1 Dryland Agriculture Conference REPORT 27th - 28th June 2024 ILRI Nairobi, Kenya © Lukenya University & Edsource Africa Ltd, 2024 Address and Editorial Office Research, Collaboration and Community Outreach Division, Lukenya University P.O Box 90-90128 Mtito Andei, Kenya Email: research@lukenyauniversity.ac.ke Edsource Africa Ltd Trance Towers P.O. Box 56645 - 00200 Nairobi Kenya Email: info@edsource.co.ke ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 01 EDITORIAL 02 Message from the Lukenya University 02 Message from the Ag. Deputy Deputy Vice Chancellor 03 Message from the Conference Co-Convenor 04 CONFERENCE SPEAKERS 05 PROGRAMME & PROCEEDING 13 Conference Programme 14 Conference Proceedings 20 PRESENTATIONS 21 Preliminaries 18 Environmental degradation and food security challenges 19 Prof. Reuben Muasya Food Systems in The Pastoralist Areas of Kenya 20 Prof. Thomas E. Akuja, PhD, D.Sc. Opportunities for dryland agriculture and rangeland management 22 Dr. Jason Sicerly Building resilient food systems for a sustainable future 23 Prof. Josphert Kimatu Challenges and solutions for sustainable food systems 26 Mr. Arnold Kipchumba Building Resilient Food Systems for a Sustainable Future. 27 Mr. Benjamin Tito Dryland agriculture for sustainable and inclusive development: Economic Diversification Opportunities for Rural Livelihoods across Drylands 28 Madam Nancy Muindi Comparative Effects of Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench) In Kibwezi East, Makueni County, Kenya 31 Esther Nthenya Muli and Joseph Munyao Control of Tsetse flies - vector of trypanosomiasis 33 Dr. Benson Wachira The influence of Agro-Sil fertilizer formulations on crop production and climate change mitigation in Makueni County, Kenya 34 Benard Kivyatu, Jael Birgen, Prof. Ibrahim Haji, Judith Wafula, Paul Mwania and Ms June, Lukenya University. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Livestock, Drylands and Climate Change 38 Mr. Gonzalez Ricardo Fostering policy and institutional frameworks to create enabling environments for the development of equitable and environmentally responsible agricultural value chains Dr. Jeremiah Rogito, Alliance for Green Revolution Africa 40 Influence of Head teachers’ Coordination of Don or Support Services on Inclusion of Learners with Special Needs Education in Public Primary Schools Mbooni East Sub- County, Kenya. Dr. Domitilla Wanza Mwanzia, PhD 41 Recognizing the potential of green jobs for sustainable livelihoods among the rural youth and the need for skill development Ms.Ruth Moraa, MaMa Doing Good 42 Panel Discussion: How the goals and values of pastoralist in Kenya are changing Dr. Jason Sircerly 1) Ms. Charity Nashipai (Chairlady Youth Pastoralist) 2) Dr. Guyo Roba (Director of Jamil observatory of food security and action) 43 Coping with Droughts in Agriculture of Northwest of Vietnam Madam Yen Nguyen 45 Role of indigenous acacia in mitigating climate change in pastoralists communities of eastern Africa in arid and semi-arid area 46 Judith Adikinyi Wafula and Sammy Muvelah Dynamics of Velocity and Pressure Profiles in Enhancing Climate Resilience in Dryland: Agriculture in Kenya using turbulent forced convection modelling 49 Clementine K. Mutua Enhancing Soil Structure and Moisture Retention in Drylands through Soil Amendments using Biochar, Compost and Mulch. Jael Cheptoo Birgen 54 Digital Twins for Sustainable Agriculture Lukenya University, Innovation Kenya and Czech Technical University Consortium 56 Enhancing Dryland Agriculture Education: A Comparative Analysis of Graduate Exit Mr. Protus Kyalo, Mr. David Otieno and Ms. Iris Kwamboka 58 Unraveling Key-Adaptive and Stress-Responsive Proteins to Climate 64 Variability in Cassava Varieties for Climate-Resilient Cultivation Strategies Victor Masai1,Purity Mutheu2 & Paul Mwania3 Food Sovereignty in Postcolonial Literature: Building Resilient Communities in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Allan Kodundo 66 ABSTRACTS 73 APPRECIATIONS 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, LUKENYA UNIVERSITY 1. Dr. Judith Wafula, Convenor 2. Benard Kivyatu 3. Protus Kyalo 4. Esther Muli 5. Purity Mutheu 6. Esther Kinyua 7. Jael Birgen 8. Monica Mutani 9. Eunice Masila 10. Victor Mwania 11. Daniel Kiveli 12. Moses Kioko 13. Victor Masai CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, EDSOURCE AFRICA LTD 1. Priscilla Kerebi, Convenor 2. Jerry Wekesa 3. Martin Masara REPORT COMPILATION & DESIGN www.bil.co.ke 1 2 Message from the Lukenya University On behalf of the Board of Trustees of Lukenya University, University Council, the Senate and Management Board of Lukenya University, I take this opportunity to welcome you to our Inaugural International Dryland Agriciulture and Food Systems in the Face of Climate Change Conference with the theme “Building Resilient Food Systems for a Sustainable Future.” The conference will host leading regional and international speakers to share new ideas, possibilities, and the latest technological advances with students, researchers, academia, policymakers, development partners, government and private sector players. It will focus on sustainable agriculture, pastoralism and food system management, and promote technology and policy for the transformation of drylands into sustainable and productive ecosystems. Noteworthy is that the conference provides enormous opportunities to network, build collaborative synergies and more meaningful partnerships for continual improvement. This in turn would create opportunities like gainful employment, quality products, and better ways of conserving our environment. I wish to share with all the participants that Lukenya University is a world-class university that believes in collaborations and partnerships. In a very special way, I wish to recognize our Bronze Sponsors International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), an International agricultural research institute within the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), The Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU), Kickstart International Ltd, our event Partners Edsource Africa Ltd and the Board of Trustees of Lukenya University. Thank you for the support in making this conference happen. I appreciate our key partners including the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, MaMa Doing Good, Agricultural and Food Authority (AFA), Czech Technical University, Alliance of Bioversity & CIAT and the Inclusive Climate Change Adaptation for a Sustainable Africa (ICCASA), a project of African Development Bank for their support and collaboration. Additionally, I thank the South Eastern Block Universities namely; Machakos University, South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU), Garissa University, and Umma University for their moral support. I salute all guests in this conference, for it is through your input that this conference is made successful. Thank you for creating time from your busy schedules to be with us. Your research is useful in providing direction for dealing with challenges in dryland agriculture and food systems in the face of climate change. Welcome once more. God bless you all. Prof. Reuben Muasya, PhD Ag. Vice-Chancellor and Professor of Agriculture Lukenya University 3 EDITORIAL Lukenya University is a Centre for advancing research, innovation, collaboration and community outreach. This is exemplified in this Inaugural International Dryland Agriciulture and Food Systems in the Face of Climate Change Conference with the theme “Building Resilient Food Systems for a Sustainable Future.” The conference is hosted jointly between Lukenya University and Edsource Africa Ltd, with the bronze sponsorship from International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI), an International agricultural research institute within the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Kickstart International Ltd, Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) and The Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU). Thank you very much, Board of Trustees of Lukenya University, for your support in advancing our objectives. In line with the objectives this conference will provide an opportunity to share knowledge and ideas in mitigating climate change and food insecurity challenges; provide a platform for stakeholders to share knowledge and have engagements to integrate and accelerate inclusive sustainable development; provide an opportunity for decision-makers, private, and public players to show how food systems in dry lands can contribute to safe, equitable, resilient, and culturally diverse systems in terms of production, transportation, distribution, processing, storage, consumption, farmer organization, and markets; and to build a case for the role for women and youth in the production of nutritious food by recognizing and engaging them as active partners in sustainable food systems. Insightful and innovative research will be shared to facilitate engagement on current research areas in dryland agriculture and food systems amidst climate change. The full articles will be subjected to a double-blind review process leading to publication in the Lukenya University Multidisciplinary Journal ISSN 2663 3183. Further, policy briefs and a dryland agriculture and food systems handbook will be generated Our heartfelt appreciations to our partners Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, MaMa Doing Good, Agricultural and Food Authority (AFA), Czech Technical University, Alliance of Bioversity & Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), and the Inclusive Climate Change Adaptation for a Sustainable Africa (ICCASA), a project of African Development Bank for your support and collaboration. Further, Machakos University, South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU), Garissa University and Umma University for the moral support. To all participants, for your presence in this conference, thank you. Judith A. Wafula, PhD Ag. Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research, Collaboration and Community Outreach) For Editorial Team 4 EDITORIAL Edsource Africa Ltd It is my privilege and honor to welcome you to the 1st Dry land Agriculture & Food Systems in the Face of Climate Change Conference. The resilience and sustainability of agricultural systems are crucial in the face of increasingly unpredictable climate conditions and changes in land use from agricultural land to construction and other uses. Addressing these challenges involves implementing strategies that enhance the ability of agricultural systems to withstand and adapt to changing conditions while maintaining productivity and preserving natural resources. It is with great pleasure therefore to host and welcome you to the Dry land Agriculture and Food Systems in the Face of Climate Change Conference which brings together leading researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and innovators to address the urgent challenges and opportunities within dry land agriculture. This is designed to foster a collaborative environment where diverse perspectives can converge to create holistic solutions The main goal of the conference is to share and enhance the knowledge of key players in the agriculture and climate action ecosystem. It will serve as a platform for dialogue on tangible solutions to alleviate food insecurity, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions of Kenya and the surrounding areas in the face of climate change. Additionally, the conference provides an excellent opportunity to facilitate the sharing of novel ideas and advancements among stakeholders in research, academia, civil society, the private sector, and policy-making through keynote addresses and presentations. Over the next two days, we will feature esteemed speakers and panelists who bring a wealth of knowledge and experience. We are confident that their insights will inspire and inform our collective efforts. Furthermore, the discussions and networking opportunities at this conference will undoubtedly foster new partnerships and initiatives that drive progress in the field. We extend our heartfelt thanks to all