lnvestigacion Partlcipativa ~ There is no mechanism in the CIAL approach for discovery and learning about ecological principies and key biological processes related to crop health management or for integrating these concepts with existing knowledge. > Crop health management requires a cyclical process of field monitoring, analysis of the information, and action based on the analysis. Currently the CIALs have no mechanism for developing these skills. > Crop health management requires integration among different technological components and within farm enterprise management as a whole. The CIAL process focuses on stepwise comparison of a few treatments in controlled experiments. Sorne CIALs are evaluating components for managing crop health problems involving pests, diseases and frost. but there is no clear mechanism for integrating the components as they are evaluated. > Collective action is frequently required in order to solve crop health problems. CIALs do not currently analyze whether collective action is required. There is a need to strengthen analytical skills in order to facilitate collective action for esolution of problems that involve spatial scales beyond a single field. 26 > There are indications that men and women have different knowledge about crop health problems and that their management strategies are different. At the moment CIALs do not explicitly contemplate these differences or other gender-related aspects linked to their research processes. Strategies. Expected results lnitiate case studies of CIALs that work with IPM; identify their strengths and weaknesses with respect to IPM; propase modifications to the methodology, initiate pilot-scale work with CIALs that have an crop health focus and evaluate changes accomplished with said modifications. (at end of 3 years). Case studies published on how the CIALs have worked with IPM to date, their achievements and difficulties. Develop mechanisms for: > integrating the analytical and decision-making skills required for crop health management > discovery and learning of ecological principies and key biological processes and integrating these with existing local knowledge > integrating crop health management components > analyzing the need for collective action and strengthening the CIAL linkage with the community for carrying them out > lncorporating the gender perspective in a systematic fashion > lndicators for measuring the effectiveness of CIALs working with crop health issues > CIAL crop health manual for technicians and handbook for farmers > lncreased capacity for conducting crop health research in PROINPA and other participating NGOs > Evolution of the CIAL approach so that it can be applied in community-based research on NRM problems Roles of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) and CIAL in participatory research FAO and CIP have introduced IPM-FFS in Latin America. 8oth Bolivia and Peru now host field schools. The Peruvian FFS are a collaborative effort between CIP and CARE- Peru, and FAO is developing FFS-related plans with the Ministry of Agriculture. In Bolivia PROINPA is working with both CIALs and FFS. Bolivia ís the only country where both approaches exist side-by-side. There is confusion in various NARS and NGOs in Central and South America about the advantages/ disadvantages and similarities/differences of the FFS and CIAL. This issue was addressed in an invited paper entitled "The IPM Farmer Field School and the Local Agricultura! Research Committee: Complementary platforms to foment integrated decisions for sustainable agriculture," published in Sept. 1999 in the Forum section of CATIE's journal Manejo Integrado de Plagas. The following is the abstract of the paper: 27 The Fanner Field School (FFS) for IPM and the Local Agricultura! Research Committee (CIAL) are participatory platforms that foment improved decision- making capacity and stimulate local innovation for sustainable agriculture. FFS offers nonformal education related to agroecological principies through a participatory learning process that lasts an entire crop cycle. Each FFS has 25 farmers from a single community. The CIAL is a permanent agricultura! research service staffed by a voluntary team of 4 or more farmers. Each CIAL belongs to a community and creates a link between local and formal research . FFS and CIALs were initiated for different reasons and have different objectives, but they share various principies and processes. 8oth result in concrete solutions for local problems, but they apply different styles of experimentation and analysis for developing these. 8oth increase the capacity of individuals and local groups for critica! analysis and decision-making. 8oth stimulate local innovation and emphasize principies and processes rather than recipes or technology packages. The strength of the CIALs líes in the systematic evaluation of technological alternatives and their ability to influence the research agendas of formal research and extension systems on behalf of economically disadvantaged communities. In addition sorne CIALs stimulate the development of small rural enterprises. FFS fill gaps in local knowledge and increase awareness and understanding of phenomena that are not obvious or easily observable. Their strength líes in increasing farmers' skills as managers of agroecological processes. Depending on the problem or opportunity to be address one or the other may be a more appropriate entry point. A challenge for the future will be to integrate the complementary elements of the FFS and CIALs and/or to employ them in parallel in arder to expand the creative capacity of farmers to resolve problems and seize opportunities. 28 OUTPUT 2: Organizational strategies and procedures for PR developed Person Responsible: Olaf Westermann Researchers: Ann Braun, Jorge Luis Cabrera, Eduardo Figueroa, Maria del Pilar Guerrero, Carlos Arturo Quirós, José lgnácio Roa, Nathan Russell , Olaf Westermann Milestones for 1999 * Strategies for accomplishing concerted collective action in NRM on a watershed scale, identified * Local organizations prepared to assume responsibilities for project management * Research themes related to organizational strengthening identified and concept notes developed and presented to donors Fostering concerted collective action in NRM among watershed users-Colombia Objectives. The research objective with respect to the collective management of watershed natural resources in Colombia is to "find ways to foster collective or concerted action among watershed users and other stakeholder groups in their day-to- day NRM and thereby enable them to deal with problems that cannot be solved effectively by individuals acting alone" (Annual report, SN-3, 1998). In 1998 work that dealt with problems related to water management and conservation , erosion control and pest control (white grubs and leaf-cutting ants) was reported. The stakeholder methodology was also developed and published. The objectives for 1999 were to identify new activities and strengthen ongoing activities through participatory evaluation and organizational strengthening. However, these objectives were changed during the year mainly dueto problems of social unrest in the focus area and project has initiated a phasing-out process in arder to turn over full control of financia! resources, decision-making and responsibility to the local farmers organization. Activity progress report. At the onset of 1999 the following capacity-building activities: Presentation of ant-control experience and results by local farmers at a seminar on organic agriculture at the University of Cauca in Popayán. Paper sent for publication: Munk Ravnborg, H. et al, "Collective action in ant control" (submitted to the Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights, CAPRI) . Visit to CIAL workinq with maize. The CIAL provided farmers with seed and manure. A local farmer with a large piece of unused land offered it to the group so they could 29 cultivate the maize collectively. To strengthen ongoing activities, an ant-control competition was completed with good results . Cultivation of sugarcane live barriers (In collaboration with CIAT Project PE-2). The objective was to analyze the impact of collectively implemented live barriers at the landscape level (soil erosion, soil fertility and water quality) besides strengthening the farmer organization's capacity to analyze and organize collective NRM. Dueto externa! factors (social unrest), however, work had to be suspended for long periods of the year, affecting daily contact and the farmers' trust and confidence, which is critica! to this kind ofwork. A phasing -out process was initiated in arder to enable the local farmers to control and manage the project and its resources independently. Thus far, action-research activities have been financed by a so-called "Green Fund" managed by CIAT. The independent local management of this fund is perceived to be essential for the success of locally based initiatives. At meetings with local farmers from both microwatersheds, the Cabildo and ASOBESURCA, it was suggested that an executive committee manage the fund with members from the local community and the aforementioned locally based organizations. Another committee with the participation of local NGOs and CIPASLA would supervise the community committee. lt was agreed that only the interest from the fund could be used and only for research or activities related to collective NRM. lt was suggested that project coverage should be the entire Rio Cabuyal watershed and that the preparation and selection of appropriate projects should be done in collaboration with the field assistant (secondary school graduate) who has been assisting CIAT from the onset of this research program (1996). Furthermore it was suggested that she train other members of the local community in identifying stakeholders, problems and conflict as well as in how to carry out participatory trials. Ata later meeting the communities selected an executive committee, but decided to limit initial activities to the municipality of La Laguna. Later on, other parts of the watershed will be included. The output of these activities will be a contract between the local population and CIAT, leaving project control and management with the farmers upon the conditions that: ~ Resources are applied to activities and research related to collective NRM only. ~ Only interest from the Green Fund is used. ~ Feedback about processes and outputs are given to CIAT every six months for the next two years. ~ Resources and the knowledge obtained through their experience will eventually benefit other parts of the Rio Cabuyal watershed as well. 30 Telecenter concept note (submitted to IDRC, Sept. 1999) lmportant principies related to information and communication technologies (ICTs) include the concept of universal access. This project addresses this issue within a rural setting. Title: Fostering sustainable development in Cauca State (Colombia) through community telecenters; a project concept note. Project goal: To test appropriate telecenter models for building local capacity to obtain and use information about agricultura! production, processing, marketing, NRM and other topics relevant to sustainable development in a marginalized, hillside region of southwestern Colombia. Challenge: About half of the predominantly rural inhabitants of this state live in absolute poverty. Sorne are driven into narcotics production and processing or guerilla groups. Most of the population-including Cauca's numerous indigenous groups-are caught in the crossfire between guerillas, drug traffickers, paramilitary groups and the army. Many have abandoned the countryside, only to join the ranks of the urban jobless. Those who remain use farming practices that result in soil erosion and deforestation, threatening agricultura! productivity, biodiversity and water supplies-both locally and downstream. Meeting these challenges is also a high priority for nearby urban areas and for Colombian society as a whole. Numerous towns and cities in Southwest Colombia receive food supplies as well as water from rivers in Cauca State and therefore have a direct stake in the management of agricultura! land in its hillside watersheds. Democratizing agricultura/ development. Sorne rural Cauca communities are finding new ways to cope with the region's economic, social and environmental ills. Using a variety of participatory methods, they are solving problems in agricultura! production through local research ; identifying and creating opportunities for developing small agroenterprises; and organizing community initiatives for NRM. These developments are nothing short of revolutionary, amounting to the democratization of activities that have traditionally been driven from the top down by institutions and central government policies. Democratizing information access and management. For these approaches to gain strength and fulfill their potential, there must be a parallel democratization of information access and management. Activities such as agroenterprise development and land management planning at the local, regional and national scales are extremely information intensive. Communities that rema in information-poor will be unable to participate fully in and benefit from those activities. Fortunately, in recent years there has been an explosion of information that could help the country address its daunting economic, social and environmental problems. There is, however, little material directly relevant to marginalized communities in the region and what could be useful to them is not readily accessible or exists in fragmentary form. 31 Modern information and communication technologies, including access to the World Wide Web, could help overcome these barriers; but they are still mostly beyond the reach of the poor. Even if these technologies were more accessible, poor communities would not necessarily benefit because of their limited capacity to find, organize, use, create and exchange relevant information. Telecenters are public facilities, often integrated into the programs of local grass roots organizations, that offer a combination of telecommunications, information, multimedia and computing functions to help deal with a variety of community problems and needs. They appear to be an effective way of broadening access to new information tools and improving local capacity to use them. The challenge is to adapt this approach toa diverse array of geographic, social, economic, cultural and institutional settings, leading to the development of appropriate models for particular situations, regions and countries. The global telecenter movement, particularly recent work in Colombia, offers an important opportunity to promote democratization of information in Cauca and other rural areas. This project will work toward that end through an innovative, cooperative training and research program, focused mainly on the development of telecenters in selected rural communities of Cauca. These will be linked with an urban telecenter in a poor neighborhood of Cali, with a view to establishing new market links between producers and consumers of agricultura! and other products. Specific objectives ~ Form partnerships among local, national and international organizations to provide institutional frameworks for establishing and monitoring community telecenters and for drawing lessons from their experience. ~ Characterize perceptions of information needs and current patterns in the acquisition and use of information in selected communities to provide a baseline for subsequent comparison. ~ Locate and develop information relevant to community needs, focusing initially on agricultura! production and NRM, but eventually including other topics such as health. ~ Establish 3 telecenters in selected rural communities, linked with a single urban telecenter, and integrate these with local community radio programs. ~ Build a training program around the telecenters for enhancing community and local institutional capacity to access, use, produce and exchange information in electronic and conventional forms. ~ Monitor the experience, measure the telecenters' impact on local capacity to use information for sustainable development, and assess their institutional and financia! sustaínabílity. ~ Derive, document and disseminate lessons and insights from this experience as contributions to the their development elsewhere in Latín America . 32 Project duration: 3 years Partners~ • Colnodo (operated by the Asociación Colombiana de Organizaciones no Gubernamentales para la Comunicación Vía Correo Electrónico), Santafé de Bogotá • Consorcio lnterinstitucional para una Agricultura Sostenible en Laderas (CIPASLA), Crucero Pescador, Carretera Panamericana Cali-Popayán, Cauca • Corporación Universitaria Autónoma de Occidente, Cali CIAL Associations concept note (submitted to W.K. Kellogg Foundation, June 1999) Title: Sustaining CIALs: Extending lessons learned from community-based agricultura! research services in Latín America Purpose: To ensure sustainability of community-based research services through their consolidation into second-order associations integrated with broader community-based development efforts and with strong linkages to the formal research sector Strategy: Develop, strengthen and establish network linkages of local research organizations that mobilize volunteerism, include the disadvantaged, integrate with and create linkages to other community development efforts, and that are locally led, managed and accountable to their communities lmportance: CIAL failures relate to lack of continuity in program goals, staffing and funding among supporting organizations, as well as to paternalistic policies, resulting in violations of the principies of mutual accountability and risk-sharing by partners. In search of a stabler institutional framework for the CIALs, CIAT facilitated the establishment of an association of the Cauca CIALs as a means of stimulating a higher degree of self- management and autonomy. With a membership of more than 50 CIALs, CORFOCIAL has absorbed many CIALs that were inadequately supported or abandoned by their counterpart organizations. CORFOCIAL has organized 4 of 8 annual CIAL get-togethers in Cauca and has sponsored numerous cross-training visits and other enrichment activities. lt has also financed 5 small agroenterprise development projects and helped obtain funding for others. lt now has legal status, is learning to manage administrative and technical responsibilities, and is developing a solid bridge between member CIALs and research organizations. These accomplishments testify to the capacity of a second-order organization to contribute to sustainability and to overcome limitatíons of formal research organizations, whose narrow mandates constrain their role in development. 33 Objectives: There is a risk that the instability of fonnal institutions will have an adverse effect u pon the sustainability of the CIALs as community-based services linking fonnal and local research. Organizations in Latín American countries that have not been involved in the ClAL movement are seeking training in arder to establish pilot experiences of their own. There is also interest in Asia and Africa. ~ Develop responsible second-order organizations of CIALs in severa! South and Central America countries so that the sustainability of CIAL process in this region is assured and the CIAL movement can fulfill its potential for impact. ~ ldentify and develop sustainable self-financing mechanisms for CIALs and CIAL associations. ~ strengthen monitoring and evaluation (M&E) processes in existing CIALs and establish them in second arder organizations so that learning from experience, accountability to the community can be enhanced and local leadership in these capacities can be developed. ~ continue facilitating the pilot experiences that various institutions are undertaking with the CIALs in Central and South America and exploring ways to extrapolate from the institutionallessons learned in other countries. ~ leam lessons from the consolidation and scaling-up processes in countries like Honduras, Bolivia and Colombia that can be applied towards the development of community-based organizations on a wider scale in Latín America and beyond . Partners: Duration: Local communities, CIAL associations, CIALs, national agricultura! research organizations, NGOs and universities in Central and South America. 3 years. Beneficiaries: At least 450 poor rural communities and sorne 650,000 disadvantaged individuals. Study of inactiva CIALs CIALs can fail if timely, quality support is not consistently available during the early formation and the intermediate consolidatíon stages (Fig. 1). From 1991-96, 29 ClALs in Cauca (Colombia) became inactive and/or ended. As part of the M&E process, a survey instrument was designed to explore possible explanations underlying CIAL deactivation such as the following: ~ lack of continuity as a result of changes in policies that leave institutions without financia! support for facilitating CIALs ~ job instability of professionals working with CIALs ~ institutional paternalism, where material benefits are exchanged for passive participation in on-farm research ~ difficulties of maintaining continuity in the CIAL processes in communitíes that are too small or too disperse 34 ~ conditions of insecurity that do not permit facilitators to travel in the region. ~ adverse climatic conditions (e.g., the Niño phenomenon in 1994 and 1997) ~ overcommitment of CIAL members due to excessive institutional presence ~ conflicts among families in the community that affect the continuity of participation of CIAL members ~ failure of supporting organizations to respect the essential principies underpinning the CIAL approach Survey. The instrument was applied in the 29 Cauca communities where CIALs became inactive and/or ended. At least one ex-CIAL member and the facilitator of each of these CIALs were interviewed. Questions were oriented towards the following issues: ~ selection of candidate communities for establishing CIALs. ~ selection of the CIAL members by the community ~ interna! dynamics of the CIAL ~ evolution of the research process ~ relationship between the CIAL and the community ~ relationship between the CIAL and formal R&D institutions Findings. The survey confirmed that most CIAL failures occurred in newly formed CIALs and in those of intermediate maturity that had been active from 1-3 years. Detailed anyalsis of the data is still under way. Table 1 lists inactive CIALs in Cauca, Colombia, their location, dates, organiztions involved and reasons expressed for cessation of activities. Figure 1. Frequency of CIAL failures by length of time they were active before folding, Cauca, Colombia, 1990-99. 