Certification standards for cattle Policies and legal/regulatory instruments and protocols that support the establishment/strengthening of national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania Charles Lyimo, Eliamoni Lyatuu, Daniel Komwihangilo, Gilbert Msuta, Gebregziabher Gebreyohanes and Julie Ojango. 2024 CGIAR Initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity Research Report 1 Copyright information, citation, disclaimers and acknowledgements Authors: Charles Lyimo, Eliamoni Lyatuu, Daniel Komwihangilo, Gilbert Msuta, Gebregziabher Gebreyohanes and Julie Ojango. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Suggested citation: Lyimo, C., Lyatuu, E., Komwihangilo, D., Msuta, G., Gebreyohanes, G. and Ojango, J. 2024. Certification standards for cattle. Report. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya. Cover photo: Moni crossbred bull. Photo credit: Eliamoni Lyatuu/ILRI Copyright: ©2024 ILRI. This publication is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). To view this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Disclaimers: This publication has been prepared as an output of the CGIAR Initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity. Any views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily representative of or endorsed by the CGIAR System Organization. Acknowledgements: This work is part of the CGIAR Initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity. We would like to thank all funders who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food secure future dedicated to transforming food, land and water systems in a climate crisis. About SAPLING: CGIAR’s Sustainable Animal Productivity for Livelihoods, Nutrition and Gender Inclusion (SAPLING) is working in seven countries focusing on livestock value chains to package and scale out tried-and- tested, as well as new innovations in livestock health, genetics, feed and market systems. SAPLING aims to demonstrate that improvements in livestock productivity can offer a triple win: generating improved livelihoods and nutritional outcomes; contributing to women’s empowerment; and reducing impacts on climate and the environment. Its seven focus countries are Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Nepal, Tanzania, Uganda and Vietnam. CGIAR Initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. https://www.cgiar.org/funders 2 Contents Copyright information, citation, disclaimers and acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 1 Abbreviation and acronyms ............................................................... 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 5 2. Methodology used in collecting information ................................ 7 2.1 Significance of documents supporting national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania ........................ 7 2.2 Major existing regulatory and certification authorities ..................... 8 2.3 Other related documents and authorities used in this analysis ....... 8 3. Main findings on the current policies and legal provisions that support national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania ............................................................... 9 3.1 Tanzania National Livestock Policy (2006) ............................................. 9 3.2 Tanzania Livestock Sector Transformation Plan (2022/23–2026/27) . 10 3.3 The Animal Diseases Act (2003) ............................................................ 10 3.4 The Animal Diseases (Artificial Breeding), Regulations (2019), amended 2021 .............................................................................................. 11 3.5 The Veterinary Act (2003) ...................................................................... 11 3.6 Tanzania Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources Act (2010) ....... 12 3.7 The Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Act (2010) ........................................................................................................................ 12 3.8 National Livestock Research Agenda of 2020–2025 ........................... 12 3.9 National Development Vision 2050 ...................................................... 13 3.10 National Long-term Development Plan (2011/12–2025/26)............ 13 3.11 Agricultural Sector Development Program Phase II (ASDP II) ......... 14 3.12 The Five-Year Development Plan Phase III (2021/22–2025/26) ...... 14 3.13 The Dairy Industry Act (2004) ............................................................. 14 3.14 The Tanzania Livestock Sector Analysis (2016/17 -2031/32) ........... 15 3.15 The Tanzania National Ecological Organic Agriculture Strategy (NEOAS) 2023-2030 ..................................................................................... 15 3.16 The Public–Private Partnership Policy (2009) ..................................... 15 3.17 The Tanzania Investment Act (2023) ................................................... 16 3.18 East African Community Livestock Policy (2016) ............................... 16 3.19 The Livestock Development Strategy for Africa (LiDeSA) of 2015–- 2035 ................................................................................................................ 17 3.20 AU Digital Agriculture Strategy (DAS) and Implementation Plan 2024–2030 ..................................................................................................... 17 3 4. Main findings on the current authorities that support national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania ........................................................................................... 18 4.1 Directorate of Veterinary Services in Tanzania (DVS) .......................... 18 4.2 National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC) .................................... 18 4.3 Tanzania Veterinary Council (TVC) ........................................................ 19 4.4 Government Chemist Laboratory Authority (GCLA) ........................... 19 4.5 Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) ............ 19 4.6 Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) ..................................................... 20 4.7 Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA) Regulations................... 20 4.8 Tanzania Dairy Board (TDB) ................................................................... 20 4.9 Tanzania Meat Board (TMB) ................................................................... 21 4.10 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries ..................................................... 21 5. Proposed institutional arrangements for national certification and quality assurance system for superior bulls/bull dams ............. 22 5.1 Establishment of the National Livestock Breeding Policy................... 22 5.2 Establishment of a Centralized Regulatory Body/Authority/Section. 22 5.3 Development of Breeder Associations ................................................. 23 5.4 Strengthening the existing legal and regulatory instruments ............ 24 5.5 Strengthening Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) in livestock improvement ................................................................................................. 24 6. Primary stakeholders in the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania ............................................... 24 7. Conclusions and recommendations ............................................. 26 7.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 26 7.2 Recommendations ............................................................................. 26 Reference ......................................................................................... 27 4 Abbreviation and acronyms DAS Digital Agriculture Strategy DVS Directorate of Veterinary Services in Tanzania FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GCLA Government Chemist Laboratory Authority GLAFR Tanzania Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development LiDeSA The Livestock Development Strategy for Africa LITS Livestock Identification and Traceability System LSTP Tanzania Livestock Sector Transformation Plan NAIC National Artificial Insemination Centre NEOAS The Tanzania National Ecological Organic Agriculture Strategy NLP Tanzania National Livestock Policy NLRA National Livestock Research Agenda RFID Radio Frequency Identification TBS Tanzania Bureau of Standards TDB Tanzania Dairy Board TFDA Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority TMB Tanzania Meat Board TMDA Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority TVC Tanzania Veterinary Council 5 Executive summary The establishment of a national certification and quality assurance system for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania is not just a necessity but a crucial step towards improving livestock genetics and productivity. This system aims to ensure genetic purity, health and the performance of breeding animals, ultimately leading to higher-quality livestock and enhanced productivity in the livestock sector. Implementing such a system supports sustainable farming practices, enhances food security and improves the livelihoods of farmers by providing access to superior breeding stock that meets both national and international standards. The potential benefits of this system are immense, and its successful implementation could significantly transform the livestock sector in Tanzania. This report provides a detailed analysis of the existing regulatory and legal frameworks that support this initiative. It covers various aspects, including national policies, legal acts, regulatory frameworks and institutional arrangements. The analysis identifies key stakeholders and outlines strategies for effective stakeholder engagement. The report highlights the importance of a systematic legal framework and collaborative efforts from all stakeholders to ensure the success of certification and quality assurance programs. The findings of this report underscore the urgent need for comprehensive legal frameworks to support the certification and quality assurance system. These frameworks should address genetic evaluation, certification processes and standards for livestock genetics. Importantly, the report also identifies the significant role of different authorities in supporting the certification process, thereby clarifying their responsibilities and contributions. Immediate action is required to establish these legal frameworks and ensure the success of certification and quality assurance programs in Tanzania. Overall, the establishment of a national certification and quality assurance system is not just a step but a leap towards transforming Tanzania's livestock sector into a more productive and competitive industry. By improving the genetic quality of livestock, the country can achieve greater food security, enhance the livelihoods of farmers and contribute significantly to the national economy. The report calls for immediate action to strengthen regulatory frameworks, legal structure and stakeholder engagement in collectively supporting the sustainable development of the livestock sector in Tanzania. The potential benefits are immense, and the future of the livestock sector in Tanzania is promising. 