Indonesia’s Agrifood System Transformation and Environmental Impacts Xinshen Diao, Angga Pradesha, Peixun Fang, Eleanor Jones, Karl Pauw, and James Thurlow JUNE 2025 Three Parts to the Agrifood System (AFS) Diagnostic 1. Structure and Dynamics: The agrifood system in the broad economy • What does Indonesia’s agrifood system (AFS) look like today? • How has Indonesia’s AFS been transforming? 2. Value Chains: Decomposing the agrifood system • What are different roles of various agrifood value chains in the broader AFS? • Which value chains have contributed more to the AFS growth? 3. Environment: Agricultural impacts • How are different agricultural products contributing to Indonesia’s water footprint and greenhouse gas emissions? • Have agriculture’s environmental impacts changed over time? Structure and Dynamics | Defining the Agrifood System Primary agriculture Agro-processing Trade and transport Food services Trade and transport Input supply Demand Consumption of own- produced goods Purchase of primary agricultural goods Purchase of processed agrifood goods Purchase of ready-made foods outside of home Imports A C B D E AFS includes agriculture and four broad off-farm components • The AFS is a complex network of actors, connected by their differing roles in supplying, consuming, and governing agrifood activities • We measure the structure and size of the AFS from the supply-side using standard economywide datasets (i.e., national accounts and employment statistics) Agrifood System GDP Total value added generated by all agricultural value chains Agrifood System Employment Total number of workers who are primarily employed in upstream or downstream of an agricultural value chain Structure and Dynamics | Indonesia’s Agrifood System Today GDP and employment in Indonesia’s agrifood system (2023) Current structure and size of the AFS • Latest AFS GDP and employment estimates • Decomposed into five AFS components • Situates AFS within the broader economy Uses official data sources • GDP from national accounts • Employment from various sources (population census, labor force surveys, ILO, etc.) Indonesia AFS estimates indicate • AFS makes up 30% of GDP and less than half of total employment • Primary agriculture (A) is still important, but off-farm components (B–E) exceed agriculture in GDP • Off-farm GDP per worker is more than twice the agriculture GDP per worker Data source: GDP estimates from Indonesia’s national accounts data (Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), which translates to: Statistics Indonesia or Central Bureau of Statistics) and IFPRI’s Indonesia 2023 Social Accounting Matrix; employment estimates from ILO data. $1,301 $389 $162 $227 $113 $71 $34 $10 $912 Total economy Agri-food system Primary agriculture Off-farm Processing Trade & transport Hotels & food services Input supply Rest of the economy GDP ($ billions) 136.7 63.9 39.3 24.6 6.5 10.2 7.4 0.6 72.7 Total economy Agri-food system Primary agriculture Off-farm Processing Trade & transport Hotels & food services Input supply Rest of the economy Employment (millions of workers) 9,521 6,086 4,118 9,230 17,446 6,964 4,550 17,037 12,539 Total economy Agri-food system Primary agriculture Off-farm Processing Trade & transport Hotels & food services Input supply Rest of the economy GDP per worker ($) Structure and Dynamics | Comparison to Other Countries The size and structure of the AFS vary at different stages of development Indonesia is an upper-middle-income country (UMIC), with gross national income (GNI) per capita just over the UMIC threshold A: Indonesia’s agriculture GDP and off-farm components in total GDP are both much larger than the UMIC average B: Share of Indonesia’s primary agriculture in AFS GDP is close to UMIC average C: Within the off-farm AFS GDP, the share of Indonesia’s agro-processing is larger than the UMIC average with a much smaller input supply component Share of total GDP (%) Share of AFS GDP (%) Share of off-farm AFS GDP (%) LIC = low-income countries | LMIC = lower-middle income countries | UMIC = upper-middle-income countries | HIC = high-income countries Source: IFPRI Agri-Food System Database A B C 4.5 28.5 16.3 7.1 1.3 12.4 8.3 13.6 11.9 10.6 6.6 17.5 Primary agriculture Off-farm AFS 35.4 67.7 57.8 40.1 17.0 41.6 64.6 32.3 42.2 59.9 83.0 58.4 Primary agriculture Off-farm AFS 38.4 38.6 44.5 46.3 29.1 49.6 28.3 41.9 30.9 22.5 33.5 31.2 13.5 5.5 14.4 16.2 10.8 14.819.7 14.0 10.3 15.0 26.7 4.5 Processing Trade and transport Food services Input supply Shares of AFS, agriculture, and off-farm AFS in total GDP (2009-2023)Indonesia’s AFS continued to transform • Agricultural share of total GDP declined over time • Off-farm AFS components became increasingly important • The overall AFS contribution to the national economy edged down slightly The off-farm AFS GDP exceeded that of primary agriculture through out the period • The off-farm AFS share is close to 60% of total AFS GDP in the recent years Structure and Dynamics | Performance Data source: IFPRI’s Indonesia 2009 – 2023 Social Accounting Matrixes. Note: All GDP estimates are measured in constant 2023 prices. 14.3 14.0 13.5 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.7 13.6 13.6 13.5 13.3 13.6 13.5 13.0 12.4 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.7 17.6 17.6 17.0 16.7 17.1 17.5 17.3 16.2 17.0 17.3 17.5 31.4 31.3 31.1 30.9 30.7 30.7 30.7 30.4 30.6 30.9 30.5 29.8 30.5 30.2 29.9 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 S h a re o f G D P ( % ) Off-farm AFS Agriculture share of total GDP GDP per worker in the AFS and total economy (constant 2023 US$) Indonesia’s AFS labor productivity has grown over time • Agriculture GDP per worker nearly doubled between 2009 and 2023, reflecting sustained structural transformation • Off-farm AFS productivity exceeded that of total economy and agriculture, despite a dip during 2014–2017 following the global commodity price decline • The AFS productivity rebounded from the pandemic and continued to grow in the recent years Structure and Dynamics | Growing AFS Productivity Data source: IFPRI’s Indonesia 2009 – 2023 Social Accounting Matrixes. Note: GDP estimates are measured in constant 2023 prices. 6,555 6,764 7,071 7,303 7,614 7,865 8,022 8,277 8,417 8,636 8,792 8,871 9,019 9,207 3,761 3,970 4,267 4,476 4,678 4,887 5,100 5,273 5,479 5,741 5,832 5,657 5,920 5,948 6,086 7,841 8,220 8,642 8,903 8,963 9,175 8,980 8,743 8,829 8,960 8,755 8,353 8,761 9,084 9,230 2,321 2,428 2,572 2,685 2,845 3,005 3,317 3,546 3,709 3,917 4,068 4,092 4,204 4,072 4,118 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total economy AFS Off-farm AFS Agriculture Value Chains | Decomposing AFS Indonesia’s AFS is decomposed into 14 broad value chain groupings • Rice, palm oil, and cattle & milk are the largest value chains • They together account for 40% of AFS GDP, 30 of agriculture GDP, and 45% of off-farm GDP • Indonesia’s agrifood system is diverse with sizable contributions from horticulture and fishery value chains • The root crop, maize, and oilseed value chains contribute smaller shares to agriculture and off-farm GDP Data source: IFPRI’s Indonesia 2023 Social Accounting Matrix. Note: Sums of total AFS GDP, agriculture GDP, and off-farm GDP are 100% respectively. The detailed grouping of individual products for the value chain groups are provided in the last slides. Value Chain Shares of Total (%) AFS GDP Agric. GDP Off-farm GDP 1.7% 1.4% 2.6% 2.7% 3.5% 3.6% 5.7% 6.1% 6.3% 8.8% 9.1% 9.3% 10.9% 13.3% 14.9% Unattributable Oilseeds Maize Root crops Forestry Rubber Poultry & eggs Capture fisheries Cocoa & coffee Other crops Aquaculture Horticulture Cattle & milk Palm oil Rice 0.0% 1.8% 2.4% 2.8% 6.8% 2.1% 10.7% 11.2% 2.9% 2.9% 11.3% 13.6% 2.5% 12.0% 16.9% 2.9% 1.2% 2.8% 2.6% 1.1% 4.6% 2.2% 2.5% 8.7% 12.9% 7.5% 6.3% 16.9% 14.2% 13.6% Value Chains | Performance • AFS GDP grew at 4.1% per year (2009–2023), closely tracking with the growth in total economy (4.4%) • Off-farm AFS grew more rapidly at 4.6%, outpacing agriculture (3.4%) • Five value chains grew over 5.0%, including palm oil, two fishery value chains, rice, and poultry & eggs • Across most value chains, off-farm AFS GDP growth exceeded that of agriculture, driven by Indonesia’s export-oriented agrifood processing industry and growing demand for market-linked services as trade, transport, and logistics AFS GDP Agriculture GDP Off-farm AFS GDP Annual growth rate (%): Data source: IFPRI’s Indonesia 2009 – 2023 Social Accounting Matrixes. 