1Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Helping people and communities build climate resilience (A compilation of article abstracts) 2 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Km. 39 Aguinaldo Highway IIRR Y.C. James Yen Center Biga 2, Silang, Cavite 4118, Philippines Tel/Fax: (63 46) 419 8600-04 Manila line: (63-2) 249 8600 Website: www.iirr.org Email: philippines@iirr.org Citation Soriaga, R., Cabriole, M.A.E., Gonsalves, J., Monville Oro, E., and Hellin, J. (Eds.). (2024). Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: Helping people and communities build climate resilience (A compilation of article abstracts). Silang, Cavite, Philippines: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. Disclaimer: This publication has been prepared by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) as an output for the CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience (ClimBeR) and has not been peer reviewed. Any opinions stated herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of CGIAR or IIRR. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. APRIL 2024 3Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstractsSocial equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: Helping people and communities build climate resilience (A compilation of article abstracts) 4 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts About CGIAR & ClimBeR CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future dedicated to transforming food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. The CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience, or ClimBeR, is one of the Research Initiatives in its new research portfolio that will deliver science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. ClimBeR aims to transform the climate adaptation capacity of food, land, and water systems in the Philippines and five other countries, ultimately increasing the resilience of smallholder production systems to withstand severe climate change effects like drought, flooding, and high temperatures. For more information, please visit https://www.cgiar.org/ About IIRR The International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) is a non- governmental organization dedicated to advancing rural development. Through community-led approaches and collaborative partnerships. IIRR generates evidence-based knowledge, fostering learning communities and promoting scalability. Its core focus lies in five thematic programs covering education, livelihoods, environment, food security and nutrition, and health, contributing to the improvement of community lives. As an operational research and training institution, IIRR is registered in the United States of America, headquartered in Silang, Cavite, Philippines. Operating across eastern Africa and Southeast Asia, IIRR maintains dedicated teams in Ethiopia, Uganda, South Sudan, Kenya, Zimbabwe, the Philippines, and Cambodia, emphasizing its commitment to positively impacting rural development and community well-being. For more information, please visit https://www.iirr.org. 5Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts As climate change impacts grow more intense and decision makers seek ways to help vulnerable communities adapt, there are growing calls for the climate response to move from incremental to more far-reaching transformative change. Transformative adaptation tackles the root causes of vulnerability, increases climate resilience and mitigates the dangers of maladaptation. Yet transformative adaptation also poses a challenge for researchers, development practitioners, and policy-makers because it requires inter- and transdisciplinary approaches that build on local knowledge and institutions to forge pathways for systemic change. Furthermore, while innovative technological interventions are critical, it is the enabling social, institutional, and governance environment that drives the transformative process. (Source :CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience) 6 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Introduction This document contains 56 abstracts or summaries of various publications that are relevant to developing a ClimBeR sourcebook focused on social equity, inclusiveness, gender and other ClimBeR pillars. Desk research was conducted from March-April 2023 on the following databases, initially using the keywords ‘climate resilience’, ‘equity’ and ‘gender’, then refining the search depending on results:: y https://www.cgiar.org/research/cgiar-portfolio/ y https://gender.cgiar.org/ y https://www.cgiar.org/research/cgiar-portfolio/initiatives-explorer/ y https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/climate-resilience/ y https://scholar.google.com/ y https://www.frontiersin.org/journals y https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ y https://link.springer.com/search y https://www.nature.com/ y https://www.scienceopen.com/ y https://journals.sagepub.com/home/sgo Word cloud generated from the 56 publication titles: https://www.freewordcloudgenerator. com/generatewordcloud 7Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Year Published No. of Publications 2010 2 2011 1 2014 2 2016 2 2017 1 2018 3 2019 6 2020 4 2021 11 2022 11 2023 10 nd 3 Total 56 Word Cloud generated from the 56 abstracts: https://www.wordclouds.com/ More than half of the 56 publications have been released between 2021 and 2023, with many referring to experiences from Africa, more than Asia and other regions. Most publications on the list are open access, while a few (5) are behind pay portals. The publications or their abstracts can be accessed through the hyperlinks embedded in this document. 8 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts List of publications 1. Advancing a transformative human development approach to climate resilience through local innovation in South Africa (2023) 2. Bringing social protection down to earth: Integrating climate resilience and social protection for the most vulnerable (2011) 3. Equity in climate resilience planning and investments: A quantitative approach (2022) 4. Gender-transformative climate change adaptation: Advancing social equity (2019) 5. Empowering women to enhance social equity and disaster resilience in coastal Bangladesh through climate change adaptation knowledge and technologies (2023) 6. Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity (2022) 7. Equity in human adaptation-related responses: A systematic global review (2021) 8. From Metrics to Action: A framework for identifying limiting factors, key causes, and possible solutions in Food-Energy-Water Security (2022) 14 15 17 24 19 24 25 26 9Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 9. A systematic review of social equity in FEWS analyses (2023) 10. Implementing just climate adaptation policy: An analysis of recognition, framing, and advocacy coalitions in Boston, U.S.A. (2022) 11. Towards sustainable adaptation: A tool for estimating adaptation costs to climate change for smallholder farmers (2022) 12. The climate-biodiversity-health nexus: A framework for integrated community sustainability planning in the Anthropocene (2023) 13. Between tinkering and transformation: A contemporary appraisal of climate change adaptation research on the world’s islands (2022) 14. Evaluating Farm Household Resilience and Perceptions of the Role of Small-Scale Irrigation in Improving Resilience to Climate Change Stress: Evidence from Eastern Ethiopia (2023) 15. Can remote sensing enable a Biomass Climate Adaptation Index for agricultural systems? (2022) 16. Exploring adaptive capacity: Observations from the vulnerable human-coastal environmental system of the Bay of Bengal in India (2022) 17. Indigenous people’s perception of indigenous agricultural knowledge for climate change adaptation in Khumbu, Nepal (2022) 27 32 28 33 30 34 31 35 36 10 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 18. Can climate interventions open up space for transformation? Examining the case of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Uganda (2019) 19. Improving Halal traceability process in the poultry industry utilizing blockchain technology: Use case in Indonesia (2021) 20. The role of blockchain in documenting land users’ rights: The canonical case of farmers in the vernacular land market (2020) 21. The blockchain that was not: The case of four Cooperative Agroecological Supermarkets 22. Expanding opportunities: A framework for gender and socially-inclusive climate resilient agriculture (2021) 23. Gender integration in climate change and agricultural policies: The case of Nepal (2019) 24. Making a case for just agricultural transformation in the UNFCCC: An analysis of justice in the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture (2022) 25. Gender differences in climate-smart adaptation practices amongst bean-producing farmers in Malawi: The case of Linthipe Extension Planning Area (2022) 26. Moving beyond Sisyphus in agriculture R&D to be climate smart and not gender blind (2019) 27. Transformation in practice: A review of empirical cases of transformational adaptation in agriculture under climate change (2018) 41 37 42 38 43 39 44 46 45 48 11Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 28. From hinterland to heartland: Knowledge and market insecurity are barriers to crop farmers using sustainable soil management in Guyana (2023) 29. Adapting to climate change through conservation agriculture: A gendered analysis of Eastern Zambia (2021) 30. Co-designing climate-smart farming systems with local stakeholders: A methodological framework for achieving large-scale change (2019) 31. Decision-making to diversify farm systems for climate change adaptation (2020) 32. Reflections on enhancing the impact of climate risk management through transformative adaptation (2021) 33. The resilience renaissance? Unpacking of resilience for tackling climate change and disasters (2010) 34. Climate-smart agriculture sourcebook: The role of gender in climate-smart agriculture (2017) 35. Gender, risk, and climate information: Relevance for climate change adaptation in Ethiopia (2014) 36. Gender and climate risk management: Evidence of climate information use in Ghana (2020) 37. Engendering climate change: Learnings from South Asia (2021) 38. Gender and climate change: Synthesis of IDRC’s support to climate change research (2018) 53 49 54 50 56 52 57 59 58 60 61 12 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 39. Women’s vulnerability to climatic and non-climatic change in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (2014) 40. Gender and climate change (2017) 41. Effectively targeting climate investments: A methodology for mapping climate–agriculture–gender inequality hotspots (2022) 42. Climate change, “technology” and gender: “adapting women” to climate change with cooking stoves and water reservoirs (2016) 43. Gender and climate change: An Introduction (2010) 44. Potential of climate-smart agriculture in reducing women farmers’ drudgery in high climatic risk areas (2020) 45. Gender and climate services resources (2022) 46. Why quick fixes are not enough to grow rural women’s climate resilience (2023) 47. On CRDPs and CRPD: why the rights of people with disabilities are crucial for understanding climate-resilient development pathways (2021) 48. Understanding the socioeconomic determinants of adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices among smallholder potato farmers in Gilgil Sub-County, Kenya (2021) 49. Agroecosystem resilience. A conceptual and methodological framework for evaluation 65 63 66 63 67 64 68 70 69 71 72 13Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 50. Exploring households’ resilience to climate change- induced shocks using Climate Resilience Index in Dinki watershed, central highlands of Ethiopia (2019) 51. Science and innovations for food systems transformation (2023) 52. Climate resilience and environmental sustainability approaches: Global lessons and local challenges (2021) 53. The Palgrave Handbook of Climate Resilient Societies 54. Social equity in climate-resilient agriculture (no date) 55. CGIAR GDI Knowledge Hub 56. Gender and international climate policy 76 73 78 74 79 75 79 14 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Abstracts / Summaries 1. Advancing a transformative human development approach to climate resilience through local innovation in South Africa (2023) Admire Nyamwanza, Peter Jacobs & Karabo Nyezi. (2023). Advancing a transformative human development approach to climate resilience through local innovation in South Africa, Development Southern Africa, DOI: 10.1080/0376835X.2023.2171365 This paper advances a human development approach to climate resilience innovations, showing how local innovation initiatives can be conduits for increased equity, agency, efficiency and sustainability vis-à-vis effective responses to climate impacts. Based on a scoping review of literature (journal articles, books, theses, occasional papers etc.), and through a discussion of four case studies focused on technological and institutional innovations in selected rural South African communities, a major finding is that local innovation initiatives vis-à-vis livelihoods are laden with opportunities for improved social, economic and ecological well-being. Appreciating and supporting these local innovations will open up viable and transformative pathways towards effectively responding to the impacts of climate change and variability. The paper contributes to an interdisciplinary integration of innovation and climate change research by exploring climate resilience through a transformative human development lens. 15Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 2. Bringing social protection down to earth: Integrating climate resilience and social protection for the most vulnerable (2011) Bonfiglioli, Angelo and Carol Watson. (2011). Bringing social protection down to earth: Integrating climate resilience and social protection for the most vulnerable. Paper presented at the International Conference: “Social Protection for Social Justice” Institute of Development Studies, UK, 13–15 April 2011 Conceptual innovations, such as ‘social protection through a livelihood lens’ (Devereux, 2006), ‘adaptive social protection’ (Davies et al, 2008a), ‘climate change adaptation’ (Davies et al, 2008; Davies and Leavy, 2009), and ‘climate resilience’ (UN/ISDR, 2004; Parry et al, 2007), and ‘the social dimensions of climate change’ (Mearns and Norton, 2010) have helped strengthen linkages between social protection and environmental/ climate concerns. These have been coupled – in social protection - with programme and policy approaches privileging livelihood support to vulnerable households and/or focusing on social transfers, social safety nets and food security as part of overall poverty reduction strategies (cf. Devereux, 2003; RHVP, 2008). Early exploration of the impact of climate change on the poor (DFID 2004 a, b, c, d) helped pave the way to greater analytical integration between social protection and climate change, while a growing literature has helped to define common issues more clearly, strengthen awareness of interrelated risks, vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities, and identify priorities for research and action (cf. inter alia Davies et al, 2008a,b,c; Davies and Leavy, 2009; Davies et al, 2009; Heltberg et al, 2008a,b,c; and Oswald, 2009). Some literature has pointed to the importance of bringing in other distinct streams of thinking and action around, for example, small-holder wellbeing and agricultural development (Sabates-Wheeler et al, 2009; Devereux, 2009; Futures Agriculture, 2009) as well as disaster risk reduction (Jones et al, 2010). An increasing number of positive programmes and examples of strategic synergies and promising mechanisms are also being documented, particularly in Africa (Hess and Syroka, 2005; Alderman and Haque, 2007; Hellmuth, 2007), but also, for 16 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts example, in Asia (cf. Mallick, 2006; Heltberg, 2007). Nevertheless, most policies, plans and interventions continue to be developed and carried out in separate silos. National social protection strategies, for example, often neglect environmental issues, while emerging National Adaptation Programmes of Action to Climate Change (NAPAs) systematically neglect social protection concerns. This represents a missed opportunity to heighten positive synergies between programmatic responses to different forms of intersecting vulnerabilities and leads to wasteful overlap in activities on the ground which is detrimental to the sustainability of such efforts. While part of the problem may stem from remaining conceptual weaknesses in sustaining a holistic view of risks, vulnerabilities and the integrated strategies required to address them, other challenges arise from the compartmentalized nature of development planning and implementation in a sectoral world where specialist streams of discipline- specific knowledge interact with and reinforce bureaucratic fiefdoms wherein incentives for interaction are few. This can have the effect of creating what can often seem to be impermeable boundaries between, for example, social, economic, and environmental ministries and their international technical support agencies which must come together to address common issues linking social protection and climate change. The challenge is a twin one – on the one hand of integrating environmental issues into social protection policies, plans and programmes, and on the other hand of building social protection components into adaptive responses to climate change. After providing a brief overview of current conceptual frameworks, tools and mechanisms in the two fields (sections 2 and 3), this paper aims to contribute to efforts to meet this challenge by identifying a number of social protection mechanisms that can be particularly responsive to climate change challenges (section 4), along with a number of climate resilience mechanisms that can be designed to take greater account of social protection issues (section 5). Key policy implications and challenges for greater integration are then highlighted to enrich reflection on the way forward (section 6), followed by general conclusions (section 7). Examples used in the paper are drawn primarily from sub-Saharan Africa. 17Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 3. Equity in climate resilience planning and investments: A quantitative approach (2022) Bohmholdt, Andrea L., Ferdouz V. Cochran Saimun Habib Michael A. Rodriguez Joshua Z. Stadlan Whitney A. Ball Madeleine Kim Hoa Hiu Ty C. Mullen. (2022). Equity in Climate Resilience Planning and Investments: A Quantitative Approach (October 2022). Mitre Corporation Document No: MTR220393. McLean, VA. Climate change and extreme weather hazards disproportionately impact communities and populations experiencing social inequities, including systemic racism and intergenerational poverty. Social equity in terms of climate resilience involves the fair and just inclusion and participation of communities to plan for and adapt positively to or thrive amid changing climate conditions and hazards. Government investments in climate resilience, such as federal funds distributed through discretionary grant programs, offer opportunities for improving social equity among communities and populations. MITRE conducted research to understand, analyze, and document the quantitative accounting of social equity throughout the climate resilience planning process using metrics, indicators, indices and weights of inequity both within and external to economic analyses commonly used to assess cost effectiveness of proposed climate resilience investments. The purpose of this work is to identify the methods and data that contribute useful information to the formulation of plans, prioritization of funding, and tracking impact after implementation, while recognizing limitations and potential improvements. Our intention is to gather feedback and vet our recommendations with subject matter experts, practitioners, and government and community representatives to reach a consensus on a path towards greater understanding of how we might equitably and intentionally direct funding towards the communities who need it most. This report is intended for specialists with expertise in economics, climate resilience, social justice and equity and government agencies that administer or are planning to administer discretionary grant programs to fund climate resilience projects. This study builds upon and draws insights from various MITRE reports and is the third report in a series 18 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts specifically exploring social equity in economic analyses. The first, foundational step in accounting for and improving social equity in climate resilience planning and investment is the identification of communities and/or populations who are experiencing inequities. For this report, “disadvantaged communities,” “vulnerable populations,” and all similar designations of communities or populations are collectively referenced as “priority equity geographies (PEG).” This term highlights the importance of geography (both physical and human) in identifying priorities for climate resilience and social equity, and reduces detrimental population or community labels, which may perpetuate inequities. MITRE recommends supplementing the traditional planning process by expanding the planning team to include representatives from PEGs for the identification and prioritization of projects. This requires understanding where PEGs are located within the planning area and identifying appropriate representatives that can advocate for these communities and/or populations. Further, defining equity for a proposed project or program requires understanding the challenges facing PEGs and their desired project outcome(s): it should include perspectives from the multiple lenses of equity including awareness, procedural and fairness (eligibility), access and distribution, output, outcome, quality, engagement, and temporal/intergenerational. After identifying the targeted project or program outcomes, planners can collaborate with PEGs to define criteria/requirements to successfully achieve them. These criteria/ requirements then drive decision-making when developing and evaluating solutions. After an equitable climate resilience planning process has been completed, federal funding through discretionary grant programs is necessary for many communities to implement a climate resilience project. This report provides recommendations related to measuring equity themes (such as social vulnerability) and evaluating climate resilience investments that can support the Pre-Award phase of grant programs. Some of the same measurements during the Pre-Award phase may also be used in the Post-Award, Closeout and Post-Closeout phases to track 19Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts performance of the funded projects and the overall grant program. To facilitate ongoing monitoring of selected measures, funding could cover data collection and reporting. The report is divided into six major sections, namely: Quantitative Accounting of Social Equity using Metrics, Indicators, Indices and Screening Tools; Equity in Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA); Equity in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA); Accounting for Social Capital; and Next Steps. 