Photo: Mulugeta Ayene, Ethiopia / WLE 1 CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystem (WLE) Connected Thinking, Compelling Solutions WLE is a global research-for-development program connecting partners to deliver sustainable agricultural solutions that enhance our natural resources and the well-being of people. WLE brings together CGIAR centers, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the RUAF Foundation, and numerous national, regional and international partners to find integrated solutions. WLE is led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and partners, and supported by CGIAR, a global research partnership for a food-secure future. Email: wle@cgiar.org Website: wle.cgiar.org Thrive Blog: wle.cgiar.org/thrive WLE would like to express appreciation to its donors, in particular contributions made through the CGIAR Trust Fund: 1 Contents ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 5 Part A: Narrative ........................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Key Results ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Progress Towards SDGs and SLOs (sphere of interest, with research results frequently predating the CRP) ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 CRP Progress Towards Outputs and Outcomes (spheres of control and influence) ...................... 7 1.3 Cross-Cutting Dimensions (at CRP level) ....................................................................................... 12 2. Effectiveness and Efficiency ................................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Management and Governance ..................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Partnerships .................................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Intellectual Assets ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Monitoring, Evaluation, Impact Assessment and Learning (MELIA) ............................................. 18 2.5 Efficiency ....................................................................................................................................... 18 2.6 Management of Risks to Your CRP ................................................................................................ 19 2.7 Use of W1/W2 Funding ................................................................................................................. 19 3. Financial Summary .............................................................................................................................. 20 Part B. Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Table 1: Evidence on progress towards SRF targets (sphere of interest) ............................................... 21 Table 2: Condensed list of policy contributions in this reporting year (sphere of Influence) ................ 23 Table 3: List of Outcome/ Impact Case Reports from this reporting year (sphere of Influence) ........... 25 Table 4: Condensed list of innovations by stage for this reporting year ................................................ 26 Table 5: Summary of status of planned outcomes and milestones (sphere of influence-control) ........ 27 Table 6: Numbers of peer-reviewed publications from current reporting period (sphere of control) .. 45 Table 7: Participants in capacity development activities ........................................................................ 45 Table 8: Key external partnerships ......................................................................................................... 46 Table 9: Internal cross-CGIAR collaborations.......................................................................................... 50 Table 10: Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Impact Assessment (MELIA) ....................................... 55 Table 11: Update on Actions Taken in Response to Relevant Evaluations ............................................. 58 Table 12: Examples of W1/2 use in this reporting period (2018) ........................................................... 58 Table 13: CRP Financial Report* ............................................................................................................. 63 2 ACRONYMS WLE Flagship Programs Flagship 1, RDL - Restoring Degraded Landscapes Flagship 2, LWS - Land and Water Solutions for Sustainable Intensification Flagship 3, RUL - Sustaining Rural Urban Linkages Flagship 4, VCR - Managing Variability, Risks and Competing Uses for Increased Resilience Flagship 5, ESA - Enhancing Sustainability Across Agricultural Systems A4NH CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health AMR Antimicrobial Resistance CCAFS CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) CRP CGIAR Research Program FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FINAGRO Fondo para el financiamiento del sector agropecuario (Colombian Financing fund for the Agricultural Sector) FTA CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH IBFI Index-based Flood Insurance ISC Independent Steering Committee ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IWMI International Water Management Institute IPBES Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services KUSUM Indian Solar Agriculture Pumps Subsidy program MARIS Migration, Agriculture and Resilience: Initiative for Sustainability Network MARLO Managing Agricultural Research for Learning and Outcomes MELIA Monitoring, Evaluation, Impact Assessment and Learning NRM Natural Resource Management OICR Outcome Impact Case Report PIM CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets POWB CGIAR CRP Plan of Work and Budget RRR Resource recovery and reuse (WLE Flagship 3 Research Theme) SADMS South Asia Drought Monitoring System SAFI Studying Farmer Led Irrigation Network SAI Sustainable Agricultural Intensification SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation 3 SDG Sustainable Development Goal SLO System Level Outcome SOC Soil Organic Carbon SRF Strategic Results Framework TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity ToC Theory of Change UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar WHO World Health Organization WLE CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems WUA Water Users’ Association 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2018 results from the CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) identify new ways of managing natural resources that work not only in the field, but also at landscape and system levels. WLE ensures agricultural interventions are managed to consider impacts on land, water, ecosystems and the people who rely on them. To achieve this, WLE operates through five inter-connected flagship programs1 addressing CGIAR global challenges: Planetary boundaries: At the core of WLE’s work is finding solutions that turn food systems from a major driver of degradation to part of the solution. 2018 results include:  Massive new investments in solar irrigation: USD 16.4 billion Indian investment includes a farmer co-op model tested by WLE/International Water Management Institute (IWMI)/CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) promoting efficient irrigation practices and income generation through sale of surplus clean energy. WLE builds on these and other results through business models for Ethiopian solar investment; gender equity tools, and conservation agriculture support. (OICR2791)  E-flows adopted into SDG indicator: WLE integrated environmental flows into a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator on water scarcity. (OICR2795)  Building natural resource based resilience through analyzing soil carbon sequestration potential in Ethiopia, India and Kenya; supporting Wetlands City designation for Colombo, Sri Lanka; and improving farmers’ resilience during drought by providing satellite data to the Indian government and crop insurance stakeholders. (OICR2796)  Supporting decisions based on evidence through uptake of WLE decision analysis tools, soil data, water-energy-food nexus tools, and a platform used in Honduras to identify irrigation and drinking water sources.(OICR2793)  Influencing discourse through international assessments: WLE scientists played leading roles in Africa and Asia reports of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), sections of the UN World Water Development Report 2018 and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB). Equality of opportunity: Sustainable success hinges on equitably meeting the needs of women, youth, and smallholders. Key results include influencing investment decisions to include women farmers in a Tajik irrigation training program; engaging youth through university curricula partnerships to include waste recovery business models, and tailoring bio-energy models to women; and WLE tools for equitable irrigation planning. (OICR2773) 1 Flagship 1: Restoring Degraded Lands; Flagship 2: Land and Water Solutions; Flagship 3: Rural Urban Linkages; Flagship 4: Variability, Risks and Competing Uses; Flagship 5: Enhancing Sustainability Across Agricultural Systems. 5 Other CGIAR challenges are also tackled through WLE’s cross-cutting solutions:  Food availability is being increased through rural-urban food system solutions, satellite data monitoring, flood management, and small scale water investment planning.  Public health through safe wastewater reuse, sanitation policy, and understanding water- nutrition linkages.  Jobs and growth will potentially be strengthened through new smallholder agriculture solutions, and resource recovery and irrigation business models. Working towards such outcomes, WLE has documented delivery of:  Eight innovations and eight strategic outcomes.  338 publications, with four high-impact journal articles including on irrigation efficiency and ecosystem services.  4,427 policy-makers, smallholders, practitioners and others trained.  239 external partners supporting development, adoption or scaling of solutions. 6 Part A: Narrative 1. Key Results 1.1 Progress Towards SDGs and SLOs (sphere of interest, with research results frequently predating the CRP) WLE contributes to Systems Level Outcome (SLO) 3 “improving natural resource systems and ecosystem services” and SLO 1 “reduced poverty”. To a lesser extent, WLE also contributes to the health and nutrition benefits of SLO 2. Because impacts within the natural resource sector often take many years to mature before it is possible to measure these impacts (Table 1); and because impact measurement in this sector is still methodologically challenging, WLE prioritizes, and is in the process of commissioning, several outcome level assessments. Preliminary evidence suggests that, in 2018, WLE funded research is making some contribution to the SLO target of 21 million farm households adopted improved (water and land) management practices. In Colombia, for instance, the Ministry of Environment and the agricultural sector are scaling WLE research through the Financing Fund for the Agricultural Sector (FINAGRO), where small and medium-size landholders have been supported to conserve forests and restore deforested areas, leading to improved wellbeing. In the Ethiopian state of Afar, WLE-funded research has shown how to create new arable land for crop and forage production, whilst reducing flood risk, through flood-spreading weirs. The Ethiopian Government is set to scale out such approaches. WLE is contributing to the crosscutting SLO, capacity development, through evaluative research in Tajikistan which led to the adoption by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) of a new training module targeting women. By increasing their capacity in water management, we expect to find evidence that women, enabled to secure water for their farms and kitchen gardens, will also contribute to the WLE SLO target of assisting 5.74 million people (50% of which are women) to exit poverty. In India, WLE and CCAFS research on solar-powered irrigation has been scaled up as part of a major farm energy program (KUSUM) in Gujarat (with pilots in Gujarat and six other states). Early results include a 50% increase in net farm income, whilst reducing withdrawal of groundwater (among other benefits). In 2018, WLE also contributed to SLO target restoring 7.7 Mha of degraded land. For example, the Soil- Plant Spectral Diagnostics Laboratory assisted 14 government institutions and three private sector labs to adopt soil spectral technology that measure and map soil properties. Combined with capacity development in the new methods, this WLE funded technology is helping to reverse nutrient and organic matter depletion and soil erosion, particularly in Sub-Saharan African countries. 1.2 CRP Progress Towards Outputs and Outcomes (spheres of control and influence) 1.2.1 Overall CRP progress WLE addresses CGIAR Global Challenges - particularly living within planetary boundaries - delivering more sustainable management of land, soils, water and biodiversity and managing related trade-offs. Challenge: Planetary boundaries Massive new investment scales out solar irrigation business model. The Government of India announced a USD 16.4 billion investment to promote solar irrigation (thirty percent capital subsidy from central 7 government), which includes a WLE/IWMI/CCAFS farmer co-op model that protects groundwater by selling excess power to the grid.2 With Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) support, WLE/IWMI initiated a long-term regional partnership to expand the model across South Asia, and is disseminating lessons to Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. (OICR2792). UN-endorsed global reporting system on water stress incorporates environmental flows. WLE/IWMI research on environmental flows has been incorporated into the new FAO official country reporting guidelines for calculating the Water Stress Indicator 6.4.2 of SDG 6. The UN Environment Head of Ecosystems lauded this as the first time environmental flows have been included in a global policy. (OICR2795). UN agencies incorporate global water pollution assessment and wastewater guidance into training modules. WLE/IWMI/FAO published a major global review of water pollution from agriculture. This study was accompanied by a handbook on safe use of wastewater in horticulture. Influencing global discourse on biodiversity and ecosystems. The IPBES report was launched with WLE/CIAT/Bioversity as lead authors of the Africa assessment and WLE/IWMI scientists co-chairing the Asia-Pacific assessment. The reports help create an international consensus on a post-2020 global biodiversity framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity. WLE/IFPRI researchers led the agri- food systems chapter in the TEEB initiative. WLE/IWMI scientists contributed to the UN World Water Development Report 2018 chapters on nature-based solutions. Decision-makers navigating water-energy-food nexus. A Philippines carbon tax proposal cited WLE/IFPRI’s work on the potential of renewables. The Government then requested IFPRI to assess options to support national mitigation goals. Governments and other practitioners are using WLE/IFPRI tools (e.g. Niger River Basin, Ethiopia and Sudan), including a guide for Nexus Analysis. Identifying soil carbon capture potential. WLE/CIAT found that adopting conservation agriculture has the potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) on 84% of croplands in Ethiopia, India and Kenya. Seventeen countries using new decision-support technology to restore land. Three new African countries are using WLE/ICRAF soil–plant spectral technology to help make better fertilizer decisions, thus protecting and restoring soils and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency. (OICR2794). Challenge: Food availability Degrading landscapes, declining soil fertility, and worsening droughts and floods mean effective resource management is increasingly critical for successful harvests. Highlights: Real-time drought monitoring enhances agricultural production and incomes. The South Asia Drought Monitoring System (SADMS), developed by WLE/IWMI/CCAFS, provides real-time drought severity data enabling local authorities to better advise farmers on crop choices. In three central Indian districts, crop yields and incomes in targeted areas were significantly higher than in control areas. This triggered plans 2 CCAFS reported this in 2017, but at that time it was a proposal. It was only in February 2018 that the Indian Finance Minister announced and launched the “KUSUM” initiative formally. See OICR2792 for details. 