Trees, Landscapes, Climate, Food Annual Report 2014-2015 Our vision Our strategic goals Our vision is a rural transformation in • Building livelihoods by generating the developing world as smallholder knowledge, choice and opportunities households increase their use of trees in • Improving landscapes and their agricultural landscapes to improve food sustainability by better managing their security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, complexity social cohesion, energy resources and • Transforming agroforestry impacts to environmental sustainability. large-scale through policy, innovation and partnerships Our mission Our partners The Centre’s mission is to generate science- The World Agroforestry Centre has based knowledge about the diverse roles always implemented much of its work in that trees play in agricultural landscapes, partnership with a range of public, private and to use its research to advance policies and international bodies. Our partnerships and practices, and their implementation that are based on a clear recognition of the benefit the poor and the environment. value that is added through working jointly with partners and sharing strengths to Our core values achieve specific outcomes. We partner with universities, advanced research • Professionalism institutions, national agricultural research • Mutual respect organizations, private sector organizations, • Creativity and government and non-government • Inclusiveness agencies in the fields of agriculture, forestry, environment, conservation and climate change. © World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, 2015 ISSN 1995-6851 World Agroforestry Centre. 2015. Annual Report 2014-2015: Trees, Landscapes, Climate, Food. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Agroforestry Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ii Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source. Contents 3Message Message from the from the Sustainable Chair 5 7Milestones 21land DG management 37Genes, Trees The way Annexes nutrition 47and the 59we work 65 and changing health climate Agroforestry for dairy farming Transforming dairy communities through voluntary farmer-to-farmer training 2 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones Message from the Chair The Board of Trustees of the World Agroforestry incorporation into the country’s development Centre provides programmatic, governance and agenda. The Ministry of Agriculture, with the financial oversight to ensure that the Centre approval of the Cabinet, has nominated an is managed effectively and efficiently, and ICRAF scientist as a Permanent Member of remains focused on long-term development the National Inter-Ministerial Committee for goals and high quality and relevant science. The the coordination and implementation of the Centre continues to deepen its science domain agroforestry policy. In addition, ICRAF has been and regional programmes in line with the designated as one of the direct implementation organizational strategy, assesses its outcomes, partners of the policy. The increasing and aligns its programmes with a number prominence of agroforestry is also reflected in of CRPs to which it contributes. Programme the continued growth of ICRAF’s budget. linkages and integration within and external to ICRAF are critical for a complex research The increasing focus of many international field such as agroforestry, and such integration corporations on sustainable development has is framed by the new operational goal in the highlighted the potential of integrating the Agroforestry has the potential management of commodity value chains with to improve nutrition, be 2013 strategy, namely, greater cohesion, interdependence and alignment. sustainable management of landscapes, where a vehicle for sustainable previously landscapes were viewed to provide land management, and be a The broad scientific scope and the multiple no direct benefits to business, even while technology which underlies contributions to the Sustainable Development providing many of the long-term services that Goals are highlighted in this report. Agroforestry sustain their productivity. ICRAF staff hosted climate smart agriculture has the potential to improve nutrition, be a a popular side event in the first week of the vehicle for sustainable land management, and meeting of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific be a technology which underlies climate smart and Technological Advice of the United Nations agriculture. Because of this multifunctionality, Framework Convention on Climate Change agroforestry is achieving increasing global in Bonn on 6 June 2015 that focused on prominence in development circles and in the ways in which private companies could work planning processes of countries in the South. at the landscape level. Entitled ‘Connecting This is best reflected in the recent approval commodities to landscapes through public- of India’s National Agroforestry Policy and its private-civic partnership,’ the final message 3 was that if big businesses want to secure a in which they reside through sound science. motivation, and hard work of ICRAF staff, long-term future for their products, they need The Centre has made steady progress in its with every staff member sharing in the to cooperate with all land use actors so that all programmatic delivery, financial performance accomplishments of the Centre. The Board groups benefit and ensure that the landscape and risk management, bringing the highest would like to take this opportunity to thank the itself is protected. level of professionalism, transparency and staff for their accomplishments in 2014, which accountability to all of its operations. The are highlighted in this year’s annual report. The Board is privileged to serve an institution Board’s role and responsibility would be far whose mission and objectives are centred on more challenging were it not for the dedication, improving people’s lives and the landscapes John Lynam Chair, Board of Trustees 4 Annual Report 2014-2015 Message from the Director General In 2000, the world's countries and leading agroforestry is that it builds bridges between development agencies established the many different disciplines and activities. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which constituted a series of targets – to be achieved Agroforestry can play a key role in reducing by 2015 – to address extreme poverty, disease, poverty (SDG focus area 1), in developing poor education and environmental degradation. sustainable systems of agriculture and Now is a good time to reflect on the contribution improving food security (SDG focus area 2), made by agroforestry. in improving the efficiency of water use (SDG focus area 6), in helping to mitigate the impact A wide range of agroforestry practices and of climate change (SDG focus area 12), and policies have helped hundreds of thousands of in halting the loss of biodiversity and restoring families in developing countries to improve their degraded ecosystems (SDG focus area 14). incomes and nutrition. Agroforestry has also In short, it is the land-use equivalent of a played a vitally important role when it comes to Renaissance man or woman. tackling land degradation, low productivity, soil erosion and the loss of biodiversity. The stories in this annual report focus on our We currently get around 10% research activities during 2014–2015. They of our budget from the private The MDGs were designed to bring about cover a wide range of topics, but there are sector, and would like to change in developing countries. The some key themes which I would like to highlight: increase this to 15% over the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), sustainable land management, biofuels coming years. which follow on from the MDGs, will apply to all research and the importance of public-private nations, regardless of their economic status. partnerships. Helping countries and communities achieve the targets set by the SDGs will be a key focus of Developed and developing countries alike have much of our work over the coming years. no chance of achieving the targets laid down by the SDGs if they fail to develop sustainable One valid criticism of both the MDGs and systems of land management. Many of our the SDGs is that they encourage us to treat projects are explicitly designed to help rural agriculture, forestry, poverty reduction, communities, and especially smallholder climate change, education and gender as farming families, to improve the way they use separate issues. One of the great strengths of their resources. 5 In Nigeria, enrichment planting with fruit trees is pigment which turns water and carbon dioxide businesses to become more sustainable and helping small-scale rubber farmers to increase into sugar. The humble leaf is the ultimate solar more environmentally aware. their productivity and incomes (see page 22). panel. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, tried and You expect to see stories about Mars, Inc., tested methods of agroforestry using native We have recently adopted a new energy Unilever, Syngenta and Danone in the business trees are helping to take pressure off one of research strategy, which aims to develop pages of newspapers and magazines; but the continent's great national parks (see page various kinds of bioenergy to satisfy energy they also feature in this annual report. These 24). In Indonesia, electric power companies needs, reduce poverty and improve livelihoods are among the growing list of companies that hydroelectric power companies are now paying and income generation. We hope the have developed partnerships with the World smallholder farmers to adopt sustainable strategy will be a step towards making the Agroforestry Centre. Public-private partnerships land management practices using schemes Centre recognized as the first port-of-call help to reduce the cost of research, encourage designed by the World Agroforestry Centre (see for organizations and individuals who are greater innovation and enhance the impact of page 30). These are just three of the research interested in bioenergy derived from trees. research on people's livelihoods. They help to projects that are benefiting local communities in Our scientists are already exploring a range raise the visibility of agroforestry. developing countries. of alternative biofuel crops, working with rural communities, as far afield as Brazil, India and In 2014, I was honoured to be invited by Energy use was such a controversial subject Kenya (see page 11). the head of agriculture at a European bank in 2000 that it was not included in any of the to speak to his advisers about agroforestry. MDGs. The SDGs, in contrast, recognize its We currently get around 10% of our budget Every year, his bank invests some €4 billion profound importance, and focus area 7 seeks from the private sector, and would like to in forestry activities. Before I spoke to his to ensure access to affordable, sustainable and increase this to 15% over the coming years. advisers, he told me: "Just 18 months ago reliable modern energy for all. This is only going Many organizations working in research and I hadn't even heard of agroforestry; now, to happen if we dramatically increase the share development look on the private sector as a everybody is talking about it." He predicted that of renewable energy in the global energy mix. donor. For us, the relationship is about far more within 5 years, his bank would invest as much in One of the best ways of doing that is by taking than finance. On the one hand, we benefit agroforestry as it currently does in forestry. Like advantage of a molecule that science fiction from a close relationship with the private sector many others, he recognizes that agroforestry is could not make up: chlorophyll, the unique and the financial support it provides; on the an idea whose time has truly come. other, we believe we can help private sector Tony Simons Director General 6 Annual Report 2014-2015 Coffee farmers in Bantaeng and Gowa In Indonesia, most of the coffee is produced by South Sulawesi province, with the mountainous area of Toraja, as the acclaimed coffee-producing district. During the harvest season, family members will go to help picking coffee cherries in the gardens that are often located up on the hill. Some farmers would even stay for weeks, and only leave once the sacks are full of cherries. Milestones 7 ENGAGING THE PRIVATE SECTOR "Many organizations working in research and "They can reduce the cost of research, facilitate "Public research organizations such as ours development look on the private sector as greater innovation and enhance the impact of bring skills in generating knowledge and donors," says Tony Simons, Director General research on people's livelihoods." She believes innovation. Governments play an important of the World Agroforestry Centre, "but for us organizations like the World Agroforestry role in developing enabling policies, and NGOs the relationship is about more than finance. Centre can learn a great deal from the private contribute expertise by working with farmers We believe we can help private sector sector, such as the best way of launching and processors." businesses to become more sustainable and new products, the importance of demand- environmentally aware." side analysis, and the willingness to terminate The other five case studies focus on the projects when they fail to perform. production of acacia in Vietnam; allanblackia You expect to see stories about Mars, Inc., oil in Africa (see box: Seeds of success); Unilever, Syngenta and Danone in the business One of the six case studies in the chapter mangoes in Kenya; jungle rubber in Indonesia; pages of newspapers and magazines; but they focuses on the Vision for Change (V4C) project, and jatropha, whose oil-rich seeds can be also feature in this annual report. They are initiated by Mars, Inc. in Côte d'Ivoire. Working processed into biofuel. among the growing list of companies which in partnership with the government of Côte have developed partnerships with the World d'Ivoire, national agricultural institutions and Drawing on the lessons learned through Agroforestry Centre. the World Agroforestry Centre, Mars is helping these partnerships, Ramni and her colleagues farmers to tackle problems such as depleted concluded that there are a number of factors In 2014, Ramni Jamnadass, head of research soils, the lack of improved planting material, that ensure effective public-private partnerships on Tree Diversity, Domestication and Delivery, ageing orchards, and pests and diseases. in agroforestry. These include: agreement on co-authored a major review of public-private Besides rehabilitating old cocoa farms to common goals among all partners; putting in partnerships in agroforestry. Published as a increase yields, the project has a strong place effective governance, monitoring and chapter in the Encyclopaedia of Agriculture and element of community empowerment. decision-making mechanisms to deal with Food Systems, the study showed that public- tensions and conflicts; and the open sharing private partnerships can have a substantial By 2015, over 10,000 farmers had benefited of information. "If we are going to realize the impact on the livelihoods of smallholder from improved technologies, the availability of potential of under-developed agroforestry farmers and marginalized groups in developing superior planting material and the adoption of commodities that bring significant benefits to countries. good agricultural practices. "None of this could smallholders, we need to catalyse more public- have been achieved without the involvement private partnerships," says Ramni. "Partnerships combine the strengths of public of all sectors," says Christophe Kouamé, organizations and businesses," says Ramni. country director of the V4C programme. 8 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones V4C demo plots in Kragui Forging new partnerships In November 2014, the World Agroforestry Centre entered into a and with the construction company Lafarge. With Pioneer, the public- new partnership with the French cosmetics company Clarins in private partnership will explore whether seeds for nitrogen-fixing China. Over the coming years, the Seeds of Beauty project will help trees can be marketed alongside maize seeds. The partnership with preserve wild plant populations, improve farm productivity and help Lafarge will investigate whether Uganda produces sufficient coffee farmers to diversify their incomes. "We built Clarins thanks to plants," husks and other agricultural residue to power the company's cement said Clarins Managing Director, Olivier Courtins at the launch of the furnaces. partnership. "This project is for biodiversity, the environment and ruralité." In February 2015, a new Livelihoods Fund for Family Farming (Livelihoods 3F) was launched in Paris at a high-level round table The project will identify plants which are becoming rare in the wild, on impact investment organized by the French Ministry of Foreign encourage farmers to grow them on their farms to reduce wild Affairs. The founding investors, Danone and Mars, Inc., share the harvesting, explore the agro-ecological knowledge of villagers, and World Agroforestry Centre's conviction that if we are going to satisfy offer training in agroforestry. "The project is a good testing ground for the needs of our growing population, small-scale farmers must Clarins," says Jianchu Xu, who leads the World Agroforestry Centre's transform themselves from subsistence producers into profitable research in China and Central Asia. "Clarins plans to share the businesses. The new fund, launched with US$120 million capital, will benefits with the communities, so we are happy to support them." support projects that restore degraded environments and improve the productivity and living conditions of rural farmers in developing During the course of 2014, the World Agroforestry Centre also countries. established new partnerships with the US seed company Pioneer 9 ©World Agroforestry Centre/ E.Smith Seeds of success In terms of its outward appearance Beckel Gold margarine, now supply from the wild, the World Agroforestry Centre coordinated on sale in stores in Sweden, looks much like any other margarine allanblackia research to establish a domestication strategy for with its shiny wrapping paper. But this is a margarine with a cultivating the tree on smallholder farms in countries such as difference: it is the first to use oil extracted from allanblackia Tanzania, Nigeria and Ghana. seeds, harvested by villagers in Africa, and it represents over 10 years of hard work by a range of organizations involved in the "Our partnership has pursued allanblackia not as another wonder Allanblackia Partnership. crop promising to save Africa, but as a model for how to build a sustainable value chain, based on local resources, local input, In 2002, Unilever realized that seeds of the allanblackia tree and with clear benefits to local communities, the climate, and produced an oil with excellent properties for use in margarines and consumers around the world," said Chris Buss of IUCN at the spreads. To exploit this, the company helped set up the Novella product launch. Project, a public-private partnership initially comprising Unilever, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Swedish shoppers are now getting a taste of things to come. It is Netherlands Development Organization (SNV) and the World hoped that the allanblackia partnership will become a model of Agroforestry Centre. As there was – and still is – insufficient how to develop agroforestry crops in a way that provides tangible benefits to local communities and the environment. References Ramni Jamnadass et al. 2014. Public-Private Partnerships in Agroforestry, in Encyclopaedia of agriculture and food systems, volume 4, San Diego: Elsevier. http://www.allanblackiapartners.org/ 10 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE BIOFUEL CROPS Over half of the world's energy is derived from projects in India, Kenya and Brazil. The main neem (Azadirachta indica), Mahua (Madhuca oil and natural gas, another 30% comes from aim is to develop agroforestry models that will longifolia), Simarouba (Simarouba glauca) and coal and peat, and 5% comes from nuclear enable rural communities to produce biofuels pongamia (Millettia pinnata) on the borders of generation. Just 13% comes from renewable from tree seeds. Besides generating energy, for their plots and along bunds. sources. "If we carry on like this, energy use example to power tractors and other machinery, will double and that's going to lead to long-term the projects are helping rural families to "As the saplings will take time to mature, we increases in atmospheric temperatures that diversify their sources of income and improve are encouraging farmers in 20 pilot villages to most climate scientists believe will exceed safe their standard of living. collect seeds from mature trees on communal limits by some distance," says Phil Dobie, who land," explains the biofuels programme director, has helped to develop the World Agroforestry In India, the programme is being implemented Navin Sharma. Using machines provided by the Centre's new strategy on tree-based energy. in Karnataka and Maharashtra, where it is project, the communities are using the seeds supporting efforts to improve and scale up to manufacture vegetable oil, biodiesel and The strategy provides an approach to promising biofuel initiatives. Working with biogas, which they are using to run tractors and developing various kinds of bioenergy, derived local partners, the World Agroforestry Centre irrigation pumps, and for cooking. The oil cake principally from trees, to satisfy energy needs, is providing smallholder farmers in energy- which is left at the end of the process is being reduce poverty and improve livelihoods and deprived villages with high-quality planting used as fertilizer, as a catalyst in biogas plants, income generation. Plants are highly efficient material and technical assistance. Farmers and as animal feed. users of the sun's energy, which they transform are being encouraged