10 8 >. u 6 e: Cl) :S cr 4 Cl) ... LL 2 o <1 1 2 3 4 5 No. years ..35 Table 1. lnactive CIALs in Cauca, Colombia Yr Facilitating Reason for Becoming Date CIAL Community Began Organization lnactive Ended Camposanto Timbío 1994 GO A member died 1997 Octavio Piendamó 1991 NGO Sorne members left 1994 Cinco Oías Timbío 1990 SN-3 Sorne members left 1994 San Miguel Piendamó 1993 CORFOCIAL Did not name 1996 replacements after members left Arrayán Piendamó 1994 NGO Sorne members left 1996 Farallones Piendamó 1992 SN-3 lnexperience of technician 1994 Atamira Tunía 1995 NGO Problems w/ supporting 1996 organization Loma Corta Piendamó 1991 NGO Lack oftime 1996 San Rafael Morales 1993 NGO Problem with supporting 1996 organization El Centro Cal dono 1995 CORFOCIAL lnterested only in coffee 1997 cultivation Las Piedras Tambo 1991 NGO NGO left the zone 1993 La Florida Cajibío 1992 NGO Sorne members left 1996 La Laguna Caldo no 1993 SN-3 Technician did not return 1994 Ventanas Caldono 1996 CORFOCIAL Death of two members 1997 El Tablón Timbío 1996 CORFOCIAL No support from 1997 community Potrerillo Caldono 1993 CORFOCIAL NGO entered with housing 1994 program La Llanada Caldono 1996 CORFOCIAL Guerrilla presence, no 1997 support from technician . Caimito Caldono 1992 SN-3 Economic support 1995 Palermo Caldono 1992 SN-3 Economic support 1995 Santa Elena Piendamó 1992 Corpotunia No support from 1993 community La Conquista Piendamó 1993 Corfocial No support from 1995 community Guambía Silvia 1994 GO/NGO Unmotivated 1995 San Isidro Sotará 1991 NGO Sorne members left 1995 La Esperanza Sotará 1991 NGO Sorne members left 1996 La Buitrera Cal dono 1996 NGO Guerrilla presence 1996 36 OUTPUT 3: Professionals and others trained as facilitators of participatory research approaches Person Responsible: José lngácio Roa and Carlos Arturo Quirós Researchers: Trudy Brekelbaum (consultant), Ann Braun, Jorge Luis Cabrera, Maria del Pilar Guerrero, Luis Alfredo Hernandez, Carlos Arturo Quirós, José lgnácio Roa, Olaf Westermann Milestones for 1999 * ln-country cadres of trainer-facilitators prepared to disseminate CIAL methodology in 5 Latín American countries * ln-service training and follow up of trainees from CIAL courses provided in 5 Latin American countries * SWOT analysis of institutional experiences in implementing CIAL methodology, compiled * Over 400 CIAL facilitator trained including over 100 trained by other institutions. * lnnovations, publications and training tools developed by institutions working with the CIAL methodology, identified and diffused among trainer-facilitators * lnstitutions strengthened in the use of NRM decision-support tools * National training teams created in stakeholder analysis methodology in 3 Latín American countries * Technicians and professionals traíned in use of preference ranking matrix * Facilitators for community-level participatory diagnosis meetings, trained in Honduras Course for CIAL Trainer-facilitators: Strengthening skills In 1990 SN-3 formed the first five CIALs in the State of Cauca in Colombia. The CIAL approach was welcomed by farmers, who felt for the first time that their needs and priorities were being taken into account by agricultura! professionals, and local organizations requested more detailed information on how to apply the CIALs in the communities where they worked . The demand has gone beyond state and national borders (see Appendix 1). From 1994-98, the Kellogg Foundation supported the Project entitled : "Diffusion of a model for developing agricultura! technology at the community leve!, using a particípatory approach." Contacts were made wíth the interested institutions in severa! countries so that once their staff had been trained, they would begin to form new committees in their work zones. As a result of the training and diffusion of the approach in Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia, the CIALs increased in number and so did the demand. 37 Consequently, institutions and technicians were identified in arder to forrn country-level teams of CIAL trainer-facilitators. Eighteen candidate trainers, representing 9 institutions from 5 countries, attended a course given at CIAT from 26 July-4 August 1999 (see Table 1, Photo 1). Photo 1. Participants in training course for CIAL Trainer-facilitators T bl 1 P rt' . t . CIAL t . f Tt t a e . a 1c1pan s m ramer- ac1 1 a or course. N ame lnstitution Country Jorge Cusicanqui IBTA Bolivia Juan Almanza PROINPA Foundation Bolivia Alfonso Truque CORFOCIAL Colombia Luis Humberto Fierro CORPOICA Req. 1 Colombia Manuel Arévalo CORPOICA Req. 1 Colombia Fabio Sierra CORPOICA Req. 1 Colombia Gustavo Basto CORPOICA Reg. 1 Colombia Roberto Alvarez CORPOICA Re_g. 1 Colombia Beatriz Franco CORPOICA Req. 1 Colombia José Antonio Corredor CORPOICA R~ 1 Colombia Manuel Romero CORPOICA Req. 3 Colombia María Elena Morros CIAE/Lara Venezuela Angela Bolívar FONAIAP Venezuela Doming_a Tij_erinos CIAT/Hillsides Nicaragua Juan González IPCA Honduras Fredv Sierra IPCA Honduras Nelson Gamero UNIR/Zamorano Honduras Carlos Amava FEPROH Honduras 38 Course Objectives ~ Share skills and abilities to be trainer-facilitators and planners of training events. ~ Expand knowledge in certain aspects of the CIAL methodology. Gritería for selecting participants ~ Prior completion of course for CIAL facilitators, including certification ~ Responsibilities include training in CIAL method ~ Recognized skills as a trainer, based on performance in Level 1 ~ Outstanding skills in communication and management of interpersonal relationships with professionals, trainees and farmers ~ lnstitutional support and willingness to work as trainer-facilitator for at least one year Methodology. In line with the philosophy of nonformal education, the selection of course tapies took into account the experience that the technicians had acquired. Prior to the course, technicians from organizations applying the CIAL approach were surveyed to identify the tapies in which they felt weakest ar wished ta strengthen. lnformatian alsa resulted fram SN-3's follow-up activities in the field , where it was possible ta identify other points that needed ta be explored in greater depth in the preparation of trainer- facilitators. Processes inherent in working with groups: (communication skills, group dynamics), problem-solving skills and analysis of experimental results were emphasized. In addition to talks and discussion, apportunities were provided for the future trainer- facilitators to practice their skills in numerous practica! group exercises. Some activities were filmed in arder to provide direct and immediate feedback. The material used in the course was campiled in a loose-leaf two-volume handboak for the participants and is currently being edited by for publication in a CD-ROM farmat. Expected outcomes. As a result of participating in the course trainer-facilitators should be capable of: ~ identifying differences between a traditianal trainer and a facilitator ~ understanding principies of formal and nonformal education ~ expanding perceptions and abilities as facilitators of group processes ~ knowing how to prepare a training event ~ increasing skills for cammunicating with farmers ~ supporting and justifying work based an the CIAL approach ~ maximizing use of CIAL handbooks with the farmers ~ interpreting results from the CIAL research and the participatory planning of feedback to the community 39 Results obtained. The following are the highlights of the results obtained from the course: Training materials orepared. As this course was being offered for the first time, it was important to prepare training materials that met expectations and needs identified by the participants and reflected SN-3's experience as CIAL facilitators and master trainers. For this purpose, an expert in nonformal education was contracted, the course was prepared, and new materials were developed in tour specific areas: • Nonformal education. The development of knowledge is a continuous process, that involves development of the whole person, both outwardly and inwardly, stimulating the mind to draw on the innate capabilties of each person. Collaborating and sharing stimulates leaming and learning is acceferated when there is joy, curiosity and passion. The talks developed for th is area were: ~ clarification of expectations. ~ principies of nonformal education. ~ Facilitation skills • Preparation of training events: The overall objective of this tapie was to guarantee the organization and planning of activities related to training (i.e., prior to, during and after). The following new materials were developed: ~ preparation of train ing events ~ responsibilities of a facilitator ~ use of the physical space ~ budgeting training events ~ Facilitation skills The purpose of this tapie was to increase the abilities of the participants as facilitators of the CIAL training process. Specific areas covered included: ~ communication and feedback sty/es ~ the preparation of audiovisual materials };> techniques for increases the participation of the different types of audiences In arder to accomplish this objective, the following materials were prepared: };> presentation and organization of talks };> audiovisual aids };> group processes };> nonformal education and participatory techniques };> conscientization };> the art of communicating 40 • The CIAL concept. The objective of this tapie was to expand participant knowledge of aspects identified as weak points or that required greater depth. Based on their own experiences, discussions were held around the tapies of selection of communities, motivation of the community, participatory planning of CIAL experiments and analysis of results. An overall theme of primary importance when working with farmers is communication techniques. » the CIALs at a glanee » experiences in use of the handbooks » meeting to motivate farmers » planning the trial » statistical concepts » force-field analysis in evaluating technologies with farmers » preferenee ranking and its interpretation » analysis and interpretation of CIAL trial results • Audiovisual aids included slides, overheads and filming. There was constant interaction between the participants and the SN-3 tea m in the implementation of the exercises. • Another important objective was to share plans, information, approaches and methodologies among course participants. Table 2 gives the tentative programming of events that participating institutions plan to offer during 1999. Table 2. Tentative programming of events offered by participants in the CIAL trainer-facilitator course. lnstitution Country/City Event Date CORPOICA Colombia: Follow-up 23-28 Aug. CIAL course 20-30 Sept. IPCA Honduras National CIAL 14-15 Dec. Meeting UNIR/Zamorano Honduras CIAL course 8-19 Nov. FONAIAP Venezuela CIAL regional 8-12 Nov. course Course on 15-19 Nov. participatory research IBTA Bolivia Course on Oct. participatory research 41 Follow-up of facilitators trained in CIAL courses As part of the Kellogg Foundation project (1994-98) project, training of facilitators in the CIAL approach was provided in the countries of Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia. Later this training was extended to the countries of El Salvador and Venezuela (financed with their own resources). The training for CIAL facilitators consisted of two phases: ~ a theoretical classroom segment including exercises, practice, reading materials and videos ~ visits and interaction with CIALs and field practice to be carried out by each participant in his/her work zone. This involved forming and facilitating at least one CIAL. Over the three-year period, 257 technicians from 105 institutions in 7 countries were trained. The majority applied the CIAL approach in their respective work areas. SN-3 is committed to monitoring the trainees' activities in the field to assess their skills, the need for further training, as well as identify any modifications or adaptations made with respect to the CIAL approach. Feedback is provided to facilitators. Different methodological areas in which the groups require strengthening are also identified for inclusion in future training events. Objective. ln-service training of facilitators in the CIAL approach through the monitoring of their work with farmers groups that wish to conduct research in their communities. Methodology. As part of the course, each facilitator presents a proposal for application of the CIAL approach, including a tentative schedule of activities. Monitoring activities are scheduled for the period when the CIALs plant their trials or are about to evaluate them. Monitoring of these processes is given priority beca use of their their importance in the CIAL research process and their direct contribution to the accomplishment of the CIAL's objectives. Visits to monitor facilitators' work with CIAL include: ~ Meetinqs with facilitators who are implementing the CIAL approach in their work areas. Each facilitator presents the results obtained thus far, discussing the progress made, difficulties and accomplishments with respect to both the CIAL and themselves as facilitators . ~ Field visits to the CIALs. SN-3 staff implementa follow-up program planned with the facilitator of each community where a CIALhas been established. Committee members (i.e., leader, secretary, treasurer, extension officer and other participants) are convened in order to share experiences and comment on the results obtained to date. There should be at least three Committee members in order to apply the follow-up survey, which is based on group responses. An SN-3 team member asks each CIAL member a series of questions and then probes or verifies the answers within the group. The survey covers five broad topics: 42 > comprehension of the CIAL process > comprehension of the research process > the degree of self-management > the evolution of group maturity > feedback to the community The results are tabulated and analyzed. Those tapies that require strengthening or greater effort by the CIAL and/or the facilitator are identified by the SN-3 team. These points are shared with the facilitators so that they can take corrective action as necessary. Results. Table 3 shows the organizations and facilitators involved in the CIAL follow-up activities conducted in 1999. The current status of the CIAL approach is presented on a country basis. Table 4 provides a synthesis of the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats identified by facilitators in implementing the CIAL approaches. Honduras. The rate of expansion has been considerable this past year. At present there are 58 active CIALs, working on 11 crops or systems. The commodities of greatest interest are common beans and maize-basic dietary staples in Honduras. The local empowerment achieved by CIALs, participating institutions and facilitators is readily seen. lnitially CIAT assumed the role of catalyst and convenor; whereas today, several local organizations have assumed responsibility. At least six meetings have been held by local organizations to discuss issues related to the CIALs. Two universities (EAP-Zamorano and CURLA) have assumed an active role in disseminating the approach, now being presented as part of the currículum for ingeniero agronomo studies. Six students from CURLA and one from EAP-Zamorano are doing thesis research related to the CIALs. A group of CIAL facilitators (Photo 2) is promoting the formation of state-level CIAL associations as an effective means of ensuring the sustainability of the CIALs. IPCA has already formed regional associations in Sta. Barbara and Y oro; UNIR/Zamorano has requested SN-3's assistance and that of the CORFOCIAL Coordinator from Cauca, Colombia. In December representatives from CIALs from across the country will hold a national- level meeting to form an ASOCIAL. Through the ASOCIAL, they expect to be able to attract more resources and to seek more effective strategic alliances with institutions from the Honduran agricultura! R&D sector. As part of the Kellogg Project, US$30,000 was earmarked for initiating the ASOCIAL Fund, which will be managed by a commission of representatives from participating institutions. US$25,000 was placed in a savings account and the remaining funds were destined to support projects to motívate CIALs to continue with their research projects. 43 Various CIALs have already developed projects to increase their CIAL fund through commercial production ventures. These projects have stimulated and strengthened them organizationally. Table 3. CIALs, organizations and facilitators involved in follow-up activities during 1999 Country/ No. No. Organization Month facili- CIALs Research Themes tators Visited JNo. CIALs/to~icl Honduras Feb 16 23 • Evaluation of bean varieties (10) IPCA • Evaluation of maize varieties (6) FEPRHO • Evaluation of cassava varieties (2) IHDER • Evaluation of onion varieties (1) SERTEDESO • Evaluation of soybean varieties (1) UNIR/Zamorano • Soil conservation in common beans Fund. Pico Bonito (1) PRR • Phase of the moon for planting maize (1) • Storage of maize (1) Fund. PROINPA Mar 5 7 • Evaluation of patato varieties resistant CEDEAGRO to frost (2) • lntegrated management of the Andean weevil (Premnotrsypes spp., Rhigopsídíus tucumanus) in potatoes (1) • Evaluation of patato varieties resistant to Phythoptora infestans ( 1) • Evaluation of bean varieties (1) • Control of sclerotinia in onions (1) • Evaluation of patato varieties resistant to the nematode Naccobbus aberrans 111 Nicaragua Apr 3 8 • Evaluation of bean varieties (5) INPRHU • Evaluation of maize varieties (3) UNICAM • Evaluation of soybean varieties (1) • Types of organic fertilizar in maize 111 Colombia Aug 15 8 • Evaluation of tomate varieties (2) CORPOICA: • Evaluation of maize varieties (2) Regional 3 and • Evaluation of maize varieties and their 7 agronomic management (1) SENA • Evaluation of papaya varieties (1) • Evaluation of cowpea varieties (1) • Evaluation of rice varieties11l Ecuador. Aug. 3 8 • Evaluation of patato varieties (4) INIAP • Evaluation of guinea pig breeds (2) IIRR • Evaluation of blackberry varieties (1) • E valuation of tomato varieties ( 1) 44 Photo 2. Honduran faci litators participating in SN-3 follow-up events during 1999 In general the CIAL approach has gained a great deal of ground in Honduras. Greater ernphasis needs to be placed on the use of the training handbooks in arder to strengthen the CIALs' cornprehension and cornrnand of the CIAL process and to facilitate their interactions with the facilitator. In sorne cornrnunities lirnited access to land has rnade it difficult to set up experirnents with sufficient replications. lt has been suggested that CIALs with land access problerns use srnaller plots and establish replications on the sarne farrn. Severa! CIALs have reached the production or cornrnercial experirnent stage, and are ready or nearly ready to rnake recornrnendations to their cornrnunities. Cornrnunication between the CIAL and the cornrnunity needs to be intensified given that sorne of thern have not been holding rneetings with due periodicity. Facilitators need to stirnulate th is activity; otherwise the results will not be socialized and the information will rernain in the hands of only a few, contrary to the CIAL principies. Bolivia. After visiting the states of La Paz and Cochabarnba, it was easy to appreciate the differences in the application of the CIAL approach arnong the diverse institutions and projects that are applying it. ~ PROINPA Foundation: As part of a restructuring process PROINPA changed its operational structure frorn Departrnents to Projects. This has rneant that sorne 45 CIALs, attended by facilitators from the Technology lnnovation Department (now called the Technology lnnovation and Gender Project, ITG), have been reassigned to other projects, whose status was not made clear in the annual operational plan. Sorne CIALs were left on their own because it was believed that they would be able to manage on their own. During the establishment of a new CIAL, frequent visits (ca. 2/mo) are required. Facilitators need to monitor CIAL progress, and to provide reinforcement whenever they note deficiencies. CIALs become more autonomous through a process of maturation that requires passing through severa! cycles of planning, conducting and evaluating experiments and presenting results to the community. The issue of commitment by PROINPA projects that are facilitating CIALs to should be resolved in the near future sin ce all ha ve expressed motivation to continue applying the approach. lnteresting linkages have been established between CIALs, local institutions and severa! new actors. The new linkages involve with animal traction projects, PROTRIGO, the National Sean Program, ASAGRO, agribusiness firms and university students doing thesis projects with CIALs. These new relationships are the result of the respect and credibility that the CIALs have earned; nevertheless, it is important that CIALs not be sidetracked from their research plans. The CIALs attended by ITG-PROINPA are progressing well. Severa! are testing IPM components for nematodes and frost problems. Their analytic capacity and comprehension of the CIAL process have evolved, as well as their ability to communicate their results to the community. Their commitment to the Sindicato·8 that elected them is clear. The CIALs make progress reports or meet every two weeks, taking advantage of regular Sindicato meetings. This linkage could be an entry point for stimulating collective action and should contribute to the continuity of CIAL research. The CIAL of Boquerón Alto, a recently formed and highly motivated group, has progressed with respect to the clarity of their concepts and objectives. Cebada Jichana has more experience and has produced clear results with their research on chemical control of the Andean weevil. They are beginning trials on varietal resistance to frost. They have established good linkages with several institutions in the region, with which they are testing technologies prioritized by the community; e.g., management to prevent soil degradation with the CIAT Hillsides Project. The CIAL of Kewiña Pampa is the only one in the country formed by women from the local Mothers Club. The group is well organized and clearly knows where they want to go with their research . They are about to initiate the harvest of their trial of varieties resistant to the nematode N. aberrans. Based on results obtained via the CIAL approach in severa! of their projects, PROINPA has established a clear commitment to institutionalize participatory evaluation of technologies and participatory plant breeding. The foundation is pursuing plans (through their Marketing Project) to obtain funds for participatory research approaches. Several projects are planning to providing resources to 6 Local associations of smallholder farmers who originally organized around issues such as land tenure or colonization. 