1 . Introduction The livestock industry in Tanzania is not just an important component of the country's agricultural sector but a vital contributor to the national economy and the livelihoods of many Tanzanians. Agriculture, which includes livestock, is the backbone of the Tanzanian economy, accounting for about 28% of the GDP and employing approximately 65% of the workforce. The livestock sector alone contributes nearly 7.4% to the national GDP and about 27% to the agricultural GDP. Tanzania has a diverse livestock population, including cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and poultry. Cattle are the most important livestock species, with the country boasting one of the largest cattle populations in Africa, estimated at around 36.6 million heads. Goat and sheep populations are also substantial, with estimates of 25.6 million and 8.8 million heads, respectively. Poultry farming, especially chicken, is widespread, with about 92.8 million chickens providing both meat and eggs to local markets (The United Republic of Tanzania (URT) 2022). Traditional, smallholder farming systems predominantly characterize the livestock sector. These systems account for the majority of livestock production, with pastoral and agro-pastoral systems being the most common. Pastoralism is primarily practised in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern and central Tanzania, where communities rely on extensive grazing systems. Agro-pastoralism combines crop farming with livestock keeping and is prevalent in the highland and mid-altitude regions. Despite its significant contribution, the livestock industry in Tanzania faces numerous challenges. These include inadequate access to veterinary services, poor infrastructure, limited access to markets, low genetic potential, inefficient breeding programs and issues related to animal diseases. Additionally, climate change poses a threat to livestock production through increased frequency of droughts and changes in grazing patterns. 6 To address these challenges, the Tanzanian government has implemented various strategies and imposed diverse regulations aimed at improving livestock productivity. Initiatives such as the Livestock Modernization Initiative and the Tanzania Livestock Master Plan (TLMP) focus on enhancing veterinary services, improving livestock breeds, promoting market access and ensuring sustainable land management practices. These efforts aim to transform the livestock sector into a more productive and commercially viable industry, contributing to food security and economic development in Tanzania. Tanzania has implemented several policies and strategic plans to support national certification and quality assurance in livestock. The Tanzania National Livestock Policy (2006) highlights the establishment of regulatory frameworks to ensure livestock products meet quality standards. This includes the development of certification systems and quality assurance measures to enhance the competitiveness of livestock products in both domestic and international markets. The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries oversees these initiatives, emphasizing proper livestock management and health practices to ensure product safety and quality. The current National Livestock Tanzania Livestock Transformation Plan (2022/23–2026/27) aims to enhance livestock productivity through several strategies, such as strengthening the National Artificial Insemination Centre and improving veterinary services and disease controls. The plan emphasizes livestock identification, traceability, the development of livestock multiplication units, the improvement of livestock breeds, the enrichment of feed resources and the promotion of value addition of livestock products. It also focuses on enhancing research, training and extension services, promoting private sector involvement and addressing climate change challenges to build a resilient and sustainable livestock sector. This situation analysis is specifically aimed at evaluating the policies, legal frameworks and regulatory instruments that support the establishment or strengthening of national certification and quality assurance systems for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania. This analysis is fundamental in identifying critical entry points for policy interventions, enhancing existing regulations and proposing strong institutional frameworks for certification and quality assurance systems for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania. The goal is to ensure a sustainable and resilient certification and quality assurance system that aligns with both public and private sector needs. By reviewing current practices, profiling key stakeholders, and engaging in broad consultations, the situation analysis will provide actionable insights to strengthen Tanzania's livestock sector. 7 2. Methodology used in collecting information The methodology for conducting this situation analysis of policies and legal/regulatory instruments and protocols supporting the establishment/strengthening of national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania involved a detailed and systematic desk study. This study reviewed and analysed a range of relevant existing documents. The analysis considered all documents that provide guidelines for improving livestock genetics and practices. The documents examined included policies, legal frameworks, acts, regulatory instruments, quality assurance agencies and other authoritative bodies. The goal was to identify strengths, gaps, and areas for improvement in the existing systems, which were intended to enhance the quality and standards of productivity in the Tanzanian livestock sector. 2.1 Significance of documents supporting national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania A set of related documents was reviewed to support national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania. 1) Tanzania National Livestock Policy (2006) 2) Tanzania Livestock Transformation Plan (2022/23–2026/27) 3) The Animal Diseases Act (2003) 4) The Animal Diseases (Artificial Breeding), Regulations (2019), amended 2021 5) The Veterinary Act (2003) 6) Tanzania Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources Act (2010) 7) The Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Act (2010) 8) National Livestock Research Agenda of 2020–25 9) National Development Vision 2025 10) National Long-term Development Plan (2011/12–2025/26) 11) Agricultural Sector Development Program Phase II (ASDP II) 12) The Five-Year Development Plan Phase III (2021/22–2025/26) 13) The Dairy Industry Act (2004) 14) The Tanzania Livestock Sector Analysis (2016/17–2031/32) 15) National Ecological Organic Agriculture Strategy (NEOAS) 2023–30 16) The Public–Private Partnership Policy (2009) 17) The Tanzania Investment Act (2023) 18) East African Community Livestock Policy (2016) 19) The Livestock Development Strategy for Africa (LiDeSA) of 2015–-35 20) AU Digital Agriculture Strategy (DAS) and Implementation Plan 2024–30 8 2.2 Major existing regulatory and certification authorities The list of existing regulatory instruments and certification authorities was reviewed 1) Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries 2) Directorate of Veterinary Services in Tanzania (DVS) 3) Tanzania Veterinary Council (TVC) 4) Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) 5) Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) 6) Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA) Regulations 7) Government Chemist Laboratory Authority (GCLA) 8) National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC) 9) Tanzania Dairy Board (TDB) 10) Tanzania Meat Board (TMB) 2.3 Other related documents and authorities used in this analysis Other potential documents used in this analysis to derive the recommendations for strengthening regulatory frameworks and stakeholder engagement in the national certification and quality assurance of superior bulls and bull dams in Tanzania include policy reports, industry guidelines and case studies from similar initiatives in other countries. 1) FAO's Guidelines for Animal Genetic Resources Management Plans 2) EU Regulation on the Identification and Registration of Animals 3) Kenya Animal Genetic Resources Centre (KAGRC) Protocol 4) Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) Protocol 5) Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 6) International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) 7) National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) Guidelines 8) Livestock Improvement Association of Japan (LIAJ) Guidelines 9) Japanese Agricultural Standards (JAS) Standards 10) National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank (NAGRC&DB) Guidelines 11) European Union Animal Breeding Regulation 9 3. Main findings on the current policies and legal provisions that support national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania In Tanzania, the livestock sector is governed by defined frameworks, including policies, regulatory bodies, legal structures and various authorities, designed to ensure the genetic improvement of livestock, promote sustainable breeding practices and enhance overall livestock productivity. These frameworks emphasize the importance of genetic improvement through selective breeding, germplasm importation and the use of advanced reproductive technologies, such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. The following documents were reviewed to assess the effectiveness and gaps within these frameworks: 3.1 Tanzania National Livestock Policy (2006) The National Livestock Policy (2006) is an important document guiding the development of the livestock sector in Tanzania. It emphasizes the importance of selective breeding and the use of superior genetic materials to improve livestock productivity. The policy emphasizes genetic improvement through the selection, evaluation and promotion of superior breeds (Chapter Three, Section 3.9). It supports the establishment of breeding programs and the use of advanced reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. It strengthens technical support and promotes formulations of breeder associations for sustainable breeding and conservation. The policy promotes the establishment of systems for identifying, registering and tracing livestock to ensure their quality and safety. The process should involve collecting data for each animal throughout its entire life cycle so that individual characteristics and the history of the animal can be traced back. This data includes date and place of birth, ancestry, sex, geographic movement, health and other production records to trace the animal and its products. Livestock identification, registration and traceability are stipulated in the policy document (Chapter Three, Section 3.10). Currently, no identification, registration or traceability system is centrally controlled. Under Veterinary Services, the policy identifies the livestock and livestock products trade, which is guided by the World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreements (Chapter Three, Section 3.11). The policy also supports the introduction of germplasm materials as among livestock inputs from outside the country (Chapter Three, Section 3.18). The policy addresses the successful implementation of livestock inputs by facilitating coordinated efforts among various stakeholders, providing adequate infrastructure and ensuring sustained investment in the livestock industry. Through collaboration with other stakeholders, the government will promote investment in the production and distribution of livestock inputs, strengthen technical support services for these inputs and encourage the establishment of livestock input associations. 