D at a So u rc eS a n D r ef er en ce S by c h ap te r POPULATION & HOUSING CENSUS ATLAS OF ETHIOPIA 2007Central Statistical Agency Ethiopian Development Research Institute International Food Policy Research Institute Central Statistical Agency the central Statistical agency (cSa) of the federal Democratic republic of ethiopia (fDre) was formed in 1989 through a restructuring of the central Statistical office, an institution originally established in 1963. cSa is responsible for a majority of statistical results within a variety of sectors. cSa administers, conducts, supervises, and pro- duces major socioeconomic and demographic surveys and census reports in ethiopia. In doing so, cSa seeks to provide the critical, official statistics necessary for evaluat- ing sustainable socioeconomic development in a comprehensive, timely, reliable, and standardized manner. It operates under the authority of proclamation number 442/225 of the fDre and falls within the oversight of the federal Ministry of finance and economic Development. Ethiopian Development Research Institute the ethiopian Development research Institute (eDrI) was established in 1999 as a semiautonomous development research institute for the federal Democratic republic of ethiopia (fDre). Its overarching mission is to conduct rigorous research and policy analysis that provide knowledge-based inputs for policymaking and policy implemen- tation. It also actively disseminates its research outputs and findings to the policy, research, and development communities; academia; and other stakeholders. eDrI has three key research directorates: Macro Modeling and research, agriculture and rural Development, and poverty and Sectoral research. each directorate carries out its research activities in partnership with diverse national and international partners and stakeholders to ensure quality and relevance, and strengthen national research capacity. International Food Policy Research Institute the International food policy research Institute (IfprI) seeks sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty. IfprI is one of 15 centers supported by the consultative Group on International agricultural research (cGIar), an alliance of 64 governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations. IfprI is committed to providing global food policy knowledge as an international public good to decisionmak- ers and stakeholders by identifying and analyzing alternative international, national, and local policies in support of improved food security and nutrition; contributing to capacity strengthening of people and institutions in developing countries that conduct research on food, agriculture, and nutrition policies; and actively engaging in policy communica- tions, making research results available to all those in a position to apply or use those results, and carrying out dialogues with those linked to research and policy action. i About the Atlas This atlas was developed jointly by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), the Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), and the Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II (ESSP-II) of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Phase two of ESSP places a greater emphasis on capacity strengthening, while continuing a program of policy-relevant research and analysis. In this vein, ESSP-II has worked closely with a team of CSA geographic information system analysts to create and map the indicators presented in this atlas. Thus, this atlas is consistent with CSA’s overarching vision of creating high-quality information products for the public domain and EDRI’s mandate to conduct research on the development and progress of Ethiopia’s economy and disseminate the results. All maps in this atlas use the projection of UTM 37 North and Datum WGS 1984. The atlas contains shaded-area maps with different colors representing different data ranges. Data-range thresholds were determined individually by indicator, allowing the richest range combinations and greater data representation. All of the maps have a three-color legend scheme progressing from shades of yellow to orange to purple. This makes outliers or disproportionately high and low values readily visible, but the color gradations also allow users to identify more subtle and varied statistics within a region. In addition to the woreda-level maps, a selection of zonal- and regional-level maps frames the woreda-level statistics differently, allowing comparison of woredas within one region to one another and to the region as a whole. Most pages offer a text expla- nation and a graph showing specific regional-level statistics. The text and graph help to describe the broad spatial patterns shown in the maps, but do not attempt to supplant more in-depth interpretation of specific indicators or inhibit further research on factors causing variances across geographic space and administrative definitions. In fact, we hope that this atlas will motivate researchers and policymakers to question and con- duct further analysis on specific indicators and areas of the country. The atlas contains an introductory chapter that explains key terms, abbreviations, and data collection techniques, followed by six chapters of maps derived from Ethiopia’s Population and Housing Census 2007. Chapter 1 provides information on biophysical characteristics, census regions, and infrastructure attributes of the country. Chapter 2 has information on population count, density, and distribution; and gives an overview of highland and lowland, and rural and urban population patterns. Chapter 3 follows with a more in-depth view of Ethiopia’s demographic makeup by broad age group, ethnicity, religion, sex, and dependency ratio, among other indicators. These three chapters provide the foundation for understanding population characteristics by woreda, zone, and region. Chapter 4 provides information on population dynamics and how demographic change continues to shape the socioeconomic landscape of Ethiopia. Migration, a key determi- nant of demographic change, is mapped as total in-migration, as well as destination- to-origin migration types, duration of migrant stay, and migrant age groups. These maps provide insight into demographic movements within the country and may illuminate discussions on upcoming strategies to accommodate increases in urban population and varying flows of migrants to more productive areas of rural Ethiopia. Chapter 5 presents a set of maps on employment indicators and economic activity. Types of employment vary by region, as do the populations making up the economically active individuals. Employment and unemployment vary by rural and urban contexts, which may suggest different policies and investments to bolster economic growth and employment activities. These maps also disaggregate unemployment and economic activities by sex to create a clearer picture of how sex affects economic opportunities in different parts of the country. Finally, Chapter 6 provides information on housing characteristics by woreda and region. The natural materials available for housing construction vary dramatically by region, a fact that may have implications for natural resource management and forestry preserva- tion. Fuel types used are also affected by geography, varying dramatically when compar- ing highland and lowland areas. Also included in this chapter is information on sources of drinking water, types of waste disposal, and toilet facilities by woreda. iii POPULATION & HOUSING CENSUS AtlAs of EthiopiA 2007 Central Statistical Agency Ethiopian Development Research Institute International Food Policy Research Institute iv Central StatiStiCal agenCy P.O. Box 1143 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Telephone: +251-11-155-3011 Fax: +251-11-155-0334 www.csa.gov.et ethiopian Development reSearCh inStitute P.O. Box 2479 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Telephone: +251-11-550-6066 Fax: +251-11-550-5588 www.edri.org.et international FooD poliCy reSearCh inStitute heaDQuarterS 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA Telephone: +1-202-862-5600 Fax: +1-202-467-4439 www.ifpri.org Copyright © 2010 International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA, and the Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. All rights reserved. Sections of this atlas may be reproduced for personal and not-for- profit use. To reproduce material contained herein for profit or commercial use requires express written permission. To obtain permission, contact the Communications Division at ifpri-copyright@cgiar.org or the Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Library of Congress cataloging-in-publication data available. ISBN-10: 0-89629-927-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-89629-927-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896299276 iFpri-aDDiS aBaBa IFPRI c/o ILRI P.O. Box 5689 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone: 251 (0) 11-617-2500 Fax: 251 (0) 11-646-2927 www.ifpri.org/themes/essp/essp.htm v Foreword - CSA vi Foreword - EDRI vi Foreword - IFPRI vii Acknowledgments vii Key Terms viii Abbreviations and Acronyms viii Introduction ix Population and Housing Census 2007 ix CHAPTER 1: Census Divisions and Biophysical Context 1 Census Divisions – Ethiopia (North) 1 Census Divisions – Ethiopia (East) 2 Census Divisions – Ethiopia (West) 3 Road Network by Quality and Road Density 4 Travel Time to a City of at Least 50,000 People 5 Elevation 6 Slope 7 Traditional Agroecological Zones 8 “Five Ethiopias” (Agroecological Zones of the EDRI Social Accounting Matrix) 9 Annual Rainfall 10 Mean Monthly Rainfall 11 Seasonal Rainfall 12 Mean Monthly Air Temperature 13 CHAPTER 2: Population Size and Characteristics 14 Population Count 14 Share of National Population 15 Population Density 16 CHAPTER 3: Population Composition 17 Distribution of Population by Broad Age Group 17 Proportion of Women of Childbearing Age (15–49 Years) 18 Average Household Size 19 Nations and Nationalities (Ethnic Groups) 20 Religion 21 Type of Disability 22 Cause of Disability 23 Dependency Ratio 24 Sex Ratio 25 Literacy Rate 26 CHAPTER 4: Population Dynamics 27 Total In-migration: Count 27 Migrants by Duration of Stay 28 Migrants by Duration of Stay and Sex 29 Total Migrants by Age 30 Rural and Urban Migration by Origin and Destination 31 Rural and Urban Migration by Sex: Male 32 Rural and Urban Migration by Sex: Female 33 Total In-migration from a Different Zone: Count 34 Total In-migration from a Different Region: Count 35 CHAPTER 5: Population by Economic Activity 36 Employment Activity Status 36 Employment Activity Status: Female 37 Employment Activity Status: Male 38 Unemployment Rate 39 Reason for Being Economically Nonactive 40 Reason for Being Economically Nonactive: Female 41 Reason for Being Economically Nonactive: Male 42 CHAPTER 6: Housing Characteristics and Conditions 43 Materials Used for Wall Construction 43 Materials Used for Roof Construction 44 Materials Used for Floor Construction 45 Average Number of Rooms per Household and Average Number of Persons per Room 46 Sources of Drinking Water 47 Housing Units by Toilet Facility 48 Cooking Fuel Types Used in Housing Units 49 Cooking Fuel Types Used in Urban Housing Units 50 Cooking Fuel Types Used in Rural Housing Units 51 Ownership of Radio, TV, and Telephone 52 Types of Waste Disposal 53 Data Sources and References by Chapter 54 References 54 Contents vi Foreword – CSA The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) administers, conducts, supervises, and produces survey and census information in Ethiopia. In an effort to further augment data dissemination and use, CSA, in collaboration with the Ethiopian Development Re- search Institute (EDRI) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), has compiled the Population and Housing Census Atlas of Ethiopia 2007. This atlas supple- ments the Population and Housing Census 2007 Report by providing clear graphic depictions of the many unique socioeconomic characteristics of Ethiopia’s geographic areas. In addition, a spatial database has been created along with this atlas in order to