Climate Smart Agriculture Options for 
Myanmar Small-Holder Farmers 
Education and Training Posters for Villages
Boundary Planting of Green leaf 
manure trees for rehabilitating 
degraded lands
Strong wind, drought, heavy and Intense rainfall are becoming 
common climate change pattern in the nationwide. As a result, 
farms are affected by soil erosion and land degradation. 
Boundary Planting is the practice of planting leguminous trees 
along the boundaries of agricultural lands, fields and as living 
fences or barrier.
Benefits:  
By planting leguminous trees along the 
boundaries of farms, the benefits are:
1. Barrier for animals as living fence 
2. Barriers against Wind break 
3. Reliable sources of Green Manure 
4. Barrier against rain erosion 
5. Creating micro-climate which can provide 
cooling effects to crops 
6. Firewood
What types of trees can be used?
Different types of trees can be used as 
boundary planting for the purpose of 
windbreaks/ shelterbelts and living fence. 
However, trees especially with the character of 
nitrogen fixation, fast growing and big canopy 
types should be chosen for green manure. 
Some potential trees suitable for boundary 
planting are as follow; 
1. Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena spp) 
2. cassia siamea (maezali) 
3. alnus nepalensis (high elevation)
4. gliricidia sepium (kakawate) 
Procedure: 
1. Select locally adaptable and available types 
of trees/shrubs 
2. Orient the seedlings/seeds along the 
boundaries with the spacing of 6 – 15 feet 
for regular supply of steady and reliable 
source of organic materials or denser 
spacing (about 3-6 feet) for erosion control 
in sloping lands 
3. Select suitable growing season to ensure 
the plant survive 
4. First pruning can be done after trees/shrubs 
are 9-12 months old (depend on growing 
trees type) and trees should be cut 3 feet 
above the ground level 
5. Regular cut should be done whenever 
trees are about 9 feet in height or the stem 
diameter is more than one inch. 
6. Cut leaves should be incorporated into the 
soil during land preparation and branches 
can be used as firewood
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org
Integration of Perennial fruit 
trees: Reducing Risk of Climate 
Variability
Procedure: 
1. Select locally adaptable, accessible and 
marketable types of perennials fruit trees 
e.g. Mango, guava, custard apple, lime, 
orange, avocado, jackfruit etc., Good quality 
grafts or seedlings are highly recommended
2. Spacing should be 15 x 15 feet or above 
for big canopy types and 3x 5 feet for small 
canopy which can’t be interfere for seasonal 
crop
3. Pit preparation: should be at least 1 x 1 feet 
depth and width and filled with compost 
or organic matters or animal manure by 
mixing with top soil layers 
4. Sowing time: should be carefully set up 
based on rainfall pattern of local regions 
(June, July, August) and also considered 
time of transplanting. 
5. Mulching: is a very important practice to 
keep the soil moisture loss from direct 
sunlight and evaporation. 
6. Watering: regular water is required based 
on soil moisture before plant overcomes 
from transplanting shock, if accessible. 
Climate Change is a threat to agricultural sector in the form of 
prolonged drought, heavy and intense rainfall and irregular onset 
and withdrawal of monsoon. 
The seasons are unpredictable that farmers will have challenges 
in producing traditional single crops in their farms. 
Diversification of crops is one of the potential options to adapt to 
climate change and unpredictable seasons. 
Tree Intercropping is a cropping practice which involves growing 
fruit trees with two or more crops in proximity. 
Integration of perennial fruits trees can enhance the farmer 
capacity to mitigate and adapt climate variability by accessing 
multiple benefits.
a. Enhance income diversification
b. Keep income under unfavorable condition of climate variability 
c. Environment friendly 
d. Creating micro climate for seasonal crops 
e. Ease access of nutritious foods
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org
Legumes and cover cropping 
practice for rehabilitation 
of degraded land
Introducing of leguminous crops such as beans as cover crop 
is one way to enhance soil fertility and conserve soil moisture 
specially during the dry season.