3.1.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams Although the National Livestock Policy (2006) empowered the Animal Diseases Act, Veterinary Act and Directorate of Veterinary Services in the importation of livestock inputs, it does not provide detailed guidelines or specific strategies for the certification and quality assurance of superior bull and bull dams. The policy lacks clear guidelines for the implementation of breeding programs to support farmers in improving livestock genetics. The policy does not address the establishment of national standards and guidelines for assessing and certifying 10 livestock genetics. Furthermore, there is no breeding policy in place to guide genetic improvement practices for maintaining breed quality and supporting sustainable livestock productivity. 3.2 Tanzania Livestock Sector Transformation Plan (2022/23–2026/27) The Tanzania Livestock Sector Transformation Plan (LSTP) for the period 2022/23 to 2026/27 is a strategic initiative aimed at modernizing and improving the livestock sector in Tanzania. The LSTP's main objectives align with national goals for agricultural development and food security, focusing on enhancing productivity, ensuring sustainability and increasing the livestock industry's competitiveness. Among the plans is to give access to high-productivity livestock breeds (Section 5.1). Various interventions have been set, including Massive Artificial Insemination (AI), the use of improved proven bulls, the dispersal of quality livestock breeds and the strengthening of the production and dissemination of heifers for beef and milk animals (Section 5.1.1). In this regard, LSTP mandated the National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC) to multiply and distribute high quality semen from superior bulls to livestock farmers nationwide. The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries also encourages the private sector and its institutions to produce and promote the use of improved bulls to enhance breed quality. Additionally, the ministry supports private sector engagement by offering import incentives and relieving levies, strengthening livestock traceability systems, selecting superior bulls within Tanzania and producing improved proven bulls from Livestock Multiplication Units for sale (Section 5.1.2). However, the government aimed to strengthen livestock multiplication units (LMU) to step up the production of quality beef and dairy animals. This will allow for the availability of a higher population of pure and crossbreed heifers to be sold to livestock farmers at affordable prices (Section 5.1.3). 3.2.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The role of the NAIC in certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania is not stipulated. Since LSTP mandated NAIC to lead AI services and genetic improvement initiatives, clear guidelines for certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams should be well established. However, private sectors and other government institutions should follow the same guidelines before the importation, multiplication or dissemination of germplasm or animals. There is a lack of mechanisms for effective coordination between various stakeholders, including government bodies, private sector entities and farmers. 3.3 The Animal Diseases Act (2003) The Animal Diseases Act of 2003 aims to safeguard the health of Tanzania's livestock by implementing comprehensive measures for disease control, thereby supporting the broader goals of improving livestock productivity and quality. The main objective of the Animal Diseases Act of 2003 is to control and prevent the introduction, spread and prevalence of animal diseases within Tanzania. The Act empowers Veterinary Officers and inspectors to enforce disease control measures, mandates the reporting of diseased animals, allows for the slaughter and proper disposal of diseased animals and establishes infected and compulsory dipping areas. It also provides compensation to animal owners and enables the Minister to make necessary regulations to ensure effective disease control and livestock health. In Section 20, the Act mandates the use of special marks for identifying and tracing animals under quarantine or disease control measures. Section 22 requires the registration of imported or exported animals for certification for disease control purposes. Section 46 requires the owner of livestock to ensure their animals are identified at all times in a manner specified by the regulations and Section 55 governs the sale and use of semen for artificial breeding, ensuring that semen is collected from registered and approved sires. 3.3.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The Animal Diseases Act of 2003 provides the foundational framework for controlling animal diseases in Tanzania, indirectly supporting the national certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams. However, the document does not contain specific Sections addressing the support for national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania. 11 3.4 The Animal Diseases (Artificial Breeding), Regulations (2019), amended 2021 The Animal Diseases (Artificial Breeding) Regulations 2019 regulations, which were amended in 2021 and enacted under the Animal Diseases Act of 2003, establish comprehensive guidelines for the artificial breeding industry, ensuring high standards in the production and management of genetic materials such as semen, ova and embryos. It highlights the framework of the registration process for bulls (sires) and dams, which mandates pedigree, progeny and genomic testing to verify the genetic superiority of breeding animals. This registration should be recorded in a studbook to provide traceability and assurance of good quality genetic materials used in artificial insemination and embryo transfer programs. The studbook will help to maintain genetic integrity, ensuring the breeding of animals with desirable traits such as disease resistance and productivity. The regulations also establish stringent quality standards for semen, ova and embryos, with testing performed in authorized laboratories. These standards ensure that only genetic materials of the highest quality, free from hereditary defects, are used in breeding. Facilities involved in the production, storage and distribution of these materials must meet strict infrastructure and operational requirements, such as maintaining proper storage conditions (e.g., liquid nitrogen tanks for semen storage). It also clearly defines the roles of inspectors and authorized officers, granting them powers to monitor breeding facilities, enforce standards and penalize non- compliance. The inclusion of approved animal breeds in the Thirteenth Schedule focuses breeding programs on the most suitable cattle breeds for Tanzania's environmental and agricultural needs. Overall, these regulations create a robust framework to certify superior bulls and bull dams, ensuring the genetic improvement of livestock in Tanzania. 3.4.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The Animal Diseases (Artificial Breeding) Regulations 2019 address only artificial breeding and remain silent on natural breeding. The act also lacks detailed provisions on specific certification standards or monitoring protocols for genetic traits beyond general registration requirements. Furthermore, while the document addresses infrastructure and facility standards, it does not thoroughly elaborate on continuous genetic quality assessments post-certification, potentially limiting long-term quality assurance efforts. 3.5 The Veterinary Act (2003) The main objective of the Veterinary Act of 2003 is to regulate and promote animal health services in Tanzania. This includes ensuring the control and prevention of animal diseases, overseeing veterinary practices and safeguarding public health in relation to animal products. The Act aims to establish and maintain standards for veterinary professionals, facilities and services to enhance the overall health and productivity of the livestock sector in Tanzania. The Act specifies the responsibilities and powers of the Director of Veterinary Services, who is charged with ensuring the implementation of measures for disease control and the quality of animal products, including genetic materials such as semen (Sections 4 and 7). This includes regulating artificial breeding techniques, including artificial insemination and embryo transfer, which are crucial for maintaining the quality of superior breeding stock (Section 55). The Act mandates that all semen used for artificial breeding must be collected from sires registered and approved by the Director, ensuring that only high quality genetic material is used (Section 55(a)). Additionally, artificial insemination centres and training courses must be licensed and approved, providing a legal framework to ensure these activities are conducted to high standards (Section 55(d)). These provisions are essential for maintaining the genetic quality and health standards of superior bulls and bull dams in Tanzania. 3.5.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The Act primarily focuses on general veterinary services and disease control. Still, it lacks specific provisions for the mechanisms needed for genetic evaluation or quality assurance in breeding programs and certification of superior bulls/bull dams. 12 3.6 Tanzania Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources Act (2010) The main objective of the Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources Act of 2010 is to regulate and promote the sustainable management of grazing lands and animal feed resources in Tanzania. The Act aims to ensure the availability, quality and proper use of grazing lands and animal feed to support livestock productivity. It establishes guidelines for the development, control and distribution of animal feed resources, sets standards for their composition and promotes the efficient use and conservation of grazing lands to enhance livestock production and sustainability. The establishment of a National Register as per Section 38 aids in tracking and monitoring grazing lands and animal feed resources, ensuring compliance and facilitating the certification process for animal feed resources producers and dealers, pastoral associations, ranching associations and livestock producer associations. 3.6.