to grow species such as into biomass, and they could help us to develop truly renewable energy systems. "We see the strategy as a step towards making the Centre a recognized first port-of-call for people who are interested in the woody aspects of bioenergy," says Phil. While the strategy was being developed, good progress was made under the four-year Programme for the Development of Alternative Biofuel Crops. Funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the European Commission, the programme has established integrated agroforestry/energy Calophyllum inophyllum: an evergreen tree species with oil seeds at the pilot project site in Hassan, Karnataka, India 11 ©World Agroforestry Centre collaborate with EFK to promote croton as an agroforestry crop and provide technical advice to farmers. In Brazil, the programme is exploring the research gaps that are limiting the development and scaling up of energy production using the fruits of macaúba, a species of palm found over much of tropical South America. So far, most exploitation of macaúba has focused on natural stands of the palm in the southeastern and centre–west regions. Within the context of the biofuels programme, the World Agroforestry Centre is working with the Brazilian Agricultural Farmers adopting energy-generating agroforestry systems could increase their income by 36% Research Corporation (Embrapa) to develop Preliminary data suggest that the project is organic fertilizers, briquettes and poultry feed a technological package for domesticating having a significant impact in terms of reducing through a manufacturing process using the nut macaúba in the northeast region. The palm fits poverty and that the model could be scaled up of the croton tree (Croton megalocarpus). The well into silvopastoral and agroforestry systems elsewhere. Indeed, Navin and his colleagues tree grows throughout central and west Kenya, that integrate food crops and livestock. are already looking at establishing similar but its commercial value has only been recently At present, around 100,000 farmers in Brazil projects in Nepal and Bhutan. They have recognized. Some 2000 people are now benefit from the National Biodiesel Production calculated that farmers adopting these energy- supplying nuts to EFK's factory in Nanyuki. and Use Programme. "One of the aims of generating agroforestry systems could increase our project is to integrate family farmers in their incomes by up to 36% in the long-term, or "Under the Programme for the Development even more if further investments are made. of Alternative Biofuels we are helping EFK the northeast, one of the poorest parts of the improve its business model and looking at ways country, into the national biodiesel programme," Maximizing the potential of these systems in which the croton-based energy business says Rodrigo. "This would help to improve will depend on improving the availability could be scaled up," says Rodrigo Ciannella, local incomes and bring some real benefits to of high-quality germplasm and introducing the biofuels programme officer based in Nairobi. the area." It would also help to increase the improved nursery techniques, technologies for "There is no doubt that croton has significant availability of renewable sources of energy. processing, and adding value to the products. potential for rural communities across East "Ultimately, the success of any large-scale The Centre is working with the Government of Africa." He estimates that around 5000 biofuel project comes down to rigorous science Karnataka and other partners to achieve these collectors will be benefiting from the harvesting that can determine what species to grow, and objectives. of croton by the end of 2016. where and how to grow them," reflects Navin In Kenya, the World Agroforestry Centre has During the course of the next year, Rodrigo Sharma. Trees like neem, croton and macaúba entered into a partnership with the EFK group, a and his colleagues will use GIS research to could help many tropical countries satisfy the social enterprise which produces liquid biofuels, identify the areas where croton grows best, and demands for renewable sources of energy while promoting rural development. 12 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones ©World Agroforestry Centre TOWARDS A BROADER VISION OF LANDSCAPE According to Peter Minang, the global to achieving successful multifunctional Climate-Smart landscapes was launched at the coordinator of the ASB Partnership for landscapes. The book is the work of 88 authors Lima climate change conference (COP 20) in the Tropical Forest Margins at the World from 44 institutions. Over half of the authors December 2014 to considerable praise. "The Agroforestry Centre, scientists tend to think work for the World Agroforestry Centre. book is a great tool for policymakers, and it about landscapes from just one perspective, has come at the right time, when UNEP has such as water management, or forestry, Written for practitioners, researchers and been tasked to develop a landscape approach or ecosystem services, or climate-smart policymakers, the publication includes over in Uganda," said Tim Christophersen of the agriculture. "We need to look at landscapes 100 different case studies and is structured United Nations Environment Programme during in terms of their multifunctionality, so that they around four key propositions. First, we still the book launch. "One of the things I like about provide as many benefits for as many people as have a long way to go before we will achieve this book is that you do not get bogged down possible," he says. multifunctional and sustainable landscapes. trying to define landscapes – it moves straight Second, there are plenty of opportunities to into the issues," said Robert Nasi, head of the This thinking permeates the 27 chapters in a ‘nudge’ landscapes towards multifunctionality. Consortium Research Programme on Forests, major new book, Climate-Smart Landscapes: Third, it is important to recognize that climate Trees and Agroforestry. The book had been Multifunctionality in Practice. When discussing is just one driver of landscape change. Finally, downloaded over 5600 times by the end of the book, Peter quotes a Malawian farmer the landscape approach needs to be grounded March 2015, and viewed over 20,000 times. who attended a UN climate change meeting in in local realities, and take into account what Warsaw in 2013: "He said: ‘I don't get up one people really want. day to do climate change mitigation, and the next day to do adaptation. I see my farm as a single package, and I manage the land to get as many benefits as possible.'" Climate-Smart Landscapes reflects the farmer's philosophy. The book challenges the ‘one- place-one-function’ concept of specialization that places agriculture, forestry, urban development, water use and biodiversity in separate silos. Instead, it builds on climate- smart landscape experiences as a pathway Book cover image: overlooking a landscape adjacent to Mount Elgon National Park in southeast Uganda 13 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Connor J. Cavanagh The last word on shifting cultivation Running to over 1000 pages, Shifting Cultivation and appearance of these collectively definitive volumes on swidden Environmental Change provides an authoritative and up-to-date cultivation represents an intellectual event of great importance. analysis of the transformation of shifting cultivation in recent Finally, a comprehensive account of the form of agriculture most decades. The editor, Malcolm Cairns, was able to call upon widely practised in world history; most responsible for changing the services of a large team of experts, including Meine van landscapes, and most grievously misunderstood by high- Noordwijk, Dennis Garrity, Peter Minang and Jianchu Xu of the modernist agriculture. So much to learn here, so much to digest, World Agroforestry Centre. so much to ponder as we imagine a less catastrophic agricultural future." This is how the book was described by James C Scott, Professor of Political Science and Anthropology at Yale University: "The Agroforestry's evolution "We are underselling what we do if people think we are simply Netherlands. It draws on over two decades of global experience concerned with promoting agroforestry technologies like fertilizer working for the World Agroforestry Centre. He is currently the trees," says Meine van Noordwijk. "We take a much wider, Centre's chief science adviser.Meine's lecture, Agroforestry as a more holistic view of agroforestry contributing to sustainable plant production system in a multifunctional landscape, explores development at the landscape level and beyond." the history of agroforestry, how our perceptions of agroforestry have changed over time, and the importance of agroforestry at This was one of the key messages of an inaugural lecture every level from the local to the global. You can read it here: delivered by Meine in October 2014, on his appointment as http://asb.cgiar.org/Publications 2014/Lecture-Notes/Oratie_ Special Professor of Agroforestry at Wageningen University, the Meine_van_Noordwijk_16-10-2014.pdf References Minang PA, et al. (Eds) 2015. Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Cairns MF (Ed) 2015. Shifting Cultivation and Environmental Change. Routledge, Abingdon, UK 14 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones INFLUENCING EU POLICY The European Union's first package of climate The mitigation potential of agriculture, land- several Civil Dialogue Groups and it has played and energy measures was adopted in 2008, use and forestry has now been recognized a significant role in getting agroforestry onto the and member countries are now well on the way in the 'Communication from the Commission' CAP agenda. to meeting the 2020 targets for greenhouse document outlining a policy framework for gas emission reduction and renewable energy climate and energy for the period 2020 to 2030. EURAF prepared a series of amendments targets. None of this has had any bearing on Agroforestry is the only agricultural practice for the March 2013 Plenary Session to the farmers, for the simple reason that the package which is specifically mentioned. In practice, this European Parliament. As a result, there is now ignored the role of agriculture as both an emitter should give agroforestry a considerable boost in a clear definition of agroforestry systems in the and remover of greenhouse gases. However, member countries over the coming decades. regulations, and agroforestry is recognized as this is set to change, thanks to assiduous an eligible form of land use under so-called lobbying by Patrick Worms, a senior science Just as importantly, reforms of the Common Pillar I payments, the area-based payments policy adviser at the World Agroforestry Centre. Agricultural Policy (CAP), which accounts which all farmers receive. In the past, land for 40% of the EU budget, now recognize devoted to agroforestry was not eligible for For the past four years, Patrick – one of agroforestry's potential to deliver a range of area-based payments. some 30,000 lobbyists based in Brussels – benefits beyond climate change mitigation. has been quietly championing agroforestry Patrick is an observer member of the executive Just as importantly, EURAF lobbying led to in discussions related to climate change, committee of the European Agroforestry agroforestry being recognized as an important development and the Common Agricultural Federation (EURAF), which began pushing for greening measure under Pillar II of the CAP, Policy. As far as the former is concerned, measures in the CAP to reward agroforestry which covers subsidies provided for the Patrick cites research by the Flemish Institute shortly after it was founded in December 2011. development of rural areas. Member states of Technological Research. "This suggests that can now pay farmers up to 80% of the costs the total potential for mitigation from agricultural "Agricultural policy lobbying is a complex of establishing agroforestry systems, together practices corresponds to around a third of all business in Brussels and highly formalised, with five-year maintenance costs. This is greenhouse gas emissions in the EU," he says. with lobbyists having seats on Civil Dialogue not ideal – another part of EU agricultural "Agroforestry could deliver 90% of agriculture's Groups, which are regularly invited to legislation dealing with afforestation offers mitigation potential. That's one reason why it is discuss issues of concern with the relevant support for 12 years – but is clear progress so important." directorates," explains Patrick. Since it was on previous measures. "Another important established, EURAF has been invited to sit on victory was to delegate the definition of the 15 Agroforestry has been recognized as an important greening measure under Pillar II of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) minimum/maximum number of trees that countries? Patrick believes it does. "You often the policy agenda in Europe helps to establish make up agroforestry systems to member hear people talking about agroforestry as a tool its modernity, and makes it a more credible states, ensuring that local context is taken into to save the rural poor from destitution," he says. option for farmers and policymakers alike in the account," says Patrick. "But it's also a high-performance technology least developed countries." which can be used by all farmers, however rich Does this have any relevance for developing or poor, however large or small. Getting it onto Reference Joris Aertens et al. 2013. Valuing the carbon sequestration potential for European agriculture. Land Use Policy 31, 584-594 16 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones SHAPING PRO-POOR FOREST POLICY IN PERU An estimated 450,000 smallholder producers International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and integrating timber production with agricultural living in the Peruvian Amazon could significantly the World Agroforestry Centre lobbied for legal activities. The new law recognizes that a increase their incomes through timber recognition of timber production practices based range of different practices can be used by production on their fallow plots of land. An on the management of natural regeneration in smallholders to manage and produce trees, and analysis of over 376 Amazonian districts during temporary fallows. that the association of species on any one plot the most recent agricultural census showed of land can change over time. This represents that more than 4.5 million hectares of land "We have made the case for a change in the a major change of thinking by the Peruvian was under smallholder production mosaics. definition of agroforestry, and this will help to forestry authority. The amount of land left fallow corresponds to reduce the regulatory burden on family farmers 19% of the surface area, with almost half the producing timber," says Valentina Robiglio, a "As a result, we hope smallholders will be able producers having some fallow land at any one scientist with the World Agroforestry Centre. to obtain permission to harvest, transform and time. transport timber from their land, regardless The management of the regeneration of of their production system," says Valentina. In the past, it was technically illegal under the fast-growing species like bolaina (Guazuma "This will create a conducive environment for country's forest laws for smallholders to market crinata), which sprouts naturally on fallow agroforestry on smallholder farms and could timber and wood products grown on fallow land, represents a simple and economical way significantly improve the livelihoods of hundreds land. This has now changed, thanks to a series of producing timber, while at the same time of thousands of families." of modifications to articles of the Regulations of the Forests and Wildlife Law (No. 29763), which is currently going through the process of approval in Peru. Using evidence from years of research on family farm production systems at the tropical forest margins, scientists from the Centre for Reference R P M VL, Cornelius CGIAR Research Programme, Danny and you on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry: Timber Production in Smallholder Agroforestry Systems – Justifications for Pro-Poor Forest Policy in Peru. Naturally regenerated bolaina stands near Curimaná in Ucayali, Peruvian Amazon 17 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Jonathan Cornelius RIVER CARE IN SUMATRA Some 10 years ago, scientists from the World The principle underlying the contract between Agroforestry Centre began working with a hydropower companies and local communities hydropower company in Lampung Province, is conditionality, which means that the River on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The State Care group receives payments in return for Electricity Company known by its Indonesian reducing the sediment load in the river. In acronym PLN was spending around US$1 the case of the pilot project at Buluh Kapur million a year dredging sediment out of a dam village, the target was a reduction of 30% of that supplied water for one of its hydropower the sediment load, with a reward of US$1000. plants. The company wanted to reduce the cost However, lesser achievements were also of keeping its turbines unclogged. recognized: US$700 for 20–30% reduction; US$500 for 10–20% reduction; $250 for less To achieve this, the team working on the than 10% reduction. Rewards for, Use of, and Shared Investment in Pro-poor Environmental Services (RUPES) By the time the project came to an end at Buluh project set up a pilot project with the local Kapur, the community had demonstrated a high farming community. Working in partnership level of commitment. Although they failed to with PLN and the farmers, the RUPES team reach the 30% target, they did reduce sediment developed a scheme of payments for reducing load by 20%. PLN subsequently signed new sediment. The River Care Programme, as River Care contracts with other villages in the it became known, encouraged farmers to area. construct small dams and build drainage ditches along pathways and terraces to "It's true that it has taken rather longer than we reduce water run-off and erosion. The scheme hoped, but we are pleased with the result," says has been such a success that PLN is now Meine van Noordwijk, the World Agroforestry replicating the River Care programme at all its Centre's chief science adviser. "Our experience hydroelectric sites throughout Sumatra. in Sumatra shows that you need to be persistent, and keep working at projects to "We are very pleased with this outcome," says make sure they achieve their objectives." Beria Leimona, a leading ecosystem services researcher with the World Agroforestry Centre's The 10-year RUPES research-for-development Southeast Asia programme. "We expect a lot of project was supported by the International benefits to accrue to all involved, including a big Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and A non-financial incentive can be considered as a reward in the PES scheme. Here is a microhydro powerplant awarded win for the environment." the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, by the electricity company to the local farmers for their effort Trees and Agroforestry. to reduce sedimentation in Sumberjaya watershed 18 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones ©World Agroforestry Centre/ Chandra Wijaya A NEW GENERATION OF PLANT BREEDERS In December 2014, 23 young scientists from 11 of double that number in a collaborative "We talk of food security, yet not many people countries and 21 different institutions graduated research involving Mars, Inc., the World have access to enough food," she said. "We from the African Plant Breeding Academy at Agroforestry Centre, Beijing Genomics Institute, talk of nutrition, and yet not many men, women the World Agroforestry Centre's headquarters Life Technologies Corporation, the World in Nairobi. This was the first batch of some Wildlife Fund, the University of California, the 250 scientists who will benefit from training in African Union's New Partnership for Africa's modern genomics over a 5-year period. Development (NEPAD), various CGIAR (Consultative Group of International Agriculture The Academy was launched in 2013 as Research) institutes, LGC Genomics, iPlant an initiative of the African Orphan Crops Collaborative and Google. It will be up to plant Consortium (AOCC), which aims to improve breeders, such as those trained in Nairobi in a the quality, productivity and climatic resilience programme designed by UC Davis, to work out of 101 orphan crops. These are indigenous how best to use this new-found knowledge. crops – just under half are trees – that have been used by African farmers, in some cases One of the first students to graduate from for centuries, but have been largely ignored by the Academy was Busiso Mavankeni, a science. Zimbabwean scientist whose focus of interest is the Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). "When it comes to funding crop research, most A popular "backyard crop" grown by two-thirds of the money spent internationally focuses on of small-scale farmers in Zimbabwe, Bambara the big five – wheat, cotton, maize, soybean groundnut is highly nutritious. and rice," explains Prasad Hendre, a plant breeder who manages the AOCC laboratory in "It is a long season crop, taking about 140 Nairobi. "What we're doing here is investing in days to mature," explained Busiso after the research that will identify the genetic sequences graduation ceremony. "I would like to reduce associated with particular traits, such as high that to between 90 to 120 days." The lengthy yields and resistance to drought, of a wide growing season is not the only challenge she range of species which could help to transform hopes to tackle. She would also like to develop the lives of African smallholder farmers." disease-resistant and drought-tolerant strains. The training she has received at the African Between 2000 and 2014, scientists sequenced Plant Breeding Academy will stand her – and A technician working on a sample at the the genomes of just 57 plants. During the next the other 22 students who graduated in 2014 – AOCC lab in Nairobi 5 years, the AOCC will sequence the genomes in good stead. 