ISSN 1391-9407 ISBN 92-9090-603-0 Postal Address: IWMI, P O Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka Location: 127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka Telephone: +94-11 2787404, 2784080 Fax: +94-11 2786854 Email: comp.assessment@cgiar.org Website: www.iwmi.org/assessment Meta-Analysis to Assess Impact of Watershed Program and People's Participation P. K. Joshi, A. K. Jha, S. P. Wani, Laxmi Joshi and R. L. 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K. Joshi A. K. Jha S. P. Wani Laxmi Joshi and R. L. Shiyani Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture The Comprehensive Assessment (www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment) is organized through the CGIAR’s System-Wide Initiative on Water Management (SWIM), which is convened by the International Water Management Institute. The Assessment is carried out with inputs from over 100 national and international development and research organizations—including CGIAR Centers and FAO. Financial support for the Assessment comes from a range of donors, including the Governments of the Netherlands, Switzerland, Japan, Taiwan, Sweden ( through the Swedish Water House) and Austria; EU support to the ISIIMM Project; the OPEC Fund; FAO; Challenge Program on Water and Food; World Bank in support of Systemwide Programs and the Rockefeller Foundation. Cosponsors of the Assessment are: FAO; the Ramsar Conventions and the CGIAR. The authors: Dr. P. K. Joshi is South-Asia Regional Coordinator, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Agricultural Science Complex, Dev Praksh Shashtri Marg, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012, India; Dr. A. K. Jha is Senior Research Associate, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012, India; Dr. Laxmi Joshi is Research Officer, National Commission of Farmers, NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi, India; Dr. S. P. Wani is Principal Scientist (Watersheds) and Regional Theme Coordinator (Asia), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India; and Dr. R. L. Shiyani is Professor and Head of Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushinagar, Gujarat, India. This report is based on the data published by several authors and we acknowledge their help. A preliminary version of this report was presented at a National Workshop on Institutional Changes for Greater Agricultural Technology Impact which was organized by the NCAP. The authors are grateful to A. Vaidyanathan, Kanchan Chopra, R. S. Deshpande and Suresh Pal for their valuable comments during the discussion. The authors are responsible for any omission. This publication is part of the research projects “Water Scarcity and Food Security in Tropical Rain-fed Water Scarcity Systems: A Multi-level Assessment of Existing Conditions, Response Options and Future Potentials” funded by International Water Management Institute (IWMI) through Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture and “Participatory Watershed Management for Reducing Poverty and Land Degradation in the Semi-Arid Tropics” (RETA # 6067) funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to ICRISAT. Joshi, P. K.; Jha, A. K.; Wani, S.P.; Joshi, Laxmi; Shiyani, R. L. 2005. Meta-analysis to assess impact of watershed program and people’s participation. Comprehensive Assessment Research Report 8. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Comprehensive Assessment Secretariat. / watershed management / social participation / impact assessment / rain / soil properties / benefits / decision making / ISSN 1391–9407 ISBN 92 9090 603 0 Copyright © 2005, by Comprehensive Assessment Secretariat. All rights reserved. Cover photograph by Suhas P. Wani shows a rainwater harvesting structure in Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally, Andhra Pradesh, India. Please send inquiries and comments to: comp. assessment@cgiar.org iii iii Contents Summary .............................................................................................................. v Background ......................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 2 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 4 People’s Participation and Benefits from Watersheds ..................................... 10 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 14 Literature Cited .................................................................................................. 