the consultative group on international agricultural research technical advisory committee

report of the tat quinquennial review mission to the international institute for tropical agriculture

tat secretariat FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

.1W/TAC:

IAR/:S/!2,/Re~tricted'

THE CUNSULTATNE GRBJP ON mEX?NATIoNAL

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCR

TXXNICAL Nineteenth Meeting,

ADVISORY COMNITTtiE Nairobi, Kenya, 6-13 June

1978

REPORT OF THE TAG QUINQU3XNIAL REVIZW MISSlW TO I'H& INTEFWATIONAL INS'IWUTE OF TROPICAL AGRlCULTURE (IiTA)

(Agenda

Item 7)

TAC SECRETARIAT FOOD Al?!3 AGRICULTURE OFGANIZA?'ICJN OF THE UNIk'&l, NATIOh'S Rome, 1978

RiPUBLiQUE

FRANCAl§E

PARIS, le

22 September

1978

24, RUE BAYARD, PARIS (8’ )
TBI 225-31-52

Le Directeur

Gdneral

Dear
..e

Dr.

Cummings,

I take pleasure in transmitting to you herewith the report of the Panel of the TAC Quinquennial Review Mission to the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture. The Panel commends and recommends a series of measures for the work of the Institute, the concentration and consolidation of its future activities. was conducted on the basis of the As you know, this review terms of reference which were approved by the Technical Advisory Committee at its 15th Meeting in February, 1977. Since then, the Committee had recommended that the terms of reference for quinquennial reviews be reformulated, placing equal emphasis on the examination of the mandate, policies and priorities of the Centre.and their rationale, and on the assessment of the scientific quality of the programmes. Although these changes had not been formally effected when the review was conducted, the Institute and the Panel made a special effort to address these questions. The mandate of the Institute, and its interpretation and implementation, are discussed in Chapter II. The priorities within each programme, and their rationale, are then discussed in the following chapters (III-IX), along with past achievements, problems and priorities. Several recommendations are also made in Chapter X, with a view to strengthening the overall coordination and control of the programmes within the framework of both established priorities and ceilings for future activities.

-

The Panel had the opportunity to visit IITA cooperative programmes in Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Zaire, and noted that a growing number of countries, particularly in Africa, are seeking participation in cooperative programmes with IITA. The Panel submits some guidelines for the Institute in Chapter XI aimed at furthering its impact at the national level while avoiding an over-commitment which could be detrimental to its prime role in international research. In research the context programmes, of the these Panel cooperative programmes and also made a number of suggestions in . . I. Dr. Ralph Chairman Technical W . Cummings Advisory Committee of the support

of the Institute's present efforts to rationalize and strengthen coordinaticn and cooperation with other institutes such as IRRI, CIMMYT, CIAT, ICRISAT, ILCA, WARDA and ICIPE. It is clear, however, that a quinquennial review panel cannot adequately assess both sides of the relationship between two Centres. Some of the suggestions made in this report should therefore be considered further, not only by the Centre Directors and Boards of Trustees concerned but also by TAC and other future review mission panels. I am pleased to report that, as indicated in the conclusions presented in Chapter XII, the Panel found that the Institute was fulfilling its mandate with realism and efficiency. After a difficult start, the Institute had undergone considerable expansion, commensurate with the magnitude and diversity of agricultural research problems in the humid tropics. The quinquennial review took place at a time when, after such expansion, the Centre and its Board felt the need to undertake a process of priority setting, streamlining and consolidation. Consequently, not only in the course of the review, but also during its preparation and finalization, there was a close and fruitful interaction between the Centre's Director, Board of Trustees and staff, and the Review Panel, in this process. As a result, the Panel was pleased to give its full support to several measures taken by the Centre to concentrate its activities and, conversely, the Board generally agreed with the recommendations of the Panel for furthering this consolidation process. However, it should be realized that, due both to its location and to the nature of the problems it deals with, some of which are probably among the most difficult in agricultural research in developing countries, the Centre will continue to be relatively costly. Besides, although very significant results have already been attained by IITA in the development of improved agricultural technologies for further advances are likely to be slow, the humid and sub-humid tropics, and ensuring increased food production and stable food supplies in these regions will also be a lengthy process. In its recommendations, to improve the focus of the research programme of IITA, the Panel realizes that the Institute will have to leave aside a number of activities and commodities which are important in the humid tropics, and particularly for some countries in Africa. Although some flexibility should be left to this Centre to tackle new problems, the Panel felt that a number of areas would be better covered by national research programmes and by initiatives at regional or global level, rather than by broadening the programmes of an institution which has probably now reached its optimum size. the members of the CGIAR should be In spite of these pro'blems, proud of the impact which their contributions are making through IITA to the improvement of tropical agriculture, and it is the conviction of the Review Panel that this support from the Consultative Group should continue to be fully sustained. . . I.

-v-

I wish to thank you and the Committee for the confidence you placed in me for conducting this review. It has been a great privilege for me to benefit in this difficult task from the competent advice, full cooperation and hard work of the Panel members. The report is the result of their common endeavour and represents their collective evaluation of the Institute, I am particularly grateful to the Chairman of the Board, and to the Director General of the Institute, Dr. Hugh Bunting, Dr. William Gamble, for their good will and patience in clarifying for the Panel and myself the complex nature of the mandate, policies and priorities of the Institute and for their useful comments on the draft of the report. The Director General and his staff should also be congratulated for the quality of the programme presentations and the full cooperation extended to the Panel in the preparation, conduct and finalization of the review. Finally, I would like to thank you, Dr. Cummings, and the Committee, for the useful comments made on the preliminary draft. final version of the report, which I have the pleasure to submit herewith, has taken due account of these suggestions. Yours sincerely,

The

B

TO THE ~~~ATI~~ IRSTITUTE OF' TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (,IITA>

essor Messrs:

Guy Camus

(Chairman)

R. Abpams T. Ajibola-Taylor
J a E. J. L. Brewbaker Dillon Ferwerda

H.

G, Dicln

J ,, D.

Q, Fischbcck R. G, Grogan D. Flueknett HP, B. H& Tinker F. J, Nahler (Secretary) J. K, Coultcr (Observer)

'

-

ix

-

Chapter I 11 I-7

8-18 19-35 III
36-42 ;:2;

(i) (ii) ~A~~G ( (iii) (iv) (v)

The Mandate and its Interpretation The Implementation of IITA's Nandate SYSTE FROG~~ (FSP),, ee *e

.. 0a e*

64-72 73-81 82-86 67-93 y4-10 I
102-110 11 l-131

Introduction,, 88 eo *a BO Socioeconomic StucKes 11 Land Management and Sol; StZ.es" Cropping Systems Ba o8 oB e. Qe Pest Management *. eo 00 Land Utilization S;steZi ** e* Farm Implements and Iaohlne& eB BB (viii) Major Issues., se eB ae ee eO (ix) General Conclusions and Recommendations (x) Specific Conclusions and Recommendations WBER ARK ROOT IMPRO~ PROGRAMME (TRIP)

IV 132-135 136 137-141 142-165

(i) (ii) (

166-168 169-177 178-186 V 187-188 489 190-201 202-208 209-213
214-215 216 21'7-224

(v) (vi) (vii) (i) (ii)

Introduction,. e. 6e e. ,sQ Objectives 0e 0. 0e *O BI Organization oe Scope and Major A~~ompi~shrn~ks eB Cassava ee 8. ee oe Yams *o e* *D c, Sweet po;&o o. oe e. fiture Trends I)o eB 0. ao Issues Be BB Bo o. 0e em Conclusions and Recommendations ,* PROGRAMNE (GLIP).. oB ** ** e8 o(D es o. aO ee Introduction., Objectives

GRAIN LEGUME I~~OVE~

(vi) (vii) (viii) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) 1 ~

Pigeon pea e* 00 Misoellaneou~'Le~es Bo se Conclusions and Recommendations F'ROGRAMMIZ (CIP) ee

es B. eB se

VI 225-227 228-233 234-237 238-248 249-257 258-263 264-266 267 268-276

C.ER.EU IMF'RO~~

Introduction.. ae ea B* Be Objectives De o. ** ee oe Organization.. o. es *o o(I Scope and Achievements of the Maize Programme Scope and Achievements of the Rice Programme International Programme Relationships.. eO Future Plans.. B* 0e .* Assessment of ConZ;'raiZs a2 IsZes 8o

-x-

TABLE OF' CONTENTS (continued) Cha.pter VII 277-299 300-305 306-312 313-320 321-324 VIII 325 326-333 334-337
338

Paragraphs RESEARCHSUPPORT.. (i) (ii) (t;;j (v) .. .. .. .. .. ,, . . 68 . . 63 :: 72 71 . . 74 . . 75
. . 77 ., ::

Germplasm Unit (including Virology Unit ,Seh;L&Doratori.e.s 1: .. .. .. Quarantine .. .. ..

seed services) 1: .. .. ,. 1: .. .. .. 1: ,. .. .. .. 11 .. .. .. 1: ,. .. .. .. .. .. ..