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The Act primarily focuses on regulating and promoting the sustainable management of grazing lands and animal feed resources in Tanzania. Still, it lacks specific provisions for the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams. 3.7 The Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Act (2010) The Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Act of 2010 was established to identify, register and trace livestock to ensure their quality and manage disease control in Tanzania. Section 4(1) of the Act mandates the establishment of the National Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability System, which includes components such as national livestock identification, registration and movement control. This system ensures that all livestock are identifiable and traceable, thereby supporting quality assurance efforts. Section 6(1) requires the registration of livestock and premises, ensuring that all animals are accounted for and their details recorded. This includes maintaining records of the species, identification number, breed and other relevant information, which are essential for managing and certifying superior breeding stock. A national registry is established to manage this data (Section 14–15). Section 15 establishes a National Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Registry, a centralized repository for livestock data. This registry helps in tracking the lineage and health status of superior bulls and bull dams, thereby ensuring that only high quality animals are certified and used in breeding programs. 3.7.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The Act addresses identification and traceability; but it does not explicitly focus on genetic improvement programs, which are essential for ensuring the quality of superior bulls/bull dams. The Act does not provide detailed guidelines for the certification process of superior bulls/bull dams. This gap can lead to inconsistencies in the application of certification standards. Effective implementation of certification and quality assurance requires coordination among government agencies, private sector entities and livestock farmers should be in place. 3.8 National Livestock Research Agenda of 2020–2025 The National Livestock Research Agenda (NLRA) 2020–25 aims to transform Tanzania's livestock sector to improve productivity, food security and economic growth. This comprehensive agenda was developed through consultations with key stakeholders, including policymakers, research institutions, farmers, private sectors and NGOs. The agenda identifies seven thematic research areas: livestock genetics and reproductive technologies, pastures and forages, animal health, socio-cultural and economic aspects, livestock value addition, non- conventional livestock species and cross-cutting issues like policies and climate change. Among the priorities include enhancing genetic potential through artificial insemination and molecular technologies, improving feed quality and availability, controlling diseases and promoting value addition. The ultimate goal is to boost the livestock sector's contribution to Tanzania's GDP and transition towards a middle-income industrial economy by 2025. In the agenda, one critical area emphasized is animal health, disease management and public health, which focuses on developing disease diagnostic and quality assurance management systems. This system is essential for ensuring the health and quality of breeding stock, which is crucial for the certification of superior bulls and bull 13 dams (Section 4.1.3). Furthermore, the agenda emphasizes the need for proper identification and traceability systems for livestock to monitor genetic progress and health status, which is crucial for maintaining the standards necessary for certification. The agenda also highlights the importance of improving the quantity and quality of feed resources, which directly affects the performance and quality of breeding animals, thus supporting the certification process (Section 4.1.1). The agenda focuses on developing breeding programs for different agro-ecological zones, using selection and crossbreeding strategies to enhance livestock productivity and adaptability. It aligns with the National Livestock Policy (NLP) 2006, emphasizing the creation of suitable technologies and investment in research. Collaboration with international standards and regulations is crucial to ensure the competitiveness of Tanzanian livestock products in global markets. The National Livestock Research Agenda (NLRA) 2020–25 focuses on guiding the planning and implementation of livestock research activities in Tanzania to improve the productivity and sustainability of the livestock sector through genetic improvement, better feeding practices, disease control and improved management systems. 3.8.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The agenda lacks a comprehensive framework for genetic evaluation and breeding program implementation, which is essential for the certification of superior breeding animals. It does not address the establishment of national standards and guidelines for assessing and certifying livestock genetics. Moreover, the agenda fails to emphasize the development of infrastructure and technical expertise needed for a national certification system. 3.9 National Development Vision 2050 The Tanzania Development Vision 2050 aims to transform Tanzania into a middle-income country with a high level of human development by 2050. It emphasizes various sectors, including agriculture and livestock, which are essential for economic growth and development. Specifically, the Vision advocates for developing a resilient agricultural sector that can produce high quality products, including livestock. By focusing on improving the agricultural sector, promoting science and technology, enhancing infrastructure and ensuring good governance, the Vision creates an enabling environment for the advancement of livestock breeding standards in Tanzania. This goal aligns with the need for national certification and quality assurance to ensure that Tanzania can produce competitive and high quality livestock products. 3.9.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The Tanzania Development Vision 2050 lacks specific provisions for the national certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams. While the Vision focuses on broad economic and social development goals, it does not outline concrete strategies for genetic improvement and breeding program implementation in the livestock sector. The Vision's emphasis on a strong and competitive economy does not translate into actionable steps for enhancing livestock genetics or establishing standards for breeding practices. 3.10 National Long-term Development Plan (2011/12–2025/26) The National Long-term Development Plan (LTPP) 2011/12–2025/26 outlines strategic measures to support Tanzania's transition into a middle-income country by 2025, also highlighting agricultural and livestock sector improvements. It emphasizes the importance of modernizing the agricultural sector, including livestock production, to meet international standards and market demands. The plan encourages the development of certification and quality assurance systems for agricultural products, including livestock, to enhance competitiveness. This includes improving productivity and product quality through improved breeding practices and technology adoption. The plan also highlights the need to establish regulatory frameworks and standards to ensure the quality of agricultural products, which can be extended to the certification of superior livestock genetics. This approach aligns with the broader goals of the plan to transform agriculture into a more productive and competitive sector. 3.10.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The National Long-term Development Plan (2011/12–2025/26) lacks specific provisions for national certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania. It does not outline concrete strategies or frameworks for establishing a system for genetic evaluation and breeding certification. The plan's focus on broader economic 14 development goals overlooks the need for detailed infrastructure and technical expertise necessary for effective quality assurance in livestock genetics. This gap limits the country's ability to ensure high standards in breeding practices and improve the genetic quality of its livestock. 3.11 Agricultural Sector Development Program Phase II (ASDP II) The Agricultural Sector Development Program Phase II (ASDP II) outlines several strategic measures to enhance Tanzania's agricultural sector, including livestock breeding. The ASDP II emphasizes the importance of producing quality bulls and semen to improve indigenous livestock. It highlights the breeding objectives aimed at enhancing milk production while maintaining adaptation to local conditions. To meet the increasing farmer demand, ASDP II suggests increasing the production of improved heifers and bulls, developing cattle breeds with higher milk yield potential and enhancing semen production for artificial insemination (AI). The plan also underscores the need for quality control and regulatory frameworks to ensure the production and dissemination of superior livestock genetics. The program supports initiatives such as breeding research, extension services and capacity building for stakeholders to achieve these goals. 3.11.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The program lacks specific mechanisms and standards for the genetic evaluation and certification of breeding animals. It does not emphasize the development of infrastructure or the technical capacity needed to establish a robust national certification system. Additionally, ASDP II does not provide clear guidelines for implementing breeding programs that ensure quality assurance, thereby limiting the improvement of livestock genetics and the overall quality of breeding practices in the country. 3.12 The Five-Year Development Plan Phase III (2021/22–2025/26) The Five-Year Development Plan Phase III (2021/22–2025/26) outlines several strategic interventions to enhance Tanzania's livestock sector, supporting national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls. It emphasizes the improvement of genetic resources, production technologies and marketing systems for livestock products, aiming to increase productivity and quality. The plan specifically targets the establishment of Centres of Excellence for livestock breeding, which will play a crucial role in the certification and quality assurance processes by ensuring the availability of superior genetic materials. Moreover, the plan includes the certification of pasture seeds and the promotion of research in livestock genetics and conservation, which further supports the breeding of superior bulls/bull dams. The program emphasizes the involvement of various stakeholders, including government ministries, private sector entities, research institutions and local communities. This aligns with the terms of reference requirements to identify and engage key stakeholders in the certification and quality assurance process. 3.12.