46 support a facilitator from the ITG project, who will act as coordinator for participatory approaches and advisor to the other PROINPA projects. CEDEAGRO. This NGO from Mizque is in the process of refinancing their next phase and have had to let sorne of their CIAL facilitators go. This has affected the continuity of the process of sorne CIALs, which are clamoring for support. Although the CIALs continue to show great interest and dynamism, a great deal of valuable information is being lost for lack of a majar follow-up and analysis of their evaluations. One of these groups is Tucma Baja, the oldest CIAL in Bolivia. They have begun a crop diversification process, which is already spreading to other communities and neighboríng regions. The Tin-Tin CIAL has suffered as a result of deficiencies in their planning of the work involved in carrying out the experíment and misunderstandings among their members. These problems have been solved (one member was changed), and they are now preparing their confirmation trial on chemical control of Sclerotinia sp. , despite the fact that there is no facilitator responsible for the zone. The CEDEAGRO Director has expressed great interest in expanding the CIAL program to new communities. Until the expected resources arrive, however, they will require continued support from the PROINPA Foundation for training new facilitators. Universities: One student from the Universidad Tecnica de Oruro and 4 from the Universidad Mayor de San Simon are doing thesis projects related to the CIALs. The U. San Simon projects relate to soil fertility management and conservation issues. Nicaragua: On the visit made in April , SN-3 observed that sorne CIALs-despite their location in communities with a very low level of well being-are highly motivated to do research and improve their agrículture. Their level of self-management is evolving. A women's CIAL is raffling items to increase their CIAL petty cash fund. In another community they are selling soap and sugar in the local shop at a slightly higher price, and commiting the margin to the CIAL fund. A weakness is the deficient communication among the facilitators of participating institutions. Another important problem is the lack of technology alternatives for testing, especially improved germplasm of common beans and soybeans. Colombia: CORPOICA, through its Transfer and Development Program, has taken the initiative of disseminating the CIAL approach nationwide with support from SN-3. In line with this objective, a course for CIAL facilitators was given by SN-3 to CORPOICA staff the end of 1998. lt was attended by 32 people, including 4 from SENA, the institution funding CORPOICA's work with CIALs . In addition to the 26 CIALs set up by CORPOICA by mid-1998, they have formed another 29 groups in Regions 3 and 7 in northern and northeastern Colombia (Photo 3). CORPOICA also held their first regional 47 meeting of CIALs where each group shared the results obtained with other CIALs and with facilitators from CORPOICA and interested staff from other institutions. The new CIALs have progressed substantially despite the short time that they nave been in exístence. They are mastering the process, although they still requíre more training expecially in the use of the CIAL handbooks. A number of CIALs have benefited from study tours to visit other CIAL with more advanced research - this is particularly important as a means to stimulate CIALs who are just beginning. Many CORPOICA CIALs have established good levels of contact with the their communities and with neighboring communities . This has stimulated many requests for the formation of new CIALs. Photo 3. Members of the CIAL from Guaracaca, Guajira, Colombia, and CORPOICA technícíans (right) at the harvest of their papaya trial . Follow-up activities by CORPOICA and SN-3 identified the need to strengthen facilitator capacity related to experimental design for the CIAL trials and analysis of the participatory evaluatíons with the farmer groups. A specia/ course was designed around these tapies. The course given in Paipa, Boyacá, was attended by 23 facilitators. The CIALs must respond effectively to the interest and expectations created in their communities around the results expected from their research. In arder to facilitate the mastery of the CIAL process, CORPOICA has placed a high priority on providing follow- up to faciltators and CIALs at each stage of the CIAL research process (trial , confirmation, production and commercial-scale lots). Facilitators are responsible for helping CIAL members to understand the process and the reasons behind it. SN-3 has 48 suggested that greater attention should be given to in-depth analysis of the qualitative information developed through participatory work with farmers. This requires a radical departure from traditional research priorities, which generally stress quantitative results only. CORPICA plans to co-publish a book based on their experiences in research with farmers as partners. lnstitutionally a great deal has been gained. In the CRECED methodology1 and in the two regional offices where CORPOICA's CIAL Project is being carried out, the importance that the CIAL approach has acquired is readily perceived. Many of their facilitators are highly motivated and are exploring methodological aspects in greater depth. lmportant advances have been made in developing criteria (via a matrix approach) for selecting the communities where facilitators hold motivational meetings to explore the possibility of establishing aCIAL. CORPOICA is seeking resources to establish a network of CIALs (similar to CORFOCIAL) and to develop an information management system to support their work with CIALs. Ecuador: In the recent follow-up visit to the institutions implementing the methodology, the following was observed: • INIAP. Considerable progress has been made in institutionalization of participatory approaches within INIAP, in the potato, maize and quinoa projects. INIAP places great emphasis on farmer participation in all stages of varietal development. INIAP also maintains a high level of communication and interchange with counterpart organizations in Bolivia and Peru with respect to participatory plant breeding. • IIRR Today the CIAL Project forms part of the routine activities of this intemational NGO. The CIALs complement the "farmer-to-farmer'' approach, which this IIRR has been developing for severa! years. An important highlight is the agreement IIRR has made with the University of Loja to train their farmer-promoters in distance courses on agricultura! technology and the CIAL approach. The final element in the training of farmer-promotors is the formation of a CIAL in their community. The weakness of this modalíty is that when the promoters graduate, the CIAL has just reached the trial stage and may be left alone if they do not receive prompt assistance from a facilitator. SN-3 has recommended that the CIAL should be formed at the onset of the training course so that over the three years of their course of study and practice, farmer-promotors can provide adequate levels of training and follow-up to the CIALs and the process will not be interrupted just as it is being consolidated. The Farmer Field Schools (FFS) are being introduced in Ecuador, and CIAL members are being coopted as trainers for the formation of FFS. This could create confusion among the farmers about goals and objectives of the different 7 A CRECED is a decentralized unit for research and transfer of technology established in arder to better meet the needs of the farmers in each region. A limitation is that they are obliged to cover certain commodities of institutional priority that may not reftect the priorities of consitutent communities communities. 49 approaches. SN-3 has suggested that the opportunity be given to other people from the community to receive training in the FFS methodology. lnstitutional lmpact of the CIAL approach Over 400 facilitators have been trained in the CIAL approach (see Output 5 for details). Over 24% of these (115) have been trained by other institutions, indicating a high level of commitment to the approach. Severa! institutions have begun to produce their own promotional and training materials. The following examples of materials generated by other organizations working with the CIALs, constitutes further direct evidence of the impact the approach is having on R&D institutions in Latin America. Videos ~ lnvestigation participativa en Centro América. 1998. 11 Encuentro Nacional de CIAL en Honduras. ~ Fundación PROINPA. 1998. Primer Encuentro Nacional de CIAL en Bolivia. ~ FONAIAP. 1998. Visita al CIAL del Alto. ~ CORPOICNSENA. 1999. El Comité de Investigación Agrícola Local, CIAL. Technical notes ~ Gandarillas, E. 1997. Evaluación absoluta. Serie fichas técnicas 2/97. Programa de Investigación de la Papa, PROINPA. 7p. ~ Gandarillas, E. 1997. Cartilla de evaluación abierta. Serie fichas técnicas 3/97. Programa de Investigación de la Papa, PROINPA. 5p. ~ Gandarillas, E. 1997. Orden de preferencias. Serie fichas técnicas 4/97. Programa de Investigación de la Papa, PROINPA. 4p. ~ Gandari/las, E. 1997. Qué es el CIAL? Serie fichas técnicas 5/97. Programa de Investigación de la Papa, PROINPA. 4p. ~ Gandari/las, E. 1998. Cómo escoger técnicas para evaluar alternativas tecnológicas con la participación de agricultores. Serie fichas técnicas 6 Socioeconomía. Programa de Investigación de la Papa, PROINPA. 4p. Handbooks ~ Alvarez, R. ; Fierro, L.H.; Arévalo, M. 1999. lnvestigation agrícola participativa con productores. Convenio CORPOICA-SENA. Subdirección Sistemas de Producción. Programa Nacional de Métodos y Transferencia. Programa Transferencia de Tecnología Regional Uno. 30p. CD-ROM ~ Arévalo, M. & Fierro, L.H. 1999. Investigación agrícola participativa. Aprendizaje personalizado de la metodología CIAL. Convenio CORPOICA-SENA. 50 Table 4. Synthesis of strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats identified by the participants when implementing the CIAL approach. Strengths Opportunities - Persons trained, motivated - Current situation of the farmers - Pioneers of the CIAL approach in their motivates them to seek new respective countries alternativas - lnstitutions share vision of participatory - Change in the orientation of the research approaches institutional missions, from supply to - CIALs are appreciated in the countries demand driven - Multiplier effect of training - lnform managers and technicians of - Good approach for evaluating CIAL experiences technologies - Financia! entities that support - Farmers' technical knowledge participatory research recovered - Many NGOs and other institutions - Stimulates interest within communities interested in participatory research - Stimulates cirect communication with approaches the communities - The NARS require feedback from farmers Weaknesses Threats - Lack of specific projects for - Proposals that are not really institutionalizing the approach, as well participatory as for supporting/coordinating or - lncorrect implementation of the conducting follow-up of participatory approaches research - Difficult cconomic, political and social - More facilitators need to be trained situation in sorne countries - Lack of knowledge of participatory - Lack of committed institutional support approaches at managerial/directorial - lnstitutional rivalries level - Lack of continuity in the facilitators - Experiences not systematized and support to CIALs documented - Qualitative information from farmers' - Lack of coordination in the municipal research not systematized environment - Lack of ínter- and intra-institutional communication Training in the use of NRM decision-support tools, Cauca, the Dominican Republic and Honduras The NRM decision-support tools consist of 8 guides developed by various projects at CIAT in collaboration with farmers and professionals from national counterpart institutions. As part of its objective to strengthen local institutions in their rural development work, a training process was initiated in Colombia and severa! Central American countries-specifically Honduras and Nicaragua. The main objective was to 51 train trainers in arder to diffuse knowledge, capacity and the final application of the methodologies by a range of different local institutions, NGOs and GOs. Santander de Quilichao workshop. 14-23 April. This workshop consisted of a process of identifying partners, training them and presenting the methodologies for the end-users. The workshop was organized by CIAT and its partner organizations from CIPASLA and organizations related to the Guadalajara watershed in Buga. A total of 33 technicians from 20 organizations and 20 farmers were trained in the decision-support tools (see also final report by Olaf Westermann & Vicente Zapata)/ As a follow up to the workshop, the participants were asked to prepare action plans, specifying how and when they were going to apply the methodologies. At meetings in May and July, agreements were reached to carry on with two larger projects: ~ Ex-ante analysis of the economic feasibility of forage technologies and systems for conserving and recovering degraded soils in the Andean Region of Colombia. This analysis had been requested by international donors befare final approval of the main project to be executed by FIDAR (Foundation for Agricultura! Research and Development), a Cali-based NGO, and CIAT Project IP-5 (Tropical Grasses and . .... .. ! 1 ... '· ~ .. ... • ~~- - , • .... • ~ .. - 4 11 ---· Photo 4. Participants in the Santander de Quilichao workshop 52 Legumes). Furthermore, institutions such as SENA, CVC, Comité de Cafeteros, UMATA, CORPOCUENCAS and the Producers' Environmental Association will participate. The final project will allow sorne of the research results obtained by CIAT projects (IP-5 and Laderas) to reach at least 150 farmers and more than 20 extension officers. August 25-27. a Strategic Planning Workshop (using SWOT analysis) was held to form an interinstitutional consortium and develop a project propasa! for its initial activities. This initiative emerged because sorne of the participating institutions at the Santander de Quilichao workshop wished to join torces in the use and application of the decision- support tools. At the moment the consortium COMVALLE (Consorcio lnterinstitutional para el Manejo de los Recursos Naturales del Norte y Centro del Valle del Cauca) consists of more than 11 organizations: Eco-Futuro, CORPOCUENCAS, Planeación Departamental, INTEP, CIAT, CIPASLA, CORPOICA, FIDAR, UMATA, ASIA VA and ITA. Participants worked on the Consortium's vision, mission and objectives, as well as its strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats against it and its projects. Based on a summary of the workshop and a project propasa! previously prepared by Eco- Futuro in collaboration with CIAT (Vicente Zapata), members had until 20 September to make comments on the strategic plan and the first project proposal. The proposed project aims to incorporate the 8 decision-making tools in the member organizations' daily work in rural development and NRM. A first step will be to train from 40-56 professional, extension officers and community leaders within the consortium's area of action in the application, adoption and evaluation of the methodologies. Training will be done by the members already trained at the Santander de Quilichao workshop from 16-26 November. The next step will be to stimulate the formulation and execution of action plans that will be selected according to criteria established by the Consortia. Another important objective of the Consortia will be to coordinate and evaluate these action plans. Training courses in the Dominican Republic and in Honduras The training course in the Dominican Republic took place from 22 June-3 July. More than 40 participants from 20 different organizations participated in the course, which basically had the same objectives as the course in Santander de Quilichao (See final report by Vicente Zapata). The course in Honduras took place from 12-22 September and differed slightly in that it aimed at creating a national training team in the use and training of the decision-support tools for Honduras (and later on for Nicaragua and Colombia). Participants in previous courses have only trained professionals and extension officers within their own organizations. This team will carry out a series of national training events for local users of the tools. After their training, users will design "action plans" as was done in the case of Colombia and the Dominican Republic. 53 Training of interviewers for country-wide survey and facilitators for community- level Participatory Diagnostic Meetings (PDM) in Honduras T able 5 summarizes the training events for preparing facilitators for community-level PDMs conducted as part of the process of developing an approach for extrapolating results of participatory diagnoses and evaluation of technology (See Output 1) Table 5. Training events in 1999 related to community-level participatory diagnosis meetings. Participants Date location No. Type 27 July, 1999 CIAT-Tegucigalpa 2 Regional directors of DICTA and FAO-Honduras 5 Aug., 1999 DICTA-Tegucigalpa 9 DICTA, FAO and CIAT agronomists Training Objectives ~ Obtain support from regional directors for the participation of their staff in this project. ~ Enable facilitators to convene a representative cross-section of the community to a Participatory Diagnosis Meeting (PDM). ~ Enable facilitators to follow a flowchart for guiding the PDMs. ~ Enable facilitators to organize and summarize information generated during PDMs. ~ Enable facilitators to handle plenary and small group sessions. ~ Enable facilitators to determine aggregate well-being ranking and gender composition of PDM participants. Training objectives for survey team A team of interviewers was trained to conduct surveys in Honduras related to the project on extrapolation of information and results from participatory research. Three secondary school graduates with sorne agricultura! training were trained in June 1999 by SN-3 team members. The training objectives included: ~ Able to understand content of survey questions. ~ Able to adjust the vocabulary used in the survey so that it is understandable to household members interviewed. ~ Capable of paraphrasing survey questions as necessary so that they are comprehensible to household members interviewed. ~ Capable of checking surveys for errors and making necessary adjustments and corrections befare leaving the area. ~ Capable of applying the entire survey within a reasonable time trame. 54 ln-service training In use of the preteren ce ranking matrix Actors. A total of 60 technicians and professionals have been trained to use the matrix. Procedure. Teach the philosophy of logit analysis and how the information is processed so that the user can construct and interpret the graphics of acceptance. Then the entities participating in the training evaluate it and provide feedback to made the necessary adjustment required to obtain the alpha version. Accomplishments. CNPMF in Brazil has been the leader in managing this tool, with a potential that goes beyond what was originally visualized. lt is being applied in the selection of varieties in both the breeding and pathology programs. Workshops: Statistical analysis of information generated in PB and PR work on highland crops in the Andean region (Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru). 55 Output 4: Material and information on participatory research approaches, analytical tools, indigenous knowledge and organizational principies developed Person Responsible: Ann Braun Researchers: Helena Aizen (consultant), Ann Braun,Trudy Brekelbaum (consultant) Jorge Luis Cabrera, Simon Chater (consultant), Silvia Caicedo (consultant) Maria Femandez, Maria del Pilar Guerrero, Luis Alfredo Hemandez, Carlos Arturo Quirós, José lgnácio Roa, Alexandra Walter, Olaf Westermann, Vicente Zapata (consultant) Milestones in 1999 * CIPASLA case documented * San Sosco CIAL case documented * Software for statistical application for analyzing preference ranking tested and disseminated * Training materials developed for new CIAL trainer-facilitator course * CIAL Training materials and promotional brochure, translated into English * 3 Web sites designed and on líne in Spanish and English * Video about the CIAL national meetings available for promotion of CIAL associations * 3 papers and book chapters published or in press * 9 Powerpoint presentations in English and Spanish available * 3 final project reports and 5 research proposals written and presented to donors Book The CIAL experience. The draft of the book entitled "" lnvesting in Farmer Researchers: Experience in Latín America" was sent to 30 reviewers. Modifications were developed based on their feedback. The book will go to press in December. The following is a summary of the book: Participatory approaches to research and development appropriate to the needs of small-scale farmers have become widespread in the past decade. This book describes experiences with one such approach, the Comité de Investigación Agrícola Local (CIAL) or local agricultura! research committee. The concept of the CIAL was developed in the hillsides of Latín America by a tea m at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). In essence, the CIAL is a 56 farmer-based research service answerable to the local community. The committee (four or more people) is democratically elected to conduct research on priority tapies identified through a diagnostic process in which all are invited to participate. After each experiment, the committee reports its results back to the community, who decide whether they wish the CIAL to continue its work. Each CIAL has a small fund to offset the costs and risks of research. At least initially, CIALs are supported by a trained facilitator. Experience in the Cauca Department of Colombia, where the concept was first tested, showed that the CIAL approach can benefit the wider community as well as individual CIAL members. The benefits vary according to the tapie under research, but include increased crop production, greater availability of improved seed, the introduction of milling equipment, and improved access to credit, training and other inputs from the formal research and development system. The results of CIAL research may become widely dissemínated and there is strong participation by marginalized groups, including women, landless laborers and indigenous communities. Many CIALs develop into small businesses, selling improved seed or other products or services. Over 200 CIALs have now been launched in eight countries by various types of organization, including non-government organizations, universities and national research institutions. The CIAL process has proved replicable in different countries and by different types of supporting institution, provided its basíc principies are adhered to. The most important of these is provision of the fund, which empowers farmers to take control of the research process. Other principies include the generation of knowledge by building on experience and learning by doing, and mutual respect and shared decision making between the CIAL and externa! actors. lnstitutions launching a CIAL program need to invest in training if their staff is to facílitate the CIAL process effective/y. Second-order organizations, formed by the CIALs of a specific region or country, appear to be a cost-effective way of providing additional support. The CIAL movement is still young and its future evolution is uncertain. lf properly managed, CIALs seem likely