facilitate further analysis and research with the hope of highlighting further needs for research and development planning. Together, the atlas and database will support future planning and help illuminate policy debate, as well as provide a better under- standing of the spatial dimensions of demographics, poverty, and opportunities for economic growth in Ethiopia. Given the extent, complexity, and cost of a population and housing census, it is impor- tant to recognize the concerted efforts of different government and nongovernment organizations, development partners, and individuals. CSA, serving as the Office of the Census Commission (Secretariat), would, therefore, like to thank all who have contrib- uted to the successful completion of the census, including the Government of Ethiopia for its financial and administrative support. In addition, we would like to recognize the United Nations Population Fund and the UK Department for International Develop- ment for their generous financial, logistics, and technical support. Thanks are also due to the United Nations Development Programme, the Embassy of Japan, Italian Coop- eration, UNICEF, and the Dutch and Irish governments for their substantial financial support. Finally, CSA would like to thank EDRI and IFPRI for their technical assistance in the atlas’s creation, publication, and dissemination. Samia Zekaria Director general Central Statistical agency Foreword – EDRI The cornerstone of critical, evidence-based policy formulation is the ability to collect, analyze, and understand key socioeconomic data and trends. The Ethiopian Develop- ment Research Institute (EDRI) is engaged in conducting rigorous research and policy analysis that provide knowledge-based inputs to policymaking and policy implementa- tion throughout Ethiopia. In addition, EDRI strives to disseminate research outputs and findings to the policy and research community, academia, the development communi- ty, and other stakeholders. In an effort to accomplish this vision, and building upon the previous Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy, published in 2004 by EDRI, the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), we are pleased to have contributed to the Population and Housing Census Atlas of Ethiopia 2007. As in the case of the previous atlas, through the Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, institutions such as EDRI, CSA, and IFPRI have successfully built and maintained a collaborative institutional environment that continues to aid in interinsti- tutional discussion and analysis. This atlas will allow a wider community of policymak- ers, academics, and development partners to assess and evaluate challenges to and opportunities for policy formulation and development investments in the future. newai gebre-ab executive Director ethiopian Development research institute vii Acknowledgments The Population and Housing Census Atlas of Ethiopia 2007 was authored by a core team of individuals from the Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II (ESSP-II) of the In- ternational Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in Addis Ababa, the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), and the Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). This team was led by Emily Schmidt of ESSP-II, IFPRI, and included Mekamu Kedir and Hailu Shif- eraw of ESSP-II, EDRI, and Atreshiwal Girma, Meron Mebratu, Legesse Hadush, Asfaw Kelbessa, and Alemakef Tassew of CSA. Given that the census was a large undertaking with a vast amount of data collection, calculation, and evaluation, a large team within CSA was instrumental in the successful completion of this atlas. Samia Zekaria (Direc- tor General), Yakob Mudesir (Deputy Director General), and Sisay Guta (Directorate of Geographic Information Systems and Cartography) were critical in managing and facilitating the atlas’s creation at every step of the process. In addition, Kifle Gebre, Abbas Shelemew, and Biratu Yigezu provided census and geographic data support and calculations of key indicators. Tabit Ahmed, Alemayehu Gebiretsadik, Negatu Legesse, Gebeyeh Abelti, Ayele Membere, Kifelew Fantahunegne, Mekonen Seid, Assefa Negera, Hailemariam Teklu, Akalework Bezu, and Helina Tilahun assisted in data acquisition, database creation, and management and general support of the mapping team. In ad- dition, we would like to acknowledge the Ethiopian Mapping Agency, the Information Network Security Agency, and the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia for their invaluable comments and contributions to the atlas. Within IFPRI, we would like to thank Paul Dorosh and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse for their guidance and technical support throughout the atlas production and publication process. We would also like to recognize Evelyn Banda, Adrienne Chu, Shirong Gao, Michael Go, Lucy McCoy, Gwendolyn Stansbury, and Julia Vivalo for editing, graphic design, and dissemination of the atlas. Finally, the production of this atlas was made possible through financial support to ESSP-II by a consortium of donors comprising the United States Agency for Interna- tional Development, the UK Department for International Development, the Canadian International Development Agency, and the Development Cooperation of Ireland. In addition, core in-kind and financial contributions were made by CSA and EDRI. Foreword – IFPRI The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is proud to have partnered with Ethiopia’s Central Statistical Agency and the Ethiopian Development Research Institute in the production of the Population and Housing Census Atlas of Ethiopia 2007. Work on this atlas has involved processing and analyzing the census data, creating geograph- ic information system (GIS) databases, writing summaries of the results, and carefully editing the final products. We believe this atlas and the underlying GIS database can be important tools for development planning, research, and policy analysis in Ethiopia. Moreover, the collaborative approach used in carrying out these activities provided experience and skills that enhance capacity for further work in these areas. The various indicators published in this atlas, such as population density, housing char- acteristics, level of education, disabilities, and employment status, provide important information that can aid in the targeting and design of programs and projects. Like- wise, the information on urbanization, migration, fuel use, and other variables provides crucial inputs for understanding population growth and development dynamics. Production of the atlas has been a core activity of the Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II (ESSP-II), a five-year program of policy-oriented research, capacity building, and dissemination supported by a consortium of four donors (Canadian International Development Agency, Irish Aid, the UK’s Department for International Development, and the United States Agency for International Development). The ESSP-II, continuing the mission of the Ethiopia Strategy Support Program’s first phase (2004–08), is an example of IFPRI’s long-term commitment to collaborative efforts with national institu- tions through its Country Strategy Support Programs in various countries across Africa. We hope this atlas will contribute to continued growth and poverty reduction in Ethiopia, and we look forward to continued collaboration with Ethiopian institutions in achieving these goals. Shenggen Fan Director general international Food policy research institute viii room: A space in a housing unit or other living quarters at least 4 square meters in size (large enough to hold an adult-sized bed), enclosed by a roof and walls at least 2 meters high reaching from the floor to the ceiling. Passageways, verandahs, lobbies, and bath- rooms are not counted as rooms. unemployed: Available for work and seeking work, but not engaged in the production of goods and services during a specified reference period (formal or informal sector). urban: Generally, a locality with 2,000 or more inhabitants. However, for the purpose of census-map work, urban centers include all administrative capitals at locality, woreda, zonal, and regional levels regardless of the number of inhabitants. Urban areas also include all municipalities and localities where inhabitants are primarily engaged in non- agricultural activities and the population meets or exceeds 1,000 persons. Abbreviations & Acronyms Census desig. TBD: Census designation to be determined CSA: Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia EDRI: Ethiopian Development Research Institute ERA: Ethiopian Road Authority ESSP-II: Ethiopian Strategy Support Program II GIS: geographic information system(s) IFPRI: International Food Policy Research Institute m.a.s.l.: meters above sea level SNNP: Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region Special EA: special enumeration area VIP latrine: ventilated improved pit latrine Key Terms Understanding key terms will aid the user in interpreting the maps constructed from the national Population and Housing Census 2007. economically active population: All persons 10 years of age or older who are engaged in or available to be engaged in the production of goods and services during a specified reference period (formal or informal sector), including persons actively seeking work and discouraged job seekers (i.e., unemployed). economically nonactive population: Persons not eligible to work during the specified reference period for reasons such as school attendance, retirement, age (too young or too old), household duties, or serious illness or injury. employment activity status: An individual’s primary economic activity for the majority of the 12 months prior to the census date. Employment status includes individuals who are employed or have previous work experience but are currently unemployed. head of household: A person who economically supports or manages the household or, for reasons of age or respect, is considered head by members of the household, or who declares him/herself head of the household. highest grade attainment: The last grade or level a person completed in the formal educational curriculum. Completion of grades 1–12 requires a passing score on an exam. household: A group of persons who live in the same housing unit or in connected premises and have common arrangements for cooking and eating their food. A house- hold could consist of a single person, but usually includes a husband, wife, children, and relatives. household member: Any person that has lived continuously for at least six months in the present household, or those persons intending to live permanently in the house- hold. Others considered household members are domestic employees and/or other persons who live with the family (household); those who left their households for less than six months (e.g., for annual leave, hospitalization, visiting relatives); individuals living in the house who do not have another regular housing unit; and persons attend- ing schools, colleges, or universities who will return to the household when schooling is completed. housing unit: A separate and independent part of a building or a group of buildings, used or able to be used for residence and/or enterprise and/or other purposes. literate: Able to read and write in the language one speaks. Those who can read and write only their names, numbers, or memorized phrases are not included in this category. ix Introduction The Population and Housing Census Atlas of Ethiopia 2007 comprises maps presenting a wide-ranging collection of data for different administrative levels. The maps provide information on biophysical environment, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic indicators, migration trends, and housing characteristics. The atlas format provides spa- tially disaggregated information on living conditions and demographic makeup in rural and urban Ethiopia, allowing the user to explore the various indicators and geographi- cal distribution. Each indicator, disaggregated at the woreda level, provides a more profound understanding of economic clustering, social and