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The plan lacks specific guidelines and frameworks for establishing a national certification system and genetic evaluation standards essential for livestock breeding programs. It does not emphasize the development of necessary infrastructure and technical expertise, which are critical for assessing and ensuring the quality of superior breeding animals. Additionally, there is insufficient focus on implementing traceability systems to monitor breeding practices and maintain quality standards. 3.13 The Dairy Industry Act (2004) The Dairy Industry Act (2004) was established and provides a comprehensive framework for regulating and promoting the dairy industry in Tanzania. Under Section 10(b), the Tanzania Dairy Board (TDB) is tasked with performing regulatory activities within the dairy industry, which encompass overseeing breeding and genetic quality standards. Section 10(f) empowers the Board to ensure the availability of appropriate technology for the dairy industry, including advanced genetic technologies and breeding methods. This Section supports the implementation of quality assurance programs for breeding superior bulls/bull dams by promoting the use of technology in breeding practices. Moreover, Section 10(s) mandates the Board to collaborate with the Tanzania Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Authority (TFDA) in inspecting dairy facilities, which includes farms and breeding centres. This collaboration 15 ensures that breeding operations comply with the required standards, thereby supporting the certification process for superior breeding stock. The Act empowers the Minister, under Section 32, to make regulations prescribing standards for the construction, equipment and operation of dairies, as well as the quality of milk and milk products. These regulations help maintain high standards across the dairy industry, including the breeding sector. 3.13.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The Dairy Industry Act (2004) in Tanzania lacks explicit provisions for the national certification and quality assurance of superior bulls and bull dams. The Act primarily focuses on regulating the production and processing of milk and milk products, with limited attention to the genetic quality and certification standards of breeding animals. It does not establish specific criteria or mechanisms for evaluating and certifying livestock genetics, nor does it provide a framework for monitoring and ensuring quality standards in breeding programs. 3.14 The Tanzania Livestock Sector Analysis (2016/17 -2031/32) The analysis outlines key interventions to enhance animal genetics, which include the establishment of breeding programs and the promotion of artificial insemination (AI) to improve the genetic potential of local breeds. The document highlights the importance of a national certification system to ensure that only high quality genetic material is propagated, thus supporting the quality assurance of breeding stock. The analysis also stresses the significance of maintaining a comprehensive database for livestock to monitor their performance and health status. This database is essential for implementing traceability systems, which are crucial for certifying the genetic quality and overall health of breeding stock. By integrating these measures, Tanzania can establish a reliable certification and quality assurance system for superior livestock, promoting a sustainable and productive livestock sector. 3.14.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The analysis identifies the potential for genetic improvement, but it does not provide a detailed framework or guidelines for establishing a national certification system for breeding animals. The document lacks specific strategies for implementing genetic evaluation and quality assurance standards, which are crucial for improving livestock genetics. 3.15 The Tanzania National Ecological Organic Agriculture Strategy (NEOAS) 2023-2030 The Tanzania National Ecological Organic Agriculture Strategy (NEOAS) 2023–30 primarily focuses on promoting ecological organic agriculture to enhance food security, income generation, environmental conservation and climate change resilience. The strategy addresses several aspects of agricultural practices and inputs. Still, it mainly seeks to achieve these goals through the development and enforcement of regulatory frameworks, capacity building, research and development and improving market access for organic products, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural practices and livelihoods. The strategy calls for the development and enforcement of regulatory frameworks for ecological organic agriculture, including the certification of organic products. This certification is essential for ensuring that the products meet both domestic and export market requirements. 3.15.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The strategy primarily focuses on promoting ecological organic agriculture practices and sustainable farming, with insufficient emphasis on developing a robust national certification system for livestock genetics. The Tanzania National Ecological Organic Agriculture Strategy does not provide specific guidelines or standards for the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams. 3.16 The Public–Private Partnership Policy (2009) The Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Policy aims to enhance the collaboration between public and private sectors to improve socio-economic development in Tanzania. The Public–Private Partnership Policy (2009) provides a framework to enhance private sector involvement in various sectors, including livestock, which can be pivotal for the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls and bull dams. Section 3.5 of the policy highlights the need for negotiation and approval processes that safeguard national interests. This can be applied to partnerships for the establishment of breeding programs and certification systems, ensuring that quality standards for breeding stock are maintained through private sector involvement. 16 Section 3.8 emphasizes the need for awareness creation about PPPs, which is essential for educating stakeholders on the benefits and processes involved in the certification and quality assurance of livestock. This includes the development of a communication strategy to ensure that all parties understand the standards and requirements for breeding superior bulls/bull dams. Furthermore, the policy outlines the importance of capacity building and technological transfer in Section 3.9. This can be leveraged to enhance the skills and knowledge of stakeholders involved in the breeding and certification processes, ensuring that the best practices are adopted in maintaining high quality breeding stock as per national programs. 3.16.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The policy lacks specific provisions for the livestock sector, particularly in genetic improvement and breeding certification. There are no detailed criteria or standards for the genetic evaluation and performance certification of superior livestock. Furthermore, the policy does not address the establishment of a comprehensive framework or guidelines for genetic evaluation and certification processes necessary for breeding programs. 3.17 The Tanzania Investment Act (2023) The Tanzania Investment Act (1997) encourages investments in agriculture, including livestock breeding, by providing incentives and a favourable regulatory environment. The Act establishes the Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC), which serves as a one-stop facilitation centre for investors, offering necessary permits, approvals and incentives. Section 6 of the Act outlines the functions of the TIC, including promoting investment and ensuring investors adhere to the set standards. This can indirectly support the certification and quality assurance of superior livestock breeds by facilitating investments in breeding and genetics technology. Section 19 provides for the issuance of certificates of incentives to businesses that meet specific investment criteria. This incentivizes private sector involvement in livestock breeding and the development of superior breeds, ensuring adherence to national quality standards. The Act also mandates regular reporting and monitoring of investment projects, ensuring that quality standards are maintained in livestock breeding initiatives. Furthermore, Section 22 outlines the benefits and incentives provided to certified businesses, including those involved in agriculture, which can enhance the quality and standards of livestock breeding through access to better technology and practices. 3.17.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The Act focuses on promoting and facilitating investments broadly, but it does not outline guidelines or criteria for livestock genetics and breeding certification. The Act does not address the establishment of a national certification system or standards for assessing and monitoring the quality of breeding animals, which are crucial for improving livestock genetics and productivity in the region. 3.18 East African Community Livestock Policy (2016) The East African Community (EAC) Livestock Policy (2016) provides a strategic framework to enhance livestock productivity and competitiveness across member states. The policy emphasizes the importance of improving access to quality breeding stock. It highlights the necessity of public and private investments in animal breed improvement and the multiplication of high quality breeding stock. Specifically, the policy instruments and strategies listed under Section 5.3.4 advocate for the support of public investment in infrastructure for animal breed improvement, the facilitation of regional trade and investment in animal semen and embryos and the support of public–private partnerships in livestock improvement. The policy highlights the need for harmonization of livestock regulatory frameworks and disease control services among partner states. The EAC Livestock Policy also underscores the importance of harmonizing livestock regulatory frameworks among partner states, which can streamline the certification process and enhance quality assurance mechanisms across the region. This includes promoting public–private partnerships, regional trade in high quality breeding materials and supporting sustainable breeding programs. Through supporting research, technology development and the dissemination of animal health innovations, the policy facilitates the development of superior breeding stock that can meet the dynamic demands of both domestic and international markets. 17 3.18.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The policy emphasizes livestock productivity and competitiveness and it does not address the establishment of a common system for genetic evaluation and certification. The absence of common strategies for assessing and certifying breeding animals, along with insufficient emphasis on developing necessary technical expertise and infrastructure, limits the policy's effectiveness in ensuring high quality breeding standards. This shortfall hampers efforts to improve livestock genetics and maintain superior breed quality across the region. 