CONFERENCEkmTRAININGPRmAM (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

3 39-345 Ix 346-350 351-355 X 356-362 363-365 366-369 370 371-375 XI 376-377 378-379 380-389 XII 390-397 398-403 ANNEXES

Objectives Organization:: 1: 11 1: Major Achievements .. .. Future Trends Conclusions and R~comm~~dat~ks ..

77 79 77

. . 79 . . 79 . . 81 . . 87
l 81

DCXWMEXTATIm AND INFORMATION . . (i (ii (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) I II m III

Documentation Centre and Library.. Communications and Information .. .. .. ..

ORGANIZATION AR-DMANAGENXNT

. . 83

Administrative and Personnel Services.. Programme Planning, Budgeting and Balance Organization and Management of Scientific Disciplines .. .. .. .. .. Station Managemen;. .. .. .. ,. .. Conclusions and Recommendations . . .. .. .. ., .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. Objectives .. .. .. .. .. .. Major Achievements Conclusions and Recommendations .. .. .. .. Conclusions .. Recommendations ,. .. Composition Itineraries .. .. .. .. .. ..

::

83 84

COOPERATIVE PROGRANMES

:: 85 86 . . 86 . . 58 . . aa . . 85 . . a9
. . 92 . . 92 . . 93 . . 98

CONCLUSIOXS AND RECOMME3-DA'T'IONS ..

Acknowledgements

of the Review Panel and Timetable
available

List of Main Documents made to the Review Panel

CHAPTEX? 10 1. quality which under it In July

INTRODUCTION 1973p the Consultative Group on International arrangements Agricultural Agricultural Research Research scientific Centres (IARCs) to the proposals (TAC) with (CGIAR)

saw the need to make some long-term and effectiveness supports, the Chairmanship

to assess the overall

of the International of Dr. David Subsequently, report Bell

The CGIAR therefore

set up a 'Subcommittee of the Ford Foundation, the report was revised Subcommittee

on Review Procedures', which reported following the deliberations

CGIAR in November -1973. of the CGIAR. with their regard conduct: "The CGIAR also overall continuing ensure higher basis, it that scientific need for activities The revised to Centre

of the Bell

made the following Advisory Committee of the

Reviews,

and charged

the Technical external emphasis

needs periodic quality its work, of lower

independent with special

assessments

and effectiveness priority no less

of each Centre, are replaced by those every

and of the of five and years.

on the need to on an annual

priority. but should

Such assessments be scheduled are equally major external segments

are not appropriate frequently than

Such assessments is the practice for a Centre separately than for for itself pating lay such periodic that

needed by the Centres to organize The CGIAR looks are made; it process process separate of the research

themselves, rather

of the Centres as a whole).

them (sometimes progrsmme, to the TAC to ensure would seem feasible assuring particiwith can and (2) it that

assessments responsibilities assessment assessment If process

the TM to meet its the CentreVs Director. for its (1) in the Centre's

in most cases by (1) is adequate, by mutual it from that necessary, agreement

the Centre's by the Centre

the TAC considers

on a special

assessment

organized

own purposesOn the TAG and the Centres scientific for participating its judgments assessments; develop (2) it an agreed conducting reviewing -

'We recommend that fonwsrd a regular their necessary, schedule such periodio results,

and agreed standards

and methods for

external

the TAC adopt may consider

procedure

in such assessments, assessments to the CGIAR,'@

making any independent

end reporting

-2-

2.

The TAC accepted,this "On behalf value assure funded of the scientific the Consultative are being

mandate on the following Group, toassess

general

terms

of reference: and to

of the Consultative

the quality in order policies

programmes of the Centres Group members that out in line standard will with expected." declared

the operations

being and

carried

to the full "It

international

is hoped that themselves

the review in planning

Centres validity Centres." TAC also 3. prepare draft was carried institute consultation

inter alia assist the International -their progrsmmes and 'ensuring the recognized by the Boarda of the

of the research

priorities

charged terms out in late

its

Secretariat for 1975, that

to draw up a schedule the review in missions. 1977. IITA for to CIIWYT in the Spring of reference of TITA,

for

such reviews

and to to IRRI

of reference

The Review Xission of 1976, that was selected

to CIP in as the fifth after

the Autumn of 1976, and that to be reviewed with the Director

to CIAT early General

and the terms

the Review Mission, as follows:

were finalized

"Terms of Reference In pursuance particular (i) attention the results Institute planned (ii)

of the Quinquennial to the following of past research

Review of IITA defined aspects above, the Mission is requested to give of the work of the Institute: progrsmmes at the are

of the main objective,

and training

and the use to which the results to be) put; scope, content and objectives

have been (or

the relevance, and planned thereof, that increased composition

of the present in relation out interpretation carrying needs for on the future being under-

programmes of research and its food strategy

at the Instit-lte current for

to a) the Institute's mandate;

mandate and its

and procedures globally,

and b) the immediate supplies and balance conference

and long-term and to advise progrsmmes and the factors countries by the

of the progrsmme of research; and training affecting once their information and its

(iii)

the current taken training

or planned

by the Institute by the recipient

the use of trainees (iv) the effectiveness service impact on recipient

has been completed; of the work conducted progrsmmes countries; and outreach of the Institute,

-3-

(v) (vi) (vii)

the expenditures nature the and quality

of the Institute of its research

in relation and training available

to the quantity, programmes; the programmes of the or

adequaoy of the resources and training objectives,

to implement the achievement means of reducing

of research the constraints Instftutets eliminating (viii) both other (ix)

recommended above; and possible

which may be hindering such constraints; of coordination of internal and international questions TAC to examine, the Missicn will with

the effectiveness in respect national elements, any other

of activities'at and balance to its reference concerned

the Institute, of programme linkages with

consistency

and in particular specific

organizations. which members of the

CGIAB may request On the basis of its review,

report

to the Chairman or orientation under item

of TAC its

views

on the need for make proposals the Mission it ization.,

any changes in the basic for overcoming feel free understood

objectives

of the 1nstitute"s and will IWhile it wishes, organ(vii).

programme elements, should

and on means of imprwing any constraints that the Mission

the efficiency identified cannot

of operations,

to make any observations

or recommendations

must be clearly vizLlg

commit the sponsoring

the CGIAR/TA@.~f specific questions were also listed to be addressed by the Review

The following 4. Panel: (i> desirability year (ii>,

process of planning especially research with basis,

and the feasibility/ progrmmes on a fiveand ocore"

an integrated

of cooperative responsibilities of IITA/national mandate; progremmes, both imprwement research internal e.g, i. ii. and farming projects priority relative relative selection adaptability, within setting: emphasis emphasis for
on

in the light

of IITA's

amended crop between of and

(iii)

as (a) them,

between the various programmes and (b) and the methodology cereals and grain adaptation versus

systems

legumes; to and wide

given

to the

specific

environments

-4-

(iv)

Training (a) levels individual regional headquarters; and appropriateness; trainee) problems and to which into 'core' aspects budget. on a level of training comparative at national value at IITA (to the on level

as opposed to working

(v) (vi)

number of post-doctorals employed. w Adequacy of post-harvest work and extent of post-harvest work should be absorbed of major countries, -Economics and Socioeconomics actual and potential value

(4 w

commodities i.e. research; and its and

global

basis

in developing for with continuing other

the basic

justification in comparison the relation Place being centres (b) (4 (d) (4
(Viii)

expenditure

commodity

of socio,of IITA's

economic research work in farming developing and the other in farming role

to the farming systems, Work

Systems Research Programme. (vii) (a) and role especially in tropical involved; of tree systems research; of, and need for, engineering. other IARCs and agencies work in West Africa; formal agreements; work. donors and other issues activities nonwith (See the some major, to development and of collaborative programmesJ several, national especially: enhanced research in crops research; role of livestock in farming systems research; of vegetables in and potential potential countries.

done or planned,

IARCS or national

the role farming systems the role agricultural with

the possible the future

Relations (a) (b) (c)

WARDA- on rice

CIMMYT and CIAT - the need for ICIPE - in respect with section role This national raises

(ix)

Relationships IARCs. respect revised in the

to IITA's

vis-a-vis relating

programmes.

mandate of IITA,

1978 Programme of Work and Budget.)

(x)

Linkages

between headquarters

and off-campus staffing

programmes. of these

Feedback mechanisms and comparative programmes and those at heaci+a&ers.

(xi)
for (xii) service
5.

IITA"s example, for transfers

approach,

and future

potential terms staff,

of, of

in tissue

culture+ of any differential recruited

B in the light

~~t~r~~~~~~~~~~y and nationally for the ~~~~~~~~~~ of PITA who reports donors cific

The preparations of major

Review were conducted s consulted on these by the Review. preparations were invited were received A list

in close

cooperation

~Lth the Director and the list meetings

General

on the composition at the

of the Team 16th and 47th donors from IITA and attached and

questions progress s

to be addressed to IITA

TAC and Consultative

Croup members received of TAC, of references have been taken as Annex T. together
6.