4. Gender-transformative climate change adaptation: Advancing social equity (2019) Resurrección, B.P., Bee, B.A., Dankelman, I., Park, C.M.Y, Halder, M., & McMullen, C.P. (2019). “Gender-transformative climate change adaptation: advancing social equity” Background paper to the 2019 report of the Global Commission on Adaptation (GCA). Rotterdam and Washington, DC. Available online at www.gca.org Power and gender inequalities can constrain and undermine climate change adaptation. Those who are vulnerable and marginalized, with limited access to resources and assets, are already facing formidable barriers in adapting to climate change. Ignoring this challenge is maladaptive, as it adds to the vulnerabilities of those already burdened disproportionately and encourages new types of exclusions. Meeting the challenge requires that we transform our societies into fairer and more just organizations. Unfettering the agency of individuals and collective groups, through policies and actions that promote gender-transformative adaptation, can help achieve this change. This background paper seeks ways to use a gender-transformative lens to account for the social nature of major adaptation efforts in key systems and to understand the political, economic, social, and cultural practices and norms that shape, but may also distort, people’s adaptation efforts. Specifically, the paper aims to: (i) explore how gender is an important way to understand inequalities in emerging adaptation efforts and programs in key systems; and (ii) recommend actions, based on the report findings about specific systems 20 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts and institutions engaged in climate change adaptation, that enable gender-transformative adaptation. The team of authors conducted a review of the relevant peer-reviewed research and gray literature on gender and climate change adaptation emerging over the last decade and covering gender and adaptation in the Global North and South. Our review leans more toward adaptation contexts in the Global South due in large part to availability of literature. The paper has been reviewed in iterative stages by external reviewers and was discussed in a one-and-a-half-day participatory review workshop attended by selected representatives from government, international finance, research, civil society, and UN organizations. The paper is organized according to systems with planned and operational adaptation measures. The systems include the natural environment; food security, rural livelihoods and agriculture; sustainable cities; infrastructure; industry and supply chains; and finance. The paper also highlights gender-transformative adaptation initiatives. This is followed by a stocktaking of institutional enablers of change that can be utilized and tapped to strengthen efforts at gender-transformative climate change adaptation. The paper ends with a summary of main findings and their respective recommendations. 21Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Findings Broader structural realities that obstruct transformative adaptation • The broader political ecology and economy compromise local livelihoods through exploitation, appropriation, and extraction of resources by a few powerful players in the name of economic growth. These predatory dynamics disregard the interests of significant populations of small producers and poor households, including women from diverse groups who depend on these resources for their daily livelihoods and survival. • Intersecting inequalities – such as low income, migrant status, sexuality, ethnic background, age, (dis) ability, and/ or gender – undermine people’s benefits, assets, opportunities, and adaptive capacities. Recommendations Recommendations for analysis and planning: • Conduct rigorous, multi-scalar, participatory and holistic gender analyses that identify ways to redress context-specific constraints as an intrinsic part of the modus operandi of custom-designing adaptation measures. • Use gender analyses to explore ways of breaking procedural habits that marginalize persons, peoples, and communities, with the objective of transforming the broader political and economic trends to enable adaptation practices at the macro level, as well as across local realities and conditions. • Utilize these comprehensive analyses as a basis for critical reflection and dialog with scientists, policymakers, planners, and stakeholders to identify strategies for change and to then formulate, and follow through on, appropriate measures and indicators in pursuit of transformative adaptation. • Ensure that specialists in gender and social justice lead and conduct the analyses, so they are not passed on to non-specialists as token compliance with project, donor, or international requirements. • Recognize that gender-transformative adaptation is an iterative process shaped by multiple feedbacks and loopholes in addressing power relations. Thus, gender-transformative adaptation is an inherently political and dynamic set of measures and strategies; it is not a technical process made up of fixed and one-size-fits all prescriptions. 22 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Findings Practices that create gender inequalities in society • Inequitable access to and control of resources and a lack of democratic rights limit the benefits and opportunities for groups of women. • Patriarchal gender practices, by definition, control and constrict women’s autonomy, voices, and bodies, perpetuating vulnerabilities that are compounded by intensifying climate change hazards. • Unequal gender relations lead to women’s time poverty and to disproportionate burdens of care that intensify during crises. Recommendations Recommendations for supporting the agency of women and other groups: • Promote policy and legislative reforms and programs to enable equal and fair access to and control of resources for traditionally excluded women and men. • Invest in basic social services and infrastructure – particularly health care, water, sanitation, childcare, and labor-saving technologies – that reduce women’s workloads and build resilience without further curtailing their time and self- determination. • Create opportunities for women’s self- organization, critical reflection, and partnerships with civic organizations to strengthen women’s claims to their own bodies, to social and natural resources, and to authorities’ accountability. Create spaces where women’s voices and rights are duly recognized and exercised. Promote women’s equal participation and voice in existing civic organizations to share experiences and solutions across groups and sectors, including transnationally. • Support and create gender-awareness and skills-training opportunities for men and women in different systems and institutions, with the intention to redistribute care work and to cultivate alternative views of care for people and environment. • Identify and liaise with gender-equality champions in well-known organizations to support efforts encouraging less visible groups to adapt positively in transformative ways. • Invoke and use national and international gender agreements and other change enablers to legitimize attention to promote women’s empowerment holistically through the citizen sphere, the policy sphere, the organizational sphere, and the delivery sphere. 23Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Findings Positioning gender equality in climate change programs • The (re) masculinization and elite capture of new opportunities – under the aegis of the green economy through climate change programs such as carbon markets and industrial agriculture – will sanction old and new gender, class, and ethnic exclusions; therefore, it is maladaptive. • Climate-proofing supply chains often avoids or ignores highly unequal power relations within supply chains and their implications for exploitative labor practices and social injustice. • Some gender- transformative adaptation initiatives and programs already exist in all systems that do not burden women further and do ensure equitable benefits to all. Recommendations Recommendations for gender mainstreaming in existing sectoral programs: • Improve the gender balance of planning and decision-making bodies at different administrative scales – even in traditionally technical systems like infrastructure, natural environment, finance and agriculture – not only by incorporating women but by recognizing which women and which men participate, and who it is that they do or do not represent. • Place labor issues at the forefront of climate risk analyses of industry supply chains to ensure social protection for employees facing climate change threats. • Ensure that high-quality and rigorous gender analyses inform the design of sustainability and finance projects that require monitoring for results and lessons to avoid new exclusions or harm. • Systematically track, monitor and evaluate adaptation financing across systems. This is necessary to ensure relevant gender requirements are met and to identify gaps and opportunities that accelerate transformative change. • Learn from existing gender-transformative adaptation programs by applying and contextualizing lessons and good principles in other places. Good principles include avoiding assignment of further burdens on women, exercising democratic rights to express needs and interests, demanding accountability when necessary, and ensuring benefits are equitable. 24 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 5. Empowering women to enhance social equity and disaster resilience in coastal Bangladesh through climate change adaptation knowledge and technologies (2023) Mahbuba Nasreen, D. Mallick S. Neelormi. (2023). Empowering Women to Enhance Social Equity and Disaster Resilience in Coastal Bangladesh through Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge and Technologies (Chapter 11). In Coastal Disaster Risk Management in Bangladesh: Vulnerability and Resilience. Routledge Explorations in Environmental Studies. This article is based on the findings of a research project “Scaling climate change adaptation knowledge and technologies for empowering women, and to enhance social equity and climate resilience in Bangladesh (SAKTEE)”. This research identified best practices in climate change adaptation for resilience building, and evaluated innovative climate change adaptation technologies in water and agriculture for scaling and implementation through multi-level institutional integration and adoption. 6. Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity (2022) Ana T. Amorim-Maia, Isabelle Anguelovski, Eric Chu, James Connolly. (2022). Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity, Urban Climate, Volume 41, 2022, 101053, ISSN 2212-0955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101053 Local governments around the world are formulating different ways to address climate change. However, the compounding and overlapping vulnerabilities of historically marginalized residents are commonly tackled in a fragmented manner by conventional adaptation approaches, even when justice is presented as an overarching goal of these plans. 25Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts In response, an intersectional pivot is proposed in climate adaptation research and practice to analyze the interconnected forms of social- environmental injustices that drive vulnerabilities in cities, paving the way for more concrete and integrated strategies of just urban adaptation and transformation. This paper brings together narrative and analytical review methodologies to inform a new conceptual framework that highlights the need to (1) tackle underlying reinforcers of racial and gender inequalities; (2) redress drivers of differential vulnerabilities; (3) take politics and ethics of care seriously; (4) adopt place-based and place- making approaches; and (5) promote cross-identity forms of activism and community resilience building. The framework is illustrated with examples of ongoing projects in Barcelona, Spain, which is an early adopter of intersectional thinking and justice-driven principles in climate action. Although many initiatives are in a pilot phase and do not all exclusively focus on climate adaptation, experiences from Barcelona do provide illustrative directionality for innovative and integrated approaches that can address multiple and intersecting social-environmental inequities. Keywords: Intersectionality; Urban climate justice; Barcelona; Differential vulnerabilities; Ethics of care; Place-based adaptation. 