3.19 The Livestock Development Strategy for Africa (LiDeSA) of 2015–-2035 The Livestock Development Strategy for Africa (LiDeSA) 2015–35 emphasizes the enhancement of livestock productivity and genetic improvement as key components for sustainable development in the sector. The strategy advocates for the establishment of a genetic improvement program aimed at producing superior breeds, which are critical for improving livestock productivity across Africa. It highlights the importance of developing breeding infrastructure, such as artificial insemination centres and genetic evaluation facilities, which are essential for ensuring the quality and certification of breeding stock. Furthermore, LiDeSA promotes the harmonization of policies and regulations across African nations to standardize the certification processes and ensure that the genetic material used in breeding programs meets international standards. This includes developing a regional database for tracking the performance and health status of livestock and facilitating quality assurance and certification processes. The strategy also underscores the need for public–private partnerships to invest in livestock breeding programs. These partnerships are seen as vital for providing the necessary financial and technical support to achieve high quality breeding and certification standards. Through implementing these measures, LiDeSA aims to enhance the genetic quality and productivity of livestock, supporting the broader goals of food security and economic development in the region. Additionally, the policy supports the development and implementation of animal breeding policies and legal frameworks. These frameworks are intended to regulate the breeding sector, ensuring that only certified and high quality breeding stock is used, thereby improving overall livestock productivity and health. 3.19.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The strategy lacks detailed frameworks and guidelines for the genetic evaluation and certification of livestock. There is insufficient emphasis on developing the necessary infrastructure and technical expertise to support robust national certification systems. Furthermore, LiDeSA does not prioritize the creation of traceability systems to monitor breeding practices and maintain quality standards, limiting its effectiveness in enhancing livestock genetics and ensuring high quality breeding stock across the continent. 3.20 AU Digital Agriculture Strategy (DAS) and Implementation Plan 2024–2030 The AU Digital Agriculture Strategy (DAS) and Implementation Plan 2024–30 highlight the crucial role of digitalization in enhancing agricultural practices and market access in Africa. Specifically, it emphasizes the need for robust traceability and certification systems in agriculture and livestock, including superior bulls and bull dams. The strategy outlines the introduction and strengthening of traceability to improve product quality, facilitate access to international markets and enhance disease control measures. It recognizes the importance of integrating advanced technologies, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and blockchain, to ensure efficient and accurate tracking of livestock, which is vital for establishing a national certification and quality assurance system in Tanzania. Additionally, the DAS advocates for the development of national digital agriculture strategies that align with existing national development plans, ensuring that efforts to certify superior livestock are integrated with broader agricultural and economic goals. This comprehensive approach provides a structured framework for Tanzania to enhance its livestock sector through digital solutions, ultimately supporting the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls and bull dams. 3.20.1 Limited focus on certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams The strategy primarily focuses on digital transformation in agriculture without providing specific guidelines or frameworks for the genetic evaluation and certification of livestock. It lacks detailed provisions for establishing a robust national certification system or infrastructure to support quality assurance in breeding programs. 18 Furthermore, the emphasis on digital tools and technologies does not directly address the critical need for traceability systems and technical expertise necessary for maintaining high quality breeding standards in the livestock sector. 4. Main findings on the current authorities that support national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania The document explores the role of various Tanzanian authorities in supporting national certification and quality assurance for superior bulls/bull dams. The strategic institutions include the Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), the National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC), the Tanzania Veterinary Council (TVC) and the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS). These bodies aimed to regulate animal health, veterinary practices and product standards, ensuring high quality livestock inputs and genetic materials. Their efforts contribute to improved livestock productivity, public health and food security in Tanzania. 4.1 Directorate of Veterinary Services in Tanzania (DVS) The Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS) in Tanzania is a key governmental body responsible for animal health and welfare. Its primary functions include the prevention, control and eradication of animal diseases, both endemic and emerging. The DVS implements veterinary public health measures, ensuring the safety of animal products for human consumption. It regulates veterinary practices, including the distribution and use of veterinary drugs and biologicals. Additionally, the DVS oversees the certification of animals and animal products for trade, ensuring compliance with national and international standards. The Directorate also provides technical support and training to veterinarians and livestock farmers, promoting best practices in animal husbandry. Through these activities, the DVS contributes to improved livestock productivity, public health and food security in Tanzania. The DVS is responsible for implementing the provisions of the Act, including overseeing the certification processes and maintaining lists of notifiable diseases. Practices include mandatory health inspections and the use of identification and traceability systems. Certified inspectors ensure compliance with national standards by conducting regular farm inspections and testing animals for diseases. The department also enforces quarantine measures to prevent disease spread, ensuring that only healthy and genetically superior animals are certified for breeding purposes. The DVS in Tanzania is currently an authoritative instrumental in national certification and quality assurance for superior semen and other livestock inputs. The DVS ensures the health and safety of animal genetic materials by regulating and monitoring their production and distribution. It establishes standards for semen quality, manages the certification processes and oversees the importation and exportation of livestock inputs. Through these measures, the DVS supports the improvement of livestock breeds and ensures the reliability of inputs used in Tanzania's livestock sector. 4.2 National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC) The National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC) in Tanzania, a beacon of unparalleled expertise in the field, is entrusted with the responsibility of enhancing livestock productivity through artificial insemination (AI) services. Its primary functions encompass the collection, processing and distribution of high-quality semen from superior bulls to livestock farmers nationwide. NAIC, with its extensive knowledge and experience, sets regulations and standards for AI practices to ensure the genetic improvement of cattle, focusing on traits like milk production, 19 disease resistance and overall vitality. The Centre also provides training and certification for AI technicians, ensuring competent service delivery. Additionally, NAIC conducts research and development to enhance AI techniques and reproductive technologies. Through promoting genetic diversity and improving livestock quality, NAIC plays a vital role in advancing the agricultural sector and supporting food security in Tanzania. The NAIC in Tanzania supports national certification and quality assurance for superior semen and other livestock inputs by offering high quality semen from genetically superior bulls. NAIC conducts extensive and rigorous testing, and implements stringent quality control measures to ensure the semen meets the highest standards. The centre also provides training for artificial insemination technicians, distributes necessary equipment and reproductive hormones and offers extension services. These efforts, coupled with the Centre's unwavering commitment to quality, are vital for improving livestock breeds and enhancing productivity in Tanzania's livestock sector. The centre is mandated to collect and distribute semen from genetically superior bulls, maintaining strict quality controls to ensure high standards. 4.3 Tanzania Veterinary Council (TVC) The Tanzania Veterinary Council (TVC), a stalwart in the field, is the regulatory authority responsible for overseeing the veterinary profession in Tanzania. Its primary functions include the registration and licensing of veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals, ensuring that only qualified individuals practice veterinary medicine. The TVC sets and enforces professional and ethical standards, promoting best practices in veterinary care and safeguarding animal health and welfare with a deep sense of responsibility. Additionally, the Council regulates veterinary clinics and facilities, ensuring compliance with established standards for hygiene, safety and service quality. TVC also plays a crucial role in accrediting veterinary educational institutions and programs, ensuring that training meets national and international standards. Through these functions, the TVC enhances the quality of veterinary services, protects public health and supports the sustainable development of the veterinary sector in Tanzania. The TVC ensures national certification and quality assurance for superior semen and other livestock inputs by regulating and licensing veterinary professionals and facilities. The TVC registers and licenses veterinarians, veterinary paraprofessionals and animal health service providers, ensuring they meet the required standards. It also oversees the quality of veterinary education, sets minimum standards for animal health facilities and maintains professional ethics and conduct within the veterinary profession. These measures help ensure the quality and safety of livestock inputs, contributing to the improvement of livestock breeds in Tanzania. 