0.6 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.6 3.4 3.9 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.4 6.7 4.1 Rubber Forestry Root crops Oilseeds Horticulture Maize Other crops Cocoa & coffee Cattle & milk Poultry & eggs Rice Aquaculture Capture fisheries Palm oil Average -3.7 1.3 0.8 1.5 1.4 0.1 1.6 -1.5 1.3 5.2 4.1 5.6 5.6 11.9 3.4 3.0 2.4 3.2 3.0 4.1 4.6 2.8 5.3 4.3 4.8 6.5 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.6 Structure and Dynamics | Supply and Demand Sides AFS GDP vs. consumption Primary, processed, and other product shares (%) • GDP contributions define the structure of AFS on the supply side • Household demand captures AFS structure on the demand side • Processing agriculture is more important on the demand side than on the supply side in the AFS • Indonesia is one of the world’s largest agrifood exporters, exporting more agrifood products, particularly more processed products, than it imports Agrifood exports vs. imports Primary and processed product shares (%) Exports ($53.1 bil.) Imports ($34.1 bil.) 41.6% 28.9% 29.5% 26.4% 55.9% 17.6% Primary agric. products Agroprocessed products Other off-farm 11.7% 88.3% 34.5% 65.5% Primary agric. products Agroprocessed products AFS GDP Household demand Value Chains | Trade Dependency • Indonesia is one of the world largest agrifood exporters with exports totaling $53 bil. in 2023 • Agrifood exports contributed to 9.6% of AFS output in 2023, while imports accounted for 4.9% domestic use • Indonesia is the world’s largest palm oil exporter and also ranks among the top for rubber, aquaculture, cocoa, and coffee • Some value chains—notable oilseeds, maize, and cocoa & coffee—show high import- dependence for domestic use • The country’s strong agrifood manufacturing sector processes imported cocoa beans into products like butter, powder, cake, and liquor for exports Export-output ratio (%) Import-consumption ratio (%) AFS GDP rank AFS GDP rank Data source: IFPRI’s Indonesia 2023 Social Accounting Matrix. Note: Exports and imports of a value chain are measured by the values of the traded agricultural and agro-processed products. The value chain output is the gross output generated by agriculture and agro-processing in that value chain. 28.9 26.7 12.9 11.1 9.5 6.5 5.9 4.2 3.1 2.6 2.6 Rubber Palm oil Aquaculture Cocoa & coffee Horticulture Capture fisheries Other crops Oilseeds Maize Cattle & milk Root crops 1 0 2 5 7 4 8 6 1 4 1 3 3 1 2 26.5 13.1 12.2 7.5 5.6 4.1 2.5 2.4 1.7 0.9 0.5 Oilseeds Cocoa & coffee Maize Horticulture Cattle & milk Root crops Other crops Rice Capture fisheries Aquaculture Palm oil 1 4 7 1 3 4 3 1 2 6 1 8 5 2 Environment | Current Agriculture’s Water Footprint • The agriculture’s water footprint is a measure of water consumption and pollution in production, indicating pressure on freshwater resources • Total water includes • Green (rainwater consumed), • Blue (surface and groundwater used for irrigation, aquaculture, and livestock production), and • Grey (water needed to dilute pollutants from fertilizers and other chemicals) • Water footprint concentratedly comes from palm oil, rice, and aquaculture, accounting for more than 50% in 2023 • Blue water makes up 8% of total, with rice alone accounting for 70% of this Agriculture’s water footprint by sectors (mil. m³) Data sources: Water footprint data per unit of agricultural output is from Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2010) and agricultural