8 in Karnataka and other areas to scale out the program in 2019; and World Bank interest in scaling via new drought insurance projects in Asia and Africa. (OICR2796). Harnessing extreme floods for agro-pastoral system improvements. WLE/ICRISAT demonstrated “water spreading weirs” to harness flash floods as part of integrated flood management in eastern Ethiopia. The study showed that combining this system with improved farming practices can enhance degraded landscape productivity. The World Bank and International Fund for Agricultural Development plan to integrate this model into a proposed USD 456 million investment. (OICR2791). Water investment planning tool adopted by Honduras for national conservation policy implementation. WLE/CIAT, the Government of Honduras and partners developed an online science-based platform “Agua de Honduras” which generates hydrological information to assist water management and irrigation investment decisions. This tool was used about 150 times to identify rainwater harvesting sites and 25 times to identify river diversion points. (OICR2793). Improving rural-urban food systems. To address urban challenges, WLE/RUAF Foundation analyzed four very diverse cities’ food systems: Tamale and Ouagadougou in West Africa, Colombo, Sri Lanka and Quito, Ecuador. In Quito, WLE/RUAF helped develop a Citizen Charter to guide provision of sufficient nutritious food in equitable and sustainable ways. Challenge: Equality of opportunity WLE addresses gender and marginalization to ensure solutions tackle food insecurity, conflict and inequality. Highlights: Evidence demonstrates importance of targeting women in irrigation management. USAID reoriented its investment based on a WLE/IWMI evaluation of an irrigation training program in Tajikistan which found that only male farmers were targeted for training. This risked irrigation performance, as women are increasingly taking over irrigation infrastructure management due to male out-migration. USAID adopted the recommendation to train female farmers in order to sustain the irrigation systems and improve home garden productivity. The recommendations have informed USAID’s Feed the Future’s Global Learning Agenda. (OICR2773). Empowering farmer-led irrigation in Africa. To support low-income smallholders’ access to technology, WLE/IWMI developed business models for solar irrigation in Ethiopia and reviewed African micro-credit experiences. “Out-of-the-box” pilot projects identified included models where a business sells the service, not the equipment, as a type of “uber for irrigation”. These models potentially enable women and youth to better access irrigation or start small businesses (Section 1.3.1 and 1.3.2). Challenge: Jobs and growth A business model approach to natural resource management (NRM). WLE/IWMI are piloting business models to encourage investments in reusing urban waste in Ghana and Sri Lanka. These models have the potential to create new forms of business (Section 1.3.2). WLE is supporting 19 universities to integrate this approach into curricula. 9 Challenge: Public Health Impact pathways to improve nutrition. WLE/IFPRI analyzed water-nutrition linkages across SDGs 2 and 6 and found many knowledge gaps around how to link interventions across these two SDGs. WLE/IFPRI is supporting World Bank guidance on nutrition-sensitive irrigation investments. WLE/ICRAF applied new decision analysis methodologies to Uganda’s agricultural development policy, honey value chains in Kenya, and proposed community-led natural resource management investments in Kenya’s drylands. Cross-cutting work on health includes ensuring safe waste reuse. New World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines on Sanitation and Health acknowledge WLE/IWMI scientists. WLE/IWMI scientists participated in WHO-FAO expert groups updating the Codex Alimentarius on food safety related to irrigation water and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). 1.2.2 Progress by flagships (optional) Please see Milestones table. As instructed, WLE has selected to provide this information in 1.2.1 1.2.3 Variance from planned program for this year WLE is generally on target as per the 2018 Plan of Work and Budget, with some delays in finalizing outputs, often due to Project Leads setting overly ambitious deadlines. Flagship 1 extended to next year the completion of ongoing activities for developing an investment-ready business portfolio for private sector investment on land restoration. Flagship 2 had to modify some of its planned work in Ethiopia on irrigated fodder, and review of watershed management, since a major project led by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) was closed earlier than expected. A research report on exclosure mapping was delayed to 2019. Flagship 3 redirected some of the food safety research to better link with WHO/FAO’s work on irrigation water and AMR and the new CGIAR AMR Hub, resulting in a joint postdoctoral fellow position, with ILRI. Flagship 4 has strengthened its partnership with WorldFish and the FISH Consortium Research Program (CRP) through a joint initiative to better incorporate inland fisheries in the planning and management of water control infrastructure (Table 9). Focus on the role of nature-based solutions in urban and peri- urban environments in Sri Lanka and in Lao PDR also increased. Due to difficulties in securing bilateral funding on water storage and malaria, from 2019, VCR will instead re-orient W1/W2 funds into research to improve data and information exchange in transboundary waters (rivers and aquifers). Flagship 5 was funded with a reduced W1/W2 budget starting in 2018. Work commenced in mid-2018 to develop a corresponding work plan, which focuses on (1) building a natural resource management decision support framework for multi-functional landscapes; and (2) piloting the framework in two landscapes. During 2018, scoping work was undertaken to review literature on existing approaches and frameworks, and to identify water, land and ecosystem management challenges in case study landscapes in Northern Ethiopia and Uganda. 10 1.2.4 Altmetric and publication highlights WLE research supported production of 338 publications in 2018 (Table 6 and spreadsheet), of which 228 were noted as peer reviewed. WLE Altmetrics results are in Table 6. Since CGIAR adopted this as an indicator in 2017, WLE has implemented a range of steps to improve scores and tracking. But across the CGIAR, data are still incomplete, and systems are still being improved by Centers and CRPs to bolster results and ensure reliable measurement. Journal articles and other publications can be found embedded as Evidence in the Milestones Table (5) and throughout the narrative and tables. Highlights from 2018 include:  Four high performing journal articles mapped to WLE, as measured by Altmetric scores: 1. The Paradox of Irrigation Efficiency, in Science, finding that advanced technologies do not necessarily "save" water that can be reallocated to some other use, but enable increased production by farmers. Cited in news, blogs and shared via hundreds of social media posts. (Score of 428) 2. Tragedy revisited, a major discourse piece in Science, on collective natural resource management (266) 3. Distilling the role of ecosystem services in the Sustainable Development Goals ecosystem services (209), cited in two policy documents 4. Crop pests and predators exhibit inconsistent responses to surrounding landscape compositions (186), covered in global media and shared widely on social media  To promote integrated solutions and insights from WLE research, WLE launched three new online publications in the Towards Sustainable Intensification: Insights and Solutions series: ○ Gender-equitable pathways to achieving sustainable agricultural intensification ○ River deltas: Scaling up community-driven approaches to sustainable intensification o Upper river basin watersheds: Sustainable, equitable and profitable interventions  High profile resource books WLE contributed to or published include: o Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries, with an engagement plan to secure adoption in curricula o Advances in groundwater governance, being provided to global practitioners and decision makers o More people, more food, worse water? a global review of water pollution from agriculture, in collaboration with the FAO as part of their Policy Support and Governance launched at the High- Level Conference on the International Decade for Action “Water for Sustainable Development,” 2018-2028 o How to support effective and inclusive irrigation water users’ associations: a guide for practitioners 11 o Agricultural Development and Sustainable Intensification, bringing together a decade of research on community driven solutions in river deltas. 1.3 Cross-Cutting Dimensions (at CRP level) 1.3.1 Gender WLE’s approach is built on the principle that sustainability goes hand-in-hand with equity. Key 2018 findings, methods, tools, capacity development, policy changes and outcomes include:  Based on a WLE/IWMI study in Tajikistan, USAID re-oriented its irrigation management training program to target women, with promising results. (Section 1.2 and OICR2773).  When the Gender in Irrigation Learning Tool (GILIT), published in 2017, was applied by ICRISAT in India, it was discovered that women are not being consulted during design of watershed interventions, to the detriment of women and the water schemes. Interventions targeting women often reinforced strict hierarchical and gendered social norms.3  Under the REACH program, small-scale irrigation technology guidance has been developed. The tool has been used by projects in Cambodia and Bangladesh; and a narrated guide was used to train African irrigation engineers (2 women, 10 men) at the launch of the Studying Farmer-Led Irrigation (SAFI) network. SAFI plans continues to provide this training.  A new book documented successful initiatives for women to recover bioenergy from waste. Eight cases demonstrate how to establish new waste-to-energy businesses for women.  A systematic review of studies of differing gender perceptions of ecosystem services found, for example, that women prioritize water quality, erosion control and habitat and biodiversity conservation, while men have greater knowledge of fuel and timber and mitigation of extreme events.  A WLE-bilateral study in Ethiopia examined the water-energy-food nexus using local level participatory methods. The study demonstrated that the understanding and perceptions of trade- offs between food production, use of land resources, and energy production from cattle dung and crop residues differ between men and women. The research underscores the importance of incorporating local level gender analyses for achieving better development outcomes.  In Nepal, WLE-supported pilot interventions have identified the need for system-level change in ensuring that agricultural interventions are inclusive - especially in the context of agricultural collectives which must focus more on inclusion of women and marginalized groups. Findings that have influenced the direction of WLE’s work WLE’s research confirms that failure to pay attention to gender inequalities has potentially substantial social and economic impacts. This is particularly relevant in relation to sustainable agricultural intensification and natural resource management, given gender differences in perceptions, approaches and dependencies. Several deep-rooted challenges inhibit the delivery of a step-change in progress. To 3 ICRISAT and WLE. 2018. Gender- and social- inclusion approach in watershed project: Insights on gender norms and gender relations in Parasai-Sindh watershed, India. Draft report, Gender Norms and Relations in Agricultural Watershed Projects in Jhansi, India. 12 date, WLE-supported gender work has not proactively addressed the prevailing low institutional capacity among partners to address gender, which is a key reason why gender equality interventions often result in reinforcing women’s burdens, rather than resolving them. An important lesson is that research on gender will not translate into transformational change if key institutional actors and implementers are not motivated, or incentivized, to change. WLE is, therefore, transitioning from women-inclusive to gender transformational approaches - where the focus will increasingly be on enabling structural changes to unequal gender relations and addressing institutional and systemic barriers to change at scale. Work by the new Gender and Youth Inclusion Lead has begun to address this gap, by examining where gender intersects with poverty, age and other contextual disparities, with a focus on gender analysis of the political economy of agriculture, land management and irrigation. 1.3.2 Youth and other aspects of social inclusion / “Leaving No-one Behind” Several WLE studies focus on how to reach youth and others in danger of being left behind. An example is how to scale out farmer-led small-scale irrigation to create income-generating opportunities for young entrepreneurs and farmers, e.g. through vegetable farming; or how to strengthen value chains to make irrigation equipment affordable and accessible, creating new business opportunities. Similarly, WLE is exploring circular economy practices, such as converting urban waste into profitable products to provide new business opportunities for youth. Highlights include:  Business model curricula aimed at students. WLE is investing in integrating its resource recovery and reuse business models into university and technical school curricula: students will have opportunities to learn new marketable skills. WLE/IWMI’s compendium of business models for recovering organic energy, nutrients and water from waste identifies 24 business models with potential for scaling out. WLE is engaging with 19 universities to adapt this work into their syllabus to train young professionals.  Young women and men take charge. In West Africa, multiple demands on small reservoirs often lead to conflicts among community members. A small project supported by the UK Department for International Development has worked with 16 villages and used an innovation platform to enable people to work out how to share water from the reservoir equitably. Women and young men are now actively engaged in reservoir management and hold key leadership positions.  Integrating indigenous with scientific knowledge is critical to the success of Forest Restoration Landscape programs, according to a recent WLE/Bioversity study. Local knowledge holders of different genders and ages must be engaged to generate culturally desirable and effective benefits for local women, men and youth and avoid the danger that outsiders extract resources.  