In addition, into consideration to starting basic been Sierra

to comment on the terms from several of Panel members is are listed

AdditicnaI Prior other

questions the Review,

by the Panel.

the Panel members received documents which during the progress

from the TAC Secretariat with

a number of briefing documents utilized eed that part prior

in Annex II,

of the Review* a survey would

a
-

ft

had earlier

to the full Zaire

Review Mission, Review, and Nigeria. of IITA's

be undertaken, progrsmmesin cropping

as an integral. TanzarLa,

of the Quinquennial

cooperative

Leone9 Liberia,

Due to the different the month of J. Brewbaker, May, 1977. divided before

seasonsP the programme in Tanzania a Tesm consisting and Mr, B,M, Webster visited commenced the full to visit in another headquarterse ire, sites week at IITA

had to be examined during G. Camus (Chairman), country from
11-18

May, and therefore T, Ajibol+Taylor
78

of Professors that

The Penel three

Review on 16 October, Ibadan, on 22 October. rice cooperative

the members being activities

into

groups at IITA activities whilst

some of the remaining another visited

XITA cooperative

assembling researeh Liberia, outside

One group examined cassava Leone and activities in Nigeria,

progremmes in Sierra

group examined IITAps

the headquarters spent facilities IITA staff is sufficient the first

The Panel and other at which provided research
a

headquarters During this

listening

to the presentations fields, laboratories sites the visits with

of the activities

and progrsmmes conduzting at all head e

and visiti

the experimental The presentation

of the Institute. eriments, levelsc ~~~ort~~~~

week the Panel also visited and the field discussion

to the Review Panel members for

of IITA

The seoond week at IITA findings, soms critical writi issues

r"cers was mostly with the imotor

devoted drafts General

to discussing of the report,

the Panel"s end examining

and discussi~n.g the preliminary further

and heads of programmes.

-6-

The itinerary

and progremme schedule of the Review Teem are given in Annex 11. this Review at IITA coincided analysist9 of' farming with the visit systems research at CIA?, IITX,

It

should be noted that ICRISAT and IRRI. teaas. In addition, in the visit

of another review

teem cherged with the "stripe

D&S. J. L. Dillon

and 5. Plucknett were members of both rel.-iew Dr. G. Vallaeys, member of the stripe review team, partinipatr,d in Zaire end steyed with the Quinquennial October. Review t,ee."~ until
29

to IITA activities

at IITA headquarters

-7-

CHAPTERII0 (i) 8. its

IITA AS AN 3NTERNATIONALRESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTI'IUTE Interpretation made in this as last report revised to the Institute's mandate and 1977 is by the Board in April research

The Mandate and its interpretation, in full Within institutes Agricultural IITA will:

In view of the.many references below:

the mandate of IITd

reproduced

the system of cooperating associated

international

agricultural

with the Consultative

Group on International funds ere available, systems in the viable the with zones, maintain

Research (CGIAR),and provided studies of and research

(a> conduct

on farming

humid and subhumid tropical alternatives productivity particular to shifting reference

zone in order to identify cultivation which will cultivation, all climatic

of the land under continuous to food crops; owering responsibility, to the improvement

(b) (4

accept worldwide for research sweet potatoes; conduct studies of Africa, for oassava) pigeon institutes and

directed

of cowpea, yams and

and research, in the humid and subhumid regions the imprwement of crops such as maize, rice, pea and soybean3 for which other international organizations have special responsibility, with those

cooperating in whatever ways may be appropriate institutes and organizations;

(d)

conduct research

which are, of the humid and subhumid zones, such as lima been, winged bean and other grain legumes, coooyam, taro and other aroids, and plantain and other forms of Muss which contribute substantially to the diets of the people of the zones; make agaAiable >he re&lts:of: s&dies er&.'re_search carried out in accordance with paragraphs and institutions to nations which wish to use them through

to the imprwement of other crops or may become, important in the farming systems

directed

(e> w

_

(a) to (d) abwe

cooperation with regional and national programmes; take responsibility in collaboration with the International Board for collection, of genetic Plant Genetic Resources for documentation the exploration, end evaluation and tuber crops conservation, materials

of food legumes, root

and rice in the humid and subhumid regions of Africa in order to m&e these materials available for use by plant breeders and scholars;

-8-

(g)

respond cooperation humid which

to

requests with

from regional regions

appropriate and national of Africa competence; where systems

authorities programmes concerned in

for in the the of interthose in IITA coto regions with

and subhumid IITA

improvement respond, national associated authorities co7.nltries of farming respond, operation requests of Africa knowledge agricultural (j> provide on topics to (i) number research (k) cor.d-XYt, studies concerned rural, of Trustees

of farming has appropriate in'association institutes with for other the than

and crops appropriate

respect other

(h)

with particularly from with

and organizations CGIAR, to requests with cooperation Africa,

appropriate progremmes, the of which improvement

regional in respect

concerned

systems insofar with from for

and of crops as it is

has appropriate (i>

competence; competent in in the to do so and in where humid developing appropriate, and subhumid the including agricultural their other institutions

governments cooperation of their training, to the the research

systems or orpanize relevant

countries

capabilities; conferences tasks persons on crops for, or topics outlined purpose to carry in and workshonq paragraphs (a) the ofincrea:ting out effective, systems; or to Eoard

above with

particulax

of well-qualified and development or take on other with agricultural crops the

and farming and such

responsibility application and national

such research activities of reseerc!. as the

of results development

may approve.fl revised Its therefore development of crops, therefore in
1977,

9.

This

mandate, of the other of the Trustees present

es last IARCs. Institute and the

is

far

more complex Board

and broader in in the

than

that

of most of the 3oard and the

interpretation of the with the the result

by the activities scope

of !l?rustees

and by the fo?rr.u2.ntion of gears,the

management of

assumes a particular of this

importarze of ITTA. mandate evolution. activities

programmes

Over the terms of the

has been concerned range is mandate

geographical

coverage,

and cooperative

Ins-kitutc,

of a gradual

-9-

(1) 10.

Crops and geographical The Institute initially strong

cwerage concentrated
core

its

activities

on its

main site

in trying

to

develop a sufficiently in cooperative African work. of the InstituteDs of the Institute

of research that

and experience

before engaging itself Nigerian, West

The Board, however, soon found it institution". The biogeographical

necessary to widen the scope scope of responsibilities of the earth which lie to those parts exceeds

program stressing was defined

IITA is "not a specifically those regions

or even African

in 1970 "as including

between the northern and southern desert belts, with particular reference which are lower than 2000 feet abwe sea level and in which precipitation evaporation
11.

for

six or more months of the year".

Another reason for modification of the ecological orientation of IITA was the location of the Institute itself which is situated in the transitional area between two complsmentaryzones from the economic viewpoint: the Savannah. The Board therefore defined II. ..within the system of cooperating available IOTA will: (a> take responsibility as hitherto on all b) defined continents; in respect further the low humid tropical funds are region systems forest and in 1971 the scope of IITA as follows:

IARCs and provided of the humid tropical

(above) for research

on agricultural

accept worldwide responsibilities covering all climatic regions for research on cowpea, soybean, pigeon pea, and lima 'bean among the grain 1egumes;and on yams, Colocasia and Xanthosoma (tero and cocoyam) and sweet potatoes among the root and tuber crops; accept appropriate responsibilities, if asked to do so, within for other crops (particularly those of the African continent, interest in the humid tropis) for which other institutes have worldwide responsibility, such as maize, rice and cassava; and conduct or take responsibility for such research on other crops or topics as the Board mqy apprwe*"

cc>

(d)

In subsequent meetings of the Board, the responsibilities of IITA were further broadened. Plantain was added to the list of research commodities in 1972 and later, substantially to the diets of the people in 1976, "other forms of Musa which contribute
12.

of the (humid and subhumid) zones".

beans and other grain legumeslI ..e. as being those "which are, or msy become important and subhumid zonesl). leafy vegetables (e.g. programmes of IITA.

Other crops were added in 1976 such as Winged "other avoids" and in general these axe justified in the farming systems of the humid

Of these craps, several vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers, Celosia end Amexanthus) were also included in the research

-

IO -

13.
this crops systems

The Eoard responsibility involved

also

accepted of the is than

in grain that.