Leguminous crops can fix valuable atmospheric Nitrogen and put 
into the soil and reduce the requirements of additional chemical 
fertilizers into the soil.
Leguminous cover crops are 
cultivated to cover and protect the soil which 
have multiple benefits such as: 
1. Improve soil fertility by adding organic 
matters 
2. Improve soil structure and water holding 
capacity
3. Preventing surface runoff and nutrient loss
4. Suppressed weed growth 
5. Diverse additional source of income
6. Animal fodder 
7. Protein rich foods
Various types of leguminous 
crops can be used as cover crops, but the 
following characteristics should be considered: 
1. Locally adaptable variety
2. Rapid growth and big canopy 
3. Tolerance to wide range of soil condition 
4. Good drought tolerance 
5. Ease access of seeds 
6. Pest resistance 
7. Easy to control
Various types of cover crops 
1. Intercropping or relay-planting with 
seasonal primary crop
2. Planting as single crop during off-season
3. Planting under trees in orchards
4. Planting as fallow crop when the land is 
being rested
Examples of 
leguminous 
cover crops 
are: rice bean, 
cow pea, lablab 
beans, horse 
gram
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org
Homestead production: 
Enhancing Household Food and 
Nutrition Security Homestead food production refers to the production from backyard activities such as small livestock, vegetables and fruits 
trees gardening.
The benefits of establishing homestead 
production:
1. Nutritious and safe foods 
2. Diverse income source
3. Enhance food security and safety 
4. Jobs opportunity for female 
Procedure in building raised garden beds
1. Orient the growing plot in south to north 
direction (to ensure sunlight exposure)
2. Bed should be 3 feet width (length may vary 
depend on space)
3. Depth should be at least 1 foot
4. Organic materials such as dried leaves, 
animal manure and crops residues can 
apply into the bed 
5. For rocky and waterlogged areas, soil can 
be taken from other sources and formed 
into a bed using artificial sidings like 
banana trunks, bamboo, coconut trunks, 
and woods planks, etc. 
6. For very hard soil, initial digging of ½ foot 
can be prepared and raised by getting soil 
from the sides of the bed. 
7. Appropriate spacing should be placed for 
different vegetables type. (e.g. ½ - 1 foot 
for leafy vegetables and minimum 2-3 
feet spacing for fruity vegetables such as 
tomato, okra, eggplants)
For small scale animal production, the 
following considerations should be carried 
out;
1. Select suitable type of animals with local 
climate and food availability 
2. Breeds (should be native because of its 
adaptability with local and few commercial 
foods supply)
3. Orientation of animal houses and pens 
should be located at well drained, good 
ventilation and good exposure to sunlight)
4. Regular vaccination and medication is 
important
5. Semi-intensive practice by combining local 
feed materials and commercial feeds can 
reduce the cost
Based on the land availability of household 
compound, integration of small and big canopy 
fruits and small vegetables plots together with 
small livestock such as poultry, pig, goats and 
fish can be set up. 
For planting trees, pit preparation is crucial, 
minimum 1 x 1 feet width and depth hold 
should be prepared and well mixed cattle 
manure or organic matters with top soil layers 
are added. Fruit trees should be along the 
boundary of the compound so that it will not 
shade the other areas in the homestead. 
The most common suitable practice for almost 
all soil type for vegetables gardening is Raised-
bed garden practice. 
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org
Improving Seeds Quality through 
Better Management and Storage Seeds are the foundation of yield and crop quality. It is important for farmers to have different varieties of seeds to match the 
climate and soil conditions of the farms.
Characteristics of quality seeds 
1. Trueness to variety
2. Purity 
3. Germination percentage 
4. Vigor and appearance
It is very important to dry to reduce the 
moisture content before storing. Seeds with 
high moisture content are more susceptible 
to physical damage during processing and 
fungal infection. 
Drying process 
1. Seeds can be dried under sunlight 
2. Seeds should not be in contact with soil or 
ground 
3. Use drying materials with holes (e.g. sack, 
winnowing basket and mat) for good 
ventilation 
4. Don’t dry seeds rapidly not to be lower 
seeds germination. Rapid drying can 
harden seed coat. 