Building livelihood resilience and food security. WLE/IFPRI evaluated a multi-pronged intervention in northeast Nigeria, “Fadama III-Additional Financing”, aimed at increasing food security, agricultural productivity, and entrepreneurship among youth in an area affected by conflict. Over 50% of youth who received support started businesses and those receiving management training increased their profits. Combining humanitarian support and livelihood restoration has led to significant improvements for people in the program area, especially for the poorest decile. 13  Building migration research and connections: WLE/IWMI led two key information-sharing events: Migration and Social Transformation in Ghana, to build momentum around livelihood opportunities, employment and education; and Managing Sustainable Growth, Resilience and Migration: Towards Creative Policy and Practice Solutions for Rapidly Transforming Rural Systems in East Africa and the Nile Basin. Both were via CGIAR’s migration-focused MARIS (Migration, Agriculture and Resilience: Initiative for Sustainability) Network led by WLE/IWMI. A new project will analyze the drivers and impacts of migration out of rural areas in seven countries.  Internships: WLE supported more than 50 interns and postgraduate students in acquiring skills and making connections to lead future innovation and scaling out of research results. Findings that have influenced the direction of WLE’s work Solutions developed for small farmers do not necessarily benefit the most marginalized. For example, a WLE/IWMI/CCAFS pilot test of an Index-based flood insurance (IBFI) product (See: WLE’s 2017 Annual Report) explored the potential of this low-cost approach for risk transfer and enhancing the resilience of poor smallholder farmers. However, a still-unpublished ex-post evaluation found that 76% of beneficiaries were men, half aged over 60, had relatively large land holdings and were not from marginal castes. This study reinforces the importance of making sure we pay specific attention to gender and other local social contexts. WLE’s planned Commission on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification will aim to seek out evidence of how to bring sustainability and equity closer together in production systems to complement work on sustainable diets promoted by the EAT-Lancet Commission (see 2.5). 1.3.3 Capacity development: key achievements and learning points WLE builds capacity through training, advising, resource provision, long-term relationships and institutional strengthening. Through MARLO (Managing Agricultural Research for Learning and Outcome platform), WLE reports 4427 people trained. Highlights:  Training. In India 179 trainees (30% women) learned how to develop solid and liquid waste “Action Plans” to improve sanitation in their village areas. They will draft sanitation plans for up to 900,000 rural dwellers. WLE/ICRAF provided training and advisory services on applying low- cost soil-plant health measurements for land restoration, training to 185 people and supported 13 MSc/PhD students.  Capacity tools. WLE/CIAT/Bioversity and partners developed a manual providing guidelines for improving seed production, with supporting material and videos, benefitting over 200 farmers. WLE/IWMI published a guideline for practitioners on establishing sustainable and inclusive irrigation water users’ associations (WUAs), which is being used to prepare a detailed manual for organizing WUAs in Myanmar. WLE/IFPRI/PIM’s experiential groundwater governance game is being considered by the World Bank for incorporation into water investments in India.  Disseminating business models. WLE/IWMI is working with universities to co-develop resource recovery and reuse business model curricula in sanitation, engineering and other courses. An intensive training program was held for 25 university teachers to deliver material to students in Asia, Africa and Europe. These ‘training the trainer’ programs help tailor material for engineering, 14 health, economics, or business courses; and support peer training. A free online curriculum will be uploaded to sswm.info.  Regional convening: WLE’s Greater Mekong program culminated with discourse-leading Greater Mekong Forum, and resources on hydropower resettlement, environmental impacts, and knowledge networks.  Increasing researchers’ opportunities. WLE’s ThriveNet newly established research network nearly doubled to 400 Facebook members. ThriveNet piloted a travel grant program to support researchers’ development and milestones, to expand in 2019. Grants included blog production / coaching. Collated opportunities are shared via social media and email. 1.3.4 Climate change All agricultural interventions must address climate challenges. WLE increases resilience through: Supporting landscape management practices that increase resilience to climate-related natural hazards: WLE/IWMI supports integrating nature-based solutions for flood risk management and hence climate adaptation into city planning in the Mekong Region; and Colombo, Sri Lanka where WLE/IWMI supported its Wetlands Cities designation. WLE/CIAT is piloting a financial instrument in the Colombian Amazon to enable farmers to improve their wellbeing while adapting to climate change. WLE/ICRISAT developed a “flood-spreading weir” system that is helping pastoralists adapt to floods and droughts (Section 1.2 and OICR2791). Risk management through provision of information: WLE/IWMI/CCAFS supports the South Asia Drought Monitoring System (SADMS) to provide drought severity data at local levels. (Section 1.2 and OICR2796). The WLE/IWMI/CCAFS’ index-based flood insurance model for smallholders is set to expand to include drought coverage and seed provision in 2019. Energy-efficient ag-water supply: Effective management of agricultural water enhances resilience during dry periods. Scaling out solar irrigation in India with a co-op model (See: 1.2 and OICR2792) will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. WLE/IWMI’s business models and suitability mapping aim to sustainably expand solar irrigation in Ethiopia. Effective mitigation through sustainable management of natural resources: WLE/CIAT research demonstrated how conservation agriculture can sequester significant amounts of soil organic carbon, building the case for good soil management as a climate mitigation measure (see more on new Ethiopia, India and Kenya research in section 1.2). WLE/IFPRI addresses climate challenges within the Water- Energy-Food nexus, including identifying potential for renewable energy technologies to support agricultural and economic growth and climate mitigation (e.g. Ethiopia, Philippines) as well as how to manage the tradeoffs that occasionally arise in progression to climate technologies. 15 2. Effectiveness and Efficiency 2.1 Management and Governance After serving as Chair of WLE’s Independent Steering Committee (ISC) since 2012, Johan Rockström, stepped down. Barbara Schreiner served as Interim Chair, and Ann Tutwiler was confirmed to take on the role from March 2019. Mihir Shah and Joan Kagwanja reached the end of their ISC terms and a process was set up for selecting two further members, from Africa and Asia. Peter White joined the ISC representing the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The Terms of Reference for the ISC were updated to further clarify functions, and distinction from the IWMI Board, which carries legal and fiscal responsibility for WLE. A survey was conducted with the WLE Management Committee (MC), which identified a number of future management priorities including a focus on: external partnerships and fundraising, strategy and post-2021 vision, and greater efforts to promote strategic results. Deepa Joshi joined the WLE Management Committee as Gender, Youth and Inclusion Coordinator, a shared position with IWMI. Rolf Sommer left CIAT and was replaced by Marcela Quintero as co-leader of Flagship 1. WLE ran a very healthy gender balance in 2018 averaging 60% women across the WLE ISC, MC and PMU. Improving processes for planning, reporting, assessment and data management were a significant component in 2018; which continues into 2019, to ensure decision-making processes are clear and documented, in conformity with the CGIAR Performance Based Management standards. Key activities included: improving MARLO data entry, supporting researchers to make better use of the system, and tightening the assessment of projects for inclusion in the portfolio. This is part of WLE’s wider strategy to learn lessons from past experience to improve processes and reduce transaction times, at the same time practicing adaptive management to take into account evolving CGIAR policies and formats as well as the changing external environment. 2.2 Partnerships 2.2.1. Highlights of external partnerships Table 8 demonstrates that WLE works with a large number and variety of partners who often play multiple roles (e.g. research and capacity development and delivery). Research/ knowledge partners. WLE taps into the specialized expertise of many universities. Examples include Addis Ababa University, University of Development Studies in Ghana, Texas A&M University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Australian National University. Others like Rothamsted Research and Quantitative Engineering Design provide specialized expertise to the Africa Soil Information Service program. Scaling and delivery partners. WLE has initiated partnerships with some private firms. Our collaboration with Jekora Ventures Ltd on recovery and reuse of urban solid waste is enabling scaling out of a public private partnership model in Ghanaian cities. EstudioOCA, an urban planning company, supports integrating nature-based solutions to climate adaptation into city planning with the Sri Lanka Urban Development Authority. WLE works with United Nations agencies – FAO, the United Nations Development Program, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, WHO, and the United Nations 16 Standing Committee on Nutrition for example – to incorporate research results into guidelines, manuals and training programs. Policy engagement partners. WLE has a close partnership with the Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, for example, in learning lessons from a program to scale out solar irrigation pumps. We work with multiple government agencies, such as the Ministries of Environment in Peru and Colombia on sustainable landscape management systems. We also collaborate with international finance institutions and bilateral donors on both policy and delivery; USAID through its Feed the Future program and the Ministry of Environment of Germany are especially important. Capacity development partners. Most of our research and scaling partners also provide capacity development services. We work with 19 universities and technical institutions in Africa, Asia and Europe to integrate urban resource recovery and reuse business models into their curricula. WLE Greater Mekong Program, the last of WLE’s region-focused work, closed due to reduced funding. See: 1.3.3. 2.2.2. Cross-CGIAR partnerships CCAFS and WLE continued to collaborate on scaling up a solar irrigation business model (OICR2792), and on managed aquifer recharge for flood mitigation in India and Vietnam, index-based flood insurance trials in India, and a project providing real-time drought risk data at micro level (OICR2796). FISH and WLE collaborated on flood based farming systems, reservoir fisheries and fisheries and water control infrastructure. We held a workshop on fisheries productivity and jointly published a brief on enhancing fisheries productivity through improved management of water control infrastructure. With the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB), WLE provides advisory, analytical and capacity development services on soil-plant spectroscopy to the Soil Intelligence System for India, and the Africa Cassava Agronomy Initiative. We are establishing a landscape case study in Uganda. PIM, the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) and WLE are integrating complementary evidence on landscape restoration to deliver targeted policy and investment advice. WLE engaged with PIM and CCAFS on integrated Water-Energy-Food nexus modelling to understand the impact of irrigation development on food import dependency in Sub-Saharan Africa. A4NH and WLE organized a session at Stockholm World Water Week on water use, food security and disease – achieving healthy outcomes. WLE engaged with the new A4NH-linked CGIAR Antimicrobial resistance hub targeting a joint postdoctoral fellow position of IWMI and ILRI. With FTA, WLE supports projects on forest restoration in Ethiopia and the Kenya drylands by applying decision analysis methods. Through ICRISAT, WLE and the CGIAR Research Program on Grains, Legumes and Dryland Cereals (GLDC) are exploring the impacts of farm-level interventions on food security and incomes, landscape-level synergies and tradeoffs, and return on investments. 17 WLE is a partner with ILRI and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) on the Africa RISING initiative in Ethiopia and West Africa. Refer to Table 9 for details. 2.3 Intellectual Assets (a) Have any intellectual assets been strategically managed by the CRP this year? No (b) If relevant, indicate any published patents and/or plant variety right applications (or equivalent) associated with intellectual assets developed in the CRP and filed by Centers and/or partners involved in the CRP, giving a name or number or link to identify them. N/A (c) List any critical issues or challenges encountered in the management of intellectual assets in the context of the CRP (or put N/A).] CGIAR and its Centers have not yet developed a systematic meta-tagging system to identify datasets by CRP. Thus, CGIAR-supported datasets are managed and made open by Centers and cannot be easily be collated by CRPs. 2.4 Monitoring, Evaluation, Impact Assessment and Learning (MELIA) In 2018 WLE developed a complexity-aware evaluation approach that sought to prioritize outcome level results. Over the coming years, WLE will conduct at least six evaluations that will feed into our evidence base and facilitate spending on interventions with a high potential for positive results. The first evaluation on our Resource, Recovery and Reuse (RRR) work in Ghana and Sri Lanka will be completed before mid- 2019. Other MELIA work has focused on building internal reporting systems, including a review of the CRP Results Framework, which has led to a more strategic, portfolio-driven planning process. The results of this internal review are evidenced by the 2019 Plan of Work and Budget, which provides an improved set of milestones that will guide WLE toward the achievement of planned outcomes. WLE also revisited and reflected upon our current theory of change (ToC). The review underscored the continued relevance of the existing ToC but also identified new ‘ways of working’ in complex issue areas. A related internal review developed a set of criteria to assess the relevance of flagship-level projects. The new criteria will help ensure that WLE maintains a coherent and strategically driven project portfolio. Refer to Table 10 for examples. 2.5 Efficiency As a cross-cutting CRP, WLE collaborates with CGIAR Centers and CRPs to address specific natural resources management and sustainable agricultural intensification issues. The assumption is that collective effort delivers results more efficiently. 2018 examples include:  The decision to establish a WLE Commission on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification (SAI) to bring together research from across the CGIAR, and outside, on SAI solutions. This will introduce 18 greater efficiency in analyzing, showcasing and promoting evidence to influence global discussions.  