to deliver substantial growth and equity benefits, although their effects on the sustainability of production are less predictable. By allowing adaptive research to be devolved to the farming community, CIALs may also cut the costs of formal research while increasing its impact. The long-term financia! sustainability of the CIALs and their second-order organizations is a majar challenge for the future. Video The video entitled "SEMBRADORES DE ESPERANZA" (Pianting Hope) was fi/med at the 2nd National Meeting of the CIALs in Honduras, a forum where farmer researchers present the results of their experiments to other CIALs and to agricultura! professionals. The video also features interviews in which CIAL members talk about what the CIAL 57 national meeting and their participation in community research means to them and how it has affected their lives. Analytical tools Version 1.0 beta (in Spanish) of the statistical application for analyzing the preference ranking using the computer. For more information, see Output 1. Case studies CIPASLA. This case study on CIPASLA (Spanish acronym for lnterinstitutional Consortium for Sustainable Hillside Agriculture) was initiated by a consultant in February. The objective was to describe the experience of the Consortium's work for the past 7 years. The following aspects were addressed: ~ Historical overview of the development of CIPASLA. ~ Organizational development of the Consortium and of the Association of Beneficiaries of the Cabuyal River Microwatershed, ASOBESURCA ~ Analysis of the results of CIPASLA with respect to: }> lnterinstitutional coordination }> Projects implemented }> Financia! resources obtained. }> Conservation, management and recovery of the natural resources of the Cabuyal River microwatershed }> Community participation in the implementation of projects and resulting benefits in terms of: > agricultura! production > conservation of the resources > quality of lite. > other specific indicators In addition to existing documents (e.g., project reports, committee meeting minutes, financia! statements), a series of interviews were conducted with representatives of entities that participated actively from the beginning, CIPASLA staff, Board members of ASOBESURCA, as well as members of other grassroots groups that have had something todo with CIPASLA (e.g. , the lndian Council from La Laguna-Siberia). lt has not been possible to fin ish this case study because of problems of social unrest, which have made fieldwork difficult. In arder to overcome sorne of these impediments, two structured surveys were conducted: one with representatives from the participating entities and the other community members who participated in the execution of ASOBESURCA projects. lt is expected that the final report wi ll be finished by the end of the year. 58 Training materials English version of CIAL Handbooks 1-7 in process of translation and will go to press by the end of the year. Handbooks 8-13 will be translated in early 2000. CIAL Facilitator Training Resources. Two volumes of resource materials for CIAL facilitators are in the process of being revísed for subsequent publication. As a consequence of the CIAL training-of-trainers course given in August, it was decided to publish these materials, together with the specific materials developed for training trainers in the form of a CO-ROM. These materials will be ready in early 2000. For details on course orientation, see Output 2. MUNK R., HELLE; WESTERMANN, OLAF; GUERRERO, MARIA DEL PILAR.1999. Metodología de análisis de grupos de interés para el manejo colectivo de recursos naturales en mícrocuencas.Guia 4.En:lnstrumentos metodológicos para la toma de decisiones en el manejo de los recursos naturales.133p. Brochure The CIALs at a Glance. The 1998 version is being updated for printing by the end of 1999 in both English and Spanish. Web sites CIALs: This Web site (http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/cials) has been online since 1 April. The site contains information on CIAL principies, practices and processes in Spanish and English. A case study of the San Sosco CIAL is available in the English section of the site. Plans for expansion include addition of: ~ directory of institutions facilitating CIALs with emaillinks ~ more case studies ~ impact indicators ~ photo library ~ document library containing materials created by a diversity of ínstitutions working with CIALs 59 ~onding to the nt!t!t/$ "' rural communit/e$ in utin America m 1990 a&I:a ,.ll'tie4 • .,., R.uutcn PTottoet ~d n ...... ,_ ·-wm cacoao..-.. (c.nill6 die rm...tlpcóin ÁpÍC»Uo L-.1, cu.J. ) in C.~•'• C...,. o.ar-tw tttrt.,. ~ tw .,..,. r-..-.c~.-IQiftl.lral.._ctl ' '"'IIOini:UtiOfVIn ll ~lnQall p~ • • Slncla 1tlen mor•UYn ZSO CIAI.JI .._. fotltiNid ir18 -•'" lb\I.HGOs. ~ r-cft e-.-. M'td ..,m...oilioaa in C....,....,. s..dh ,A,_ u . Figure 2. The CIAL Web site: http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/cials FPR-IPM: This Web site (http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/fpr-ipm) has been online since February 1997. The site and the related listserver (fpr-ipm@cgiar.org) are the principal communication media for the task force on Fanner Participatory Research for IPM of the CGIAR Systemwide IPM Program. The site features infonnation in Spanish and English on the history, objectives and activities of the task force, a file library and links to related sites. 60 Papers and book chapters BRAUN, A. R., G. THIELE & M. FERNANDEZ. 1999. La escuela de campo para MIP y el Comité de Investigación Agrícola Local: Plataformas complementarias para fomentar decisiones integrales para la agricultura sostenible [The IPM Farmer Field School and the Local Agricultura! Research Committee: Complementary platforms to foment integrated decisions for sustainable agriculture], Manejo Integrado de Plagas. (CATIE Costa Rica) 53:1 -23. See Output 1 for summary. IGLESIAS, C. & LA. HERNÁNDEZ. 1999. Mejoramiento de yuca en Latín America y el Caribe: Interface entre los mejoradores y mercados de la yuca [Cassava breeding in Latin America and the Caribbean: Interface between the breeders and the markets for cassava] Chapter on participatory breeding: In J.A. Ashby & L. Sperling (eds), Participatory Plant Breeding and Rural Development, Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis, CIAT, Cali , Colombia. (English and Spanish versions in revision). BRAUN, A.R. 1999 Participatory Research in Latin America. Proceedings. Forages for Smallholders Workshop. Oct. 1999, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. CSIRO. Presentations The following presentations are available as Powerpoint shows: ~ Participatory Research and IPM: CIALs and Farmer Field Schools ~ Farmer Participatory Research Approaches for Technology Development and Natural Resource Management ~ Community Telecenters and Participatory Research ~ What is a CIAL? ~ Approaches to Participatory Research ~ Participatory Research in Latín America ~ Los CIAL en Breve ~ El Proyecto CIAT sobre Enfoques Participativos en la Investigación Project reports and proposals SUSTAINING CIALS: Extending Lessons Learned from Community-based Agricultura! Research Services in Latin America; Concept note, submitted to W .K. Kellogg Foundation, June 1999. Extrapolation of participatory diagnoses and evaluations of technology via GIS and Poverty Mapping. Final report to 108 on the Poverty Mapping Project, Sept 1999. Stake and stakeholders: Analysis of the benefits and beneficiarias of building capacity for collective NRM in hillside watersheds (SN-3, BP-1 ). Concept note submitted to CGIAR Systemwide program for collective action and property rights (CAPRi). Landscape management: Between consensus and conflict. Collaborative research proposal involving CIAT projects SN-3, PE-3, PE-4; lnstitute of Research Assessment- 62 Tanzania; Center for Development Research, Roskilde U., U. of Copenhagen-Denmark. lncludes the outline of a PhD proposal. Submitted to the Danish Council for Development Research (RUF) . lnforCauca- Community Telecenters: A Strategy to Foster Sustainable Development in Southwestern Colombia; concept note, submitted to IDRC, Sept 1999. Enabling IPM Programs to include Farmers as Partners in Research and Learning FPR- IPM concept note; Collaborative effort among SP-IPM, GIPMF, SP-PRGA. Westermann, O y V. Zapata. 1999. Informe del Curso sobre Instrumentos Metodológicos para la Toma de Decisiones en el Manejo de los Recursos Naturales, Cali, Colombia. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT Zapata, V. 1999. Instrumentos Metodológicos para la Toma de Decisiones en el Manejo de los Recursos Naturales: lnforme.del Curso Realizado en colaboración con el CEDAF, República Dominicana. Cali, Colombia. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT. BRAUN, A. Participatory research approaches. Response toa survey of successful sustainable agricultura! development projects, conducted by the Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex SAFE-Wor1d Research Project. 8 p. 63 Output 5: lmpact of SN-3 Project activities documented Person Responsible: Ann Braun Researchers: Ann Braun, Elias Claros, Jorge Luis Cabrera, James Garcia, Maria del Pilar Guerrero, Luis Alfredo Hernandez, Carlos Arturo Quirós, José lgnácio Roa, Olaf Westermann Milestones in 1999 * lndicators for benchmarking progress towards scaling up and institutionalization of CIAL approach, defined * CIAL benchmark data processed and systematized * Case study by IPCA, a Honduran NGO, on their experiences with CIALs * Second-order associations created in three states of Honduras; national-level federation, forthcoming * Farmer participatory evaluation of live-barrier technology disseminated by CIPASLA, initiated. lndicators for benchmarking progress During 1999 progress was made in defining a series of indicators for benchmarking progress towards scaling up and institutionalization of the CIAL approach. The lndicators fall into 3 categories: CIAL capacity as a community-based research service: For CIALs to have impact they must successfully provide a research service to their communities. Their capacity to do so depends upon their comprehension of the research process, their progress towards maturation, their capacity for self-management and whether their research products are taken up by the community: lndicators of maturity in CIALs include the number of experiments completed, diversity of research themes, involvement in community service, formation of microenterprises and formation of regional associations. Scaling up: lndicators include ~ Number of countries hosting CIALs ~ Total number of CIALs ~ Number and diversity of facilitating organizations ~ Estimated number of people benefited 64 lnstitutionalization: lndicators include: ~ Number facilitators trained ~ Number of trainers trained ~ Number of requests for publications and training materials ~ Number of participatory research projects initiated by organizations forming CIALs Gender and poverty class equity. Equity is a concern in the process of disseminating and scaling up the CIAL approach to participatory research. Of particular concern is whether CIALs are reaching poor groups and women. lndicators include: ~ Participation of women in CIALs ~ Perceptions of poorer community members regarding local impact of CIALs 1999 benchmark data Comprehension of the research process: (learning curve index) Figure 1 shows the learning curve for the 53 CIALs established in Cauca from 1990-98. The data originate from routine monitoring and evaluation (M&E) visits to the CIALs in which the level of understanding of the research process is explored. CIAL members are asked to explain the experimental objective and design, its relevance and the expected results. They are asked about the role of treatments, the control and replications. The CIAL approach minimizes the economic risk associated with experimentation by initiating the research process with a very small-scale experiment and gradually increasing the scale in successive experiments. The M&E process also explores the CIAL's understanding of the reasoning behind this risk management tactic. 65 100 e 90 o ¡¡ e • 80 ~ i o 70 u 8 01 60 = i • ..J ~ 50 o o 40 "$ o 1-2 3-4 >4 No. of experfments .... Objec:INe .... Ralevarce -- Deslgn - - Cortrol --- Risk --- Traatnwts -- R.eplicalion -+- ~ed resUt Figure 1. The learning curve of 53 CIALs located in Cauca, Colombia. The learning curve demonstrated that sorne concepts such as the role of replication, control, risk and comprehension of the kind of results expected from an experiment are less easily understood than the objective, concept and design. The curve suggests that comprehension of the research process develops as a consequence of conducting severa! experiments and that under the conditions of Cauca State, 5 or more experiments were required by 70% or more of those CIALs in arder to understand the research process fully. This pattern suggests that a mature CIAL is ene that has conducted more than 4 experiments. CIAL maturity. Based on the learning curve, a simple classification typology was developed (Novice: 1-2 experiments completed; lntermediate : 2-4; Mature: >4). From 1998-99, a demographic shift occurred with respect to maturity in the CIALs (Fig. 2). In 1998 the majority of CIALs were in the novice stage and only 14% were mature. By 1999 the majority of CIALs were in the intermediate stage, having completed 3-4 experiments, and 74 (30%) of the 244 CIALs in existence had reached the mature stage. 66 140 120 100 80 60 40 20. o No vice lntermed i ate Mature .1998 .1999 Figure 2. CIALs by maturlty level in 1998 (n = 236) and 1999 (n = 244). Self-management capacity: (self-management index). The CIAL M&E process includes exploration of the development of self-management capacity (Fig. 3). The dimensions considered include: administration and status of the CIAL fund, ability to seek externa! support directly, ability to manage the CIAL process independently; member attendance record, group cohesiveness and capacity for interna! conflict resolution. The 1998 data for Cauca CIALs (n=53) reinforces the conclusion that maturity requires a process involving the implementation of 5 or more experiments. Good performance in most of the self-management dimensions required the experience of managing at least 5 experiments for the majority of Cauca CIALs. In this particular regional group, the most difficult challenge was related to replenishment of the CIAL fund. The fund consists of a small amount of money ($50-120 depending on research theme) that is provided to the CIAL as seed money. The CIAL is responsible for assuring that the fund is not decapitalized by reinvesting earnings from the sale of the harvest from the experiments. lf the cost of the experiment cannot be recovered directly, the CIAL and the community are jointly responsible for finding other mechanisms to prevent decapitalization of the fund. 67 OALStage - Poor/SelcXm New Intenrediate Mature Fair/~ c:::J GxxVFreq.Jert ~ Pdrrinístraticn d CALfund Rnandal st:ab.Js d CALfund Ability to ~ extanal ~ su~ dira:t!y Ability to rranage CAL ~ ~ ~ inclep:n:lently c.am-ittee 11 e 1 res' e ~ 05 attemance at CAL events ~ atlesivaless ~ C3 G Cooflid: re:duticn ~ ~ G Figure 3. Capacity for self-management in Cauca CIALS (n=53, 1998). Diversity of CIAL research themes. In both 1998 and 1999 experimentation with germplasm involving evaluation of varieties or new crops was the most frequent research theme chosen by the CIAL communities (Fig 4) . Other main research themes were crop, pest and disease management, soil and water management, and small livestock. During 1999 there was an explosion in the diversity of experimentation with germplasm. In 1999 the number of CIALs experimenting with fruits (blackberries, lulo or naranjil/o8 and papaya) jumped from 13 to 20 (Table 1). Another 10 CIALs initiated experiments with vegetables (bread common beans, bell pepper), small grains (rice, wheat, oats), coffee and flowers. Experimentation with varieties of common beans, maize and plantain remained the same or increased slightly; that with cassava and potatoes declined by 41 %. 8 Solanum quitoensís. 68 Figure 4. Main CIAL experimental themes in 1998 and 1999. 1 1 1 E - '- ...::.::: en (/) Q) u '-(/) Q) -- E.9 Q) ro c. roE .c. c. - ~O) (/)~ -c. o E o :=E > '- '- o Q.) () (/) <.9 No. of microenterprises created by CIALs. A total of 11% of the CIALs have created small businesses based on the products of their research (Table 2): 14 in Colombia, 10 in Honduras, 2 in Ecuador and 1 in Bolivia. The majority are seed enterprises (common beans, maize, potatoes, blackberries, snap beans). Six CIALs in Honduras have established community shops to reduce the cost of acquiring basic products and to increase opportunities for commercializing local products. The San Isidro women's CIAL in Cauca originally formed because of women's concerns about child nutrition in the community. After experimentíng with soybean varieties and solving problems like the difficulty of shelling them so that they could be processed, the women initiated experimentation with several different soy products. 69 Table 1. Diversity of CIAL experimentation with germplasm in 1998 and 1999. No. CIALs Experimenti~g 1998 1999 Crop Common beans 36 41 Maize 31 32 Fruits 13 20 Pota toes 30 14 Cassava 28 10 Onions 7 6 Plantain 4 4 Snap beans 2 4 Soybeans 2 4 Sugarcane 4 4 Tomatoes 4 4 Forages 3 3 Peas 6 3 Broad beans o 2 Flowers o 2 Bell peppers o 1 Coffee o 1 Oats o 1 Rice o 1 Tobacco o 1 Wheat o 1 Table 2. Small businesses created by CIALs Product or Business No. Microenter~ises lmproved common bean seed 7 lmproved maize seed and processed maize in different presentations 2 Seed potatoes 2 Communitv shop 7 lmproved maize seed 2 Organicpane/a 1 Guinea pig meat 1 Sunflower oil 1 Soy products (milk, flour and bread) 1 Blackberry fruit and seed 1 Snap bean seed 1 Rental of oxen for land preparation 1 l Non-centnfuged brown sugar patty. 70 No. of community service activities performed by CIALs. IPCA (Participatory Research for Central America) is an NGO that has formed 28 of the 56 CIALs in Honduras. IPCA reports 3 community development projects conducted by CIALs during 1999. Project 1. Twenty CIALs in the Yorito area have set up interna! rotating savings and credit systems to increase savings capacity and provide a source of credit that does not require extensive paperwork or collateral. Each CIAL has established rules and regulations for operating the rotating fund. The CIAL treasurer maintains records of the savings and loans made by each participant. Additionally each CIAL organizes fund- generating activities. Proceeds are divided and deposited in the accounts of the participants according to prior agreement. Project 2: In arder to diversify the activities of each CIAL and provide a means of replenishing and incrementing the CIAL fund, 17 CIALs developed and submitted a project to ASOCIAL, the second-order organization formed by the IPCA CIALs in Honduras. The projects revolve around commercially oriented production of maize, beans, pig or chickens. Each CIAL could request up to LP$2500 (US$). Upon sale of the produce raised via the project, the CIAL agreed to return 50% of their loan to ASOCIAL and to deposít the remainder in their CIAL fund. A spin-off benefit is the building of local capacity in the formulation and presentation of projects. Project 3: Seven CIALs in Honduras have established community shops with the objective of reducíng the cost of purchasing basic products-thereby increasing opportunity for commercialization of local products and reducing the time and money spent on travel to commercial centers. The CIALs involved are those that have been the most successful in managing their CIAL fund and in envisioning their evolution towards a commercial enterprise. These CIALS have held consultative meetings with representatives from COMAL, a Honduran network that provides advice and other support services to small enterpríses. ~ In Colombia CORFOCIAL, the second-order organization of CIALs in Cauca State, reports six community service projects as of 1999. ~ Ten CIALs have been promoting the planting of live barriers in their communities. One has established a germplasm and multiplication bank for tour live barrier species. ~ Eight CIALs have organized community participation in Agricultura! Expos. The San Isidro Women's CIAL won a trophy for these efforts. ~ Three CIALs have provided training on the cultivation of soybeans and/or on the preparation of soy-based food products. ~ One CIAL has organized a rotating savings/credit fund. ~ Two CIALs have organized community drives to clean up a locallake. ~ Two CIALs have facilitated the formation of other CIALs • One CIAL has organized vaccination campaigns to protect village children from disease. ~ One CIAL has been offering their experiments as a learning lab where local school children can experience the research process firsthand ~ One CIAL has involved the community in protecting and conserving local water resources. 71 No. of second-order organizations (CIAL associations) formed ~ CORFOCIAL was formed in 1994 with technical assistance from CIAT (SN-3). Membership stands at 46 CIALs today. ~ ASOCIAL was formed with 28 CIALs in 1999 with technical assistance from IPCA. Examples of uptake of research products by CIAL communities. In 1988 a sociologist, studied local experimentation in a number of Cauca communities (Patiño 1988). He found three m a in types of farmer experiments: ~ new crop varieties and species. ~ cultural practices. ~ inputs (mainly fertilizers and pesticides). Patiño found that about half of all farmer experiments were related to new crop varieties and species. Four of the communities in Patiño's study went on to form CIALs. To examine how the establishment of the CIALs had influenced local experimentation beyond the CIAL itselfSN-3 revisited these communities (145 people interviewed) and four others from Patiño's study that did not form CIALs (91 people). In 1988 farmers were experimenting with varieties of beans, maize, coffee, plantain, forages and sugarcane. In 1998, the range of crop varieties being tested had increased to include cassava, potatoes, snap beans, peas, tomatoes, blackberries, onions, lulo or naranjillo, soybeans, squash, cilantro and bell peppers (Fig. 5). More experimentation was occurring in communities with CIALs than in communities where there were none. In 1988 farmers trying new species mentioned experiments with tomatoes, snap beans, potatoes, squash , bell peppers, peas, cucumbers, cabbage, beets and soybeans. In 1998 the range of new crops tested was slightly more diverse. New species were being tested by 51 and 35%, respectively, of the farmers in communities with and without CIALs. More intense experimentation was occurring in the CIAL than in the non-CIAL communities, particularly with horticultura! and fruit crops including tomatoes, beans, blackberries, snap beans, potatoes, bell peppers, squash, peas, cabbage, cucumbers, beets and carrots (Fig. 6). 