5. Spread the seed thinly and stir and turn 
occasionally 
6. When the seeds are dry enough, it can be 
stored in cleaned and air-tight containers
Seeds extraction and cleaning 
1.	 Wet	seeds	from	fleshy	fruits	–	Put	the	
seeds in water for one to two days to 
remove	flesh	from	seeds.	Sunken	seeds	
are then washed and dried. 
2.	 Dry	seed	–	extracted	from	dry	fruits	or	
pods by hand
3.	 Dry	seeds	from	fleshy	fruits	–	the	ripe	fruit	
is dried before extracting the seeds (e.g. 
chili,	lady	finger)
4. Use winnowing to remove contaminants 
after drying is recommended to maintain 
good quality. 
Ensuring longevity of seeds collected:
a. Store seeds in air-tight containers
b. Store seeds together with desiccants 
or materials that absorb moisture (e.g. 
charcoal, dry ash)
c. Replaces desiccants and materials, each 
time when the container opened. 
d. Store seeds of cool and dark areas
e. To minimize insects in the seeds use 
dry ash and charcoal, sand, dried and 
powdered leaves or seeds of different 
aromatic plants such as neem, loak thae 
(tadehagi triquetrum), black pepper, etc
Labeling: Place labels inside and outside 
of the containers including the following 
information; 
a. Name of seeds.
b. Date harvested
c. Source 
d. Date stored
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org
Backyard Native Pig farming Livestock sector is one of the major contributors of GHG emission, however, small-scale livestock farming plays an important role of 
food security and income of rural community to address climate 
change impacts. Backyard pig production is popular among 
farmers and rural communities.
Backyard small-scale animal farming can 
contribute 
o Nutritious meat and eggs products
o Saves cash for other essential needs of 
households
o Diverse income.
o Livelihood options for women 
Why use native and indigenous breed? 
o Well-adapted to locally accessible poor-
quality feeds 
o Resistant to disease and pests 
o Well-adapted to local climate 
o Optimally suited to meet farmers’ needs of 
eggs, flesh meet
Important considerations for housing pigs:
1. Place should be under direct sunlight 
2. Should be protected from extreme cold 
and heat
3. Should be located on higher ground with 
near clearn water sources
4. Should be oriented in East-West direction 
to ensure the exposure of sunlight
5. Should be good ventilation 
6. Floor can be built with hardened soil, 
concrete, cement bamboo, woods but it 
should be clean and dry all the time
7. Feedings and watering materials: can be 
used clean cement, wood and bamboo 
Management practices 
1. Remove poor growth rate pigs and 
substitute with potential breeds
2. Select good potential breeds 
3. Select biggest pigs and good reproductive 
rate for breeding
4. Poor appetite piglets, diarrhea and 
coughing piglets should not be selected
Feeding 
1. Can be fed kitchen waste (cooked rice, 
curry, bones)
2. Farm by-products (rice bran, oil cake, corn, 
grains, 
3. Green leaves (lucaena, morning glory, other 
green wild leaves)
Deep Litter Housing practice suitable for cold 
and hot weather and non-flooded area 
1. Place should be under direct sunlight and 
should be oriented in east-west direction
2. Dig the soil about 2-3 feet depth and heap 
the removed soil around the pigsty to 
protect from surface-running water enter
3. Good ventilation 
4. Fills the bedding with locally available 
crops residues or easily decomposable 
materials (rice husk, groundnut shell, saw 
dust, straw, beans shells)
5. After 3-6 months, the bed will be 
decomposed already and can be used as 
compost 
6. Put EM liquid two weeks interval to control 
bad smell and for faster decomposition 
7. Roofs, floors and sides can be built as 
regular housing
Vaccine Age - Days Effective duration 
Diarrhea 45 1 year
Pig Plaque 65 6 months
Foot & Mouth disease 60 1 year
Vaccine & Medication – Discuss with Veterinary when irregular 
things are observed
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org
Backyard Native Chicken Farming
General Management practices
1. Chick – 0-1 week: kept together with mother 
4-7 days within cage or basket, provide high 
protein feed and clean water
2. Chick – 1-3 week: Chick should be kept 
under cage, mother should be kept together 
at night time
3. Chick – 3-6 week: Free on day time, and 
kept together with mother at night time 
under cage
4. Chick 6 week: Free on both day and night 
time, provide supplementary feeds (such 
as corn, sorghum, millet, pigeon pea, mung 
beans) 