welfare characterizations, and environmental classifications across the country. The atlas contains over 50 pages of maps, each page offering one to twelve maps dis- playing specific, woreda-level indicators. These maps were constructed primarily from data collected and processed by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia, in ad- dition to comprehensive data sources publicly available from other government agen- cies and research institutes. The primary data source for this atlas is the Population and Housing Census 2007 (1999/2000 Ethiopian calendar). Maps providing information on the country’s biophysical and infrastructure layout display information from other sources (noted at the bottom of each page). A major objective of this atlas is to present disaggregated data useful to policymak- ers and analysts involved in monitoring and evaluation of the designed Growth and Transformation Program (GTP). Thus, data selected for this atlas aim to increase the un- derstanding of the spatial dimensions of poverty and economic growth across Ethiopia’s different biophysical geographies and economic landscapes. Similar to the previous Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy, published by the International Food Policy Research Institute, this atlas is intended to provide useful input that will guide spatial target- ing of interventions and investments aimed at advancing social and economic welfare across Ethiopia. Population and Housing Census 2007 Ethiopia conducted its Population and Housing Census in May and November 2007. Socioeconomic and demographic data on residents within Ethiopia were collected in an effort to update and improve necessary information for designing and evaluating devel- opment plans and investments, as well as to support policy planning. Statistical data collected in the census include population characteristics (population size, age, ethnic group), literacy and education trends, economic activity (unemployment rate, employment types), population dynamics (migration trends), and housing character- istics and conditions. Before census data collection, enumeration areas were defined, whereby cartographic work categorized urban and rural kebeles into similar enumeration areas, each having 150–200 housing units or households. The census was conducted in two phases. In May 2007, the first phase comprised census enumeration in mainly nonpastoral areas; the second phase, implemented in November 2007, expanded the enumeration to pasto- ral areas of Afar and Somali. It is important to note that the census results for Afar and Somali in all the tables and maps refer to the counted population as of November 2007. Data for the remaining regions refer to counted population as of May 2007. The census counted individuals on de jure and de facto bases. The de jure population comprises all the persons who belong to a given area at a given time by virtue of usual residence, while de facto population represents individuals that were counted as the residents of the place where they were found (Shryock et al. 1976). In the census, a person is defined as a usual resident of a household (and hence an area) if he or she lived in the household continuously for at least six months before the census day or intends to reside in the household for six months or longer. Thus, visitors to an area are not included in the de jure population count for that area. Homeless persons were enumerated in the place where they spent the night on the enumeration day. The 2007 census counted foreign nationals who were residing in the region, but did not include Ethiopians living abroad. Ethiopian citizens completed either a short or long questionnaire for census data collection. The short questionnaire collected basic data on population characteristics such as population size, sex, age, language, ethnic group, religion, and disability; the long questionnaire added to the short questionnaire’s basic questions inquires about education, economic activity, migration, as well as housing structures and conditions. Thus, information gained on the short questionnaire composes a complete census and was collected from all persons covered in the census. Indicators exclusive to the long questionnaire represent a sample of the population, although statistical weights were applied to make these data representative of the entire population at woreda, zonal, regional, and national administrative levels. Ethiopia’s Population and Housing Census 2007 was conducted under the auspices of the Population Census Commission established by proclamation No. 449/1997. The deputy prime minister chairs the commission and members of the commission were drawn from various relevant ministries, regional state representatives, the House of Federation, the National Electoral Board, and the Central Statistical Agency, serving as the Office of the Census Commission (Secretariat). ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Metekel Assosa Kamashi Maokomo Pawe Shinile Zone 01 North Gondar Zone 02 Awi South Wolo Zone 04 Jijiga East Gojjam North Shewa North Wollo South Gonder Western Tigray North Shewa Wag Himra West Shewa East Wellega West Wellega South Tigray Zone 03 East Hararge West Gojjam Central Tigray Zone 05 North Western Tigray Horo Gudru Wellega Eastern Tigray Afdem EAOromiya West HarargeQeleme Wellega Oromiya Harer Argoba Mulo EA East ShewaBurayu FikIlu Aba Bora Adwa Kobo Mota Bure Gimbi Fiche Wekero Mekele Humera Akisum Assosa Gondar Debarq Wereta Dessie Sekota Dangla Maychew Alamata Nekemte Weldiya Chagini Haromaya Enjebara Adi Girat Dire Dawa Kombolcha Bahir Dar May Tsebri Debre Tabor Debre Birhan Debre Markos Finote Selam C H A PTER : C EN SU S D IVISIO N S A N D B IO PH YSIC A L C O N TEXT Region Zone Woreda Lakes Natural reserves & parks No data ³ 20,267 - 25,000 25,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 150,000 150,001 - 250,000 250,001 - 2,739,551 Addis Ababa Afar Amhara Benishangul Gumuz Dire Dawa Gambella Harari Oromiya SNNP Somali Special EA Tigray Census Regions City Population 0 75 150 Km Note: The administrative boundaries shown in this map are for census purposes only and reflect the boundaries in place during census data collection. Names and boundaries on this map are not authoritative. CH apter 1: Cen su s d ivisio n s an d bio pH ysiCal Co n text 1 Census Divisions – Ethiopia (North) Region Zone 20,267 - 25,000 25,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 150,000 150,001 - 250,000 250,001 - 2,739,551 Lakes Natural reserves & parks No data³ 0 75 150 Km Addis Ababa Afar Amhara Benishangul Gumuz Dire Dawa Gambella Harari Oromiya SNNP Somali Special EA Tigray Census Regions City Population Woreda Meda Welabu EA Warder Shinile Liben Korahe Jijiga Gode Fik Degehabur Afder West Hararge West Arsi North Shewa Guji East Shewa East Hararge Bale Arsi HarerNorth Shewa Zone 05 Zone 03 Kebridehar Gode Dolo Odo Degehabur Haromaya Chiro Robe Goba Negele Adama Dire Dawa Debre Birhan Note: The administrative boundaries shown in this map are for census purposes only and reflect the boundaries in place during census data collection. Names and boundaries on this map are not authoritative. CH ap te r 1: C en su s d iv is io n s an d b io pH ys iC al C o n te xt 2 Census Divisions – Ethiopia (East) Region Zone Addis Ababa Afar Amhara Benishangul Gumuz Dire Dawa Gambella Harari Oromiya SNNP Somali Special EA Tigray No data Census Regions City Population Lakes Natural reserves & parks Woreda Census designation to be determined (Census desig. TBD) ³ 0 75 150 Km Census desig. TBD ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Meda Welabu EA Shinile Liben Afder Yem Wolayita South Omo Siliti Sidama Sheka Konta Konso Kembata TimbaroKefa Hadiya Gurage Gedeo Gamo Gofa Derashe Dawuro Burji Bench Maji Basketo Awassa Town Amaro Alaba West Wellega West Shewa West Hararge West Arsi South West Shewa Qeleme Wellega North Shewa Jimma Ilu Aba Bora Horo Gudru Wellega Guji East Wellega East Shewa Burayu Borena Bale Arsi Adama Nuwer Mejenger Etang Agnuwak Metekel Assosa North Shewa Zone 03 Addis Ababa Mizan Aman Welkite Butajira Durame Yirgalem Aleta Wendo Dila Areka Boditi Sodo Jinka Hosaena Bonga Sawula KulitoTepi Arba Minch Awasa Jimma Metu Agaro Gimbi Ambo Holeta Meki Bishoftu Mojo Zeway Nekemte Robe Goba Shakiso Adola Dembi Dolo Negele Burayu Dodola Asassa Arsi Negele Shashemene Adama Hagere Mariyam Weliso Sebeta Asela Gambela Debre Birhan Moyale Special EA 20,267 - 25,000 25,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 150,000 150,001 - 250,000 250,001 - 2,739,551 Note: The administrative boundaries shown in this map are for census purposes only and reflect the boundaries in place during census data collection. Names and boundaries on this map are not authoritative. CH apter 1: Cen su s d ivisio n s an d bio pH ysiCal Co n text 3 Census Divisions – Ethiopia (West) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Adwa Gode Dila Sodo Tepi Metu Ambo Meki Mojo Robe Goba Kobo Mota Bure Areka Jinka Bonga Awasa Jimma Agaro Gimbi Chiro Zeway Adola Adama Fiche Asela Harer Wekero Mekele Humera Akisum Jijiga Durame Boditi Sawula Holeta Negele Burayu Dodola Asassa Weliso Sebeta Assosa Gondar Debarq Wereta Dessie Sekota Dangla Maychew Alamata Welkite Hosaena Nekemte Shakiso Gambela Weldiya Chagini Dolo Odo Butajira Yirgalem Haromaya Bishoftu Enjebara Adi Girat Degehabur Dire Dawa Kombolcha Bahir Dar May Tsebri Kebridehar Mizan Aman Arba Minch Dembi Dolo Aleta Wendo Arsi Negele Debre Birhan Debre MarkosFinote Selam Hagere Mariyam Gebere Guracha Shire Enida Silase Road Quality Cities Greater than 20,000 Population Asphalt concrete Surface treatment Gravel Earth 0 150 300 Km ³ Source: Ethiopian Road Authority, updated for 2006. Region Road infrastructure and cities 0 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 30 31 - 50 51 - 75 76 - 100 101 - 150 1 Lakes Natural reserves & parks 51 - 1205 20,267 - 25,000 25,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 150,000 150,001 - 250,000 250,001 - 2,739,551 Woreda average all-weather road density Woreda Census desig. TBD Woreda Average Road Density (Meters / Square km) ! Addis Ababa Note: Towns under 20,000 population are not represented in this map. CH ap te r 1: C en su s d iv is io n s an d b io pH ys iC al C o n te xt 4 Road Network by Quality and Road Density accurate data on the location, type, and quality of roads in ethiopia are difficult to generate, partly because road works and conditions are constantly changing over time and within seasons. the maps to the left represent the most comprehensive and up-to-date information avail- able on the national road network and road quality cre- ated by the ethiopian roads authority in 2006. the smaller map shows road density as the ratio of meters of all-weather road per square kilometer of land area, calculated for each woreda. road density highlights the relatively developed transportation infrastructure in the highlands and between large cities, and contrasts this with the reduced number of transportation networks in the more sparsely populated lowlands. !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( Travel time to a city of at least 50,000 people Region Access < 1 hour Access 1 -3 hours Access 3 -5 hours Access 5-10 hours Access > 10 hours Tigray 10.89 15.36 12.48 53.71 7.57 Afar - - 1.77 9.73 88.49 Amhara 5.05 22.72 37.06 31.98 3.20 Oromia 9.03 18.06 36.39 27.84 8.68 Somali 7.99 - - 13.57 78.44 Benishangul - - - 29.15 70.85 SNNP 12.55 52.65 12.28 18.05 4.47 Gambella - - - - 100 Harar 100 - - - - Addis Ababa 100 - - - - Dire Dawa 100 - - - - Ethiopia 12.48 23.56 25.73 6.03 12.20 Travel Time in Hours < 1 hr 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5 5.1 - 7 7.1 - 10 10.1 - 15 15.1 - 20 > 20 hrs Source: Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, International Food Policy Research Institute (Schmidt and Kedir, 2009). 0 150 300 Km ³ Cities of 50,000 Population 50,000 - 100,000 100,001 - 200,000 200,001 - 500,000 500,001 - 2,739,551 Lakes Natural reserves & parks Average Travel Time to Cities of at Least 50,000 People by Region Average woreda travel time to a city of at least 50,000 people Gumuz Region Woreda Census desig. TBD !