participants, sponsors, and organizers for their commitment to advancing dryland agriculture and food systems. Your dedication is crucial as we navigate the complexities of climate change and strive to ensure a secure and sustainable future for all. Edsource Africa Ltd is a communications and events management firm that leverages on linkages and collaboration, utilizing its extensive knowledge and experience to create an enabling environment for stakeholders. This facilitates engagement and the exchange of the latest innovative ideas, maximizing value for all involved. Priscilla Kerebi Director Edsource Africa Ltd Conference Co-Convenor 5 CONFERENCE SPEAKERS 6 Benjamin Tito Agriculture and Food Authority (AFA) Mr. Tito is a Director at Agriculture and Food Authority (AFA) in charge of Horticultural Crops Directorate (HCD). He is an alumnus of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology and Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences. Through his vast experience, he is a sustainable climate smart agricultural professional with competency in food safety and value chains development. In his role at HCD, he is actively involved in training stakeholders on KS1758. KS 1758 stipulates the hygienic, and safety requirements during the production, handling, and marketing of fresh produce to ensure that consumers access high- quality food SPEAKERS Dr. Jeremiah Rogito Dr. Rogito has held roles in various organizations, including Welthungerhilfe, Equatorial Hortifresh Limited, SNV, and AGRA (Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa). Throughout his career, Rogito has been committed to integrating young people into agribusiness, giving them opportunities to innovate and adapt to changing agricultural landscapes. In addition to his Bachelor of Science in Agriculture at Egerton University, Master of Management in Agribusiness at Strathmore University and PhD in Strategic Business Leadership at the Adventist University of Africa, Rogito has earned various certifications, including being a Certified Project Management Professional (PMP) and an African Youth Change Maker Fellow in 2018. 7 SPEAKERS Prof. Thomas Ekamais Akuja, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South Eastern Kenya University, Kenya. Prof Akuja holds a B.Sc (Agriculture), University of Nairobi, M.Sc (Agronomy), University of Nairobi and PhD (Life Sciences), Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. He has won grants for his doctoral studies at the Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert Research. Other grants are from the International Centre for Research in Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Africa Harvest Bio-Tech (AHBT) and United Nations Operations Services (UNOPS) Totaling of USD 275 000. Prof Akuja been involved in research and extension specifically in the fields of dryland studies, dryland agriculture, crop science (Life Sciences), household food security, needs and problem assessments, emergency response, livelihood baseline studies and surveys, early warning systems, environmental assessments and participatory community training. He has also received comprehensive academic training in the fields of crop and dryland environmental sciences. Further, he has been exposed to extensive teaching, research and consultancy assignments in the fields of agro- ecology, food security and community training and mobilization. Prof. Thomas Ekamais Akuja, is a member of the Institute of Directors (IoD) in Kenya, a life member of Athens Institute of Education and Research (ATINER), Greece, a Member of American Association of Agricultural Engineers, USA and a Member of African Crop Science Society among others. 8 Jason Sircely, PhD Senior Scientist International Livestock Research Institute Dr. Sircely brings over 20 years of expertise in theoretical and applied ecology and conservation. His extensive experience encompasses interdisciplinary collaborations with farmers, herders, civil society, and governments. He is currently focused on the management and restoration of communal grazing lands to enhance livelihoods and environmental health. His methodologies include local to global simulation modeling, multi-stakeholder action research, and the testing and scaling of interdisciplinary management approaches. Arnold Kipchumba Deputy Director, Green Economy, Environment and Climate Action Directorate Office of the First Lady, Republic of Kenya Mr. Kipchumba key mandate is to inspire a women-led climate action, that reduces vulnerability to climate-related events, and improve the adaptive capacity of society to climate shocks through a green economy. He will also be responsible for the Office of the First Lady’s ambitious contribution to accelerate the National Tree Growing and Restoration Campaign as part of the government ambitious Programme which is aimed at managing, conserving and expanding forests sustainably towards attaining 30 percent forest cover nationally by 2032. The initiative aims to plant 15 billion trees by 2032, will work to reduce greenhouse emissions, stop and reverse deforestation, and restore 5.1 million hectares of deforested and degraded landscapes. SPEAKERS 9 SPEAKERS Prof. Josphert Ngui Kimatu Associate Professor, School of Sciences and Computing, Department of Life Science South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU) Prof. Kimatu has a Ph.D. in Plant Molecular Epigenetics from Northeast Normal University (NENU), China; an MPhil in Forestry Pathology from Moi University, Kenya; a bachelor’s degree in Botany and Zoology from Moi University, Kenya; and a PGDE from Maseno University, Kenya. He trained in post-harvest management in maize, legumes, and rice in a four-module certificate course at Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Sydney University, Australia; and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. He has a certificate in Molecular Diagnostics from the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kimatu received a training certificate in integrated pest management and pesticide safety (IPM) from the Soybean Innovation Lab, and a training certificate in COVID-19 from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He is the PhD Director, SEKU, Wote Campus; Chairman, SEKU, Staff Training and Development. Nancy Muindi Nancy develops and implements marketing strategies for KickStart’s MoneyMaker Irrigation Pumps. She creates brand awareness, and builds organizational integrity for its leading affordable and effective irrigation strategies across the continent. She also works with partners and farmers to ensure effective correlation and development of farmer-led solutions based on customer satisfaction and feedback. Previously, she has worked with the Agricultural Society of Kenya in planning and managing both local and international exhibitions, and with Eveready East Africa PLC in managing product marketing and new product launches. She holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree in Marketing from Egerton University, and CPA certification. 10 SPEAKERS Kenndy Mugo Chief Executive Officer Innovation Kenya (IK) The organization is a catalyt for growth of various key economic sectors in East Africa through Innovation. IK blends human-centered designs with insights from data science and behavioral science to help organizations build a comprehensive and innovative go-to-market strategy for their products and services. Mr. Mugo is a strategy professional with consulting background and experience in Innovation Strategy, Social Entrepreneurship, Design Thinking, and Innovation Workshops. His greatest strength is in his ability to connect, inspire and influence people from different backgrounds and cultures. He partners with Lukenya University in analyzing innovation and economic aspects of the projects under the collaboration. Yen Nguyen Entrepreneurship Coach for Agriculture Projects, Social Business Creation- HEC Montreal Ms. Nguyen undertook a 6-month internship at UNDP in Vietnam Project “Strengthening resilience of smallholder agriculture to climate change-induced water insecurity in the central highlands and south-central coast regions of Vietnam” funded by Green Climate Fund and Asian Development Bank She is a champion on Multidimensional Poverty Index enabled by Oxford Poverty Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford and a multiple times fund receivers from Canadinan International Development Research Center and JICA Innovative Asia Internship Program. Yen is a Project Manager in the “Growing Strawberry from Zero” campaign, fostering the vegetable and plant growing practice of citizens in Hanoi. She has a Master’s degree in Climate Change from Vietnam-Japan University. Additionally, she was selected for Global Leadership Training Programme on Sustainable Development of Africa by United Nations University, New York University and University of Johannesburg. She was a World Food Forum Youth Participant in 2023. 11 SPEAKERS Eunice Omwoyo, PhD Dr. Eunice Omwoyo is among scientists who derived analytical solutions using Jacobi elliptic functions for bound and nearly bound photon orbits in Kerr-de Sitter (KdS) and Kerr-de Sitter Revisited (RKdS) spacetimes. She uses her skills in the collaboration at Lukenya University to optimize a digital twin for the tree programme and groundwater She joined AIMS Senegal in 2018, immediately becoming a Mastercard Foundation Scholar, where she pursued a Master’s program in mathematical sciences. After graduating from AIMS Senegal in June 2019, Dr Omwoyo got a scholarship to pursue a PhD in Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravitation at Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil; a giant step taking her closer to her passion – the universe. Dr. Vyacheslav Kungurtsev Researcher, Czech Technical University, Prague Dr. Kungurstev has skills in nonlinear programming, optimization algorithms, mathematical programming, nonlinear optimization, optimization theory, convex and numerical optimization. He holds a Ph.D. degree in mathematics with a specialization in computational science from the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, acquired in 2013. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow with KU Leuven as part of the “optimization for engineering” project. He collaborates with Lukenya University in optimizing a digital twin for the tree programme and groundwater among other areas. 12 SPEAKERS Brian Olimba Co-Founder and Business Development Director OLICHEZA. OLICHEZA is a start-up African consulting agency that focuses on Improving the lives of people in Africa through value addition and adoption of innovation. He collaborates with Lukenya University in optimizing the digital twin for the tree programme and groundwater. Brian is experienced in Africa business development and infrastructure project development. Mr. Olimba enjoys strategy development and working with teams to implement it. He builds relationships with stakeholders and focuses on finding solutions. Further, he is passionate about empowering people in Africa and adding value to their lives. 