7. Equity in human adaptation-related responses: A systematic global review (2021) Araos, Malcolm, Kripa Jagannathan, Roopam Shukla, Idowu Ajibade, Erin Coughlan de Perez, Katy Davis, James D. Ford, Eranga K. Galappaththi, Caitlin Grady, A.J. Hudson, Elphin Tom Joe, Christine J. Kirchhoff, Alexandra Lesnikowski, Gabriela Nagle Alverio, Miriam Nielsen, Ben Orlove, Brian Pentz, Diana Reckien, A.R. Siders, Nicola Ulibarri, Maarten van Aalst, Thelma Zulfawu Abu, Tanvi Agrawal, Lea Berrang-Ford, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Shaugn Coggins, Matthias Garschagen, Alexandra Harden, Katharine J. Mach, Abraham Marshall Nunbogu, Pandey Spandan, Sienna Templeman, Lynée L. Turek-Hankins. (2021). Equity in human adaptation-related responses: A systematic global review, One Earth, Volume 4, Issue 10, 2021, Pages 1454-1467, ISSN 2590- 3322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.09.001. 26 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Growing evidence suggests that climate adaptation responses that do not incorporate equity considerations may worsen inequality and increase vulnerability. Using data from a systematic review of peer-reviewed empirical research on adaptation responses to climate change (n = 1,682), an assessment is presented of how social equity is considered in adaptation across regions, sectors, and social groups. Roughly 60% of peer-reviewed literature on adaptation responses considers social equity by reporting on which marginalized groups were involved in planning or implementation. Articles on responses in Africa and Asia and those focusing on poverty reduction most frequently considered social equity. Equity was less likely to be considered in adaptation responses in Europe, Australasia, and North America, as well as in literature focused on cities. Income-based inequity was more frequently considered than gender, age, or Indigenous status. Ethnic and racial minorities, migrants, and people with disabilities were rarely considered. Attention to the levels and forms in which equity is integrated into adaptation research and practice is needed to ensure just adaptation. 8. From metrics to action: A framework for identifying limiting factors, key causes, and possible solutions in Food-Energy-Water Security (2022) Jennifer I. Schmidt, Henry P. Huntington, Erin Whitney, Daisy Huang, Richard Wies Jr. and Srijan Aggarwal. (2022). From Metrics to Action: A Framework for Identifying Limiting Factors, Key Causes, and Possible Solutions in Food-Energy-Water Security. POLICY BRIEF article, Front. Clim., 30 May 2022, Sec. Climate Law and Policy Volume 4–2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/ fclim.2022.903855 Food, energy, and water (FEW) security require adequate quantities and forms of each resource, conditions that are threatened by climate change and other factors. Assessing FEW security is important, and needs to 27Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts be understood in the context of multiple factors. Existing frameworks make it hard to disentangle the contributors to FEW insecurity and to determine where best to expend efforts on short- and long-term solutions. We identified four consistent components of FEW security (availability, access, preference, quality). This framework provides detailed and nuanced insights into factors that limit or bolster security in each of the three sectors. The integrated framework identifies proximate and ultimate underlying causes of deficiencies in each security component providing opportunities to identify short- and long-term solutions. 9. A systematic review of social equity in FEWS analyses (2023) Stone, Tiffanie F., Loulou C. Dickey, Haleigh Summers, Janette R. Thompson, Chris R. Rehmann, Emily Zimmerman and John Tyndall. (2023). A systematic review of social equity in FEWS analyses. Front. Environ. Sci., 22 March 2023, Sec. Environmental Systems Engineering, Volume 11 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/ fenvs.2023.1028306 Integrating social equity considerations into analyses of the food- energy-water systems nexus (FEWS) could improve understanding of how to meet increasing resource demands without impacting social vulnerabilities. Effective integration requires a robust definition of equity and an enhanced understanding of reliable FEWS analysis methods. By exploring how equity has been incorporated into FEWS research in the United States and countries with similar national development, this systematic literature review builds a knowledge base to address a critical research need. Our objectives were to 1) catalog analysis methods and metrics relevant to assessing FEWS equity at varying scales; 2) characterize current studies and interpret shared themes; and 3) identify opportunities for future research and the advancement of equitable FEWS governance. FEWS equity definitions and metrics were categorized by respective system (food, energy, water, overall nexus) 28 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts and common governance scales (local, regional, national, global). Two central issues were climate change, which increases FEWS risks for vulnerable populations, and sustainable development, which offers a promising framework for integrating equity and FEWS in policy-making contexts. Social equity in FEWS was integrated into studies through affordability, access, and sociocultural elements. This framework could support researchers and practitioners to include equity in FEWS analysis tools based on study scale, purpose, and resource availability. Research gaps identified during the review included a lack of studies effectively integrating all three systems, a need for publicly available datasets, omission of issues related to energy conversion facilities, and opportunities for integration of environmental justice modalities into FEWS research. This paper synthesized how social equity has previously been incorporated into FEWS and outlines pathways for further consideration of equity within nexus studies. Our findings suggested that continued exploration of connections between FEWS, equity, and policy development across scales could reduce social risks and vulnerabilities associated with these systems. 10. Implementing just climate adaptation policy: An analysis of recognition, framing, and advocacy coalitions in Boston, U.S.A. (2022) Malloy Jeffrey T., Ashcraft Catherine M., Kirshen Paul, Safford Thomas G., Aytur Semra A., Rogers Shannon H. (2022). Implementing just climate adaptation policy: An analysis of recognition, framing, and advocacy coalitions in Boston, U.S.A. Original research article Front. Sustain. Cities, 21 November 2022, Sec. Climate Change and Cities, Volume 4 - 2022 | https://doi. org/10.3389/frsc.2022.928230 The simultaneous climate, COVID-19, racial injustice, and economic crises demonstrate the intersectional, syndemic nature of public policy challenges and the risks of reinforcing existing vulnerabilities among 29Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts already disadvantaged populations. There is an urgent need to adapt to climate change paired with a moral imperative to identify mechanisms that contribute to just and equitable adaptation outcomes for those affected most by climate impacts. In response to these needs, climate adaptation research increasingly includes an explicit focus on social justice in climate adaptation, on identifying systemic causes of social vulnerability, and on just adaptation. In this paper just adaptation is defined as a process of systematically removing institutional barriers that disproportionately burden some groups of people more than others, while simultaneously creating opportunity and reducing harm related to climate change (Schlosberg, 2012; Anguelovski et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2016; Holland, 2017; Malloy and Ashcraft, 2020). Scholarly attention to just adaptation has predominantly focused on how adaptation planning processes account for concepts of justice (Anguelovski et al., 2016; Chu and Cannon, 2021) and often fail to prioritize adaptation strategies or provide sufficient guidance on implementation (Woodruff and Stults, 2016; Olazabal et al., 2019; Turek- Hankins et al., 2021). This paper builds on this critical body of research about what is needed for just adaptation, to develop a research approach for how to evaluate the implementation of socially just climate adaptation policy. This methodology is applied in three urban neighborhoods in Boston, U.S.A., East Boston, Charlestown, and South Boston, where equity is an explicit goal of implementing climate adaptation policy. 30 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 11. Towards sustainable adaptation: A tool for estimating adaptation costs to climate change for smallholder farmers (2022) Shoko Kori Dumisani, Kori Edmore. (2022). Towards sustainable adaptation: A tool for estimating adaptation costs to climate change for smallholder farmers. Original Research Article, Front. Clim., 20 October 2022, Sec. Climate Adaptation, Volume 4 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.947308 Adaptation reduces the harmful effects of climate change. Nonetheless, the process of adaptation is associated with costs. If these costs are not managed accordingly, they have the potential to deter adaptation thereby impacting on its sustainability. Estimating adaptation costs to climate change provides vital information for decision-making among resource constrained smallholder maize farmers and enhances sustainable adaptation. However, there is no method for estimating adaptation costs that caters for the needs of smallholder maize farmers. Therefore, it was imperative to develop a context-specific tool for estimating adaptation costs for smallholder maize farmers using a bottom-up approach. Principles of quantification of theoretical constructs including conceptualization, operationalization and attribute development were adopted in developing the tool for estimating adaptation costs to climate change. The tool is composed of three evaluation tools and three adaptation costs equations for the pre-, during- and post- adaptation phases, a total adaptation costs equation and a Summated Rating Scale for sustainability of adaptation activities. The tool is user- friendly, relatively easy to use, can be interpreted easily and modified to suit different smallholder farmers. It is hoped that the tool will assist smallholder maize farmers to consider all factors of critical importance before implementing adaptation plans and ensure reduced adaptation costs while enhancing sustainability. 31Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 12. The climate-biodiversity-health nexus: A framework for integrated community sustainability planning in the Anthropocene (2023) Robert Newell. (2023). The climate-biodiversity-health nexus: A framework for integrated community sustainability planning in the Anthropocene. PERSPECTIVE article, Front. Clim. Sec. Climate Adaptation, Volume 5 - 2023 | doi: 10.3389/fclim.2023.1177025 [abstract only, full article not yet published] Integrated approaches to planning and policy are important for making progress toward sustainability. A variety of other frameworks have been developed for facilitating such approaches to planning and policy, such as the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus. However, the WEF nexus has been critiqued for a lack of clarity in how to apply the framework, whereas a goals-oriented framework potentially could be more easily applied and operationalized. This paper proposes such a framework, referred to here as the climate-biodiversity-health (CBH) nexus. The paper details the features of the CBH nexus framework, the interactions among its domains, and its potential applications. The CBH nexus consists of three domains (i.e., climate action, biodiversity conservation, and community health) and six subdomains (i.e., climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, habitat protection, wildlife health, physical health, and mental health). The framework can be applied in planning practice to develop checklists/toolkits for guiding new plans and developments, and it can also be applied in community-based research as a lens for participatory modelling exercises. Continued experimentation with, and improvement of, the CBH framework will reveal its most useful applications, thereby opening new opportunities for communities to effectively develop and implement integrated sustainability plans and policies. Keywords: Climate Change, Biodiversity, Health, Nexus framework, Integrated planning, Sustainable communities/cities. 32 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 13. Between tinkering and transformation: A contemporary appraisal of climate change adaptation research on the world’s islands (2022) Petzold Jan, Joe Elphin T., Kelman Ilan, Magnan Alexandre K., Mirbach Charlotta, Nagle Alverio Gabriela, Nunn Patrick D., Ratter Beate M. W., The Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative Team. (2022). Between tinkering and transformation: A contemporary appraisal of climate change adaptation research on the world’s islands. Front. Clim., 12 January 2023, Sec. Climate Adaptation, Volume 4 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.1072231 Islands are at the center of discourses on climate change. Yet despite extensive work on diverse island systems in a changing climate, we still lack an understanding of climate change-related responses amongst islands and what shifting from what might be called “tinkering” (perhaps heat warnings) to “transformational” adaptation (perhaps relocation) means for these vastly different landmasses which are often grouped together by default. Through a systematic review of the climate change adaptation scientific literature, this paper critically reflects on how considering islands as a homogenous ensemble and the use of buzzwords such as “transformational adaptation” may be problematic for diverse island realities under climate change. Our findings show that the adaptation evidence base actually provides literature on contrasting island types and cultural and political contexts, including Small Island Developing States as well as other island territories. This study finds research gaps with respect to regions (e.g., South America, Africa, and Mediterranean) and that there is overall both little evidence of and a lack of context-specific definitions of transformational adaptation in island contexts. The adaptation literature does not yet fully reflect the experiences or needs of islands regarding transitions and transformations throughout history. 33Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 14. Evaluating farm household resilience and perceptions of the role of small-scale irrigation in improving resilience to climate change stress: Evidence from eastern Ethiopia (2023) Dawid, Ibsa, Jema Haji and Mohammed Aman. (2023). Evaluating Farm Household Resilience and Perceptions of the Role of Small- Scale Irrigation in Improving Resilience to Climate Change Stress: Evidence from Eastern Ethiopia. Original research article, Front. Clim. Sec. Climate Adaptation, Volume 5 - 2023 | doi: 10.3389/ fclim.2023.1193910 This paper surveys farmers in Kersa district, East Hararghe zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, with the aim of assessing the resilience of farmers and their perceptions of the role of small-scale irrigation in improving resilience to climate change. Data were collected from a sample of 288 randomly selected households (130 adopters and 158 non-adopters). A household survey was used to gather quantitative data, and qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis to generate the resilience capacity index of the households. Analysis revealed that adopters were better off on all indicators of resilience, including access to food and income, assets, agricultural production, stability, and adaptive capacity. The findings also suggest that households with high resilience are more resilient to climate change. These results suggest that small-scale irrigation makes a significant contribution to farmers’ resilience and increases farmers’ resilience by minimizing the impacts of climate change through increased responsiveness to irregular weather patterns. Therefore, policymakers should pay due attention to mitigating the impacts of climate change and improving the adaptive capacity of small-scale farmers. Keywords: Climate Change, Small-scale irrigation, Households, resilience, Kersa, Ethiopia. 34 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 15. Can remote sensing enable a Biomass Climate Adaptation Index for agricultural systems? (2022) Ferguson Amy, Murray Catherine, Mesfin Tessema Yared, McKeown Peter C., Reymondin Louis, Loboguerrero Ana Maria, Talsma Tiffany, Allen Brendan, Jarvis Andy, Golden Aaron, Spillane Charles. (2022). Can remote sensing enable a Biomass Climate Adaptation Index for agricultural systems?. Front. Clim., 30 November 2022, Sec. Climate Adaptation, Volume 4 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.938975 Systematic tools and approaches for measuring climate change adaptation at multiple scales of spatial resolution are lacking, limiting measurement of progress toward the adaptation goals of the Paris Agreement. In particular, there is a lack of adaptation measurement or tracking systems that are coherent (measuring adaptation itself), comparable (allowing comparisons across geographies and systems), and comprehensive (are supported by the necessary data). In addition, most adaptation measurement efforts lack an appropriate counterfactual baseline to assess the effectiveness of adaptation-related interventions. The “Biomass Climate Adaptation Index” (Biomass CAI) for agricultural systems measures climate adaptation progress across multiple scales using satellite remote sensing. The Biomass CAI can be used at global, national, landscape and farm-level to remotely monitor agri-biomass productivity associated with adaptation interventions, and to facilitate more tailored “precision adaptation”. The Biomass CAI places focus on decision-support for end-users to ensure that the most effective climate change adaptation investments and interventions can be made in agricultural and food systems. 35Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 16. Exploring adaptive capacity: Observations from the vulnerable human-coastal environmental system of the Bay of Bengal in India (2022) Datta Satabdi, Roy Joyashree. (2022). Exploring adaptive capacity: Observations from the vulnerable human-coastal environmental system of the Bay of Bengal in India. Front. Clim., 13 December 2022 Sec. Climate Adaptation Volume 4 - 2022 | https://doi. org/10.3389/fclim.2022.1007780 This article presents the factors that help build the adaptive capacity of individuals to reduce vulnerability from natural threats. The findings are based on primary data on individuals engaged in various livelihood practices in the Digha-Sankarpur- Mandarmoni region along the eastern coastline of the Bay of Bengal in India. Coastal communities have their individual perceptions about their vulnerability to natural threats and associated risks to various assets. Based on perception survey responses, “adaptive capacity” is measured and the determining factors are analyzed with an aim to provide policy guidelines for strengthening the adaptive capacity of people dependent on coastal ecosystem-based livelihoods. Findings show that income security for individuals in coastal systems can be achieved through a livelihood diversification strategy. The scope for individuals to build personal savings, have access to financial institutions, and engage in collaborative actions with immediate neighbors in the community help to prevent multiple losses at the individual level aids in their adaptive capacity. Government actions to provide institutional and governance support and incentives to promote livelihood diversification and personal savings would enhance adaptive capacity through institutional actions. Public investment in public goods and services, including protection and monitoring of natural coastal ecosystems, infrastructure development, technological intervention, providing access to information, and community empowerment, have important roles to play in enhancing adaptive capacity. 36 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 17. Indigenous people’s perception of indigenous agricultural knowledge for climate change adaptation in Khumbu, Nepal (2022) Sherpa Tshering Ongmu. (2022). Indigenous people’s perception of indigenous agricultural knowledge for climate change adaptation in Khumbu, Nepal. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article, Front. Clim., 18 January 2023, Sec. Climate Risk Management, Volume 4 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.1067630 There is a dearth of empirical work on indigenous people’s perception of the effectiveness of indigenous agricultural knowledge and practices for climate change adaptation, especially in the mountain region. Existing scholarships in Nepal are concentrated on people’s perception of climate change and verifying the effects of socio-economic variables on adopting adaptation strategies. There is a lack of application of a socio-psychological model to scrutinize subjective and cognitive factors influencing adaptation. This study aims to utilize the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to provide insights into the risk perception of climate change and the perception of adaptation efficacy of indigenous agricultural knowledge and practices. A randomly sampled questionnaire survey and focus group discussions were conducted in five villages in the Khumbu region of Nepal. The results indicated that indigenous peoples had observed changes in seasonality, a decrease in snowfall frequency, and an increase in rainfall, posing a significant threat to their lives and livelihood. The perception of adaptation efficacy assessment disclosed that indigenous knowledge is effective in adapting to changing climatic conditions. It was found that the knowledge has been evolving and remains dynamic and relevant even in the backdrop of climate change. However, there is a lack of formal recognition of indigenous knowledge by the government authorities. Hence, the study’s findings accredit the significance of indigenous knowledge. From the viewpoint of the generational succession 37Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts of knowledge and devising cost-effective climate change adaptation strategy, it indicates a dire need for its incorporation into local climate policies and action plans. The paper is classified under the research topic: New Challenges and Future Perspectives in Climate Adaptation. 18. Can climate interventions open up space for transformation? Examining the case of Climate- Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Uganda (2019) Hallstrom, Eriksen Siri, Cramer Laura Katherine, Vetrhus Ingvild, Thornton Philip. (2019). Can Climate Interventions Open Up Space for Transformation? Examining the Case of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Uganda. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 06 December 2019, Sec. Climate- Smart Food Systems Volume 3 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/ fsufs.2019.00111 This paper investigates the ways in which climate change-related interventions such as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) may open up—or close down—spaces for transformation. Authors explore the interface between worldviews, power relations and policy interventions, focusing in particular on the way that asymmetric gender and expert-farmer relations may be reinforced or contested through climate-smart agricultural interventions. It has been argued that fundamental changes required in the face of climate change can only take place through transformation across the personal, practical and political spheres. In particular, it is in the interaction between these spheres where spaces for transformation lie; for example, in the contesting of subjectivities casting farmers as passive recipients of expert advice, in the assumptions regarding what constitutes “good development”, and in how worldviews frame the way we see human-nature relations. Nevertheless, interventions like CSA are often focused mainly on changes to practices or technologies, rather than on how power relations or worldviews shape practices, food security 38 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts and inequity. The case study of Hoima, Uganda shows the ways in which the implementation of climate-smart agriculture reinforces existing subjectivities and authority relations or opens up for new (and potentially more emancipatory) subjectivities. Methods include: (1) describing food security and social inequality drawing on survey data from Hoima; (2) examination of how social actors such as farmers, project workers, local leaders, and government officials position particular farmers or practices as good/progressive or problematic/traditional; (3) analysis of how these subjectivities reflect authority relations, and the ways in which CSA reinforces or creates space for contesting these. Authors argue that a focus on commercial agriculture as “good” by many social actors also persists within CSA activities, and is intertwined with asymmetric gender and expert-farmer relations. Commercialization takes place within the need to increase agricultural production to feed growing urban populations. However, commercialization for the case of Uganda has also entailed state attempts to govern farmers through farmer associations, the institutional set-up through which CSA often works. A closer attention to these dynamics could potentially help create deeper transformational change through climate-smart agriculture and related climate change interventions. 19. Improving halal traceability process in the poultry industry utilizing blockchain technology: Use case in Indonesia (2021) Sidarto Larissa P., Hamka Aditya. (2021). Improving Halal Traceability Process in the Poultry Industry Utilizing Blockchain Technology: Use Case in Indonesia. COMMUNITY CASE STUDY article, Front. Blockchain, 15 December 2021 Sec. Blockchain for Good Volume 4 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2021.612898 Demand for Halal food has significantly increased with the growing Muslim population and society’s interest in sustainable food production. 39Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts However, there has been an increase in concerns regarding the Halal food labeling transparency process, with misleading labels found across the world. Blockchain-based traceability systems are a potential solution for current limitations in monitoring the production process of food due to its inherent decentralization and immutable nature. The technology allows stakeholders, including consumers, to promote farm-to-fork transparency, where traceability is a core component. This paper will explore the blockchain-based traceability system use case implemented by the Indonesian poultry player PT Sreeya Sewu Indonesia Tbk. Utilizing a blockchain-based system as a foundation for traceability shows promising results: data throughout the process is recorded permanently and difficult to tamper. Although the system does not eliminate the possibility of incorrect information being recorded, the same immutability characteristics will keep the new knowledge of fraud permanent if found during the audit. This layer of accountability contributes to the transparency that benefits both the consumers and stakeholders of the value chain. 20. The role of blockchain in documenting land users’ rights: The canonical case of farmers in the vernacular land market (2020) Desiree, Daniel and Ifejika Speranza Chinwe. (2020). The Role of Blockchain in Documenting Land Users’ Rights: The Canonical Case of Farmers in the Vernacular Land Market. Community Case Study article, Front. Blockchain, 12 May 2020 Sec. Non- Financial Blockchain Volume 3 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/ fbloc.2020.00019 In this article, authors discuss the potential of blockchain technology in addressing the documentation of users’ land rights in the informal land rental market. Blockchain technology is a peer-to-peer protocol that can be leveraged to keep track of transactions over the internet. Publicized for its use in the bitcoin revolution, the technology provides transparency 40 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts and traceability that can be used in the management of land rights. When it comes to the formalization of land rights, blockchain technology promises to authenticate owners and other users of land, and provides a fixed ledger of land use rights transactions. At present, blockchain technology is being explored as a proof of concept in several countries to track land titles (state to individual). We extend the idea to capture the granting of land use rights (individual to individual) making use of the decentralization, peer-to-peer nature of blockchain technology. While the technology is not a panacea to all land administration challenges, it can offer an effective means to manage land transactions, provide digital documentation to actors in the informal land rental market and reduce inefficiency in land systems. However, the uptake of the technology in land administration is limited by human related factors. These limitations include, but are not limited to, the accuracy of data being entered into the system, the ability of the system to facilitate data preservation, pre-existing institutional and legal pillars, and the digital divide across communities. Part of overcoming these barriers requires the political will of governments to invest in digital technologies and develop institutional capacities to overcome current limitations to bring land management into the industry 4.0 era. The emergence of blockchain as a disruptive technology has been argued to have potential tremendous impact in land administration and management (Anand et al., 2016; Reese, 2017; Shin, 2017; Swan, 2017), which can facilitate the functioning of land markets in developing countries as well as diminish the threat of losing land rights for vulnerable communities and women. Ongoing projects in Ghana, Georgia, and India are real-time proof that governments have bought into the idea of blockchain to help in the efficacy of land governance, the protection of people’s land rights, reduce land conflicts, and address corruption and land fraud (Reese, 2017; Shin, 2017; Swan, 2017; Oprunenco and Akmeemana, 2018). Especially for developing countries, the idea of going from paper to digital based management is even more important in this emerging global digital economy, whereby the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) transformation of government services 41Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts (via e-services) is a mechanism for reaching targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (WBG, 2016). Improving digital literacy is essential so that people, especially women and the poor, can benefit from the digital economy and reduce the inequality gap within the digital divide (Townsend et al., 2019; UNCTAD, 2019). Therefore, for blockchain based land tenure verification to be effective, farmers will require access to: (i) internet networks and internet enabled devices, (ii) education on digital services within agriculture and how to use them to secure land access, and (iii) technical officers who can facilitate farmers in carrying out mobile land transactions. Putting these building blocks in place will help to close the digital divide and facilitate livelihood security via blockchain. 21. The blockchain that was not: The case of four cooperative agroecological supermarkets Rocas-Royo Marc, ORIGINAL RESEARCH article, Front. Blockchain, 28 April 2021 Sec. Blockchain for Good Volume 4 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2021.624810 Blockchain is a technology with many applications derived from its properties. This article analyzes the case of 4 cooperative agroecological supermarkets and in what circumstances blockchain is an exciting technology to adopt. The analysis of the gathered data reveals 10 factors to consider, 5 internal and 5 external. Those factors derive into 6 blockchain domains to develop. The article concludes that in 3 of them, the drawbacks of implementing the technology, although it is theoretically appropriate, are insuperable. The article contributes to demystifying blockchain technology and applying the same business logic used with other technical options. 42 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 22. Expanding opportunities: A framework for gender and socially-inclusive climate resilient agriculture (2021) Huyer Sophia, Simelton Elisabeth, Chanana Nitya, Mulema Annet Abenakyo, Marty Edwige. (2021). Expanding Opportunities: A Framework for Gender and Socially-Inclusive Climate Resilient Agriculture. METHODS article, Front. Clim., 10 December 2021, Sec. Climate Risk Management Volume 3 - 2021 | https://doi. org/10.3389/fclim.2021.718240 Limiting global warming to the 2°C target that countries have committed to in the 2015 Paris Agreement, and reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, will require large-scale expansion of climate- resilient approaches in agriculture and food systems. In order to achieve the scale of change required, coordinated action is needed from global to local levels, from research to policy and investment, and across private, public, and civil society sectors. But at the same time, differential approaches are needed to address gender equality and women’s concerns in climate-resilient agriculture. This article sets out a conceptual framework for scaling up climate resilient agriculture (CRA) approaches that are gender and socially inclusive by taking into account these constraints and inequalities across wider areas and different aspects of CRA. It builds on gender and climate-resilient agriculture research and project experience to argue that the additional integration of women’s empowerment approaches and dimensions into this scaling framework provides the opportunity to promote gender equality while scaling up. It also identifies gaps and areas for further analysis and research. The intention is to identify potential pathways for developing a gender- and socially-inclusive set of options and strategies, in four key dimensions: climate resilient technologies and practices; climate information services that reach under-reached groups; inclusive finance mechanisms; and promoting leadership in decision-making. 43Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 23. Gender integration in climate change and agricultural policies: The case of Nepal (2019) Rai, Paudyal Bimala, Chanana Nitya, Khatri-Chhetri Arun, Sherpa Lakpa, Kadariya Ishwori, Aggarwal Pramod. (2019). Gender Integration in Climate Change and Agricultural Policies: The Case of Nepal. Policy And Practice Reviews article, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 23 Aug 2019 Sec. Climate-Smart Food Systems Vol. 3–2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00066 Gender integration across national policy processes is critical to ensure effective implementation of climate change adaptation interventions in agriculture. This is especially so for countries like Nepal, where climate vulnerability and women participation in agriculture is high, accompanied by gender gaps in access to information, technologies, markets, and labor burden. To do this, it becomes necessary to address the inter-related issues of gender, agriculture, and climate change instead of looking at them in isolation. This study, therefore, highlights policy gaps to suggest a set of recommendations for improving gender responsiveness at policy level in Nepal. It presents the gender gaps that women face in agriculture, based on data collected from five districts of the country. Subsequently, using the concept of gender-agriculture-climate change nexus, it analyses 20 government policies and related documents of Nepal based on a set of five indicators. The policy analysis elucidates the level of gender integration in agriculture and climate change policies in the country. Eleven of the 15 agriculture related documents acknowledge the need to focus on women farmers, with nine of them also defining provisions for women-related issues in agriculture. Two of the five climate change policies merely acknowledge gender issues related to climate change. However, only two of the 20 policy documents recognize the need to address gender, climate change, and agricultural issues in coherence. Accordingly, the paper proposes a framework highlighting key points to make policy process and implementation plans in the agriculture sector more gender responsive in Nepal, focusing on the development and promotion of gender responsive Climate-Smart Agriculture technologies and practices. It suggests measures to increase access of assets and 44 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts services to women farmers, improve their capacity to participate in decision making across levels, and promote transformative changes at both local and policy level. 24. Making a case for just agricultural transformation in the UNFCCC: An analysis of justice in the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture (2022) Sarku Rebecca, Tauzie Mapenzie, Whitfield Stephen. (2022). Making a case for just agricultural transformation in the UNFCCC: An analysis of justice in the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 04 January 2023, Sec. Climate-Smart Food Systems Volume 6 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.1033152 From 2018 to 2022, the Koronivia Joint Working Group on Agriculture (KJWA) was the key forum for debating global agricultural change and integrating agricultural transformation priorities into the mechanisms of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As a forerunner to the landmark decision at COP27 to initiate the Sharm El-Sheik Joint Work on Implementation of Climate Action on Agriculture and Food Security, it provided an opportunity to further the (as yet underdeveloped) discourse around social transformation and just transformation in agriculture. At the conclusion of this 4 year process, authors ask: to what extent and in what ways has a just agricultural transformation been envisioned within the Koronivia Joint Working Group on Agriculture and what are the implications for the Sharm El-Sheik Joint Work on Implementation? The paper presents a textual analysis of 155 written submissions, workshops, and concluding statements from across the full programme of KJWA workshops, meetings, and consultations. Authors find that references to just transformations in agriculture within KJWA are largely 45Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts implicit, but not absent. They argue that justice has been most obvious and evident when it comes to discussion about who is (and where are) the most vulnerable to climate change and variability, and how access to climate smart technologies and information is distributed. Less evident have been discussions about just representation in the governance and visioning of agricultural transformation, and there have been few explicit appeals to address the historical injustices that have shaped agricultural and rural livelihoods in the Global South. Authors argue that following its conclusion, there is a danger that the outcomes of KJWA become reduced to a focus on the scaling up of a techno-centric vision of agricultural transformation. To counter this, there is need for ongoing dialogue to develop a shared and more complete understanding of justice that should be central to how agricultural transformation is integrated into the UNFCCC. Recommendations highlight how a justice agenda could be taken forward under the Sharm El-Sheik Joint Work on Implementation. 25. Gender differences in climate-smart adaptation practices amongst bean-producing farmers in Malawi: The case of Linthipe Extension Planning Area (2022) Nchanji Eileen Bogweh, Kabuli Hilda, Nyamolo Victor Onyango, Cosmas Lutomia, Chisale Virginia, Matumba Anne. (2022). Gender differences in climate-smart adaptation practices amongst bean- producing farmers in Malawi: The case of Linthipe Extension Planning Area. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 21 September 2022 Sec. Climate-Smart Food Systems Volume 6 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.1001152 Agriculture is amongst the vulnerable sectors to climate change and its associated impacts. Most women are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change than men. Climate Smart Agriculture ensures increased 46 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts productivity thereby enabling food security, income security and wealth creation amongst the farming households. A study was carried out to understand the gender differences in access and use of climate-smart agriculture, challenges and solutions that men and women farmers use to adapt to climate change. Data was collected from 246 randomly sampled households from 14 villages at Linthipe Extension Planning in Dedza district in Malawi. The multivariate probit model was employed to understand the influence of sociodemographic, farm-level, and institutional factors in the application of climate-smart agriculture in the study area. Findings from this study indicate that there are differences in the adoption and use of climate-smart agriculture technologies in bean production amongst different gender categories. More women compared to men and youths tend to use fertilizer, use improved seeds and plant early in order to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Most men adopt and use irrigation, whilst the youth mostly adopted and used pesticides and conservation agriculture practices. The study recommends policies that would ensure the promotion of gender-responsive climate-smart agriculture technologies, improved access to inputs, and capacity building through training. 26. Moving beyond Sisyphus in Agriculture R&D to be climate smart and not gender blind (2019) Anderson Simon, Sriram Vidhya. (2019). Moving Beyond Sisyphus in Agriculture R&D to Be Climate Smart and Not Gender Blind. POLICY AND PRACTICE REVIEWS article, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 16 October 2019 Sec. Climate-Smart Food Systems Volume 3 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00084 Gender differentiation in small-scale farming and agriculture and the need to recognize and act on the “feminization” of agricultural development are 47Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts critical to poverty reduction. Evidence now demonstrates that the shocks resulting from climate risks to agriculture and food security, and related adaptive responses, are highly gender-differentiated. However, agricultural research and development have not delivered the transformative changes needed in small-scale farming from a poverty eradication and gender equality perspective, and particularly to support women adapt to climate risks. A range of responses to climate change, including that referred to as climate smart agriculture (CSA), have been introduced. These strive to enable changes in the ways that issues related to crop and livestock productivity, the climate adaptive capacity of small-scale agriculture, and the carbon footprint of farming are investigated and technologies transferred. However, international agriculture research and development have struggled to find effective ways of integrating gender equality dimensions into the processes and outcomes of agriculture programmes. High level strategic decisions have not prioritized resources for gender equality work resulting in CSA too often being gender blind. Knock-on effects down the research and development strata have meant that some development agencies have taken up a CSA approach without addressing gender inequalities. While others, including some international non- government organizations, are pushing for greater attention to gender equality in agricultural development. Methodological remedies that can enable gender equality to be better addressed through agricultural research and development have been identified from tool-boxes to epistemological change. But without a change in high level prioritization of resources the potential for a climate smart and gender responsive international agriculture research and development remains a task similar to that of Sisyphus. 48 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 27. Transformation in practice: A review of empirical cases of transformational adaptation in agriculture under climate change (2018) Vermeulen Sonja J., Dinesh Dhanush, Howden S. Mark, Cramer Laura, Thornton Philip K. (2018). Transformation in Practice: A Review of Empirical Cases of Transformational Adaptation in Agriculture Under Climate Change. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 10 October 2018 Sec. Climate- Smart Food Systems Volume 2 - 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/ fsufs.2018.00065 Incremental adaptation may be inadequate to deal with rapid shifts and tipping points for food production under climate change. The concepts of transformative and transformational adaptation have emerged in recent years to address the need for major, non-marginal transitions in sectors, such as agriculture in response to climate change. However, there is less empirical evidence of transformation in practice. A simple semi-quantitative definition is used to identify recorded cases of transformational adaptation in response to climate change. A structured search of academic literature found 23 empirical case studies that meet our criteria for transformation of agriculture under climate change: a response to climate risks along with a redistribution of at least a third in the primary factors of production (land, labor, capital) or the outputs and outcomes of production over a time period of 25 years or less. The case studies offer experience-based lessons on managing transformative processes in agriculture at all four stages of the adaptation cycle: understanding goals and objectives, developing a vision and pathway, implementing adaptation actions, and monitoring, evaluating and learning. In general, the case-study processes of transformation have diverged from well-managed, inclusive approaches based on foresight and continual learning. Our review provides little early evidence that transformative adaptation processes in response to climate change 49Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts have generated more resilient agricultural systems or improvements in governance. Governments and development partners could improve the effectiveness of outcomes through providing more comprehensive and long-term approaches to adaptation planning alongside financial and technical assistance, within a framework that rewards farms as multi- functional systems. 