( !( !( !( Addis Ababa CH apter 1: Cen su s d ivisio n s an d bio pH ysiCal Co n text 5 Travel Time to a City of at Least 50,000 People travel time to a city of 50,000 people is an indicator of market access. For ethiopia, a city of 50,000 people or more is a key market area that would spur agglomera- tion economies. in order to benefit from backward and forward linkages related to a market center, an individual or firm must be reasonably near an urban area, in terms of travel time. other factors constant, the farther away a rural location is from the nearest city of 50,000 people, the less access residents may have to opportunities avail- able in the city. Lakes Elevation (m.a.s.l.) High: 4,490 Low: -136 Region Woreda Average woreda elevation 0 150 300 Km ³ Source: Calculated from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM-90m) Elevation Data, NASA. Census desig. TBD CH ap te r 1: C en su s d iv is io n s an d b io pH ys iC al C o n te xt 6 Elevation elevation is an important determinant of climate, having a strong influence on tempera- ture and rainfall. as such, elevation is a funda- mental dimension of the geographical context for agriculture and other rural activities. the most basic understanding of ethiopian land use and agricultural practices is defined by a distinction between highlands and lowlands, traditionally defined at 1,500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). elevation ranges from 136 meters below sea level in the danakil depression to 4,620 m.a.s.l. at ethiopia’s highest mountain, ras dashen. addis ababa is approximately 2,300 m.a.s.l. Average woreda slope Slope < 1 % 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 > 18% Lakes 0 150 300 Km ³ Source: Calculated from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM-90m) Elevation Data, NASA. Region Census desig. TBD CH apter 1: Cen su s d ivisio n s an d bio pH ysiCal Co n text 7 Slope slope is a measure of terrain steepness—the degree to which land is not horizontal. slope has an impact on agricultural suitability of different areas: steep slopes are more difficult to cultivate and are more likely to lose soil nutrients through erosion. slope is measured here as percent rise. a slope of zero indicates flat ground. a slope of 100 percent is equivalent to a 45° angle. ethiopia is a mountainous country and terrain in many areas is quite steep. note, however, that while land may be very irregular and precipitous in some areas (a cliff, for example), what is measured here is the average slope over an area of about 2 hectares. Within any given area, some steeper areas will be found. in this map, average slopes of even 8–10 per- cent indicate very steep terrain. Source: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM-90m) elevation data, NASA (calculated based on Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Food and Agriculture Organization data). Traditional Agroecological Zones Berha Kolla Woina Dega Dega Wurch Kur Lakes³ 0 150 300 Km Region Woreda Census desig. TBD Addis Ababa CH ap te r 1: C en su s d iv is io n s an d b io pH ys iC al C o n te xt 8 Traditional Agroecological Zones agroecological zones are areas where predominant physical conditions guide relatively homogenous agricultural land-use options. because of ethiopia’s lo- cation near the equator, elevation has a very strong influence on temperature and, to a lesser extent, rainfall. elevation is the basis for traditional agroeco- logical divisions long used to characterize ethiopia’s different environments. Berha refers to hot lowlands of less than 500 meters above sea level. in the arid east, crop production is very limited. in the humid west, mixed root crops and maize are grown. Kolla refers to lowlands between 500 and 1,500 meters. predominant crops here are sorghum, finger millet, sesame, cowpeas, and groundnuts. Woina Dega refers to highlands between 1,500 and 2,300 meters. predomi- nant crops here are wheat, teff, barley, maize, sorghum, and chickpeas. Dega refers to highlands between 2,300 and 3,200 meters. predominant crops here are barley, wheat, oilseeds, and pulses. Wurch refers to highlands between 3,200 and 3,700 meters. barley is common in these areas. Kur refers to highland areas above 3,700 meters. these areas are primarily used for grazing animals. Agroecological Zones Drought-prone highlands Humid moisture-reliable lowlands Moisture-reliable cereals areas Moisture-reliable enset areas Pastoral areas Lakes Natural reserves & parks³ Km 0 150 300 Region Woreda Census desig. TBDSource: Ethiopian Social Accounting Matrix (developed by the Ethiopian Development Research Institute). EDRI, 2009 Addis Ababa CH apter 1: Cen su s d ivisio n s an d bio pH ysiCal Co n text 9 “Five Ethiopias” (Agroecological Zones of the EDRI Social Accounting Matrix) emphasizing the importance of moisture availability for the country’s rainfed production systems, the government of ethiopia has long framed basic agricultural policy discussions within “three ethiopias”: moisture-reliable highlands, drought- prone highlands, and pastoral lowlands. the “three ethiopias” classification has recently been expanded to “Five ethiopias,” to accommodate the ethiopian social accounting Matrix (developed by the ethiopian development research institute [edri]). the five characterizations, according to ma- jor agricultural productivity and agroecological conditions, include the following: 1) drought-prone highlands, 2) humid, moisture-reliable lowlands, 3) moisture-reliable cereals areas, 4) moisture-reliable enset areas, and 5) pastoral areas. Annual Rainfall (mm) ³ 0 150 300 Km Source: National Meteorological Agency - Ethiopia High : 2,317 Low : 153 Lakes Natural reserves & parks Rainfall Variability (Coefficient of Variation) < 20 % 21 - 30 31 - 50 51 - 100 > 100% Region Census desig. TBD CH ap te r 1: C en su s d iv is io n s an d b io pH ys iC al C o n te xt 10 Annual Rainfall non-irrigated or rainfed agriculture produces the majority of crops grown in ethiopia. the western highlands have particularly good rainfall, averaging over 1,200 mm annually in many areas. rainfall decreases considerably with loss of elevation, especially toward the east. Most of the eastern lowlands are too dry for any crop production. the rainfall variability map displays the coef- ficient of variation from 10 to 58 years of data (depending on data availability by weather station). it is frequently used to represent the variability of distribution (standard deviation/ mean). High variability (greater than 30 percent variability) in annual rainfall represents risk for farmers who depend on rainfall for crop production. Medium variability, represented by the lighter blue areas, is more common in the highlands. afar has low rainfall variability but it also has low annual rainfall, thus making productive agriculture difficult. Mean Rainfall (mm) NSource: ational Meteorological Agency - Ethiopia 0 - 25 26 - 5 0 51 - 1 00 10 1 - 15 0 15 1 - 20 0 20 1 - 30 0 30 1 - 40 0 40 1 - 50 0 Lakes Natural reserves & parks Census Desig. TBD Region January February March April May June July August September October November December Census desig. TBD ³ 0 250 500125 Km CH apter 1: Cen su s d ivisio n s an d bio pH ysiCal Co n text 11 Mean Monthly Rainfall rainfall varies throughout the country not only spatially but also temporally. selected highland areas experience rainfall for most of the year (March–october), while the rest of the country experiences rainfall within the main rainy season (Kiremt, approximately July–september) and possibly also during the season of short rains (Belg, approximately February–May). the maps below show average monthly rainfall (by Gregorian calendar month), based on data collected from weather stations throughout ethiopia from 1971 to 2000. Source: National Meteorological Agency - Ethiopia ³ 0 150 300 Km Bega Belg Kiremt Rainfall (mm) 0 - 25 26 - 5 0 51 - 1 00 10 1 - 15 0 15 1 - 20 0 20 1 - 30 0 30 1 - 40 0 40 1 - 50 0 Region Lakes Natural reserves & parks Census desig. TBD CH ap te r 1: C en su s d iv is io n s an d b io pH ys iC al C o n te xt 12 Seasonal Rainfall the two most important rains (and harvests) in terms of food security are during the Kiremt and Belg seasons. the Kiremt rains usually begin in the southwest of the country between March and May and progressively move northward, affecting most of the country from July through september. the longer-cycle Meher harvest (re- lated to the Kiremt rains) constitutes 90 to 95 percent of ethiopia’s total annual crop production. Farmers primar- ily produce maize, teff, and sorghum is produced during this season, and the main harvest occurs during october and november. the Bega, or primary dry season, stretches from october through January. then, the Belg rains begin in Febru- ary and extend to May across the northern and central highlands of amhara and tigray. the Belg rains, known as the Gu rains in the lowlands, constitute the main seasonal rains for pastoral and agropastoral populations in snnp’s south omo zone, southern somali, and the lowlands in oromia. January February March April May June July August September October November December 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 36 ³ 0 250 500125 Km Lakes Natural reserves & parks Mean Monthly Air Temperature (°C) Region Census desig. TBD Source: National Meteorological Agency - Ethiopia CH apter 1: Cen su s d ivisio n s an d bio pH ysiCal Co n text 13 Mean Monthly Air Temperature these maps show the long-term average air temperatures during a 30-year period from 1971 to 2000 for each of the 12 Gregorian calendar months. there is relatively little variation between months for any particular location (afar and somali show the most variation among different months). Maximum temperatures constrain crop production in the lowlands by limiting water availability and the growth of many plants. 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 Th ou sa nd s Male Female Woreda Zone Region Lakes Natural reserves & parks 0 - 10,000 10,001 - 25,000 25,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 75,000 75,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 300,000 300,001 - 500,000 500,001 - 1,000,000 1,000,001 - 3,000,000 3,000,001 - 5,000,000 5,000,001 - 15,000,000 15,000,001 - 20,000,000 20,000,001 - 27,000,000 No data Number of People Total Population Count by Sex and Region Region Woreda Census desig.TBD 0 150 300 Km ³ch ap te r 2: p o pu la ti o n s iz e an d c h ar ac te ri st ic s 14 Population Count according to the 2007 census, there are 73,750,932 people living in ethiopia—37,217,130 males and 36,533,802 females. oromiya has the largest population with 26,993,933 people. am- hara (population 17,221,976) and snnp (population 14,929,548) are the second and third most populous regions. Woreda Zone Region Lakes Natural reserves & parks Share of National Population < 0.1% 0.1 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.5 0.6 - 1.0 1.1 - 5.0 5.1 - 10.0 10.1 - 15.0 15.1 - 20.0 20.1 - 25.0 25.1 - 30.0 30.1 - 36.6% No Data 5.9% 1.9% 23.4% 36.6% 6.0% 1.1% 20.3% 0.4% 0.2% 3.7% 0.5% Population Share by Region Tigray Afar Amhara Oromiya Somali Benishangul Gumuz SNNP Gambella Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa Region Woreda Census desig. TBD 0 150 300 Km ³ ch apter 2: po pu latio n size an d ch aracteristics 15 Share of National Population oromiya has the largest population share in ethiopia, as well as the largest land share. oromiya’s population accounts for 36.6 percent of total population, while amhara and snnp contain the second and third largest share of population (23 and 20 percent, respectively). Region Woreda Lakes Natural reserves & parks Population Density, Persons per Square km 0 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 100 101 - 150 151 - 300 > 300 No data Population density Population count Population Count < 20,000 20,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 150,000 150,001 - 200,000 200,001 - 250,000 250,001 - 300,000 300,001 - 428,895 No data Region Woreda 0 150 300 Km ³ Census desig. TBD Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 2: p o pu la ti o n s