13 PROGRAMME & PROCEEDINDS 02 14 PROGRAMME AND PROCEEDINGS Time Presenter/Activity Responsible 9:30am-10:00am Opening remarks and theme of the dryland conference Emphasized the theme of the dryland conference Take home message: “As Africans and as countries affected by dryland, let’s make solutions that can help restore these lands” Dr. Ibrahim Haji DVC(Finance, planning and administration) Lukenya University Moderator: Dr.Judith Wafula Rapporteurs:Protus Kyalo Moses Kioko Victor Masai 10:00am-10:20am Topic: Environmental degradation and food security challenges Prof. Reuben Muasya, Ag. Vice Chancellor Lukenya University 10:20-10:40am Topic: Resiliency in food systems and challenges in dryland areas Prof. Thomas Akuja (representing VC SEKU Prof. Shitanda) 10:40-11:05am Topic; Opportunities for dryland agriculture and rangeland management Dr. Jason Sicerly (senior scientist, ILRI) 11:05-11:20am Q/A 11:20-11:50am Topic: Building resilient food systems for a sustainable future Prof. Josphert Kimatu 11:50-12:20pm Topic: Challenges and solutions for sustainable food systems Mr. Arnold Kipchumba from Mama Doing Good 12:20-12:45pm Topic: building resilient food systems for a sustainable future Mr. Benjamin Tito (Agriculture and Food Authority) 12:45pm-1:00pm Photo Session 1:00pm-2:00pm Lunch Break 2:00-2:30pm Topic: Dryland agriculture for sustainable and inclusive development Madam Nancy Muindi (Kickstart International) Moderator:Ms. Jael Birgen Rapporteurs:Protus Kyalo Moses Kioko Victor Masai 2:30-2:45pm Q/A 2:00-2:30pm Topic: Dryland agriculture for sustainable and inclusive development Madam Nancy Muindi (Kickstart International) 3:00-3:15pm Topic: Control of Tsetse flies - vector of trypanosomiasis Ms. Esther Muli Lukenya University 3:15-3:30pm Topic: Influence of Agro-sil fertilizer on crop production and climate change mitigation Mr. Bernard Kivyatu Lukenya University 3:30pm-3:45pm Q/A 3:45-4:00pm Topic: Livestock, drylands and climate change Mr. Gonzalez Ricardo 4:00-4:15pm Q/A 4:15-4:30pm Recap of day one Mr.Protus Kyalo End of Day One Programme 15 PROGRAMME AND PROCEEDINGS Time Presenter/Activity Responsible 8:00-8:45AM Opening remarks Prof. Ibrahim Haji DVC(Finance, Planning &Administration) Lukenya University Moderator: Ms. Priscilla Kerebi Rapporteurs:Protus Kyalo Moses Kioko Victor Masai 8:45am-9:00am Recap of Day one Mr.Protus Kyalo 9:00-9:30am Key Note Speech: Topic: Fostering policy and institutional frameworks to create enabling environments for the development of equitable and environmentally responsible agricultural value chains Dr. Jeremiah Rogito, Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) 9:30-9:40am Q/A 9:40am-10:00am Topic; Influence of head teachers coordination of donor support services on inclusion of learners with special needs education in public primary schools in Mbooni east sub county, Kenya Dr. Domitilla Mwanzia Lukenya University 10:00-10:20am Topic: Sustainable green jobs for dry land agriculture Ruth Moraa (Programme Manager Forestry & Agroforestry at Mama Doing Good) 10:20-10:30am Q/A 10:30am-11:00am Health Break; networking &Photos Moderator:Ms. Purity Mutheu Rapporteurs:Protus Kyalo Moses Kioko, Victor Masai 11:00-11:45am Topic: Discuss how the goals and values of pastoralist in Kenya are Changing Panel Discussion moderated by Dr. Jason Sircerly Panelist: 1) Ms. Charity Nashipai (Chairlady Youth Pastoralist) 2) Dr. Guyo Roba (Director of Jamil observatory of food security and action 12:35-12:45pm Topic: Comparative growth performance and adaptability of Cenchrus Ciliaris, Panicum Maasai, Camelia, Eragrotis, and Grass pea in Semi-arid conditions: implications for sustainable livestock feed in Kibwezi east, Makueni county, Kenya. 12:45-1:00pm Q/A 1:00-2:00PM Lunch Break 16 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS The inaugural Dry Land Agriculture and Food Systems Conference, held on the 27th and 28th of June 2024 at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya, marked a significant milestone in addressing food security and sustainable agriculture amidst climate change. Organized by Lukenya University and Edsource Africa Ltd, the conference gathered students, professionals, researchers, scientists, policymakers, and industrialists to share innovative ideas, technological advances, and policy solutions for transforming dry lands into productive and sustainable ecosystems. The theme, “Building Resilient Food Systems for a Sustainable Future,” emphasized the urgent need for strategies to mitigate climate change impacts on agriculture in Africa, a region with immense agricultural potential. The conference aimed at providing a platform for knowledge exchange on climate change mitigation, promoting inclusive sustainable development, and highlighting the role of women and youth in sustainable food systems. Key activities included presentations, panel discussions, plenary sessions, and an exhibition showcasing advanced technologies and solutions. By bringing together over 200 participants from various sectors, the event facilitated networking, collaboration, and collective action toward a sustainable agricultural future in dry lands. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST DAY OF DRYLAND AGRICULTURE CONFERENCE, 27TH JUNE 2024 9:30 am-1:00pm Moderator: Dr.Judith Wafula Rapporteurs: Protus Kyalo, Moses Kioko, Victor Masai PROGRAMME AND PROCEEDINGS Time Presenter/Activity Responsible 2:00-2:15pm Topic: Dynamics of Velocity and Pressure Profiles in Enhancing Climate Resilience in Dryland Agriculture in Kenya using turbulent forced convection modelling Ms. Clementine Mutua Registrar Lukenya University 2:15-2:30pm Topic: Enhancing moisture retention in drylands through soil amendments using biochar, compost and mulch Ms. Jael Birgen 2:30:-2:45pm Topic: Digital Twins for sustainable Agriculture Ms. Eunice Omwoyo, Dr. Vyacheslav Kungurtsev, Brian Olimba (Innovation Kenya) 2:45-3:00pm Topic: Enhancing dryland agriculture education: A comparative analysis of graduate exit surveys Mr. Protus Kyalo 3:00-3:15pm Topic: Unravelling Key-adaptive and stress- responsive proteins to climate variability in Cassava varieties for Climate-Resilient Cultivation Strategies Mr. Victor Masai 3:15-3:30pm Topic: : Food Sovereignty in Postcolonial Literature: Building Resilient Communities in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Mr. Allan K’Odundo - COD Languages, Lukenya University 3:30pm-3:45pm Recap of Day 2 Protus Kyalo Lukenya University 3:45-4:00pm Closing Ceremony and photo session Closing Speech Hon.Sylvia Kasanga 17 PRESENTATIONS 03 18 PRELIMINARIES Moderator Dr. Judith A. Wafula Deputy Vice Chancellor Research,Collaborations & Community Outreach Lukenya University. The conference began with a word of prayer led by the moderator, Dr, Judith Wafula, Deputy Vice Chancellor, Lukenya University. Dr. Ibrahim Haji Deputy Vice Chancellor Finance,Planning & Administratin) Delivered opening remarks for the ceremony and explained the theme of the conference. Take Home Message: ‘As Africans and as countries affected by dryland, let’s make solutions that can help restore these lands’ 19 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Quoting the Bible’s mandate for human responsibility to care for the Earth, it highlights that Adam was instructed to nurture it. There is clear evidence of environmental degradation through phenomena such as acid rain and climate change. These emergent catastrophes serve as harbingers of more severe challenges to come, underscoring nature’s unforgiving disposition. The current generation often remains unaware of the crises unfolding worldwide, which are direct consequences of biodiversity loss. Food insecurity looms large today, affecting a billion people globally. Therefore, developing robust systems to ensure food security is paramount. There is optimism that the conference will yield effective food systems capable of enhancing food security not only in Kenya but also globally. Exploring opportunities in aquaculture production where feasible, and promoting traditional crops such as beans, sorghum, specific maize varieties, and drought-resistant tree species, are key strategies. Adopting climate-smart technologies to mitigate soil erosion and enhance biodiversity is crucial in the contemporary context. Leveraging artificial technology to boost food production in arid lands is vital for improving food security. Encouraging Generation Z to engage in agriculture is seen as pivotal for sustainable food production in the future. Recommendation ● Promote environmental stewardship and responsibility ● Implement and enforce stronger environmental protection regulations. ● Develop early warning systems and disaster preparedness plans. ● Increase public awareness and education on biodiversity conservation and environmental issues. ● Invest in and promote research and development of resilient food systems. ● Foster international collaboration and knowledge exchange to enhance food security. ● Support the expansion and sustainability of aquaculture industries in suitable regions. ● Invest in and promote climate-smart agricultural technologies and practices. ● Develop and integrate AI and advanced technologies into agricultural practices, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. ● Advocate for the adoption of new technologies and systems discussed at the conference to improve food production in drylands. ● Encourage the youth to engage in agriculture Environmental degradation & food security challenges Prof. Reuben Muasya Ag. Vice Chancellor of Lukenya University 20 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC Food Systems in The Pastoralist Areas of Kenya PRESENTER Prof. Thomas E. Akuja, PhD, D.Sc. ORGANISATION South Eastern Kenya University What Is Resiliency in a Food System Resiliency is a concept that’s been used in a lot of different fields. It’s how systems are able to adapt and move forward in the case of various and unforeseen disasters. Food Systems In the food system, resiliency is the capacity over time to provide sufficient, appropriate, and acceptable food to all—even in the case of unforeseen disturbances. More simply: How do you ensure that people have food, even when disruptions continue to happen? Food System Disruptors There can be natural or human-made disruptions, and they can either be a shock—a sudden disturbance to the food system—or a stressor, the more gradual eroding of it. With climate change, you can think about more severe weather events as an immediate shock, or a longer-term drought that changes natural conditions as a stressor on the food system. Human-Made It could be political unrest or it could be inflation within the food system that raises costs and limits people’s economic access to food. Wars and global disruptions can absolutely impact the food system, even if they happen far away from where people get food, say, from a grocery store or a farmers market. The implications of global disruptions really can trickle down to all different levels. Food System Resilience It helps countries to rebuild their productive capacity, improve the management of their natural resources, strengthen food value chains and access to markets, and improve policies, national and regional, to enhance the resilience of the sector. Resilient Food System It’s how systems are able to adapt and move forward in the case of various and unforeseen disasters. In the food system, resiliency is the capacity over time to provide sufficient, appropriate, and acceptable food to all—even in the case of unforeseen disturbances. Resilience In Agri-Food Systems The Resilient Agrifood Systems Science Group transforms current agrifood systems so more people, especially those who survive on less than US$1 a day, can access affordable, sufficient, and healthy diets. Efforts span planting to post- harvest needs, creating solutions that impact fields, farms, and value chains. Food Systems in Animal Production Food systems exist at different scales: global, regional, national and local. Local food systems around the world are very diverse and location specific. Food Systems in Crop Production There are two major ways to break food systems down into component parts. The first is to look at the five parts of the food cycle: production, processing, distribution, retail and consumption 21 PRESENTATIONS The Dryland Environment The drylands are characterized by low precipitation, highly variable rainfall patterns, high evapotranspiration rates, in adequate available nutrients in native soils, poor quality of groundwater, severe land degradation processes, short growing period and low crop yields Dryland Agriculture Drylands, despite their relative levels of aridity, contain a great variety of biodiversity, with many animal and plant species and habitats found only in drylands and playing a vital role in the livelihoods of many dryland inhabitants (IUCN, 2012). Dryland farming, also known as “dry farming” or “dryland agriculture,” means that farmers do not use irrigation to supply crops with water. Instead, this practice relies upon soil moisture, ground water, and the occasional rainfall. Livelihoods in the Pastoralists in the Drylands Pastoralism ● Agro-pastoralism ● Wild-Foods Livestock