Important considerations for poultry housing
1. Should be protected from extreme weather and wild animals 
2. Good ventilation and drainage 
3.	 Sufficient	direct	sunlight.	
4. Proper spacing
5. Made of locally available materials can be used as roofs and shelters 
and should be built away from house.  6. 6’ x 8’ housing size can 
accommodate 12 – 16 chickens.
Male	&	Female	ratio	should	be	one	to	two	roosters	is	sufficient	enough	
to control 10-15 chickens but the quality of rooster should be carefully 
selected.
Feeding
1. Green foods (various vegetables such as tomato, morning glory, 
algae, water hyacinth, azolla, banana leaf, banana trunks, taro leave, 
taro stalks and waste products of market)
2. Rice, rice bran, broken rice, maize, corn, sorghum, rice, broken rice, 
leguminous crops, pigeon pea, cow pea
3.	 Small	insects,	earthworm,	terminate,	larva,	snail	and	tiny	fishes	can	
also be used as protein sources
4. By spreading organic manure in the farm, chicken can get required 
source of minerals and protein
Livestock sector is one of the major contributors of GHG emission, 
however, small-scale livestock farming plays an important role of food 
security and income of rural community to address climate change 
impacts. Backyard small-scale animal farming such as chickens can 
contribute: 
a. Nutritious meet and eggs products
b. Saving money
c. Diverse income.
d. Livelihood options for women
Why use native and indigenous breeds of chickens? 
a. Well-adapted to locally accessible poor-quality feeds 
b. Resistant to disease and pests 
c. Well-adapted to local climate 
d.	 Optimally	suited	to	meet	farmers’	needs	of	eggs,	flesh	meet
Semi-Intensive Backyard chicken farming is very common livestock not 
only for rural areas and also in urban areas, raised primarily for home 
consumption.	The	benefits	include:	
1. Contribute family income 
2. Can feed locally available foods and farm products 
3. Nutritious meat and eggs
4. Low cost for simple housing  
5. Easy management 
Vaccine Age - Days Boosting 
I2, Newcastle disease 10 Before 2 weeks
Fowl Chlorea 65 Every 4 months
Fowl Pox 14 1 year
Anthelmintic 6 weeks
Vaccination schedule for native chicken 
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org
Small Scale Goat Rearing
Husbandry practices 
1. Free Grazing/ Extensive system freely 
grazed in pasture 
2. Semi-intensive System – best practice, 
housings can be cleaned during grazing 
and proper feeds are available from the 
pasture and support to good health. 
3. Intensive system – practices in too much 
rainfall regions and cold climate regions
Things to be considered in Goats rearing  
1. Choose good local breeds, no deformities 
and diseases
2. Household must have access to pasture 
where grass, legumes and spines bush are 
available
Characteristics of good breeds  
1. Good growth and wider chest  
2. Good Growth rate 
3. Strong body parts 
4. Good fertility and good lactation
Livestock sector is one of the major contributors of GHG emission, 
however, small-scale livestock farming plays an important role of food 
security and income of rural community to address climate change 
impacts. Backyard small-scale goat rearing  can contribute 
e. Nutritious meet and eggs products
f. Saving money
g. Diverse income.
h. Livelihood options for women
Why use native and local breeds of goats? 
e. Well-adapted to locally accessible poor-quality feeds 
f. Resistant to disease 
g. Well-adapted to local climate 
h.	 Optimally	suited	to	meet	farmers’	needs	of	flesh	meet	
Feeds in Supplement –For proper growth of 
goat, there should be feedings supplement 
foods.  