72 ro~--------------------------------------_, so 10 - With CIALs lEE Without OAI..s Beans .. IVaize" Cassava Coffee .. Plantain- Potato Fooages" Sugarcane- Snapbean Pea Torrato Blackberry Olion 1\iara)jillo &t.¡ Squash Olantro Bell Peppef o~~~~~~~~~~~t~•~•~A•~·~ .. n:~~~n ·~ BeaMaíGasCofPia Pa ForSugSnaPeaTomBia Oli Nar~~ 01 Pep Crop varieties tested Figure 5. Farmer experimentation with crop varieties in communities with and without CIALs, 1998, Cauca, Colombia. ** indicates that experimentation was reported with varieties of this crop in 1988 (Patiño 1988). 73 18 16 al 14 e: ;:; e: 12 Gl E ·¡: Gl Q. )( 10 Gl ~ 8 Gl e 6 J! - o ~ o 4 2 o - WithCIALs 191!1 Wíthout CIALs In TorrBea Bla Sna Mai Pot PapPepSquPeaCabCuc PI a Bee CarCasSugSoy Cof New crops tested Tomato- Beans Blacl -- Adopt ;::: .! 50 ~ 40 :::J u 30 20 10 o 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Year Figure 7. Experimentation with and adoption of the Caucayá bean variety in the community where it was first tested by a CIAL (Pescador) and in 4 communities with and 4 without CIALs. Scaling up Countries hosting CIALs. Colombia and Honduras have 65% of the CIALs between them (Fig. 8). CIALs were initiated there in 1990 and 1996, respectively. In Ecuador, El Salvador Bolivia and Nicaragua the first CIALs were also established in 1996; and in Venezuela, 1997. During 1999 SN-3 received inquiries from organizations in Panama, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia and southern Brazil about the possibility of initiating training in the CIAL approach. A CIAL course was held in Mexico in October, and funds are being sought for training by IAPAR in Southern Brazil. 75 \ tf •srazil8% • Bolivia 7% • Colombia 42% D Ecuador 11% • Honduras 23% O Nicaragua 3% • El Salvador 4% • Venezuela 2% Figure 8. CIALs by country. Total number of CIALs. This year saw an increase in the number of CIALs from 236 to 244 in Colombia, Honduras, Ecuador, Venezuela and Nicaragua (Fig. 9). 250 .. 200 ....1 ~ o o 150 ci e ... > ~ 100 :; E o o 50 o ~~~--~--~~--~--~ . 89 91 93 95 97 99 Year Figure 9. Growth of CIALS during the 1990s. Number and diversity of institutions facilitating CIALs. There are 21 NGOs, 16 governmental organizations (GOs) and 2 universities are facilitating CIALs (Table 3). CIA T's Hillside Program is facilitating tour CIALs in Nicaragua. The greatest diversity of facilitating organizations is found in Ecuador, where a number of NGOs have been trained by the international NGO, IIRR. Colombia and Honduras also have high organizational diversity with GOs predominating in Colombia and NGOs in Honduras. 76 Table 3. Number and type of organizations facilitating CIALs, by country. No. Organizations Facilitating CIALs Country NGOs GOs Univ. In ti. TOTAL Bolivia 2 2 o o 4 Brazil o 4 o o 4 Colombia 3 5 o o 8 Ecuador 7 2 1 o 10 El Salvador 1 o o o 1 Honduras 7 o 1 o 8 Nicaragua 2 o o 1 3 Venezuela 1 3 o o 4 TOTAL 21 16 2 1 40 Overall, NGOs have facilitated the greatest proportion of CIALs, with 49% compared to 41% for GOs (Fig. 1 0). Mixed partnerships involving 2 different types of organizations have facilitated 5% of the CIALs. University involvement has been much weaker that that of other organizations . .f\X30 49% •G041% Olkli 3% o lnf12'lk 11Mxed5% Figure 1 O. Percent CIALs by type of facilitating organization. Estimated number of people benefited. Four is the mínimum number of members for forming a CIAL, but many CIALs have more than four members. In Honduras, for example, CIALs range in size from 5-25 members, and the average CIAL is staffed by 10 members. This pattern is becoming increasingly common in other countries as well. Newly formed CIALs benefit their members directly through the training they receive on information-gathering, planning, execution, evaluation, analysis and record-keeping related to the research process. A series of CIAL handbooks (13) were specifically designed to support this process. An average of 1 O households are estimated to benefit directly from the participation of one of their members in a newly formed CIAL. 77 By the time CIALs have reached the intermediate stage of development, 83% (Cauca CIALs) have held at least one meeting to report their progress and results to the community which typically consists of 50-100 families. This is the first in a series of benefits that go beyond the CIAL members themselves. Many CIALs perform community service or community development roles. For example, 20 of the 28 CIALs formed by IPCA in Honduras have organized rotating savings/credit funds, and 7 have set up cooperative shops where basic products are sold. Mature CIALs have typically made recommendations to their communities based on the results of their research, and 80% report majar changes occurring in theír communities as a result of the CIAL process. Many have particípated in local and regional forums such as the CIAL "Encounter" organized by ASOCIAL (Honduras) and CORFOCIAL (Colombia) A quarter of the CIALs that have reached the mature stage have created a small enterprises that reach beyond the CIAL community. As a first step in estimating the number of people benefitted from the establishment of a CIAL as acommunity-managed research service, a scenario approach was taken. The driving torces for the scenario approach were based on inputs from experienced CIAL facilitators who participated in the 1999 course for trainer-facílitators (see Output 3). CORPOICA identified the importance of consolidating the CIAL maturation process by providing monitoring and evaluation input at each step of the research process. Their observations support the learning curve concept identified by SN-3 for the Cauca CIALs. The rate of maturation of the CIALs was therefore considered as a driving force in constructing scenarios around the issue of benefits. The second driving force was identified by the IDRC-funded IPCA Project in Honduras. The increase in CIAL membership in Honduras and elsewhere has been driven by the need to ensure that a small group does not privatize the benefits. A second driving force for the benefit scenario was therefore considered to be the capacity of CIALs to extend benefits within and outside the community. The rate of development from the novice to the intermediate to the mature CIAL stage was projected from the CIAL database and 2 scenarios were constructed by assuming conservative and more expansive capacíty to extend benefits. In the conservative scenario it was assumed that new, intermediate and mature CIALs benefit 10, 50 and 200 families respectively. In the more liberal scenario new, intermediate and mature CIALs were assumed to benefit 10, 100 and 400 families respectively. The results for 1998 and 1999 are shown in Table 4 the full projection of the two scenarios starting with the first 5 CIALs forrned in 1990 is shown in Figure 11 . The projections estímate that the current number of beneficiaries is between 22,000 and 41 ,000 families. The benefit of this scenario approach is that it suggests concrete, testable hypothesis for measuring the impact of the CIAL approach. 78 Table 4. Estimated number of families benefiting from the CIAL process. 1998 1999 CIAL Stage New lntermed iate Mature New lntermediate Mature No. 121 83 32 67 103 74 CIALs/stage No. 1,210 8,300 12,800 670 10,300 29,600 beneficiaries * TOTAL 22,310 40,570 Average no. 95 166 families benefitted per CIAL * lt is estimated that new, intermediate and mature CIALs benefit 10, 100 and 400 famil ias, respectively Figure 11. Two scenarios for estimating the number of families benefitted by the CIAL process. Both assume the a rate of maturation from the novice to the mature stage extrapolated from the CIAL database. Scenario 1 (high impact) assumes that new, intermediate and mature CIALs benefit 1 O, 50 and 200 families respectively. Scenario 11 (low impact) assumes that new, intermediate and mature CIALs benefit 10, 100 and 400 families respectively. 79 lnstitutionalization No. of CIAL facilitators and trainers trained. As of October this year, 313 people were trained by CIAT as CIAL facil itators and 18 as CIAL trainers (Table 5) . In addition, CORPOICA (Colombia) has trained 33 facilitators, IIRR (Ecuador) has trained 64 and EAP-Zamorano (Honduras) has trained 18. Table 5. Training of CIAL facilitators and trainers (indicated with italics). No. Year Country Participating Organizations Participants 1995 Colombia U MATA 14 Sec. of Agricultura, Valle CORPOICA 1996 Honduras IPCA FUNAPIB 19 FEPROH CURLA ROLANSATE PDBL IIRR Tawka lndigenous Foundation EAP IHDER SERTEDESO CENTA CARITAS Colombia UMATA Sec. of Agricultura 36 CORPOICA CORFOCIAL CRECED CIAO Nicaragua CIEETS UNICANC 17 FARENA INTA FEPROH UNA NPRHU CA TIE Ecuador FUNAN IDEAS 25 FLACSO SUBIR CONDESAN INIAP UATAPPY CEDEGE ENCORAE Min. of Social Welfare CA TIE U. of Ambato CARE Bolivia CEDEAGRO IBTA 17 IDEAS PROINPA UMSS CIFP CARE: Pairumani 1997 Nicaragua INPRHU 13 PCAC Salvador CENTA ENLACE 17 CORDES FASTRAS UNICO CIAT -Nicaragua SE NASA 80 Year Country Participating Organizations 1997 Venezuela FONAIAP Min. of Agriculture & Natural CIAELARA Resources PROSALAFA FUNACITE Centro Gumillas CIARA MAC CEDELEA SHYQCA 1998 Venezuela CIAE School of Agronomy, U. FONAIAP Venezuela CIARA Min. of the Environment & of INPRABEL-CHACA Renewable Resources SI PACA Association of Agricultura! CENIAP Producers of Belén Carabobo Govt. of Aragua FUNDACITE S tate Colombia SENA CIAT CORPOVERSALLES CORPOICA Bolivia PE IRA Natural Resource School of Management Agronomy, Higher Office of U. Social lnteraction Technical School PROINPA 1999 Colombia IBTA FONAIAP CORPOICA CIAE CORFOCIAL CIA T-NICARAGUA IPCA UNIR-ZAMORANO Requests for publications and training materials See Table 6. No. Participants 25 52 34 25 18 Publications and training materials produced by institutions facilitating CIALs (see Output 3) . Participatory research projects initiated by institutions working with the CIAL approach. The following institutions have initiated participatory research projects working with the CIAL approach. For greater detail, see Output 3. ~ Nationalization of the CIAL approach, CORPOICA ~ Participatory maize and bean breeding, Dept. of Agronomy, Panamerican Agricultura! Schooi-Zamorano, Honduras ~ PROINPA, Bolivia ~ INIAP, Ecuador ~ FONAtAP, Venezuela 81 Table 6. Requests for CIAL publlcations and training materials in 1999. Date lnstitution Publication Jan. 19 SUAS Vídeo IPRA Swedish U. of Agricultura! Vídeo of the CIALs Science - Sweden Jan.26 F AO - Vietnam Evaluating technology with farmers , a handbook Feb. 1 CIRAD-France Manual in English Annual report Hillsides Program Feb.24 WARDA - lvory Coast PR Workshop: Farmer evaluation of technology, lnstructional Unit 1 Farmers evaluations: methodology for preference ranking. lnstructional Unit 2 Evaluating technology with farmers, a handbook March 1 CIRAD - France Scaling up from local perceptions of poverty to regional poverty profiles - developing a poverty . profile for Honduras. Helle Ravnborg March 8 Bolivia Cartillas CIAL Farmer evaluation of technology, lnstructional Unit 1 Farmers evaluations: methodology for preference ranking. lntructional Unit 2 Evaluating technology with farmers, a handbook April12 ASO-COSUDE- Peru lnvesting in farmers as researchers: Experiences with Local Agricultura! Reseach Committees in Latín America; Selectiojn of articles published on CIALs 001 paper Gowing Affinities (A bulletin about cooperation in agricultura! research) CIAT, May 1999 Laboratory for fertile fields- T. Pratt (America, April 1999) May6 lOS - England Instrumentos metodológicos para toma de decisiones; Overview CIPASLA May 11 USA 001 paper (CIAL) Cartillas CIAL May7 ICA- Ghana Video IPRA August 19 PROMSA - Ecuador Metodología CIAL- Artícle: Cuando la comunidad decide. Los CIAL se arraigan en América Latina (Growing Affinities) Sept. 3 ICRISAT- Zimbabwe Preference ranking software Sept.3 Kathmandu - Nepal Material on farmer-led experimentation and diffusion Sept. 3 INDES- Peru Metodología CIAL -Artículo: Cuando la comunidad decide. Los CIAL se arraigan en América Latina (Growing Affinities) Sept. 7 IAPAR - PR, Brazil Manual evaluación de tecnología Video IPRA Unidad lnstruccional No. 1 y 2 Regresión Logística en el Análisis de Preferencia Cartillas CIAL en español (1 -13) Sept. 27 Universidad Autónoma de Regresión Logística en el Análisis de Preferencia. Yucatán - Mexico Working Draft. Logistic Regression in Ranking Analysis. lnstruction Manual. Sept. 28 IPGRI Manual Evaluación de Tecnología Unidad lnstruccional 1 y 2 001 Paper; Cartillas CIAL) 82 Equity Equity is a concern in the process of disseminating and scaling up participatory research approaches. In this case the question is whether the CIALs are reaching poor groups and women. Benchmark data (1999) on CIALs by gender for all CIALs and for Colombia and Honduras, where 65% of the CIALs are located, are presented (Figs. 12 & 13) as a baseline for tracking women's participation in CIALs. Currently most of the women's participation occurs through membership in mixed CIALs although 17% of the Committees are composed solely of women. •Men 57% oWomen 17% •Mixed 36% Figure 12. CIALs by gender (n=244). Colombia Honduras oWomen •Men •Mixed Figure 13. CIALs by gender in Colombia (n=102) and Honduras (n=56). 83 To examine whether the benefits of the CIAL process are reaching poor groups, respondents from the 8 communities included in the 1998 CIAL impact study in Cauca (Colombia) were classified into poverty classes based on local indicators of well-being. The composition of the poverty classes is given in Table 7 and shown graphically in Figure 14. In the 4 communities with CIALs, 45, 40 and 17% of the respondents were of the poorest, intermediate and nonpoor groups (Table 8), respectively. The proportion of respondents in the poorest group in the 4 CIAL communities is the same as that in the overall sample of 8 communities. This classification will facilitate analysis of respondents' opinions about the CIALs according to their poverty level and will permit testing of hypotheses about whether the benefits of the CIAL research process are reaching the poorer segments of the community. These preliminary results show that the 4 communities with CIALs are composed mainly of poor and intermediate-level people. Table 9 gives the costs associated with backstopping CIALs. Table 7. Well-being indicators and composition of poverty classes. Food Work as Poverty Security Da y Contract Permanent Size of Cluster Class Problems Laborer Laborers Laborers Farm (ha) 1 Poor Y es Y es No No 2.32 3 lnter- Y es Y es Up to 6 mo/yr No 5.15 mediate 2 lnter- Y es Y es Up to 6 mo/yr No 7.38 mediate 4 Not poor No No Up to 12 mo/yr Y es 4.84 Mean area No. Occupati under home No. on other cultivation improve electronic Ha ve than Cluster {ha} Have cattle ments appliances business farming 1 1.17 3.85% o <2 12.50% 8.65% 3 1.96 17.54% >O >2 26.32% 24.56% 2 2.12 29.41% o >2 14.71% 23.53% 4 2.93 48.78% >O >2 39.02% 26.83% Table 8. Distribution of respondents participating in CIAL impact study according to poverty class. No./% No./% Poverty Respondents (all 8 Respondents (com- Class communities) unities with CIALs) Poor 104 44.07% 63 43.45% lntermediate 34 14.41 % 22 15.17% lntermediate 57 24.15% 36 24.83% Not poor 41 17.37% 24 16.55% 84 e • • • • • • • •• • • • e ! + : ..... : . . e e •• • ~ • e 0 : e ce e c~Cc ¡ • ~ o ~ ~ciac go ···· • • • i5 ~ ce r:t:i '& cP 0 ---- -(J·--o-J~---~-c--~!-·!lli -~-- - ------ ----- -----·---------------- cJJ o~ ~ : • •• • • o o (),~S! o o o : • o ~n_- ... o '¡J98 ~¿> -u o o : •• O _opO <3 & • • o Od" o o ;. • o d?a • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • ¡:... 9+-~~--~~~--~~~--r-~~~ -0.5 Dim1 .f.0.7 I:L1 o I:L2 • I:L:l o I:L-4 • Figure 14. Distribution of respondents from the Cauca CIAL impact study into poverty classes accordlng to local indicators of well being (Cluster 1 = poor; Clusters 2,3 = intermediate; Cluster 4 = not poor). Table 9. lnstitutional costs (US$) associated with facilitation of CIALs (Source: CORPOICA-Colombia and PROINPA- Bolivia 1999}. CORPOICA PROINPA Average no. facilitator visits to a CIAL 20-24 20 during first year Average no. facilitator visits to a CIAL in 4-6 4-6 subsequent years Average no. CIALs/facilitator 2-3 2 Facilitator costs • Salary (first year) $1000 $450 • Transportation, materials (first $1500 $400 year) Facilitator traininq (first year} $500 $500 CIAL fund (seed capital provided once $50-150 $50-150 when CIAL is formed) 85 IPCA: Lessons from CIAL Hillside Program9 In Honduras the IPCA Project, which supports more than half the country's CIALs, is financed by IDRC-Canada, through the Sociology and Anthropology Department at the University of Guelph. The project coordinator is a Canadian rural sociologist; she is backed by three Honduran agronomists. The CIALs have mushroomed rapidly over the past few years in Honduras. In 1999 there were 58, up from two pilot CIALs established in 1993-94. These CIALs are located in distinct agroecological zones ranging from very humid (3000 mm rainfall/yr) conditions in the Atlantic coastal hillsides to drier conditions involving seasonal rains (1400 mm/yr) in the south. The CIALs are made up of poor hillside farmers, supported by a variety of NGOs and research programs·10 IPCA supports more than 50% of the CIALs, sorne of which were "adopted" in the absence of consistent support from other entities. The formal nature of the methodology, involving the application of carefully controlled comparisons through split- plot trials and replicates, requires a significant amount of agronomic support at the outset, which is costly. In Colombia, for example, the NARS (CORPOICA) estimates that tour or more experiment cycles are necessary to permit more than 60% of CIAL members to grasp the methodology fully. This cost of $830-$125011 . In Honduras the set-up period is likely to be particularly long because illiteracy in the countryside is much higher than in Colombia (Table10). According to the 1988 Honduran census, 42.4% of the rural population is illiterate and therefore likely to take longer than this to fully understand the CIAL methodology. Thus unless organizations supporting the CIALs are reasonably well financed and dedicated to research , the CIAL method is unlikely to find easy acceptance. Of the 12 organizations trained by SN-3 in Honduras, only three can be said to be practicing it seriously with 6 or more CIALs. Baseline data collected in CIAL communities suggest that CIAL members come disproportionately from the two upper welfare categories, while the lowest ranking group is under-represented. The sample consisted of 113 individuals drawn from 11 communities spread across the three regions 12 , 55 individuals, or just under half the respondents, were CIAL members (members of the executive or members at large). 9 Summarized from unpublished report to IDRC by S. Humphries, Juan Gonzales, Josa Jimenez y Fredy Sierra. Searching for sustainable land use practices in Honduras: Lessons from a program of participatory research with hillside farrners. 10 These institutions and projects are the Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano (EAP-UNIR), Fomento Evangélico para el Progreso de Honduras (FEPROH); Instituto Hondureño de Desarrollo Rural (IHDER); Investigación Participativa en Centroamérica (IPCA); Programa de Reconstrucción Rural (PRR); Programa de Desarrollo de Area (PDA), a program of World Vision in Honduras; Servicios Técnicos para el Desarrollo Sostenible ~~ERTEDESO). See Braun et al1999. 12 The sample consisted of 4 CIAL communities located on the north coast, 4 located in the Lago de Yojoa region and 3 in the Tascalapa watershed, Yorito. 86 T bl 10 a e 8 kd re a f own o f costs or suppo rtl 20 CIAL . Y . H d ng sm onto, on uras. Activity # CIALs CostJCIAL (US$) Total Yearly Cost (US$) 1. Agronomist salary 20 420.00 8,400 2. Agronomist food 80.85 1,617 3. House rental 21.30 426 4. Motorbike depreciation 25.00 500 5. Motorbike maintenance 35.50 710 6. CIAL experiment costs 30.00 600 7. Paraprofessional salaries 187.20 3,744 8. Office materials 8.55 171 TOTAL 808.40 16,168 Analysis of land ownership showed that only 7% of the members were landless (vs 19% in the nonmember group), 47% had 3.2 ha or less (vs 34% for nonmembers). The landless and "extremely peor" were under-represented in the CIALs, while the "medium peor''(~ 3.2 ha) were somewhat over-represented. These land-ownership categories are correlated with diet, another important component of welfare ranking. Of those who have >3.2 ha consume meaUdairy products once a week or more, while only 9% of the landless do, and 28% of those with ~3.2 ha (IPCA baseline data). These results are not surprising given that the landless must work on a regular basis as wage labor and do not have the time to become involved in voluntary research activities; nor do they likely have the political standing to get themselves elected. A key characteristic of Committee members (N=41) is that they are joiners: 85% have been involved in past projects; 81% have served their communities as leaders. In contrast nonmembers are less involved in projects: only 35% have previously been in projects and 40% have held community leadership roles. Among CIAL noncommittee members (N=14), 50% have experience in past projects but only 21 % have served in a community leadership capacity. Literacy rates are key in explaining these differences. In our sample, 60% of heads of household were literate (similar to rural average). Among the Committee members, however, 81 % are literate vs 52% among nonmembers, and 42% among noncommittee members. Literacy is key to being elected onto a committee or assuming a localleadership role although it has not prevented a group of indivíduals, with below average literacy, from becoming involved in the work of the CIAL in a nonexecutive capacity. Gender. Most of the women's CIALs were formed after the baseline data were collected . In rural Honduras, as in other poor Central American countries, gender relations are strongly affected by machismo, characterized by excessive male jealousy andan overly sensitive ego. They are also affected by the very different daily activities performed by men and women in largely different physical spaces. The women's domain is in the heme and patio garden; men take primary responsibility for the cultivation of basic grains, generally conducted a good distance from the house. For many Honduran women, movement outside their homes is severely restricted by their husbands' sense of their rightful place and fear of unwanted attention from other men. Women who have joined the CIALs or were previously members of other projects, have often had to 87 endure long struggles with their husbands over their right to associate. They also have to combat community disapproval around the appropriate female role. Women who join CIALs are criticized as having weak husbands whose virility is questionable. Most women CIAL members are active in the Church and have been able to branch out into taking on community projects. Women involved in organizations all report much higher levels of personal freedom than other women in the community. Broadening the