Sector In Vision 2030 Indeed, the economic pillar of vision 2030 aims to improve the prosperity of all Kenyans through an economic development programme, covering all the regions of Kenya. Through livestock rearing and by-products providing alternative livelihoods, the arid lands can as well meet all their economic requirements. Very little is seen on the ASALs despite heavy investment. The stagnation of animal production and marketing as well as under exploitation of alternative livelihood components in the region is evident everywhere one goes. A Comparative Economic Scenario in The Drylands The following scenario can be used to illustrate the potential wealth that obtains in the ASALs of Kenya. A good year In a good year an average pastoralist family could be keeping 400 goats, 400 sheep, 50 cows and 50 camels. Scenario I In an event of bad year looming, if this family sold a half of their stock at competitive market prices, Its total value would be Ksh. 5.5 million i.e (200 goats @ Ksh. 5000= 1 million; 200 sheep @ Ksh. 5000 = 1 million; 50 cows @ Ksh. 20 000 = 1 million; 25 camels @ Ksh. 100 000 = 2.5 million). Would such a person require relief Scenario II Compare this to a middle income earner of Ksh. 200 000 per month. Per annum this person would have a gross value of 2.4 million. The net per annum would be almost half of this figure. The former scenario is akin to a person in formal employment earning Ksh. 460 000 per month. Unfortunately, these pastoralists would be looking up to the latter for alms and demand relief food in times of drought. Recommendations ● Policy on pastoralism ● Livestock Production ● Livestock Marketing ● Economic benefit 22 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Opportunities for Dryland Agriculture & Rangeland Management Dr. Jason Sicerly Senior Scientist, ILRI Livestock demonstrate greater resilience compared to crops, making them a crucial asset in dryland agriculture. Exploring areas adjacent to settlements for security and agricultural purposes presents promising opportunities. However, the fragmentation of rangelands remains a significant challenge, potentially impacting both wellbeing and livelihoods when agricultural areas are poorly planned. Implementing participatory rangeland management (PRM) proves effective through local institutions, emphasizing the importance of fire management and pasture maintenance within the community. Dealing with invasive species such as prosopis requires timely intervention, ideally when the plants are young; alternatively, methods like herbicides or gel application can be considered. Concerns persist regarding the introduction of new weeds affecting livestock, particularly in regions like Kajiado and Baringo. Mango cultivation, thriving on deep moisture, requires safeguarding from livestock and establishing robust market linkages for economic viability. The role of academic institutions in dryland regions, exemplified by Lukenya University, becomes pivotal in addressing local challenges. Academic research should prioritize real-world issues and engage affected communities, notably pastoralists in areas like Pokot and Turkana. Recommendation ● Promote livestock farming in dryland areas due to their higher resilience compared to crops. ● Identify and utilize secure areas near settlements for agricultural activities. ● Develop and implement policies to prevent the fragmentation of rangelands. ● Implement comprehensive spatial planning at county and sub-county levels. ● Promote PRM to involve local communities in decision-making and management of rangelands. ● Develop and enforce fire management strategies and invest in pasture maintenance programs. ● Research and implement effective methods for managing invasive species, considering environmental and economic impacts. ● Implement early detection and management programs for new invasive species to prevent their spread and impact. ● Support the cultivation of mangoes and other suitable crops with proper irrigation, protection measures, and market access. ● Increase support and recognition for academic institutions in dryland areas to enhance their impact on local development. ● Ensure that academic research outcomes are shared with and implemented in affected communities to solve practical issues 23 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Building Resilient Food Systems for a Sustainable Future Prof. Josphert Kimatu South Eastern Kenya University Building resilient food systems for a sustainable future, particularly in Africa, involves a multifaceted approach that addresses various: 1. Components 2. Key Factors 3. Stakeholders 4. Tools 5. Requirements Main Components 1. Sustainable Agriculture Practices This involves the adoption of agro ecology and conservation agriculture, crop diversification and rotation. Organic farming and integrated pest management. 2. Food Security and Nutrition This is done through ensuring access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food which enhances dietary diversity. Promoting of indigenous foods helps address various malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Efforts to develop climate-resilient crop varieties. Implementing water conservation and efficient irrigation techniques. Promoting carbon sequestration practices. 3. Infrastructure Development Improving transportation networks and storage facilities will help prevent food wastage and loss. This will help producers have easier gain to the market of the produce. Enhancing ICT infrastructure for agricultural information dissemination. 4. Policy and Governance Having policies that will lead to improved transportation networks and storage facilities, how we disseminate agricultural information to various stakeholders. Strengthening institutional capacities and intersectoral coordination. Formulating supportive agricultural policies and regulatory frameworks. Key Factors 1. Environmental Sustainability Maintaining soil health and fertility, Preserving biodiversity and ecosystems and managing water resources sustainably 2. Economic Viability Ensuring fair pricing and market access for smallholder farmers, Providing financial services and credit facilities and encouraging agribusiness and value addition. 3. Social Inclusivity Empowering women and youth in agriculture by promoting equitable access to resources and opportunities. Fostering community participation and traditional knowledge. Stakeholders ● Farmers and Agricultural Workers. Small holder farmers, cooperatives, and large-scale farmers. Agricultural laborers and farmer associations. ● Government and Policy Makers. This is the Ministry of Agriculture, environment, and trade. Local and regional government bodies. ● Research and Educational Institutions Universities and agricultural research centers. Extension services and vocational training institutes. 24 PRESENTATIONS ● Private Sector and Agribusinesses ● Agro-industries, input suppliers, and food processors. Financial institutions and market intermediaries. ● Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Civil Society ● NGOs focusing on rural development and food security and community-based organizations and advocacy groups. ● International Organizations and Development Partners ● UN agencies, World Bank, and regional development banks. The International agricultural research organizations (e.g., CGIAR). Tools and Technologies 1.Innovative Agricultural Technologies Precision farming and smart agriculture. Biotechnology and genetic engineering. Mobile applications and digital platforms for information dissemination. 2.Sustainable Land Management Techniques These are agroforestry and permaculture. Soil conservation and erosion control methods. 3. Water Management Systems Drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting. Integrated watershed management 4. Climate-Smart Practices Early warning systems and weather forecasting. Climate-resilient crop and livestock breeds. Requirements 1. Capacity Building and Education Training programs for farmers on sustainable practices. Strengthening agricultural extension services. 2. Investment and Financing Public and private investment in agricultural infrastructure. Access to microfinance and insurance schemes for farmers. 3. Research and Development Increased funding for agricultural research. Collaboration between research institutions and farmers. 4. Market Access and Trade Developing local and regional markets. Promoting fair trade practices and reducing trade barriers. 5. Community Engagement and Empowerment Involving local communities in decision- making processes. Supporting farmer-led initiatives and cooperatives. Conclusion Building resilient food systems in Africa requires a comprehensive approach that integrates sustainable practices, policy support, stakeholder collaboration, and innovative tools. By addressing the multifaceted challenges and leveraging local knowledge, Africa can achieve sustainable food security and resilience against future shocks. 25 PRESENTATIONS Recommendations ● Research genetic characteristics of invasive species to harness beneficial traits for other crops and plants. ● Promote sustainable agricultural practices such as agro ecology, crop diversification, and organic farming. ● Develop climate-resilient crops and promote water conservation and efficient irrigation techniques. ● Develop and implement supportive agricultural policies and regulatory frameworks. ● Enhance economic viability by creating markets and providing financial services and credit facilities for farmers. ● Foster social inclusivity by empowering youth and women in agriculture and involving communities in decision-making. ● Invest in capacity building and education for farmers and agricultural workers. ● Secure investment and financing for agricultural research and development. ● Develop policies and programs to include persons with disabilities in all aspects of food systems, including training, production, processing, and marketing. ● NGOs should be involved in creating and funding programs that support the inclusion of persons with disabilities in agricultural activities. ● Engage all stakeholders, including research institutions, universities, and NGOs, in the development and implementation of resilient food systems 26 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Challenges and Solutions for Sustainable Food Systems Mr. Arnold Kipchumba Mama Doing Good Catastrophes hinder our food systems. It is imperative that we empower farmers to embrace technologies. Access to finances and addressing challenges faced by farmers is crucial to attaining sustainable food systems. There is a need to shift consumption patterns to convert food waste into beneficial resources. Necessitate collaborations to foster an enabling environment for knowledge sharing. Universities have a responsibility to inform and take part in policy formulations to create resilient food systems. In conclusion all stakeholders should embrace roles in building sustainable food systems by working together, collaborating, and sharing knowledge to preserve biodiversity. Recommendations ● Develop and implement strategies to mitigate the impact of catastrophes on food systems. ● Empower farmers through education, resources, support systems, and promote the adoption of advanced technologies. ● Improve access to financial services and address the challenges faced by farmers. ● Implement programs to reduce food waste and repurpose it for other food system ● Facilitate collaborations among stakeholders to share knowledge and best practices. ● Encourage universities to actively participate in policy development for resilient food systems. ● Promote cooperation and knowledge sharing among universities, research institutions, and other stakeholders. ● Universities should inform and participate in policy formulation 27 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Building Resilient Food Systems for a Sustainable Future Mr. Benjamin Tito Agriculture and Food Authority AFA was established under the AFA Act 2013 to consolidate laws and regulations. Resilient food systems involve recycling, reusing, and combining resources to reduce dependency on external inputs, particularly fossil fuels. Systems not resilient enough were unable to rebound during the COVID-19 era, highlighting the need for remodeling food production. Approaches to resilient food systems include market-driven and government-driven strategies. Aligning to SDGs involves farming communities, sustainable farm businesses, and farm and value-chain workers. AFA’s contributions to food systems include capacity building for county governments, promoting best practices, regulating agricultural processing, and determining research priorities. Sustainable farming practices include produce traceability, contract farming, safe pesticide use, carbon credits, minimum tillage, soil conservation, and organic farming. Recommendations ● Implement sustainable farming practices: produce traceability, contract farming, safe pesticide use, carbon credits, minimum tillage, organic farming, precision agriculture ● Develop resilient food systems that incorporate recycling, reuse, and reduced dependency on external inputs. ● Implement both market-driven and government-driven strategies to build resilient food systems. 