WLE Flagship 3 partnering with RUAF Foundation and FAO to deliver outcome 3.1 through the CITYFOOD Network, complementing other CGIAR efforts to address nutrition issues in urban and peri-urban areas, with the work of these two external partners.  Flagship 5’s efforts to bring together researchers from four Centers, to work jointly to apply decision support tools in agricultural landscapes.  Efforts to combine the strengths of FTA, PIM and WLE around what works for land restoration were initiated through a joint research meeting. In management, WLE saw efficiency gains by sharing the Gender Youth and Inclusion Lead with IWMI, and by converting the Monitoring Evaluation and Learning position to a part-time consultant, freeing up funding for outcome evaluations. WLE also drafted internal guidance to ensure CRP management and operations are efficiently delivered. In the medium to long term, the heavy investment in MARLO will deliver efficiency since the data entered can be used for both planning and reporting, reducing data entry time, and serving as the main source for other incoming information requests. 2.6 Management of Risks to Your CRP Following IWMI’s Risk Management structure, WLE monitors risks based on four categories: 1) Research and Science Risks; 2) Financial Risks; 3) Infrastructure and Capability Risks; and 4) Reputational Risks. WLE’s management reviews the register at least twice a year, identifying appropriate mitigation actions. Sixteen risks were identified in 2018, two were considered to be of inherently high-risk. One of these was financial, relating to a potential W1/W2 funding cut, with mitigation measures put in place including scenario planning for 2018 and establishing a process to avoid instability due to reductions late in the year. The second was research based, relating to the risk of lower than expected delivery on gender targets. To mitigate this, the Gender, Youth and Inclusion Lead has now been recruited and has begun to develop and implement a plan to meet these targets. Of the residual risks, ten were minor and six were moderate. Of those classified as moderate, funding risks continue, with some partner Centers having difficulty maintaining agreed levels of bilateral funding. Measures have been discussed and instituted with these Centers, and WLE will further adjust its planning and budgeting process for 2019 onwards to improve on over/under budgeting on W1/W2 in the context of the uncertainty of allocations until the end of the year. The issuance of the CGIAR Financial Plan for 2019-2021 should help to reduce this risk from 2019 onwards. 2.7 Use of W1/W2 Funding W1/W2 funding constituted 21% (USD 7.3 million) of WLE’s total expenditure. It is channeled for research across flagships and to maximize programmatic integration and enhance portfolio-level uptake and impact. See Table 12. Examples include: International policy engagement to leverage results. WLE engages in international policy arenas including: Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, UN Convention to Combat Desertification Science Policy Interface, and Ramsar Scientific and Technical Review Panel. 19 Enhancing partnerships along impact pathways. WLE/IWMI partners with RUAF, the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives and FAO in the CITYFOOD Network aimed at strengthening resilience of rural-urban linked food systems. Developing and piloting innovations. WLE/ICRAF demonstrated the value of infrared spectroscopy to measure soil health; and pilot-tested land use alternatives for land management in Colombia and Peru. Innovative interdisciplinary research. Examples include solar irrigation business models in Ethiopia and the development and implementation of disaster risk management tools in South Asia. Gender integration is a major investment focus. WLE showed the impacts of different land management practices on household welfare; and evaluated the impacts of a flood insurance program on the poor, landless and women. Capacity building. WLE supported PhD and masters’ students and internships; and development and dissemination of RRR curriculum. Synthesis, communication and dissemination. WLE enhanced impact potential through 49 targeted Op- Eds and blogs; events (e.g. promoting business models at the EAT Forum, supporting over 30 sessions at Stockholm World Water Week, convening the Greater Mekong Forum); and supporting publications including three synthesis briefs (Section 1.2.4). 3. Financial Summary WLE’s total expenditure in 2018 was USD 34.4 million, of which USD 7.3 million (21%) was W1/W2, and USD 27.1 million (79%) was funded by bilateral and W3 projects. W1/W2 expenditures were slightly below the POWB budget of USD 7.6 million, due mainly to the decision to allocate USD 200,000 to the Sustainable Agricultural Intensification Commission, to begin in 2019. The ultimate allocation in the CGIAR Financial Plan for WLE in 2018 was USD 8 million. WLE again raised more additional bilateral funding than planned, with the additional USD 1.5 million resulting in WLE meeting its target of a proportion of 4:1 of bilateral/W3 to W1/W2 funds in 2018. Further details can be found in the financial summary provided in Table 13. All details are preliminary, pending the final WLE audited report. 20 Part B. Tables Table 1: Evidence on Progress towards SRF targets (Sphere of interest) WLE will largely focus its limited MELIA resources on outcome-level assessments, to deliver evidence on WLE results that fall within our ‘sphere of influence’. WLE is aiming to conduct up to 6 outcome studies up to 2021, in addition to the planned impact assessments listed in Table 1. Impact assessments present some challenges within the multi-sector, multi-scale initiatives that characterize WLE. Impacts from research targeting environmental public goods (i.e. natural resource management and ecosystem services), are often diffuse, or arise over longer time scales, and so evaluators working in these fields are often methodologically challenged. Impact assessments that utilize experimental or quasi-experimental designs are rarely suitable for evaluating such interventions, as they use a broad range of knowledge-intensive and site-specific management principles that are not conducive to measuring impacts from cross-sector, cross-scale complex interventions. SLO Target (2022) Brief summary of new evidence of Expected additional contribution before end of 2021 CGIAR contribution (Optional) 1.1. 100 million more farm households have adopted No new evidence in 2018 Balasubramanya, Soumya. 2019. Effects of training duration improved varieties, breeds, trees, and/or management and the role of gender on farm participation in water user practices associations in southern Tajikistan: implications for irrigation management. Agricultural Water Management, 216:1-11.* Buisson M.C.; Balasubramanya, S. 2019. The effect of irrigation service delivery and training in agronomy on crop choice in Tajikistan. Land use policy. 81:175–184.* 1.2. 30 million people, of which 50% are women, assisted to No new evidence in 2018 exit poverty 2.1. Improve the rate of yield increase for major food staples N/A from current <1% to 1.2-1.5% per year 21 2.2. 30 million more people, of which 50% are women, N/A meeting minimum dietary energy requirements 2.3. 150 million more people, of which 50% are women, N/A without deficiencies in one or more essential micronutrients 3.1. 5% increase in water and nutrient efficiency in No new evidence in 2018 agroecosystems 3.2. Reduction in ‘agriculturally’-related greenhouse gas No new evidence in 2018 emissions by 5% 3.3. 55 M ha degraded land area restored No new evidence in 2018 3.4. 2.5 M ha forest saved from deforestation No new evidence in 2018 *These impact assessments focus on a USAID funded initiative. They provide WLE with important data relevant to SLO targets. 22 Table 2: Condensed list of policy contributions in this reporting year (Sphere of Influence) Note: This table contains only policy contributions assessed as Stage 1 or higher by WLE’s external assessor. Name and description of policy, legal Maturity Link to sub-IDOs CGIAR cross-cutting marker score Link to OICR or link to evidence instrument, investment or curriculum to Level which CGIAR contributed Gender Youth CapDev Climate Change Indian government rolling out national solar 2 -Reduced smallholder 0 0 0 2 https://marlo.cgiar.org/projects/WLE/st irrigation investment program based on production risk udySummary.do?studyID=2792&cycle=R results of WLE and CCAFS-supported pilot eporting&year=2018 study. Farmers will be able to sell surplus power to electric utility. Based on a WLE-supported evaluation of the 2 -Reduced smallholder 2 0 2 0 https://marlo.cgiar.org/projects/WLE/st effectiveness of an irrigation management production risk udySummary.do?studyID=2773&cycle=R training program in Tajikistan, the United eporting&year=2018 -Increased capacity for States Agency for International innovation in partner Development re-designed the program to development target women, who are increasingly taking organizations and in responsibility for management of the poor and vulnerable irrigation systems. communities Based on the demonstrated proof of 2 -Agricultural systems 0 0 0 2 https://marlo.cgiar.org/projects/WLE/st concept of water spreading to manage diversified and udySummary.do?studyID=2791&cycle=R extreme flooding across pastures in eastern intensified in ways that eporting&year=2018 Ethiopia, supported by WLE, the approach is protect soils and water being integrated into a major World Bank/ International Fund for Agricultural Development project. 23 A WLE-supported methodology for 2 -Enhanced 0 0 1 2 https://marlo.cgiar.org/projects/WLE/st monitoring environmental water flows for conservation of udySummary.do?studyID=2795&cycle=R Sustainable Development Goal 6.4.2 has habitats and resources eporting&year=2018 been adopted and disseminated by the -Land, water and forest United Nations for use in country reporting. degradation minimized and reversed Supported by WLE and CCAFS, the South 2 -Enhanced capacity to 0 0 2 2 https://marlo.cgiar.org/projects/WLE/st Asia Drought Monitoring System deal with climatic risks udySummary.do?studyID=2796&cycle=R demonstrated use of real time drought and extremes eporting&year=2018 forecasting to make cropping recommendations to farmers, the World Bank plans to scale this out through a new crop insurance program in Asia and Africa. In Amazonian Colombia, the Financing Fund 1 -Increased resilience of 0 0 1 1 Short case study: for the Agriculture Sector (FINAGRO) is agro-ecosystems and https://hdl.handle.net/10568/100226 testing a methodology developed with WLE communities, support to help smallholders implement especially those forest conservation practices. including smallholders Soil-plant spectral technology guiding soil 2 -Land, water and forest 1 0 2 2 https://marlo.cgiar.org/projects/WLE/st fertility investments in 17 African countries degradation (Including udySummary.do?studyID=2794&cycle=R and several Asian countries. deforestation) eporting&year=2018 minimized and reversed 24 Table 3: List of Outcome/ Impact Case Reports from this reporting year (Sphere of Influence) Title of Outcome/ Impact Case Report (OICR) with link Maturity Indicate whether OICR is level  New  Updated Case- same level of maturity  Updated Case- new level of maturity OICR2791: Harnessing Ethiopian floodwaters helps dryland pastoralists – and the approach is scaling up 2 New (ICRISAT) OICR2773: Evaluation of water management training program in Tajikistan leads to redesign to target women 2 New farmers (IWMI) OICR2792: A Revolution in solar-powered irrigation: Solar Power as Remunerative Crop (SPaRC) model is being 2 New scaled out nationwide in India OICR2793: Water planning system “Agua de Honduras” used to improve Honduran investment decisions (CIAT) 2 New OICR2794: Soil-plant spectral technology guiding soil fertility investments in Africa (ICRAF) 2 Updated, same level of maturity OICR2795: Environmental water flows go global to support implementation of the Sustainable Development 2 New Goals (SDGs) (IWMI) OICR2796: Making the Leap from Drought Monitoring to Managing Agricultural Drought Risks in India (IWMI) 2 New Scaling out tested sustainable agricultural practice and conservation-restoration measures: Piloting of a 1 New financial instrument in the Colombian Amazon (CIAT) 25 Table 4: Condensed list of innovations by stage for this reporting year Geographic scope (with Title of innovation with link Innovation Type Stage of innovation location) An approach developed to convert torrential flood to productive use. Production systems and Stage 3: available/ ready for Regional - Sub-Saharan (Project P477, Flagship 2). MARLO Link Management practices uptake (AV) Africa WABEF, a toolkit to promote anaerobic digestion of bio-wastes in West Production systems and Stage 3: available/ ready for Regional - West Africa Africa (Project P438, Flagships 3). MARLO Link Management practices uptake (AV) A holistic probability modeling approach for Agricultural Policy for Social Science/ Stage 2: successful piloting (PIL - National - Kenya, Uganda Nutrition (Bayesian Network models) (Project 516, Flagship 5). Biophysical Research end of piloting phase) WLE/ICRAF has applied a new decision analysis methodology to Uganda’s agricultural development policy, honey value chains in Kenya, and to proposed community-led natural resource management investments in Kenya’s drylands. The new methodology is a holistic probability modeling approach to identify how to make agricultural policies and interventions better serve multiple-stakeholder goals and reduce risks. MARLO Link A River Health Monitoring Framework for Myanmar: Methods and Tools Methodologies and Stage 2: successful piloting (PIL - National - Myanmar (Project 518, Flagship 5). MARLO Link Tools end of piloting phase) Fecal Sludge Management Business Model tool developed (Project P442, Methodologies and Stage 1: discovery/proof of Regional - Africa and Asia Flagship 3). MARLO Link Tools concept (PC - end of research phase) Mobile Phone App (AgRISE - Agricultural Remote Sensing-based Methodologies and Stage 1: discovery/proof of National - India Insurance for Security and Equity) that will provide more than half of Tools concept (PC - end of research 26 Indian farmers with crop insurance in the next 2-3 years. phase) (Project 452, Flagship 4). MARLO Link Farm characterization approaches to evaluate agro-biodiversity value Research and Stage 2: successful piloting (PIL - National - Cuba (Project 719, Flagship 5). MARLO Link Communication end of piloting phase) Methodologies and Tools Table 5: Summary of status of Planned Outcomes and Milestones (Sphere of Influence-Control) FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F1 1.1 Better RDL focused efforts in 6 countries: 2018 - Synthesis report of factors Complete Ethiopia: Synthesis results on restoration informed Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, affecting success and failure of presented to various Ethiopian stakeholders. landscape Colombia and Peru on: 1) restoration initiatives (enabling Ministries have received it favorably. Presentation restoration recommendations for land factors and incentive schemes) and manuscript available. policies, restoration developed in leading to recommendations for the Kenya: Working paper on farmers’ decision-making approaches and collaboration with local design of new restoration initiatives. on soil rehabilitation options and pathways to interventions. stakeholders; 2) Mapping land adoption completed (forthcoming). Blog. degradation projects at national 27 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F1 level and developing rapid 2018 - Innovative investment Extended A document explaining WLE/RDL's value indicators for determining soil packages and restoration pilots that proposition for sustainable financing of landscape Research/sc health in agricultural lands; 3) a implement incentives and enabling restoration will be presented to CPIC (Coalition for ience - synthesis of land restoration conditions for the adoption of Private Investment in Conservation) in 2019. CPIC is inherent risk successes and failures, and sustainable and equitable a non-profit coalition of member organizations in unknown identification of barriers and restoration interventions in progress (potential investors and donors). CIAT has applied cutting- pathways to adoption; and 4) in 3 countries. for CPIC membership (waiting for approval). edge providing knowledge on land research or restoration options to policy science makers and stakeholders interested in land restoration F1 investments. 