1. Systematic supply of foods and water for 
rapid growth of goat  
2. Regular two times per day of feeding in 
morning and evening ( controlled grazing)
3. Concentrate feeds should also be supplied 
4. Clean feeds and water  
Common disease problems in Goat  
1. Foot and mouth disease, 2. Black quarter, 3. 
Anthrax, 4. Haemorrhagic septaecemie, 5. 
Cold  
6. Parasitic infection
Site selection criteria for goat housing
1.	 Sufficient	supply	of	clean	water		
2.	 Sufficient	pasture	land	
3.	 Far	from	flooding		
4. Orient along the way of sun, east to west 
orientation
5. Should be 6 feet – 10 feet height with Good 
Ventilation  
6.	 Dry	flooring	and	can	be	cleaned	easily
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org
Small scale Aquaculture for 
diversification of income 
and nutrition
Small scale fish farming is one of the potential ways to mitigate the 
impacts of climate change on agricultural production by contributing a 
nutritious source of micronutrient, protein and income diversification and 
food security. In the uplands, there are forest ponds that are naturally 
formed or man-made. In the delta region, there are abandoned man-made 
canals that were dug to drain water from the rice fields. These small sized 
ponds are potential locations for small-scale aquaculture.
Site Selection 
1.	 Sufficient	area	and	water	level	
2.	 Good	water	holding	capacity
3.	 Clay	and	clay	loam	are	the	best	soil	type	
4.	 easy	access	of	transportation	
5.	 Not	flooded	area	
6.	 Continuous	and	sufficient	water	sources	such	as	rivers	and	creeks
Pond Preparation 
1.	 Depth	of	fish	pond	should	be	4-6	feet	
2.	 Pond	should	be	in	square	
3.	 The	boundary	should	be	slope	
4.	 For	old	ponds,	drying	the	pond	with	sunlight	should	be	carried	out	
once	for	every	4-5	years.	
5.	 Water	should	be	completely	taken	out	and	show	with	sun	to	enrich	
oxygen	level	in	soil,	to	kill	the	eggs	of	wild	fish	and	other	insects	and	to	
remove	other	poisonous	materials	
6.	 Regular	check	on	the	wall	of	ponds
7.	 Don’t	allow	cattle	and	pigs	to	go	through	the	boundaries
Water Management 
1.	 If	the	water	color	is	very	dirty	and	pH	is	low,	quick	lime	should	be	
added.	By	adding	14-15	bags	of	lime	can	help	to	clean	the	water	and	
increase	pH	level	
2.	 By	adding	lime,	it	can	help	as	follow;	
	 a.	To	increase	alkalinity	of	soil	
	 b.	To	kill	other	wild	fishes	
	 c.	To	kill	other	insects	and	fungus	and	parasites	
	 d.	To	remove	the	poisonous	gas	such	as	hydrogen	sulphate,	and	salts	
	 e.	To	balance	the	pH	level	of	water
Temperature 
28	to	32	Degree	Celsius	of	water	temperature	is	the	best	for	fish
Water Transparency	–	30	–	45	cm	visibility/purity	is	the	best	
situation	pH	level
-	Under	pH	4-5	fish	and	prawn	can’t	survive,	
-	Between	pH	5-6.5,	fish	can’t	be	growing	well	and	growth	rate	will	be	slow	
-	Between	9-11.5	is	also	stunting	the	growth	rate	
-	The	best	pH	range	for	aquaculture	is	between	pH	7-8.5
Signs of problems in the fish pond 
1.	 Seeing	dead	fishes	
2.	 Not	active	in	the	morning		
3.	 Water	color	changing	(red	brown,	deep	green	and	red)	
4.	 Fishes	are	swimming	at	the	top	surface	of	the	ponds
5.	 Bubbles	on	water	surface
Action to be taken when there are problems in the fish pond 
a.	 Stop	feeding	the	fish
b.	 Cleaning	the	pond	from	trash
c.	 Cleaning	the	pond	from	organic	wastes	(dead	algae,	dead	plants)	
d.	 Drain	and	change	water	
Supplementary feed for common fish in small aquaculture 
ponds 
Rice	brans,	wheat	brans,	wheat	chaff,	sesame	cake	and	oil	cake
Low Cost Feeding formulation	–	Fish	can	survive	by	eating	natural	
foods	derived	from	river,	creeks	&	ponds
90	%	of	rice	bran	+	10	%	of	groundnut	or	sesame	cake,	
70	%	+	10	Soy	bean	+	20	%	coconut	waste	after	extracting	the	milk,	
Urea	application	to	the	pond
Suitable fish species	–	Grass	Carp,	common	Carp,	Roho,	Tilapia,	
climbing	perch
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room	402,	(7+1)	D	Apartment,	Parami	Condominium,	U	Thin	Pe	St.,	