iz e an d c h ar ac te ri st ic s 16 Population Density population density is calculated here as the number of per- sons per square kilometer. these maps show the difference between population density and count by woreda. the population-count map shows population is scattered throughout the country with small clusters of higher popula- tion count near lake tana and in specific areas of oromiya, snnp, and east somali. conversely, the population-density map shows where the population is densest. We see important geographic cluster- ing within the highlands, along major road networks through harari and dire dawa in the east of the country, as well as in the Mekelle corridor in the north of the country and in eastern snnp. 0 - 9 years 20 - 29 10 - 19 40 - 49 30 - 39 More than 49 years Region Woreda Lakes Natural reserves & parks 0 250 500125 Km Distribution of Population by Broad Age Group < 5 % 5 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 35 > 35 % No data Total population Harari, Addis Ababa, and Dire Dawa ³ Broad Age Group 31% 26% 16% 11% 7% 9% 17% 23% 27% 15% 8% 10% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 0-9 10 - 19 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 +49 Age (years) Census desig. TBD ch apter 3: po pu latio n co m po sitio n 17 Distribution of Population by Broad Age Group nationally, children 0–9 years old are the predominant age group, accounting for approximately 31 percent of the total population. this age group is especially concentrated in oromiya’s northeastern and snnp’s central woredas. people between 10 and 19 years old make up the principal age groups within somali and afar (which account for 32 and 30 percent of each region’s population, respectively). the results for addis ababa, Dire Dawa, and harari are contrary to the national trend of population share decreas- ing with age. their urban population share increases from 17 percent in the 0–9 age group to 27 percent in the 20–29 age group, and then decreases. ch ap te r 3: p o pu la ti o n c o m po si ti o n 18 Woreda Zone Region 0 150 300 Km ³ Region Woreda Proportion of Women of Childbearing Age* Proportion of Women of Childbearing Age* by Region Lakes Natural reserves & parks 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% *15–49 years Census desig. TBD < 35 % 35 - 40 40.1 - 45 45.1 - 50 50.1 - 55 55.1 - 60 60.1 - 65 65.1 - 70 70.1 - 74.4 No Data Proportion of Women of Childbearing Age (15–49 Years) Women of childbearing age are defined as women between the ages of 15 and 49. almost half (47.1 percent) of all of the females in ethiopia are between 15 and 49 years old. addis ababa’s female population has the highest proportion of women in this age group (66.1 percent), while 46.2 percent of women in tigray and snnp are within childbearing age. Zone Woreda Lakes Natural reserves & parks Region Woreda Region Household Size Population, Number of Households, and Household Size by Region 0.0 - 1.0 1.1 - 2.0 2.1 - 3.0 3.1 - 4.0 4.1 - 4.5 4.6 - 5.0 5.1 - 5.5 5.6 - 6.0 6.1 - 8.2 No d ata Region Total population Number of households Average household size Tigray 4,316,988 989,509 4.36 Afar 1,390,273 245,835 5.66 Amhara 17,221,976 3,965,143 4.34 Oromiya 26,993,933 5,615,548 4.81 Somali 4,445,219 682,850 6.51 Benishangul Gumuz 784,345 173,718 4.52 SNNP 14,929,548 3,100,111 4.82 Gambella 307,096 65,903 4.66 Harari 183,415 46,417 3.95 Addis Ababa 2,739,551 655,118 4.18 Dire Dawa 341,834 76,360 4.48 Total 73,750,932 15,634,304 4.72 Census desig. TBD 0 150 300 Km ³ ch apter 3: po pu latio n co m po sitio n 19 Average Household Size average household size is calculated as the total population divided by the number of households existing in the defined area during census data collection. the ethiopian central statistical agency defines household members as persons who live in the same housing unit or in connected premises and have common arrangements for cooking and eating their food. household members can be relatives or nonrelatives. ethiopia’s average household size is 4.72 people per household. somali has the most people per household, with average house- hold size ranging from 5.83 to 8.19 across woredas. amhara’s average household size across woredas ranges from the smallest household size of 3.20 in Basona Werana (Debre Berhan) to 4.93 in argoba woreda. average household sizes in urban administrative areas, such as harari (3.95), addis ababa (4.18), and Dire Dawa (4.48), are gen- erally smaller than those in rural areas. Oromo Somalie Amhara Sidama Tigray Other 0 250 500125 Km Lakes Natural reserves & parks Distribution of Ethnic Groups < 5 % 5 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 50 51 - 75 76 - 85 86 - 95 > 95 % No d Region Woreda ata ³ Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 3: p o pu la ti o n c o m po si ti o n 20 Nations and Nationalities (Ethnic Groups) ethiopia is a very ethnically diverse country, though by design, many of the ethnic groups are concentrated geographically within administrative regions. thus, most of the regional states were named after the largest ethnic groups, such as oromo, amhara, somalie, tigray, and affar, accounting for 34.4, 26.9, 6.2, 6.1, and 1.7 percent of the total population, respectively. snnp hosts a variety of ethnic groups that all hold impor- tance within the region. some of the most prominent (with at least 500,000 people) include Welaita, silte, sidama, Kembata, Kefficho, hadiya, Guragie, Gedo, and Gamo. Orthodox Protestant Muslim Traditionalist Catholic Other Lakes Natural reserves & parks 8 Religion < 5 % 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 50 51 - 75 76 - 90 > 90 % No data 0 250 500125 Km 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Share of Religion Type by Region Traditionalist Muslim/Islam Catholic Protestant Orthodox Note: “Other”religions (described above) that are not disaggregated in this atlas are not included in the figure. ³Region Woreda Census desig. TBD ch apter 3: po pu latio n co m po sitio n 21 Religion ethiopia’s principal religions measured by share of total popula- tion are orthodox (43.5 percent), muslim/islam (33.9 percent), protestant (18.5 percent), traditionalist (2.7 percent), and catho- lic (0.7 percent). other categories of religious affiliation include Bahai, hindu, Yehuda, Jehova, and nonpracticing; these catego- ries account for only 0.6 percent of total population. those practicing the orthodox religion are found primarily in amhara and tigray while muslims are concentrated in somali, afar, harari, Dire Dawa, and areas of southeastern oromiya. protestants are concentrated in the western and southern parts of the country while traditionalists are more predominant in the southwestern areas of snnp and oromiya. tigray’s erop woreda is home to 40.6 percent of ethiopia’s catholics. Lower l imbs Blind Upper limbs Hearing difficulty Seeing difficulty Other Lakes Natural reserves & parks Distribution of Type of Disability Share of Total Disability by Type < 0.1 % 0.1 - 0.2 0.3 - 0.5 0.6 - 1 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 10 10.1 - 15 15.1 - 20 20.1 - 30 30.1 - 50 50.1 - 75 75.1 - 85 > 85 % No data ³ 0 250 500125 Km Region Woreda Census desig. TBD Blind 12% Seeing Difficulty 19% Hearing Difficulty 9% Upper limb injury 7% Lower limb injury 20% Other 33%ch ap te r 3: p o pu la ti o n c o m po si ti o n 22 Type of Disability Within ethiopia, 805,492 people were registered as disabled in the 2007 census. the most common disability types by percent- age include lower limb disabilities (19.9), seeing difficulty (19.2), full blindness (11.7), hearing difficulty (9.1), and upper limb dis- abilities (7.5). other disabilities, including body-movement difficulty, deafness and muteness, and learning disabilities, account for 32.6 percent of all disabled people. ch apter 3: po pu latio n co m po sitio n 23 Accidents Prenatal Other illness Polio War/Mines Other Lakes Natural reserves & parks Distribution of Cause of Disability < 5 % 5 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 > 70 % No data 0 250 500125 Km 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% War/Mines Prenatal Polio Other illness Accidents Note: The share of population with other causes of disabilityis not included in the figure. ³ Region Woreda Census desig. TBD Cause of Disability by Region Cause of Disability Disabilities have a variety of causes, but the primary causes of disabili- ties observed during the census were prenatal causes (7.7 percent), war/land mine injuries (4.1 percent), polio (3.2 percent), accidents (e.g., automobile-related accidents, electric shocks, animal attacks, falls; 10.5 percent), and other illnesses (e.g., leprosy, diabetes, meningitis, blood pressure, smallpox, and stDs; 28.2 percent). polio remains a major cause of disabilities for somali residents; people in this region also suffer from war and land mine injuries. northern afar has a predominance of disabilities with prenatal causes. accidents of all types are a cause of disability for people in all regions of the country. people that make up the other 46.3 percent of the total disabled population have disability causes spread across a range of categories (besides those mapped here), but none of these categories was as common as those mentioned previously. Zone Woreda 2 Region Dependency Ratio Dependency Ratio by Region < 0.50 0.51 - 0.60 0.61 - 0.70 0.71 - 0.80 0.81 - 0.90 0.91 - 1.00 1.01 - 1.43 No data Lakes Natural reserves & parks - 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 Region Woreda Census desig. TBD 0 150 300 Km ³ ch ap te r 3: p o pu la ti o n c o m po si ti o n 24 Dependency Ratio these maps show the ratio of nonworking-age to working-age popula- tion at woreda, zonal, and regional levels. according to standard inter- national definitions, the working-age population is defined as people aged 15–64 years, and the nonworking-age population is defined as people younger than 15 and older than 64 years. the national dependency ratio is 0.91, indicating that for every 100 working persons, there are 91 who are dependent (or nonworking). this calculation is based on age category, not on whether or not these persons are engaged in work. the highest dependency ratios are found in oromiya (1.01) and snnp (1.00). snnp’s chire woreda, at sidama zone, has the highest dependency ratio (1.43), while arada, a subcity of addis ababa, has the lowest dependency ratio at 0.31. the spatial patterns of dependency do not follow simple environmen- tal or administrative trends. For example, ratios range from very high to very low in parts of somali and afar, as well as in contiguous areas of Gambella. Zone Woreda Region Lakes Natural reserves & parks Sex Ratio: Male to Female < 85 86 - 90 91 - 95 96 - 100 101 - 105 106 - 110 111 - 115 116 - 120 121 - 125 126 - 130 131 - 135 136 - 140 > 140 No data Region Total population Male Female Sex ratio Tigray 4,317 2,126 2,191 97 Afar 1,390 775 615 126 Amhara 17,222 8,642 8,580 101 Oromiya 26,994 13,595 13,399 101 Somali 4,445 2,472 1,973 125 Benishangul Gumuz 784 399 386 103 SNNP 14,930 7,426 7,504 99 Gambella 307 160 147 108 Harari 183 92 91 101 Addis Ababa 2,740 1,305 1,434 91 Dire Dawa 342 171 170 101 Total 73,751 37,217 36,534 102 Population in Thousands Region Woreda Census desig. TBD 0 150 300 Km ³ ch apter 3: po pu latio n co m po sitio n 25 Sex Ratio the sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females in an area. Where ratios are greater than 100, there are more males than females. ethiopia’s national ratio is 102, meaning 102 males for every 100 females. however, sex ratio varies by region. For example, afar and somali have higher sex ratios of 126 and 125, respectively. addis ababa, tigray, and snnp have lower sex ratios (91, 97, and 99, respectively), meaning there are more women than men. Woreda Zone Region 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Lakes Natural reserves & parks Literacy Rate Literacy Rates by Region < 10% 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 >70% No data Region Woreda Census desig. TBD 0 150 300 Km ³ Literacy Rate literacy rate is measured as the proportion of the population (age five and older) that is able to read