19 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Tabitha Obara The AOCC lab in Nairobi and children in Africa have access to nutritious generation equipment of a decade ago. Indeed, researchers and approximately US$200,000 will food. This programme targets the crops that it is impossible to exaggerate the importance do the same thing. are important for African people, and they will of recent advances in gene-sequencing benefit from it." technologies. But that's just the start. "Sequencing the genomes provides the treasure map," says The training offers young scientists like Busiso "In the early 2000s, you needed an area the Tony. "Once you have that, you must start bio- a unique opportunity to use the latest plant- size of a basketball gymnasium, 100 machines, prospecting – identifying the sequences which breeding technologies, which include four 70 technicians, five years of effort and US$20 are associated with the traits you want in the gene-sequencing machines provided by Life million to sequence the genomes of just one orphan crops, and building them into a breeding Technologies Corporation and installed in the plant," says Tony Simons, World Agroforestry programme." AOCC laboratory in Nairobi. These are a million Centre's Director General. Now, a machine times faster and cheaper to use than the old which can sit on a table top, three months, two 20 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Milestones ©World Agroforestry Centre/Tabitha Obara CBoffee farmers in Baanotbaeanbg f raunitd Gowa InB Ianodboanbe sisia o, nmeo osft tohfe t hsep eccoifefes e is produced by Swouhtichh S wuillal wbensie pfirt ofrvoinmc eth, ew AithO tChCe mountainous apreroag orfa Tmomraeja. , as the acclaimed coffee-producing district. During the harvest season, family members will go to help picking coffee cherries in the gardens that often located up on the hill. Some farmers would even stay for weeks, and only leave once the sacks are full of cherries. Sustainable land management 21 REKINDLING HOPE IN NIGERIA The 1990s were grim years for Nigeria's rubber However, this is a story that could have a Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN), producers. World rubber prices fell dramatically happy ending. Rubber agroforestry – blending the 5-year project came to an end in 2014. and large oil discoveries were made in the high-yielding, fast-maturing rubber trees with Its achievements are described in Rekindling rubber belt in southern Nigeria, attracting labour other crops – is proving very attractive to small- Hope, a booklet co-authored by Julius Atia Iseli away from farms. Little wonder, then, that so scale farmers in the Delta region, thanks to and colleagues from the World Agroforestry many smallholders abandoned their rubber a major agroforestry project. Funded by the Centre's West and Central Africa Regional plantations and that Nigeria's production fell by Common Fund for Commodities, and managed Office. around 50%. by the World Agroforestry Centre and the A farmer harvesting cassava from a rubber-based agroforest 22 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Sustainable land management ©World Agroforestry Centre The project encouraged farmers to plant rubber plantains," explains Adewale Onabekun, who about methods of adding value to their latex. seedlings in rows 10 metres apart. Between intercrops his rubber with plantain and cassava. When they returned to Nigeria, they established the rows, they cultivated fast-maturing food "Thanks to the money from intercropping, I was a cooperative and raised enough money to buy crops, such as cassava, plantain and maize. able to take care of my children's education with an Indian machine which converts latex into the Many also reared small livestock like rabbits ease." Gabriel Ogwu now raises rabbits on his rubber sheets. and giant snails. Along the field boundaries, farm. These provide him with food for his family, they planted superior varieties of indigenous and he is also able to sell the surplus to other One of the most encouraging aspects of the fruit trees with high market demand, such farmers. project, according to Zac Tchoundjeu, the as bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) and World Agroforestry Centre's West and Central African plum (Dacryodes edulis). This system Training was a key component of the project. Africa regional coordinator, is that the methods enabled farmers to earn an income while they Many farmers were taught grafting techniques, and technologies promoted among rubber waited for their rubber trees to mature. Even which allow the identical reproduction of plants farmers are now spreading throughout the when the trees started producing latex, after with desirable traits from superior mother countryside. "We are happy to see that the approximately six years, farmers could still grow trees. They also received training in nursery project successes have attracted farmers from annual crops and rear livestock on about 40% management. Some have become nursery beyond the project sites," says Zac. He and his of the land surface. owners, while others are much in demand for colleagues believe that rubber agroforestry has their grafting skills. the potential to bring lasting benefits to Nigeria's In Rekindling Hope farmers who benefited Delta region by improving farmers' incomes from the project give their testimony. "After One of the most ambitious training programmes and stemming the flow of young people into the every three weeks, I sell at least four dozen involved a sponsored exchange visit to India, cities. which enabled farmers from Edo State to learn Cocoa productivity continues to rise in Côte d'Ivoire Previous annual reports have featured stories about the Vision had helped farmers to increase yields by an average 83%, and for Change (V4C) Project in Côte d'Ivoire. Launched in 2010, this their profitability by a factor of three or more. Farmers are also public-private partnership involving the World Agroforestry Centre, benefiting from a modern biotechnology technique, somatic Mars, Inc. and a range of national institutions has helped some embryogenesis. This enables the production of uniform plants 10,000 farmers to increase yields and improve their incomes. on a large scale. Plants from somatic embryogenesis tend to have higher yields and begin fruiting at an earlier age than those Farmers are benefiting from the availability of high-yielding clones produced by traditional methods of plant breeding. using grafting technologies. Analysis in 2014 found that grafting 23 AGROFORESTRY FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION IN EASTERN DRC Virunga National Park in the Democratic Working with local researchers and farmers, Searching for the best options Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the oldest Emilie began her participatory research Emilie had already worked with WWF in Kivu protected areas in Africa. It is also one of programme by studying the drivers of land- District during the Lake Tanganyika Basin the most threatened. Rich in biodiversity and use change, local knowledge about trees, Project. This sought to reduce sedimentation almost the last refuge of the mountain gorilla, and the markets for timber and charcoal. and improve local livelihoods by tackling parts of the park are controlled by rebel groups The research revealed that there had been erosion and improving land-use practices and much of the rest is threatened by poaching, a significant reduction of arable land outside around the lake. Some 18 months after the illegal mining and charcoal production. the park, caused in part by the expansion of project ended, in June 2014, Emilie made a livestock grazing. Eucalyptus plantations had The Forests and Climate Change in the return journey to this remote and mountainous also replaced cash and food crops, as timber Congo project, funded by the European region. can yield rapid returns and, unlike annual crops, Union and managed by the Center for is less likely to be looted by armed groups. "I was very happy to find that nine of the International Forestry Research (CIFOR), is The studies also noted that there was little nurseries we had established were still fully currently working with a range of national and integration of trees and livestock into farming operational without any external support," international partners to strengthen forestry systems and a growing problem of soil erosion. says Emilie, "and local communities were research in the country and help protect Virunga National Park. While CIFOR is active within the park, the World Agroforestry Centre is focusing on the area immediately outside. “Our main task is to support WWF, which has been involved in establishing woodlots using fast-growing trees, mostly eucalyptus species, around the periphery of the national park since 1987,” says Emilie Smith Dumont. Now that the World Agroforestry Centre is involved, the focus will be on creating a more diverse landscape using a variety of native and exotic trees. "The idea is to take pressure off the park by encouraging farmers outside to plant a range of species that will provide them with timber, fruit and fuelwood, and help restore degraded land," says Emilie. Post project nursery with Hagenia abyssinica and endangered native species 24 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Sustainable land management ©World Agroforestry Centre/Emilie Smith Dumont successfully using techniques – such as how promote one or two exotic species," says "This really opened up our perspectives on tree to break seed dormancy – that the project Emilie. "Getting farmers and rural communities planting," said Hicham Daoudi, WWF's local had introduced." The communities running to think about using a diverse range of native project manager, after the workshop. "We need the nurseries were now focusing exclusively species can be quite a challenge, but I think to adapt our approach to include agroforestry on native species that they themselves had we succeeded in doing that with the Lake options, but we also need to mobilize resources identified as being useful. Tanganyika project, and that's now happening to focus more on agroforestry in the future." around Virunga." Joseph Kanana, a technical agent for a local By introducing agroforestry and working closely farmers' association, was similarly impressed: with local herders, they had significantly To establish what sort of agroforestry practices "I was not aware there were so many important reduced the incidence of bushfires, which would work best on the land outside Virunga native species we could promote." used to cause major problems for tree survival National Park, Emilie organized workshops in the past. Tree planting and the strategic in Goma and Butembo, bringing together Following the workshops, Emilie and her use of gabions, wire cages filled with rocks, scientists, farmers' leaders and rural advisory colleagues began to analyse the various factors had reduced erosion, and assisted natural agents. The aim was to identify agroforestry that will influence the choice of agroforestry regeneration had led to the recovery of riverine options and tree species which would work in practices. "The next phase of the research forests. This provided tangible evidence of the different biophysical and social contexts. In involves integrating local knowledge with project's sustainability and the value of the the Goma workshop, participants identified 44 scientific knowledge and designing customised participatory research approach adopted by native species; in Butembo, they identified 57. "I training materials for tree selection and Emilie. think the workshops helped to change people's management that will support the best-fit perceptions, and encouraged them to think in a agroforestry practices around the national "The conventional approach with many creative way about the benefits of agroforestry," park," says Emilie. agroforestry projects is to introduce and reflects Emilie. Choosing appropriate options Last year's annual report included a feature on how the World because they do not take into account the fine variations in Agroforestry Centre is championing a new way of doing research. context – context meaning anything from rainfall to landholding This involves embedding research 'in' development, rather than size, soil type to ethnicity – when promoting agroforestry practices. conducting research 'for' development. “You start by assembling What works well in one place – a field, a farm, a village – won't whatever information you have, and then you work out what necessarily work well in another. “It all depends on context,” says works best in which context,” explains Fergus Sinclair, a systems Fergus. “That's why many of our programmes – like Emilie's in scientist at the Centre. Scaling up is then an iterative process, DRC – begin by drawing up an options-by-context matrix, and testing different practices in different contexts, and coming up with working out which practices are appropriate for specific situations. best-fit options. And if the agroforestry technologies you start with don’t suit farmers?” In that case, you need to look at other options or ways One of the reasons why many development projects fail is to adapt to local realities,” he says. 25 SAFEGUARDING CROSS-BORDER BIODIVERSITY In 2014, the World Agroforestry Centre The Tana–Kipini–Laga–Badana area contains a and improved livelihoods. was appointed lead partner in a project to great diversity of ecosystems, from coral reefs safeguard biodiversity and improve the social and mangrove swamps to coastal scrub and "Eventually, we would like to establish a similar and economic well-being of populations living semi-desert. It is home to several threatened relationship with a planning unit on the Somali on either side of the Somalia/Kenya border. species, including the hirola antelope, wild side, but because of the insecurity that hasn't This is one of three cross-border regions that dog, lion and leatherback and hawksbill been possible," says Malesu. "We are now in are the focus of the Biodiversity Management turtles. It also faces many challenges. Massive a wait-and-see situation, but we hope to begin Programme in the Horn Africa, which is funded infrastructure development is planned in the work in Somalia before long." by the European Union and implemented south. In the north, in Somalia, large areas of through the Intergovernmental Authority on forest have already been cleared for charcoal Development (IGAD), whose headquarters are manufacture. in Djibouti. "During the first year of the project, work "IGAD had noticed that member governments focused on gathering baseline data and setting were paying little or no attention to biodiversity up stakeholder groups," explains Malesu. "We in border areas," says Maimbo Malesu of the also established a partnership with National World Agroforestry Centre. "The programme will Museums of Kenya, which will provide guidance help to sensitise governments to the importance on mainstreaming biodiversity aspects into the of biodiversity conservation and encourage spatial plan under development by the Lamu them to adhere to international conservation County government through its Land Use conventions, such as the 2011–2030 Aichi Planning Unit." Biodiversity Targets." During 2015, Malesu and his colleagues will The programme focuses on the Boma– work closely with the planning unit to build Gambella landscape shared by Sudan and technical capacity and provide training on Ethiopia; the Lower Awash–Lake Abbe spatial planning, including the use of GIS landscape shared by Ethiopia and Djibouti; and and remote sensing. There will be a strong the Tana–Kipini–Laga–Badana landscape and emphasis on participatory planning, involving seascape, which lies between northeast Kenya farmers, herders and villagers living in the and southeast Somalia. The lens organizations border region. Key issues addressed by the for the first two regions are the Horn of Africa programme will include wildlife conservation, Regional Centre (HOREC) and the International improved water management, and the On-farm establishment of tree seedling from nurseries Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) introduction of agroforestry and other activities require innovative methods of protection from cattle and shoats. In Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, farmers use woven respectively. which will lead to better wildlife management baskets to safeguard the trees from damage 26 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Sustainable land management ©World Agroforestry Centre/Alex Oduor BRINGING HOPE TO ARID AFRICA Drylands cover 43% of Africa's land surface "If you look at the quick-win activities in Tigray, "Farmers have been encouraging natural and are home to around 325 million people. Ethiopia, you get a good idea of what we're regeneration of trees in their fields using Relatively neglected by governments and trying to achieve," says Malesu. Under the technologies like zai pits and rainwater starved of private sector investment, many of direction of a team managed by World Vision, harvesting for thousands of years, so we are these arid and semi-arid areas suffer from high the lead country partner for Ethiopia and Kenya, not introducing new technologies," says Malesu. levels of poverty and malnutrition. Tackling DRYDEV helped local communities undertake a "Rather, we're making sure that the right these issues is the main preoccupation of a range of projects to improve pasture, conserve technologies are used in the right places." 5-year project funded by the Dutch Ministry water and rehabilitate degraded land. of Foreign Affairs and managed by the World During the inception year, DRYDEV reached Agroforestry Centre. During the coming years, DRYDEV will scale up some 38,000 farmers. For example, 16,922 successful interventions using an options-by- farmers benefited from improved food and The DRYDEV programme – the acronym context approach (described more fully on pages water security projects and 15,878 farmers comes from "Drylands Development 24-25 of this annual report). This will involve were introduced to activities related to the Programme - A Farmer-led Programme to dividing the programme area in each country into commercialization of the rural economy. Enhance Water Management, Food Security similar sub-catchments; identifying promising Eventually, 70,000 households will benefit from and Rural Economic Development in the options for each sub-catchment; and working projects introduced by DRYDEV. Drylands of Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Ethiopia with farmers and households to ensure that the and Kenya" – is focusing on areas with high right options are taken for each particular site. population densities, high levels of poverty and a high dependency on food aid in the target countries. "The project is promoting technologies that will improve food productivity, stimulate economic development and help farming families become self-sufficient in food and have a surplus to sell in local markets," says Maimbo Malesu, a water expert at the World Agroforestry Centre. During 2014, the DRYDEV inception year, project teams engaged with smallholder farmers, conducted baseline studies, established partnerships between research and development agencies, and launched a range of "quick-win" activities. Shea butter is one of the dorminant trees in the Sahel. The fruit has multiple health benefits while its nut is used in beauty products. In the photo, mother and daughter are transporting shea butter for sale in Mali 27 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Alex Oduor PROMOTING GREEN RUBBER IN THE UPPER MEKONG Between 2000 and 2013, global production of natural rubber, which is made from the latex produced by Hevea brasiliensis, almost doubled from just under 7 million tonnes to over 12 million tonnes per year, stimulated by the ever-increasing demand for tyres, condoms and other products which are made with a mix of natural and synthetic rubber. Approximately 80% of natural rubber comes from five Asian countries. "Rubber is a very valuable smallholder crop, and a pathway out of poverty for many rural communities," says Rhett Harrison, a World Agroforestry Centre ecologist based in China. "However, when it's grown as a monoculture, it can do a lot of damage to soils and water. We need to encourage systems of rubber agroforestry which have less impact on the Older plantations tend to be richer in biodiversity environment and increase the environmental forest in an area which is rich in biodiversity to provide an insight into the impact on local services they provide." hotspots. economies. This is the aim of the 3-year Green Rubber The first year of the project was devoted Researchers have begun collecting data on Project, which is managed by the Centre to gathering background information. gender issues, greenhouse gas emissions in and funded by GIZ. As demand for rubber Teams of researchers conducted socio- rubber plantations, and fungal diversity and has increased, the crop has spread beyond economic household surveys at two sites in soil health. There is also a GIS component peninsular Malaysia into the Upper Mekong, Xishuangbanna in China; similar surveys will whose aim is to improve the mapping of rubber and there are now significant areas under be carried out in 2015 in Laos and Thailand. by identifying the age of plantations. Older rubber in Cambodia, China, Laos, northern The surveys overlap with work being carried out plantations tend to be richer in biodiversity, and Thailand and Vietnam. Rubber has begun to in the Upper Mekong Sentinel Landscape and provide a greater range of ecosystem services, replace traditional farming systems, especially include an extra module on rubber production, than young plantations. swidden agriculture, and large areas of natural 28 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Sustainable land management ©World Agroforestry Centre From monoculture to In October 2014, a 4-day workshop on link institutes and organizations working on agroforestry ‘Sustainability of Natural Rubber in the 21st rubber. It also increased the visibility of current Century’ was held in Vientiane, Laos. Hosted research and identified options for future These and other studies are helping Rhett by the National University of Laos and the collaboration. The platform will meet again and his colleagues establish a comprehensive Laos Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and in 2016. "One of our long-term aims involves database about the impact of rubber plantations co-organized by the Green Rubber Project, launching a multi-site experiment which will – both positive and negative – on local the event attracted some 90 participants. The evaluate the benefits of rubber agroforestry in communities and the environment in the Upper workshop created an exchange platform to the region," says Rhett. Mekong. "Our next step is to start exploring how agroforestry can create a more environmentally sustainable form of rubber production," says Rhett. Rubber agroforestry is already practised in parts of southern Thailand, where farmers plant a range of timber and fruit trees alongside their rubber. This provides them with a more diverse source of income, which is particularly important as rubber prices frequently fluctuate. Shortly before the Green Rubber Project began, rubber was fetching over US$7 per kilo on the world market. Now it is back to just over US$1 per kilo, much closer to its long-term average. This works in favour of the project, as farmers are unlikely to consider alternatives to rubber monoculture when prices are very high. "We would like to introduce something similar to the rubber agroforestry practices in southern Thailand in the Upper Mekong," says Rhett. "However, we want to do it more scientifically, and test a range of different agroforestry systems that will help to address environmental problems without threatening the commercial viability of rubber as a crop." This could involve planting timber trees in and among the rubber, and encouraging farmers to leave corridors as Agroforestry can create a more environmentally sustainable form of rubber production "regenerating jungle" between rows of rubber. 