1975 responsibility
legume covered (see crops, confined to Africa by the Chapter list

for and root crop VII,

germplasm and tuber for (i)). improvement

collection crops. cowpea) the

and Although r;mge of

preservation

at IITA

essentially Institute

(except section

is wider

and farming

programmes As further of the for in

of the additions

14.
as the

were made to the several pea while for which of the Institute. IITA

of commodities

cwered

by IITA the

ani

CGIAR system

developed,

adjustments retained

were made concerning regional (i)

geographical worldwide for &ich fos as

coverege Centrc this IITA crop

activities

ICRISAT was recognized between imprwement the

as the crops for

research Africa. (ii)

on pigeon

reponsibilit:. yams and of IITA assuming having with IRRI, improvement

A distinction responsibility those for necessitates, and (iii) with crops ICKLSAT). with zones. the as part the their that (i.e.

was made also genetic the those other worldwide for

has a worldwide systems

(cowpea, genetic is rice

sweet potatoes), farming components responsibility responsibilities with CIAT, IITA in scope, pigeon is

responsibility IITA

research in

or may necessitate, which Centres maize with

of such systems, cooperation for these pea with

a regional worldwide cessava

and institutions CIWYT,

15.
crops the

therefore

faced

different If

levels compared of IITA's

of responsibilities with the mandates size mandate of the in the which production Institute ere striking.

for of other of the XII. assist of the progremmea

different IARCs This Institute. in the The genersl th'e Board Institu-le will the an raises

different complexity

ecological regarding and general in examining of IITA in

and responsibilities priorities

a number of questions These questions following and the into utilize chapters management the critical institute. with in which aim of the Panel sharper

and the review of the to bring are presented

optimum major

are addressed

of the

programmes

conclusions progremmes attempts

Chapter was to

activities will

foclx,and

to ensure

a limited impact

number of priority

mass of resources end the

end competence on food

facilitate expected from

technological international (2) Cooperation
AS

break-throughs

national its

progremmes IITA the results

and other of (its) authorizes

IARCs as a centre with in Africa b;lT its for Africa.. to nations and nation5 where mandate, it is when reference ITT.1 studies IITA is and research region21 without to cooperate,

16.

indicated '90

mandate, wish

was not

conceived cooperation programmes IITA

is requested and institutions programmes". competent to any other

make available

to use them through further other and national hand,

The revised to do so, with institution.

mandate regional Cn the

required

-

11 -

to do so -in association with the appropriate IARC serving that continent. The present mandate, however, is unclear on the mode of cooperation of IITA with other IARCs in Africa on progranunes dealing been established relationships with crops such as maize, rice, responsibility. consideration Diverse chapters cassava, pigeon pea for which cooperative arrangements have These other Centres have worldwide or are'under

cooperating

with gwernments

or regional

agencies in any other continent,

between IITA and other Centres. It

ere discussed in the respective according the Director

on crop improvement programmes was, however, .felt encouraged in strengthis clear or

and they vary considerably by the Panel that of the other international ening and clarifying their that cooperating countries duplication offer of the services to them either are reported

to the crop end Centre.

General and the Board of Trustees of IITA and those.

Centres concerned should be further

cooperation through appropriate arrangements. It m ight be increasingly confused by the multiplicity and forms of cooperation or collectively. at national which the different The Penel,therefore, levels

Centres may examined

individually

the implications findings

of such cooperation in Chapter XI.

in a number of cases and its

-

The mandate gives very broad scope to the possible cooperation of IITA with of the genetic material nationel programmes. This mqy include the distribution
17.

collected imprwement

by IITA "for of farming

use by plant

breeders

end scholarsfl;

cooperation

in "the of their or

systems end crops in respect in developing the humid and subhumid regions capabilities"; the "prwision and for

of which IITA has appropriate knowledge systems d . . . including of training such research of Africa) for

competence";

"cooperation

the agricultural

. . . countries . . ..(in agricultural research conferences studies on other

or organization

and workshops";

the t'conduct or responsibility suoh activities

crops or topics

concerned with the application

of results of research to rural, agricultural and national development as the Board of Trustees may approve" '*I. Here again the mandate of the Institute is very broad and permits considerable especially in responding flexibility in cooperating with national to unexpected needs or opportunities. progremmes,

The continuing attention of the Board of Trustees and of the management of the 18. Institute, therefore, appears essential in ensuring that the cooperative activities of the Centre remain closely related to its central reseerch objectives. The Panel therefore d feels that the Board should further this may include elaborate its general policy guidelines

The Panel notes that

both education

end training.

(*) Underlined

by the Panel.

-

12 -

and criteria selectivity eration to this with effect. due account cooperative (ii>

for

its

cooperative the of the progranunes.

progrenunes

in

order the

to maintain for by the Chapter Panel considers

consistency developing it its

and coopthat with Committee

in meeting national be taken

increasing general is

demands and pressures In so doing, principles discussed XII formulated under

importen-t deals

CGI9R Review XI,which

*This matter

further

programmes,

and in Chapter of IITA's

(Conclusions).

The Implementation Although a major the

Mandate were implicit by the of the in target the initiG1 mandate Instit-:tc :md of

19.
and its traini-g

objectives these

of the programme objectives in

of ITTA,

effort

has been made over identification cooperation, is only considered of the of the the While it real of the

the years terms problems

management

of the

Board to define programmes, for researchad at IITA the

of research form-lation

end priorities, of relevant

strategies 20. which

end organization

struct.xes. to problems which in the fxrm to be the i:: to tropics level. main

Research prevent

as a means of finding objective of, tropics that it of this and quality research is finds of food results stated have

solutions crops at the

achievement imprwement in the humid

Institute,

contribute by testing, The small target with allow
21.

to the farmer

quantity

end encouraging research. ITT!. from

application the Institute

and subhumid essential collaborating research the small

by IITA a mandate

of its farmers, feedback IITA

does not agencies results farmer,

to work directly so as to

considers and other testing recognizes access is to try

ways and means through the farmer fields. in Africa, an objective a low level conditions. in the subhukd and 5wni.d ,?lnd cannot, bjitho3;t soil in terms Moreover, intensity. of protection underfer-tilitthe of pests, The small simultaneously against as much disease has ferJ of the of cash input:: and insect

national

progremmes

to reach on farmers' particularly

of its that

further end little programme

resources resenrch throllgh resistance
22.

to purchased to increase tolerance

inputs. productivity

Therefore, xith with soil systems

the

development 2s possible objective several is

of crops and with particularly

and cropping to

adverse

This far serious

difficult generally the present

to attain have level is

tropics sustnin going tropical diseases farmer on the pest:;,

reasons.
intensive

The soils use with

a low fertility of teci,nolog,r to restore aggressive

prolonged

degradation. and subhumid tends This azd crop

The common practice ff)rllow after a few years environments in terms his result

therefore of cultivation. and rainfall a degree

by pexiods

of vegetative humid

are particularly risks by growing

and weeds end also therefore same field. erosion

of temperature of providing

to minimize has the failure.

a number of crops

-

13-

23.

Shifting

cultivation but tries With

constitutes to achieve population

a stable equilibrium growth, soil fertility

land with

use system the farmers

which

hasrelatively at a low human to reduce decrease

low productivity population the fallow progressively. density. period.

environment are forced

however, and

In consequence,

ecosystem

stability

24.

One way of meeting to develop the and cropping of single introduction of Africa. productive crops

the

challenge systems

before which of the soil

IITA reduce this

as outlined or avoid IITA for

in its this

mandate period land

is, while

therefore, maintaining practices rotations and the population

land-use systems.

fallow

capacity or other

through problem allow

appropriate

management to introduce of mechanization urban

In solving systems farming.

may be able

which This

some degree feed the

of commercial

may help

growing

250

The overall

strategy

of the the

Institute Institute crops

in

attempting tropical for

to solve regions, On the integrated of the

these significant mainly other

problems through

is

two-pronged. ments in Institute management systems.
26.

On the ability is developing which

one hand, key staple

aims at introducing of the and disease. productivity

imprweh;and, the and crop farming

some of the

food

highe-yielding

and resistance new approaches the

to pest total

and technologies

land

aim at increasing

tropical

The research of activities: (a) (b) (c) (d) the the the the

programmes Systems

of the

Institute (FSP)

are,

therefore,

organized

in four

main

groups

Farming Tuber Grain Cereal

Programme

end Root Crop Imprwement Legume Imprwement Improvement Programme

Programme (CLIP) (CIP)

(TRIP)

Programme

These research ported statistics is the general unit,

activities

are carried facilities

out by multi-disciplinary including unit. support are also programmes respective in its teams laboratories, Each of the respective fields

teams which a germplasm multi-disciplinary of competence

are supunit, under and of the a teams

by a number of service

aa
for

a station training and with programmes research

management activities the logistic

responsible

guidance

of a Conference responsible research is the for fields.

and Training regional Tne overall

Programme. national coordination Director

These multi-disciplinary cooperative of the of Research.

in their

end training

responsibility

-

14 -

27.

Organization with X. these Institute's

within overall

programmes organizational

is

discussed structure

in more detail and its

in each of the by the

Chapters Panal

dealing on the

programmes.

General

considerationsand

recommendations operation

are presented

in Chapter

28.