28 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Dryland Agriculture for Sustainable and Inclusive Development: Economic Diversification Opportunities for Rural Livelihoods Across Drylands Madam Nancy Muindi Kickstart International Kickstart International is a Non-Profit Social Enterprise founded in Kenya in 1991. We work in 17 Sub- Saharan Countries and have 3 Regional Hubs – Kenya, Zambia & Nigeria Our Mission is to enable Millions of Smallholder Farmers in sub-Saharan Africa to climb out of poverty quickly, cost-effectively and sustainably through Earning a Lot More Money and Adapting to Climate Change. Our Focus is scaling smallholder farmers’ irrigation across sub–Saharan Africa Irrigation In Statistics ● 20% of Farmland Worldwide is Irrigated ● > 40% of farmland in Asia is Irrigated ● > 52% in India ● 20% of Farmland Worldwide is Irrigated ● > 40% of farmland in Asia is Irrigated ● > 52% in India ● Kenya~3% of Farmland ● Annual ‘Hungry Seasons’ Why irrigation for sustainable dryland agriculture? Rain-fed Farming Irrigated Farming Low Value/Staple Crops High-Value Crops- Fruit/Veg 1-2 Harvests/year Multiple Harvests/yr Flooded Markets Sell Year-Round esp. in Off-seasons Low Prices < 40% Spoils High Prices at Farm Gate No Crop if Rains Fail Save Crops if Rains Fail Proven Impacts From case studies of farmers using our pumps 29 PRESENTATIONS 1. Sustainable Livelihoods Increased income and profits through year- round production and sales of high-value crops Rural job creation through profitable family enterprises 2. Climate Resilience Production independent of rains - farmers can save rainfed crops 3. Food & Nutritional Security Households serve their immediate food needs and beyond by harvesting year-round. 4. Disaster Relief Sustainable alternative after the initial food and aid assistance 5. Women Empowerment Our Solution Model 1. Innovate From our Innovations Hub, innovate high-impact irrigation solutions under the brand name “MoneyMaker, specially designed for Africa’s Smallholder farmers. 2. Distribute To enable rural smallholder farmers to access MoneyMaker irrigation technologies across SSA locally, KickStart delivers its pumps through two main channels: partner organizations (NGOs, governments, etc.) and direct sales through community-based retailers 3. Train KickStart offers product usage and maintenance training and tailored Agropreneurship training to partners’ lead farmers and staff. The training is designed to help farmers run a successful farming business and maximize the benefits of irrigation. 4. Measure KickStart has a rigorous impact monitoring program in place, which tracks changes in the social and economic status of beneficiaries. 5. Advocate Kickstart works to accelerate global support for farmer-led irrigation in Africa, by sharing research and advocating for the right investments, smart subsidies, and policies among key stakeholders Irrigation + Economic Diversification Right tools to irrigate Increased Agricultural Productivity Increased incomes Investment in livestock, non-farm activities, healthcare etc 30 PRESENTATIONS Conclusion For dryland Agriculture to be more inclusive and support sustainable livelihoods Scaling Up irrigation solutions, more stakeholder collaborations and more investment Recommendations ● Advocate for increased investment in irrigation infrastructure and technology in Africa to improve agricultural productivity and food security. ● Strengthen partnerships with NGOs, governments, and private distributors to ensure widespread adoption and support for irrigation technologies. ● Invest more in knowledge and tools for dryland food systems, especially irrigation ● Expand case study initiatives and share best practices to encourage similar projects in other regions facing agricultural challenges. ● Implement water harvesting techniques and collaborate with organizations specializing in water catchment to secure water sources for irrigation in ASAL regions. Partnerships and Success Stories Alternative livelihoods for the People of East Pokot In collaboration with WV Marigat ADP. Started vegetable gardens Sustainable livelihoods in Coast region In collaboration with Siongiroi FSA, drinking water for cows. Rent to try and buy for the youth 31 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Comparative Effects of Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench) In Kibwezi East, Makueni County, Kenya Esther Nthenya Muli and Joseph Munyao Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a vital crop in semi-arid regions due to its high drought tolerance and adaptability. In areas like Makueni County, Kenya, where soil fertility is low and rainfall is unpredictable, enhancing sorghum yield is crucial for food security (Hariprasanna et.al., 2016). Traditional farming practices often rely on organic manure, while modern approaches use inorganic fertilizers. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of organic manure, inorganic fertilizers, and their combination on improving sorghum growth and yield, providing insights for sustainable agricultural practices in semi- arid environments Objectives To evaluate the impact of organic manure, inorganic fertilizers, and their combination on the growth and yield of sorghum in the semi-arid region of Makueni County, Kenya. Specific Objectives 1. To determine the influence of organic manure on the growth parameters and yield of sorghum. 2. To analyze the effect of inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of sorghum. 3. To compare the combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers with individual applications and a control, in terms of sorghum growth and yield. Methodology Site: Makutano, Kibwezi East, Makueni County, Kenya. Experimental Design: Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 12 plots (3 treatments + control, each replicated 3 times). Treatments: Organic manure, inorganic fertilizers, combination of both, and a control (no treatment). Crop Husbandry: Clearing, primary and secondary tillage, planting sorghum seeds (variety SSR-01), thinning, weeding, and integrated pest management Results: Growth Parameters Parameter Control(TO) Organic manure(T1) Inorganic Manure(T2) Combined(T3) Number of leaves 12 15 18 20 Plant height 110 130 140 150 Stem Diameter 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Number of Nodes 5 6 7 8 Biomas (g/plant) 600 700 750 800 32 PRESENTATIONS Discussion The combined use of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers significantly enhances the growth and yield of sorghum in semi- arid conditions. This combination improves soil health, nutrient availability, and plant physiological parameters, making it a viable strategy for improving sorghum production in Makueni County. The findings suggest that adopting integrated nutrient management practices can address the challenges of food insecurity and support sustainable agricultural development in the region. Implications on Sustainable Agriculture Combining organic and inorganic fertilizers can enhance crop production and maintain soil health.Food Security: Increased sorghum yield contributes to food security in semi- arid regions like Makueni County.Economic Benefits: Higher yields can lead to increased income for farmers Recommendations • Further Research: Investigate long-term effects of combined fertilizer use on soil health and crop yield. • Policy Implications: Encourage policies supporting integrated fertilizer use for sustainable agriculture. • Capacity Building • Adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management Conclusion This study demonstrates that the combined use of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers significantly enhances the growth and yield of sorghum in semi-arid regions. The findings underscore the potential of integrated nutrient management to improve food security and promote sustainable agriculture. Adopting these practices, farmers can achieve higher yields and maintain soil health, contributing to both economic stability and environmental sustainability. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term benefits and refine these practices for broader application. Parameter Control(TO) Organic Manure(T1) Inorganic Manure(T2) Combined(T3) Grain size(mm) 3.5 4.0 4.3 4.5 Number of grains per head 1400 1600 1800 2000 Weight of grains per head(g) 70 80 90 100 Total Grain weight 900 1000 1100 1200 Chlorophyll Content and Canopy Temperature Parameter Control(TO) Organic Manure(T1) Inorganic Manure(T2) Combined(T3) Chlorophyll content(SPAD units) 35 40 42 45 Canopy Temperature 32 30 29 28 33 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Control of Tsetse Flies - Vector of Trypanosomiasis Dr. Benson Wachira Pwani University Introduction Facing a myriad of challenges including food insecurity, disease outbreaks, unemployment, and poverty, exacerbated by resistance to commercial pesticides, the situation calls for innovative solutions. Current methods for tsetse fly control not only harm the environment but are also non-specific and costly. Discussion Various species of tsetse flies transmit animal trypanosomiasis, with some posing risks for human trypanosomiasis transmission. Regions such as the Lake region grapple with high human trypanosomiasis prevalence, while the coastal region faces nagana outbreaks in animals. Farmers confront significant hardships from tsetse flies and tick-borne diseases like East Coast fever. Efforts have focused on exploring collar designs resistant to vegetation removal or alternative methods where feasible. Rigorous field trials across diverse climates are necessary to verify the effectiveness of proposed control methods against multiple trypanosome species. Additionally, implementing supplementary measures targeting alternative vectors alongside tsetse fly control is crucial. Conclusion Conducting region-specific studies is essential to comprehend tsetse fly distribution and disease transmission dynamics across varying geographical and ecological contexts. Engaging farmers and communities through education and awareness initiatives is vital to foster acceptance and adoption of sustainable control methods. Recommendation ● Implement new, environmentally friendly tsetse control methods ● Further research on effectiveness of control methods in different regions and against different trypanosome species ● Collaborate with local communities and stakeholders to implement targeted control measures tailored to regional disease patterns and vector species. ● Promote integrated pest management strategies that include both tsetse control and tick management to improve overall livestock health and productivity. 