and write in their native language. currently, the literacy rate is 40 percent of the total population, and there is significant variation within woredas. addis ababa has the highest literacy rate (85 percent); Dire Dawa and harari have the second and third highest literacy rates (61 and 60 percent, respectively). somali has the lowest literacy rate (14 percent). ch ap te r 3: p o pu la ti o n c o m po si ti o n 26 Region Woreda Total Migrants 0 - 2,000 2,001 - 3,000 3,001 - 5,000 5,001 - 7,000 7,001 - 10,000 10,001 - 12,000 12,001 - 25,000 25,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 250,000 250,001 - 1,000,000 1,000,001 - 3,000,000 3,000,001 - 4,500,000 No data Lakes Natural reserves & parks Woreda Zone Region 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Share of Total Migrants by Region 0 300150 Km ³ Census desig. TBD ch apter 4: po pu latio n d yn am ics 27 Total In-migration: Count total in-migration is reported as the total number of registered mi- grants that have moved to a specific woreda from outside that woreda. overall, ethiopia has approximately 12.2 million migrants, of which 5.9 million are male and 6.3 million are female (48.4 and 51.6 percent of total migrants, respectively). regionally, oromiya, amhara, snnp, and addis ababa are home to the majority of migrants, with 36, 19, 17, and 11 percent of total migrants, respectively. relative to other major ethiopian cities, addis ababa, adama, awassa, and dire dawa experience the highest in-migration with more than 100,000 migrants. Whereas most large cities have similar numbers of male and female migrants, addis ababa has more female than male migrants (713,083 compared to 589,884). Less than 4 Years 4 -10 Years More than 10 Years 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% More than 10 years4 - 10 yearsLess than 4 years Migrants by Duration of Stay (Percentage of Total Migrants) Share of Migrants by Duration of Stay by Region < 1% 2 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 75 76 - 100 No data Lakes Natural reserves & parks Region Woreda ³ 0 300150 Km Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 4: p o pu la ti o n d yn am ic s 28 Migrants by Duration of Stay the 2007 census collected data on migrants’ duration of stay in their current location in three time categories: less than 4 years, 4–10 years, and more than 10 years. the maps shown here display the percentage of total migrants in each woreda for each of the three time categories. the majority of in-migrants in most areas have moved within the last 4 years (41.5 percent of all migrants) or have stayed in the same woreda for more than 10 years (42.9 percent of all migrants). in-migration increased substantially in Gambella, southwest snnp, and northwest am- hara in the four years prior to the 2007 census. tigray and Benishangul Gumuz have the largest share of migrants in the 4–10 years category (20.4 and 18.8 percent, respectively). Male Male Female Male Female Female Lakes Natural reserves & parks Migrant Duration of Stay by Sex (Percentage of Total Migrants) Migrant Duration of Stay by Sex < 10 % 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 45 46 - 50 51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 75 > 75 % No data Less than 4 Years 4 -10 Years More than 10 Years Region Woreda 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Less than 4 years 4–10 years More than10 years Male Female Census desig. TBD 0 250 500125 Km ³ ch apter 4: po pu latio n d yn am ics 29 Migrants by Duration of Stay and Sex these maps show each woreda’s percent share of migrants ac- cording to duration of stay by sex. similar to the data for total migrants by duration of stay, most migrants (both females and males) have moved within the last 4 years or migrated more than 10 years ago. nationally, 45.0 percent of female migrants moved more than 10 years ago and 39.0 percent migrated within the last 4 years. male migrants follow a similar pattern, with 44.1 percent of male migrants moving less than 4 years ago, and 40.6 percent moving more than 10 years ago. somali has a larger migrant population that moved more than 10 years ago, especially in the northeast areas of the region. Gambella, afar, and amhara have a greater number of recent migrants (56.0, 50.0, and 45.0). Older than 18 Years Younger than 18 Years 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Older than 18 years Region WoredaLakes Natural reserves & parks Percentage Older or Younger than 18 Years of Age Share of Migrants by Age and Region 0 - 30 31 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 45 46 - 50 51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65 66 - 70 71 - 70 71 - 75 76 - 90 91 - 100 No data Younger than 18 years ³ 0 300150 Km Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 4: p o pu la ti o n d yn am ic s 30 Total Migrants by Age two-thirds of all ethiopian migrants (66.4 percent) are older than 18 years of age. data suggest that migrants younger than 18 years are more likely to live in southern areas of somali and western areas of afar and Gambella. 82 percent of migrants in addis ababa, an urban region, are older than 18 years, while 49 percent of migrants in the more rural region of somali are 18 years old or younger. other urban areas such as harari and dire dawa have migrant populations similar to addis ababa, with 74 and 78 percent of migrants older than 18, respectively. Rural to rural Rural to urban Urban to urban Urban to rural 0 - 5 6 - 8 9 - 10 11 - 13 14 - 15 16 - 18 19 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 80 81 - 100 No data Lakes Natural reserves & parks Region Woreda Rural and Urban Migration by Origin and Destination (Percent of Total Migrants to the Woreda) Regional Rural and Urban Migration by Origin and Destination 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Rural to rural Urban to rural Rural to urban Urban to urban Census desig. TBD ³ 0 300150 Km ch apter 4: po pu latio n d yn am ics 31 Rural and Urban Migration by Origin and Destination these maps show percentage of total migrants in each woreda by origin (urban or rural area) and destination (urban or rural area). note that rural and urban areas are defined according to official administrative classifications.* rural-to-rural migration is ethiopia’s most common form of migration (46.9 percent of total migrants). rural-to-urban mi- gration, which accounts for 26.7 percent of total migration, is more common in ethiopia’s central highlands (central oromiya and amhara), as compared to lowland areas of the country. 54.9 percent of the 1.3 million recorded migrants to addis ababa migrated from rural areas; the remaining 45.1 percent migrated from urban areas. *For a more detailed definition of urban, see Key terms ch ap te r 4: p o pu la ti o n d yn am ic s 32 Urban to urban Urban to ruralRural to rural Rural to urban Rural and Urban Male Migration by Origin and Destination (Percentage of Total Male Migrants to Woreda) < 5 % 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 91 - 100 N Region Woreda o data Lakes Natural reserves & parks Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Rural to urban Urban to rural Rural to ruralUrban to urban Rural and Urban Migration by Sex (Percentage) Female Census desig. TBD 0 300150 Km ³ Rural and Urban Migration by Sex: Male similar to the previous data and maps on rural and urban migration by origin and destination, data disaggregated by sex show that rural-to-rural migration is the most prevalent type of migration for both males and females. rural-to-urban migration is comparable for males (27.2 percent of all male migrants) and females (26.2 percent of all female migrants). the share of females (5.9 percent) that move from urban areas to rural areas is also similar to males (7.3 percent). ch apter 4: po pu latio n d yn am ics 33 Region Woreda Rural and Urban Female Migration by Origin and Destination (Percentage of Total Female Migrants to Woreda) < 5 % 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 91 - 100 No data Lakes Natural reserves & parks Region Totalmigrants Malemigrants Femalemigrants Tigray 859.8 403.5 456.3 Afar 189.4 103.8 85.6 Amhara 2,367.0 1,127.7 1,239.3 Oromiya 4,416.1 2,153.4 2,262.7 Somali 458.3 250.3 208.0 Benishangul Gumuz 235.9 119.7 116.2 SNNP 2,075.3 996.0 1,079.3 Gambella 144.7 77.8 66.9 Harari 48.5 24.8 23.7 Addis Ababa 1,303.0 589.9 713.1 Dire Dawa 101.3 48.4 53.0 Special EA 19.6 10.9 8.6 Total 12,218.9 5,906.2 6,312.7 Total Migration by Sex (Thousands) Urban to urban Urban to ruralRural to rural Rural to urban 0 300150 Km ³ Census desig. TBD Rural and Urban Migration by Sex: Female overall, female migrants outnumber male migrants (6.3 million to 5.9 million). the gap between the number of female and male migrants is especially large in addis ababa, where female migrants (713,083) outnumber male migrants (589,884) by 123,199 (9.5 percent). Zone Lakes Natural reserves & parks Region Woreda Woreda Region Total In-migration from a Different Zone: Count 0 - 3,000 3,001 - 5,000 5,001 - 7,000 7,001 - 10,000 10,001 - 12,000 12,001 - 25,000 25,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 250,000 250,001 - 500,000 500,001 - 750,000 750,001 - 1,000,000 1,000,001 - 2,500,000 No data Census desig. TBD 0 300150 Km ³ ch ap te r 4: p o pu la ti o n d yn am ic s 34 Total In-migration from a Different Zone: Count these maps show the number of migrants that migrated from outside the zone of their current residence.* oromiya has the greatest number of migrants from a different zone. other areas that received a high share of migrants from outside the zone of current residence include western areas of tigray, amhara, and Benishangul Gumuz, as well as southern woredas in somali. *no data are available on origin of migrants currently living in addis ababa, harari, and dire dawa. Lakes Natural reserves & parks Region Woreda Woreda 0 - 3,000 3,001 - 5,000 5,001 - 7,000 7,001 - 10,000 10,001 - 12,000 12,001 - 25,000 25,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 250,000 250,001 - 500,000 500,001 - 750,000 750,001 - 1,000,000 1,000,001 - 2,500,000 No data RegionZone 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Tigray Afar Amhara Oromiya Somali Benishangul Gumuz SNNP Gambella Th ou sa nd s Migrants from a Different Region (Count) Total In-migration from a Different Region: Count 0 300150 Km ³Census desig. TBD ch apter 4: po pu latio n d yn am ics 35 Total In-migration from a Different Region: Count these maps show the number of migrants that migrated from outside the region of their current residence.