CIAL process. Baseline data, collected through in-depth interviews in 11 communities within the first three years of the project, led IPCA staff to adopt a new tactic in forming CIALs. Those outside the CIAL tended to feel that members were receiving special help; and as the data showed that CIAL members, particularly those on the Committee, are among the more privileged members of the communities, it was necessary to address this perceived inequality in the membership. Thus IPCA sought to increase the number of people present at the initial motivation and election meetings. The number of women's CIALs that have developed in the Yorito area, where most of the CIALs were formed after 1997, is likely a consequence of this change of orientation as women have been personally invited to the meetings with the knowledge that they may form CIALs, independent of men. Average membership in the newer CIALs is 12; and in 6 communities there are both men's and women's teams. Opening up the CIAL process is likely to increase the amount of time involved in acquainting people with the methodology. Non-commitee members are more likely to be illiterate, which will , of course, increase the costs of establishing a CIAL. On the other hand, a larger CIAL provides continuity when people leave for one reason or another. Another effect of the more open CIAL process is that more people are likely to be aware of their work. Beca use the newer CIALs are achieving a higher profile in their zone, surrounding communities have begun to request CIALs. This indicates a certain level of social capital or capacity for collective action present in the community. This capacity is critica! to the functioning of a successful CIAL. This means that projects need good data characterizing communities befare they begin . Successful experiments help make the transition to more sustainable farming more likely. CIAL farmers consistently reported using smaller amounts of seed and employing closer spacing on their own plots. Not all had switched to contour planting beca use of the extra labor time involved in sowing across the slope or because their land was too rocky to make this feasible. This is an area where more assisted learning is required; farmers need to be sensitized to the problem of soil loss. Other areas of learning acquired through the CIAL process include the following: ~ stopped burning ~ planting more on less land ~ producing more with less work ~ use of organic manure (chicken manure, cane bagasse, liquid cattle manure, coffee pulp, Gliricidia leaves) ~ zero and mínimum (in-row) tillage ~ use of legumes (Mucuna, Canavalia, pigeon pea, Erythrina) ~ recognizing different soils ~ live and dead barriers ~ covering soil and incorporating weeds into soil to slow erosion and increase fertility 88 ~ working with herbicidas and a machete instead of burning and using a hoe ~ selecting seed ~ improving traditional cultivars through plant and seed selection practices ~ use of chemical and natural (neem, Gliricidia) insecticidas These different components of the assisted leaming process demonstrate how the CIAL is functioning as a small-scale learning or field school. These components are the building blocks of more sustainable land use and offer a partial solution to the "fallow crisis." The CIAL approach makes farmer adoption of these components more likely. Building research capacity and social capital through the CIAL. Based on the findings it appears that the CIALs function successfully as research committees when they are closely tied to longer term social programs. While farmers are fairly easily motivated by research that has short-term payoffs (e.g., varietal research that leads to the rapid selection of new materials that outperform local cultivars), farmer enthusiasm tends to wane over repeated trials unless there is a longer term goal of building group resources for agreed-upon purposes. Where experiments are long term, such as those involving soil improvement and conservation, agreed-upon social goals and the social organization needed to attain these should be in place from the outset. Good leadership, clear ru les and regulations regarding members obligations to the group, etc. are a sine qua non of farmer ability to undertake longer term experiments. The effectiveness of the CIALs at building social capital in rural communities was evident from survey responses. Along with the agricultura! skills and practices listed earlier, people also reported: ~ learning how to manage funds and make savings plans ~ using the CIAL step process to diagnose and analyze social problems in the home and in the community ~ learning how to plan time (mentioned by women's groups who reported that normally their time was not their own) ~ women reported that men had learned to be more respectful of their work and to lend them a hand ~ women reported earning greater freedom for their activities outside the home ~ learning public-speaking skills ~ leaming not to be intimidated by outsiders such as agronomists and other professionals Agricultura! research is but one element of a broader process of social change leading to empowerment, which the CIALs are helping to stimulate in the communities. Organizational and leadership skills required for conducting the weekly or monthly meetings held in many of the CIALs are also critica! elements that also serve to involve members in a number of social and economic activities beyond research. 13 13 A good example of organizational maturity and empowerment was exhibited by one women's CIAL which succeeded in organizing to get the men in the community to build a house for a homeless mother of ten children. 89 Federating the CIALs. In 1998 a decision was taken by the various organizations supporting the CIALs to form a federation across the country. IPCA has led this process, which has resulted in ASOCIAL (Asociación de CIALs). CIAT donated US$25,000 to be invested in perpetuity for the CIALs. The ASOCIAL models itself after the Colombian CORFOCIAL. While current funding does not permit the federation to underpin CIAL operations in Honduras, a start has been made. In Yorito and Lake Yojoa, where most of the IPCA-supported CIALs are located, regional chapters were set up at the start of 1999. CIAL Committee members attended the inaugural meetings and selected a regional executive committee. In Y arito this is a subcommittee of the locally organized watershed committee, thereby providing a strong community presence at that level. Each local chapter will be responsible for selecting participants to present their findings at the annual national gathering of CIAL groups. When the number of CIALs in Honduras was smaller, each group reported the results of their research at this meeting. Given the current number of CIALs and the potential for future growth, presenters will be selected by ASOCIAL on the basis of diversity of research theme and findings. Given the popularity of this event, selectivity m ay help encourage communities to elect tapies other than varietal selection of maize and beans. The diversity of presentations should also stimulate interest in new research areas and in the idea of sharing research results instead of necessarily replicating the same experiments in adjacent communities. In the Y arito area, Hurricane Mitch donations from the Unitarian Service Committee of Ganada were used as credit to fund productive projects elected by each CIAL. The monies loaned on credit will be returned to separate CIAL and ASOCIAL funds; profits will be kept by each CIAL. The goal is to build up capital at the community and regional levels. CIAL capital maintained in the petty cash fund is being used to finance the purchase of goods in bulk, which are then being resold locally in small quantities at a profit. Members may also use the CIAL Fund for savings and loans purposes. In this case, the amount of loan money available to members will depend upon their previous investment in the Fund. The rate of interest on savings will be set by the rate established on loans. When sufficient funds have been accumulated in the local CIAL, they may transfer a portian of their funds to the ASOCIAL federation fund. ASOCIAL savings will be used to finance productive projects undertaken by each CIAL as is currently being done with Mitch monies. As with the village stores in the communities of California and Paraíso, these CIAL and ASOCIAL funds are visualized as a means of building up local and regional capital to enable the members to undertake community development projects that the members themselves are helping to fund. This is being tried on an experimental basis to see whether it is generally viable within the CIALs. This may well preve to be a powerful cohesive ingredient permitting the CIALs to undertake longer term research while ensuring their sustainability as research institutions. 90 Agronomic and farmer participatory evaluation of live barriers of Axonopus scoparius and Saccharum officinarum This undergraduate research project is being conducted in the area covered by the interinstitutional consortium CIPASLA in the township of Caldono, Cauca, Colombia.14 Given the importance of soil degradation in hillside areas where smallholders strive to subsist, a number of organizations are introducing a participatory planning approach to the integrated management of hillside agriculture. One of the areas where considerable work is being done is the introduction of live barriers in the farmers' traditional crops such as cassava, common beans, coffee and blackberries. This thesis research is evaluating the performance of two forage species: imperial grass (Axonopus scoparius) and noble cane (Saccharum officinarum). They were selected because they are found on many farms in the region (Fig. 14) and are also established on CIAT's lnter-Program demonstration farm. Specific objectives ~ Oetect farmers' perceptions and identify their criteria for evaluating live barriers ~ Determine reasons why farmers decided to include (or not) live barriers in their farming system ~ Evaluate quantitative production of barriers, taking into account nutrient content, digestibility and dry matter content Reasons for establishing barriers. Survey results showed that farmers used live barriers to control erosion, feed animals, meet credit requirements, manage rainwater runoff, retain and increase effect of fertilizers applied to associated crops, and take advantage of organic matter generated when live barriers are cut and incorporated in the soil . Negative aspects of barriers. Sorne farmers discontinued live barriers for the following reasons: aggressiveness of sorne species (compete with crops and difficult to manage, see Fig. 15) , poor adaptation of sorne species, others not consumed by animals. lt is also interesting to note that those farmers who had adopted live barriers in arder to obtain credit, abandoned them afterwards. 14 Progress report of BS thesis research by Elías Claros Trujillo, National University of Colombia-Palmira. 91 Figure 14. View of farm with live barriers in Cauca. 92 Figure 15. Difficulties in managing live barriers in farmers' fields. 93 Output 6: lnternal CIAT projects and other institutions supported and strengthened in conducting PR Person Responsible: José lgnácio Roa Researchers: Ann Braun, Jorge Luis Cabrera, Maria del Pilar Guerrero, Luis Alfredo Hernandez, Carlos Arturo Quirós, José lgnácio Roa, Olaf Westerrnann. Milestones in 1999 * Case study of CIPASLA consortium developed as a support tool for the replication of similar community-based watershed management initiatives * Concept note (as a joint venture of CGIAR Systemwide Programs (SP-IPM and Sp-PRGA) and the GlobaiiPM lnitiative) to develop a study tour mechanisms for exchanging knowledge and experience among participatory learning and research approaches and projects, developed * FPR-IPM Web site maintained, updated, Spanish version added * FPR-IPM listserver moderator/assistant coordinator, appointed * Collaborative research program to integrate biophysical and social/institutional aspects of landscape-level NRM, developed and presented to Danish Council for Development Research * PhD proposal for research on conflicts, institutions and collective research, developed and presented to Danish Council for Development Research * 2 externa! consultancies carried out for a donar (WB) anda NARS (CIAT-Bolivia) * Support projects for disaster zones in Central America and Colombia * 4 workshop and conference presentations There has been a greatly increased demand-both interna! and external-for support from SN-3. Consequently, the Project developed an interna! policy for charging for services including training. When providing a service, charges include all costs including the opportunity cost of the person's time. When it is a joint project, no opportunity costs are charged . Should it be part of a strategic research alliance, travel and per diem costs should be reimbursed. CIPASLA Case Study (see Output 4) 94 CGIAR Systemwide IPM Program task force Farmer Participatory Research for lntegrated Pest Management (FPR-IPM). SN-3 is responsible for coordinating the CGIAR Systemwide Program's task force on FPR. The sponsor of this task force is the Systemwide Program for lntegrated Pest Management (SP-IPM), and the convening center is IITA-Nigeria. The task force is in the process of developing an FPR-IPM project as a joint ventura of the SP-IPM, the Global IPM Facility (GIPMF) and the CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (SP-PRGA). The project will develop strategies that will reduce the gap between IPM research and implementation , by enabling IPM projects around the world to involve farmers as decision-making partners in their activities (see concept note below). A art-time consultant was hired for a six-month period to serve as listserver moderator and assistant coordinator of the task force. The main products of the coordinatorship this year were as follows: FPR-IPM Web site (http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/fpr-ipm). The FPR-IPM Web site has been online since February 1998. A Spanish version was added in February of this year. (See Output 4) Concept note entitled "Enabling IPM programs to include farmers as partners in research and learning." An executive summary follows: Proponents. This project is joint venture of: 1. CGIAR Systemwide Program on lntegrated Pest Management (SP- IPM), convened by liTA 2. Global lntegrated Pest Management Facility (GIPMF), based at FAO in Ro me 3. CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (SP-PRGA), convened by CIAT 4. CIAT's Participatory Research Project as host for SP-IPM Task Force on Farmer Participatory Research Duration: 6 months Goal: To contribute to sustainable agricultura! development by increasing the number and quality of IPM programs/projects undertaking PR with farmers and improving farmer agroecosystem management skills. Purpose: To enable IPM programs and projects to incorporate participatory learning and research strategies in their approach and design and to strengthen linkages with IPM implementation by farmers. Outputs: 1. Effective model for facilitating learning exchanges among IPM projects 2. Collaborating systems/institutions given an in-depth, firsthand view of IPM projects where participatory learning and research are central strategies 95 Project strategy: 3. IPM professionals from collaborating systems/institutions enabled to apply a variety of participatory methods, tools and approaches in order to involve farmers as decision-making partners in their activities 4. Analysis and synthesis published of the main concepts, principies and best practices currently applied in IPM experiences based on participatory learning and research worldwide 5. Horizontal and vertical linkages established among participating projects Many IPM professionals are convinced that increasing the impact of IPM depends on greatly enhancing the participation of farmers as partners in research and leaming. Despite this favorable attitude towards participatory processes, they may not know how to initiate and sustain them. This project will address this need by providing frontline IPM professionals with opportunities to visit and learn firsthand from projects where participatory learning and research have contributed to improved agroecosystem management by farmers and more client-oriented responses by R&D systems. This is envisioned as taking place in two stages. The initial pilot phase is the subject of this proposal. The replication phase would have the following additional outputs: 1. Concepts and principies of participatory learning and research translated into practice so that IPM professionals can: 2. Evaluate the costs and benefits of participatory approaches for themselves 3. ldentify ways of making their work agendas more responsive to farmer priorities 4. identify ways to strengthen links between farmer and conventional research 5. A dynamic online database and resource materials established containing documents, video data, publications and narrated participatory IPM experiences 6. A resource guide for IPM research and training programs focused on developing and maintaining linkages between farmer leaming groups and researchers 7. An increased number of participatory IPM projects 8. A platform established for convincing colleagues, donors, decision- makers, extension agents and farmers that a participatory IPM approach can result in implementing IPM more quickly and effectively than nonparticipatory approaches. Outputs of FPR-IPM listserver moderator/assistant coordinator ~ Brochure on FPR-IPM project, developed ~ Different interest groups within listserver and task force for support on developing proposal and for assistance in identifying potential project partners, lobbied 96 ~= ·. ~ national NGOs and GOs ~ international organizations including NGOs and Global IPM Facility ~ key IPM contacts in Asia, Africa and Latín America ~ lnternet-based AltaVista Systrans ínterlanguage translation program among listserver members, publicized ~ brochure text translated into Spanish ~ listserver discussion issues/topics prepared with respect to ~ definitions, concepts ~ project objectives ~ criteria study tour participants and stops ~ pre- and post-tour components ~ Preparations made for SP-IPM meeting in Rome ~ FPR-IPM Web site updated Collaborative research lntegration of both biophysical and social/institutional aspects of landscape-level NRM as a new approach to the sustainable increase of poor farmers' agricultura! production in Nicaragua. The central research problems are the landscape-level interdependencies of the various elements and the recognition of landscape users' diverse interests in different natural resources and potential common benefits from managing them collectively at the landscape level. The program is based upon a comparative approach between sites in Nicaragua and Tanzania, drawing upon the partners' extensive research experiences in Central America (Honduras and Nicaragua, SN-3, PE-3 and PE-5) and Tanzania (lnstitute of Resource Assessment (Tanzania), Center for Development Research (Denmark), lnstitute of Geography at Roskilde University Center (Denmark) and University of Copenhagen. Basically the program will be divided into three research themes: ~ Conflicts, institutions and collective action ~ Delimiting and understanding the landscape ~ Technologies for landscape-level NRM A doctoral student from Denmark will contribute directly to the program on issues related to the first research theme "conflict, collective action and institutions." Given that the focus is on collaborative interaction among the different actors, it is expected that there will be a two-way flow of information to the benefit of all concerned. The general objective of the doctoral dissertation and related research will be to contribute to the understanding of long-term NRM to the benefit of rural communities. The specific objectives include: ~ Analysis in retrospect of collective NRM, focusing on landscape perspectives and NRM institutions ~ Comparative analysis of landscape perspectives and NRM institutions in four watersheds of the municipality of San Dionisia, Nicaragua with emphasis on stakeholder-group differences 97 ~ Contribution to long-term NRM in specific watersheds within San Dionisia, through applied action research Research questions include: ~ Under what conditions collective will action emerge ~ How to raise consciousness about landscape and collective NRM ~ How to institutionalize and organize people around collective NRM ~ Strategies to negotiate collective NRM-those that have succeeded or tailed and why The strategy is to identify tour NRM cases or problems that require collective action to be solved; e.g., water, soils, biodiversity, pests. The tour cases should differ with regard to the level ot action that has been taking place to salve NRM problems. ldeally, collective actívities to salve NRM problems should have been initiated in two ot the cases for purposes of comparison . The first step will be to make a comparative analysis ot the 4 watersheds based on the existence ot collective NRM in 2 communities and the defined need tor NRM in 2 communities where no action has taken place. The second step will be to initiate an action research process in arder to investigate how and it these local principies ot collective NRM can be transterred trom one microwatershed to another. The research program including the outline ot the doctoral proposal has been sent tor approval to the Danish Council tor Development Research (RUF) and may thus be subject to changes. Stake and stakeholders. At the beginning ot the year a project proposal ("Stake and stakeholders: An analysis ot the benefits and beneficiaries ot building capacity tor collective NRM in hillsides watersheds"), prepared in collaboration with CIAT Project BP-1 (lmpact Assessment), was sent to the Ford Foundation. The proposal was not approved, but a new application can be submitted in 2000, depending upon the response to the collaborative research program received trom the RUF. Support provided to CIAT interna! projects Statistical analysis in participatory projects at CIAT; e.g. , Rural Agroenterprises and Cassava Pathology, in the selection ot varieties resistant to root rot in Mitú (E. Plains ot Colombia) Externa! consultancies World Bank consultation on a combined approach for IPM and JSFM. In June 25 participants including representatives from national and international organizations, research organizations, donors and NGOs participated in an expert consultation ot the methodology development related to a combined IPM/ISFM approach incorporating 98 participatory approaches to working with farmers. CIAT project leaders [SN-3 and PE-2 (Soils)] were invited to participate in the creation of a common vision of the problem and provide input15 into the concept note developed by David Gibbon,16 extracts of which are presented he re. Five key components are crucial for the success of this type of initiative (see Fig. 2): Natural resources orientation . An agroecological systems approach to understanding farm and village level contexts and a broader systems conceptual framework Farmer participatorv focus. Mutualleaming, opportunities, exercises and action, essential ingredient of research, extension and development programs on NRM. lt is accepted that farmers should be active participants in multidisciplinary teams at all stages of planning, monitoring, reviewing and replanning of activities and that farmer knowledge is an important input into the process of learning. Multi-stakeholder participation. lnvolvement of concerned stakeholders and institutions in the analysis of problems and in the development of options and alternative solutions. This may involve all key actors from farmers and farmers organizations, NGOs, NARS, regional and intemational development organizations. There are now well-developed methods of resolving conflict and interests through forms of stakeholder analysis. Multidisciplinarv and multi-perspective scientific approach. Combination of reductionist scientific methods with adaptive action research, hard and soft systems approaches within an iterative co-learning process. lntegrated institutional and policy perspective. An international and national policy framework that is supportive of the approach and that seeks to reduce or reverse the impact of older policies that are particularly antagonistic to poorer farmers. lt is important that the IPM/ISFM approach be placed in an appropriate institutional"home," both to enable effective facilitation of the approach and to ensure effective dissemination of the principies and lessons from experience. lt was recommended that the World Bank seek opportunities to encourage the incorporation of these principies in existing pilot projects. A joint WB/Giobal IPM/ISFM Web site will be set up to facilitate dissemination of information and papers presented at the meeting. 