34 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION The influence of Agro-Sil fertilizer formulations on crop production and climate change mitigation in Makueni County, Kenya Benard Kivyatu, Ms. Jael Birgen, Prof. Ibrahim Haji, Judith Wafula, Paul Mwania and Ms June Lukenya University Food is a critical issue in Africa, thanks to Climate Change .Over 1.9 billion people worldwide are food insecure (UNICEF 2023).In Africa – 1/5 (278m) PPLE are undernourished & 55 m children are stunted (OXFAM, 2023). In Kenya, 2 million children have stunted (UNICEF 2018).Makueni county- among 23 ASAL Counties (GoK, 2023).Makueni: 12.47% HH in borderline or poor Consumption score (composite: diversity, F, Qnty, Rel. Nutri. Of diff foods) Objectives Main objective To assess the influence of Agro-Sil formulation in crop production and climate change mitigation Specific objectives 1. To examine the influence of Agro-Sil on crop growth 2. To assess the influence of Agro-Sil on crop yield 3. To explore the potential of Agro-Sil on Climate change mitigation Target group • Small scale farmers in Makueni county • Sub-Saharan Africa: Most food is produced by small scale farmers (Giller e al., 2021) • Target Crops: (Maize, Groundnuts, Pigeon pea, & Cow pea) Challenges in Food Production • Africa: Highest land per capita • Poverty and Marginalization • Lack of intensification, expansion and specialization (van Vlient et al., 2015) compared to DC • Climate change – drought e.g. Malawi today. • Conflicts (Sudan, South Sudan, Liberia, Niger, Chad, Mali, etc • Tremendous human population – In Africa • Compare Holocene and Anthropocene epochs • Declining soil fertility (Climate change, inappropriate farming systems • Many sponsored projects have little success to show • Many HH have one meal /day • Inadequate food supply ; Malnutrition : hunger & stunted growth among children below five years: thus future impact • Increased poverty, increased hunger World population: Last 12,000 years 35 PRESENTATIONS Literature review • World population to hit 8.8 bn in 2064 (Vollset et al., 2020) • Global food demand to increase by 60 % by 2030 • Huge demand for food to create great challenges • Use of fertilizers lead to pollution (Nosheen et al., 2021) e. g. Eutrophication) • Attainment of SDG NO. 2 (Zero hunger) is a big challenge • Food production systems should not degrade the Env. (Biotic & Abiotic) • Look at the decline of Bumble bees and Monarch butterflies in the US Research methods • Study area : Kibwezi east, Makueni county • Randomized block design • Land preparation • Agro-Sil formulation application (48 hours before planting, 30 and 60 days after planting) • Monitoring of germination • Normal weed control was done Harvesting • Harvest of maize, ground nuts • Cow pea not harvested due to influence of small ruminants • Pigeon pea: affected by excessive rainfall 36 PRESENTATIONS Treatment Control Results (Above ground biomass) Performance of maize yield, stover and cobs Above ground biomass The Agro-Sil treated plants are on the right while the control is on the left. Notice the enhanced above ground development. Cow pea was affected by small ruminants and results were rejected 37 PRESENTATIONS Below ground biomass Discussion • There is urgent need to develop strategies in food production in ASALs • Many government efforts have had little success (Galana project) • Population growth is a critical issue this century • Various strategies exists (C/rotation, mulching, mixed farming, No-Till, AF, Agro-ecology, GMO’s, • Agro-Sil provides a simple method of improving soil health while enhancing crop production • Enhanced root development (BGB) binds soil against erosion and increases soil fertility upon decay (Humus and CEC) • 20% increase in maize can save many lives while 5.23% in G/nuts adds value Conclusion Agro-Sil has the potential to increase food production and enhance other strategies that mitigate soil erosion and climate change Recommendation ▪ Further research is required to determine the potential of Agro-Sil in stem and root tuber crops such as Cassava (Manihot esculenta), Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Arrow roots (Maranta arundinacea) ▪ Do you think hunger can be defeated in Africa? Yes we can .Hunger can be eliminated in Africa Notice the highly enhanced root system in the treatment plants. This has great potential in reduction of soil erosion and increased soil fertility upon decomposition due to added CEC capacity. Plate 2a: Maize- Control Plate 2b: Maize - Treatment 38 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Livestock, Drylands and Climate Change Mr. Gonzalez Ricardo Climate change significantly impacts livestock through factors such as heat stress and water scarcity. Strategies aimed at mitigating heat stress involve adapting to new environmental conditions and bolstering resilience in livestock production, particularly in dairy farming. Discussion Silvo-pastoral systems, which involve grazing livestock among trees, not only enhance carbon stock and flow but also provide additional benefits like shade provision, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, soil improvement, and economic advantages. Current research efforts are directed towards developing shade-tolerant forages, improving animal health, and enhancing biodiversity within silvo-pastoral systems. Conclusion Camels are increasingly recognized as a viable solution for bolstering livestock resilience amidst the challenges posed by climate change. Their unique adaptations make them well-suited to thrive in changing environmental conditions, highlighting their potential importance in sustainable livestock management strategies. Recommendations ● Promote the adoption of heat-tolerant livestock species like camels and goats over cattle to enhance resilience against climate change impacts such as heat stress and water scarcity in dryland areas. ● Support research and development of shade-tolerant forages and integration of silvo-pastoral systems with crop systems to maximize environmental benefits (carbon sequestration, biodiversity enhancement) and economic gains (improved soil health, water management). ● Continue research on shade-tolerant forages and integration of crop systems 39 PRESENTATIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND DAY OF THE CONFERENCE 28TH JUNE 2024 The day began with opening remarks from DVC (Finance, Planning And Administration), Prof Ibrahim Haji of Lukenya University. He defined the characteristics of dry lands and highlighted available resources crucial for economic models in both dry lands and urban areas, emphasizing their vast potential and advocating for activities like irrigation and agroforestry. Additionally, stressed the importance of addressing climate change in dry lands by citing tree planting initiatives similar to those at Lukenya University, and requested insights from the Ethiopian team renowned for their expertise in pastoralism. He urged various stakeholders to invest in research and innovation to continuously improve agricultural and environmental management practices tailored to the unique challenges of dry lands. There was a recap of the previous day by Mr.Protus Kyalo 40 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Fostering policy and institutional frameworks to create enabling environments for the development of equitable and environmentally responsible agricultural value chains Dr. Jeremiah Rogito Alliance for Green Revolution Africa Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU Kenya) supports science-based solutions and helps build a shared understanding of the challenges and opportunities to unlock collective and ambitious action. The coalition secretariat consists of AGRA, World Resource Institute (WRI Africa) and Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN). FOLU and Growing Better champion sustainable land use and food systems through critical transitions and a reform agenda. They emphasize improved water and resource management to boost agricultural productivity and income generation. Strengthening partnerships with governments supports initiatives like rangeland restoration and equitable food systems development. AGRA strategies focus on resilient agricultural practices and enhancing inclusive market systems and trade. STRAK’s theory of change aims to maximize agricultural production in dry lands through environmental transformation. Regenerative agriculture (RA) practices, primarily using organic manures, demonstrate higher female engagement but face market barriers and limited investment access. Recommendation Advocate for institutional capacity building by developing comprehensive programming frameworks that prioritize inclusive climate resilience in food and land use systems. This involves creating robust strategies to enhance the ability of institutions to respond to climate challenges, ensuring that all stakeholders, including marginalized communities, are considered. Additionally, implement practices that significantly improve water management and livelihood resources, with a particular focus on engaged agro ecological practices. These practices should aim to sustainably increase agricultural production and income while preserving the environment. Moreover, it is crucial to foster stronger partnerships with governments at all levels to enable policy support and secure funding for various initiatives. These initiatives should be designed to empower local communities through urban agriculture projects, community-supported agriculture schemes, food cooperatives, and farmers’ markets. Such collaborations will not only enhance food security and sustainability but also provide economic opportunities and strengthen community bonds. By aligning efforts with governmental policies and resources, these initiatives can achieve greater impact and long-term viability. Key Note Speech 41 PRESENTATIONS The topic aligns closely with international policies promoting inclusive education, exemplified by initiatives like “No Child Left Behind,” which prioritize the integration of learners with Special Needs Education (SNE) into agricultural practices in dry land areas. This approach underscores the importance of inclusivity and equity in educational settings, ensuring that all students have equal opportunities to participate in and benefit from agricultural activities. Discussion In this context, head teachers play a pivotal role as facilitators, engaging donors and coordinating support to enable the meaningful involvement of students with SNE in agricultural programs. Their leadership is crucial in fostering comprehensive approaches that address diverse learning needs and promote inclusivity within school communities. Furthermore, integrating agriculture programs into the Kenyan curriculum represents a strategic move towards sustainability, empowering students to develop practical skills and knowledge that contribute to self-reliance. By embedding these initiatives into the educational framework, there is a reduced dependency on external aid, promoting long-term resilience and local empowerment. Recognizing the diversity of disabilities, educational systems are designed to accommodate different needs and abilities, ensuring that every learner receives tailored support to effectively participate in mainstream agricultural practices. This inclusive approach not only enhances educational outcomes but also contributes to the socio-economic development of dry land areas by harnessing the potential of all students, regardless of their challenges. Recommendations ● Adapt agricultural practices to accommodate learners with SNE based on individual disabilities, maximizing engagement and productivity, such as tree growing activities. ● Fully integrate SNE programs into the mainstream curriculum in dry land areas to address historical neglect and ensure meaningful participation. ● Enhance coordination among head teachers, government stakeholders, and donors to sustainably support SNE involvement in agricultural education. ● Implement inclusive education policies effectively to align with international standards and improve educational outcomes for learners with SNE in Kenya. TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Influence of Head teachers’ Coordination of Don or Support Services on Inclusion of Learners with Special Needs Education in Public Primary Schools Mbooni East Sub-County, Kenya. Dr. Domitilla Wanza Mwanzia, PhD 42 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Recognizing the potential of green jobs for