4.4 Government Chemist Laboratory Authority (GCLA) The Government Chemist Laboratory Authority (GCLA) in Tanzania is responsible for providing specialized chemical, forensic and laboratory testing services. Its primary functions include conducting forensic analysis for legal and criminal investigations, offering expert testimony in courts and performing quality control and assurance testing for various products, including food, pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals. The GCLA also monitors environmental pollutants and ensures compliance with environmental standards. Additionally, it sets standards and regulations for chemical substances and laboratory practices, ensuring public safety and health. GCLA plays a crucial role in supporting law enforcement, protecting consumer rights and safeguarding the environment by providing accurate and reliable laboratory analysis and technical expertise. The GCLA in Tanzania supports national certification and quality assurance for superior semen and other livestock inputs by providing specialized laboratory analysis and testing services. GCLA ensures that these products meet national and international standards for safety and efficacy. It conducts rigorous testing for chemical residues, contaminants and biological quality, ensuring the integrity of veterinary inputs. The authority also provides forensic and environmental analysis, contributing to the overall regulatory framework that safeguards public and animal health in Tanzania. 4.5 Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) The Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) is a regulatory body that plays a paramount role in ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of medicines, medical devices, and diagnostics in Tanzania. Its functions, including the registration and regulation of pharmaceutical products and medical devices, are crucial in safeguarding public health. The TMDA's oversight of the inspection and licensing of manufacturing, importation, distribution and retail facilities for these products, as well as its monitoring of adverse drug reactions and product quality issues, instils confidence in the safety and effectiveness of medical products in Tanzania. 20 The TMDA, a guardian of safety and quality, plays a pivotal role in ensuring the national certification and quality assurance for superior semen and other livestock inputs. By regulating and overseeing the safety, quality and efficacy of veterinary products, the TMDA ensures that these products meet the required standards. Its responsibilities include the registration, inspection and monitoring of veterinary drugs, vaccines and other medical devices used in animal health. Through the implementation of strict regulatory standards and guidelines, the TMDA helps maintain high quality standards for livestock inputs, thereby supporting the improvement of livestock breeds and overall animal health in Tanzania. 4.6 Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) The Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) is the national standards body responsible for developing, implementing and enforcing standards to ensure the quality, safety and reliability of products and services in Tanzania. Its main functions include formulating national standards, conducting conformity assessments and certifying products and systems. TBS also performs inspections and quality assurance testing to ensure compliance with established standards. It oversees the accreditation of laboratories and provides technical support to industries to help them meet quality requirements. Additionally, TBS promotes standardization and quality management practices across various sectors, contributing to consumer protection, environmental conservation and the enhancement of the country’s industrial and trade competitiveness. Through these activities, TBS plays a vital role in supporting sustainable economic development in Tanzania. The TBS is instrumental in supporting national certification and quality assurance for superior semen and other livestock inputs. TBS sets and enforces standards for the quality and safety of agricultural and veterinary products. This includes developing specifications for semen and other livestock-related products to ensure they meet international standards. Through regular inspections, testing and certification processes, TBS ensures that these inputs are safe and effective for use in Tanzania, thereby supporting the improvement of livestock breeds and the overall health of the livestock sector. 4.7 Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA) Regulations The Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA), now merged into the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), was primarily responsible for regulating food, drugs, cosmetics and medical devices in Tanzania. Its main functions included ensuring the safety, quality and efficacy of these products by establishing and enforcing regulations. The TFDA conducted rigorous assessments and approvals for product registration, supervised manufacturing practices and monitored the importation, distribution and sale of regulated products. It also performed inspections, quality control testing and post-market surveillance to ensure ongoing compliance with standards. Additionally, the TFDA educated and informed the public and stakeholders about safe practices and regulations. These activities aimed to protect public health and support a safe and reliable supply of food and medical products in Tanzania. The TFDA plays a vital role in ensuring the quality and safety of superior semen and other livestock inputs by regulating and controlling the registration, importation and distribution of veterinary medicines and related products. TFDA ensures that these inputs meet the required standards. The authority conducts rigorous inspections, laboratory testing and certification processes to verify the quality and safety of these products. TFDA also sets guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and oversees compliance to maintain high standards in the production and handling of livestock inputs. These efforts are crucial for safeguarding animal health and supporting the improvement of livestock breeds in Tanzania. 4.8 Tanzania Dairy Board (TDB) The Tanzania Dairy Board (TDB) is responsible for regulating and promoting the dairy industry in Tanzania. Its main functions include setting and enforcing quality standards for dairy products to ensure consumer safety and protect public health. TDB oversees the licensing and regulation of dairy production, processing and marketing activities, ensuring compliance with established standards. It also provides support and guidance to dairy farmers, processors and other stakeholders through training and capacity-building initiatives. Additionally, the Board promotes research and development to enhance dairy production techniques and product quality. By coordinating these activities, the TDB aims to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the dairy sector, contributing to economic growth and nutrition security in Tanzania. 21 The TDB plays a crucial role in supporting national certification and quality assurance for superior semen and proven bulls in Tanzania. TDB's efforts to improve dairy cattle genetics through quality control measures, including regulating semen distribution and ensuring the genetic purity of bulls used in breeding programs, instil optimism about the future of the dairy sector. The Board's provision of training and support for artificial insemination services, which is essential for maintaining and improving the quality of dairy livestock in the country, further reinforces this positive outlook. 4.9 Tanzania Meat Board (TMB) The Tanzania Meat Board (TMB) is tasked with regulating and promoting the meat industry in Tanzania. Its main functions include setting and enforcing standards for meat quality and safety and ensuring that meat products meet national and international requirements. TMB oversees the licensing and regulation of slaughterhouses, meat processing facilities and meat markets, ensuring compliance with hygienic practices and animal welfare standards. The Board also supports capacity building and training for stakeholders, including producers, processors and traders, to enhance industry practices. Additionally, TMB promotes research and development in meat production and processing technologies. Through these efforts, the TMB aims to improve the quality and competitiveness of Tanzanian meat products, contributing to economic growth and food security. The TMB supports national certification and quality assurance for superior semen and proven bulls by regulating and overseeing the meat industry's standards and practices. It ensures that breeding materials, including semen, meet high quality and safety standards. It also provides guidelines and certification for breeding bulls, ensuring that only superior genetics are used in livestock production. This oversight helps improve meat quality and production efficiency, contributing to the overall development of Tanzania's livestock sector. 4.10 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries oversees Tanzania's livestock sector, developing policies and setting standards for genetic evaluation. The ministry ensures the quality of breeding practices by providing technical expertise, facilitating infrastructure development and offering training and capacity building. These efforts aim to improve livestock genetics and enhance the overall productivity and sustainability of the livestock industry across the country. 22 5. Proposed institutional arrangements for national certification and quality assurance system for superior bulls/bull dams To build a stronger, resilient and sustainable national certification and quality assurance system for superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania, it is essential to design a comprehensive institutional framework. This framework should ensure the identification, certification and maintenance of high quality livestock genetics, aligning with the national goals of improving agricultural productivity and competitiveness. Below are the proposed institutional arrangements: 5.1 Establishment of the National Livestock Breeding Policy The National Livestock Breeding Policy is a specific framework designed to enhance the genetic potential and productivity of livestock in Tanzania. This policy will outline essential guidelines and strategies for the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams, aiming to support improved and sustainable livestock production. Systematic performance on records and genetic evaluation are very important for identifying superior breeding stock. The policy should establish clear procedures for accessing and analysing performance data to ensure accurate selection and certification of high quality farm animals. The document should have clear objectives and policy statements on enhancing genetic potential, sustainable breeding practices, biosecurity, animal health, strengthening institutional capacity and facilitating market access. The National Livestock Breeding Policy should target transforming the livestock sector in Tanzania, making it more productive, sustainable and profitable for all stakeholders involved. Another approach is to incorporate Sections on Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement into the ongoing review exercise of the Tanzania National Livestock Policy (2006), ensuring that updated strategies for enhancing genetic potential, sustainable breeding practices, quality assurance, and livestock productivity are well integrated into the country’s broader agricultural development framework. 