15 Braun, A. R, (1999} Contributíon toan Expert Consultation on combining IPM and Soil Management. Presented to the Expert Consultation 14-15 June 1999. Wor1d Bank, Washington. Thomas, R.J. & M.J. Swift. (1999) Towards sustainable land management - a rationale for linking soil fertility with pest and disease management. Joint proposal: CIAT and TSBF. Presentad to the Expert Consultation 14-15 June 1999. Wor1d Bank, Washington. 16 Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish U. of Agricultura! Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Concept paper on lntegrated Pest and Soil Management, commissioned by the Rural Development Department of the World Bank. Final Draft, Aug. 1999. lncludes extensiva bibliography. 99 Figure 2. Conceptual framework for integrated pest and soil management Natural Multiple Farmer Further steps and resource base lnstitutions participatory and expected outcomes and socio- and actors stakeholder evnironmental approaches and context processes Climate lntemational Multidiciplinary team and national operation: farmers, New, enabling policy organizations researchers and environment extensionists Soils NGOs Farmer participatory Development of new approaches: PRA, curricula on PLA, PTD, Action IPSM, manuals and Research co-learning guidelines Crop and tree Farmer's Agroecosystem resource base organizations Analysis: mapping, Scaling-up of principies transects, flow and methods to country diagrams. social programs mapping etc. Physical and ~ Farming ~ Physical and biological ~ Biological communities problem analysis and Workshops for review and hazards exploration of potential replanning and solutions dissemination Policy Researchers Farmer field schools, environment and farmer extensionists experimentation, More holistic approaches farmer networks and to problem solving knowledge transfer Socialrelations Existing IPM Policy analysis: an networks Projects impact on access and lmproved Knowledge on entitlements, sustainable methods on stakeholder analysis Natural Resource and conflict resolution Management Economic lntegrated environment soil fertility 1 lmproved human and biota projects institutional capacity for co-leaming New IPSM Greater environmental projects and protection proQrams Greater food security for poorer farmers in risk- prone environments 100 Centro de Investigación Agrícola Tropical (CIA T)-Santa Cruz, Bolivia. From 15-17 September a visit was made as part of a first phase of a consultancy contracted by FORCIAT (lnstitutional Strengthening Project, U. of Wolverhampton) to carry out an initial diagnosis of CIAT-Bolivia's actual PR capacity and potential demand, interinstitutional linkages, status of the existing CIAL, and strategies for enhancing the participatory generation and transfer of technology. This information will be used as input into a proposal for training. There is also the potential for developing a PR model at the level of the townships given that the government has established funds for agricultura! development but has not yet devised an efficient way to implement this scheme. There is great interest in the CIAL model, in small agroenterprises linked to production and commercialization, methodologies for M&E, impact studies and systematizing qualitative results. The report will be presented in mid-October for discussion by both parties, followed by the design of a joint project that CIAT -Bolivia would use to search for funds. Other services Support for the project "Seeds of Hope" for Honduras and Nicaragua·17 Hurricane Mitch is considered the worst natural disaster in Central America in this century. Damage to infrastructure carne to about 70%, equivalent to a 50-year delay in their development. Sean harvest losses ranged from 60-80%; maize, 40%maize. With respect to seed production, it is considered that most of the genetic materials were lost, especially in Honduras and Nicaragua. Low-resource farmers use seed from their own harvests. This means that they will not have common beans or maize-basic staples in their diet-either to eat or to plant in the first growing season. Another problem is the loss of their native varieties, many of which are only in their hands. CIAT, CIMMYT, CIP and IPGRI presented a proposal to several donors to contribute to the restoration of agricultura! production in an area apt for seed production. Each Center acquired responsibilities in their respective mandates. CIA T's commitment was with respect to the bean crop. The special Task Force requested the collaboration of SN-3, given its experience in the region, its institutional contacts and the CIAL structure at the community level. Objectives: ~ Obtain basic seed to multiply seeds in Honduras, Nicaragua and neighboring countries ~ Produce commercial-quality seed to meet farmers' needs for the 1999 planting seasons, beginning in ? 17 See also "Semillas de esperanza para América Central; un acto de solidaridad después del huracán Mitch. In Cultivando Afinidades (CIAT), mayo 1999, p. 5. 101 ~ Distribute the seed through national institutions, NGOs and farmers groups, giving preference to the poorest farmers and zones where crops have suffered most damage lnstitutional contacts. At least 12 institutions were contacted to mount a strategy for carrying out the plan. Results obtained. Seed was obtained from CENTA (El Salvador), Zamorano (Honduras) and DICTA (Honduras). Farmers preferred varieties DOR 364 and Tío Canela, materials being evaluated by sorne CIALs in the region with very good results . Sufficient seed was acquired to plant about 130 ha for commercial-qualíty seed. ~ Outstanding collaboration from the Technology Generation Office of DICTA, and technical assistance was backstopped by SENASA's technicians in Seed Certification. ~ HONDUGENET S.A. processed the seed for distribution to the farmers. Support of CENICAFE-Caldas in zone affected by earthquake. SN-3 was invited to make a series of presentations on PR and the CIAL methodology to the directors of research of the 13 commíttees that make up the Coffee Growers Federation, the directors of research at CENICAFE and UMATA technicians. The purpose was to respond to a movement of solidarity in the coffee-growing regions of Armenia, heavily affected by an earthquake in February. Three CIALs were formed in the zone and are doing research on common beans and maize . Preference ranking analytical too/. Diffusion of the statistical application for the preference ranking analytical tool (vers. 1.0 beta, in Spanish) to other entities for application to other research areas (see Output 1 ). Workshop and conference presentations ~ Paper on roles of FFS and CIALs in IPM presented to the VIl LAC Workshop on Whiteflíes and Geminivirus, held in Managua, Nicaragua, 26-30 Oct. 1998. • Statistical analysis, presented at Workshop on PPB in Latin Ame rica and the Caribbean. CGIAR Systemwide Program on PR and Gender Analysis of the Role of Men and Women in the Development of Technologies and in lnstitutíonallnnovation, Quito, 31 August-3 September. • PRGA/NRI Workshop on NRM: The CGIAR Program for Participatory Research and Gender Analysis for Technology Development and lnstitutionallnnovation (PRGA Program) CIAT organized the 1st lnternational Workshop on Participatory Research in Natural Resource Management. The meeting, which was organized in cooperation with the Natural Resources lnstitute (NRI-UK), was held at the University of Essex from 1-3 September. The Program focuses on the direct involvement of stakeholders in the process of doing research, developing technology and institutional innovations to improve NRM. A group of scientists conducting innovative participatory NRM research, including the SN-3 Project Manager, exchanged experiences and identified future directions for collaboration in this area. 102 The themes addressed three broad areas: )- management of common property and protected areas )- landscape and watershed scales )- soil and water nutrient management, land care and rehabilitation ~ Braun, A. Farmer participatory research in Latin America. keynote presentation at Forages for Smallholders Project Workshop on 'Working with farmers: the key to adoption of forage technologies, Cagayan de Oro, the Philippines, 12-15 October. A brief overview is given of the educational and sociological roots of farmer participatory research (FPR) in Latín America. The terminology, principies, strategies, R&D areas, researchers' & farmers' roles, types of activities and end results are discussed briefly. Based on a literature review andan email survey, the following approaches to FPR were identified: Farmer-to-farmer experimentation and technology transfer (e.g., PcaC-UNAG-Nicaragua, World Neighbors, PRIAG); farmer research committees (CIALs) developed by CIAT, farmer field schools (FFS) promoted by FAO, participatory innovation and technology development (DIP- Mexico, Ideas-Bolivia and Peru), farmer inventors of IPM technologies (Panamerican Agricultura! School at Zamorano-Honduras. Based on the institutional experiences, an overview is presented of lessons learned with respect to project strategies, approaches and methodologies, farmers' capacity and motivation, researcher-farmer relationships, appropriateness of technology, gender issues and overall results. This is followed by a discussion of issues related to FPR: development agenda vis-a-vis community empowerment and self-reliance, capacity to ensure broad stakeholder participation, traditional scientific research methodologies vs FPR, the quality and nature of participation, cost-benefits, impact assessment, scaling up and out. References were compiled from the materials consulted. CORFOCIAL Agroenterprises proposal SN-3 and SN-1 assisted CORFOCIAL, Cauca, Colombia in the formulation of a proposal to the CHORLA VI Fund with the following objectives ~ Document, systematize and analyze the microenterprises establised by 12 of the CIALs in Cauca, Colombia in order to identify lessons learned, key success factors , and to identify key principies that will assist in the creation of future microenterprises associated with the CIAL process .. ~ Construct a vision for each of the 12 microenterprises based in strategic planning as a first step in their future development. Visitors attended Appendix Table 2 provides information on the visitors attended by the SN-3 team during the year. 103 Output 7: Strengthening team capacity Mllestones in 1999 * Administrative responsibilities and decision-making shared, with monthly rotation of co-coordinators * lnformation system, updated and expanded * 5 cross-Program seminars organized by team to interchange experiences and receive training in new approaches, methodologies and analytical tools * Interna! cross-training fostered via 5 sessions of "Da re to Learn" hypermedia education developed for the team by a team member A great deal of time and effort have been invested this year in strengthening the SN-3 team and enabling members to understand and participate in the different R&D activities being implemented. There have been several main thrusts: ~ updating the intemal information system and databases, ~ organizing interna! networking ~ training in team building and shared responsibilities (co-coordinators are rotated on a monthly basis); ~ cross-training through interna! seminars and hypermedia education to develop skills within SN-3 and among CIAT projects. lnformation systems lnventory completed Documentation of formal and grey litera tu re that should be consolidated and shared Data bases CIAL database designed in Microsoft Access. Contains information on CIALs in the following countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela. The information includes geographic data, gender, research tapies (e.g., treatments, varieties, type of crop, supporting organization, evaluation of trials for each treatment), The database permits consultations(queries), randomization of treatments for experimental designs and faciltates data input and with both internal and external information. 104 ~= :·: In tema/ networking, centralization and management of information ~ Analyses ~ Reports ~ Maps generated in ArcView, GIS ~ Presentations Availabílity of information enhanced vía ~ Central data file ~ Local Area Network ~ Tea m listserver ~ Regular team meetings Organlzation of the SN-3 team Responsabilities of the Coordinating Committee ("Co-Coordinators") ~ Mechanisms for setting group norms ~ Management of shared resources ~ Solving of conflicts and problems as they arise ~ Attending visitors ~ Organizing meetings ~ Logistical support ~ Organization and facilitation monthly team meetings ~ Scheduling of events individual assignation of responsibilities Content of monthly team meetings ~ shared decision-making ~ assignation of responsibilities ~ updating others on work in progress ~ providing feedback via email Team-building activities Workshops ~ Tea m retreat ~ T eam-building workshops ~ Hypermedia training "Dare to learn" - 5 sessions 105 Seminars organizad by team ~ Training on topics of interest for team growth and strengthening (via consultancies) ~ lnterchange of experiences ~ presentations by specialists: :,¡;.. cerebral dominance and its impact on behavior;creativity and identification of skills :,¡;.. participatory mapping using MAPMAKER :,¡;.. marketing opportunities :,¡;.. methods for participatory diagnosis Staff Ann R. Braun Senior ScientisUProject Manage (100%) Elias Claros Thesis student, Animal Science, U. Nacionai-Palmira Freddy Escobar Technician (80%), jointly with SP-PRGA) Luis Alfredo Hemandez Associate (75%, jointly with IP-3) Ligia García Secretary (1 00%} María del Pilar Guerrero Assistant (50%) Carlos Arturo Quirós Associate ( 1 00%) José lgnácio Roa Professional ( 1 00%) Olaf Westermann Research Fellow (50%), jointly with PE-3 Donors SN-3 (1998-1999) ~ DANIDA, Copenhagen, Denmark ~ Department For lntemational Development, London, UK ~ lnteramerican Development Bank, Washington OC ~ lntemational Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada ~ W.K. Kellogg Foundation, Michigan Publlcations See Output 3 106 APPENDIX TABLE 1: INSTITUTIONS ANO PROFESSIONALS18 WORKING WITH CIALs September 1999 Contact Country lnstitution Address Tel. Fax E-mail Juán Almanza Bolivia Fundación Av. Blanco Galindo 360800 360802 proinpa@proinpa.org Edson Gandarillas PROINPA Km 12.5 360801 jalmanza@proinpa.org Cochabamba Graham Thiele Bolivia Fundación Man Cesped #293. 49013-49506 (591)(42) 45708 Gthiele@proinpa.org Rudy Torrez T. PROINPA Casilla postal 4285 Bolivia Av.Bianco Galindo 360800-360801 360802 Rtorrez@proinpa.org Km.12.5, Calle Prado Cochabamba Osvaldo Soruco Bolivia CIAT, Centro Ejercito Nacional 321523-346556 591-3-350315 de 131, Casilla 359 Investigación Santa Cruz Agricola y Transferencia Alfonso Truque Diaz Colombia CORFOCIAL Timbio Cauca 238106 corfocia@emtel.net.co José Antonio Colombia CORPOICA Cl Tibaitatá (091) 3443000 (091) jacorredor@ Corredor Reg.1 Km 14 via Mosquera Ext. 1234 3443000 corpoica.org.co Bogotá Beatriz Franco Colombia CORPOICA Cl Tibaitatá 3443000 Reg. 1 Km 14 via Mosquera Ext. 1440 Bogotá Fabio Sierra Colombia CORPOICA Calle 4a No. 3-11 091 091 Reg. 1 Cáqueza 8480465 8480865 Gustavo Basto Colombia CORPOICA Cra. 7a No. 6-60 091 -8674077 091 -8674077 Reg. 1 Fusagasugá 18 This is a partiallist. 107 Contact Country lnstltutlon Address Tel. Fax E-mall Luis Humberto Fierro Colombia CORPOICA Cl Tibaitatá 3443000 3443000 Reg 1 Km 14 via Mosquera Ext. 1437 Bogotá Manuel Arévalo A. Colombia CORPOICA Cl Tibaitatá 3443129 3443000 marevalo@ Reg. 1 Km 14 via Mosquera Ext. 1231 Ext. 1464 corpoica.org.co Bogotá Manuel Romero Colombia CORPOICA calle 15 salida 273698 270875 Reg. 3 a Santa Marta (casa) Riohacha Roberto Alvarez Colombia CORPOICA Cl Tibaitatá 3443123 2828947 lalvarez@corpoica. Reg. 1 Km 14 via Mosquera 3443000 3443000 org.co Bogotá Ext.1206 Verónica Proaño Ecuador DIPEIB-IIRR Av. América 4451 y (593-2) 443763/ (593-2) 443763 pasaje Muirriagui 458263 Donoso, Apartado Postal 17-08-8494 Quito Nelly Endara, Isabel Ecuador FUNAN- Av. América 4451 & (593-2) 443763/ (593-2) 443763 Murillo IIRR Muirriagui Donoso, 458263 Apartado Postal 17- 08-8494 Quito Héctor Andrade Ecuador INIAP- Estación (593-2) 690 990 (593-2) 692 604 andrade@fpapa.org. FORTIPAPA Experimental Santa 690 695/364 ec Catalina Panamericana Sur Km.14 Quito Patricio VacaNerónica Ecuador UNOCANC- Pasaje Muirriagui (593-2) 443763/ (593-2) 443763 Proaño IIRR Donoso 4451 y Av. 458263 América. Apartado Postal 17-08-84 94 S. Francisco Cotop_axi 108 Contact Country lnstitutlon Address Tel. Fax E-mall Agustín Guananga Ecuador IIRRJMAG Puellaro Verónica Proaño Pichincha Carlos Amaya Honduras FEPROH Apartado postal # (504) 2393850 (504) 310374 2363 2310374 2323952 T eQuciQalpa Edwin Amaya Honduras IHDER Apartado Postal (504) 231 0808 (504) 232 7135 #2214 Tegucigalpa Freddy Sierra Honduras IPCA Edificio plaza del (504) 4400720 440-07-20 ipca@caribe.hn Caribe local 207a 443-27-41 Apdo. 561 La Ceiba Atlántida Juán Gonzalez Honduras IPCA Apartado postal (504) 440-0720 (504) 440-0720 gonzales@caribe.hn #561 ipca@caribe.hn La Ceiba Atlántida Nelson Gamero Honduras UNIR- EAP (504) 7766140 (504) nelgamero@ Zamorano Zamorano, FM 776-6365 7766113 zamorano.edu.hn Tegucigalpa ext.2044 Pablo Zelán Mejía Honduras PRR La Buena Fe (504) 732539 Sta. Barbara Saúl San Martín Honduras SERTEDESO Barrio F átima (504) 662 938 Marlen lveth Posas Progreso Yoro (casa) Nelson Ornar Funes Honduras UNIRJZAMOR Apartado postal 93 (504) 776-6365 (504) 776-6113 Nofunes@zamorano ANO Tegucigalpa .edu.hn Dominga Tijerino Nicaragua CIAT Apartado postal 2774541 2784089 ciatnica@ibw.com.ni María E. Baltodano LM - 172 Managua Jeaneth Hernández Nicaragua INPRUH Someto Lourdes Palacios Salvador CORDES 27 Av. Norte #12-21 (503) 2358262/ cordes@itinet.net San Salvador 2359262 Carlos Alvarado Venezuela FONAIAP/Truj Vía Principal de (58-072) 711151 ( 58-072) 711330 illo Pampanito. Edo. Trujillo Truiillo -- 109 Contact Country lnstitution Address Tel. Fax E-mail Aydee Cataño Venezuela MARNRI Curar!. Parroquia PROSALAFA Camacaro. Municipio Torres Lara Angela Bolivar Venezuela FONAIAP CENIAP 043-453075 043 angela_bolivar@ Edificio central 452491 454320 yahoo.com recinto ext. 107 Universitario Maraca y María Elena Morros Venezuela CIAE Apdo 592 732264 732264 ciaelara@ Lara Barquisimeto Lara 051-732264 733504 cantv.net 733504 110 APPENDIX TABLE 2. VISITORS ATTENDED BY SN-3 DURING 1999 Date N ame Position Country Staff member September Gilles Chiche IDRC Project Officer Ca nada A. Braun September Jean-Marc Fleury IDRC- Principal writer Canadá A. Braun August Timothy Dalton Agricultura! Economics - Purdue USA C.A. Quirós University August WickiWilde Program Leader CGIAR Gender USA A. Braun and Diversity Program July Elver H. Garcia Director Comite Cafeteros del Colombia J.I.Roa José Fernando Libreros Valle July lan Willett Research Program Manager, Australia O. Westermann ACIAR July Simon Anderson Wye College England C.A. Quirós June Jorge Luis lbarra UMAT A- Unidad Municipal de Colombia C.A. Quirós Asistencia Técnica Agropecuaria June Cesar Augusto Garcia NOVARTIS Colombia J.I.Roa June Osear Hurtado ASPROMEC Colombia J.l. Roa -- M ay Beatriz Morales La 14 Foundation Colombia J.I.Roa M ay Mark Lundy Community and Regional Planning USA A. Braun - Univ. of Texas M ay Osear W. Freudenthal Agribusiness Specialist Bolivia A. Braun M ay Linden Vincent Professor of lrrigation and Water Netherlands A. Braun Engineering- Wageningen University M ay Nina K. Lilja Ag. Economics- Purdue U. USA A. Braun M ay Harold Guerrero C.A. Quirós M ay Nina K. Lilja Ag. Economics- Purdue U. USA O. Westermann _M a~ Timothy Dalton Agricultura! Economics- Purdue U. USA A. Braun 111 Date N ame Posltlon Country Staff member M ay Paola Amadei lnternationaiCooperation - Colombia A. Braun European Union M ay Lisandro Camacho IDB- Bogotá Colombia A. Braun Gerardo Martínez IDB- Washington Carlos Novoa IDB- Bogotá Kinsaku Y abe Vicepresidente - Asociación Colombo Japonesa M ay Yoshiyuki Kubo Asociación Colombo Japonesa Colombia J.I.Roa Lisandro Camacho M ay Orlando Lara P. MA in Development Studies, Netherlands A. Braun Wageningen M ay Jan Beniest Principal Training Officer, Capacity Kenya A. Braun & lnstitutional Strengthening Programme -ICRAF M ay Elias Fereres T AC Ecoregional Review Mission USA O. Westermann Nicholas Mateo Derek B_yerlee April Jeff Brewer Anthropologist - University of USA A. Braun California April María Elena Cuellar Colombia C.A. Quirós March Rodrigo Guerrero Director - FIP - Fondo de Colombia A. Braun Inversiones para la Paz March Bernardo Velosa Department of Planning Colombia C.A. Quirós March Group of students (30) Universidad Autónoma de Colombia J. L. Cabrera Occidente March Carlos Costa Vah Humboldt lnstitute Colombia A. Braun March Nelson Infante ASIA VA - Asociación de Colombia C.A. Quirós Néstor Romero Ingenieros Agrónomos del Valle February Angela Forero Universidad del Valle Colombia C.A. Quirós 112 Date N ame Positlon Country Staff member February Roberto Tisnes ASOGRANDE Colombia J.l. Roa Alvaro Arias Y. Eduardo Jaramillo Sergio Valencia January Antonio Dorado Video producer Colombia A. Braun January Simon Carter IDRC Canadá A. Braun T racie Hoeffel Principal- lnternational Business USA