29 ©World Agroforestry Centre MAKING THE CASE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES PAYMENTS IN INDONESIA During the past decade, the Rewards for, officials preparing the national guideline. They payment schemes. This is primarily done Use of, and Shared Investment in Pro-poor discussed how to implement various types of through a ‘negotiation support toolkit’, which Environmental Services (RUPES) project has ecosystem service schemes and agreed that allows rapid appraisal of landscapes, hydrology, been conducting detailed field research on how payments for services should be based on agrobiodiversity and carbon stocks. to provide financial and non-financial rewards conditionality. In other words, communities that encourage local communities to provide should be rewarded according to the level of environmental services. These might include services they deliver. To give just one example, activities to reduce erosion and water flow – if communities reduced erosion from their fields such as those described on page 18 (River into water courses by 30%, they would receive Care in Sumatra) – planting trees to sequester a greater payment than they would if they carbon or environmentally benign land-use reduced erosion by 20% or 10%. practices, such as conservation farming. Since it was launched, the RUPES programme Such has been the success of the RUPES has actively promoted the importance of research that Indonesia's recently created introducing pro-poor and anti-poverty measures Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) into any package delivering environmental is using the evidence provided by the studies services. This aspect has been highlighted in to shape a new regulation on Economic the draft national guideline, which accepts that Instruments for Environmental Protection payments could include both monetary and and Management. Three of the four case non-financial rewards. The latter might involve studies presented in the national guideline, the better tenure arrangements, access rights to supporting document for the draft regulation, land or improved access to commodity markets. are based on projects at the RUPES learning sites at Kuningan-Cirebon, Sumberjaya and Research into ecosystem services is still at a Cidanau, all of which involved transactions relatively early stage in Indonesia, but there is between private sector entities, such as no doubt that the work conducted by RUPES hydropower companies and local communities. has been highly influential. It has provided firm evidence that payment for environmental In 2014, the research team from the Forests, services schemes can work effectively. It Trees and Agroforestry Programme, led by has also established a methodology that Beria Leimona of the World Agroforestry government departments, the private sector Centre, held meetings with government and local communities can use to set up Trees planted upstream can play a role in reducing erosion and sediment flows into rivers 30 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Sustainable land management ©World Agroforestry Centre Will people pay for environmental services? With the vast majority of schemes involving payments for Of the 277 respondents to the survey, 94% were aware of the environmental services, money flows from companies, and services provided by local ecosystems. Ninety-three percent were sometimes government departments, to local communities. This aware of the importance of coastal mangrove forests, which can has been the case with the environmental service schemes in help to reduce damage by typhoons, floods and storms surges. Sumatra, Indonesia. But are individual households willing to make payments for environmental services? This was the question Respondents showed a mean willingness to pay a monthly fee that Rodel Lasco, coordinator of the World Agroforestry Centre of PhP30.39 (US$0.68) – on top of their current water bills; over Philippines programme, and researchers from the University of the two-thirds suggested that incorporating fees for conservation Philippines Los Baños asked people in Oroquieta City. activities in their water bills would be the best way of making the payments. All of which led scientists to conclude that payments for The study evaluated the knowledge and perceptions of environmental services schemes can help "promote sustainable households on the importance of conserving coastal biodiversity financing for continuous biodiversity conservation in an area." in nearby Iligan Bay. It also identified factors affecting the households' decisions to engage in coastal conservation activities This is an important finding, as the Philippines is one of the few and estimated their willingness to pay for them. The findings were "mega-diverse" countries on the planet. Around two-thirds of the encouraging. 9253 plant species in the country are endemic – in other words, they are found nowhere else. Reference Ureta JCP, Lasco RD, Sajise AJU, and Calderon MM. 2014. Oroquieta City Households’ Willingness to Pay for Coastal Biodiversity Conservation. Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 7, Issue 5 http://www.worldagroforestry.org/regions/southeast_asia/publications?do=view_pub_detail&pub_no=JA0603-15 31 AGROFORESTRY TAKES OFF IN VIETNAM Wander around the countryside in northwest The introduction of trees and the creation of Incomes have risen too. "When I used to plant Vietnam and you will be struck by the evidence grass strips significantly reduced soil erosion. maize and rice, I earned about VND 10 million of serious erosion, from the bare hilltops to the For example, farmers in Con Noi commune [US$465] per hectare per year," said one hillsides scarred with gullies. One of the main dramatically reduced soil erosion after adopting farmer. "Next year I expect to earn up to VND culprits is monocropping with maize, rice and a complex agroforestry system with teak, plum, 50 million [US$2315] per hectare." By then, the cassava. Poor farmers cultivate the annual coffee, maize and fodder grass. Just a short indigenous son tra trees which he has planted crops on sloping land for two reasons. First, distance away, at a control site, erosion was will be producing significant quantities of fruit. they require little in the way of investment. much higher. Soil erosion was measured at 9 Second, they bring annual returns. However, tonnes per hectare per year under a different The agroforestry systems established by the monocropping leads to loss of fertility, which agroforestry system in Tuan Giao commune. AFLI project are still in their infancy in northwest in turn leads to reduced productivity and lower This combined acacia, longan, coffee, soy Vietnam, so researchers have yet to measure incomes. bean, peanut and fodder grass. This compares their full impact. Nevertheless, the project has with some 80 tonnes per hectare per year on convinced many farming communities of the The Agroforestry for Livelihoods of Smallholder land devoted to the monocropping of maize. importance of including trees in their cropping Farmers in Northwest Vietnam (AFLI) project, systems. which is funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), is helping to address the problem by promoting agroforestry. This is providing farmers with a diverse source of income, and at the same time rehabilitating degraded land. Farmers were initially reluctant to shift from monocropping to agroforestry, largely because they feared that their incomes would decline while they waited for their trees to mature. However, just two years after trial plots had been established, farmers realized that their incomes were increasing and their land was in better health. Acacia-Longan-Coffee-Fodder Grass strips at Dien Bien 32 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Sustainable land management ©World Agroforestry Centre/ Ha My Tran Vietnam needs a tree domestication strategy In 2004, the World Agroforestry Centre published a brief titled, Call for a Tree Domestication Strategy in Vietnam. Co-authored by Delia Catacutan, who manages the World Agroforestry Centre's programme in Vietnam, the policy brief argues that a national domestication strategy could help to improve tree quality and the availability of high quality seeds and seedlings. Over the past 25 years, considerable effort has been put into restoring degraded forests in Vietnam. However, the quality of the forests is often poor and the supply of high quality seeds and seedling is limited. There are various policies, ordinances, decrees and regulations affecting domestication, but there is a complete lack of coordination and a tendency to favour exotic species such as eucalyptus over indigenous species. The policy brief recommends a range of actions, the first of which is to establish a national strategy for tree domestication. This would prioritize the domestication of indigenous species. The policy brief also suggests that field-based seed banks should be established in each of the country's agroecological zones. The national strategy would guide efforts to conserve priority species. The authors of the policy brief argue that the strategy would need to establish criteria for selecting priority species, reflecting their economic importance and suitability for domestication on farms and plantations. Tea and Aquilaria system in Ha Tinh Reference Catacutan DC, Phi HH, Vu TP, Dam VB, Muchugi A, Hoang TL. 2014. Call for a tree domestication strategy in Vietnam. Hanoi: World Agroforestry Centre Vietnam 33 ©World Agroforestry Centre/ Ha My Tran PROMOTING AGROFORESTRY IN THE GREATER MEKONG Approximately 326 million people live in the In December 2014, the World Agroforestry "There are many gaps in agroforestry research- Greater Mekong Subregion, which straddles Centre, Chiang Mai University, the National for-development in Cambodia, and the World Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute of Agroforestry Centre has yet to carry out any and Vietnam. These six countries share Laos and the Royal University of Agriculture major activities," says Prasit. "From my initial a programme of sub-regional economic of Cambodia set up the Greater Mekong observations, I believe that filling those gaps cooperation; they also share many of the Subregion Climate Change Network. This was could begin with mapping agroforestry systems, same environmental problems. The Asian one of several activities that will enable the something that would be best done regionally Development Bank estimates that every Centre to have a greater influence in Laos and and include Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. To year they lose around 10–12% of their gross Cambodia, two countries with high levels of facilitate this, we have already begun explaining domestic product through the over-exploitation poverty and a range of serious environmental the need to potential investors." of forests, farmland, wildlife and fisheries. problems. To help address these problems, the World Thailand country coordinator Prasit Agroforestry Centre and Chiang Mai University Wangpakapattanawong was one of several in Thailand signed an extension of their staff to attend a workshop on Education and Memorandum of Understanding in June 2014. Research for Improving Nutritional Status, They pledged to continue working together held at the Royal University of Agriculture in under the aegis of the Knowledge Support Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Here, he presented Centre for the Greater Mekong Subregion, information about the Centre's work in which was first established in 2009, to share Thailand, and specifically about a project information about issues related to natural that is developing and testing affordable and resource management, environmental services sustainable nutrition-sensitive agricultural and climate change. The support centre will practices, including agroforestry. continue to draw on the expertise of World Agroforestry Centre scientists working not He told the workshop that similar work will just in the Greater Mekong Sub-region, but shortly be undertaken in three provinces in throughout Southeast and Central Asia. Cambodia. These are part of the ‘development triangle’ of the Mekong Action Area, a focus The MoU was signed on behalf of Chiang of research for the CGIAR Humidtropics Mai University by its president, Prof Niwes programme, which was described in last year's Nantachit, and for the World Agroforestry annual report. Centre by Ujjwal Pradhan, the regional coordinator for Southeast Asia. The Mekong landscape 34 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Sustainable land management ©World Agroforestry Centre RESEARCHING AGROFORESTRY IN THE ANDES Many parts of the Andes – a 7000-km mountain range stretching from Chile to Colombia – are suffering from serious degradation. In Peru, where the World Agroforestry Centre has its Latin American headquarters, the Andes is highly susceptible to extreme climatic events, including drought, hail, frost and flooding. This frequently has a devastating effect on rural populations, and especially subsistence farmers, over 60% of whom live below the poverty line. Climate change, it is feared, will simply make matters worse. But could agroforestry practices help smallholder farmers in the Andes buffer themselves against climate change and restore degraded landscapes? Finding the answer to this question is one of the main aims of a research project being carried out by Sarah- Lan Mathez-Stiefel, an ethnobiologist who shares her time between the World Agroforestry Centre and the Centre for Development and Environment at the University of Bern, Switzerland. In 2014, Sarah-Lan set up a partnership with the new ‘Andean Forests’ regional programme financed by the Swiss Agency for Development The Andes is highly susceptible to extreme climate events and Cooperation. This involves two non- Andes to help them become more resilient to will help to guide the development activities governmental organizations – one Swiss, one climate change. "We are working in parallel undertaken by the programme," says Sarah- local – working with local communities in the and my research results and recommendations Lan. 35 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Sarah Lan The research involves an in-depth qualitative and assessing the benefits of each. Using the The ultimate aim of the project is to establish study of the existing agroforestry practices Agroecological Knowledge Toolkit, she explored which agroforestry practices provide the of three indigenous communities in a micro- local knowledge about different species and greatest benefits in the Andes. These could watershed in Apurimac Department. "Between practices, and how they could contribute to soil then be promoted elsewhere in Peru and in them, these three communities cover a great and water conservation and help families to other Andean countries. Sarah-Lan will assess range of altitude, from 2000 metres up to 3800 survive extreme climate change events. existing scientific studies to see if they support metres above sea level, and this means that her conclusions, and identify gaps in research. there is a diversity of ecological habitats, land Sarah-Lan is also looking at gender use and livelihoods systems, and therefore perceptions about the benefits of different "Until now, we have focused mainly on the farming practices," says Sarah-Lan. agroforestry practices and species, and how Amazon in our Latin American programme," these are integrated into local land use and says Jonathan Cornelius, the Centre's Regional Families living at the highest altitude get most livelihood systems. "The whole process is Coordinator. "But with agroforestry thriving in of their income from cattle; those lower down very participatory," she explains. "After I many parts the Peruvian Andes, we want to rely less on livestock and depend more on fruit have analysed the data, I will return to the explore how this can be optimized as a tool trees and annual crops. In 2015, Sarah-Lan communities, present my findings, and we will for sustainable land management and climate- began collecting data on all the agroforestry develop recommendations for agroforestry change adaptation." Jonathan hopes this will practices in the watershed – some traditional, initiatives." be the first of many projects carried out by the some involving the use of exotic species – World Agroforestry Centre in the Andes. 36 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Sustainable land management CAogffroefeo rfeasrmtrye rfso ri nfo od Bsaenctuareitnyg and Gowa InA Ignrdoofonreessitar,y mhaoss th oafd t hae p coosfifteivee i sim pproadcut coend t hbey Sloivuetlhih Souoldasw oefs si mpraolvl-isnccael,e w faitrhm theers m aonudn tthaeiniro fuasm ilies airne aM oafl aTwori.aja, as the acclaimed coffee-producing district. During the harvest season, family members will go to help picking coffee cherries in the gardens that often located up on the hill. Some farmers would even stay for weeks, and only leave once the sacks are full of cherries. Genes, nutrition and health 37 TREE DIVERSITY DAY FOCUSES ON LANDSCAPE RESTORATION The Republic of Korea has had remarkable In 2011, world leaders meeting in Germany projects. Together with his colleagues, he has success in reforesting its degraded landscapes. launched the Bonn Challenge, a global recently developed a framework for a set of Since the end of the Korean War, in 1953, aspiration to restore 150 million hectares genetic indicators for trees. This could help the country increased its forest cover from of degraded and deforested land by 2020. countries to develop strategies to manage their 35% to 64%. So it was entirely fitting that the But how exactly is that going to happen? genetic resources to support more resilient and restoration of degraded landscapes was a key Tree Diversity Day provided some practical productive landscapes. theme at the 12th meeting of the Conference guidance. of Parties to the Convention on Biological During the final session, Ramni Jamnadass, Diversity (COP 12), held in PyeongChang in "The Convention on Biological Diversity lacks the other co-leader for the Tree Diversity, October 2014. metrics to evaluate and monitor progress at Domestication and Delivery programme, talked the national level – for example, progress about the direct and indirect value of trees for Landscape restoration was also at the top of on conserving biodiversity or reducing land food and nutrition. Among other things, she the agenda at the Tree Diversity Day that was degradation – and those involved with the discussed the preliminary findings of a major jointly organized by the World Agroforestry convention are very interested in the sorts global assessment on ‘Forests, Trees and Centre, the Center for International Forestry of tools we have developed at the World Landscapes for Food Security and Nutrition’, Research (CIFOR) and Bioversity International. Agroforestry Centre," explains Stepha. which presents a synthesis of the current The event hosted a number of ICRAF’s partners state of knowledge on the role of forests and including the UNEP World Conservation During a session on landscapes and tree-based systems such as agroforestry Monitoring Centre, the FAO Commission on restoration, Tor Gunnar-Vågen introduced the for addressing food security, nutrition and Genetic Resources, the International Union of Land Degradation Surveillance Framework, livelihoods. Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) and which he and his World Agroforestry Centre the Korea Forest Service. colleagues developed in Africa. The framework In her presentation, Ramni provided an incorporates a set of tools, manuals and example of recent research from Western "We held our first Tree Diversity Day at the methodologies to assess and monitor land Kenya, undertaken by her team, which found previous biodiversity COP in Hyderabad in degradation, and it provides a scientifically that only 28% of households had eaten fruit 2012, and that proved such a success we rigorous framework for managing landscapes. the day before. “We are now developing what decided to do it again," says Stepha McMullin. we call fruit tree portfolios,” explained Ramni. "Landscape restoration is now a major During the afternoon session, Lars Graudal, "These show the types of fruit trees that are preoccupation for many organizations, and we co-leader for Tree Diversity, Domestication available on farms, the times of the year when believe that agroforestry can make a significant and Delivery at the World Agroforestry Centre, they fruit, and the nutrients they contain. If we contribution." discussed the importance of genetic diversity see a ‘hunger’ gap when fruits are not available, when undertaking landscape restoration 38 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Genes, nutrition and health we can identify species that can be grown to produce fruit at these times.” Ramni believes there is huge potential for indigenous species to address hidden hunger, citing the example of Africa's baobab tree, which is rich in nutrients. "There are hundreds of useful species out there which don’t find their way onto the table because the world doesn't know about them yet," she says. “There has been very little investment in indigenous tree species.” During COP 12, the Korea Forestry Service (KFS) launched the Forest Ecosystem Restoration Initiative (FERI), which will support developing countries in their restoration efforts. The launch was accompanied by a high-level dialogue during which participating countries shared their restoration experiences. Agencies that participated included the World Agroforestry Centre, Bioversity International, the Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification and the Global Environment Fund. Bioenergy expert Phil Dobie made a statement on behalf of the World Agroforestry Centre in which he highlighted the valuable contribution that agroforestry can Phil Dobie at the Tree Diversity Day 2014 make to forest restoration efforts. 39 ©World Agroforestry Centre ASSESSING THE BENEFITS FROM TREES In 2008, the World Bank estimated that forests is frequently not given proper consideration in as countries don't measure these in any and trees outside forests contribute to the assessments of their value. meaningful way," says Ian. While genetic quality livelihoods of more than 1.6 billion people in exotic fruits and timber species has received worldwide. However, it did not quantify the The study analysed three production reasonable attention, and some specific work extent to which communities benefit. To assess categories: non-timber forest products has been done on the economic value of wild what we know, a team of scientists led by (NTFPs) harvested from trees in natural and coffee resources for breeding purposes, the Ian Dawson, an Associate Fellow with the managed forests; trees planted in smallholder genetic quality of indigenous fruit trees and World Agroforestry Centre, carried out the first agroforestry systems; and cultivated tree agroforestry species has been largely ignored comprehensive study on the impact of tree commodity crops. The researchers examined by much of the research community. The genetic resources on rural livelihoods in tropical what was known about the benefits to rural researchers suggest that much greater attention countries. communities of each group, paying particular should be focused on these species – and attention to the genetic diversity of the trees indeed this is what the African Orphan Crops Their paper was published in a special involved. Consortium (see page 19) is currently doing for open-access edition of Forest Ecology and Management, devoted to the subject of tree "One of the things we found is that it's very some 101 tree and shrub species in Africa. genetic resources. It also formed the basis of hard to work out the value of genetic resources, one of seven thematic studies commissioned by the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) for the State of the World's Forests Genetic Resources report, which was published in 2014. "We know that trees provide rural people across the globe with many products and services," says Ian, "but factors such as the separate consideration of trees in forests and on farmland in country statistics and informal trade mean that the overall benefits are hard to pin down." Furthermore, there are a great many useful species, managed in many different ways, and the genetic diversity within species More attention needs to be paid to the genetic quality of trees planted by smallholders 40 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Genes, nutrition and health ©World Agroforestry Centre/Sarah Lan There can be no doubting the financial importance of many tree commodity crops. For example, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, tea and rubber had a total Poor quality seeds and seedlings – export value of around US$80 billion in 2010, according to FAO figures. "While it is difficult a global problem to determine how much of this value can be If you are a farmer, you want to be sure of using high-quality germplasm needs attributed to smallholder production, we do know that the tree seeds and seedlings you to be demonstrated, and farmers and that around 90% of cocoa and 65% of coffee is plant are of high quality and suitable for policymakers need to be made aware of grown by small-scale farmers," says Ian. your local growing conditions. If they are this." The review found that in all three not, you may find that when they mature regions surveyed sources of germplasm The researchers suggest a number of steps they fail to provide the yields – of fruit, are poorly documented, quality control to improve the management of tree genetic timber or resin – you were hoping for. Even systems are weak, and there is a notable resources if they are to help raise the standard when they do, the qualities of the products lack of statistics on the production of tree of living and nutrition of people in rural areas. may not be those desired. Unfortunately, germplasm. Among other things, more attention needs to be for millions of rural households that is paid to the genetic quality of trees planted by precisely what happens. The review evaluates the relative smallholders in agroforestry systems, and more merits of different nursery types: state- work needs to be done to develop tree commodity Tree Seed and Seedlings Supply Systems: run, private, community-managed and crop cultivars which perform well under a diverse a Review of the Asia, Africa and Latin individual. State-run nurseries may be range of conditions. More consideration of genetic America Models, co-authored by scientists efficient and capable of producing high quality needs to be given in forest restoration from the World Agroforestry Centre, quality planting material, but they tend to projects, and more field trials are required on makes for depressing reading. It confirms be centrally located and face difficulties currently little-researched tree species to support that over much of the developing world with distribution. Community nurseries these initiatives. tree seed and seedling supply systems provide an environment for learning and are failing to deliver high quality planting the exchange of ideas and information, The State of the World's Forests Genetic material, and hence good end products, to but they tend to serve limited areas, and Resources highlights many of the gaps in farmers. are inefficient in terms of the number of information and knowledge. It shows that the seedlings produced per group member. state of botanical knowledge varies greatly from "Low-quality planting material affects the The authors suggest that small-scale one country to another, with few countries having survival of trees and the effectiveness of nurseries could benefit from improved detailed checklists of tree species or information agroforestry and tree planting initiatives," access to up-to-date information, new and about their conservation status. The country says James Roshetko, senior scientist at affordable technologies, access to high- reports used to compile the report mention 8000 the World Agroforestry Centre and one of quality germplasm and enhanced skills in species of trees, shrubs, palms and bamboo, the co-authors of the review. "The value nursery and financial management. yet only about 700 of these were recorded to be subject to genetic improvement programmes. References Dawson IK et al. 2014. The management of tree genetic resources in the livelihoods of rural communities in the tropics: non-timber forest products, smallholder agroforestry practices and tree commodity crops. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol 333:9-21 Nyoka BI, Roshetko J, Jamnadass R, Muriuki J, Kalinganire A, Lillesø J-P B, Beedy T, Cornelius J. 2014. Tree Seed and Seedling Supply Systems: A Review of the Asia, Africa and Latin America Models. Small-scale Forestry, Vol 14, Iss 2 41 SEEDS OF SUCCESS? Over the past 10 years, Malawi's Farm During the pilot tests, staff from the World for other subsidized farm inputs, such as Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) has had a Agroforestry Centre worked closely with mineral fertilizer and legume seeds, at least significant impact on the productivity of small- extension workers in Dedza District; the I have received Tephrosia seeds," she said scale farmers. Since 2005, over 1.5 million extension workers, in turn, trained farmers how when she collected her coupon, adding that an farmers have received coupons at the start to intercrop Tephrosia with their maize. extension worker had already trained her how of the growing season which have enabled to plant seeds between her maize. She was them to source, free of charge, inputs such as Lifeleti Galasiyano was one of many to benefit. anticipating a significant increase in yields. fertilizer, and maize and legume seeds. As a "I am lucky, because even if I am not qualified result, many have increased their yields and incomes. At the start of the 2014/2015 growing season, the World Agroforestry Centre collaborated with the Government of Malawi to pilot-test the inclusion of fertilizer tree seeds in the subsidy programme. Over 6000 farmers in Dedza District received coupons for the purchase of fertilizers and annual crop seeds, as well as 1kg of Tephrosia seeds; another 3800 farmers were provided with coupons for Tephrosia seeds. Long-term research by the World Agroforestry Centre and its partners in Malawi – much of it supported by Irish Aid – has shown that the use of nitrogen-fixing fertilizer trees can significantly boost crop yields and improve soil quality. Fertilizer trees are particularly effective when used in conjunction with small quantities of mineral fertilizer. A maize field intercropped with Gliricidia, a fertilizer tree 42 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Genes, nutrition and health ©World Agroforestry Centre/Charlie Pye-Smith Making the most of durian Tastes like heaven; smells like, well, it depends who you planted also has an impact on productivity. In Sumatra, farmers talk to, but many find its pungent odour highly disagreeable. tend to choose one of two management options: they either Nevertheless, fruit from the durian tree (Durio zibethinusis) is plant in rows, or randomly. In West Kalimantan, in contrast, the highly prized in Southeast Asia, where it is known as the king of trees are planted in clusters. "Each of these designs has its own fruits. It contains no cholesterol, and has high levels of vitamin purpose and rationale, but may not be very effective in terms of C and potassium. Despite its popularity, it is classified as an maximizing fruit production," says Hesti. underutilized fruit, as its potential contribution to markets and household economies has yet to be fully realized. The researchers also found that climate plays an important role, with different fruit trees responding differently to variations in the Hesti Tata, a post-doctoral fellow with the World Agroforestry climate. In 2010–2011, high rainfall was probably responsible for a Centre, and her colleagues have investigated the factors that are significant decline in fruit tree productivity. limiting the production of durian and other underutilized fruits on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The results were presented at Taking all these factors into account, Hesti and her colleagues the World Congress of Agroforestry in 2014. believe that farmers would benefit from establishing mixed systems with a range of different fruit trees. "These could help to "There are three factors that limit durian production: the basic counterbalance the climate sensitivity of individual species and characteristics of the tree, its management and the climate,” ensure higher productivity," she says. "They could also lead to explains Hesti. a more dynamic system that can provide diverse yields for the farmer and be easily adapted to maintain the most beneficial The scientists found that competition with other trees accounts interactions between different trees." for 70% of the variation in productivity. The ways the trees are Reference Tata HL, Harja J and Mulyoutami E. 2014. Undesutilized Fruit Trees and Agroforestry Systems in Central and North Sumatra: Opportunities and Challenges. World Agroforestry Centre Southeast Asia, Bogor, Indonesia 43 DEVELOPING A FUEL-EFFICIENT STOVE FOR SMALL-SCALE FARMERS In sub-Saharan Africa, over 90% of the and coconut shells. The participatory cooking population rely on wood and charcoal for experiment took place in Embu County, an cooking, and the spiralling demand for biomass agricultural district on the flanks of Mt Kenya fuel is leading to deforestation and land where farmers grow Grevillea for timber. Five degradation. Collecting fuel wood is also a time- households were invited to cook the traditional consuming and wearisome business for millions meal of maize, ugali, and kale using the three of African women, who are forced to walk long different types of stove and feedstock. distances in search of wood to cook the family's evening meal. Domestic gasification is a process where organic material is burnt with controlled Part of the solution lies in introducing more quantities of oxygen. This produces gas for efficient cooking methods, and this is why cooking and a by-product, charcoal, which many organizations are now working with can either be used as a cooking fuel or for soil communities to develop and adopt improved improvement. The other two cooking methods – cooking stoves. But how do these compare the Hifadhi stove and the traditional three-stone with other stoves? Mary Njenga and Miyuki stove – convert biomass to heat and ash. Iiyama of the World Agroforestry Centre, Cecilia Sundberg of the Swedish University of The research found that gasifiers use 40% less Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and K. Röing de fuel than traditional three-stone stoves and Nowina of the International Institute of Tropical 27% less than the Hifadhi improved stoves. Agriculture (IITA) put three different types of They cook faster than the other two stoves stoves to the test in a research programme and produce a useful by-product, yielding supported by the Swedish Research Council. 200 grams of charcoal for every kilogram of wood burnt. "They also produce much "There were two things we wanted to find out," lower emissions," says Mary, "and that's very says Mary. "First, we compared the efficiency important from the point of view of the health of a gasifier with the Hifadhi improved stove of the women and children, who often spend and the traditional three-stone cooking stove, time in the kitchen with their mothers." Gasifiers using Grevillea robusta prunings. Second, we emit approximately half the carbon monoxide of looked at the properties of three feedstocks improved and three-stone stoves and 90% less which are commonly available in rural Kenya." particulate matter. These were Grevillea prunings, maize cobs A woman using the Gasifier Cookstove in Embu, Kenya 44 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Genes, nutrition and health ©World Agroforestry Centre/Mary Njenga In the trials to assess the value of different feedstocks, the researchers found that Grevillea prunings burned for longer than maize cobs and coconut husks. When used in the gasifier, the Grevillea prunings provided cooking heat for 50 minutes – 20 minutes longer than was needed to cook the traditional meal of ugali and kale. In contrast, maize cobs lasted just 20 minutes. In terms of the quantities of charcoal that they produced, coconut husks and maize cobs were marginally more efficient than Grevillea. "The research suggests that gasifiers are the most efficient of the three types of stoves," says Mary. "They help to save fuel, they cook more rapidly and they produce fewer dangerous emissions." However, they do have two drawbacks. They are expensive and there is the safety issue to consider. The gasifier used in these experiments is made out of galvanized steel, which gets extremely hot. These Charcoal from a Gasifier Cookstove in Embu, Kenya drawbacks could be addressed by improving the design and by raising awareness about the long-term benefits outweighing the initial cost. References "Despite these drawbacks, it is clear that Njenga M, Iiyama M, Neufeldt H, Helander H, Larsson A, Röing de Nowina K, de Leeuw J, Jamndass R, gasifiers have many advantages," says Mary. Sundberg C (forthcoming) Cooking with a gasifier saves time and fuel, produces charcoal as a by-product and "They can be easily integrated into agroforestry reduces household indoor air pollution in Kenya. systems as you only need very small pieces of Njenga M, Iiyama M, de Leeuw J, Röing de Nowina K, Kätterer T, Kimutai G, Sundberg C. 2015. Cooking wood – such as the prunings of Grevillea – and with a gasifier saves fuel and time, reduces smoke and produces charcoal for another cooking. Miti. The Tree they produce a useful byproduct." Business Magazine for Africa. No. 26 April-June 2015. 45 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Mary Njenga MAKING THE MOST OF LEGUMES No other family of plants yields such a wealth of their productivity in a sustainable way. Legumes the climbing beans, to reduce erosion and to goods and services as the Leguminosae. They can help them do that. improve soil fertility," she says. provide food for humans – think of the dietary importance of beans across the world – protein- Working in partnership with the Kenya Every year, the German aid agency GIZ invite rich fodder for livestock, fuelwood and timber. Agricultural and Livestock Research CG centres to submit one project idea for The nitrogen-fixing bacteria which they harbour Organization (KALRO), the World Agroforestry possible funding linged to the Consortium in their root nodules provide farmers with a Centre is focusing on the Kenyan sites, while Research Programmes "In this instance, we free source of nitrogen fertilizer. They are, or IITA has taken responsibility for research in decided to collaborate with IITA and ILRI, and should be, an integral part of any efficient mixed DRC, and ILRI is managing the research in I think LegumeCHOICE, which GIZ agreed farming system, yet they remain seriously Ethiopia. During the first year of the project, the to fund, provides an excellent example of underutilized in many countries. research teams conducted baseline studies and collaboration between different centres and with organized village meetings to inform farmers national partners," says Ingrid. In May 2014, the World Agroforestry Centre about the project's purpose. They also began and two of its CGIAR partners, the International analysing the constraints and opportunities for Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and legume production in each area. the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) launched a project which is encouraging "We were struck by how few legumes were farmers to use multipurpose legumes to grown by farmers in the Kenyan sites," says increase their food and nutritional security, Ingrid. Most of the farmers they interviewed reduce poverty and enhance their productivity grew only common beans. Only a few grew and incomes. LegumeCHOICE is led by IITA peanuts, cowpeas, soya beans or green gram. and focuses on three Humidtropics Action sites During the second year of the project, the in Kenya, DRC and Ethiopia. research teams will compile best-fit legume "The research programme is identifying niches interventions suited to conditions in each of for legume diversification and intensification," the project sites. They will also identify best explains Ingrid Öborn, World Agroforestry practices, and begin work with up to 4500 Centre’s focal point for the Humidtropics farming households. In Kenya, Ingrid hopes to research programme. "In many African introduce climbing beans, which are already countries, landholdings are gradually getting popular in densely populated parts of Rwanda smaller, and the areas of communal land for and Burundi and take up much less space than grazing are diminishing. So it's becoming common beans, cowpeas and soya beans. "We increasingly important for farmers to increase will also be introducing legume shrubs which Climbing beans can be used as livestock fodder, as stakes for 46 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Genes, nutrition and health ©CIAT/Neil Palmer CToffee farmers in Barenetase pnrgo vaidned fGueolwa A young girl carries branches for firewood. In Indonesia, most of the coffee is produced by South Sulawesi province, with the mountainous area of Toraja, as the acclaimed coffee-producing district. During the harvest season, family members will go to help picking coffee cherries in the gardens that often located up on the hill. Some farmers would even stay for weeks, and only leave once the sacks are full of cherries. Trees and the changing climate 47 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Sarah Lan KENYA’S CLIMATE-SMART PROGRESS "We conquered a small