊ እንታይ ዓይነት Čቅሚ ትረኽቡ? 1. ቀረብ እታዎታት ንጢቢ ምፊባሕ [ ] 2. ቀረብ እታዎታት Čረምረን ኣሕምልትን [ ] 3. ቀረብ እታዎታት ምፊባሕ እንስሳ [ ] 5. ቀረብ ልቃሕ [ ] 6. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 51. ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ተዋልዳ/ዱ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. አይıል [ ] 52. ንሕቶ ቁ.14 መልሶም/ፍን እወ እንተኾይኑ ንምንታይ ረብሓ ይዉዕል? 1. ዝኣረገት ንግስቲ ንምትካእ [ ] 2. ንመሸĊ [ ] 3. ቁĬፆ ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ንምዉሳኽ [ ] 4. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 53. ኣብ ዘ/ቆĴ ዝኣረገን ዝħጤመን ቅጫ (ስምዒ )ትቅይፅ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. አይıል [ ] 54. ንሕቶ ቁ.16 መልሶም/ፍን እወ እንተኾይኑ ቅጫ (ስምዒ)ካበይ ትረኽቡ? 1. ብምግዛእ [ ] 2. ናይ ባዕልና ብምĬፈይ [ ] 3. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 55. ንሕቶ ቁ.16 መልሶም/ፍን እወ እንተኾይኑ ኣብ ክንደይ ግዜ ይቅየፊ? 1. በቢ ዓመቱ [ ] 2. በቢ ክልተ ዓመቱ [ ] 3. በቢ ፍጤስተ ዓመቱ [ ] 4. ኣፊባዕተ ዓመትን ልዕጦኡን [ ] 56. ንሕቶ ቁ.16 መልሶም/ፍን አይıል እንተኾይኑ ንምንታይ? 1. ኣijልč ዘይምጢላው [ ] 2. ሽምዒ ንምግዛእ ዋግኡ ክባፊ ስጤዝኾነ [ ] 3. ሕĬረት ኣቅፊቦት ሽምዒ [ ] 4. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 57. ንዕስጤ ንጢቦም ተወሳኺ ምግቢ ይጢቡ/ባ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 58. ንሕቶ ቁ.20 መልሶም/ፍን እወ እንተኾይኑ መዓዝ? 1. ኣብ ደፊቂ እዋን [ ] 2. ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ቁĬፅ እንትደክም [ ] 3. ኣብ እዋን ምዉላድ [ ] 4. ኣብ እዋን ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ምጉዕዓዝ [ ] 5. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ By Atsbaha M 99 59. ንሕቶ ቁ.20 መልሶም/ፍን እወ እንተኾይኑ እንታይ ዓይነት ተወሳኺ ምግቢ ይጢቡ/ባ? ተቁ ዓይነት ተወሳኺ መግቢ መćን (ኪግ) ዝተዉጠበ መćን /ዕስጤ መግዝኢ ዋጋ/ኪግ ዘቅፊብ ኣካል 1 ሽኮፊ 3 መዓፊ 4 ሕፅĔ Čረምረን ዓተፊን 5 ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ 60. Įተሻን ክትትልን ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ተካይዱ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıልን [ ] 61. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ. 23 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ በብክንደይ ግዚኡ ይijትሹ? 1. በቢ መዓልቲ [ ] 2. በቢ ፍሙኑ [ ] 3. በቢ ወፊጭ [ ] 4. ኣብ ዓመት ፍጤስተ ግዜ [ ] 5. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 62. ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ćİኦምኹም ዶ ይĮልĈ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıልን [ ] 63. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ 25 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ምኽንያቱ እንታይ እዩ ትብጥ? (ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣልዩ) 1. ሕĬረት ማይን መግብን [ ] 2. ናይ ንጢቢ ተĪባእቲ [ ] 3. ዋሕዲ ክንክን ክትትልን [ ] 4. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 64. ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ተĪፊዩ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıልን [ ] 65. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.27 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ንምĬፈይ ትČቀምጥ መሳፊጮ እንታይ እዩ? 1. መĪረዪ መዓፊ [ ] 2. መንİት [ ] 3. ብመĬቀĉ [ ] 4. ብኽዳን (ሻሽ) [ ] 5. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 66. መሳፊሕታት መĪረዩ መዓፊ ካበይ ትረኽብዎም? 1. ካብ ሕፊሻን ገćፊ ልምዓትን [ ] 2. ካብ ዘይመንግስታዊ ትካላት [ ] 3. ብምግዛእ [ ] 4. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 67. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ27 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ንምንታይ ኽተĪፊዩ ወሲንኩም/ክን? 1. ዘይተĪረየ መዓፊ ዕዳጋ ስጤዘይብጥ [ ] 2. ዝተĪረየ መዓፊ ዝሓሸ ዕዳጋ ስጤዘጤዎ [ ] 3. ቅጫ ijፉም ደጊምካ ንምČቃም [ ] 4. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_______________ 68. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ27 መልሶም ኣይıልን እንተኾኑ ንምንታይ? 1. ምስኣን መĪረዩ ናዉቲ [ ] 2. ዘይተĪረየ መዓፊ ዝሓሸ ዕዳጋ ስጤዘጤዎ [ ] 3. ዝተĪረየ መዓፊ ዕዳጋ ስጤዘይብጥ [ ] 4. ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ_____________ By Atsbaha M 100 69. ኣብ ዘመነ 2006/07 መዓፊ ንምምፈት ዝወħ ናይ ጉልበት ወĪኢታት? 70. ኣብ ዘመነ 2006/07 መዓፊ ንምምፈት ንመግዝኢ ናዉቲ ዝወħ ወĪኢታት A B C D E F G H I=G+H ዝፊዝፊ ስፈሕቲ ቁĬፆ ኣብ ምፊባሕ ንጢቢ ዝሳተį ኣባላት ስድፈ በዝጮ ዝፍፊሕዎ መዓልቲ ብማእኸላይ ኣብ መዓልቲ ዝፍፊሕዎ ፍዓት ćቅላላ ዝፍፊሕዎ ፍዓት ዋጋ ሓደ መዓልታዊ ፍፈሕተኛ ćቅላላ ዋጋ መዓልታዊ ፍፈሕተኛ ክijጦት ሓደ ሸቃላይ ćቅላላ ናይ ሸቃላይ ዋጋ Įተሸ ዕስጤ ቅጫ ምስንካት ምብፊባፊ ምĬፈይ መዓፊ ምዕሻግ መዓፊ ናብ ዕዳጋ ምጉዕዓዝ ካልኦት ናይ ጉልበት ስፈሕቲ ćቅላላ ናይ ጉልበት ዋጋ A B C D E F G H I J=F+I K ዓይነታት ቆĴን መሳፊሕታት ናዉቲን ዘገልግልጥ ዕድመ በዝጮ ናይ ሓደ መግዝኢ ዋጋ CXD E/B=cost for The past year ቁĬፆ ዝተኻረናዮ ንብረትዝተ ንኽፈየ ዝተኸĮጤ FXG ብነĪ ካብ ሕ/ገ/ል FTC ዘ/ ቆĴ ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ናይ ገĬ መከላኸጦ ጉዋንቲ ሽምዒ መትከኺ መኽĮቲ ዓይነ በጎ መትሓዚ መዓፊ ካጦእ እንተጠጦዩ ይግጤĨ______________ ćቅላላ ንኽፈይን መግዝእን ናዉቲ ዝወħ ወĪኢ By Atsbaha M 101 71. በይዘኦም/አን ካብ ናይ ጉልበትን ናዉቲ መግዝኢ ብተወሳኺ ዝወħ ወĪኢ እንተጠጦዩ ይČቀፎ/ሳ. 1. ናይ መጉዓዚያ ወĪኢ ______________ብፊ 2. ናይ መሻየĉ ወĪኢ ______________ብፊ 3. ናይ ስልኪ ማይ ኤሌክትፆክ ክፈይ ግብፆ ወĪኢ______________ብፊ 72. ኣብ ከባቢኹም ንስፈሕቲ ሕፊሻ ኬሚካል ኣብ Čቅሚ ይዉዕል ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıልን [ ] 73. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.35 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ንምንታይ Čቅሚ ይዉዕል? (ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣልዩ) 1. ħረ ባልዕ [ ] 2. ħረ Īጢያይ [ ] 3. ħረ ĊንĈ [ ] 4. ካጦእ _________ 74. ዕስጤ ንጢቢ ካብ ጉድኣት ኬሚካል ንምክልኻል ዝዉፍዱ ፍጉምቲታት እንታይ እዮም? (ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣልዩ) 1. ዕስጤ ከይዋĮፅ ምእጋድን ምምጋብን [ ] 2. ኬሚካል ንኸይንħግ ዝእግድ ሕጊ ምትግባፊ [ ] 3. ምስ ኬሚካል ዝČቀሙ ገባፈት ምፊድዳእ ምijĊፊ [ ] 4. ካጦእ _________ ክijጦ IV፡ ኩነታት ኣቅፊቦት ልቃሕ 1. ንምፊባሕ ንጢቢ ዝዉዕል ልቃሕ ዶ ረኺብኩም ትĮልĈ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıልን [ ] 2. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.1 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ኣብ 2005/06 ዓ/ም ክንደይ ተጤቂሖም?______________ 3. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.1 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ካበይ ይረኽቡ? (ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣልዩ) 1. ካብ ሕብረት ስፈሕ ማሕበፈት [ ] 2. ማይክፋ ıይናንስ [ ] 3. ካብ ኣዕፊኽቲ [ ] 4. ካብ ቤተፍብ [ ] 5. ካብ ባንኪ [ ] 6. ካጦእ _________ 4. ንምፊባሕ ንጢቢ ዝዉዕል ልቃሕ ኣብ ምፊካብ ħገም የጋČመኩም ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıልን [ ] 5. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.4 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ እቲ ħገም እንታይ እዩ? (ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣልዩ) 1. ዋሕዲ ቀረብ ልቃሕ [ ] 2. ናይ መጉዓዝያ ħገም [ ] 3. ስፈሕ ፍጤċን ዘይምጢላው [ ] 4. ካጦእ _________ 6. እቲ ħገም ብኸመይ Įቲሕኹምዎ_____________________________________________ ክijጦ V፡ ኩነታት ኣቅፊቦት ስልćናን ደገij ክትትልን 1. ኣብ ዝሓጤĮ እዋነት ብዛዕባ ናይ ንጢቢ ኣተሓሕዛ ዝምልከት ፍልćና ረኪብኩም ትĮልĈ/Ċ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 2. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.1 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ እቲ ፍልćና ብመን ዝተዳጤወ ነይፅ? 1. ቤት ĬሕĮት ሕፊሻን ገħፊ ልምዓትን [ ] 2. ዞባ LIVES ፕፋጀክት [ ] 3. ዞባ ሕፊሻ ምፊምፊ [ ] 4. ካጦእ _________ 3. እቲ ዝፊከበዎ ስጤćና ኣብ እንታይ ዛዕባ ነይፅ? 1. ኣብ ንጢቢ ምዉላድ [ ] 2. ኣብ መዓፊ ምĬፈይን Ĭፉት ኣተሓሕዛን አቀማምĊን [ ] 3. ኣብ እታወታት አćቃቅማ [ ] 4. ኣብ ዕዳጋ ሓበፉታን ፊክብን 5. ኣብ ንጢቢ ዕፍጤ ኣተሓሐዛ/አመፈፊሓ/ [ ] 4. ተወሳኪ ስልćና ዘድልዮ ክijተት ክእጤቶም ይግጤĨ__________________________________________ 5. በቢ ክንደይ ጊዜ ናይ ንጢቢ ፍብ ሞያ ክትትል ደገij ይገብፊልኩም? 1. ኩጥ ጊዜ [ ] 2. ሓደሓደ ጊዜ [ ] 3. ነይፋም ነይፋም [ ] 4. ኣይንድገijን [ ] By Atsbaha M 102 ክijጦ VI፡ ኩነታት ዕዳጋ 1. ዘምፊትዎ መዓፊ ይሽČዎ ድዮም? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 2. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.1 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ኣበይ ይሸČዎ? (ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣልዩ) 1. ኣብ መንበፆ ገዛ [ ] 2. ኣብ Čቃ መንበፆ ዝፊከብ ዕዳጋ [ ] 3. ኣብ እንትĕ [ ] 4. ካብ ወረዳና ወĪኢ [ ] 5. ካጦእ _________ 3. እንታይ ዓይነት መጉዓዝያ ትČቀሙ? 1. ተሽከፊካፆ [ ] 2. ሓይጦ ፍብ [ ] 3. መĬዓኛ [ ] 4. ካጦእ _________ 4. ንመጉዓዝያ ተሽከፊካፆ ትČቀሙ እንተኾይንኩም ብቀጦጥ ዶ ትረኽብዎ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 5. ዕዳጋ ካብ መንበፆ ገዛኹም ክንደይ ይፊሕቅ?