The programmes problems as rice, A major research led IITA knowledge maize, effort areas

axe at different in and germplasm cowpea, yams,

stages but which etc. inception This Several

of development. also because existed when IITA

This of the started

is

not

only

because differences on such

sf the crops 29. collect to the which mandate started, factors

encountered

each area

considerable to work

in avdlable

was made at the available of the they scientific Institute.

of IITA undertaking, investigations of the

(and

is

still

being revealed crops

pursued) relevant

to

and compile

knowledge

and practical

experience

hcwever, on the which Moreover,

some gaps in the IITA

to embark on some fundamental in which Institute are grown. had been little necessary with but effort too

and the a considerabie before not only systems particular appropriate recognizes thefor its to prwide basic

environments

crops

were inciuded although

of the it

investigated, and better Research to gain in the

body of knowledge

and experience of tropical

had been acquired to define agriculture., able growth

in tropical quantify workers

research there@

was thought themselves regions, This knowledge of soil,

some of the

and elements tropical methods. main site basic

familiarized of the research that total 30. IITA usually priorities suffers countries IITA its extensive conditions

some of the were also and plant is still limited

crops I pests

and diseases an understanding tropics and to IITA which

and fnrming of the explore increasingly it needs

climate contains

underway. a range and humid

However, of ecological environments

conditions

of subhumid

programme. S.urveys and other both scarce. from have been conducted institutions in It number in Nigeria the while and some other major the problems information for difficult has different and socioeconomic countries for in Africa ;tvailat'ie :ild dirferen-1; by iire

to identify and diversity crops physical,

research. a.;.d data IITA

These pro~olems

loom large

was9 therefore

, particularly as each crop biological

to estai;li:% importance in

among different different end regions. faces into of the other account

economic

cor&raj.n-ts,

39.

problems the tropics,

in priority with

setting of other particular would

and programme IARCs to its reference be TRIP,

balance commodity

as it the order

also of given

has to take In the humid importance

contributions by progremmes

programmes. However,

and subhumid

to Africa, CIP and GLIP.

commodities

- 15

0

the which IITA

fact puts

that the to

IRRI order

is

conducting for

major

work

on rice in its

and CIMMYT major on these programmes

work crops it is in

on maize for Africa, a to South difficulty are in GLIP and CIP. considered relation

can provide

a good basis of importance of the crop the oassava,

more specific of research

research

es TRIP,

With regard
special the America further Chapter problems

on which major in Africa,
from III

work is being done at CIAT,
already of the with to these achieved crop the major differences to the

case because of this of plant balance and Africa, discussed

acoomplishments
importance

at IITA

in problems in Africa, other. research is

between and the

tremendous

in mwement The overall

material of resource

one continent to VI dealing allocation

These questions examined

in Chapters

specific

ProgrTmes..

programmes

X on Organization Part of IITA's agriculture and in the the Board other that

and lanagement. to gathering establish in Africa. of IITA agriculture conditions Since the IITA essential problems selected and its a better This under of knowledge trials the and understanding sites in concern to by a growing appropriate conditions. in the transition subhumid area in the high are more at On&, ofthe near substation and conclusions of

32.
tropical Nigeria within tackle

approach was to countries the of imprwed

cooperative

on different most rainfall production in the

was encouraged high crop

mein site

was not

place

problems

33.
tropics between rainfall

A contrast and in these tropical Harcourt, in in

exists the humid forest the two zones,

between the
tropics. it belt site River was felt where State this

was located to establish of shifting

a substation cultivation

complex. Port has begun.

An 80-hectare The Panel

was recently of Nigeria, substation

and established development general findings

and the

visited III.

ere presented

Chapter mandate of defining

34.
gradual

,The present process

and progremmes the problems in which among all

of IITA

are,

therefore, of IITA

the reflects

result that

of a ob one of the

and of progressive mandate works. it the

adjustments

of the

jectives problems of the of these progranunes experience visits

and methods. and of the most challenging since it difficulties,

The complexity environment tasks the

of the

The Institute in with Panel in developing national through Chapter XI.

has probably its

IARCs in the sufficient by the

CGTAP system. research strength a number

As a result cooperative and '.

Institute before were

has been cautious to develop sharing assessed activities ere reported

was essential progrannnes

at headquarters findings

programmes. of country

These cooperative and its

and conclusions

- 16 -

35. Institute Before

In the going

following into the IITA,

chapters, details although integrated

an assessment of its of this faced mandate with a very

is

made of the Panel

achievements programme mandate, a clear

of the areas. its to be of is

in the that

implementation

regarding broad

specific wishes and complex strategy,

assessment , the research

to underline set

conviction objectives, approach.

now commended for

having

developed

a coherent

and well

programmes

based upon a sound multidisciplinary

-17-

CHAPTER III. (i) Introduction

FARMING SYSTEKS PROGRAMME

Objective

36.
crop efficient feasible fallow.

The objective management than While

of the

Farming the

Systems humid existing food of food

Programme and subhumid crops systems between crop

(FSP)

is

to

develop will

methods enable

of more

and land

use for

tropics shifting food

which

and sustained'produotion can be realized recognizing the FSP concentrates Review The original degree Early years able from concept staff and until to their that explore of IITA arrivals fertility what under

to be technically of annual

and economically cultivation crops, farming and bush crops systems. perennial

interactions on the

and livestock, Historical

components

of tropical

37.
a lesser

was as an institute to overcome in specialist they the

concerned

with

soil with During

and - to shifting soil the chemist,

- crop and soil

management

problems

associated pedologist, focus. in projects to create this

cultivation. soil were in crop While physicist largely preliminary knowledge it

1968/69 - nematologist,
- reflected as relevant A proposal by the should (e.g. Board (one approach regarded viewpoints. was initiated

a programme

1971, scientists
to make advances the three in to with early current
1972.

disciplinary the soil

improvement was clear

programmes breeder) in

and FSP was accepted scientists across basis that economist they

of Trustees

, agronomists programmes

of whom had been

appointed

as a vegetable scientists were with also placed

and agricultural

be affiliated nematology,

FSP, other FSP than

who had responsibilities FSP on the programme. focus from within within structure to ensure

microbiology)

had more identification

any other

38.
given

More purposeful to devising previous further other programmed evaluation Since time IITA*s (excluding area: economist leader

FSP was achieved aimed the at facilitating programme Deputy conducive that relative results. the Director

in mid-1973 collaborative current General. is

when attention research. leader Current research objective; in within structured, and concerns

was An April FSP

a FSP structure

agricultural when the to develop and with carefully real-world

became its to collaborative to the

1977
are:

was appointed

a group

programmes;

FSP research

purposefully

and well-defined of FSP research inception in

programme's

39.
staff

1969 and to date,
devoted

approximate

man-years

of senior by broad

administration)

to FSP have been as follows,

disciplinary

-

18 -

Agricultural Agricultural Cropping Land'knagement Organization and Research Strategy

Economics Engineering Systems and Soils

11.2

man-years

Crop Management Pest Management

5*5 31.7
10.0

21.7 46.1

40.
hierarchy scientists allocation to other

With

18 senior
Leader of leadership

scientists, (Assistant within six the table This areas the

FSP is Director on page table through the

the

largest but

of IITA's there with areas the is

progremmes. otherwise Sackgrounds

FSP is 'led of FSP current FSP and six specified, time

by a Programme

level)

no formal

programme.

The disciplinary project

are shown in between IITA individual project areas Regional relation are: the programmes.

19 together

a guide designated

to their within

interdisciplinary illustrates having

multidisciplinary of involvement organized. farming other the with

team approach in the

of FSP with interdisciplinary the project
1.

scientists

varying which

degrees FSP is

As presently systems conditions in

Analysis: to soil

analysis information

of existing economic for the

and climates, basic the

and social

so as tc provide ii. Cropping crop developed systems. iii. Pest Management: methods Systems: in CIP, combinations

project

areas.

development and TRIP,

and testing including together - important

of appropriate use of c+l.tivers other crops farming

and sequences, GLIP, end vegetables development to overcome the insects and soil the the soils. development to land

such as plantain

in tropical of environmentally the problems

and testing economically

acceptable iv.

posed by weeds, Land Nanagement: land fragile
V.

and diseases. development constraints and testing of methods to use of of management and conservation to continuous and testing the

development tropical Management:

overcome Energy which

economically

of implements labor crop constraints production

and machinery exist in and processing. The results area : from the

which

can help

to relieve

relation

development,

above project

areas

are

combined

and employed

in the

sixth

project

- 19 -

Allocation

of'FSP Regional Analysis

Principal Cropp. Synts.

Staff

Betkeen

Project

Areas Land Vtiliz. M M S L L S ..-..Other Progrs. M

Discipline
A&Y. Economist

NO. 2 2 1 4"
1 1

Pest I' glnt L S M M M

Land M' gmt S L S S S M S M M

Energy wgmt L

Agronomist Heed Scientist Entomologist Nematologist Climatologist Pedologist Soil Soil Soil Agric. Other Chemist Fertility Physics Engineering Eng. Programmes

1
1 1

M L S M I M M Le S S

Nicrobiology

1 1
3 lb

S L L LC Ld

M M S

FAO Agric.

M = Major

involvement

L t Limited

involvement

S 55 Service

function

a - on secondment from COPP; visiting scientist. b - Project c - Breeders d - Pathologists e - Agronomist Leader, FAO African

project Rural

to terminate Storage Center.

in April

1978.

0ne of the

four

is

a

and physiologists from Crop from Crop

from Crop Improvement Improvement Programmes. Programmes.

Progrsmmes.

Improvement

vi.

Land Utilization and adaptation use for and land

and Evaluation: of appropriate different work

the systems

development, of crop

evaluation management

environments. in problem identification Pest and technology The Land Management,

The

major

interdisciplinary i,e. in Regional areas input formally has evolved than a major

of FSP is

evaluation, four tend Management

Analysis of research

and in

Land Utilization Systems, by a wide

and Evaluation. interdisciplinarybase,

problem-oriented and kergy a major only to have Though

- Cropping supported set in since 1977,

Management from

- while a narrower

of disciplines.