production data is for 2023 and from FAO. 964 1,381 1,493 1,681 3,046 4,217 7,394 7,711 8,484 10,616 10,733 13,180 14,808 15,514 20,101 20,641 22,053 27,781 34,614 44,798 56,321 89,793 100,027 187,776 Sweet potatoes Soybeans Tobacco Groundnuts Raw milk Cattle Leaf tea Cassava Sugarcane Vegetables Bananas Cocoa Other crops Nuts Fruits Poultry Coffee Eggs Maize Other oilseeds Rubber Aquaculture Rice Palm oil Environment | Global Average Comparison • Most value chains have water footprints per unit of output close to the global average • Palm oil, rice, and aquaculture —the top three water users in Indonesia— have per unit water footprints similar to or lower than the global average for the same products Ratio to the global average per unit product (the global average per unit product = 1.0) Data sources: Water footprint data per unit of agricultural output is from Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2010) and agricultural production data is for 2023 and from FAO. Note: For each agricultural sector, the global average total water considers only the crop / livestock products that are also produced in Indonesia for reasons of comparison. 1.6 2.0 2.1 0.9 2.1 1.1 1.3 0.8 1.2 2.5 1.5 1.0 3.4 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.9 Sweet potatoes Soybeans Tobacco Groundnuts Raw milk Cattle Leaf tea Cassava Sugarcane Vegetables Bananas Cocoa Other crops Nuts Fruits Poultry Coffee Eggs Maize Other oilseeds Rubber Aquaculture Rice Palm oil Environment | Water Footprint and Agriculture GDP • Rice, Indonesia’s largest agricultural value chain, is relatively balanced in terms of water footprint and GDP contribution • Its share in agriculture's water footprint is lower than its share in agricultural GDP, and it uses 3.7 m³ water per dollar GDP, lowering than the agriculture’s average (5.3 m³) • It presents win-win opportunity for food security and environmental sustainability • Palm oil, Indonesia’s second largest value chain, is the least water-efficient • It accounts for a disproportionately high share of agricultural water footprint relative to its GDP contribution, using 9.6 m³ water per dollar GDP • This reflects a trade-off between export- driven growth and environmental sustainability Share of water footprint (%) Share of agric. GDP (%) Data source: Water footprint data per unit of agricultural output is from Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2010) and agricultural production data is for 2023 and from FAO. IFPRI’s Indonesia 2022 Social Accounting Matrix. 6.9 4.9 1.3 8.0 6.8 6.0 3.5 12.7 8.0 1.2 26.5 14.1 Oilseeds Maize Root crops Rubber Poultry & eggs Cocoa & coffee Other crops Aquacult ure Horticult ure Cattle & milk Palm oil Rice 2.2 2.9 3.5 2.6 13.0 3.5 3.6 13.7 16.6 3.1 14.7 20.6 17.0 8.9 2.0 16.2 2.8 9.1 5.2 4.9 2.6 2.1 9.6 3.7 Water use intensity (m³/USD GDP) Total agric. GDP: 5.3 m³ / USD Environment | Increased Water Footprints of Agriculture • Indonesia’s agricultural water footprint grew from 290 to 710 bil. m³ (2000–2023), driven by both crop (two-thirds) and livestock & fishery production • Palm oil alone accounts for 40% of water growth • Blue and grey water footprints also grew rapidly, reaching 54 and 56 bil. m³ respectively in 2023 • Rice contributes 90% of blue water growth • Palm oil and aquaculture together account for two-thirds of grey water growth Agriculture’s water footprints in 2000-2023 (mil. m³) Data sources: Water footprint data per unit of agricultural output is from Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2010) and agricultural production data is for 2000, 2010 and 2023 from FAO. 291,206 471,233 597,875 327,629 540,765 707,626 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 2000 2010 2023 2000 2010 2023 G R E E N T O T A L Total crops Total livestock and fisheries 14,661 30,751 54,089 21,763 38,781 55,661 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 2000 2010 2023 2000 2010 2023 B LU E G R E Y Environment | Current Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions • Indonesia’s agricultural GHG emissions —including emissions from land-use change (LULUCF) in the palm oil sector— reached 570 mil. tons CO₂e in recent years, nearly 40% of the nation’s total emissions • Palm oil is the largest contributor, responsible for about two-thirds of agricultural emissions, primarily due to deforestation and peatland conversion driven by rapid plantation expansion • Rice is the second-largest contributor, but its share dropped significantly to 12% in 2023, down from 25% in 2000 Shares of total agriculture’s GHG emissions (%) Data sources: National total GHG emission in 2023 is from EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG database. Agriculture total GHG emission in 2023 is from FAO. GHG emissions per kilogram is based on two sources: FAO emission intensities data for the livestock sectors, total cereals excluding rice, and rice, and Poore & Nemecek (2018) for other crops; agricultural production data is for 2023 and from FAO. 1.7 4.3 5.2 6.9 4.9 5.5 25.0 15.8 11.9 54.4 66.3 67.5 12.2 8.7 9.8 2000 2010 2023 Aquaculture Cattle Rice Palm oil All others Environment | Increased Agricultural GHG Emissions • Indonesia’s agricultural GHG emissions rose sharply — from 290 mil. to 480 mil. tons CO₂e between 2000 and 2010 — followed by an additional increase of 100 mil. tons by 2023 • Palm oil emissions more than doubled, driven by a sevenfold expansion in planted area over 2000–2023 • Aquaculture and cattle emissions increased steadily, while rice emissions declined, helping to offset part of the overall growth—though all three remain among the largest contributors • Emissions from other crops remained low and stable, or declined modestly during this period Agriculture’s GHG emissions in 2000-2023 (1000-ton of CO₂e) Data sources: Agriculture total GHG emission is from FAO. GHG emissions per kilogram is based on two sources: FAO emission intensities data for the livestock sectors, cereals excluding rice, and rice, and Poore & Nemecek (2018) for other crops. Agricultural production data is for 2000, 2010 and 2023 from FAO. 2,406 4,122 2,119 1,516 2,793 6,503 Root crops Oilseeds Maize Horticulture Cocoa & coffee Other crops Crop value chain groups, 2000 1,699 2,872 2,906 3,210 5,324 6,330 Crop value chain groups, 2023 19,924 23,339 31,278 72,437 75,418 67,624 157,712 315,998 382,200 290,162 476,566 566,426 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 2000 2010 2023 Shares of GHG emission of major livestock products (%) Aquaculture Cattle Rice Palm oil All others Conclusions | Highlights of Indonesia’s AFS Diagnostic Indonesia’s AFS continued to transform between 2009 and 2023 • Indonesia is an upper-middle-income country; the share of off-farm AFS exceeded that of primary agriculture throughout the period • The contribution of primary agriculture to GDP continued to decline, while off-farm AFS expanded further • The off-farm AFS labor productivity is relatively high and remained above the national average in most years • Despite some fluctuations, both AFS and off-farm productivity have recovered post- pandemic and resumed growth in recent years The AFS growth was driven by exports • Indonesia is one of the world’s largest agrifood exporters, with a diverse portfolio • It is the world’s largest palm oil exporter and ranks among the top for rubber, aquaculture, cocoa, and coffee • Indonesia also has a large agrifood manufacturing sector, with many top-ranking export products being processed items—such as palm oil, rubber, and cocoa-based products • Off-farm AFS GDP growth outpaced that of agriculture, driven by export-oriented processing industry as well as growing demand for market-linked services as trade, transport, and logistics The environmental pressures are concentrated in a few sectors • Palm oil, rice, and aquaculture account for over half of agriculture’s total water footprint • Per unit water use is relatively efficient–the top three contributors have per unit