__________Km. 6. ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ንምሻČ ኣቀዲምኩም ምስ ዓደግትኹም ዉዕል ትኣስፅ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 7. ተćቀመቲ መዓፊኩም ወይ ዓማዊልኩም ንዓኹም ዝሕግዝኹም ሓገዝ ኣሎ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 8. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.7 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ዓይነት ሓገዝ እንታይ እዩ? 1. ፍልćና [ ] 2. ልቃሕ [ ] 3. ሓገዝ ናዉቲ [ ] 4. ካጦእ _________ 9. መሸĉ ዋጋ ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ብኸመይ ትዉስኑ? 1. ዕዳጋ መፍረት ብምግባፊ [ ] 2. Ĭፉት መዓፊ መፍረት ብምገባፊ [ ] 3. ኮንትፈት ብምእሳፊ [ ] 4. ካጦእ ________ 10. ወቅታዊ መረዳእታ ዋጋ ምጢፊቲ መዓፊ ትረኽቡ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 11. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.10 መልሶም እወ እንተኾኑ ሓበፉታ ካበይ ትረኽቡ? 1. ዉልቀ ትዕዝብቲ [ ] 2. ካብ መዓፊ ነጋዶ [ ] 3. ብስልኪ [ ] 4. ብፉድዮ [ ] 5. ካብ ሕ/ገ/ል [ ] 6. ካጦእ _________ 12. ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ቅድሚ ምሻČኩም ዋግኡ ኣቀዲምኩም ትĮልČዎ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 13. ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ንመን ትሸĈ? 1. ንተćቀምቲ [ ] 2. ን ፍፈሕቲ ሜስ [ ] 3. ንናይ ከባቢ ፍብፍብቲ መዓፊ [ ] 4. ንናይ ከተማ ፍብፍብቲ መዓፊ [ ] 5. ን ሸፊሸፊቲ [ ] 6. ን ጅምላ መከıĮልቲ [ ] 7. ን ዲማ መĪረዪ መዓፊ [ ] 8. ካጦእ _________ 14. ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ብዋናነት ንመን ትሸĈ?__________________________________________________ 15. ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ብዋናነት ንምንታይ ነቶም ኣብ ላዕጦ ዝተćቀፎ ክትሸĈ መፆĬኩም? 1. ብ Ĭቡቅ ዋጋ ስጤዝገዝኡ [ ] 2. ኣቀዲምና ስጤዝተስማዕማዕና [ ] 3. ናይ ቴክኒክ ሓገዝ [ ] 4. ካጦእ _________ 16. ን ክንደይ መዓልቲ ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ትኽዝኑዎ? 1. ኣይኽዝንን [ ] 2. ካብ 1- 6 ወረጮ [ ] 3. ካብ 6-12 ወፊጮ [ ] 4. 1- 2 ዓመት [ ] 5. ልዕጦ 2ተ ዓመት [ ] 17. ንምንታይ ምኽንያት ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ትኽዝኑዎ?___________________________________ 18. ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ኣብ ከመይ ዝበጤ መትሐዚ ተቀምĈ? 1. ናይ ጎማ መትሐዚ [ ] 2. ናይ ቆፊበትን ኣንጋረን [ ] 3. ናይ ሓመድ ዉĬኢት [ ] 4. ናይ መዳበፊያ ተረንሽዋ [ ] 5. ካጦእ _________ 19. ćጤብ ምጢፊቲ መዓፊ ኣብ ዕዳጋ እንታይ ይመስል? 1. ትጭት [ ] 2. ማእኸላይ [ ] 3. ልዑል [ ] 20. ኣብ ናይ መዓፊ መሸčኦም ħገም ዶ አጋĉሚዎ/ን ይĮልČ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] By Atsbaha M 103 21. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.20 መልሶም እወ እንተኾይኑ ዘጋćሞም ħገማተ እንተዝገĨጤይ/ላይ (ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣል ዩ) 1. ናይ ዕዳጋ ሓበፉታ ዘይምፊካብ [ ] 2. ትጭት ናይ ተćቃሚ ćጤብ [ ] 3. ትጭት ምትእስሳፊ ምስ ነጋዶን ተćቀመትን [ ] 4. ዉፎን ናይ ዕዳጋ ቀረበ ምጢላዉ [ ] 5. ትጭት ħፉት መጢፊቲ ኣብ ዕዳጋ ምጢላዉ (መዓፊ ምስ ካጦእ ንČረ ነገፊ ብምሕዋስ ምሻČ) [ ] 22. ነቲ ħገም ንምijታሕ እንታይ ክስፈሕ እጤዎ ትብጥ?_________________________________________ 23. ናይ መዓፊ ዓማዊልኩም ኣብ ናይ መዓፊ ዓይነት ወይ Ĭፉት ይግደፎ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 24. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.23 መልሶም እወ እንተኾይኑ ዝČቀሙጥ ረቁሓ መijጤዩ Ĭፉት መዓፊ እንታይ እዩ? 1. ብ ሕብፆ [ ] 2. ብ Ċዕሚ [ ] 3. ካብ ተĮላĉ ፍብ ምግዛእ [ ] 4. ካጦእ _________ 25. ናይ መዓፊ ዓማዊልኩም ንĬቡቅ Ĭፉት ዘጤዎ ምጢፊትኹም ብĬቡቅ ዋጋ ንምግዛእ ቅፅባት ድዮም? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 26. ምስ ናይ መዓፊ ነጋዶ ዘጤኩም ፊክብ እንታይ ይመስል? 1. ዝćንከረ [ ] 2. ማእኸላይ [ ] 3. ዝላሕጤሐ [ ] 27. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.26 መልሶም ዝላሕጤሐ እንተኾይኑ ዘጤኩም ፊክብ ንምČንካፊ እንታይ ክስፈሕ ኣጤዎ ትብጥ? ______________________________________________________________________________ 28. ምጢፊቲ መዓፊኩም ብዝሓሸ ዋጋ ንክሽየČ ትፍፊሕዎም ተወፍኽቲ ስፈሕቲ ኣጤዉ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 29. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.28 መልሶም እወ እንተኾይኑ ዝስፊጭ ስፈሕቲ ምስ ዘድልዮም ወĪኢ ይግጤĨ ዓይነት ምጢፊቲ ዋጋ ምጢፊቲ ዝዉስኹ ስፈሕቲ ዋጋ ምጢፊቲ ዝዉስኹ ዝተፍፊጭ ስፈሕቲ ( ) ንምስፈሕ ዘድጦ ወĪኢ መዓፊ መዓፊ በቢ ዓይነቱ ምቅማČ መዓፊ ምĬፈይ መትሓዚ ጎማ ምግዛእ ካጦእ ክijጦ VII፡ ማሕንቆታትን ዕድላትን ልምዓት ንጢቢ 1. ኣብ ከባቢኹም ናይ ንጢቢ ሕማማት ኣጤዉ ዶ? 1. እወ [ ] 0. ኣይıል [ ] 2. ንተፈ ቁĬፆ.1 መልሶም እወ እንተኾይኑ ይግጤĨ_______________________________________________________ 3. ኣየናይ ዓይነት ቆĴ ኣዩ በቲ ዝተገጤħ ብዝበጤħ ሕማም ዝČቃዕ? 1. ዘመናዊ [ ] 2. ባጢላዊ [ ] 3. ክልቲኦም [ ] 4. ኣብ ከባቢኹም ዝፊከቡ ዋናዋና ናይ ንጢቢ ባልዓትን ጠደንትን ብደረጃ ዘብĬሕዎ ጉድኣት የቀምĈ ፆጋ ባልዓትን ጠደንትን 1=እወ 0=ኣይıል ደረጃ ዝዉሴድ ዓይነት ስጉምቲ 1 Īħ 2 ሽምዒ Ĭምብላጦዕ 3 ሳፉት 4 ትትጊ 5 ዑij 6 ćበቅ 7 ካጦእ _______ By Atsbaha M 104 5. ኣብ እዋን ንጢቢ ምፊባሕ እንትይ ዓይነት ħገማትን ማሕልኻታት የጋČምም/መን? ባይኦም ናይቶም ማሕልከታተ ደረጃ ይግጤĨጤይ; ፆጋ ማሕልኾታት 1=እወ 0=ኣይıል ደረጃ ዝዉሴድ ዓይነት ስጉምቲ 1 ዘመናዊ ቆĴ 2 መሳፊሕታት ዘመናዊ ቆĴ 3 ቀጤብ ንጢቢ 4 ሕማም ንጢቢ 5 ባልዓትን ጠደንትን 6 ቀረብ ዕስጤ 7 ምČቃም ኬሚካላት 8 ሞት ዕስጤ ንጢቢ 9 ምČıእ ዕስጤ ንጢቢ 10 ካጦእ______________ 6. ኣብ ከባቢኩም ንስፈሕቲ ምፊባሕ ንጢቢ ዘጤዉ ČĈሕ ባይታታት ይግጤĨ (ብዙሕ መልሲ ምምፈĬ ይከኣል ዩ) 1. ምጢላዉ ዝተኸጤጥ ደኒታት [ ] 2. Ĭቡቅ ኣቅፊቦት መሳፊሕታት ዘመናዊ ቆĴ [ ] 3. ምጢላዉ ቀጤብ ንጢቢ [ ] 4. ዘተባብዕ ናይ መንግስቲ መምፊጮ [ ] 5. ምጢላዊ ልዑል ćጤብ ዕዳጋ Ĭፅይ መዓፊ [ ] 6. ካጦእ_______________________________ ንትሕብብፊኩም የመስግን !!! By Atsbaha M 105