28. From hinterland to heartland: Knowledge and market insecurity are barriers to crop farmers using sustainable soil management in Guyana (2023) Melville Jonathan L., Kuznesof Sharron, Franks Jeremy R. (2023). From hinterland to heartland: Knowledge and market insecurity are barriers to crop farmers using sustainable soil management in Guyana. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 13 March 2023, Sec. Climate-Smart Food Systems, Volume 7 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1037368 In Guyana, the coastal plains dominate agricultural production, while the hinterland is an emerging agricultural frontier. The coastal and hinterland regions have differing agro-climatic conditions, but share immediate climate change and environmental degradation pressures, including soil degradation. Even though climate change adaptation is prioritized over greenhouse gas mitigation in Guyana, soil-focused farming, otherwise known as sustainable soil management (SSM), can provide a system that creates synergies between these two facets of climate-smart agriculture and, also, promotes soil security. This article proposes a bottom- up planning process for SSM in Guyana by assessing its underlying psycho-social and physical facilitators and barriers. The main questions addressed are: what are the attitudes of Guyanese farmers to climate change? What are their capabilities for SSM, in terms of education, technology and government support? In answering these questions, inductive-derived thematic analysis of transcripts derived from in-depth 50 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts telephone interviews with seventeen (17) farmers, from coastal and hinterland regions, provides an initial basis for ground truthing on the local appropriateness of SSM. Results show that hinterland farmers are more emotive and value-driven about their environment, while coastal farmers, instead, prioritize access to markets and gaining favorable prices for their commodities. Additionally, the lack of education and training are identified as severe limitations to the capabilities of farmers to practice SSM. In conclusion, a weak marketing environment is seen as a binding constraint of sustainable intensification as surplus goods attract low prices. Stronger linkages to dynamic markets, as well as increased investment opportunities are needed for sustainable farming to become economically feasible. Therefore, psychosocial capital must be strengthened before any natural capital is improved under Guyana’s various agro-environmental policies. 29. Adapting to climate change through conservation agriculture: A gendered analysis of Eastern Zambia (2021) Umar Bridget Bwalya. (2021). Adapting to Climate Change Through Conservation Agriculture: A Gendered Analysis of Eastern Zambia. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 18 November 2021, Sec. Climate-Smart Food Systems Volume 5 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.748300 This study explored the use of conservation agriculture (CA) as a climate adaptation strategy among smallholder farmers in Eastern Zambia. Using 761 household interviews and 33 focus group discussions (FGDs) with smallholder farmers from six districts, data was collected on how smallholder farmers in the region experience climate change, what CA practices they had adopted, and benefits and challenges associated with CA practice. 51Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts Results show that men and women farmers had similar experiences of climate change, namely late onset of a shortened rainy season, intra- seasonal drought and higher temperatures. Farmers’ perceptions of gender-mediated effects of climate change had important nuances. The three most cited effects of climate change on women mentioned by women were lower crop yields, outbreaks of armyworms and reduced livestock fodder. The men thought women were most affected by increased hunger, lower crop yields and reduced domestic water sources. According to the women FGDs, men were most affected through reduced crop yields, increases in livestock diseases and increased hunger. The men self-reported reduced crop yields, reduced water for livestock and outbreaks of armyworms. Both men and women saw CA as having climate change adaptation benefits. For the women, men most benefitted from CA through the high moisture holding capacity of basins, higher crop yields and reduced labor requirements through use of oxen ripping. The men most appreciated the high crop yields, improved soil fertility and reduced costs as less fertilizer is used. The women cited the high moisture holding capacity of basins, high crop yields and improved soil fertility as benefits they most commonly derived from CA, while the men thought the women most benefitted from CA through the higher crop yields, improved soil fertility and crop tolerance to droughts. The study concludes that there is room for CA to serve as a climate smart agricultural system for both men and women smallholder farmers in Eastern Zambia. However, this will require addressing important challenges of high weed pressure, high labor demands, and low access to manure, and CA farming implements. The CA package for Zambia should include access to timely climate information and climate informed crop choices. 52 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts 30. Co-designing climate-smart farming systems with local stakeholders: A methodological framework for achieving large-scale change (2019) Andrieu Nadine, Howland Fanny, Acosta-Alba Ivonne, Le Coq Jean-François, Osorio-Garcia Ana Milena, Martinez-Baron Deissy, Gamba-Trimiño Catherine, Loboguerrero Ana Maria, Chia Eduardo. (2019). Co-designing Climate-Smart Farming Systems With Local Stakeholders: A Methodological Framework for Achieving Large- Scale Change. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article, Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 24 May 2019 Sec. Climate-Smart Food Systems Volume 3 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00037 The literature is increasing on how to prioritize climate-smart options with stakeholders but relatively few examples exist on how to co- design climate-smart farming systems with them, in particular with smallholder farmers. This article presents a methodological framework to co-design climate-smart farming systems with local stakeholders (farmers, scientists, NGOs) so that large-scale change can be achieved. This framework is based on the lessons learned during a research project conducted in Honduras and Colombia from 2015 to 2017. Seven phases are suggested to engage a process of co-conception of climate- smart farming systems that might enable implementation at scale: (1) “exploration of the initial situation,” which identifies local stakeholders potentially interested in being involved in the process, existing farming systems, and specific constraints to the implementation of climate- smart agriculture (CSA); (2) “co-definition of an innovation platform,” which defines the structure and the rules of functioning for a platform favoring the involvement of local stakeholders in the process; (3) “shared diagnosis,” which defines the main challenges to be solved by the innovation platform; (4) “identification and ex ante assessment of new farming systems,” which assess the potential performances of solutions prioritized by the members of the innovation platform under CSA pillars; (5) “experimentation,” which tests the prioritized solutions on-farm; (6) “assessment of the co-design process of climate-smart farming systems,” which validates the ability of the process to reach its initial objectives, 53Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts particularly in terms of new farming systems but also in terms of capacity building; and (7) “definition of strategies for scaling up/out,” which addresses the scaling of the co-design process. For each phase, specific tools or methodologies are used: focus groups, social network analysis, theory of change, life-cycle assessment, and on-farm experiments. Each phase is illustrated with results obtained in Colombia or Honduras. 31. Decision-making to diversify farm systems for climate change adaptation (2020) van Zonneveld Maarten, Turmel Marie-Soleil, Hellin Jon. (2020). Decision-Making to Diversify Farm Systems for Climate Change Adaptation. HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY article Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 07 April 2020 Sec. Agroecology and Ecosystem Services Volume 4 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/ fsufs.2020.00032 Different household members, such as women and men, may have different goals (van de Fliert and Braun, 2002; Chaudhury et al., 2013). Understanding farmers’ goals is thus the basis of working with farmers in developing, selecting, evaluating, and implementing on-farm diversification strategies. Empowerment of women in agriculture increases the options for on-farm diversification because both men and women maintain exclusive and complementary knowledge about crops and farm management (Padulosi et al., 2011). Because female-headed farm systems are not necessary more diverse than male-headed ones (Saenz and Thompson, 2017), it is important to understand the complementary impacts of women and men’s choices on the diversification of farm systems (Farnworth et al., 2016). On-farm diversification is a promising strategy for farmers to adapt to climate change. However, few recommendations exist on how to diversify farm systems in ways that best fit the agroecological and socioeconomic 54 Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstracts challenges farmers face. Farmers’ ability to adopt diversification strategies is often stymied by their aversion to risk, loss of local knowledge, and limited access to agronomic and market information, this is especially the case for smallholders. Authors outline seven steps on how practitioners and researchers in agricultural development can work with farmers in decision-making about on-farm diversification of cropping, pasture, and agroforestry systems while taking into account these constraints. These seven steps are relevant for all types of farmers but particularly for smallholders in tropical and subtropical regions. It is these farmers who are usually most vulnerable to climate change and who are, subsequently, often the target of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) interventions. Networks of agricultural innovation provide an enabling environment for on-farm diversification. These networks connect farmers and farmer organizations with local, national, or international private companies, public organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and research institutes. These actors can work with farmers to develop diversified production systems incorporating both high-value crops and traditional food production systems. These diversified farm systems with both food and cash crops act as a safety net in the event of price fluctuations or other disruptions to crop value chains. In this way, farmers can adapt their farm systems to climate change in ways that provide greater food security and improved income. 32. Reflections on enhancing the impact of climate risk management through transformative adaptation (2021) Hellin Jon, Fisher Eleanor, Loboguerrero Ana María. (2021). Reflections on Enhancing the Impact of Climate Risk Management Through Transformative Adaptation. PERSPECTIVE article, Front. Clim., 08 December 2021 Sec. Climate Risk Management Volume 3 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.751691 Climate risk management sheds light on relations of power and brings to the fore issues around social equity, which can be envisaged as 55Social equity, inclusiveness, gender and climate change adaptation: A compilation of article abstract