17 v Summary The study assessed the performance of watershed programs by employing meta analysis. Meta analysis is a statistical procedure that integrates and upscales numerous spatially and temporally distributed combinable micro-level studies to distil logical macro-level policy inferences. The inferences drawn, based on meta analysis, are often more objective and authentic. Based on an exhaustive review of 311 case studies on watershed programs in India, the study attempted to document efficiency, equity and sustainability benefits. It was noted that the mean benefit-cost ratio of a watershed program in the country was quite modest at 2.14. The internal rate of return was 22 percent, which is comparable with many rural developmental programs. The watershed programs generated enormous employment opportunities, augmented irrigated area and cropping intensity and conserved soil and water resources. The performance of the watershed program was at its best in areas that targeted the low and medium income groups, which was jointly implemented by the state and central government, and where there was effective people's participation and a rainfall ranging between 700–1,000 mm. The study concluded that the watershed program is silently rejuvenating and revolutionizing rain-fed areas. 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ie_bi’ mWj[hi^[Z Wh[Wi OWdZo beWc ie_bi ?bWYa Yejjed ie_bi >bbkl_kc ie_bi N[Z ie_bi 4 Data Numerous studies are conducted, which evaluated the performance of watershed programs. These watershed studies cover the entire country and, therefore, represent a wide range of environments according to their “agro-ecological” location, size, type, source of funding, rainfall, regional prosperity or backwardness, etc. The present study prepared an exhaustive bibliography on these evaluated watershed programs that comprised a total of 311 case studies,1 given that the meta-analysis procedure requires a large number of studies in order to establish a high degree of confidence in the analysis results. These case studies include all type of watershed programs implemented with central government assistance; external assistance from the World Bank, European Economic Community (EEC), Swiss and German funding, and Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) etc. These studies also cover watersheds constituted under watershed development programs of the state governments, Ministry of Rural Development (Union), Ministry of Environment and Forest etc. These studies, apart from several micro- watershed programs based on people’s action and community participation, cover all sorts of Indian watershed development projects like, National Watershed Development Project for Rain-fed Areas (NWDPRA), River Valley Projects (RVP), Integrated Watershed Management in the catchments of Flood Prone Rivers (FPR), Watershed Development Project in Shifting Cultivation Area (WPSCA), World Bank aided Himalayan Watershed Management Project, Pilot Project for Watershed Management in Rain-fed Areas, Integrated Watershed Development Project for Hills (IWDP) and IWDP for Plains Project, Doon Valley Project (EEC) and many more macro-watershed projects. These studies were published either as research articles or research reports. The complete bibliography is available from the authors. There are, however, many more studies, which could not be traced. 1A complete bibliography on watershed studies is available with the authors. Results and Discussion Benefits of watershed programs Watershed programs have been specifically launched in the rain-fed areas with the primary objective of improving the livelihoods of poor rural households that are afflicted by a disproportionate degree of risk with respect to agrarian activities. Their net income levels are low and uncertain and their plight is further compounded by acute degradation of soil and water resources (Wani et al. 2003). The Government of India aggressively intensified watershed programs in fragile and high-risk ecosystems, where farm incomes drastically declined due to excessive soil erosion and moisture stress. It was anticipated that the watershed programs would augment farm income, raise agricultural production and conserve soil and water resources in rain-fed areas through the process of applying appropriate technical and financial support. Watershed programs were initiated over a wide range of “agro-ecoregions” and were planned, developed and implemented by various government agencies. 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6DR@"-L@JVQHQ RM -QQDQQ 4KN@BR ME >@RDPQGDC 8PMFP@K @LC 8DMNJD Q 8@PRHBHN@RHML# =%8% 7UYNO# .%8% 7NG# ?%=% CGTO# 9G^SO 7UYNO GTJ >%9% ?NO_GTO% (’’+% ISSN 1391-9407 ISBN 92-9090-603-0 Postal Address: IWMI, P O Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka Location: 127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka Telephone: +94-11 2787404, 2784080 Fax: +94-11 2786854 Email: comp.assessment@cgiar.org Website: www.iwmi.org/assessment Meta-Analysis to Assess Impact of Watershed Program and People's Participation P. K. Joshi, A. K. Jha, S. P. Wani, Laxmi Tewari and R. L. Shiyani Research Report 8 Figure to be inserted