4 1 ‘I
research

implemented gradually initially purpose

the

above research

strategy

based

on projest

areas orientation

1974 and represents

a more purposeful

prevailed. of FSP research management; principles FSP research agro-climatic soil base status to yield rather location-specific the programmePs for for crop modification on major this typology soiis; blueprints concern by is and land

42,
for to

It develop

is

not

improved

methods

of crop

and land proven are end, major subhumid)", high

end make available These methods To this within (humid, basic rocks, typologies on rainfall from resource; hydromorphic) programmes.

and practices as foundations priorities zones. soils); soil characteristics of the cropping

management. national agricultural is based soils (upland, on the derived land

aimed to serve

are focussed At present (low catenary systems

base status position used,;

; principal and major

components constraints

pressure

to production.

(ii)

Socioeconomic The appraisal pertinent to FSP.

Studies from IITA an economic is the and social view of the of existing and potential economists farming

43.
systems in

responsibility

two agricultural

Objectives

44.
bility

Relative within (a) help

to

IITA's

mandate, social, or may in

the

objectives

of the

agricultural factors which of means a view

economics

capa-

FSP are identify currently, foodcrops; assess the

stated

to be to:economic the future, and technical limit the of production alternative with

(b)

socioeconomic farmers'

implications production

of increasing

and income

- 21 -

to crop

(i)

guiding technologies farmer the

research which his

priorities and (ii) would present

for helping practices;

the

Institute

end foodto the

cooperating small (c) assess

agencies; than for

to specify

be more attractive and marketing increase

infrastructural,

input

require-

ments necessary production; (d) assist in the for

a sustained

in foodcrop

professional the tropics.

training

of agricultural

economists Scope and Achievements

45.
systems the properly

To date, and the not off-farm

sooio-economic collaborative

research design in these variety

has fooussed and evaluation areas. of cooperative etc.

on studies of IITA exist,

on indigenous findings. research

farming While

research

problems

of markets,

infrastructure,

has quite

been undertaken to farms) surveys research a great

46.
scientists the types in-depth

In addition use of unit of field

research farmer

projects

with

Institute and two crops and a in the.

(cover-crop

experiments, to evaluate surveys input physical,

field proposed

trials, crop out:

testing, surveys

simulation of specific

and land

management practices, have involved

have been carried

baseline level.

agro-economic most important and subhumid Assistance land utilization

at the village biotic

These studies factors limiting

substantial of the humid

and have contributed tropics. been given in to national

significantly

to better

specification

and economic

production

African has also

47.
major Future

agencies

in the

development

of

systems

Ghana and Cameroon.

Trends Emphasis will surveys designed continue systems. to to identify collect and (c) will to be on the Priority farm will level information within and imprwed to agro-economic production be given problems to: for economics (a) FSP;(b) crops of crop in other and farm management limited with in the of farming surveys a small number of intensive short-term, collaboration scientists

48.
aspects visit CIP, design

agro-economic

on specific methods

GLIP and TRIP; and evaluation also and farming

collaboration

FSP and with modelling

of innovative be given

and land

management.
alternative

a

Some attention crop

of possible

systems.

- 22 -

Issues

39.
of the capability is

Gne of the programme to his within (and

two economists and the FSP is necessity closer for it for administrative desir'able)

is

currently for the it

leader leader is

of FSP. that staff continue

Given the to

the

ccmplexity role economics Also, in the it choice

to play apparent to of the

a strong

coordinating agricultural assist crop analytical of hypotheses

in addition necessary

duties, to one than the

to two senior

positions.

FSP economists practices of crop would their and the been possible include conception influence

of alternate programmes. resensch farmers' it, their relationships
50.

strategies

and management has not the

Institute's

management economic about acceptable towards

In consequence, Such studies, decision-making on their as it is

to undertake the testing of risk

aimed at facilitating motivations

design

and land

use systems

to f<armers.

example,

and preferences, behaviour, choice important in it of the is

nud attitude

of farm/'nousehold/communit~

of technology. that the economists that in the seek the their designing within This collaboration surveys and ph:rsinal and analyzing empty. of rgronoand evaiuatlnscientists their !thiie there

Just

mists existing

and other farming

scientists sgstems,

designing important economists degree in

and conducting choosing, concept

the biological

seek the is

collaboration Without

experiments. evidence would

such collaboration, to the farming systems

of a FSP is is

of a significant participation system components,

of cooperation research. design

FSP, increased particularly in the and in the humid tropics.

co?laboration so in terms evaluation agro-

be of benefit

of economists' of proposed climatic mapping

experimental cropping Iof target

and appraisal,

patterns

and rotations, zones in the

and characterization

(iii)

Land Management

and Soil

Studies aims at determining on the the best projeot performance use of these areas, Droject is the factors. effect of different systems aRd land soil, and manage-

Objectives

57*
climatic devising

The Land Management and hydrologic the

project

factors

of crops

and cropping The soils with

means of making that of other

ment wcrk, towards that

li.ke

closely

connected

and directed

of the

Land IJtilization

area.

Scope end Achievements 520 Most work has been done at IITA investigations into soils, acidic Ultisols and better on major quality headquarters soil soils types less derived or near leached from Ibadan, Alfisols basic rocks. with the exception have of of pedological been grouped hydromorphic of West Africa. These soils A number

and Gxisols,

and Inceptisols,

- 23 -

typical importance information soil

soils, -

grouped

in toposequences, soils" land areas on these,

have been identified thus soils. and the forming

as being within

of'major which the under-

%enchmark of major

and much chemical, can be examined,

pedological, a framework

and mineralogical

has been assembled of classification

fertility

and has added much to the

standing

of tropical

53.
soils

Soil under

physics largely cultivation.

has received from a major A great to farm to soil

much attention, study deal properties practice. composition on erosion of soils

present

zero

tillage on the which is

work of JITA physical, basic under

developed chemical, to extending and activity mulches

and infiltration under zero

behaviour tillage, Soil

of information Work is

has been obtained under way on root root

and microbiological zero in tillage relation

development development

and structure. growth,and

temperatures

and cwers

and their

effects

on germination,

have been determined. Soil microbiology effects and the uptake. sorption widely properties of the different for basic of a variety physical sorption soils under of West African chemistry capacities out near high Ibadan. Zn deficiency rainfall. publication published record; by IITA. three of their should on soil This help work soils have been and content rate research of breakdown began more recently, and management of soil organic with and has concentrated techniques matter. on soil Plant growth organisms on responses increase

54.
activity,

Rhizobium,

of forest by artifical

clearing

biological which

have been obtained phosphorus

inoculation

myoorrhizal

55*
studied,

Phosphorus on the

an understanding requirements. to nutrient

has been'gained, nutrient

information fertilizer and fertilizer in regard

in predicting particularly

Muoh work has been carried balanaoe, Al toxicity,

response,‘ mainly to the Ultisols group staff of all

and P requirement

has been extended

56.

FSP's

soils

has an outstanding journal papers

names appear

on one-third

Future 57. with their time. these

Trends At Ibadan, zero tillage with effects This methods the studies on physical, clearing various a safer under prwide chemical methods treatments basis for and biological will over the continue, possible properties in order associated to define of of period and with precision, will different

a considerable

e

information to farming

introduction

practice.

-24-

’

58,
rainfall stand

It the

is intended to start new work on the more difficult fertility orobiems of th:: Basic soil chemistry work would be extended to underUltisols, as at On&. Calcium/Aluminium of these analyses studies, should it coincide soils. system fully, balances will and to characterize soils the is the nutrient is status pienned, essential., -that their Work on leaching of potassium in these increase,and efforts of the end nitrogen considered notes

hi,Th

and supply and detailed

of nutrient is proposed, with

59.
objectives 60. and high nodulation extremely

Root

Panel

priority

FSP programme.

Increased priority important With

soil will in

microbiology be given phosphorus farm testing soils will

research towards nutrition.

is will

envisaged the continue

in

coilaborsticn this could

with prove

CLIP,

understanding

effectiveness since

of natural

of soybean.

Work on mycorrhizas

61.
on soil increased

increased

of fertilizers continue,

planned in view

by national of its likely

programmec, impact

PJork

fertility

of major

thro~~gb

collaborative Work on the will effects

activities. of mulches collaboration and cover with the crops on soils and their project. nl;Lrient

62.
content

continue,

in

Crop Management

Issues,

63.