* oromiya is home to the greatest number of migrants from a different region (1.5 million migrants out of 4.4 million total migrants in the region, 34 percent of total in-migration). tigray and amhara received the lowest overall share of migrants from different regions at 14.1 and 22.0 percent, respectively. high percentages of migrants in somali and Benishangul Gumuz moved from outside the region of their current residence (61.9 and 66.1 percent, respectively). *no data are available on origin of migrants currently living in addis ababa, harari, and dire dawa. Government and parastatal employment Region Woreda Domestic workers Self-employed UnemployedOther Unpaid f Private employment or employer amily work 0 250 500125 Km <1% 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 10 10.1 - 15 15.1 - 20 20.1 - 30 30.1 - 50 50.1 - 60 60. - 75 >75 No dataLakes Natural reserves & parks 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Other Unpaid family work Self- employed Domestic worker Private employment or employer Government and parastatal ³ Employment Activity Status Employment Status by Region Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 5: p o pu la ti o n b y ec o n o m ic a ct iv it y 36 Employment Activity Status the employment status of an individual is defined as his or her primary economic activity for the majority of the 12 months prior to the census date. employment status includes individuals that are involved in productive activity or are unemployed with work experience. the economically active population is defined as all people age 10 years and older who are employed in the formal or informal sector, those who are actively working or seeking work, and those who are discouraged job seekers. these maps show major economic activity as a percentage of the economically active population for each woreda during the 12 months prior to the census date. nationally, self-employment is the most common employment activity in ethiopia (58.8 percent of the total economically active population). the second most important employment activity is unpaid family work (23.6 percent). individuals working in “other” activities (nGo em- ployment, apprenticeship, cooperative members, and other undefined employ- ment) account for 8.6 percent of the economically active population. employment by government and parastatals or by private employers is a common employment status in the large urban centers of addis ababa, Dire Dawa, and harari. Government and parastatal employment Domestic workers Self-employed OtherUnpaid family work Share of Female Employment Activity Status <1% 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 10 10.1 - 15 15.1 - 20 20.1 - 30 30.1 - 50 50.1 - 60 60.1 - 75 >75% No dataLakes National reserves & parks 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Other Unpaid family work Self- employed Domestic work Private employment or employers Government and parastatal 0 250 500125 Km ³Region Woreda Female Employment Activity by Region Private employment or employer Census desig. TBD ch apter 5: po pu latio n by eco n o m ic activity 37 Employment Activity Status: Female patterns of usual employment status for females are broadly similar to patterns of employment status for the total population. Self-employment is the most common economic activity for women (51.3 percent), while unpaid family work is second (32.3 percent). addis ababa has the lowest female self-employment rate (21.0 percent), followed by Dire Dawa (33.3 percent) and harari (41.0 percent). addis ababa also has the largest share of those who are privately employed or are private employers (26.6 percent), as well as the highest percentage of government employment (19.7). Government and parastatal employment Region Woreda Domestic workers Self-employed Other Unpaid family work 0 250 500125 Km <1% 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 10 10.1 - 15 15.1 - 20 20.1 - 30 30.1 - 50 50.1 - 60 60.1 - 75 >75% No data 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Government and parastatal Private employment or employer Domestic work Self-employed Unpaid family work Other Male Female Lakes Natural reserves & parks ³ Share of Male Employment Activity Status Type of Employment by Sex Private employment or employer Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 5: p o pu la ti o n b y ec o n o m ic a ct iv it y 38 Employment Activity Status: Male the most common employment activity status for males is self- employment (65.1 percent of the total economically active male population), followed by unpaid family labor (16.3 percent). among males in addis ababa, privately employed and private employer positions are the most common (32.9 percent), followed by self-employment (31.3 percent) and government positions (21.6 percent). With the exception of addis ababa and Dire Dawa, self- employment is the major economic activity of at least 50 percent of the economically active males in all regions of the country. comparing employment activities by gender, males tend to be self-employed more than females (65.1 compared to 51.3 percent). conversely, females are more prone to be active in unpaid family work activities (32.3 compared to 16.3 percent). Urban areas only Region Woreda Lakes Natural reserves & parks <1% 2 - 3 4 - 5 6 - 7 8 - 10 11 - 13 14 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 40 >40% No data 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Urban areas only Total woreda (inluding urban and rural areas) Unemployment Rate Unemployment Rate by Region Total woreda (including urban and rural areas) Census desig. TBD 0 300150 Km ³ ch apter 5: po pu latio n by eco n o m ic activity 39 Unemployment Rate according to the central Statistical agency, the definition of unemployment differs in rural and urban areas. For rural areas, unemployed individuals are people available for work (that is, economically active persons 10 years of age and older) who were not working for the majority of the 12 months prior to the census date. For urban areas, unemployed individuals are people available for work who worked less than four hours in the last seven days. note that in both rural and urban areas the economically active population includes people who were actively seeking work, as well as discouraged job seekers. the unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed persons divided by the total number of economically active per- sons (employed and unemployed persons). according to the 2007 census, 3.8 percent of the population of ethiopia is unemployed. about two-thirds of unemployed people live in urban areas. the highest unemployment rates are found in small urban areas (especially in parts of tigray, afar, and Somali) and within the large urban centers of the country—harari (11.5 percent), addis ababa (22.5 percent), and Dire Dawa (22.9 percent). note: the census identified urban areas in each woreda, and thus this map illustrates the percentage of urban unemployment by every woreda. Lakes Natural reserves & parks Homemakers Too young, too old, or pension Other Disability, injury, or illness Students/Training Economically Nonactive Population Reasons for Being Economically Nonactive < 1% 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 10 10.1 - 15 15.1 - 20 20.1 - 30 30.1 - 40 40.1 - 50 50.1 - 70 70.1 - 75 > 75% No data 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Other Too young, too old, or pension Disability, illness, or injury Home maker Student / Training 0 250 500125 Km Region Woreda ³ Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 5: p o pu la ti o n b y ec o n o m ic a ct iv it y 40 Reason for Being Economically Nonactive the economically nonactive population is defined as those persons aged 10 years and older who were neither engaged in nor available to be engaged in the production of economic goods and services during the 12 months before the census. these maps show the percentage of the total population age 10 years and older that is economically nonactive. those classified as too young include only persons between the ages of 10 and 14. the most prevalent reason for being economically nonactive is attending school or training. nationally, students account for 41.8 percent of the economically nonactive population. homemakers were the second largest classification of economically nonactive persons (33.4 percent). regionally, benishangul Gumuz and Gambella have the largest share of population economically nonactive due to student/training status (55.0 and 49.8 percent, respectively). tigray has the largest share of people who are economically nonactive due to disabilities or illness (4.0 percent). Lakes Natural reserves & parks Homemakers Too young, too old, or pension Other Disability, injury, or illness Students/Training Economically Nonactive: Female < 1% 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 10 10.1 - 15 15.1 - 20 20.1 - 30 30.1 - 40 40.1 - 50 50.1 - 70 70.1 - 75 > 75% No data 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Females Males 0 250 500125 Km Region Woreda ³ Student/Training as the Primary Reason for Being Economically Nonactive by Sex Census desig. TBD ch apter 5: po pu latio n by eco n o m ic activity 41 Reason for Being Economically Nonactive: Female 25.4 percent of females are economically nonactive. of these, 45.9 per- cent engage in homemaking activities such as child care, but not primar- ily in activities defined as unpaid family work (e.g., working for family consumption, fetching water, collecting firewood). the second most common reason for being economically nonactive is attending school or training (32.2 percent). addis ababa has the highest percentage of females economically nonactive due to student or training status (45.3 percent), followed by benishangul Gumuz, Gambella, and tigray (41.1, 37.5, and 36.9 percent, respectively). the percentage of females with student/training status is much lower than that for males in all regions (32.2 percent compared to 55.8 percent). Natural reserves & parks Lakes Homemakers Too young, too old, or pension Other Students/Training Economically Nonactive: Male Reasons for Being Economically Nonactive: Male < 1% 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 10 10.1 - 15 15.1 - 20 20.1 - 30 30.1 - 40 40.1 - 50 50.1 - 70 70.1 - 75 > 75% No data 0 250 500125 Km ³ 56% 15% 3% 16% 10% Student/Training Homemaker Disability, illness, or injury Too young, too old, or pension Other Disability, injury, or illness Region Woreda Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 5: p o pu la ti o n b y ec o n o m ic a ct iv it y 42 Reason for Being Economically Nonactive: Male Schooling/training is the predominant reason for males to be eco- nomically nonactive (55.8 percent). the second most common reason for males to be economically nonactive is being too young, too old, or having a pension (16.2 percent), followed closely by being a home- maker (15.3 percent). Somali has the largest share of homemakers in the economically nonactive male population (43.3 percent), with addis ababa having the smallest share (3.3 percent). in all regions, with the exception of Somali and afar, at least 57.0 percent of the nonactive male popula- tion is either attending school or currently undergoing training. Stone and mud Wood and thatch Plastered hollow blocks boo 35 Other Lakes Natural reserves & parks Wood and mud 0 250 500125 Km Wall Construction Materials Share of Wall Construction Materials by Region < 10% 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 > 90% No data 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Other Reed/Bamboo Plasteredhollow block Stoneand mud Woodand thatch Woodand mud ³ Region Woreda Census desig. TBD Reed/Bamboo ch apter 6: h o u sin g ch aracteristics an d co n d itio n s 43 Materials Used for Wall Construction Wall construction materials differ geographically within ethiopia based on the primary materials available in the region. homes with wood and mud as primary building materials house 73.6 per- cent of the national population. Wood and mud wall construction is especially common in amhara, oromiya, Benishangul gumuz, snnp, gambella, harar, and addis ababa, where the houses of more than 65 percent of the total regional population have walls constructed with these materials. somali and afar residents predominantly use wood and thatch for wall-building material (60.5 and 67.0 percent, respectively). addis ababa and dire dawa have the largest share of houses built with plastered hollow blocks at 13.0 and 15.6 percent, respectively. other building materials used less frequently are stone and cement, unplastered hollow block, brick, corrugated iron, and mud brick. Many areas use a combination of the materials mentioned for wall- building material. Wood and mud Corrugated iron sheet Plastic/Shera Region Woreda Roof Construction Materials Share of Roof Construction Materials by Region < 10% 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 > 90% No data Other Lakes Natural reserves & parks Thatch 0 250 500125 Km 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Other Plastic/Shera Reed/Bamboo Wood and mud Thatch Corrugated iron sheet ³ Census desig. TBD Reed/Bamboo ch ap te r 6: h o u si n g c h ar ac te ri st ic s an d c o n d it io n s 44 Materials Used for Roof Construction roofs, especially in rural parts of ethiopia, are predominantly constructed from thatch. More than 50.0 percent of the population lives in houses with thatch roofing, while 37.2 percent of the popu- lation lives in houses with roofs made from corrugated iron sheet. Cement screed and cement screed not applied Wood planks Cement/Brick tile 35 Floor Construction Materials Share of Floor Construction Materials by Region < 1% 2 - 3 3 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 6 6 