universe in a short amount of time," says Constance Neely, reflecting on the achievements of a workshop which she helped to organize in Nairobi, in October 2014. "In just two days, we reviewed over 40 Kenyan climate-smart agriculture projects, and we came up with some coherent technical and policy messages." The original idea was to organize a workshop to review the achievements of the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) project. However, Constance, who divides her time between the World Agroforestry Centre and the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), decided that it would make more sense to involve as many people as possible, from as many different initiatives, in a climate-smart workshop. Participants at the workshop, which was convened by FAO, the World Agroforestry Centre, the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Climate Change Unit of (L-R) Dr. Patrick Ooro of KALRO, Dr. Sika Gbegbelegbe of CIMMYT and Dr. Antony Kibe of Egerton Kenya's Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock University at the workshop and Fisheries, included scientists, farmers, and agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture and Chesterman, lead author with Constance of development practitioners and policy makers. gender, farmer adoption, advisory and capacity the technical workshop document, which has They shared and analysed scientific evidence development, and markets and microfinance. been published as a CCAFS Working Paper: and field experience from 44 projects in working Evidence and Policy Implications of Climate "Each group discussed what made projects groups which focused on climate information Smart Agriculture in Kenya. work, explored how to build capacity and came and insurance, cropping systems, livestock and up with a clear set of messages," says Sabrina aquaculture, energy, conservation agriculture 48 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Trees and the changing climate ©World Agroforestry Centre/Tabitha Obara This highlights an array of different climate- Towards Climate Smart Agriculture in Kenya: fish, crops and trees on farms or smart practices which are currently being Linking Research, Practice and Policy – throughout the landscape can enhance adopted by Kenyan farmers, including introduced the policy messages to a wider productivity, strengthen the resilience of agroforestry, conservation agriculture, audience. It was launched at the UN Climate farming systems and reduce greenhouse integrated crop production systems and efficient Change Meeting (COP 20) in Peru in December gas emissions. grazing practices. These are designed to help 2014. farmers increase food production, become • Specific attention should be paid to more resilient to climate change and reduce Here, in brief, are the key messages: building the capacity of women and young greenhouse gas emissions. people who manage natural resources. • Climate-smart agriculture should "The process used was as important as the contribute to building opportunities for • It is important to connect policies to technical material,” says Constance. “When employment, education and commerce. It regulations, as inconsistencies between the stakeholders interact with the evidence and is smart precisely because it addresses a the two can undermine climate-smart experiences based on their desired outcome, range of key development issues. agriculture. the commonalities and tensions emerge and • Research, agricultural activities and • Climate-smart agriculture still faces a lessons learned are steadily forged.” policy development should be integrated number of knowledge gaps, such as The policy messages outlined in the working from the outset. This will help to improve the lack of baseline data for measuring, paper were subsequently used in the revision decision-making at all levels. reporting and verifying the effectiveness of Kenya's 2014 Draft National Climate Change of climate-smart agriculture. • Integrating the production of livestock, Policy Framework. A policy brief – Transitioning 49 Gathering evidence for climate-smart agriculture Launched by FAO in 2011, the Mitigation of Climate Change In Tanzania, nearly 3000 farmers were trained in the four practices in Agriculture (MICCA) project measured the performance of that made up the menu of climate-smart agricultural practices, different agricultural systems in terms of food production, reducing including conservation agriculture, improved cooking stoves, greenhouse gas emissions and helping farmers adapt to climate soil and water conservation and agroforestry. CARE reported a change. The World Agroforestry Centre was responsible for significant difference in food security for those implementing the managing the pilot projects in Kenya and Tanzania. MICCA climate-smart interventions in Kolero, Tanzania. In Kenya, agroecologist Todd Rosenstock and his team worked The project also had a significant impact on some of the partners' with the East Africa Dairy Development Project (EADD), activities. For example, the East African Dairy Development assessing different types of smallholder dairy production systems. project's adoption of climate-smart agriculture concepts has been In Tanzania, they worked with CARE International, which was influenced by its relationship with MICCA. This suggests that encouraging farmers to adopt conservation agriculture on steep MICCA achieved one of its main goals, which was to mainstream hillsides. The research gained important insights into what sort of climate-smart agriculture into regional development activities. climate-smart agricultural practices work best. This was one of the 44 projects presented at the climate-smart agriculture workshop Research by MICCA on which climate-smart practices work best held in Nairobi in October 2014. has also stimulated the World Agroforestry Centre to carry out further research on the subject. In January 2015, the Centre During the course of the project, over 4600 farmers attended launched a new 4-year CCAFS-funded project, ‘Partnerships training sessions on climate-smart agricultural practices in for scaling climate-smart agriculture.’ This supports the Kaptumo, Kenya. This translates into many thousands more implementation of climate-smart agriculture across sub-Saharan farmers reached, thanks to the innovative farmer-to-farmer Africa by governments and development partners. extension approach. Based on previous research, the World Agroforestry Centre estimates that each farmer-trainer engages approximately 20 additional farmers. Reference Transitioning Towards Climate Smart Agriculture in Kenya: Linking Research, Practice and Policy. 2015, FAO 50 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Trees and the changing climate PROVIDING CLIMATE-SMART SUPPORT In Côte d'Ivoire and many other countries, the the consortium and by mid-2015 it had worked Agroforestry Centre. "If they have better data, impacts of climate change – for example on the with three countries – Côte d'Ivoire, Chile and then they will be able to make decisions about agricultural and water sectors – are becoming Mali – to refine their requests for technical where to intervene to reduce the impact of ever more apparent. Many countries are also support from the CTCN. climate change." When fully developed, the facing an increased risk of natural disasters Environmental Information System will be used caused by climate-related events. However, "The CTCN provides an excellent opportunity by government ministries, NGOs and others. governments and donors frequently suffer from to scale up agroforestry technologies and a lack of good data about the changes that other climate-smart technologies which can "Although the amount of money involved in are occurring in the environment. This leads to help countries to mitigate the impact of climate developing the business plans is not particularly delays in decision-making and sometimes an change or adapt to climate change," says Henry large, the CTCN projects could have a huge inability to make the right decisions. Neufeldt, who leads the World Agroforestry impact," says Henry. Once the business plans Centre's climate research. have been developed and submitted to CTCN, To tackle this problem, Côte d'Ivoire recently countries will be in a better position to apply for established an Environmental Information When developing countries apply to the CTCN major investments for technology transfer and System, funded by the state through its Public for support, organizations like the World development from organizations like the World Investment Programme. The government Agroforestry Centre help them to develop Bank and the Global Environment Facility. recognized that it could benefit from outside their requests for technical assistance. In Côte help and technical expertise, and in 2015 it d'Ivoire, scientists from the Centre worked submitted a request for international support closely with ENDA-TM (Environnement et through the Climate Technology Centre and Developpement du Tiers Monde) on the Network (CTCN). The World Agroforestry development of a business plan for the Centre helped the Government of Côte Environmental Information System. This d'Ivoire to develop a business model for its included, among other things, providing Environmental Information System. advice on how to set up an online platform with dynamic maps to monitor environmental The CTCN was established under the United change. Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and it is led by the United "The government wants to develop systems Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and to assess and monitor all the changes which the United Nations Industrial Development are happening to the environment, including Organization (UNIDO). The World Agroforestry water quality, energy use, forest degradation, Centre is one of 15 organizations involved in and various climate change indicators," Woman carrying cocoa in Petit Bondoukou, Côte d’Ivoire explains Audrey Chevenoy, a scientist at World 51 ©World Agroforestry Centre/E.Smith MUDDLE IN THE PEATLANDS Tropical peatlands contain three times more carbon in one metre of depth than a fully developed tropical rainforest, and tropical peatlands can be up to 10 metres deep. Around 70% of tropical peatlands are found in Southeast Asia, and their drainage and conversion to other land uses – such as oil palm estates – releases significant quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This explains why Indonesia is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases after China and the United States, with about half derived from peat fires and decomposition. Despite their importance, there is still considerable confusion about the way in which carbon is stored and released from peatlands, and the measures which need to be taken Around 70% of tropical peatlands are found in Southeast Asia to reduce emissions. "Tropical peatlands are known not only for their high carbon emissions to act – in the past, many governments have to shorten the denial and conspiracy-theory in response to land use change, but as hotspots been in denial about the scale of peatland stages of debate that have tended to hamper of debate about associated data uncertainties," emissions – and, of course, an ability to act." the willingness and ability to act, networks of says Meine van Noordwijk, chief science This could involve re-wetting, reforestation and international and national scientists should adviser at the World Agroforestry Centre and agroforestry, although there is still much debate be involved at a very early stage in identifying lead author of Mud, muddle and models in the about which activities are most effective. Just policy-sensitive environmental issues. While knowledge value-chain to action on tropical as importantly, says Meine, we need to think drainage of peatlands triggers landscape- peatland conservation. about alternative livelihood options for the scale increases in emissions, factors beyond The knowledge value chain is long and people who live in peatlands, so that they can drainage depth, including nutrient supply, may complex. "First, we need to gain a better continue making a living without threatening the have a major influence on decomposition rates, understanding of peatland processes so that we ecology or increasing carbon emissions. and therefore emissions. In short, more work can measure the emissions accurately," says needs to be done on both science and policy Meine and his colleagues concluded that Meine. "Then there needs to be a willingness issues related to peatlands. 52 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Trees and the changing climate ©World Agroforestry Centre/Amy C. Cruz Searching for the facts in the Philippines The Philippines is in the early stages of identifying, measuring and understanding its peatlands. To rectify the gaps in knowledge, Rodel Lasco, country coordinator for the World Agroforestry Centre, and his colleagues estimated the amount of carbon stored in the Caimpugan peatland in Mindanao, one of the most ecologically significant wetlands in the country. They found that the most important carbon store was peat soil, which stored more carbon than all the above-ground stocks. In total, the Caimpugan peatland, which covers 5487 hectares, stores an estimated 22.9 million tonnes of carbon, and therefore represents a substantial and space-efficient carbon store compared to other forest types in the country. The peatland is currently under threat of clearance through conversion to agricultural land and by disturbance from ecotourism development. Rodel and his colleagues have advised that activities in and around the area should be monitored closely in order to conserve the peatland's ecological integrity. The peatland is currently under threat of clearance References Meine van Noordwijk et al. 2013. Reassessing peat-based emissions from tropical land use. ASB Policybrief 36. Nairobi: ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Meine van Noordwijk et al. 2014. Mud, muddle and models in the knowledge value-chain to action on tropical peatland conservation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Volume 19, Issue 6, pp 887-90 53 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Amy C. Cruz REDUCING THE VULNERABILITY OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS TO CLIMATE CHANGE Reducing the vulnerability of smallholder "For many farmers, the ABCD approach was a significant differences. Farmers involved with farmers in the global South to climate change is revelation," recalls Lisa. "It encouraged them the project were more likely to have undertaken the aim of many development projects. Climate to think and plan together as a group in a way agroforestry practices, and in the Middle change is projected to have a major effect on they never had before, and reflect on how they Nyando maize and coffee production of project western Kenya in general, and the Nyando could make the most of the assets they had." groups was vastly superior to that of control River Basin in particular, and this area has been groups, with 17% more members harvesting the focus of a climate change project involving When researchers compared the activities of coffee than in control groups. Crop sales, a collaboration between the Coady International farmers involved in the project with those of especially of beans, coffee and maize, were Institute and the World Agroforestry Centre. control groups outside the project, they found also superior among project group members. Funded by the Comart Foundation from Canada, the pilot phase, which ran from 2008 to 2010, introduced four groups of farmers to a range of agroforestry practices. The second phase of the project, which came to an end in 2014, used asset-based community- driven (ABCD) development principles and value chain analysis to help four farming communities work out the best way of using their assets to improve their welfare. "Our approach differs from that of many other projects in that it really is participatory," explains Lisa Fuchs of the World Agroforestry Centre. "Many projects claim they are participatory, but they often aren't as the range of activities they promote is constrained by personnel, expertise and the objectives of the funders." This means that they sometimes introduce activities that are inappropriate and do little or nothing to support project members achieve sustainable livelihoods the long-term. The Coady International-funded project introduced farmers’ groups to a range of agroforestry practices 54 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Trees and the changing climate ©World Agroforestry Centre/ Lisa Fuchs And happier too? The improvements in material welfare – better crops yields, greater food security – are just part of the story. During the course of the project, Lisa conducted structured focus group interviews to evaluate the subjective well-being of groups of farmers who had been using asset-based community-team development principles. She found that subjective well-being levels among project group members were significantly superior to those of control groups who were not involved in the ABCD approach. "The key questions we wanted to answer were: how do you conceptualizse and measure well-being and what does it mean to have a good life?" explains Lisa. She developed a participatory methodology for assessing subjective well-being, based partly on the works of the Indian philosopher and economist Amartya Kumar Sen. When asked what they wanted out of life, the respondents, who were The asset-based approach encouraged people to think about what they would like to achieve with their existing assets divided in gender and age groups, provided lists of things or aspirations, and these were take a needs-based approach; in other words, launched in 2015. This will involve the scaling refined into 20 well-being criteria. Lisa and her they are defined by what people lack, rather up of agriculture and agroforestry best colleagues then conducted a household survey than what they aspire to." he says. "Our practices to at least 2000 farmers. To support that allowed them to produce quantitative asset-based approach is different, because it the farmers in their decision-making, best analysis based on quantitative data. "We encourages people to think about they would practices will be selected by project groups were astonished by the results," she recalls. like to achieve with their existing assets. I think and implemented through farmer-to-farmer "The most important thing for a majority of this research shows that if you are designing extension after training in a number of group respondents was to be God-fearing; to be a project, you need to understand not only capacity development courses. These include happy was to be close to God and engaged in people's needs, but their aspirations, and you ABCD methods and tools, group dynamics faith-based activities." need to make sure the project is aligned with and leadership, as well as group savings and their interests and beliefs." loaning. Drawing on their results on localised Does this have any practical significance? understanding of well-being, the researchers Henry Neufeldt, head of climate change Based on the success of the participatory intend to work with people's faith when helping research at the World Agroforestry Centre, approaches pioneered by the project in the them in the design and implementation of their believes it does. "The vast majority of projects Nyando Valley, a new 2-year phase was community action plans. 55 ©World Agroforestry Centre/ Lisa Fuchs INFLUENCING CLIMATE-CHANGE POLICY IN PERU Fabiola Munoz, Juan Manuel Benites Ramos and Peter Minang at the launch of Peru’s NAMAs In a side event at the 20th session of the Mitigation Action (NAMA) that seeks to create (MINAGRI), through the coordinating role of the Conference of the Parties (COP 20) to the a favourable environment for sustainably National Forest and Wildlife Service (SERFOR), United Nations Framework Convention intensified coffee, cocoa, livestock and oil palm is leading the development of the iNAMAzonia, on Climate Change, held in Lima, Peru, production, and at the same time promote the with the support of scientists from the World in December 2014, Peru's Minister for ecological restoration of degraded land in the Agroforestry Centre in collaboration with Agriculture Juan Manuel Benitez Ramos Peruvian Amazon. Rainforest Alliance, New Climate Institute and launched iNAMAzonia. This is a landscape- GIZ. based, agricultural Nationally Appropriate The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation 56 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Trees and the changing climate ©World Agroforestry Centre NAMAs were first used in the Bali Action Plan, (Programa Nacional Conservacion de Bosques The coffee sector NAMA seeks to reduce which was agreed at the UN climate change y Cambio Climatico)." The challenge now is to emissions by 53 million tonnes of CO2 conference in Bali in 2007. They comprise make the NAMAs operational. equivalent by 2025 and improve the livelihoods sets of policies and activities that countries of more than 200,000 producers. The actions undertake as part of their commitment to reduce During the last 15 years, cocoa production has promoted are similar to those for cocoa. greenhouse gas emissions. In Peru, forest tripled and Peru is now the fourth largest Latin The palm oil NAMA will seek to reduce the conversion and land use change accounts American exporter. However, growth has come amount of forest being felled to make way for for 41% of the country's greenhouse gas at a cost: cocoa contributes an estimated 30% plantations. It will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and the agricultural sector is also a of the greenhouse gas emissions from forest emissions in the fresh fruit production stages major contributor. Reducing these emissions conversion and 28% of emissions from the and in transport and processing. has become a priority for a country committed agricultural section. Reducing these is crucial to to reducing net deforestation to zero, by 2020. achieving national mitigation targets. Over the last few years, national annual per capita consumption of meat has grown by 25% Valentina Robiglio and her colleagues from the The NAMA for the cocoa sector seeks to in Peru, and the increase in demand is one of World Agroforestry Centre helped conceptualize promote sustainable practices, reduce the reasons why there has been an expansion and write NAMAs for cocoa, coffee, oil palm emissions by 28 million tonnes of CO2 of pasture in the Peruvian Amazon. This usually and livestock. These were presented in five equivalent by 2025, increase productivity by occurs in areas that were previously deforested, concept notes at COP 20. Attractively written more than 50%, and improve the livelihoods and unsustainable livestock and pasture in non-technical language, each two-page note of the 45,000 cocoa producers in the management practices are now leading to a provides a description of the sector in question, Amazon region through higher yields and vicious cycle of land degradation and declining the institutional setting, a series of emission the diversification of revenues. This will be productivity. The livestock NAMA seeks to reduction goals and related interventions. done by way of carbon stock enhancement promote mitigation measures that have the through enrichment planting – in other words, potential to increase the carbon efficiency of "The concept of iNAMAzonia emerged from a shift from pure cocoa stands to cocoa meat and milk production by increasing animal a strong interaction between scientists, agroforestry; through the conversion of and pasture productivity. It will also encourage practitioners and government authorities,” says fallows and abandoned degraded land into farmers to establish living fences and plant Valentina. "It would not have been possible cocoa agroforestry systems; and by reducing trees to recover degraded land for agricultural without coordination between the teams from emissions along the various phases of the production. SERFOR and of the Bosques-PNCBBCC cocoa production and marketing chain. 