O. Westermann Development Niels Holst Danish lnstitute of Agricultura! Denmark O. Westermann Science Gladys Buenavista Rural SociologisUSite Coordinator Philippines O. Westermann - SANREM CRSP/Philippines 113 The CIALs in 1999 Bolivia CIAL Location Research Topic lnstitution lnitiation Th'olapampa Mizque Evaluation of oat vars. CEDEAGRO 9/97 Tukma Baja Mizque Control of patato pests CEDEAGRO 2/94 Poligino Callejas altas Control of onion pinkroot CEDEAGRO 3/97 Tin Tin Tin Tin Control of garlic pinkroot CEDEAGRO 1/98 Buena Vista Mizque Evaluation of maize CEDEAGRO 7/97 lncañasi Mizque Control of onion diseases CEDEAGRO 1/98 Mizquepampa Mizque Multiplication of patato seed CEDEAGRO 2/98 Cebada Jichana Cebada Jichana IPM of Andean patato weevil PROINPA 10/97 Piusilla Morachata Piusilla Evaluation of patato vars. PROINPA 9/97 Poma ni Aroma IPM of Andean patato weevil PROINPA 3/97 Kollana Tarakollo IPM of Andean potato weevil PROINPA 8/96 Leuquepampa Chuquisaca Resistance to patato late PROINPA 10/97 blight Monte Grande Monte Granof Resistance to potato late CARE 7/97 blight Pozuelos Pozuelos Resistance to bean angular PROINPA 9/96 leaf spot El Tapial Belisario Varietal resistance to late PROINPA 10/97 blight Parte Libre ayopaya Evaluation of patato vars. PROINPA 7/97 Wallata Ayopaya Varietal resistance to late PROINPA 7/97 blight Boqueron Alto Ti raque Varietal resistance to frost PROINPA 9/96 11 4 Brazil CIAL Locatlon Research Topic lnstitution lnitiatlon Buril Alagoinhas Resistance to cassava green EBOA 3/94 mi te Chapada Alagoinhas Resistance to cassava root rot EBDA 3/94 Cadeté Aporá Cassava fertilization systems EBDA 3/94 Roberto lnhambupe Resistance to cassava green EBDA 3/93 Santos mite Barra Sao Miguel das Resistance to cassava whiteflies EBDA 7/95 Matas Sumaré Piritiba Production of cassava planting EBDA 4/95 material Caldeirao Piritibá Production of cassava planting EBDA 6/94 material Umbuzeiro Feira de Santana Effect of green manure on EBDA 6/94 cassava production Nova Veneza U bajará Resistance to witches' broom EMATER 10/94 Valparaiso Tianguá Effect of green manure, compost EMATER 3/95 on cassava production Vila Maura Acarau Effect of green manure, compost EMATER 2/95 on cassava production lagoa Grande Acarau Evaluation of cassava vars. EMATER 2/95 Gameleira Alagoa Nova Resistance to cassava root rot EMATER 7/95 Souza Salgado de S. Felix Resistance to cassava root rot EMATER 10/94 Quiteria Alagoa Grande Resistance to cassava root rot EMATER 10/94 Tatu Sáo Bento do Una Cassava fertilization EMATER 10/94 Boa Vista Araripina Effect of green manure on EMATER 2/96 cassava production Campina Nova Vitoria de Santo Resistance to cassava root rot EMATER 11/94 Anta o Gameleira Gloria de Goitá Resistance to cassava root rot EMATER 10/94 115 Colombia CIAL Location Research T o pie lnstitution lnitiation Betania Betania Evaluation of vars. CORFOCIAL 6/91 Cabuyal Cabuyal Green manures CORFOCIAL 9/91 El Diviso El Diviso Evaluation of plantain vars. CORFOCIAL 9/91 La Esperanza La Esperanza Evaluation of pea vars. CORFOCIAL 9/93 San Sosco San Sosco Evaluation of maize vars. CORFOCIAL 2/91 Santa Bárbara Santa Barbara Evaluation of maize vars. CORFOCIAL 2/91 Asopanela Asopanela Evaluation of sugarcane vars . CORFOCIAL 4/92 Cinco Días Cinco Días Evaluation of blackberry vars. CORFOCIAL 3/92 Santa María Santa María Propagation of Passiflora CORFOCIAL 9/92 Buen avista Buenavista Organic fertilizers for beans CORFOCIAL 6/93 Pescador Pescador Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL 10/98 Pan de Azúcar Pan de Azúcar Evaluation of cassava vars . CORFOCIAL 8/93 La Paz La Paz Evaluation of papaya vars. CORFOCIAL 6/93 La Paz Cajibio Evaluation of maize vars. CORFOCIAL 4/92 Campo Alegre Campo Alegre Evaluation of maize vars. CORFOCIAL 2/92 Crucero del Crucero del Evaluation of plantain vars. CORFOCIAL 8/94 Rosario Rosario Nuevo El Porvenir Comercialization of beans CORFOCIAL 10/93 Amanecer El Moral El Moral Evaluation of sugarcane vars. CORPOTUNIA 9/93 Frontino Frontino Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL 3/93 Quebrada Azul Quebrada Azul Evaluation of snap bean vars. CORFOCIAL 1/90 El Turco El Turco Evaluation of plantain vars. ORFOCIAL 9/94 Los Quingo Los Quingos Evaluation of maize vars. CORFOCIAL 1/90 San Isidro San Isidro Evaluation of maize vars. CORPOTUNIA 1/91 El Jardín El Jardín Cerro Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL 9/93 Alto Andalucía Andalucía Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL 7/95 La Palma Pueblo Nuevo Diseases of naranjilla CORFOCIAL 5/95 San Antonio San Antonio Evaluation of maize vars. CORFOCIAL 8/95 La Floresta Silvia Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL Altamira Totoró Fertilization for peas CORFOCIAL 12/95 Carpintero Carpintero Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL 10/95 Portachuelo Alto Portachuelo Alto Evaluation of guinea pig diets CORFOCIAL 8/95 Chambimbe Chambimbe lntercropping CORFOCIAL 9/96 Cassava/beans/maize El Centro El Centro Evaluation of patato vars. CORFOCIAL 1/96 Betania Totoró Evaluation of wheat vars. CORFOCIAL 10/96 Bellavista Bellavista Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL 3/97 Santa Isabel Santa Isabel Staking of peas CORFOCIAL 10/97 La Aurora El Tengo Evaluation of maize vars. CORFOCIAL 2/97 La María La María Evaluation of maize vars. CORFOCIAL 8/96 11 6 Colombia CIAL Location Research Topic lnstitution lnitiation Pioyá Pioyá Evaluation of onion vars. CORFOCIAL 4/96 San Isidro San Isidro Evaluation of cassava vars. CORFOCIAL 9/96 San Isidro San Isidro Evaluation of soybean vars. CORFOCIAL 10/96 El Carmen Piendamó Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL 9/94 El Placer El Placer Evaluation of maize vars. FUNCOP Michinchal Cajibio Evaluation of bean vars. CORFOCIAL La Cabana La Cabana Evaluation of soybean vars. CORFOCIAL 8/98 Jurpa Ventaquemada IPM of potato tuber moth CRECED 5/96 San Pedro Macanal IPM of potato tuber moth CRECED 6/96 El hato Ti basas a IPM of patato CRECED 9/98 Boquerón U m bita IPM of patato tuber moth CRECED 5/96 S. Pedro de Macanal IPM in naranjilla CRECED 7/96 Muceño El Olivo Sta.Rosa IPM of potato late blight CRECED 6/96 Motavita Motavita IPM of potato tuber moth CRECED 5/96 Siativa Tinjacá Fertilization of naranjilla CRECED/U MATA 7/96 Portachuelo Sta. Rosa de Evaluation of forage vars. CORPOICA 6/96 Viterbo Mata de Mora Saboya IPM of potatoes CORPOICA 6/97 Turmeque Abajo Turmeque Sunflowers CORPOICA 10/98 Maria Mongui Easter lily CORPOICA 10/98 Auxiliadora San Luis Belén IPM of potatoes CRECED 6/97 Nemogá Fúquene Evaluation of pea vars. & CRECED 5/96 staking Cumba Chipaque IPM of potato bacteria! wilt CRECED 7/95 Salitre Une IPM of potato late blight CRECED 5/96 Potrero Grande Choachí Control of onion diseases CRECED/U MATA 6/96 Rodeo La Peñas Evaluation of sugarcane vars. CRECED 1/97 Boj acá Chía Evaluation of guinea pig diets CRECED/UMAT A 5/96 Apulo Apulo Evaluation of poultry diets CRECED 7/97 EICucubo Duitama Evaluation of alfalfa vars. CRECED 5/96 Pacho Pacho Evaluations poultry diets CRECED 6/97 Santa Bárbara Arbeláez Evaluation of snap bean vars. CRECED 5/97 Volsalice Fusagasugá Rational use of water CRECED 9/97 resources Mesitas Fusagasugá Forages CRECED 5/97 Bocas de Monte Pasea IPM of potato tuber moth CRECED 5/97 Usatama Fusagasuga Drinkable water CORPOICA 3/97 Pilacabajo Sasaima Control of leaf-cutter ants in CORPOICA cassava Rincon Santo Zipacon IPM in potatoes CORPOICA 6/98 Pantanos Apulo Chicken diets CORPOICA 7/97 117 Colombia ·ciAL Location Research Topic lnstltution lnitiation Viena Fusagasuga Evaluation of papaya vars. CORPOICA 5/98 San Luis Quipile Evaluation of blacberries CORPOICA 3/99 Paeces Abajo Jesamo Chicken diets CORPOICA 9/98 Turtur Utica Evaluation of sugarcane vars. CORPOICA 8/98 El Carmen San Juanito Varietal resistance of peas CRECED 7/97 San Antonio El Calvario Control of in naranjilla CORPOICA 6/97 Espino La Mesa Evaluacion of tomato vars. CORPOICA San Antonio Portachuelo Blackberries SENA 8/98 Gambita Gambita Evaluation of maize vars. CORPOICA 9/98 Moraría Confines IPM in plantains CORPOICA 9/98 San Benito San Benito Evaluation of plantain vars. CORPOICA 9/98 La Meseta Floridablanca Soursop (Annona muricata) CORPOICNSENA 8/98 La Judía Floridablanca IPM in plantains CORPOICNSENA 11/98 Valle de Ritoque Florida blanca Diets for swine CORPOICNSENA 10/98 Bolarqui Bucaramanga Evaluation of snap bean vars. CORPOICNSENA 10/98 Aguaclara Cucuta Evaluation of plantains CORPOICNSENA 2/99 El Cucano Pamplonita Tomatoes CORPOICNSENA 2/99 Hatillo Oca na Fertilizetion of onions CORPOICNSENA 10/98 Los Angeles Rio de Oro Evaluation of maize vars. SENA 2/99 El Trebol El Banco IPM in cassava CRECED 9/98 EL Bajo El Plato IPM in cassava CRECED 9/98 Zacama El Reten IPM in chillis CRECED 9/98 La Rivera Pailitas Evaluation of rice CORPOICNSENA 8/98 Rosa Maria Remolino Resistance to melon tuber CORPOICNSENA 8/98 moth Vuelta a la Mica El Plato Black tobacco leaf miner CORPOICNSENA 8/98 La Pena Curiti Evaluation of bean vars. CORPOICNSENA 9/98 San Lorenzo San Benito Planting density in plantains CORPOICNSENA 10/98 Alto Mundo Nuevo Puente Bomba Evaluation of papaya vars. CRECED 9/98 Guaracaca Riohacha Deformation of papaya fruit CORPOICNSENA 9/98 11 8 Ecuador CIAL Location Research Topic lnstitution lnitiation Las Playas de San Francisco Evaluation of fruit vars. UNOCANC/IIRR 6/97 Pulpaná S. Luis de la Cusabamba Resistance to patato late IIRR 6/97 Campiña blight Nuevo Amanecer San Agustín Guinea pig breeds IIRR 3/96 Nuevo Amanecer Baeza Napa Evaluation of fruit vars. IIRRIFUNAN 6/97 El Cóndor San Alfonso Evaluation of guinea pig IIRRIFUNAN 5/96 breeds Shingashina Aloguincho Resistance to patato late MAG 4/96 blight La Victoria La Playa Evaluation of patato vars. MAG 5/96 S. Pedro de Anagumba Evaluation of guinea pig IIRR/MAG 6/97 Anagumba breeds Futuro Mejor San José de las Fertilizers IIRRIMAG 5/96 Minas Las Orquídeas Las Orquídeas Evaluation of blackberry IIRRIMAG 6/97 vars . Las Palmas Las Palmas Dairy cattle milk/meat FUNAN/MAG 6/97 production El Aliso El Angel Evaluation of blackberry FLACSO 7197 vars . Chambapungo Chambapungo Evaluation of guinea pig INIAP 6/97 breeds Guaranda Bolívar Evaluation of maize vars. INIAP 8/97 Flor Naciente Guabug Evaluation of patato vars. NJAP 8/97 El Progreso Llacud Resistance to patato late INIAP/FORTIPAPA 5/96 blight 11 de Noviembre Pusnia IPM in potatoes INIAP/FORTIPAPA 4/96 Chanchalo Chanchalo Evaluation of patato vars. JNJAP 8/97 Chaupi Cotopaxi Evaluation of INIAP 8/97 potato/pastures El Progreso Pichincha Evaluation of carrot vars. INIAP 9/97 San José de la Carchi JPM in potatoes INIAP 8/97 Huaca Grupo de Mujeres de San Esteban IPM in tomatoes IIRRIDFC 9/97 San Esteban Yanajaca IPM in potatoes Vision mundial Santo Domingo Cayambe Evaluation of patato vars . Univ. de Laja San Pablo Urca San Pablo Urco Evaluation of pea vars. Univ. de Laja Ayora Cayambe Fertilization of potatoes Univ. de Laja Tamboguasha San Juan Profitability of faba bean DFC system Achig Vaquería Macag Grande IPM in potatoes IIRR Muyurco Cayambe Humus fertilization Univ. de Laja San Jase de La Carchi IPM in potatoes INIAP 8/97 Huaca 119 Honduras CIAL Location Research Topic lnstitution lnitiation Mujeres en Acción San Antonio Evaluation of cassava SERTEDESO 7/96 vars. Tierra Fría Tierra Fría Evaluation of maize vars. FUPNAPIB 5/96 La Playa Concepción Evaluation of bean vars. IIRR 4/96 4 de Marzo California Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA 3/96 El Pital La Ceiba Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA 3/96 Luz y Vida Yo rito Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA Nueva Suyapa Yorito Evaluation of onion vars. IPCA 11/97 El Zapote Jesús of Otoro Evaluation of maize vars. IHDER 3/96 Cafetales Victoria Diagnosis SERTEDESO 2/98 Santa Cruz Yorito Diagnosis SERTEDESO 3/98 San José de Mora S. José de Mora Evaluation of bean vars. FEPROH 4/96 San Isidro Vallecillos Evaluation of bean vars. FEPROH 4/97 El Esfuerzo de Vallecillos Evaluation of bean vars. FEPROH 9/97 Tuliapita El Encinal El Encinal Resistance to bean pests, FEPROH 2/97 diseases Nuevo Paraíso Tabla Grande Evaluation of bean vars. UNIR/ZAMORANO 3/96 Silisgualagua Guinope Evaluation of bean vars. UNIR/ZAMORANO 9/97 Los Limones Morocelí Evaluation of bean vars. UNIR/ZAMORANO 9/97 La Lima La Lima Evaluation chemical of UNIR/ZAMORANO 9/97 onion Nuevos Horizontes Lavanderos Evaluation of bean vars. UNIR/ZAMORANO 3/96 Sagrado Corazón El Ocotal Evaluation of bean vars. UNIR/ZAMORANO 9/97 de Jesús Unión del Llano Llano Ocotal Evaluation of bean vars. UNIR/ZAMORANO 9/97 del Ocotal Chaguite Grande Oro poli Evaluation of bean vars. UNIR/ZAMORANO 9/97 Luquigue Luquigue Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA 2/96 Palmichal Taulabé Maize organic fertilizers IPCA 3/96 El Paraíso Concepción del Diagnosis IPCA 3/98 Sur Sabana de San Yorito Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA 2/98 Pedro Nueva Espranza Nueva Evaluation of maize vars. IPCA 3/96 Esperanza Los Aguajes Las Vegas Evaluation of maize vars., IPCA 5/95 fertilizers El Tontolo Las Vegas Evaluation of maize vars. IPCA 5/96 Guaco Yorito Evaluation of maize vars. IPCA 11/97 Jalapa Yorito Evaluation of onion vars. IPCA 11/97 Valleci llos Yorito Evaluation of maize vars. PDA 2/97 Mina Honda Yorito Evaluation of bean vars. PDA 3/97 Guaco Hombres Yorito IPM in beans PDA 11/97 Rio de la Puerta Vallecillos Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA 2/99 120 Honduras CIAL Location Research Topic lnstitution lnitiation El Plantel La Victoria Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA 2/99 Mina Honda Yorito Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA Ojo de Agua Concepcion del Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA 1/99 Sur Patastera Yorito Organic fertilization of IPCA 2/98 chillis Turin Turin Yorito IPM in cabbages IPCA 12/98 Santa Marta Yorito Evaluation of lablab vars. IPCA 12/98 Portillo El Portillo Yorito Evaluation of bean vars. IPCA 12/98 Guachipilin La Victoria IPM in bean vars. IPCA 4/98 Rio Bonito Rio Bonito Evaluation of maize vars. IPCA 3/98 Monte de Dios Siguatepeque Evaluation of maize vars. IPCA 3/99 El Sauce Siguatepeque Fertilization of maize IPCA 3/99 Brisas de Bacadia Brisas de Evaluation of maize vars. IPCA 3/99 Bacadia Diviso Sanjose Fertilization of beans IPCA 3/99 Quebrada Vieja Yorito IPM in maize IPCA 12/98 El Salvador CIAL Location Research Topic lnstitution lnitiation San José de las S. J. de las Flores Evaluation of maize vars. CORDES 6/97 Flores San Francisco San Francisco Evaluatíon of maize vars. CORDES 6/97 Papaturro Papaturro Evaluation of maize vars. CORO ES 7/97 Las Peñas Las Peñas Evaluation of maize vars. CORO ES 6/97 Teosinte San Francisco Evaluation of maize vars. CORO ES 5/97 Nueva Esperanza Tejut!a Evaluation of maize vars. CORDES 6/97 lzotalillo La Reyna Evaluatíon of maize vars. CORDES 6/97 Cooperativa El El Paísnal Chícken raísing CORO ES 5/97 Tronador San Carlos Lempa Tecaña Evaluation of tomate CORO ES 5/97 vars. Pepeto Tenancigo Evaluatíon of maize vars. CORDES 6/97 121 Nicaragua CIAL Location Research Topic lnstitution lnitiation Nuevo Pensamiento Cuyas Evaluation of bean vars. INPRHU 8/96 Las Mesas San Dionicio Evaluation of maize vars. INPRHU 8/96 Guaylo San Lucas Evaluation of bean vars. INPRHU 9/96 El Jícaro Matagalpa Green manures for maize CIA T /Hillsides 9/97 Piedras Largas Matagalpa Evaluation of bean vars. CIAT/Hillsides 8/97 Wibuse Matagalpa Evaluation of bean vars. CIAT/Hillsides 9/97 Las Jagüitas Esquipulas Green manures for CIEETS 9/96 plantains Venezuela CIAL Location Research Topic lnstitution lnitiation Curari Torres Evaluation of bean vars. FONAIAP 2/98 El Aliso Alto Guarico Organic fertilization of Centro 2/98 coffee Gumillas El Solitario Urumaco Bell peppers MRNR Ovejera Pampan Evaluation of coffee vars. FONAIAP 2/98 122 ACRONYMS ANO ABBREVIATIONS Acronym ASIA VA ASO BES URCA ASOCIAL BMZ CADET CAPRI CARE CARITAS CATIE CEDEAGRO CEDEGE CEDELEA CENIAP CENICAFE CENTA CETEC CGIAR CIAE CIAE-LARA CIAO CIARA CIAT CIAT CIAL CIEETS CIFP CIMMYT CIP CIPASLA CIPAV CNPMF COLNODO Asociación de Ingenieros Agrónomos del Valle (Colombia} Asociación de Beneficiarios de la Subcuenca del Río Cabuyal (Colombia} Asociación de CIAL (Honduras} Der Bundesminister für Wirtschafliche Zusammenarbeit (German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development} Comité Agrícola de Desarrollo Tecnológico (Colombia} Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere Proyecto de Comercialización (Honduras} Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Costa Rica - Nicaragua} Centro de Desarrollo Agropecuario (Bolivia} (Ecuador} Centro Educativo para el Desarrollo Local Extensión Agrícola (Venezuela} Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (Venezuela} Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café (Colombia} Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Honduras, Salvador} Corporación para Estudios lnterdiciplinarios y Asesoría Técnica (Colombia} Consultative Group on lnternational Agricultura! Research Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias del Estado ( Venezuela} Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias del Estado de Lara (Venezuela} Centro Internacional de Agricultura Orgánica (Colombia} Fundación para la Ciencia y la Investigación Aplicada a la Reforma Agraria (Venezuela} Centro de Investigación Agrícola Tropical (Bolivia} Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (Colombia} Comité de Investigación Agrícola Local (CIAT, Colombia} Centro lntereclesial de Estudios Teológicos y Sociales (Nicaragua} Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani (Bolivia} Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (Mexico} Centro Internacional de la Papa (Peru} Consorcio lnterinstitucional para la Agricultura Sostenible en Laderas (Colombia} Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Producción Agropecuaria (Colombia} Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical (Brazil} Colombian communications network serving non governmental organizations dedicated to community development 123 COMVALLE CONDESAN COPAL CORDES CORFOCIAL CORPOCUENCAS CORPOICA CORPOTUNIA CORPOVERSALLES CORSICEN COTES U CPAC CRECED CURLA DAN IDA DfiD DICTA DIP DISU-UMSS EAP ENCORAE ENLACE ETSA FARENA FEPROH FIDAR FITH FLACSO FONAIAP FORTIPAPA FUNDACITE FUNAN FUPNAPIB FUNCOP IAPAR Consorcio lnterinstitutional para el Manejo de los Recursos Naturales del Norte y Centro del Valle del Cauca (Colombia) Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecoregión Andina (Ecuador) Comités de Pesquisa Agropecuaria Local (Brasil) Fundación para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo comunal de El Salvador (Salvador) Corporación para el Fomento de los Comités de lnvestigacion Agrícola Local (Colombia) Corporación para la recuperación de cuencas (Colombia) Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria Corporación para el Desarrollo de Tunia (Colombia) Corporación Versalles (Colombia) Corporación de la Sierra Central (ECUADOR) Cooperación Técnica Suiza Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria dos Cerrados (Brazil) Centro Regional de Estudios de Capacitación, Educación y Desarrollo (Colombia) Centro Universitario Regional del Litoral Atlántico ( Honduras) Danish lnternational Development Assistance Department for lnternational Development (UK) Dirección de Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria de Honduras Diagnóstico, Investigación y Participación (Mexico) Dirección de Interacción Social Universitaria (Bolivia) Escuela Agrícola Panamericana at Zamorano (Honduras) Instituto para el Ecodesarrollo de la región Amazonica Ecuatoriana (Ecuador) Entidad Nacional Latinoamericana de Cooperación Estratégica (El Salvador) Escuela Técnica Superior de Agricultura (Bolivia) Facultad de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente (Nicaragua) Fomento Evangélico para el Progreso de Honduras (Honduras) Fundación para la Investigación y el Desarrollo de la Agroindustria Rural (Colombia) Fundación lndigena Tawaka (Honduras) Facultad Latinoaméricana de Ciencias Sociales (Ecuador) Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (Venezuela) Fortalecimiento de la Investigación y Producción de Semilla de Papa (Ecuador) Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología del Estado Lara (Venezuela} Fundación Antisana (Ecuador) Fundación Parque Nacional Pico Bonito (Honduras) Fundación para la Comunicación Popular (Colombia) Instituto Agronómico do Paraná (Brazil) 124 IBTEN IDEAS IDRC IHDER IIRR liTA INIA INIAP INIVIT INPRHU INTA IPCA IRA PDBL PROINPA PROSALAFA PRR PROLANSATE RUF SAVE SENA SE NASA SHYQCA UNA UNICAM www Abbreviations AH FPR FFS GO lA M IPM ISFM LAC M&E NARS NGO NRM Instituto Boliviano de Tecnología Nuclear (Bolivia) Centro IDEAS (Investigación, Documentación, Educación, Asesoría y Servicios (Bolivia, Ecuador) lnternational Development Research Centre (Canada) Instituto Hondureño de Desarrollo Rural (Honduras) lnternational lnstitute of Rural Reconstruction (Ecuador) lnternational lnstitute of Tropical Agricultura (Nigeria) Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (Peru) Instituto Nacional Autónomo de lnvestigacion Agropecuaria (Ecuador) Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales (Cuba) Instituto de Promoción Humana (Nicaragua) Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Nicaragua) Investigación Participativa en Centro América (Honduras) lnstitute of Resource Assessment (Tanzania) Proyecto de Desarrollo del Bosque Latifoliado (Honduras) Fundación Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (Bolivia) Proyecto de Apoyo a Pequeños Productores y Pescadores Artesanales de a Zona Semi-Arida de los Estados de Lara y Falcón (Venezuela) Programa de Reconstrucción Rural (Honduras) FUNDACION PARA LA PROTECCION DE LANCETILLA,PUNTA DE SAL Y TEXIGUAT (Honduras) Danish Council for Development Research Sustainable Agricultura and Village Extension (CARE Program) Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (Colombia) Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria) (Salvador) Sistema Hidráulico Yacambu- Quibor C .A. (Venezuela) Universidad Nacional Agraria (Nicaragua) Universidad Campesina (Nicaragua) World Wide Web Agroecosystem health Farmer Participatory Research farmer field schools (FAO) governmental organization lntegrated Agroecosystem Management integrated pest management integrated soil fertility management Latin America and the Caribbean monitoring and evaluation national agricultura! research systems non-governmental organization natural resource management 125 NRMG PDA PB PDM PPB PR PRGA R&D SP-IPM SP-NM SP-PRGA natural resource management working group Participatory diagnostic assessment plant breeding participatory diagnosis meeting participatory plant breeding participatory research participatory research and gender analysis program research and development Systemwide Program on lntegrated Pest Management (CGIAR} Systemwide Program on Soil, Water and Nutrient Management (CGIAR} Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (CGIAR) 126