(a)

The value IITA soils to whether

of further is other is soils

research or other in view soil likely the

on the and the topics,

physical direction needs work in imminent in

properties of this the consideration. Institutet.s departure

of effort,

now debatable,

(b)

The place programme the of the and the select logical

and content uncertain,

of pedological

of the surveys increase soil

of

pedologist. programme, consequent suitable expertise

Extensive but

have never off-site that environments

been part work and to some pedocol!oid in in

need to define experimental. sites must be available. fundamental is uncertain, of the by other

suggests studies

(c)

The need for surface the basic light possibilities research. of

further the goals offered

on soil

properties

and must be assessed entire programme institutions invclved

and of the

- 25 -

(d)

Maintenance importance and oropping clearing and soil of this specific tropics.

and behaviour to soil structure, capability.

of soil

organic

matter cover

are of extreme

nutrient

retention temperature
and orientation humid

and release,
crops, relations, level to

Work on mulches,

methods, microbiology work needs problems

soil

water and soil
is clearly planning use in the

relevant.

The future and subhumid

werall of land

(e)

The work with avoid crop

on Rhizobium physiology

in FSP should and nutrition

be coordinated work in GLIP in for

closely order this to need be

overlap

and repetition, of future light that is the

and arrangements work

consideration. (f) (g) The aims and level considered The Panel level in the agrees on mycorrhiaas'should work between in relation elsewhere. issue the of field is soils how the of the projects of similar

most important The location

of effort

to be divided zones. planned

humid and subhumid needs to be carefully soils (h) research

to climate, the

and
soil

should

be directed of soil

to understanding as they

crop interactions
The general complicate attention additional experimental statistician field at IITA.

on these sites.
heterogeneity, urgently to reduce experimentation, These problems in desirable. order are receiving increasing

problems

require wasteful work with the

consideration variability, appears

and cooperative

(iv)

Cropping Research

Systems in cropping foodcrop systems systems for systems build-up. is for that concentrated small to generate on studies in the shifting aimed at developing The objective soil ad fertility, testing

Objectives

64.
tropics, is

economically to identify

viable

farmers

humid and subhumid maintain

as part

of a search intercropping and pest

a substitute

cultivation. aims at development

good yields,

and minimize of appropriate

disease crop

The programme

combinations

and sequences.

- 26 -

Achievements

65.
while Eight

Crop mixtures, maintaining potentially on high Cropping bottoms The effect

rotations,

and cover soil soils upland and cover control crops fertility two-year

crops

which in the

fully

exploit tropics pattern integrated

the

environmen are being for have besrl ;o~;ght. upland of

and increasing efficient, base status systems

subnumid rainfall for

intercropping under soils. crops from and their the a bi-modal are being

and rotational tested

sequencer

conditions designed. valiey

components

mana~sment

and associated of mulches erosion staple

66.
structure other G’ f.

value

in

soil

temperatilre programmes

c::,i and

maintenance, include important cultivars both

and crop farming

performance crop systems.

have been de:ermine?.

Crop mixtures foodcrops Plantain

coming

imprwement

in tropical

have been collected for specialized tomato, systems pepper,

and identified. and intercropping. okra, melon

Selected and several

veget:?bIes breedin,? vegetable:;. leafy

have been studied, and selection Use of vegetables

Limited

has been done in incssssarasbased

intercropping

systems

has shown promise. soils, for a range of prasses ;I situ m;iches;

68.

As mulching as well

may be important as foodcrop using

in management zero tillage.

of upland

and legumes

residues

have been tested

use as -in

some have been established

69.
fallows plants.

Selected to restore

shrub soil

and. tree

species

have been tested and to supply

in

developing to support

&ort climbing

bush-type crop

productivity,

stakes

Future

Trends Methods work, of crop for particul-arly and sequences underlying in should will prwide require management off-site national is often the Coupled to associated testing highly physiology with define institutions :+i.th appropriate and adaptation. location-specific; of crops grown systems, potentially and on crop useful or development land F'SP seeks and water willirg ?r!>agement col!aborators P.es^arc:C. 02 great the emphasis ?,-;roromi.(X are ready

70.
in this crop will

technology mixtures

projects. therefore in mix-tures, interactions studies, mixtures crop

be placed

on understanding indigenous principles Suitability study. intercropping.

principles management studies specific sequence

cropping

and post ::~:ch fqr rotatior

climatological and fertilizer

and soil

locations.

of cwer-crops

use in the

- 27 -

71.

Cultivaxs cropping

developed systems, project emphasis for which to the work

by the for area* will of the

Crop Improvement over

Programmes range

and others'will of environments

be used by the

in model

evaluation

a wider

FSP Land Utilization

72.

Additional

be given

to the problems

of food

crop

production that

in the exe

humid tropics complementary

promising

intercropping Crop Improvement

combinations

and sequences be tested.

Progremmes,will

(v)

Pest (1)

Management The present (a) pest mamagement programme economically practices being cultural studies appropriate developed tid aims at: sound pest of land and emphasis to systems within control and flora which which end a better to gain against of: of a range cropping yields resistant (including agronomic crop improvement systems." using

Objectives

73.

"developing management crop on maximizing and the

and environmentally

management

FSP, with

biological pest

techniques

minimum use of agrochemicals, on the pest of indigenous of the and modified regulatory and the will the activities take

(b)

conducting fauna operate agricultural understanding

and associated systems background place." in the field mechanisms

in such systems development specific "to "to evaluate increase input

(2)

It (a) (b)

also

includes

Weed science: of weed control Nematology: cultivaxs, live mulches patholoq practices." minimum farmer

effectiveness mixed crop rotations

practices

in selected
and stabilize crop

methods suppressing

such as nematode and modifying from the various

nematode

and intercroppingh as an input

(c)

Plant

programmes,

Organization

74.
olusion scientists

From its in the

inception ITTA core

FSP has had nematology were located of a group project, within which the of Centre

and weed science crop for imprwement Overseas Pest specifically

positions, progremmes~ Research designed

while Inin (COPR)

entomology

and pathology working

on a special

was not

- 28 -

relation conducts
nem~tologi.st,

to FSP's studies

needs , provided on insect of the provide three

3 entomology in

positions

in

FSP.

This

projest a pest anaiyst,

now na.nageil!e i':

populations

cropping

mixtures.

Recently

merit group, April

consisting

COPR entomologists was formed. in FSP.

and a residue

and the weed scientist

The COPR project

ternin,-te::

1978, and will

two vacancies

Scope and major

achievements studies of lima sequences under have prwided bean, with varying a basis for identification identification patcntia.1; e;;peci;?lly ~6 in of :cjemato P of (:we1 the study reiz-Lj.0~ :zrcA,:‘ , of -L-o ,nj : j.:n;y cowpea and yams; cultural practices,

75*

Hematology cultivars

resis-taz"-t nemFt3d3 tilleze

or0 9:; , and crop incidence

nematode-suppressi%

-nd mulching. lieod cor-r;rol that mulching aild rice; publication management through and spread research has provided in the bzeic subhumid information environment the need for for weeds. cass-.va, on weeds rcl.at,i;qy Fi (lid near IITA. , a second a first

/16.
cropping mixt!ue::;

to
'-ri U ,--JF U cron

sgs-tams

and management sprendirgcrops of herbicide materials

have indicated and certain pie-ted cowpf'.k, of major

c,2n obviate substitute can effectively methods

wee,?i-?fT in

10~ rates include: maize needs; Early pest

effectiveiy suppress for yams, in

?:?n3 ::eeG.n,o; or kJ0r.i: cocpotato, sy~'iems; ~oyherj.~, ecology sweet aanuel.

$L-udier: cropping

chemical

weed control weed incidence

and spread

selected

of an illustrated research between efforts sole

:areed identification indicate crops that

77.
pest

significant striking intercropping

infoznrtion differences ix patte?n:;.

can be obtained incidence

interdisciplinary exist

teams,

and that

and various

Future '18. conditions pest into

Trends Integrated studies in on pest cropping particular In mancagement VJill systems situations; the with pest and land assess basis crop for found be conducted mezagement interactions rational in input to:
characteri.7? pe:>t

of different components; design. be conducted

practices; betweei;

identif;: differer.i ,:lan>Zement a-..1 ecoI.ogic::l agro-

majo:-, ccnstraints complex systems

and provide collaboration on major

of pest or modified

specialists,

biological existing

studic~: , ,.iill systems.

species

79.
pred.ict promising b-ottoms

Studies pest

on indigenous problems tillage, which identified will

systems rney arise in

will with

be the

important practices development

in

this

programme

so as to Also, valley

given

or changes

therefrom.

systems and zero

FSP, e.g. be monitored.

of hydromorphio

- 29 -

Issues

80.

Success

of the pest Completely to

management programme integrated pest In addition, work This in pest might with senior

will staff

require balance is

careful

planning systems with

and research the crop

leadership. zation extensive collection beneficial interested currently to the appropriate to increase level in pest

management carefully,

teams in farming and coordinated

have been difficult improvement

achieve, should Effective

and levels time-consuming

of specialiand involves end in and mutually institutions and entomology staff and to increasing routine

management

be studied of skill

programmes. sampling and evaluation collaboration in similar required support their

ecology

and a high

level

in identification be an area national routine scientists. scientists interaction. does not appear

of organisms, of effective

of data.

and interaction problems. is staff difficult, in order for by the

and international work in nematology Training should from be given some of this

Much of the

has to be conducted

of support

and consideration to free productive this

potential

81.
as the

While required

FSP has no pathologists, expertise is available

to have

any adverse

effec-t

in the

Crop Improvement

Programmes.