57 AWARD-WINNING CARBON NEUTRAL PROGRAMME In 2010, scientists at the World Agroforestry achieve excellence in service delivery." He to assess the carbon budget," explains Henry Centre began to monitor and assess the carbon highlighted the importance of the scientific and Neufeldt's colleague Audrey Chenevoy. The footprint of their headquarters in Nairobi. By administrative sides working together as equal Centre has introduced a system of levies – for January 2013, the headquarters was officially partners. example on international and domestic flights, certified carbon neutral, and a year later the and commuting – which are channelled into whole organization followed suit. This meant The Centre hopes that other institutions its carbon footprint fund. This is used to buy that the Centre was the first CGIAR institution belonging to the CGIAR will follow its lead. carbon credits, which are supporting various to become fully carbon neutral. "At present, we are the only research centre conservation and reforestation projects around which is fully carbon neutral, and the only one the world. In July 2014, the Centre won the prestigious which has developed a rigorous methodology 2014 InsideNGO Operational Excellence Award in its Cross Operations Category. This goes to individuals or teams that represent multiple operational areas. "In gaining our carbon neutral status, there has been a very close collaboration between the scientists and administrators," says Henry Neufeldt, head of climate change research at the Centre, "and the InsideNGO award recognizes that." The award was presented at a ceremony in Washington, DC, following InsideNGOs' annual conference in July 2014. The event hosted over 1300 presenters, exhibitors and visitors. In his acceptance speech given by video, Laksiri Abeysekera, deputy director general for finance and corporate services, said: "We are delighted to receive this award, and remain grateful to the InsideNGO fraternity, which has provided such a powerful forum in which we can share, compare and benchmark our best practices, The team consisted of (left to right) Laksiri Abeysekera, Audrey Chenevoy, Jimmy Kiio and Henry Neufeldt (inset). and network with like-minded partners to 58 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Trees and the changing climate ©World Agroforestry Centre/Martha Mwenda Cohffaerec ofarl mpreords uinc tion can Bbaen stauesntagi naanbdle Gowa InA I nlodcoanl efasriam, emr otrsatn osfp tohrets c soaffcekes iso fp crhoadruccoeadl tboy the Smouatrhk eStu. lawesi province, with the mountainous area of Toraja, as the acclaimed coffee-producing district. During the harvest season, family members will go to help picking coffee cherries in the gardens that often located up on the hill. Some farmers would even stay for weeks, and only leave once the sacks are full of cherries. The way we work 59 ASSESSING RISK AND WATER INVESTMENT All too often, decision-makers make decisions In 2013, researchers from the World without taking into account all the risks that Agroforestry Centre began to look at the are attached to the investments being made. hydrological, social and financial risks involved As a result, many projects either fail or end in the water supply project. "We found two up costing far more than anticipated. In 2012, broad areas of risk," explains Jan. "First, there the World Agroforestry Centre began work on was a significant risk that the boreholes in developing a new intervention decision model Habaswein would suffer from over-extraction to assess risks around the development of and could eventually run dry. Second, we groundwater resources. The Wajir pipeline identified significant financial risks, not least project in northern Kenya was taken as a case because the water will have to be pumped study to assess the value of this new approach. uphill from the Merti aquifer to Wajir. There is a high probability that the water company which "The research we carry out at the World will need to be established in Wajir could suffer Agroforestry Centre is supposed to inform negative returns." and influence decision-makers, but it is often disconnected from the decision-making These findings were presented at a workshop process," says drylands scientist, Jan de held in Nairobi in November 2013. This Leeuw. "In this case, we are hoping to ensure was attended by representatives of both that research becomes a key part of the communities in an atmosphere described decision-making process." as "tense but polite". The Governor of Wajir acknowledged that there was need to consult During recent years, the population of Wajir has more closely with the local communities risen rapidly, placing ever-increasing pressure and provide them with information about the on the shallow aquifer that provides the town project's intentions. He also thanked the World with water. To ensure a reliable supply of fresh Agroforestry Centre for acting as a neutral water, plans have been made to construct a player in the decision-making process. 110-km pipeline linking the town with the Merti aquifer at Habaswein. A Dutch donor, ORIO, Following the workshop, researchers from agreed in principle to provide €35 million of the World Agroforestry Centre and the Centre financial support, and in 2012, it provided a €1 for Training in Integrated Research in ASAL million grant to undertake feasibility studies. Development (CETRAD), an organization with its headquarters in Nanyuki, conducted Water scarcity in Wajir County, Kenya, is a serious problem. Women literally kick jerrycans as a form of transporation for this precious liquid that the ARIGA-UPGRO project studied in the past two years 60 Annual Report 2014-2015 | The way we work interviews with households in and around about the project; most of what they knew were opposed to it. Most agreed that they Habaswein and in Wajir. The vast majority came from rumours and hearsay. Some were would appreciate the opportunity for a dialogue said they had received little or no information keenly in favour of the project, while others between those in favour and those against. The findings of the social surveys were presented at a second workshop in Nairobi, held in May 2014. "One thing we found was that the lack of information led to much of the opposition to project," says Jan. "Even in Wajir, where people stand to benefit, people want more information, especially about the cost of the project." The chairman of the Northern Water Board told the workshops that those responsible for getting the project off the ground had only been considering the positives; they had not been thinking about the risks. "Now we need to focus on the risks and see what we can do to mitigate them," he said. So does this sort of research provide a model for the future? "We don't know the outcome yet – as no decision has been made about the pipeline – but it is very rewarding to do this sort of risk management study alongside the decision-makers and other stakeholders," says Jan. "The research has helped to change the opinions of various stakeholders, in that they now have a much better understanding of the risks involved." Water scarcity in Wajir County, Kenya, is a serious problem. Women literally kick jerrycans as a form of transporation for this precious liquid that the ARIGA-UPGRO project studied in the past two years 61 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Alex Oduor TACKLING THE GENDER ISSUE IN FARMER TRAINING According to the UN Food and Agriculture Steven and his colleagues recently assessed and 33% of over 1000 farmer trainers are Organization (FAO), if female farmers received whether farmer-to-farmer extension approaches women. In Malawi, just 21% of the Ministry of as much training and access to other inputs as – in other words, the provision of training by Agriculture's field staff are women, while 40% of men, they would be 20–30% more productive farmers for farmers – has helped organizations the country's 12,000 volunteer farmer trainers than they are at present. In other words, better to increase the proportion of women trainers are women. training for women and access to inputs would providing extension services. The research lead to higher crop yields and greater food involved interviews with representatives of "One of our most significant findings was that security. 80 organizations who use farmer-to-farmer although men and women trainers train roughly extension in Kenya, Cameroon and Malawi. the same number of people during the course "Gender imbalance in agricultural extension is of a year, female volunteer trainers train a lot a significant problem," says Steven Franzel, They found that in some organizations farmer more women," says Steven. In Cameroon, for leader of the World Agroforestry Centre's trainers had a dramatic effect in terms of raising example, 74% of the farmers who were trained research on rural advisory services. "On one the proportion of women providing extension by women were women, whereas just 41% of hand, women make up just a small proportion services. For example, in the East African those trained by men are women. This suggests of the extension staff in most developing Dairy Development (EADD) Project in Kenya, that involving women in extension programmes countries. On the other, they have less access less than 10% of the professional trainers has the potential to improve agricultural to extension compared to male farmers." are women, whereas 25% of the 852 farmer productivity and food security, especially when trainers are women. In the EADD project in they are targeting other women. Uganda, 5% of professional trainers are women References Franzel S et al. Does farmer to farmer extension increase women's participation and access to advisory services? Lessons from Kenya, Cameroon and Malawi. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Educatio. (in press) Simpson B, Franzel S, Degrande A, Kundhlande G, Tsafack S. 2015. Farmer to farmer extension: issues in planning and implementation. MEAS Technical Note. Modernizing Extension and Advisory Services Project, USAID. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=bWVhcy1leHRlbnNpb24ub3JnfHB1YmxpY3xneDo2ZTQxMDViZjQ5OWQyNjRi 62 Annual Report 2014-2015 | The way we work CHAMPIONING RURAL RESOURCE CENTRES In 2013, the Technical Centre for Agricultural guidance and services tailored to their The main outputs were fact sheets, posters and Rural Cooperation (CTA) launched a call livelihood needs. A typical rural resource centre and guidebooks for the 20 innovations. CTA's for proposals on innovations that are benefiting comprises a tree nursery, demonstration plots, Top 20 Innovations will be published in 2015. smallholder farmers in African, Caribbean a training hall, a small library and office spaces. They provide an insight into of some of the and Pacific (ACP) countries. CTA received Some even have accommodation for visiting remarkable activities which are helping to 251 submissions from 49 countries from farmers. There are currently six fully operational improve the welfare of smallholder farmers in farmers, researchers and lecturers, NGO staff, rural resource centres in Cameroon, and ACP countries. entrepreneurs and government departments. many have played a prominent role in helping the World Agroforestry Centre to develop its “The fact that CTA chose the rural resource "We set out to show that things are happening domestication programme for indigenous fruit centre concept among 20 innovations that on the ground that are changing the lives of trees. change farmers’ lives boosted my confidence farmers, but which often go under the radar and in the model," says Ann. "Our priority now is to gain little publicity," says Judith Ann Francis, In October 2014, CTA organized a cross- look at ways to adapt this approach to different CTA senior programme coordinator for science learning write shop in the Netherlands. Here, ecological and socio-economic settings. We and technology policy. "We wanted to celebrate Ann and the other authors presented their also want to encourage decision-makers to these successes and promote them widely." innovations, and received feedback from each incorporate the model into national agricultural other as well as from ACP and EU experts. extension programmes.” To help choose the best submissions, Judith and her colleagues invited a team of international experts to reduce the number of candidates to 40. They then invited farmers’ organizations in ACP countries to ask their members to study the abstracts and rank the top 40 innovations. With their help, Judith and her colleagues were able to choose the top 20 innovations. One of these was submitted by Ann Degrande, a World Agroforestry Centre scientist who has been closely involved with developing rural resource centres in Cameroon. These centres are training and demonstration hubs managed by grassroots organizations. They create opportunities for farmers to Members of the Mboyni Farming group in one of the many satellite nurseries established with the help share their experiences and receive technical of a rural resource centre. 63 ©World Agroforestry Centre/Amy Charlie Pye-Smith MAKING THE MOST OF THE LANDSCAPE PORTAL In last year's annual report, we featured a 2014 Tor was commissioned by the Northern such as herbaceous cover, soil erosion, soil story about the new Landscapes Portal (http:// Rangelands Trust (NRT) to provide a rigorous, carbon and woody cover in their conservancies. landscapeportal.org), which is designed for science-based framework for establishing scientists to store data, create maps and merge baselines and monitoring soil and ecosystem their own data with data from other scientists. health in two community conservancies, The portal is also a forum for sharing blog posts Kalama and Namunyak, in northern Kenya. and can be used in many different ways as an NRT has helped an ever-increasing number analytic tool. of mostly pastoralist communities to establish conservancies as a way of conserving wildlife "We are asking scientists here to upload all their and improving the livelihoods of local people. datasets onto the Landscape Portal," says Tor- Gunnar Vågen, head of the World Agroforestry Over much of northern Kenya, the rangelands Centre's GeoScience Lab. "Normally, there is a have been overgrazed and severely degraded. one- to two-year moratorium during which the Working with Leigh Winowiecki from the Center data remain private, but once that is over, we for Tropical Agricultural Research (CIAT), want the datasets to be in the public domain." Tor used the Land Degradation Surveillance Tor and his colleagues in the GeoScience Lab Framework (LDSF), developed by the hold regular seminars to encourage scientists Centre and its partners under the Africa Soil at the World Agroforestry Centre to use the Information Service Project, to measure a range Landscape Portal. of key indicators of soil health, including soil organic carbon, erosion, vegetation cover and Since its launch, the number of people using water retention capacity. the portal has rapidly increased. In mid-2014, there were approximately 150 registered The findings will enable NRT and the users. By February 2015, there were over community conservancies to target their 1000. During this period, the Landscape Portal interventions – for example, the way in which received over 1 million requests for information. pastoralists graze their cattle – to address The vast majority came from outside the World specific rangeland problems, such as erosion Agroforestry Centre, with most of the traffic and low carbon content. Tor and his colleagues from the United States, India and China. in the GeoScience Lab have developed an interactive tool on the Landscape Portal so that Cattle grazing The Landscape Portal can be used in many NRT can explore indicators of rangeland health, different ways. To give just one example, in 64 Annual Report 2014-2015 | The way we work ©World Agroforestry Centre/ Tor Vagen CBouffiledein gfa rsmusetrasi nina ble Bcaonctoaae ncgo manmdu Gniotiwesa InT Ihned oVniseiosnia ,f omr oCsht aonf gthee p croojfefecet aisim psro tdou imcepdr obvye Stohuet hli vSeulilhaowoedssi opfr ofavrinmceer,s w thithro tuhgeh m reosuenatarcinho ouns adreeav eolfo Tpoinragj ac,o acos ath vea raiecctileasim. ed coffee-producing district. During the harvest season, family members will go to help picking coffee cherries in the gardens that often located up on the hill. Some farmers would even stay for weeks, and only leave once the sacks are full of cherries. Annexes 65 ANNEXES OUR PEOPLE: Board of Trustees Dr John Lynam, Chair Ms Hilary Wild Prof Olavi Luukkanen Dr Lailai Li Dr Paco Sereme Chair Vice Chair Dr Hector Cisneros Dr Rita Sharma Prof. Sinsin Augustin Brice Ms Marie Claire O’Connor Dr Hosny El-Lakany Ex-officio Mr John Hudson Mrs Sicily Kariuki Prof Tony Simons Ex-officio Ex-officio Ex-officio Senior Leadership Team Prof Tony Simons Dr Ravi Prabhu Laksiri Abeysekera Dr Margaret Kroma Ms Christine Larson-Luhila Ms Elizabeth Kariuki Director General Deputy Director General, Deputy Director General, Assistant Director General, Director of Human Resources Executive Manager Research & Regions Finance and Corporate Partnerships & Impacts Services 66 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Annexes Science Domain Leaders Country Representatives Heads of Departments Dr. Fergus Sinclair – SD1–Systems Science Mr. Andrew Miccolis – Brazil Research Support Unit Dr. Ravi Prabhu (Acting) – SD2 – Markets, Dr. Anthony Kimaro – Tanzania Value Chains, Institutions Dr. Anja Gassner – Research Methods Group Dr. Athanase Mukuralinda – Rwanda Dr. Lars Graudal (Co-leader) – SD3 – Tree Dr. Karl Hughes – Monitoring, Evaluation & Dr. Clement Okia – Uganda Diversity, Domestication & Delivery Impact Assessment Dr. Delia Catacutan – Vietnam Dr. Ramni Jamnadass (Co-leader) – SD3 – Dr. Margaret Kroma (Acting) – Gender Unit Dr. Dengpan Bu – Beijing Tree Diversity, Domestication & Delivery Dr. Mehmood Hassan – Capacity Dr. Jerome Tondoh – Mali Dr. Keith Shepherd – SD4 – Land Health Development Unit Decisions Dr. Jonathan Muriuki – Kenya Dr. Steven Franzel – Rural Advisory Services Dr. Peter Minang – SD5 – Environmental Dr. Kiros Hadgu – Ethiopia Dr. Thomas Zschocke – Knowledge Services & ASB Dr. Rodel Lasco – Philippines Management Unit Dr. Henry Neufeldt – SD6 – Climate Change Dr. Sonya Dewi Santoso – Indonesia Dr. Tor-Gunnar Vågen – Geo Science Unit Non-Research Support Units Regional and Nodal Coordinators Mega-Programme Managers Ms. Anne Munene – Contracts and Grants Unit Dr. Javed Rizvi – South Asia Dr. Henry Neufeldt – Biocarbon & Rural Dr. Catharine Watson – Programme Dr. Jeremias Gasper Mowo – East and Development (BIODEV) Development Unit Southern Africa Dr. Christophe Kouamé – Vision for Change Mr. Ernest Gatoru – Financial Services Unit Dr. Jianchu Xu – East & Central Asia Dr. Karl Hughes (Acting) – Drylands Mrs. Idah Ogoso – Human Resources Unit Dr. Jonathan Cornelius – Latin America Development Programme (DRYDEV) Mr. Jimmy Kiio – Operations Unit Dr. Ujjwal Pradhan – South East Asia Dr. Navin Sharma – Development of Mr. Paul Stapleton – Communications Unit Alternative Biofuel Crops Dr. Zac Tchoundjeu – West and Central Africa Mr. Peter Murunga – Security Unit Dr. Ramni Jamnadass – African Orphan Crops Dr. Antoine Kalinganire – Sahel Node Mrs. Phoebe Owiti – Internal Audit Unit Consortium Laboratory Dr. Isaac Nyoka – Southern Africa Node Mr. Stephen Dean – ICRAF/ILRI Joint ICT Unit 67 LIST OF INVESTORS 2014 Abt Associates Inc. Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) Republic of Maldives Agropolis Foundation International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Republic of South Africa Government Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) Dry Areas (ICARDA) Rockefeller Foundation Australian Centre for International Agricultural International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Swedish International Development Cooperation Research (ACIAR) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Agency (SIDA) Belgium International Fund for Agricultural Development Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (IFAD) Swiss Development Corporation Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) International Water Management Institute (IWMI) The Centre for International Forestry Research Centre for International Cooperation Ireland (CIFOR) Chemonics International Japan The Consortium of International Agricultural China Japan International Research Centre For Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) Sciences (JIRCAS) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) e.V. Concern Worldwide United Nations University Macaulay Land Use Research Institute Cooperation of Common Fund for Commodities United States Agency for International Development Margaret A. Cargill Foundation (USAID) CORAF/WECARD Mars, Inc. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Cornell University McKnight Foundation Université Laval Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) Michigan State University University of California, Davis Department for International Development (DfID) Natural Environment Research Council University of Copenhagen Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Germany Natural Resources Canada Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Dupont Pioneer Inc Natural Resources Institute World Bank European Union (EU) Netherlands World Cocoa Foundation Finland Northern Rangelands Company Limited World Meteorological Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation World Vision Nations (FAO) (NORAD) World Wildlife Fund Ford Foundation Peru Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) Princeton University Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services Programme for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Government of India Rainwater Harvesting Implementation Network Governors of St. Francis Xavier University (COADY) Foundation IDH 68 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Annexes FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2014 (In US Dollars ‘000’) ASSETS 2014 2013 Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 26,144 23,252 Short term investments 3,929 1,386 Accounts receivables Donors 15,779 11,929 Employees 362 282 Other CGIAR Centres 1,598 429 Other 11,334 3,128 Inventories – net 58 80 Prepaid expenses 860 1,087 Total current assets 60,064 41,573 Non-current assets Property and equipment 8,470 6,386 Long term investments 11,433 18,181 Total non-current assets 19,903 24,567 TOTAL ASSETS 79,967 66,140 LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS Current liabilities Accounts payable Donors 32,672 20,320 Employees 660 787 Other CGIAR Centres 916 858 Other 2,554 2,062 Accruals 7,636 8,310 Total current liabilities 44,438 32,337 Non-current liabilities Accounts payable Employees 7,442 6,692 Total non-current liabilities 7,442 6,692 TOTAL LIABILITIES 51,880 39,029 NET ASSETS Unrestricted Designated 15,058 14,309 Undesignated 13,029 12,802 Total net assets 28,087 27,111 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 79,967 66,140 69 STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2014 (In US Dollars ‘000) Unrestricted Restricted - Restricted - Total 2014 Total 2013 CRPs Non-CRP Revenue and Gains Grant Revenue Window 1 & 2 - 19,502 - 19,502 18,049 Window 3 1,345 6,194 1,018 8,557 4,459 Bilateral - 28,874 5,536 34,410 33,554 Total Grant Revenue 1,345 54,570 6,554 62,469 56,062 Other Revenue and Gains 1,169 - - 1,169 1,422 Total Revenue and Gains 2,514 54,570 6,554 63,638 57,484 Expenses and Losses Research Expenses - 48,877 5,238 54,115 56,192 CGIAR Collaborator Expenses - 641 - 641 324 Non-CGIAR Collaborator Expenses - 5,052 1,316 6,368 - General and Administration Expenses 1,538 - - 1,538 846 Other Expenses and Losses - - - - - Total Expenses and Losses 1,538 54,570 6,554 62,662 57,362 Surplus 976 - - 976 122 70 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Annexes BOARD STATEMENT ON RISK MANAGEMENT The Board of Trustees have reviewed the risk 10. Withdrawal or reduction of funding by donors Risk mitigation strategies include the implementation register and the proposed mitigating actions. The due to the financial crisis; of systems of internal controls, which, by their nature, Board endorses the current risk ratings, having 11. Subsidization of the cost of projects funded from are designed to manage rather than eliminate considered the requirement for any amendments. restricted grants and/or partial non-delivery of risk. The Centre endeavours to manage risk by ensuring that the appropriate infrastructure, controls, The Board of Trustees has the responsibility of promised outputs, due to inadequate costing of ensuring that an appropriate risk management restricted projects; systems and people are in place throughout the Centre. Key practices employed in managing risks process is in place to identify and manage current 12. Failure by the lead Centre to comply with the and opportunities include business environmental and emerging significant risks to the achievement terms of the agreement and/or not delivering scans, clear policies and accountabilities, transaction of the Centre’s business objectives, and to ensure on the agreed outputs could affect ICRAF as a approval frameworks, financial and management alignment with CGIAR principles and guidelines as participating centre; and reporting, and the monitoring of metrics designed adopted by all CGIAR Centres. These risks include to highlight positive or negative performance of operational, financial and reputation risks that are 13. Non-prioritization of agroforestry in the CRPs inherent in the nature, odus operandi and locations due to lack of funding. individuals and business processes across a broad range of key performance areas. The design and of the Centre’s activities. They are dynamic owing to The Board has adopted a risk management policy effectiveness of the risk management system and the environment in which the Centre operates. There that includes a framework by which the Centre’s internal controls is subject to ongoing review by the is potential for loss resulting from inadequate or management identifies, evaluates and prioritizes Centre’s internal audit service, which is independent failed internal processes or systems, human factors risks and opportunities across the Centre; of the business units, and which reports on the or external events. Risks include: develops risk mitigation strategies which balance results of its audits directly to the Director General 1. Misallocation of scientific efforts away from benefits with costs; monitors the implementation and to the Board through its Finance and Audit agreed priorities; of these strategies; and periodically reports to the Committee. Board on results. This process draws upon risk 2. Loss of reputation for scientific excellence and assessments and analysis prepared by staff of the The Board also remains very alive to the impact of integrity; Centre’s business unit, internal auditors, Centre- external events over which the Centre has no control 3. Business disruption and information system commissioned external reviewers and the external over, other than to monitor and, as the occasion failure; auditors. The risk assessments also incorporate the arises, to provide mitigation. results of collaborative risk assessments with other 4. Liquidity problems; CGIAR Centres, office system components, and 5. Transaction processing failures; other entities in relation to shared risks arising from John Lynam jointly managed activities. The risk management Chair 6. Loss of assets, including information assets; framework seeks to draw upon best practices, as Board of Trustees 7. Failure to recruit, retain and effectively utilize promoted in codes and standards promulgated in a World Agroforestry Centre qualified and experienced staff; number of CGIAR member countries. It is subject to 10 April 2015 8. Failure in staff health and safety systems; ongoing review as part of the Centre’s continuous improvement efforts. 9. Failure by the Consortium to execute legal and fiduciary responsibilities; 71 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS The Performance Measurement (PM) system of the Consultative 2. Percentage of scientific papers published with developing country Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) measures the partners in refereed journals, conference and workshop proceedings in performance of the Centres it supports in terms of their results and 2014: 43% potential to perform. Institutional health The PM system provides the Centres with a method to better understand Percentage of women in management: 28.72% their own performance and demonstrate accountability. The results are presented below. Financial health Long-term financial stability (adequacy of reserves): 119 days where the Results for the World Agroforestry Centre minimum benchmark is 90 days Publications Cash management on restricted operations: 0.48 where the benchmark is 1. Composite measure of Centre research publications: less than 1.00 Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2014 that are published in journals listed in Thomson Scientific/ISI: 132 Number of externally peer-reviewed publications in 2014: 273 72 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Annexes SELECTED PUBLICATIONS Journal articles Minang PA, van Noordwijk M, Duguma L, Alemagi D, Trong Hoan Do, Bernard F, Agung P, Robiglio V, Catacutan D, Suyanto S, Armas A, Aguad CS, Feudjio Alemagi D, Minang PA, Feudjio M, Duguma LA. 2014. REDD+ readiness M, Galudra G, Maryani R, White D, Widayati A, Kahurani E, Namirembe S, process in Cameroon: an analysis of multi-stakeholder perspectives? Climate Leimona B. 2014. REDD+ readiness progress across countries: time for Policy 14 (6): 709-733 reconsideration Climate Policy 14(6): 685-708 Bernard F, Minang PA, Adkins B, Freund JT. 2014. REDD+ projects and Ngendakumana S, Minang PA, Feudjio M, Speelman S, Van Damme P, national-level readiness processes: a case study from Kenya Climate Policy Tchoundjeu Z. 2014. Institutional dimensions of the developing REDD+ 14 (6): 788-800 process in Cameroon Climate Policy 14 (6): 769-787 Bernard F, van Noordwijk M, Luedeling E, Villamor GB, Sileshi GW, Namirembe Steenwerth KL, Hodson AK, Bloom AJ, Carter MR, Cattaneo A, Chartres CJ, S. 2014. Social actors and unsustainability of agriculture Current Opinion in Hatfield JL, Henry K, Hopmans JW, Horwath WR, Jenkins BM, Kebreab E, Environmental Sustainability 6: 155-161 Leemans R, Lipper L, Lubell MN, Msangi S, Prabhu R, Reynolds MP, Solis SS, Chang XF, Wang SP, Zhu XX, Cui SJ, Luo CY, Zhang ZH, Wilkes A. 2014. Sischo WM, Springborn M, Tittonell P, Wheeler SM, Vermeulen SJ, Wollenberg Impacts of management practices on soil organic carbon in degraded alpine EK, Jarvis LS, Jackson LE. 2014. Climate-smart agriculture global research meadows on the Tibetan Plateau Biogeosciences 11(13): 3495-3503 agenda: scientific basis for action Agriculture & Food Security 3:11: 1-39 Coulibaly YN, Mulia R, Sanou J, Zombre N, Bayala J, Kalinganire A, van Xu J, Grumbine RE. 2014. Integrating local hybrid knowledge and state Noordwijk M. 2014. Crop production under different rainfall and management support for climate change adaptation in the Asian highlands Climatic Change conditions in agroforestry parkland systems in Burkina Faso: observations 124 (1-2): 93-104 and simulation with WaNuLCAS model Agroforestry Systems 88 (1): 13-28 Donovan J, Poole N. 2014. Changing asset endowments and smallholder participation in higher value markets: evidence from certified coffee producers Books in Nicaragua Food Policy 44: 1-13 De Leeuw J, Njenga M, Wagner B, Iiyama M. 2014. Treesilience: an assessment Franzel S, Carsan S, Lukuyu B, Sinja J, Wambugu C. 2014. Fodder trees for of the resilience provided by trees in the drylands of Eastern Africa. Nairobi: improving livestock productivity and smallholder livelihoods in Africa Current World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 166p Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6: 98-103 Kozar R, Buck LE, Barrow EG, Sunderland TCH, Catacutan DE, Planicka C, Frayer J, Sun Z, Müller D, Munroe DK, Xu J. 2014. Analyzing the drivers of Hart AK, Willemen L. 2014. Toward viable landscape governance systems: tree planting in Yunnan, China, with Bayesian networks Land Use Policy 36: what works? Washington, DC: EcoAgriculture Partners, 88p 248-258 Galudra G, van Noordwijk M, Agung P, Suyanto S, Pradhan U. 2014. Migrants, Book chapters land markets and carbon emissions in Jambi, Indonesia: land tenure change and the prospect of emission reduction Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies Manandhar S, Schmidt-Vogt D, Pandey VP, Kazama F. 2014. Religion, for Global Change 19 (6): 715-731 indigenous knowledge and climate change in a mountain region: a case study of Thini village, Mustang, Nepal In: Veldman RG, Szaz A, Haluza-Delay R Kiptot E, Franzel S, Degrande A. 2014. Gender, agroforestry and food security (eds). 2014. How the world’s religions are responding to climate change: social in Africa Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6: 104-109 scientific investigations. London & New York: Routledge, p37-46 Luedeling E, Kindt R, Huth NI, Koenig K. 2014. Agroforestry systems in a Rodrigues OV, Börner J, Cunha M. 2014. Small-scale producers, risk and changing climate – challenges in projecting future performance Current climate change in an Amazonian municipality In: Lac S, McHenry MP (eds) Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6: 1-7 Climate change and forest ecosystems. New York: Nova Science Publishers Mbow C. 2014. Biogeoscience: Africa’s greenhouse gas budget is in the red Inc., 135-151 Nature 508: 192-193 73 SUMMARY OF PUBLICATIONS High quality research publications remain a core output of ICRAF’s activities In 2014, ICRAF generated a total of 694 publications 694 Publications in 2014 520 Peer reviewed 49 Extension & policy outreach 57 Science in progress 68 Update & progress 74 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Annexes OUR OFFICES HEADQUARTERS World Agroforestry Centre United Nations Avenue, Gigiri PO Box 30677, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224000 Via USA +1 650 833 6645 Via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: worldagroforestry@cgiar.org www.worldagroforestry.org EASTERN & SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL PROGRAMME World Agroforestry Centre Angónia, Tete, Moçambique Tel: +256 41 4220602 United Nations Avenue, Gigiri Mobile: +258-84-221-1999 or +258-82-235-7780 Mobile: +256 772 391311/772603621 PO Box 30677, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya Email: h.trindade@cgiar.org Email: c.okia@cgiar.org Tel: +254 20 7224000 Via USA +1 650 833 6645 Tanzania Zambia Via USA +1 650 833 6646 c/o Agricultural Research Instiute Msekera Agriculture Research Email: j.mowo@cgiar.org Coca-Cola Road PO Box 510089, Chipata, Zambia Mikocheni B Light Industrial Area Tel: +260 62 21404 Ethiopia PO Box 6226 Mobile: +260 97 7836333 c/o ILRI Campus, Gurd Shola Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Email: icrafzambia@cgiar.org P.O. Box 5689 Tel: +255 22 2700660 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: icraf-dar@cgiar.org Lusaka Office Tel: +251 11 617 2491 c/o CIFOR Mobile: +251 930 105748 Rwanda 13 Elm Road Email: k.hadgu@cgiar.org c/o NIRDA Woodlands, Lusaka, Zambia (Huye)-Butare Mobile: +260 97 3863275 Kisumu, Kenya Tel: +250 25 2531350 Email: g.kundhlande@cgiar.org KEFRI Maseno RRC Mobile: +250 788 210530 Kisumu-Busia Road Email: a.mukuralinda@cgiar.org Zimbabwe PO Box 2389 – 40100 c/o Department of Research & Specialist Services Kisumu, Kenya Southern Africa Node, Malawi Agronomy Research Institute Mobile: +254 722 866773 Chitedze Research Station, off Mchinji Rd
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 Fax: +86 871 5223377 Via USA: +1 650 833 6666 Gazipur - 1706, Bangladesh Email: cmes@mail.kib.ac.cn Email: u.pradhan@cgiar.org Tel: +88 02 9205310-14, Ext: 2104 Mobile: +88 01715401443 
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Dr Enéas Pinheiro s/n° PO Box 267, CMU Post Office 66095-100, Marco-Belém/PA, Brazil Chiang Mai 50202 WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA Tel: +55 91 3204 1108 Thailand REGIONAL PROGRAMME Email: icraf_brazil@cgiar.org Tel: +66 5335 7906 or 5335 7907 PO Box 16317 Yaounde, Cameroon Email: icraf@icraf-cm.org Tel: +237 22 215084 Costa Rica Email: z.tchoundjeu@cgiar.org or icraf-aht@cgiar.org CATIE, CATIE 7170, Vietnam 3 km Carretera a Siquirres No. 8 Lot 13A, Trung Hoa Street Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire Turrialba 30501 Yen Hoa Ward, Cau Giay District Cocody Mermoz, Avenue 9 Costa Rica Ha Noi, Vietnam 08 BP 2823 Abidjan 08 Tel: +506 2558 2611 Tel: +84 4 3783 4645 Tel: + 225 22 446774 Email: icraf_cr@cgiar.org Email: d.c.catacutan@cgiar.org Email: icraf.cdi@cgiar.org 76 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Annexes Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Nigeria Sierra Leone c/o INERA Edo ADP Premises, Ogba Road, Oko No. 5 Presidential Lodge Road Avenue des cliniques No 13 PMB 1698, Benin City Makeni Northern Province Commune de la Gombe, Kinshasa Edo State, Nigeria Sierra Leone Tel: +243 817762807/993373922 Tel: +234 052 894 750 Tel: +232 79 274500 Email: a.biloso@cgiar.org Email: icraf-nigeria@cgiar.org Email: icraf-sl@cgiar.org Mali Soubre, Côte d’Ivoire BP E5118, Bamako, Mali Zone ANADER Tel: +223 2070 9220/4490 1806 Tel: +225 34 712593 Email: icraf-wca@cgiar.org Email: icraf.cdi@cgiar.org 77 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3F Fund for Family Farming EADD East Africa Dairy Development Project ABCD Asset-Based Community-Driven EC European Commission ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Embrapa Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific ENDA-TM Environnement et Developpement du Tiers Monde AFLI Agroforestry for Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in EU European Union Northwest Vietnam EURAF European Agroforestry Federation AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa FAO UN Food and Agricultural Organization AOCC African Orphan Crops Consortium FERI Forest Ecosystem Restoration Initiative ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands FISP Farm Input Subsidy Programme IWMI International Water Management Institute FTA Forests, Trees and Agroforestry CAP Common Agricultural Policy GEF Global Environment Fund CBD Convention on Biological Diversity GIS Geographic Information System CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit CETRAD Centre for Training in Integrated Research in ASAL Development HOREC Horn of Africa Regional Centre CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research HQ Headquarters CIAT International Centre for Tropical Agriculture ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas CIDA Canadian International Development Agency ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research IDRC International Development Research Centre COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development COP Conference of Parties IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development CRP Consortium Research Program IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture CTA Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ILRI International Livestock Research Institute CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature DANIDA Danish International Development Agency IUFRO International Union of Forest Research Organizations DfID Department for International Development KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization DG Director General KFS Korea Forestry Service DRC Democratic Republic of Congo LDSF Land Degradation Surveillance Framework 78 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Annexes MDGs Millennium Development Goals SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency MICCA Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation SNV Netherlands Development Organization MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry UC University of California NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action UK United Kingdom NEPAD The New Partnership for Africa’s Development UN United Nations NGO Nongovernmental Organization UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification NRT Northern Rangelands Trust UNEP United Nations Environment Programme NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ORIO The Facility for Infrastructure Development UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization PNCBBCC Programa Nacional Conservacion de Bosques y Cambio UNOPS The United Nations Office for Project Services Climatico USAID United States Agency for International Development RRIN Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria USDA United States Department of Agriculture RUPES Rewards for, Use of, and Shared Investment in Pro-poor Environmental Services V4C Vision for Change SDGs Sustainable Development Goals VND Vietnamese Dollars SERFOR National Forest and Wildlife Service WWF World Wide Fund for Nature 79 80 Annual Report 2014-2015 | Annexes Writer: Charlie Pye-Smith Other contributors: Amy Cruz; Aston Mulwafu; Beria Leimona; Cathy Watson; Daisy Ouya; Kate Langford; Mai Thanh Tu; Mark Ndipita; Patrick Worms; Prasit Wangpakapattanawong; Rob Finlayson; Tess Beyer Coordination, compilation, editing/proofreading: Betty Rabar, Paul Stapleton Design & layout: Martha Mwenda Cover photo: A farmer from Ghana carries cocoa on her head © Fjona Hill Financial information: Francis Kinyanjui Performance indicators: Humphrey Keah, Betty Gacho, Francis Kinyanjui Publications: Humphrey Keah Staff list: Betty Gacho Distribution: Naomi Kanyugo, Hellen Kiarago 81 W OR 2 L 0 D 14 A - G 20 R 1 O 5 F A O N R N ES U T A R L Y R C E EN PO TR R E T World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P. O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Phone + (254) 20 722 4000, Fax + (254) 20 722 4001, Via USA phone (1-650) 833-6645, Via USA fax (1-650) 833-6646, World Agroforestry Centre is a Email: worldagroforestry@cgiar.org member of the CGIAR Consortium Website: www.worldagroforestry.org