sustainable livelihoods among the rural youth and the need for skill development Ms.Ruth Moraa MaMa Doing Good The initiative focuses on environmental preservation, restoration, and reducing environmental degradation by creating green jobs. It identifies several challenges, including a lack of skills and training, as well as social and economic barriers such as limited access to finances. The Mama Doing Good Initiative has been instrumental in empowering small-scale farmers and promoting community self-reliance. Additionally, it has successfully trained 100 groups, particularly emphasizing the empowerment of women and youth through tailored training programs and providing necessary tools to support green jobs. Community engagement plays a crucial role in these efforts, involving educational campaigns, awareness programs, and training sessions facilitated by institutions like KALRO and ICIPE, aimed at promoting green job opportunities. The benefits of green jobs in fostering sustainable development, especially among rural youth in Kenya, have been underscored. Ms. Charity Nashipai and Dr. Guyo Roba both stress the importance of discussing the evolving goals and values of pastoralists in Kenya. They highlight initiatives focused on empowering women and youth through workshops and engagement in pastoralist activities. Both speakers agree on the necessity for pastoralists to adopt resilient agricultural practices, such as rotational grazing, water harvesting, and cultivating drought-resistant crops, all while preserving traditional values. There is consensus on the challenges posed by increasing commercialization in pastoralist areas, particularly concerning access to markets and sustaining livelihoods. Policy-making is seen as critical, advocating for the involvement of the Maa community to ensure decisions respect and support their way of life. Addressing environmental challenges, such as weed infestation, through scientific interventions, such as employing electricity to protect pastoral lands from livestock harm, has been identified as crucial. Recognizing the need for portfolio diversification among pastoralists to enhance resilience against climatic changes and market fluctuations has also been emphasized. Efforts are needed to overcome cultural barriers that affect the market access of camel products and to allow time for cultural acceptance of new economic activities. Moreover, there is a recognition of challenges in market systems driven by government intervention and tax policies that hinder market flow and access to information for pastoralists. Managing arid lands is pivotal in combating degradation, with practices such as ploughing and controlled mobility being highlighted as essential strategies. Recommendation ● Skills Development: Address technical skills (e.g., organic farming), soft skills (entrepreneurship, business management), and digital literacy (accessing grants, financial management). ● Policy and Investment: Advocate for government policies supporting green job creation and invest in infrastructure. ● Community-Based Advocacy: Encourage private entities to engage in community advocacy, particularly in rural areas, to support green job initiatives. ● Gender and Youth Empowerment: Continue promoting women and youth in agriculture through targeted training and providing necessary tools. ● Table Banking: Support both new and existing women groups in adopting table banking models, ensuring adherence to established procedures. ● Scaling Up: Expand initiatives like black soldier larvae flies for waste management and production, targeting small-scale farmers for large-scale impact. 43 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC MODERATOR PANELISTS Panel Discussion: How the goals and values of pastoralist in Kenya are changing Dr. Jason Sircerly 1) Ms. Charity Nashipai (Chairlady Youth Pastoralist) 2) Dr. Guyo Roba (Director of Jamil observatory of food security and action) In a collaborative discussion on the challenges and strategies concerning pastoralist communities in Kenya, Ms. Charity Nashipai and Dr. Guyo Roba highlight crucial aspects that shape their approach to sustainable development and community empowerment. Ms. Nashipai begins by emphasizing the critical importance of ongoing dialogue regarding the evolving goals and values of pastoralists. “Understanding the dynamic nature of pastoralist goals is essential,” she asserts, “to ensure our initiatives align with their aspirations for sustainable livelihoods.” Dr. Roba echoes this sentiment, underlining the need for adaptive strategies that preserve traditional values while enhancing resilience. “Resilience is not just about adapting to climate change,” he explains, “but also about safeguarding cultural integrity in the face of modern pressures.” The discussion shifts to the empowerment of women and youth within pastoralist communities. Ms. Nashipai passionately describes the initiative’s efforts in this area. “Empowering women and youth is not just a goal but a cornerstone,” she states. “Through targeted workshops and engagement in pastoralist activities, we foster leadership and skills that are vital for community self- reliance.” Dr. Roba nods in agreement, citing examples of successful adoption of resilient agricultural practices such as rotational grazing and water harvesting. “These practices not only mitigate environmental degradation but also ensure sustainable resource use,” he remarks. “Preserving our natural resources is fundamental to our cultural heritage.” The conversation turns to the challenges posed by increasing commercialization in pastoralist areas. Both speakers express concern about access to markets and sustaining livelihoods amidst these pressures. “Navigating commercialization requires balanced policies,” Ms. Nashipai suggests, “that respect traditional knowledge and support economic growth.” Dr. Roba stresses the importance of inclusive policy-making involving the Maa community. “Policy decisions must reflect the needs and values of the community,” he asserts. “This ensures sustainable development that benefits everyone.” Environmental challenges like weed infestation prompt discussion on innovative solutions. “Scientific interventions, such as using electricity to protect grazing lands, can be transformative,” Dr. Roba proposes. “They help mitigate environmental threats while maintaining ecological balance.” Portfolio diversification emerges as another critical strategy. “Diversifying livelihoods enhances resilience,” Ms. Nashipai affirms. “It provides buffers against climate variability and economic fluctuations.” 44 PRESENTATIONS Cultural preservation remains central to their dialogue. “Cultural acceptance of new economic activities takes time,” Ms. Nashipai notes. “Efforts are needed to overcome barriers that affect market access for traditional products like camel milk.” They conclude by addressing systemic challenges in market access and information flow. “Ineffective market systems hinder pastoralists’ ability to thrive,” Dr. Roba acknowledges. “Reforming these systems is essential for equitable economic opportunities.” The discussion ends on the importance of arid land management. “Managing arid lands through sustainable practices like ploughing and controlled mobility is crucial,” Ms. Nashipai asserts. “It ensures the long-term health of our landscapes and livelihoods.” In summary, Ms. Charity Nashipai and Dr. Guyo Roba advocate for holistic approaches that balance environmental stewardship, cultural preservation, and economic empowerment within Kenya’s pastoralist communities. Their shared vision underscores the necessity of adaptive strategies and inclusive policies to achieve sustainable development goals effectively. Recommendations ● Policy Development: Formulate policies that respect pastoralist ways of life and support resilient agricultural practices. ● Technical Support Programs: Implement effective technical support programs tailored to pastoralist communities’ needs for sustainable agriculture. ● Market Development: Improve market infrastructure and access to market information to enhance livestock trade and commercialization. ● Empowerment and Education: Continue empowering women and youth through education and skill-building programs to enhance their participation and leadership in pastoralist activities. ● Strengthen Market Access: Improve market access for pastoralists by providing better market information, reducing taxation on livestock trade, and enhancing market infrastructure in remote areas. ● Cultural Sensitivity and Integration: Develop strategies to integrate cultural values into economic activities like camel product marketing, ensuring respect and understanding of pastoralist traditions. 45 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Coping with Droughts in Agriculture of Northwest of Vietnam Madam Yen Nguyen Northwest Vietnam is confronted with pressing challenges posed by climate change, manifesting in elevated temperatures, prolonged droughts, erratic flash floods, and altered seasonal patterns. These environmental shifts exert profound impacts on agriculture, which serves as the cornerstone of livelihoods for local communities in the region. Discussion The urgency for adaptation measures becomes evident as these communities heavily depend on agriculture for sustenance and income. The susceptibility of agricultural practices to extreme weather events underscores the need for proactive strategies to mitigate risks and enhance resilience. Climate change has not only affected environmental conditions but has also disrupted economic and social dynamics within the region. Traditional livelihood patterns are increasingly vulnerable, necessitating innovative approaches to ensure sustainable development and community well-being. In response to these challenges, a range of adaptation strategies has been identified. Implementing early warning systems for climate-related disasters emerges as a critical step to improve preparedness and minimize the impact of extreme weather events on communities and agriculture. Promoting crop resilience through circular economy-based agriculture represents another vital strategy. This approach emphasizes sustainable resource use and waste reduction, thereby enhancing agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. Diversifying livelihood options beyond agriculture is crucial for reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts. Encouraging local communities to engage in non-agricultural services and industries can provide alternative sources of income and economic stability. Advocating for sustainable land use practices such as agroforestry and forest conservation plays a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance and enhancing community resilience. These practices not only contribute to climate adaptation but also promote biodiversity conservation and natural resource management. In conclusion, addressing the climate vulnerability of Northwest Vietnam requires concerted efforts to implement adaptation measures that safeguard livelihoods, protect natural resources, and foster sustainable development. By integrating these strategies into local planning and policy frameworks, communities can better withstand the challenges posed by climate change and achieve long-term resilience. Recommendations ● Implement Early Warning Systems: Establish and enhance early warning systems to provide timely alerts on climate-related disasters like droughts and flash floods to mitigate their impact on agriculture and communities. ● Diversify Livelihoods: Develop and support non-agricultural services and income- generating activities to reduce dependency on climate-sensitive agriculture and enhance community resilience. ● Investment in Research and Technology: Invest in qualitative statistical methods and technologies to gather necessary data for informed decision-making and adaptive strategies tailored to local climate vulnerabilities 46 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Role of indigenous acacia in mitigating climate change in pastoralists communities of eastern Africa in arid and semi- arid area Judith Adikinyi Wafula