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 50 51 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 91 - 95 > 95% No data Other Lakes Natural reserves & parks Mud 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Other Cement/Brick le Cement screed/Cement screed notapplied Wood planks Mud Region Woreda Census desig. TBD Reed/Bamboo Bamboo/Reed 0 250 500125 Km ³ ch apter 6: h o u sin g ch aracteristics an d co n d itio n s 45 Materials Used for Floor Construction a majority of ethiopia’s population lives in houses that have mud floors (92.1 percent of national share). For every region, with the exception of harari, dire dawa, and addis ababa, more than 90 percent of the population lives in houses with mud floors. significant percentages of houses with cement floors are found in harari (29.6 percent), dire dawa (43.1 percent), and addis ababa (39.4 percent). other less common floor types recorded in the census include parquet/polished wood, plastic tiles, and ceramic/marble tiles. Lakes Natural reserves & parks Lakes Natural reserves & parks Average Number of Rooms per Household Average Number of Persons per Room Average Number of Rooms per Household & Average Number of Persons per Room, by Region < 1 1.4 - 1.6 1.7 - 1.9 2.0 - 2.3 > 2 No data < 2 3 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 6 > 6 No data 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average number of persons per room Average number of rooms per household 0 150 300 Km ³ Region Woreda Census desig. TBD Region Woreda Census desig. TBD Average Number of Rooms per Household Average Number of Persons per Room ch ap te r 6: h o u si n g c h ar ac te ri st ic s an d c o n d it io n s 46 Average Number of Rooms per Household and Average Number of Persons per Room nationally, most households have a similar number of rooms. in all regions, the average number of rooms per household is between one and two, with the exception of addis ababa, which has slightly more than two rooms per household on average. in contrast, the number of people per room varies dramati- cally across regions. up to four or five people per room is common in afar and somali. tigray, amhara, oromiya, Benishangul gumuz, snnp, gambella, and dire dawa have between two and three people per room. Tap outside compound River/Lake/Pond Tap inside compound P or spring rotected well 35 Sources of Drinking Water Share of Drinking Water by Region < 10% 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 90% No data C H A PT ER SE VE N :H O U SI N G C H A R A C TE R IS TI C S A N D C O N D IT IO N S Other Lakes Natural reserves & parks 0 250 500125 Km U or spring nprotected well 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% River/Lake/Pond Unprotected well orspring Protected well or spring Tap outside compound Tap inside compound ³ Note: The share of population obtaining water from other sources is not included in the figure. Region Woreda Census desig. TBD ch apter 6: h o u sin g ch aracteristics an d co n d itio n s 47 Sources of Drinking Water More than half of ethiopia’s population obtains most of its drink- ing water directly from rivers, lakes, and ponds (27 percent) or unprotected wells and springs (28 percent). in southern areas of somali and snnp, rivers and lakes provide the majority of drink- ing water. unprotected wells are the primary source of drinking water in the four major regions, but are used most in the more northern areas of somali and afar. protected wells and water taps (outside of housing compounds) are more prevalent in tigray, amhara, and southwest oromiya. other drinking sources (such as water taps inside the house) are the major source of drinking water for only 4 percent of the population, and are therefore not displayed in the atlas. Pit latrine,shared Pit latrine, private VIP latrine, private Toilet Facility National Share of Toilet Facilities < 5% 6 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 91 - 95 > 95% No dataLakes Natural reserves & parks No toilet facility 0 250 500125 Km Other VIP laterine,shared ³ 68% 1% 2% 18% 11% No toilet facility VIP latrine, private VIP latrine, shared Pit latrine, private Pit latrine, shared Region Woreda Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 6: h o u si n g c h ar ac te ri st ic s an d c o n d it io n s 48 Housing Units by Toilet Facility households with no toilet or latrine house 66.7 percent of the total population. With the exception of the northern areas of snnp and the southwestern areas of oromiya, where private pit latrines are common, the majority of the population in most areas lives in households that lack toilet facilities. shared pit latrines are common in more urban areas, such as harari (26.5 percent), dire dawa (41.1 percent), and addis ababa (27.8 percent). Charcoal Dung Electricity Kerosene 35 Cooking Fuel Types Used Cooking Fuel Types by Region 0 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 91 - 100 No data C H A PT ER S EV EN :H O U SI N G C H A R A C TE R IS TI C S A N D C O N D IT IO N S Other Lakes Natural reserves & parks Firewood 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Region Woreda Census desig. TBD Electricity Firewood Dung Kerosene Charcoal Other 0 250 500125 Km ³ ch apter 6: h o u sin g ch aracteristics an d co n d itio n s 49 Cooking Fuel Types Used in Housing Units Most ethiopians use a mix of materials for cooking fuel. Because households often use more than one fuel type, use of fuel sources exceeds 100 percent. approximately 86.5 percent use firewood as a source of cooking fuel. the second and third most common fuels are dried dung and charcoal (37.1 and 17.6 percent, respectively). the use of firewood is ubiquitous, but dung as a fuel source is limited mostly to the highland areas of amhara, tigray, and oromiya (73.0, 47.4, and 30.3 percent, respectively). other fuel types, such as gas and biogas, are the major fuel source for approximately 16.6 percent of the total population. Kerosene Charcoal Electricity Dung Other Cooking Fuel Types Used in Urban Areas Cooking Fuel Types Used in Urban Areas by Region < 10% 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 > 90% No dataLakes Natural reserves & parks Firewood ³ 0 250 500125 Km 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Electricity Firewood Dung Kerosene Charcoal Other Region Woreda Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 6: h o u si n g c h ar ac te ri st ic s an d c o n d it io n s 50 Cooking Fuel Types Used in Urban Housing Units Firewood is a major fuel source for 74.8 percent of urban dwellers; 63.6 percent of urban households also use charcoal as a fuel source. dung remains an important source of fuel for urban people in the highlands. Kerosene is also a common fuel source in the highlands, especially in central ethiopia (northeast oromiya and south amhara). other fuel sources (including gas and biogas) are the major fuel source for 10.2 percent of the urban population. Charcoal Biogas Dung C H A PT ER S EV EN :H O U SI N G C H A R A C TE R IS TI C S A N D C O N D IT IO N S Other Cooking Fuel Types Used in Rural Areas Cooking Fuel Types Used in Rural Areas by Region 0 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 91 - 100 No data Firewood Lakes Natural reserves & parks 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Kerosene Charcoal Firewood Dung Biogas Other Kerosene Region Woreda Census desig. TBD ³ 0 250 500125 Km ch apter 6: h o u sin g ch aracteristics an d co n d itio n s 51 Cooking Fuel Types Used in Rural Housing Units as is true for the country as a whole, firewood is the single most important fuel source for people living in rural areas. in ethiopia’s rural areas, 89.3 percent of the population uses firewood for cook- ing fuel. dung is another important fuel source for 41.2 percent of the rural population. Firewood is used in rural areas throughout the country, while dung is used primarily in the highlands in central oromiya, amhara, and tigray (31.5, 79.4, and 55.6 percent, respec- tively). charcoal is used as a fuel source primarily on the eastern border of somali and in areas of tigray and western amhara. other fuel sources accounted for in the census include electricity and gas (15.2 percent). TV Radio Telephone Lakes Natural reserves & parks Ownership of Radio, TV, and Telephone Ownership of Radio, TV, and Telephone by Region < 10% 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 > 70% No data 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Radio Telephone TV 0 250 500125 Km ³ Region Woreda Census desig. TBD ch ap te r 6: h o u si n g c h ar ac te ri st ic s an d c o n d it io n s 52 Ownership of Radio, TV, and Telephone Within ethiopia, radios are the most common information source; 37.5 percent of the national population lives in a household with a radio. only 5.7 percent of the population resides in a household with a television, and only 4.1 percent of households has a telephone. While more than a quarter of the homes in each region have a radio, ownership of a telephone or television is much less common. addis ababa, harari, and dire dawa have the great- est shares of households with telephones (40.8, 17.4, and 17.1 percent, respectively). these three cities also have the high- est percentage of households with televisions (55.6, 38.8, and 34.6 percent, respectively). Dumped in riverCollected by municipality (public dump) Collected by private establishments/ individuals Burned/Buried Other Types of Waste Disposal Types of Waste Disposal by Region < 10% 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 80 81 - 90 > 90% No data Lakes Natural reserves & parks Open space/ Behind the housing unit 0 250 500125 Km 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Other Burned/Buried Dumped in river Open space/Behind the housing unit Collected by private establishments/individuals Collected by municipality (public dump) ³ Region Woreda Census desig. TBD ch apter 6: h o u sin g ch aracteristics an d co n d itio n s 53 Types of Waste Disposal the majority of ethiopia’s population (77.9 percent) resides in households where waste disposal in open spaces or behind the housing unit in an open area is most common. 12.4 per- cent of the population lives in households for which burning or burying trash is the main method of waste disposal. organized waste collection is more common for residents in the main urban centers of addis ababa (34.0 percent), dire dawa (32.6 percent), and harari (15.3 percent), and in tigray (13.3 percent). 54 Data Sources and References by Chapter Chapter 1 Census boundaries (regions, zones, and woredas) were drawn using the Central Sta- tistical Agency’s (CSA) census enumeration areas prepared by a combination of field surveying and digitizing from satellite image at 1:50,000 scale (SPOT 5m resolution). The geographic information systems laboratory of the Ethiopian Development Research In- stitute (EDRI), supported by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the CSA, made further amendments. The names and boundaries are not authoritative. The elevation and slope data were acquired and derived from the Shuttle Radar Topog- raphy Mission (SRTM-90m) produced by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America (NGA/NASA 2004). De Pauw (1987) describes the agroecological zones currently used by the Ministry of Ag- riculture and Rural Development, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, and other Ethiopian organizations. Traditional agroecology was derived from elevation data. The road data used are from the Ethiopian Road Authority road network updated from the 2003 comprehensive geographic information system (GIS) road database to reflect 2005/6 road conditions. The locations of towns are from the Population and Housing Census 2007 conducted by CSA. Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II–IFPRI, in collaboration with EDRI, calculated travel time to cities of 50,000 people based on road network and conditions, elevation, slope, and population points. (See Schmidt and Kedir 2009 for more information.) Rainfall and temperature maps are based on the Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency normal data covering a period from 1971–