2017 EXTENDED - Knowledge Extended Final reports in process for Ethiopia, Tanzania products used by national (blog), Ghana and Kenya (blog). Final delivery in Research/sc governments or regional 2019. ience - stakeholder platforms supporting inherent risk Land degradation maps corresponding restoration implementation of innovative in unknown strategies and cost-benefit analysis in Kenya, restoration pilots as well as national cutting- Malawi and Uganda: submitted to World Bank; conservation and restoration edge waiting for approval. planning in Kenya, Ghana, Tanzania research or and Ethiopia. Manual for seed production, training materials science published and videos. 28 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F1 2017 EXTENDED - Private sector Complete Technically complete but we still plan to evaluate companies or foundations active in and disseminate results. Colombian farmers land restoration request WLE implementing sustainable intensification and support for developing an landscape restoration participated in a pilot investment-ready business portfolio. simulating the application of an agri-environmental financial incentive by Financing Fund for the Agricultural Sector in Colombia (FINAGRO). Twitter Link 1; Twitter Link 2. F1 1.2 Policies, WLE supported co-design and pilot- 2018 - Knowledge products Complete Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) gender event; strategies, and testing land use practices to enable (reviews, tools, methods, maps, facilitated sessions; gender brief. interventions farmers to improve their capacity statistics, and other noteworthy GLF-Nairobi: improving land governance in Africa investing in to mitigate and adapt to climate research outputs) on soil carbon (video) practices that change in Amazonian degraded sequestration in East Africa are rehabilitate or lands (Colombia and Peru). presented/discussed with key WLE-CCAFS/4-p1000-Southern African protect soil stakeholders at two international Confederation of Agricultural Unions side event at Land degradation and soil carbon fertility and soil conferences. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate models and assessments were carbon. Change COP24; presented on re-carbonizing the completed in two African Earth’s soil. countries; the results should benefit national and county level African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative planning and decision making. meetings; presented soil carbon enhancement 29 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F1 WLE advanced understanding on 2018 - Predictive models to quantify Complete Kenya: empirical model soil carbon gender in land restoration the potential for soil carbon (re)sequestration completed, applied. initiatives. sequestration under differing Paper on "The cost of carbon sequestration in management in tropical soils and different regions of the world" submitted to Nature landscapes developed and CC; currently under review. submitted for open-access publication in an international peer- Working paper on soil carbon management in reviewed journal. Kenya, Ethiopia and India here. F1 2018 - At least two Kenyan county Extended Soil carbon and fertility assessments completed. governments include Outreach activities with county governments will Research/sc methodological guide and farm-level be held in 2019. ience - decision support systems on inherent risk estimating and measuring soil in unknown carbon and fertility at various scales cutting- into their soil and landscape edge restoration planning and research or monitoring. science 30 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F1 2018 - Understanding of gender, Extended 5 papers in preparation for publication, 2019 social and economic barriers to, and Research/sc 3 workshops in Peru and Colombia. Twitter Links: drivers of adoption of, soil ience - conserving management practices twitter.com/CIAT_/status/1068547312648114177 inherent risk gained in two countries, and insights in unknown shared with policymakers in these twitter.com/CIAT_/status/1068547641083080704 cutting- countries. edge twitter.com/CIAT_/status/1067493840972587008 research or twitter.com/CIAT_/status/1068590050571636737 science twitter.com/CIAT_/status/1068620195755945984 twitter.com/maromero_CIAT/status/10675228864 18792448 Advances in data collection on how gender is addressed in restoration initiatives. Datasets available (access restricted). Brief identifying entry points for gender integration in RDL projects being peer-reviewed. F1 2017 EXTENDED - Kenyan county Complete Land degradation hotspots and policy options governments of Kakamega, Siaya assessed combining modeling, participatory and Bungoma consider including stakeholder consultations and field validation - methodological guide on estimating Policy brief. and measuring soil carbon at various This county policy brief is complemented by a scales into their soil and landscape detailed report. restoration planning and monitoring. 31 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F1 1.3 Strengthen WLE/ICRAF introduced a new 2018 - Decision Analysis Framework Complete The Decision Analysis Framework for Planning and approaches to decision analysis framework for ex for Planning and Performance Performance Measurement of Land Restoration the monitoring ante evaluation to support Measurement of Land Restoration Initiative: article is in review (abstract here) and evaluation improved planning and efficient Initiatives applied to UNCCD Land includes recommendations for UNCCD’s Land of land monitoring of land restoration Degradation Neutrality case study Degradation Neutrality framework and Target restoration and initiatives. WLE/ICRAF use this and one land restoration project and Setting Programme. the assessment framework to illustrate how the improved based on feedback from Workshop to develop a decision analysis case with of land 110+ countries signatories of the stakeholders. WeForest, Ethiopia (report here). Further outputs degradation United Nations Convention to available here. risks. Combat Desertification (UNCCD)’s F1 Land Degradation Neutrality Target 2018 - 60 National scientists (20% Complete Training and advisory services provided to multiple Setting Programme could use it. women) trained and supported in stakeholder in applying low cost soil-plant health Piloting of the framework in a applying low cost soil and plant measurements in nine countries (Cote d’Ivoire, restoration project in Ethiopia was health measurements using dry Ghana, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nepal, also initiated. spectroscopy for targeting and Nigeria, Uganda). Further details are available here. Training and advisory services were monitoring land restoration in 8 The impact of this work is described in the updated provided to multiple stakeholders countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, soil-plant spectroscopy case study. [OICR2794] in applying low cost soil-plant India, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, and health measurements in nine Tanzania). countries. WLE has trained over F1 2018 - Online tool set for Extended Africa Soil Information Service soil spectral and 1000 people from 17 countries. management, analysis and Research/sc reference library published on Amazon’s Registry More African and Asian countries application of soil-plant infrared ience - of Open Data (RODA), here. plan to adopt the technology. spectroscopy data, including Africa inherent risk WLE/ICRAF Soil-Plant Spectral Diagnostics soil property prediction, tested with in unknown Laboratory beta version of online software 8 national labs, and improved based cutting- package, SpecWeb. Informally tested with 8 on feedback (Ethiopia, Ghana, edge national institutions. Kenya, India, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, research or and Tanzania). science 32 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F1 2017 EXTENDED - Framework paper Extended Malawi land use changes report, 2019 Design of presenting a new analytical independent evaluation of interventions in Malawi. Research/sc approach for planning and ience - Decision analysis framework (abstract here). performance management of land inherent risk Outputs here, and here. restoration initiatives integrating in unknown feedback from testing with Land health work here. cutting- development partners. edge Technical report on soil carbon management research or practices is due in 2019. science F1 2017 EXTENDED - Partnership with Extended Calibrations for total elemental analysis using government and development portable x-ray fluorescence for soils, plants, Financial - agencies in Kenya and Tanzania manures, and fertilizers were used by multiple funding produce data sets from multi- agencies for multi-element plant analysis. A low delayed location agronomic trials cost, handheld, near infrared spectrometer for soil and/or cut demonstrating a soil-plant ionomics testing was tested in partnership with Global Good. approach using dry spectral technology for predicting crop nutrient constraints. F2 2.1 Policy and Gender in Irrigation Learning and 2018 - Phase 1 and 2 gender tools Complete GILIT applied to understand gender norms and practice Improvement Tool (GILIT, 2017) refined to enable application by relations in large scale watershed projects in informed by piloted for watershed interventions policy and investment actors in 2 central-north India (Link). more effective in India; now demanded by users in countries, and the implications of Insights on how to deliver more equitable farmer agricultural land Mozambique, Central America and Phase 1 and Phase 2 gender led irrigation published in high impact paper. and water West Africa. Additionally, a tool analyses communicated through management promoting small scale irrigation presentations to policymakers and Gender guidance tool when promoting small scale solutions and technologies was developed and investors at 3 events. irrigation technologies. 33 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F2 investment applied by the Innovation Lab for 2018 - At least 3 LWS (Flagship 2 Complete Business model for solar irrigation development in options Small-Scale Irrigation, working with Land and Water Solutions for Ethiopia published. private sector partners to roll out Sustainable Intensification) Suitability mapping framework for solar promising irrigation technologies. investment options/ business photovoltaic pumps, sub-Saharan Africa. models refined and shared with Revised business models: Business public and private sector institutions Policy dialogues: 2018 Africa Green Revolution models for solar irrigation in 2 countries. Forum. development in Ethiopia generated interest by private and social International Forum on Solar Technologies for enterprises. Small-scale Agriculture and Water Management. In Gujarat India, an IWMI-TATA Published Microfinance for rural smallholder pilot of a business model informed irrigation. state-national level solar irrigation development. This was shared Policy influence: Ethiopian delegation hosted by globally. ICRISAT India. F2 2017 EXTENDED - Phase 1 business Completed Three business models published in 2017-2018: models reviewed (and as Ethiopia: A catalog of management options for appropriate adapted/ adopted) ecosystem restoration (Mekuria et al. 2017) public/private sector agencies in 6 Ethiopia and Ghana: solar pump based irrigation countries. (Otoo et al. 2018). Shared business models at several events including: http://www.fao.org/land- water/events/solartech/en/ http://www.fao.org/in-action/water-for-poverty- in-africa/finalprojectworkshop/en/ 34 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F2 2017 EXTENDED - Phase 1 Completed Recommendations incorporated into policy and recommendations on ALWM development programs e.g. irrigation equipment (Agricultural Land and Water tax exemption, soil fertility maps (Ethiopia). Management) interventions evident Government of Uttar Pradesh (India) requested in policy, investment and/or scaling up integrated agricultural water development programs in 3 management pilots. countries: Ethiopia, Ghana and India. Ghana requests further support on conservation agriculture. Danish pump company considering market expansion. Reported at workshop: https://www.icirisat.org/moving-away-from-silos- working-towards-synthesis-of-learnings/ F2 2.2. Improved Across four countries and dozens 2018 - Two African medium or large- Completed Paper assessing adoption of water saving management of of irrigation schemes, the use of sized irrigation schemes monitoring technologies (Link); Tunisia study-sustainable new and simple tools (soil moisture, soil irrigation performance and showing water management techniques (Link). revitalized nutrient concentration) supports increases in farmer incomes, gender medium to water and labor savings, yield equity and ecosystem services large scale increases and economic benefit to delivery. irrigation farmers, whilst contributing schemes towards water productivity gains. F2 2018 - Synthesized knowledge Completed India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar: the online irrigation These pilots are being scaled with around technical, management and benchmarking tools and System asset management partners in Zimbabwe and policy ‘’levers of change’’ used in tool (SAMS) and data sets developed; release Uzbekistan. triggering new opportunities for expected in 2019. Tools such as the Online Irrigation scaling of at least 5 farm/field level Impact assessments of training water user Benchmarking System OIBS and innovations in irrigated systems in 2 associations in Tajikistan show improved System Asset Management have countries. performance and equity of irrigation services been developed, with data sets; to between large and small farms, Agrilinks. be released in 2019. Knowledge 35 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F2 products on training and capacity 2017 EXTENDED - Farmers, scheme Completed Myanmar: Pywar Ywar Pump Irrigation Project, development with gender managers, investors and policy developed new pump energy model, Best conscious approaches in water makers in medium and large-scale Management Practices for high value crops (BMPs), user associations in Tajikistan led irrigation systems, request LWS- developed capacity in National Agricultural to recommendations to USAID for influenced new technologies and Research Systems , assessed market opportunities; targeting training of female management approaches to learning site for 300 similar schemes. farmers. improve productivity and income Zimbabwe: Leveraged support to extend from generation (targeting Zimbabwe and pilots in six irrigation schemes 2013-2017, to scale Myanmar). to 30+ schemes. F2 2017 EXTENDED - Identify how Extended Partners and projects were not in place for problematic large and medium scale delivery. The Flagship portfolio now holds several Partnership irrigation schemes (LSIS) in 3 projects suitable for this analysis. Additional input - partners countries (India, Ethiopia, Egypt) can for 2019 delivery may include ICARDA Egypt and were not be improved by benchmarking tools, IFPRI Ethiopia assessment of national irrigation able to PPP (public-private partnership) schemes. deliver a key arrangements and supporting piece on capacity building needs in private time and public irrigation sector. F3 3.1. Increased WLE/FAO/RUAF Foundation 2018 - 2 additional cities adopt a Completed Participating cities for North-South learning: capacity and developed a toolkit outlining the monitoring system for UPA/City Toolkit with WLE acknowledgement evidence for City-Region Food Systems (CRFS) Region Food Systems (CRFS) related male and approach for cross-sector and innovations. RUAF, FAO and WLE discussed as direct follow-up a female cross-boundary analysis. Seven new phase focusing on climate change and city stakeholders cities conducted a CRFS region food systems, led by FAO. A new project co- and policy assessment. funded by Germany and WLE will support this makers to effort in 5+ cities from 2019. 