5.2 Establishment of a Centralized Regulatory Body/Authority/Section Create a dedicated regulatory body under the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries responsible for overseeing the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams. This regulatory instrument can be named the ‘National Livestock Breeding Regulatory Board/Authority/Section’. This will serve as the central regulatory body responsible for overseeing the certification and quality assurance of livestock, specifically focusing on superior bulls/bull dams. It will be an autonomous body under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, ensuring that the certification process is transparent and accountable. This body would develop standards, conduct evaluations and issue certifications. This includes creating benchmarks for superior genetic traits such as growth rate, milk production, disease resistance and adaptability. It would also coordinate with neighbouring countries and regional offices to ensure consistent implementation across the country. The board should be comprised of experts in livestock breeding, veterinary science, and law enforcement. This authority will also have representatives from the government, academia, private breeders, farmers' associations and other relevant stakeholders as advisory committees. The structure of the proposed centralized regulatory authority should be independent and clearly focused on streamlining livestock breeding regulations under the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries. In the proposed 23 organization, the centralized authority should be responsible for the overall regulation and oversight of livestock breeding activities. The other affiliations to work under this centralized authority should include: (i) The National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC), which will manage artificial breeding and genetic improvement. This entity will also handle laboratory analysis for quality assurance and the dissemination of genetic material. (ii) The Tanzania Livestock Research Institute will collaborate with other research institutions to conduct animal research and development focused on improving livestock genetics. (iii) The Directorate of Veterinary Services is responsible for ensuring animal health during breeding processes. (iv) The Private Sector Breeding Association, which will collaborate with public entities to enhance breeding programs. (v) The Public Awareness and Training Section will focus on educating stakeholders and ensuring compliance with breeding standards across all sectors. The Proposed Organogram. 5.3 Development of Breeder Associations The development of Breeder Associations will create a network of livestock breeders that will promote the transformation and improvement of national herds through high standards of livestock breeding with good practices. A Breeder Association will play an essential role in Tanzania's National Certification and Quality Assurance System for superior bulls/bull dams. This association will represent breeders' interests, facilitate knowledge sharing and ensure adherence to breeding standards. The legal framework of the establishment of breeder associations should be recognized and governed by the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries. The formation of breeder associations will facilitate self regulation and peer review within the industry. 24 These associations will standardize breeding practices, register superior animals and ensure compliance with quality standards. This association will collaborate with the National Livestock Breeding and Certification Authority and Regional Breeding Centres to support certification processes. The association will also provide training, promote best practices in breeding and assist in maintaining genetic records, enhancing the overall quality and productivity of Tanzania's livestock sector. 5.4 Strengthening the existing legal and regulatory instruments Strengthening and redefining the existing legal and regulatory instruments in Tanzania requires an integrated approach to national certification and quality assurance systems for superior bulls/bull dams. The Livestock Identification, Registration and Traceability Act should be rigorously enforced to ensure accurate identification and tracking of livestock. The Agricultural Sector Development Program should prioritize support for quality assurance mechanisms, certification processes and capacity building. These measures will collectively ensure the consistent identification and certification of superior bulls/bull dams, contributing to sustainable livestock productivity and competitiveness in line with national agricultural goals. The formulation of the Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement Act should be over emphasized to ensure a standalone legal framework dedicated to addressing animal breeding and genetic improvement. The prepared Cabinet Paper on the Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement Act 2022 should be actively pursued to bring it into effect. The prepared cabinet paper on ‘Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement Act 2022’ should be pushed forward to have it implemented. This Cabinet Paper proposes the Animal Breeding Act, focusing on improving livestock breeding in Tanzania through systematic genetic management. It highlights challenges such as low productivity and the loss of indigenous breeds. The Act will ensure certification, regulation and quality assurance of superior livestock genetics to enhance productivity and support sustainable livestock development across the country. 5.5 Strengthening Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) in livestock improvement Strengthening of the public-private partnership (PPP) unit that will have essential roles in Tanzania's National Certification and Quality Assurance System for superior bulls/bull dams. This unit will facilitate collaboration between the government and private sector to enhance the system's infrastructure and services. Among the fundamental functions are mobilizing funding, promoting private investments in advanced breeding technologies and developing partnerships to support the certification process. 6. Primary stakeholders in the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania The primary stakeholders involved in the certification and quality assurance of superior bulls/bull dams in Tanzania include: 1. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries 2. National Livestock Breeding Regulatory Body/Authority/Section (to be formulated) 3. Directorate of Veterinary Services in Tanzania (DVS) 4. National Artificial Insemination Centre (NAIC) 5. Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI) 6. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 25 7. Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) 8. Tanzania Commercial Cattle Society (TCCS) 9. National Ranching Company (NARCO) 10. Private Sectors (ASAS Dairies Ltd; Tanga Fresh Ltd; Shambani Milk Ltd; Silverlands Ranching Ltd; Mbogo Ranches; Tanzania Dairies Ltd (TDL)–Mbeya Plant; Tanzania URUS Group Lp, Arusha; Heifer International Tanzania) 11. East African Farmers Federation (EAFF) 12. African Union–InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU–IBAR) 26 7. Conclusions and recommendations 7.1 Conclusions The national certification and quality assurance system for superior bulls and bull dams is crucial for improving livestock genetics in Tanzania and boosting productivity, sustainability and competitiveness in the sector. While several policies exist, they lack specific guidelines and a comprehensive framework for genetic evaluation and certification. Significant gaps remain in these systems, highlighting the need for improved regulatory frameworks and stakeholder collaboration. Establishing a centralized regulatory body and developing breeder associations are essential steps to standardize breeding practices and enhance genetic quality within Tanzania’s livestock industry. 7.2 Recommendations Establishing a National Livestock Breeding Policy and a dedicated regulatory authority to oversee the certification process is recommended. Strengthening public–private partnerships and breeder associations will also be crucial in implementing robust certification standards and promoting sustainable breeding practices. Additionally, improving infrastructure, technical capacity and traceability is essential to supporting genetic evaluation and maintaining high quality breeding standards in Tanzania. 1. Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks Implement and reinforce legal structures, including the Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement Act, to ensure certification and quality assurance. 2. Establish Centralized Authority Create a National Livestock Breeding Regulatory Board to oversee genetic evaluation, certification and the quality assurance process. 3. Institutionalize Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement Policy and Act Revisit National Livestock (2006) to include Sections for Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvements. Articulate and effect the Animal Breeding and Genetic Improvement Act. 4. Establishment of a Centralized Livestock Breeding Database Reviving the studbook and formalizing the centralization of the existing breeding database. 5. Improve Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) Collaborate and facilitate private investments in breeding technologies to support certification efforts. 6. Develop Breeder Associations Promote the formation of breeder associations to standardize breeding practices and improve livestock genetics. 27 Reference African Union–Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources (AU–IBAR). 2015. 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The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Livestock Development. 2003. The Veterinary Act 2003. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Livestock Development. 2003. The Animal Diseases Act. Chapter 156. The United Republic of Tanzania, Planning Commission. 1999. Tanzania Development Vision 2025. The United Republic of Tanzania. 2010. The Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources Act 2010. The United Republic of Tanzania. 2022. Tanzania Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF). Budget Speech. Dodoma, Tanzania: Ministry of Agriculture 2022/23. . https://www.scribd.com/document/513759122/Long-Term-Perspective-Plan-LTPP-2011-12-2025-26 28 Contact: Raphael Mrode, Project PI – r.mrode@cgiar.org SAPLING Initiative Lead, Isabelle Baltenweck - I. Baltenweck@cgiar.org SAPLING Initiative Deputy Lead, Rekik Mourad - M.Rekik@cgiar.org CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future. CGIAR science is dedicated to transforming food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. 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