footprints of output at or below the global average for them • GHG emissions are also concentrated: palm oil, rice, aquaculture, and livestock are responsible for 90% of agricultural emissions (including land-use change in the palm oil sector) • Palm oil is responsible for two-thirds of agricultural emissions — largely due to deforestation and peatland conversion from rapid expansion • Rice remains the second-largest contributor, but its share has declined significantly over the period Agriculture’s environmental impacts have intensified since 2000 • Total water footprint more than doubled from 2000 to 2023 • Palm oil accounts for 40% of this increase • Rice contributes over 90% of blue water growth • Palm oil and aquaculture together explain two-thirds of grey water growth • GHG emissions also doubled • Palm oil led this rise, driven by a sevenfold increase in planted area • Rice emissions declined, partially offsetting total growth • Emissions from other crops remained low and stable, or declined modestly Conclusions | Environmental Impacts • The AFS is expected to continue playing an important role in growth, poverty reduction, food security, and nutrition improvement, while its role in ensuring environmental sustainability will become increasingly important • Given that environmental impacts are concentrated in a few agricultural sectors, policies that promote sustainable practices in these sectors are essential • The palm oil, rice, and aquaculture value chains may offer both opportunities and challenges • Rice is a key food crop with rapidly rising demand. The potential for import substitution also creates opportunities for off-farm AFS value additions and jobs (milling, feed industries, market services like trade, transport, and logistics) • Products of the aquaculture value chain are important for Indonesia’s diets and some products are also important for exports; while the country is the world’s largest palm oil exporter • All three sectors have large water footprints and GHG emissions, which presents environmental sustainability challenges • Improving efficiency in these value chains could reduce trade-offs across developmental goals, although doing so requires research to provide evidence for policies Conclusions | Overall Appendix I: Value Chain Groups and Agricultural Sectors in Individual VC Groups Value chain group and their share of AFS GDP Individual products and their share of group’s agriculture GDP Rice (15.2%) Rice 100% Maize (2.8%) Maize 100% Palm oil (13.5%) Palm oil 100% Oilseeds (1.5%) Groundnuts 17.2% | Soybeans 5.5% | Other oilseeds 73.3% | Pulses 3.9% Root crops (2.9%) Cassava 69.5% | Irish potatoes 13.5% | Sweet potatoes 13.8% | Other roots 3.3% Horticulture (9.5%) Leafy green vegetables 39.6% | Other vegetables 26.4% | Nuts 3.6% | Bananas 15.4% | Other fruits 41.3% Cocoa & coffee (6.4%) Cocoa 29.2% | Coffee 49.2% | Tea 16.1 | Cut flower 5.5% Rubber (3.6%) Rubber 100% Other crops (8.9%) Sugarcane 33.1% | Cotton 0.1% | Tobacco13.5% | Other crops 53.2% Cattle & other livestock (11.1%) Cattle meat 59.8% | Raw milk 20.6% | Small ruminants 10.9% | Other livestock 9.0% Poultry & eggs (5.8%) Poultry meat 54.3% | Eggs 45.7% Aquaculture (9.2%) Aquaculture 100% Capture fisheries (6.2%) Captured fish 100% Forestry (3.5%) Forestry 100% The national-level water footprint per metric ton of crop and livestock products (1995–2005 average) comes from: Mekonnen, M.M., and A.Y. Hoekstra. 2010a. The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Crops and Derived Crop Products. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 47. Delft, the Netherlands: UNESCO-IHE. http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report47- WaterFootprintCrops-Vol1.pdf. Mekonnen, M.M., and A.Y. Hoekstra. 2010b. The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Farm Animals and Animal Products. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 48. Delft, the Netherlands: UNESCO-IHE. The original water footprint data for detailed agricultural crop and livestock products (per metric ton) is combined with FAO’s annual agricultural production data to calculate the total water footprints for each of the 36 agricultural sectors in 2000, 2010, and 2022 Appendix II: Water Footprint Data Sources and Methodology http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report47-WaterFootprintCrops-Vol1.pdf http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report47-WaterFootprintCrops-Vol1.pdf https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home The GHG emission intensity data is sourced from FAO and provides analytical data on national and agricultural (farmgate) GHG emission totals, as well as emissions per kilogram of agricultural products. The dataset covers the period from 1961 to 2022 and includes agricultural totals, nine livestock products, cereals (excluding rice), and rice. FAO. 2024. "GHG Emission Intensity." FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EI. FAO. 2024. "GHG Emission Total." FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GT. FAO. 2024. FAOSTAT Emissions: Methodological Notes. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://files- faostat.fao.org/production/EI/EI_e.pdf. Appendix III: GHG Emission Data Sources and Methodology https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EI https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GT https://files-faostat.fao.org/production/EI/EI_e.pdf https://files-faostat.fao.org/production/EI/EI_e.pdf Appendix IV: Country-specific and globally comparable data For non-cereal crops, GHG emissions per kilogram are taken from: Poore, J., and T. Nemecek. 2018. “Reducing Food’s Environmental Impacts through Producers and Consumers.” Science 360 (6392): 987–992. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216 The Poore & Nemecek dataset provides global average CO₂-eq emissions per unit of product for 38 food commodities in 2010 Since FAO already provides country-specific agricultural total CO₂-eq emissions and CO₂-eq emissions per unit for cereals, rice, and 9 livestock products, we only use Poore & Nemecek’s data for non-cereal crops To estimate country-level emissions for non-cereal crops: • We applied the ratio of FAO’s country-specific cereal GHG emissions (2010) to Poore & Nemecek’s global cereal GHG average (2010). This ratio is used to scale down global non-cereal crop emission values to country-specific levels • We incorporated FAO’s country-specific agricultural total CO₂-eq emissions trends between 2000 and 2022 for CO₂-eq emissions in 2000, 2010, and 2022 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216 Slide 1: Indonesia’s Agrifood System Slide 2: Three Parts to the Agrifood System (AFS) Diagnostic Slide 3: Structure and Dynamics | Defining the Agrifood System Slide 4: Structure and Dynamics | Indonesia’s Agrifood System Today Slide 5: Structure and Dynamics | Comparison to Other Countries Slide 6: Structure and Dynamics | Performance Slide 7: Structure and Dynamics | Growing AFS Productivity Slide 8: Value Chains | Decomposing AFS Slide 9: Value Chains | Performance Slide 10: Structure and Dynamics | Supply and Demand Sides Slide 11: Value Chains | Trade Dependency Slide 12: Environment | Current Agriculture’s Water Footprint Slide 13: Environment | Global Average Comparison Slide 14: Environment | Water Footprint and Agriculture GDP Slide 15: Environment | Increased Water Footprints of Agriculture Slide 16: Environment | Current Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Slide 17: Environment | Increased Agricultural GHG Emissions Slide 18: Conclusions | Highlights of Indonesia’s AFS Diagnostic Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21: Appendix I: Value Chain Groups and Agricultural Sectors in Individual VC Groups Slide 22: Appendix II: Water Footprint Data Sources and Methodology Slide 23: Appendix III: GHG Emission Data Sources and Methodology Slide 24: Appendix IV: Country-specific and globally comparable data