and Sammy Muvelah Agriculture employs over 40% of the total population in Kenya and approximately 70% of the rural population (GOK, 2018b). Crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors contribute 77.6%, 19.6%, and 2.0% of the Agricultural GDP (AgGDP) respectively, with forestry contributing about 0.8%.Initiatives in agroforestry and pastoralism have focused on high rainfall areas, neglecting the unique needs of ASALs. The Kenya National Agroforestry Strategy 2021-2030 has recognized the potential of integrating trees into agricultural landscapes but lacks specific strategies for ASALs (Climate Technology Centre and Network, 2021). Objectives The objectives of this paper are: ● To identify and classify Acacia species prevalent in Eastern Africa’s ASALs by use. ● To examine the practical challenges associated with Acacia species in pastoralism ● To recommend strategies for promoting Acacia propagation and creating climate- smart fodder forests. Methodology ● Panel Discussions- Participants identified local Acacia species and shared their experiences. ● Literature review- To contextualize the findings from the panel discussions within the broader body of knowledge Findings ● Prevalence of Acacia Species- Acacia trees for fodder is widespread across Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania with three prevalent and well adapted species—Acacia tortilis, Acacia nilotica, and Acacia Senegal. ● Acacia tortilis was the most prominent due to its resilience and minimal growth requirements Participants by Country and Frequency 47 PRESENTATIONS Findings- Classification of Uses of Some Acacia Species Classification- Agroforestry and Complimentary Uses 48 PRESENTATIONS Challenges Associated with Acacia Species in Pastoralism • Land Tenure: Land subdivision and privatization limit communal grazing lands. • Awareness: There is limited awareness among pastoralists about the wide potential of Acacia species. • Support: Inadequate support from government and non-governmental organizations for Acacia propagation. Recommendations • Promotion of Acacia Propagation • Intentional propagation of Acacia tortilis, Acacia nilotica, and Acacia senegal is crucial. Efforts should focus on raising awareness among pastoralists about the benefits of these species and providing technical support for their propagation. • Climate-Smart Fodder Forests • Establishing climate-smart fodder forests using Acacia species through polyculture agroforestry is recommended. This approach integrates livestock rearing with tree growing, enhancing the resilience of pastoral systems. • Development of a Dedicated Center • A dedicated center to promote climate-smart afforestation in Eastern Africa’s ASALs is essential. This center would focus on research, training, and the dissemination of best practices for Acacia propagation and agroforestry 49 PRESENTATIONS TOPIC PRESENTER ORGANISATION Dynamics of Velocity and Pressure Profiles in Enhancing Climate Resilience in Dryland: Agriculture in Kenya using Turbulent forced Convection Modelling Clementine K. Mutua Lukenya University Kenya’s arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) represent approximately 89% of the country’s land area and are home to nearly 36% of its population. These regions, encompassing counties such as Kitui, Turkana, and Mandera, are characterized by harsh climatic conditions, including low and erratic rainfall, high temperatures, and frequent droughts. Climate variability intensifies the challenges of maintaining agricultural productivity and food security, as it exacerbates temperature extremes and unpredictability in rainfall patterns (Government of Kenya, 2020; IPCC, 2019). Traditional agricultural practices, primarily dependent on rain-fed systems, often fall short in mitigating the impacts of severe weather and maintaining stable crop yields. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative strategies that can enhance the resilience of agricultural systems in these regions. The adoption of techniques that improve microclimatic conditions within the agricultural environment, thereby reducing heat stress, improving soil moisture retention, and enhancing overall crop health are critical for sustaining agricultural livelihoods in these areas (FAO, 2021). The primary challenge for agriculture in Kenya’s ASALs is the extreme and often unpredictable weather, which significantly impacts crop yields and soil health. High temperatures and strong winds increase evapotranspiration rates, leading to moisture loss and thermal stress on crops. These conditions necessitate the exploration of new methods to regulate microclimatic variables, such as temperature and humidity, within the agricultural environment. Traditional methods like crop rotation, water conservation practices, and soil management are crucial but insufficient in isolation to address the increasing intensity and frequency of climatic extremes. There is a clear need to integrate advanced techniques that can effectively manage the microclimate to create more stable and favorable conditions for crop growth; Kim, S., & Lee, H. (2019). Therefore, there is need to: 1. Investigates the impact of velocity and pressure profiles on microclimate regulation, focusing on airflow dynamics within agricultural systems 2. Highlight the role of optimized natural ventilation and forced convection in moderating temperature extremes, reducing heat stress, and improving soil moisture retention To explore the dynamics of velocity and pressure profiles within agricultural systems in Kenya’s dryland regions and their role in enhancing climate resilience (Kitui, Turkana and Mandera) 50 Field Measurements Equipment and Setup Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations CFD Model Setup Simulation Scenarios Turbulent Forced Convection Modeling Methodology of the Study PRESENTATIONS 51 Field Measurements Field experiments were conducted in Kitui, Turkana, and Mandera counties. These regions were chosen due to their diverse climatic conditions and significant representation of Kenya’s ASALs. The study involved setting up test plots with and without airflow management systems (windbreaks and greenhouses) and measuring temperature, humidity, and soil moisture levels over a growing season. Equipment and Setup • Temperature and Humidity Sensors: Installed at multiple heights (1m, 2m, and 3m) to capture vertical profiles. • Soil Moisture Probes: Placed at depths of 10cm, 20cm, and 30cm to monitor moisture content. Anemometers: Used to measure wind speed and direction around and within the test plots. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations CFD simulations were conducted to model the airflow and temperature distribution in and around the test plots. The simulations helped analyze the effects of different windbreak configurations and greenhouse designs on microclimate regulation. CFD Model Setup • Domain: 3D representation of the test plots, including the surrounding environment. • Mesh: A fine mesh was used to capture detailed airflow patterns, especially around structures like windbreaks and greenhouses. • Boundary Conditions: Set based on average climatic conditions recorded during field measurements (wind speed, direction, and ambient temperature) Simulation Scenarios • Baseline: Natural ventilation without any modifications. • Windbreaks: Various placements and densities of windbreaks to evaluate their effectiveness. • Greenhouses: Different greenhouse designs with natural ventilation and forced convection systems. Turbulent Forced Convection Modeling To further explore the effects of enhanced airflow management, turbulent forced convection modeling was used. This approach considers the impact of turbulence on heat transfer and airflow dynamics within the greenhouse environment. Results and Discussion Temperature Mitigation • The field measurements and simulations revealed significant reductions in peak temperatures within the agricultural plots with optimized airflow management. • In Kitui, windbreaks and forced convection systems effectively reduced peak daytime temperatures by approximately 10%. • Turkana, experiencing extreme heat, showed the most significant benefits from airflow management. Peak temperatures decreased by up to 12% with forced convection. • In Mandera, the temperature reduction was moderate but still significant, with forced convection lowering peak temperatures by up to 9%. PRESENTATIONS 52 Table 1a: Temperature Reduction with Windbreaks and Forced Convection in Kitui Time of day Without windbreak(oc) With wind break(oc) With forced convection(oc) Reduction with wind break% Reduction with forced convection% 12:00 36 32 30 11.1 16.7 16:00 34 31 28 8.8 17.6 Table 1b: Temperature Reduction with Windbreaks and Forced Convection in Turkana Time of day Without windbreak(oc) With wind break(oc) With forced convection(oc) Reduction with wind break% Reduction with forced convection% 12:00 42 37 34 11.9 19.0 16:00 40 36 33 10.0 17.5 Table 1c: Temperature Reduction with Windbreaks and Forced Convection in Mandera Time of day Without windbreak(oc) With wind break(oc) With forced convection(oc) Reduction with wind break% Reduction with forced convection% 12:00 40 35 32 12.5 20.0 16:00 38 34 31 10.5 18.4 Soil Moisture Retention The presence of windbreaks significantly improved soil moisture levels by reducing wind speed and evapotranspiration. Table 2a: Soil Moisture Levels with and without Windbreaks in Kitui Depth(cm) Without windbreak% With windbreak% Increase% 10 13.0 15.5 19.2 20 12.0 14.0 16.7 30 11.0 13.5 22.7 Table 2b: Soil Moisture Levels with and without Windbreaks in Turkana Depth(cm) Without windbreak% With windbreak% Increase% 10 9.5 11.0 31.6 20 8.5 11.0 29.4 30 7.5 10.0 33.3 Table 2c: Soil Moisture Levels with and without Windbreaks in Mandera Depth(cm) Without windbreak% With windbreak% Increase% 10 10.5 13.0 23.8 20 9.5 12.0 26.4 30 8.5 11.0 29.4 PRESENTATIONS 53 Turbulent Forced Convection Analysis The forced convection modeling highlighted the benefits of turbulence in enhancing heat transfer and cooling efficiency. Temperature Distribution The turbulent forced convection model showed a more uniform temperature distribution within the greenhouse, with temperature gradients significantly reduced compared to natural ventilation. Mathematical Analysis Using the Nusselt number Nu for convective heat transfer, the effectiveness of forced convection can be quantified: Nu=hL/k where: h is the convective heat transfer coefficient, L is the characteristic length, k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. For forced convection, the Nusselt number was be related to the Reynolds number Re and the Prandtl number Pr: Nu=C .Rem . Prn By comparing the Nusselt numbers under different scenarios, the enhancement in heat transfers due to forced convection were evaluated. The results showed a significant increase in the Nusselt number for forced convection scenarios, indicating improved cooling performance. Conclusions ● Managing velocity and pressure profiles through optimized natural ventilation and forced convection can significantly enhance climate resilience in Kenya’s dryland agriculture. ● The use of windbreaks and well-designed greenhouse structures not only mitigates temperature extremes but also improves soil moisture retention and reduces heat stress on crops. ● These findings provide valuable insights for developing adaptive strategies to sustain agricultural productivity in the face of climate variability. ● The integration of airflow management practices into agricultural policies and extension services can help build more resilient farming systems in Kenya’s ASALs. ● Training programs and subsidies for implementing windbreaks and advanced greenhouse technologies should be prioritized to support smallholder farmers in these regions. Recommendations 1. Based on these results this study therefore recommends further research on long-term impacts of airflow management on crop yields and quality, as well as the economic viability of different convection systems. 2. The effects of integrating renewable energy sources to power forced convection systems warrant investigatio