36 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F3 implement WLE, RUAF with CIAT, FAO, IWMI 2018 - 5 cities implement Milan Completed Mayor summit WLE/FAO-RUAF session (1 of 17 urban and peri- and the CITYFOOD network co-led Urban Food Policy Pact with WLE videos): urban by Local Governments for facilitation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTmbXaWiq0c agriculture Sustainability engaged local and and presentation. (UPA) related regional governments on training, 14 cities are engaged in MUFPP indicator work: policies and policy guidance and technical https://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/FAO- farming system exchange to build capacity to MUFPP%20Indicator%20framework%20Tel%20Aviv innovations implement the Milan Urban Food .pdf Policy Pact (MUFPP). 16 new cities joined CITYFOOD network to adopt Quito, urban food charter: MUFPP. In Quito, RUAF support http://www.conquito.org.ec/wp- resulted in a municipal urban food content/uploads/2018/09/carta-1.pdf charter. FAO and RUAF presented the Urban Food Monitoring F3 2018 - Reports providing in-depth Completed Reports completed on Tamale, Ouagadougou, Framework at the 4th MUFPP Mayors Summit. and focused food and farming Colombo, Kitwe, Utrecht, Toronto, Medellin, Quito system analysis in a minimum of 7 and more. For FAO- led city reports, see here and cities. for Ghana and Burkina Faso see here. See also article here. F3 3.2 Increased Waste-based soil rehabilitation 2018 - Private Sector Facilitates field Extended WLE/IWMI research with Horana Plantations PLC in business field trials continued with public trials for waste-based soil Sri Lanka. Publication forthcoming. Research/ capacities in private partnerships (PPP) on rehabilitation established in Sri science - WLE/IWMI collaborating with Coconut Research nutrient, water waste-based fish production Lanka, informing 18,000 ha under inherent risk Institute of Sri Lanka on fertilization advisory and energy established in Ghana. coconut, tea and rubber. in unknown services for about 400,000 ha (approx. 100,000 ha recovery from The RRR business model catalogue cutting- smallholder production). domestic and on gender and energy recovery edge agro-industrial from waste was published. And research or waste for the Fecal Sludge Management science 37 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F3 intensified food MOOC (Massive Open Online 2018 - 16 Business models for Changed A change was required as the host MOOC did not crop production Courses) milestone adjusted to resource recovery from fecal sludge adopt the WLE provided modules. Therefore, the Partnership providing free online curriculum. promoted through ongoing free free online curriculum of RRR Business Models will - partners Worked with 19 universities for Massive Open Online Courses soon be at www.sswm.info. were not curriculum adaptation and (MOOC). able to Sri Lanka: started to work with National Institute of implementation. deliver a key Business Management. Supported the sanitation piece on improvement program, Sri Lanka. time And became a member of two task forces: the South Asia Hub F3 2018 - FAO adopts revised Completed https://wle.cgiar.org/farm-practices-safe-use- Consortium for City-wide Inclusive handbook on wastewater wastewater-urban-and-peri-urban-horticulture Sanitation (CWIS) and Fecal Sludge management for irrigation. Management (FSM); Indian FAO “On-farm practices for the safe use of National Fecal Sludge and Septage wastewater in urban and peri-urban horticulture: A Management Alliance. training handbook for Farmer Field Schools in Sub- Continued to advise Sri Lanka on Saharan Africa”. organic compost production. F3 2018 - Gender and Resource Completed RRR catalogue with streamlined gender analysis: FAO handbook wastewater Recovery case studies referenced by already being cited according to Google scholar irrigation management was stakeholders. and reading material in 5+ universities. published. RRR report special volume on gender and energy recovery: >200 reads on ResearchGate; being used for training at Penn State University, USA. See here and here. 38 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F3 2018 - Advisory services for Extended India: 179 trainees (60 women) as village sanitation adoption and replication of resource experts to develop waste and fecal sludge “Action Internal oriented solid and liquid waste Plans”. Outreach to 900,000 people possible. resources - management in small towns (up to key staff, Partnerships in Sri Lanka, India (Column 3) are 8000) established for World Bank infrastructu promising developments. and Government of India. re or equipment was not available at the time needed. F4 4.1. Risks Analysis of business case options 2018 - Index Based Flood Insurance Extended Report on a business model for index- based flood associated with for Index-based flood insurance business model published. Research/ insurance under review (forthcoming 2019). water variability (IBFI) has been completed, Science mitigated providing insights on approaches Inherent risk for funding IBFI schemes. The in unknown report will be published in 2019. cutting- edge Drought and flood early warning research or tools developed and disseminated science 39 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F4 for use in India and Sri Lanka. 2018 - Regional flood and drought Complete Regional flood and drought forecast models Uptake of drought tools has been forecast and early warning tool completed; drought model integrated in weekly particularly successful. developed for India/Sri Lanka with South Asia drought bulletin. associated protocols distributed to Analysis of equity issues associated Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture relevant government agencies. with Index Based Flood Insurance in India and Sri Lanka’s Disaster Management (IBFI) trials conducted in India and Agency have used the information for real-time Bangladesh is completed. contingency planning and drought assessment Forthcoming reports make respectively. recommendations on how to AgRice smartphone app developed and deployed in better include vulnerable groups in India. the schemes. Both Indian government and insurance F4 2017 EXTENDED - Flood insurance Complete Two trials on Index Based Flood Insurance (IBFI) companies are indicating interest theoretical and institutional completed in India. Report and two technical briefs to further scale-up. framework and tools (with insights for India and Bangladesh forthcoming 2019. for more equitable risk sharing for Both governments and insurance companies women) delivered to government interested in scaling up, including use of WLE- partners and insurance companies developed technology in the Bihar Crop Assistance (co-developed with CCAFS). Scheme for rapid payout. 40 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F4 4.2. Uptake of Work on conjunctive water 2018 - Groundwater information for Complete Ramotswa Information Management System solutions and management in the Ramotswa and Africa is used by 2 governments in producing important insights on transboundary investment Tuli Karoo transboundary aquifer their planning processes. aquifer shared by Botswana and South Africa; options better systems in the Limpopo Basin, is roadmap developed in 2016 has been transformed able to address incorporated into the activities of a into a Joint Strategic Action Plan awaiting tradeoffs across new trans-national Groundwater ratification. Both governments are proposing a competing committee through progress large-scale program on aquifer remediation and water-energy- reporting at committee meetings, have provided letters endorsing the project. food needs provision of project data into the Limpopo Watercourse Commission and Southern African Development Community frameworks, and project concept formulation. Flagship 4 made a significant contribution to the ongoing global dialogue on nature based solutions and the role of natural infrastructure in sustainable F4 development, through involvement 2018 - 2 or more tools for Complete Workshop reports; nexus tools to address water- in various processes and forums. addressing tradeoffs across the energy-food nexus tradeoffs for Niger River Basin, water-energy-food nexus published. Vietnam; and a practical application in the Niger Increased awareness of River Basin. opportunities for groundwater use and Managed Aquifer Recharge in Toolkit on nexus approaches for Eastern Nile selected countries. Region. Integrated framework of models for social, economic and institutional developments in Omo and Zambezi basins complete, pending publication. 41 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F4 2018 - Capitalizing on the Complete Webpage on natural infrastructure international focus on “nature- Participated in World Water Week; Ramsar and based solutions for water” in 2018, Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on contribute to international dialogue Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services COPs; through participation at 3 or more contributed to global communication. Multiple awareness raising events (e.g. World communications pieces here, here and here. Water Forum, World Water Week, IPBES Conference of the Parties (COP) and Ramsar COP) and at least 5 communications pieces/products that highlight nature-based solutions that contribute to reduced trade-offs and sustainability. F4 2017 EXTENDED - Information on Complete Hydro-geological map and dataset provided to risks and opportunities associated Department of Water Resources, Lao PDR. with groundwater use applied and Vietnam Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) video taken up with key Government presented on morning news in April 2018. partners in India and elsewhere. MAR in UN World Water Development Report 2018 ; UN Chronicle story mentions MAR. India: capacity building handover of trial site to government and commitment to scaling out in Uttar Pradesh. 42 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F5 5.1: Decision Good progress developing 2018 - Publication of an approach Complete Framework developed linking evidence products makers are approaches to support decision and framework for supporting for decision support; to be iteratively improved. better able to making in landscape management decision makers to manage better Knowledge brokering literature in the context of access relevant contexts, including literature trade-offs arising at scale from field natural resource management reviewed, evidence, tools review on knowledge brokering level farming activities. summarized (forthcoming 2019) (WLE/Bioversity). and expertise to and ecosystem service assessments design and (forthcoming 2019). Knowledge Review completed on opportunities to interact manage natural brokering framework will be with ongoing NRM policies and programs in East resource iteratively improved during the Africa (WLE/IFPRI). management project. (NRM) and F5 Survey designed for government agriculture 2018 - Publication of refined Complete Holistic probability modeling for nutritional and NGO stakeholders at national decision analysis approaches for a impacts of agricultural development policy applied programs that and landscape scale to build a better fit to NRM/sustainable in Uganda. deliver more picture of their current use of agriculture decision making at the effectively evidence to inform decision making Decision analysis methods guide for agricultural landscape scale. against multiple policy for nutrition. (will be rolled out in 2019). SDG targets across scales Probabilistic causal modelling applied: honey value IWMI has started to review tools and management approaches chains, impacts of community led interventions (Kenya). developed by previous WLE projects that can be applied to Decision Analysis Framework for Performance NRM Program and policy design, Measurement of Land Restoration Initiatives informed by interviews with applied; journal article in review. decision makers in Ethiopia 43 FP FP 2022 Summary Narrative on progress Milestone Milestone Evidence for completed milestones or explanation Outcomes against each FP outcome this year status 2018 for extended, cancelled or changed. F5 5.2: NRM and Workshop in Desa Forest, Northern 2018 - Work plans finalized for 3 Changed Ethiopia: Workplan developed, workshop held with agricultural Ethiopia, to initiate decision new partnerships in three different WEFOREST to populate decision models. Financial - development analysis process. Outputs will be farming systems (RTB, RICE, FTA). funding Uganda: Study site identified. Plans developed with programs that used to calibrate Bayesian delayed CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and apply WLE modelling and screen other and/or cut Bananas (RTB). Stakeholder workshop planned approaches and suitable WLE decision support mid-2019. use tools are tools, and approaches. more cost- Rice: Case study cancelled, resources redistributed Workshop with RTB colleagues to effective and to the Ethiopia and Uganda cases for 2019. scope a second case study in avoid negative Uganda. Target landscape trade-offs identified (Isingiro District), between SDGs proposal developed, and a list of across scales stakeholders compiled. Due to the tightness of funding in Flagship 5, we decided to reduce from three case studies to two. This will provide greater resources for proof of concept in Ethiopia and Uganda. 44 Table 6: Numbers of peer-reviewed publications from current reporting period (Sphere of control) Number Percent Peer-Reviewed publications 228 86% (of those identified yes/no by partners) Open Access 173 54% (of those identified yes/no by partners) ISI 90 83% (of those identified yes/no by partners) Table 7: Participants in Capacity Development Activities The following figures are based on data provided to WLE by project leaders, using MARLO. As MARLO was not designed to collect this specific data and given that these needs were not a requirement when 2018 activities were planned, it is likely these indicators are largely underreported. The Capacity Development data collected in MARLO is only classified as short or long-term, for formal training. The total number of individuals, within WLE, who participated in formal training is 4,427. The total numbers of people trained both formally and informally, according to MARLO project data, was 12,201. Number of trainees Female Male In short-term programs facilitated by CRP 426 2293 In long-term programs facilitated by CRP 475 1233 45 Table 8: Key external partnerships Main area of partnership Lead Brief description of partnership aims List of key partners in partnership (Research/Delivery/Policy/Capacity Flagship Development/Other) 1 Rothamsted Research supports reference for Rothamsted Research, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Research, Delivery. calibration of WLE’s dry spectral calibrations and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). partners on the Africa Soil Information Service project and development of new initiatives to take advances to scale. 