Hlaing	Township,	Yangon,	Myanmar	
Email:	myanmar@iirr.org,	Website:	www.iirr.org
Promoting Gender Equality in 
Agriculture in the 
Climate Smart Villages
Social norms expect women to undertake the bulk of domestic work are 
often a barrier to greater female participation in the labor force including 
agriculture
• In the Myanmar CSVs,  the general perceptions of men on the role of 
women is still mainly that women’s primary role is to be responsible for 
domestic work. Men also perceive that when women involved in more 
economic activities, women will not be able to perform their primary 
role in domestic work. 
• With women in the CSVs, there is a perception already that women’s 
role is more than just domestic work but also a role in livelihoods and 
economic work for the households.
There is good evidence that achieving gender equality could increase 
agricultural profits and yields. For example, if women have access to 
land, farm inputs, quality seeds and training in new ways of farming will 
increase the productivity of farming in the community. In the Myanmar 
CSVs, we support women economic activities within homesteads such as 
vegetable production, chicken production, goats and pigs. 
Improving women’s incomes can lead to a higher domestic formal 
savings rate. Women have a high probability to save cash, which may 
lead to increase in domestic savings if income is created by women in the 
households.  In the Myanmar CSVs, it is encouraged to organizing village 
savings group among women. 
Women who are involved in agriculture will most likely suffer the effects 
of climate change as well as men. For example, in times of droughts, 
women and girls who are expected to take care of the household need to 
travel far distances to find and collect water. In times of flooding, women 
and girls also are burdened by the task of cleaning and maintaining the 
houses as well as in accessing clean water. 
Women control over economic assets and capital can serve as important 
coping mechanisms for households affected by climate change. In the 
Myanmar CSVs, our data says when households are affected by climate 
risks and shocks—women seek help from friends and relatives, sell small 
assets, start a small business and go to the towns to do casual labor. It 
is important for women to have control over assets and capital to sell 
during emergencies or to start their own economic activities. 
Agricultural extension services tend to favor men. Most extension 
services in agriculture such as training services are most accessible by 
men. For instance, when some training or learning activity is conducted 
outside of the village, it’s the men who are going to attend. Most 
extension workers are mostly men as well. In the CSVs, we need to 
provide equal opportunities for women to attend in farmer field schools, 
farmer field days, roving workshops and training. 
Most women support services are targeted for non-agriculture support 
services. In the Myanmar CSVs, most of the women receive support 
related to WASH, pre-natal care, birth control, as well non-agriculture 
livelihoods to start small businesses—all of which reinforces the idea that 
women’s role are in the domestic area only. 
Girls and women who have had more education can undertake higher-
value economic activity. Increasing the educational opportunities for 
women allows for greater accumulation of skills and expertise within 
the labor force and so raises the growth potential of the economy. It is 
therefore important that women and girls be provided opportunities to get 
formal education by giving them access to schools and forma vocational 
training.
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction
Room 402, (7+1) D Apartment, Parami Condominium, U Thin Pe St., 
Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 
Email: myanmar@iirr.org, Website: www.iirr.org