1 Africa Soil Information Service furthers the Governments of Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania, Research, Delivery, Capacity development of state-of-the-art national soil Rothamsted Research, World Soils Information (ISRIC), Development. information systems based on soil-plant dry Columbia University, Quantitative Engineering Design (QED). spectral analysis and digital soil property mapping. 1 International/ national, scientific/academic Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK, Research, delivery, capacity partnership to assess sustainability at household Germany), University of Amazonia (Colombia), National development and scaling. and landscape levels to determine how land-based Agrarian University - La Molina (UNALM, Peru), Research options contribute to building sustainable Center for the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP, Peru), Amazon landscapes; and at country level to determine how Institute for Scientific Research (SINCHI, Colombia), Research far they are towards the achievement of SDGs, and center for sustainable agricultural systems (CIPAV, Colombia), the trade-offs and synergies among objectives. Ministry of Environment of Peru (MINAM) and Ministry of Environment of Colombia (MADS). 1 A partnership for developing decision support tools United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Research and delivery. to provide solutions to water management Ministry of Environment of Honduras. challenges in Honduras. 46 Main area of partnership Lead Brief description of partnership aims List of key partners in partnership (Research/Delivery/Policy/Capacity Flagship Development/Other) 1 Promotes dialogue between scientists and policy United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Policy. makers on desertification, land degradation and Science-Policy Interface (SPI). drought (DLDD). 2 Flagship 2 activities are linked with other CGIAR Texas A&M University, United States Agency for International Research/Delivery/Policy/Capacity and external partner joint initiatives, including the Development (USAID). Development. Innovation Lab for Small-Scale Irrigation which includes Texas A&M University, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). 2 Influencing the key messages going to the High- United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition. Delivery. Level Political Forum on the review of the nutrition targets under the SDGs. 2 A research collaboration between International University for Development Studies, Ghana. Research. Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and University of Development Studies, Ghana (UDS) on the impacts of a motor pump experiment. 2 A tri-lateral research collaboration with Tufts University and Addis Ababa University. Research. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on nutrition sensitive irrigation under the Feed the Future Innovation Lab on Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI). 47 Main area of partnership Lead Brief description of partnership aims List of key partners in partnership (Research/Delivery/Policy/Capacity Flagship Development/Other) 2 Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) is Agricultural Transformation Agency, Ethiopia. Research/capacity development. implementing solar pumps in 16 districts in Ethiopia. ATA asked IWMI to undertake impact assessment and support in planning given past experience in pilot schemes. 3 Uptake of WLE research on Resource, Recovery and Discussions with 19 universities so far (list available). Capacity Development. Reuse (RRR) business models. 3 Support of United Nations publications. FAO, World Health Organization (WHO), UN Environment Delivery (IPG). (UNEP). 3 Public Private Partnerships on Fortifer production. Municipality of Yilo Krobo and Jekora Ventures Limited. Implementation. 3 Advisor on food and the circular economy. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Capacity. 4 WLE continues to liaise with the Food, Energy- Australian National University, and several other universities Research, Capacity, Delivery. Environment and Water Network (FE2W network) and partners as reflected on the network website. which supports co-development and implementation of Nexus tools and approaches. 4 Integration of innovative nature-based solutions to EstudioOCA (Bangkok based urban planning and architecture Private sector – research/delivery. climate adaptation into city planning. company), Sri Lanka Urban Development Authority and other national partners. 48 Main area of partnership Lead Brief description of partnership aims List of key partners in partnership (Research/Delivery/Policy/Capacity Flagship Development/Other) 4 The Sustainable Water Future Programme (Water Griffith University and other partners of the Water Program Research. Future) of Future Earth is a global platform under Future Earth. facilitating international scientific collaboration to drive solutions to water problems. WLE is part of this, through the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 4 Ramsar Science and Technical Review Panel (STRP): Ramsar Convention. Key Organizational partners include Delivery. WLE continues to participate in the Scientific and Wetlands International, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Birdlife Technical Review Panel, which provides scientific International, International Union for Conservation of Nature and technical guidance to the Conference of the (IUCN), and Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust. Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Ramsar Secretariat. 5 University of Bonn is a partner in Flagship 5’s Department of Horticulture of the University of Bonn, World Research, Delivery, Capacity decision analysis work, providing scientific and Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Development. technical support and student co-supervision. 5 Working with World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in WeForest, Ethiopia. NGO. Disa Forest, Tigray. 49 Table 9: Internal Cross-CGIAR Collaborations Brief description of the collaboration Name(s) of collaborating CRP(s), Optional: Value added, in a few words, e.g. Platform(s) or Center(s) scientific or efficiency benefits The collaboration between WLE Flagship (ESA) and Flagship 1 (RDL) and CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Brings CG-wide collective evidence together PIM and FTA aims to bring together complementary research and Institutions and Markets (PIM) and to: evidence on landscape restoration from across the three CRPs, and CGIAR Research Program on Forest, ● Stimulate debate on how to more channel this in a user-friendly format, that delivers targeted advice to Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). effectively address key constraints to policy and investment processes on land restoration. scaling up of land restoration practices. In August 2018, WLE participated in the Global Landscape Forum Nairobi ● Identify ways of collating at the panel of the discussion: Improving land governance and land use complementary research and evidence planning for Landscape restoration in Africa. WLE presented perspectives on landscape restoration for greater policy influence and impact. of land property rights in the context of land restoration initiatives in ● Build a better understanding of the Africa and Latin America. “demand”/’’clients’’. https://events.globallandscapesforum.org/agenda/nairobi-2018/day-2- thursday-30-august-2018/parallel-sessions-3/3-parallel-discussion- forums-3/improving-land-governance-and-land-use-planning-for- landscape-restoration-in-africa/ As part of a collaboration between WLE and CGIAR Research Program on WLE and CGIAR Research Program on This builds on the effort of the CGIAR to Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Centro Climate Change, Agriculture and Food create climate change district learning Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and the International Institute Security (CCAFS)/Centro Internacional alliances, to discuss land restoration for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) worked with stakeholders part of the de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and the priorities, and identify actions for moving “Lushoto District Climate Change Learning Alliance” in identifying International Institute for Tropical forward restoration efforts at the district priorities, practices and the enabling environment required to achieve Agriculture (IITA). level. Actions identified for land restoration land restoration. will be shared to inform future investments in the district. 50 Brief description of the collaboration Name(s) of collaborating CRP(s), Optional: Value added, in a few words, e.g. Platform(s) or Center(s) scientific or efficiency benefits WLE seeks to leverage evidence-based policy advocacy geared towards CGIAR Research Program on Forest, Quantitative decision analysis support for sustainable intensification at the landscape scale. Support was initiated Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). improving the design of land restoration for a CGIAR Research Program on Forest, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) intervention options to better meet the entire project on forest restoration in Ethiopia in partnership with weForest to set of stakeholder goals and minimize analyze and improve proposed restoration interventions. WLE also implementation risks. supported FTA in the Kenya drylands by applying decision analysis methods. WLE and the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock, Environmental CGIAR Research Program on Rangelands occupy 25% of the total land Flagship, work together in the study: Rangeland Degradation: Causes, Livestock. surface globally. In Africa, rangelands are Consequences, Monitoring Techniques and Remedies; with a focus on soil- estimated to cover 66% of the land surface based solutions in Africa. although there are variations from country to country. Many of these lands are under degradation processes. By working together, WLE and Livestock scientists were able to addressed rangeland degradation and potential for controlling this with a strong focus on soil aspects. Flagship 1 provided advisory, analytical and capacity development services CGIAR Research Program on MAIZE Included training course on soil-plant on soil-plant spectroscopy, including to the Soil Intelligence System for and CGIAR Research Program on spectroscopy for India and Nepal scientists; India, and the Africa Cassava Agronomy Initiative (ACAI). Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB). soil and plant tissue analysis for ACAI cassava trials. Flagship 2 activities are linked to Phase 2 of the Gender and Assets in CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture Program, led by the International Food Policy Research Institute Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (IFPRI) and funded by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and CGIAR (A4NH). Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH). WLE contributes to research under this program. 51 Brief description of the collaboration Name(s) of collaborating CRP(s), Optional: Value added, in a few words, e.g. Platform(s) or Center(s) scientific or efficiency benefits Flagship 2 maintains close collaboration with CGIAR Research Program on CGIAR Research Program on Climate Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) on solar irrigation Change, Agriculture and Food work in India (see OI), which has resulted in major expanded investment Security (CCAFS). by the Indian Government. Flagship 4 continued collaboration with CCAFS on managed aquifer recharge for flood mitigation with a focus on capacity building and engagement, leading to handover of the Indian trial site to government and ratification of the concept and a commitment to scaling it out in Uttar Pradesh state. In Vietnam, the trials, comprising an assessment of volumes of water recharged, water quality and cost effectiveness of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) interventions, continued throughout 2018. The joint WLE - CCAFS trials on index based flood insurance were scaled-up (400 farmers in 11 villages). Consideration is now being given for 2019 for a greater focus on post-flood recovery – including “bundling” Index Based Flood Insurance with the dissemination of stress-tolerant crop varieties and broadening the CGIAR collaboration to encompass other centers and CRPs. Flagship 1 together with CCAFS, 4p1000, and Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions organized the side event on “Agriculture Advantage 2.0” at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP24, in December 2018. Flagship 2 Natural Resource Management are part of the Africa RISING International Livestock Research initiative in Ethiopia, which includes partners from WLE (CIAT, ILRI, Institute (ILRI), International Institute ICRISAT) and outside of WLE (ILRI, IITA). Watershed research is also part of of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Africa RISING in West Africa. 52 Brief description of the collaboration Name(s) of collaborating CRP(s), Optional: Value added, in a few words, e.g. Platform(s) or Center(s) scientific or efficiency benefits Flagship 2 partners (ICARDA-ICRISAT-IFPRI-IWMI) contributed to the DryArc is a cross Center initiative DryArc is aiming to target and scale existing research agenda of the DryArc draft concept note 2019-2021: Proof of which involves ICARDA (lead), CGIAR work in certain dryland regions and Concept of a New Interface of the CGIAR for the Drylands. ICRISAT, IWMI and IFPRI. ‘spillover’ into new geographies where the CGIAR is not active and new donors are interested in supporting such work. CGIAR Research Program on Grains, Legumes and Dryland Cereals (GLDC) CGIAR Research Program on Grains, Evaluating the return on investment of a Flagship 3 explores how farm level interventions impact household food Legumes and Dryland Cereals (GLDC). government scheme promoting landscape security and incomes, while WLE Flagship 2 works at scales above the management, e.g. the example of Wollo in farm (watershed and landscape) to understand the tradeoffs, synergies Ethiopia and the impacts of farmer managed and environmental impacts of interventions on many farms in a contour bunding on water availability to a community and to evaluate the impacts of sustainable intensification at community. scale. WorldFish reviewed the Flagship 3 report on wastewater & aquaculture in WorldFish. Kumasi, Ghana. Flagship 4 has collaborated extensively with the FISH CRP in 2018 with CGIAR Research Program on Fish work in The Ayeyarwady Delta Myanmar on flood based farming systems Agri-food Systems (FISH). and on reservoir fisheries and fisheries and water control infrastructure. CGIAR Research Program on Rice In 2018, Flagship 4 strengthened its collaboration with CGIAR Research (RICE). Program on Fish Agri-food Systems (FISH) through collaborative work on water control infrastructure and fisheries. This included a jointly funded workshop on fisheries productivity in relation to human-made infrastructure and the publication of a joint brief on Enhancing fisheries productivity through improved Management of reservoirs, dams and other water control structures. In 2019 it is planned to further broaden the collaboration through a joint WLE-FISH-RICE focusing on research to create new knowledge and innovations on the sustainable intensification of rice-fish production systems. 53 Brief description of the collaboration Name(s) of collaborating CRP(s), Optional: Value added, in a few words, e.g. Platform(s) or Center(s) scientific or efficiency benefits Flagships 3 and 4 collaborated with CGIAR Research Program on International Livestock Research Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) on a joint session at Institute (ILRI). Stockholm World Water Week on Water use, food security and disease – achieving healthy outcomes, which focused on how climate change and other drivers affect mosquito habitats and how to manage water accordingly, including infrastructure such as dams for irrigation. WLE also engaged with the new CGIAR Antimicrobial Resistance Hub to deliver a joint postdoctoral fellow position between the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). FP4 continued to engage with PIM on integrated assessment modelling to CGIAR Research Program on Policies, understand the impact of irrigation development on food import Institutions and Markets (PIM), CGIAR dependency of Sub-Saharan Africa and with PIM and CCAFS on joint Research Program on Climate Change, assessment of the mitigation space through integrated water-energy-food Agriculture and Food Security nexus modelling. (CCAFS). WLE seeks to leverage evidence-based policy advocacy geared towards CGIAR Research Program on Roots, sustainable intensification at the landscape scale. Support was initiated Tubers and Bananas (RTB). for an FTA project on forest restoration in Ethiopia in partnership we weForest to analyze and improve proposed restoration interventions. Flagship 5 is working in partnership with the CGIAR Research Program on CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) (CIAT, IITA and Wageningen) to establish Tubers and Bananas (RTB); CGIAR a landscape case study in Uganda (Isingiro District). Work will get Research Program on Policies, underway in 2019. Flagship 5 is also in discussion with partners in PIM Institutions and Markets (PIM). about collaborating in India on the management on common land. Work will start in 2019. WLE co-hosted webinar on how to improve women's participation and CGIAR Gender Platform. benefits in irrigation schemes and the CRP Director participated in a key session at the Gender Platform event in Addis Abeba in September 2018. 54 Table 10: Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning and Impact Assessment (MELIA) Studies/ learning exercises planned for Status Type of study or activity Comments/ links this year (from POWB) Outcome Evaluation Of Research For Extended. Program evaluation. This evaluation was started in 2018 and will be completed Development Work Conducted In Ghana by second quarter of 2019. And Sri Lanka Under The Resource, Recovery And Reuse (RRR) Subprogram Of The CGIAR Research Program On Water, Land And Ecosystems (WLE). Results Framework Review. Completed. internal review. WLE-wide review of outcomes and milestones reviewed and updated to better reflect project portfolio. Review and implementation of results- Completed. internal review. WLE developed a set of criteria to assess proposed activities based management system and to develop the portfolio of work per Flagship in 2019. These criteria were designed to be harmonized with the incoming CGIAR Performance Based Management standards. Monitoring Evaluation and Learning Completed. internal review. This review occurs annually to ensure that outcomes and support to projects impacts are captured and reported through MARLO. Joint i-CRP integrative Tool Assessment Changed. learning workshop. In partnership with the other integrated CRPs, WLE will co- facilitate a learning workshop, now planned for 2020. 55 Indicator Reference Sheets Completed. internal review. CRP has now harmonized indicators with CGIAR reporting indicators. Evaluation, outcome story and impact Completed. internal review. CRP completed prioritized evaluation review. assessment planning CRP Thematic Evaluation: TBA after Cancelled. Program evaluation. The CRP prioritized outcome evaluations. consultation Flagship Theory of Change Workshops Extended. Internal review. The CRP will complete this task in 2019. Outcome story planning and development Completed. Internal review. Outcome stories were prioritized and appropriate evidence collected. Gender, youth and inclusion outcome Extended. Internal review. The CRP hired a gender specialist in late 2018 and will review extend this task into 2019. Performance Evaluation of GFDRR-UK Aid Completed. Program evaluation. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/76728154875 Challenge Fund Open-Source, DIY Remote 7537292/pdf/Performance-Evaluation-of-GFDRR-UK-Aid- Weather Stations in Sri Lanka (not from Challenge-Fund-Open-Source-Remote-Weather-Stations.pdf POWB Scoping study of GMCC utilization in soil Completed. Ex-post adoption study. https://marlo.cgiar.org/projects/WLE/studySummary.do?st rehabilitation in Kenya and in Benin. It udyID=1541&cycle=Reporting&year=2018 integrates 3 approaches: 1) scoping study involving visits to key institutions and understanding their perspectives, barriers to adoptions and efforts to revert, 2) focus group discussions with farmers to understand integration of GMCCs into farming systems and challenges faced and 3) literature review to understand soil- related benefits of GMCC integrations. 56 57 Table 11: Update on Actions Taken in Response to Relevant Evaluations While WLE has a slate of ongoing and planned evaluations in 2019 and beyond, there were no formal management responses to evaluations in 2018. Name of Recommend Text of Status of Concrete actions taken for this By When Comments evaluation ation recomme response to this recommendation. whom number ndation recommendation N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 12: Examples of W1/2 Use in this reporting period (2018) The following are a few examples from each Flagship of key activities and deliverables funded through W1/W2 in 2018 FP Description Category of use: 1 Land degradation assessments using multiscale approaches for agroecosystem restoration and improved food security, for Research. Kenya and Burkina Faso. 1 Data sets collected for understanding how gender is approached in land restoration initiatives and what should be the most Research. appropriate entry points of WLE regarding gender considerations. 1 Pilot-testing of land use alternatives for restoration and climate change adaptation in Colombia and Peru, and farmer pilot on Research and delivery. financial incentives for Sustainable Productive Transformation, created by public second-level bank. 1 WLE/CIAT has served the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), as Coordinating Lead Policy. Author, of a regional assessment about the state of Africa's ecosystems. 58 FP Description Category of use: 1 Soil fertility management in Babati (Tanzania): A practical guide on good agricultural management practices in smallholder Capacity development. farming systems. 1 Soil carbon-yield relationships analyzed in conservation agriculture long-term trials, in Kenya. Research. 1 Training on how to use biodiversity, including specific varieties of Tarwi and potato, for land restoration in the highlands of Capacity development. Bolivia. 1 Tanzanian Climate Change Learning Alliances completed a list of priority interventions for combating land degradation and Policy and partnerships. targeted required support from the Tanzanian Government (Financing) as well as scientific expert support for fine-tuning interventions. 1 Infrared spectroscopy proved to develop empirical models to determine soil degradation. Showed to be a valuable, fast and Research. comparably cheap way of predicting suitable soil chemical variables and soil health indicators, providing basis for rapid soil health indicators. 1 Assessment of options for enhancing the adoption of green manure cover crops in Africa. Research. 1 Maps of land degradation, restoration strategies and cost-benefit conducted for Kenya, Malawi and Uganda (commissioned Research. by the World Bank). 1 Evaluation of land restoration initiatives in Ethiopia and action points discussed with the Ministry of Forest, Environment and Research and partnerships. Climate change (MOFECC). 1 Digital soil mapping techniques to determine current and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential under different Research. management practices in the Murugusi watershed (Kenya). 1 WLE/IFPRI with other authors studied "The cost of carbon sequestration in different regions of the world". Research. 1 Report analyzing gender-disaggregated panel data showing how land management practices differed across gender and its Gender. impact on household welfare. 59 FP Description Category of use: 1 Study on changes in the socio-economic status of women exposed to restoration interventions in two study sites; and data Gender. collection for at least three countries as the basis to study how gender is addressed in restoration initiatives. 2 Qualitative surveys to understand the effect of irrigation on women’s empowerment. Gender. 2 Research involving academics from University for Development Studies in Tamale, Ghana. Research. 2 Suitability mapping framework for solar photovoltaic pumps for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, and accompanying Research, Partnerships. brief. 2 Agricultural Water Management solar business model for Ethiopia. Research. 2 Stockholm World Water Week: Small Scale Irrigation and ecosystem health. Outreach. 2 Enhancing the regional policies and regulatory framework for Irrigation Water Users Associations (IWUAs) in the Southern Research. Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional (SNNPR) State: lessons from Tigray/Amhara regions within Ethiopia and some global experiences. 2 Gender Dimensions of Community-based Groundwater Governance in Ethiopia: Using Citizen Science as an Entry Point. Research. 2 Business model scenarios and suitability for exclosures in Ethiopia. Research. 2 Water User’s Associations synthesis paper. Research. 2 Gender in Irrigation Learning and Improvement Tool (GILIT). Capdev/Gender. 2 How to Support Effective and Inclusive Irrigation. Water Users’ Associations: A Guide for Practitioners (Research for Capdev. Development Learning Series). 2 Assessment of scope for resilient crop yields through rainwater management under rainfall variability in sub-Saharan Africa Research. 60 FP Description Category of use: 2 Review on the evidence of transformed landscape of Ethiopia, including water implications related to extent of watershed Research. management and small reservoirs. 2 Irrigated area mapping for Ethiopia. Research/partnership. 2 Costs of Investing in Ecosystem Rehabilitation versus Humanitarian Aid: A Case Study of the Bale Eco-Region. Research. 2 Cost-Effectiveness of Natural Resource Management with and without Family Planning Interventions as a Means of Achieving Research. Sustainable Resource Use in the Bale Eco-Region in Oromia. 2 Investigation of the modalities for an innovative financing mechanism for participatory natural resource management, in the Research. Bale eco-region, Ethiopia. 2 Solar Irrigation Baseline Survey and on-going investment from Agricultural Transformation Agency, Ethiopia, in solar Research. irrigation. 2 Small Scale Irrigation and Rural livelihoods study to analyze and map meteorological drought in Awash Basin and to collect Research/youth/capacity socio-economic data for vulnerability to drought in the basin. development. 2 Gender dimensions of India watershed implementation programs. This research examines gender norms and gender relations Gender. in an agricultural watershed project in the Parasai-Sindh watershed, Bundelkhand Region, Central India. 3 Resource Recovery and Reuse reports and Business Model book. CapDev. 3 Resource Recovery and Reuse curriculum development with universities and of online courses (co-funded by BMZ). CapDev. 3 Partnership development for R4D uptake in South Asia and globally (long list available). Partnerships. 3 Facilitation of a Citizen Charter on Food Policy by the municipality of Quito. Policy. 3 Internship program at IWMI for students working on Rural Urban Linkages / Resource Recovery and Reuse. Capdev. 61 FP Description Category of use: 4 Supplementing bilateral funds: i) the development and implementation of disaster risk management tools in South Asia; ii) Research. Flood and inundation mapping in the Ayeyarwady Delta; iii) Support to national level roll out of SDGs. 4 Evaluation of Index Based Flood Insurance impacts for the poor, landless and women; writing and publishing synthesis Gender. pieces relating to important gender issues. 4 Engagement in Stockholm World Water Week, campaign on nature-based solutions as well as activities of the Groundwater Delivery. Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice and a series of Water-Energy-Food Nexus events. 4 Contributions to Ramsar Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) as well as Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity Policy. and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and the Scientific Advisory Panel of the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) ALOS Kyoto and Carbon Initiative. 4 Participation in a series of Nexus related conferences and engagements, including at the United Nations. Delivery. 4 Workshop and exchange visit for urban planners from the provinces of Lao PDR to Thailand and development of an unsolicited Pre-start-up. proposal submitted to USAID for funding: Livable Laos Cities: Green Infrastructure for Flood and Drought Mitigation, plus development. 5 Literature review and working paper on decision support for natural resource management. Initial version of a Natural Pre-start up. Resources Management evidence framework (Bioversity led). 5 Review of Natural Resources Management policies and programs in East Africa (IFPRI-led). Pre-start up. 5 Stakeholder workshop in Desa Forest, Tigray, Ethiopia to scope decision analysis (ICRAF). Partnerships. 5 Development of stakeholder survey questionnaire. Pre-start up. All To Support Management and Synthesis Functions of all Flagships. Extensive program support including Strategic Management Delivery. and Partnerships; Coordination and Administration; Communications, Knowledge Management; Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning; and Gender Youth and Inclusivity. 62 Table 13: CRP Financial Report* All Figures are in USD 000’s. Category Planned budget 2018 Actual expenditure 2018* Difference Comments W1/2 2017 W1/2 W3/ Total W1/2 W3/ Total W1/2 W3/ Total Carry Over 2018 bilateral bilateral bilateral FP1 -23 1,762 6,840 8,579 1,674 9,050 10,724 65 -2,210 -2,145 FP2 102 1,580 10,661 12,343 1,688 9,557 11,245 -6 1,104 1,098 FP3 111 950 1,995 3,056 992 1,827 2,819 69 168 237 FP4 50 1,394 3,847 5,291 1,398 4,257 5,655 46 -410 -364 FP5 550 2,189 2,739 349 2,422 2,771 201 -233 -32 Strategic Competitive 200 0 200 0 200 0 200 Funds allocated to SAI Research Grant Commission, starting 2019. CRP Management & -43 1,129 0 1,086 1,179 0 1,179 -93 0 -93 Management & Governance; Support Monitoring and Evaluation; Communications, Engagement and Knowledge Management. SubTotal 197 7,565 25,532 33,294 7,280 27,113 34,393 482 -1,581 -1,099 Research Grants in 458 0 458 0 0 0 458 0 458 WLE budgeted on the basis of case of Stretch $7.6m, based on 2018 Financial Funding Plan guidance. Total 197 8,023 25,532 33,752 7,280 27,113 34,393 940 -1,581 -641 *Source: Lead and participating Center financial reports. Audit pending. 63