-

(vi)

Land Utilization The objective cultivation into of land

Systems of the improved Land Utilization subhumid on soil lend use systems. types project is to prwide through is a viable the alternative of nnd and

Objectives

82.

to shifting FSP research practices humid Major tropics,

in the

and humid tropics, The emphasis which

synthesis subhumid

on principles in the

management

are important

especially

in Africa.

Achievements Zero and minimum tillage soil fertility that in systems. effective A five-year techniques under study these both on high methods superior erosion have been adapted moderate base, - with input crop low-activity residues tillage to minimize input in yields, systems. and with and vegetable manageallow a subt-umid mulch and :.ere soils maize soil erosion and high

83.
farming srea

and to maintain

has demonstrated

used as surface

have proved more profitable

controlling

and maintaining

and managerially valley bottoms

to conventional

84.
improved

Hydromorphic water Systems

have been shown to be very are suitable use are being and associated for tested for

productive, rice the soils integrated -which

and nutrient of crop -

management and land bottoms valley

intensive upland

production.

ment of toposequences

-3%

better studies influence

labor

utilization.

This the toxicity slopes

programne effect effects

and the

related

land

mwagement especially prwided of the also

and soi1 the a better influence nutrition. of

have demonstrated of soil moisture of iron on higher

of site on crop

on rice

performance, They have bottoms, management

status

disease. on rice

understanding soil types

in valley of water

and of the

effect

on nitrogen

Future

trends to focus high-rainfall, methods land in the emphasis inputs use; subhumid - such on: defining r;.cid-soil which will further and humid for as water fertility minimiza evaluation 2nd. i;nii speci-?yadieroi: rjero ej':; tile mechanithe of

Research in the future is likely 85 management practices with potential for ing tillxge continuing valle;r zation economic land development degradation toposequence and the role sequences and on selected work, - in xd effects of soil on ILTA, the bottoms, underintensified sites with of various

environments;

management

ZCXG of Afriy-;; developing malxgement,

on methodology development.

and cropping

toposequenoe

Issues 86. (a) T!:e pace humid careful (b) !lork would sites links and direction with consideration. of efforts low-base, to expand work into needs and crop and it few national the tropics low-activity soil soils parameters a very with

on the relationship
involves there spread benefits. of valley high lands be impossible unless could to were IITA

between a. great do this early expansion resources bottom crops deal

performance

of resources,

on more than oollaboration with tco iands is poorly thinly, for

programmes. cc:~comittCant The development production bec,xse areas lands tropics. heavily regi ens. where

Too rapid

developed without intensified priority in those proportion th:;t such depend and subhumid would specific

of rice of their such

and other potential,

of high

especially a substantial estimate of the humid in development factors

represent I@ their

of t:he landscape. constitute upox social The priority

FSP scientists at least for

and economic

- 31 -

(vii)

Farm Implements The objective farm tools farming

and Nachinerx of this progranune hardship, is to develop increase low-energy the economic demanding, fit range inexpensive, into the

Objectives

87.
simple tropical farmers.

which systems

reduce

human productivity,

of Africa,

and are within

of African

Scope and major

achievements of farm agricultural three land implements commodity and machinery The work prograznmes. planting Rural ongoing, is the responsibility to cropping African (stationed with for the has been on the on small ,Project of one senior systems, farms. a number of land The development at IITA) development engineers. relates

88,
utilization

Development and the for

and two assistant of implements which of rice is

Bnphasis Storage

preparation,

and weeding

work has been complemented studying and cassava Applying tools. zero Also, post-harvest manufacturers of agricultural

by an FAO African handling machinery is

and storage.

Cooperation in particular

harvesters. tillage crop harvesting and imprwed for techniques, combinations storage. combined with coverccrops small fields of crops cultivars or mulches, will require farms on small and

89.
adapted require

cultivation

of different more energy

on scattered handling

and post-harvest and harvesting. largely harvesting Africa. not is

Use of improved

may necessitate

new adaptations

of tools

weeding

90,
for the solve land

Trypanosomiasis preparation, and subhumid problem, humid this

end other seeding, lowlands the prwided

diseases weeding, cost of tropical

prevent Small

the

use of draught transport

animals

and on-farm

in most of

tractors

may ultimately

prohibitive. of a jab-planter tilled applicator zero the tillage small are being for sowing sowing machine A commerand protocooperation in

91.
zero for cially promising type with tractor,

Some accomplishments tiilage systems within use on narrow available, for machines cultivated

have been the ower-crops strips

development

or mulches droplet

and a hand-pushed

or on conventionally controlled application rice rice and cassava made to farming by the drying adapt in Asia, FAO African and storage in

seedbeds. systems, in p-wheel

battery-operated herbicide suited and pesticide to harvesting Attempts developed for

has been found developed

manufacturers. originally

are being

"Landmaster"

to African Rural structures

conditions. Storage for Project maize. has shown Using

92.
the

Work on post-harvest suitability

technology

of simply-constructed

- 32 -

natural production three aspects will invslve techniques

air years,

circulation, of a second and will

these crop. extend its

cribs work It

permit

earlier FAO project

harvesting is being rice

and,

in

some CRSOS, for another :nd :-ro;:l; ~ro~l.1.d~:ro'r:?,'ci?~ u of ,:::propri;,te i.: cor-.si,'ere+ SOW

The present would

continued investigatory and follow-l;p

to grain appear

legumes, that other,

and yam stortise

of cassava documentation through

processing. by the on the cooperation part of 11~4's

essenLia1 period, tFe

have been completed

end of the with national

projected the

one hand and,on future core

application

programmes. programne.

iteither

of these

to be a necessary

Futwe

trends Long-term :droplet tools use, for goals are local assembly or manufacture and insecticides, spreaders, irrigated reducing clearing, rice tools, of mulch design fields. enera plante-n ;!I.; COY'of I:( ;:r:i.z~c:'!ide to

93,.
trolled control rur:L vation

applicators seeders uplanu

of herbicides and fertilizer crops and flood energy in land machinery, involved.

and deve7.0pmant j:i$cr-rr,:,r projpc-l;s sited Other

hanri or mechanized modification

and hand pushed,

of existing and equipment

sources

watershed

development

and nonsei'-

of water.

(viii)

LIajor

Issues structure: has been difficult six that designated a problem-based with land The Panel to find project areas structure the ti-ere observes a suitable might crop is this prwisior: that, given its cgmplejcit.;, structure but i.e. in there Perhaps cro>pinC 'our i.::2t:li t5e ;,nd for have it organizational be more suitabie. areas, reslilt only would for

940
FSP.

Organizational At present, might

and diversity, been suggestions management systems of six Assistant scientists. and pest project

have been identified, management

be imprwed management, paean. Also, to provide

by combining at present leadership

management;

oRe Ler:xl,

Director,

to a multidisciplinary

gro>Jp o? 18 t:e,j.or

950
in

Staffing FSP over time feels imminent

and staff that

balance:

There

is

need to examine is in there needed. land

the

bairtnce staff t‘ :e Also,

of dL ,~r,j.~~lii:es flc?xi'%.liig. progr:mme <and us e t 0 in balancing

so as to meet programme increased agronomic with could

objectives capability experience

and to maintain

The Panel may require fill staff the engineers;

an zgronomist/pedologist pedology vacancy. one of these positions

evaluation

At present,

are three flexibility

agricultural

be used to provide

requirements,

- 33 -

96.
decisions testing zero

Research

priority:

A number be required of research which toposequences, balance and location to off-site soil areas. the

of possibilities soon. methods and results or

and opportunities the for .researoh for opportunity subhumid example It in

face for areas -

FSP, and off-site where FSP

on them will and evaluation tillage, off-site; pace, should soil direction be given studies in the but

These include:

has had most experience4 tested and the priority exploratory are pursued with that national investment, zone without relative

technological hydromorphic and scope testing Also, it of research and climatic might which not

onportunities should and humid may be th2-t &bhumid cropping areas systems ITT4 FroLable while be areas;

soils, in humid

of activities of research factors would

in subhumid areas. results for in this and simple not require

on certain humid in the increase

be possible experience

FSP to collaborate substFnti.::.i zone. It is

agencies would

humid tropics, Institute's of ITTA will

tlie"sub~~l"4ech2iology modification. Formal

be directly

transferable

to -Llle :'-amid

97.
too

Hethodolog?:

farming standarized,

systems

research

(TSR),

in general, research a wide into factors e.g. soils, which

is range which

prob;;?bly of affect pests do organized identil on

new to have developed from the

recognized

principles, and integrate sciences and the systems, the which

approaches

and methods. disciplines teems to them.

To be effective, physical,

FSR must organize biological components are available are methods are required farming and land systems farming

and social systems within for of farming

multidiscipli~e~~ clima.te, normally for

stud;y exist,ing farm

or potential

Wethods

used to study economics, lacking land cropping of major methods for processes crop from inherent

and disease, such work. collaborative fication cropping studies borrow pasture this time

disciplines survey projects;

What is of priority patterns,

and techniques systems;

<are suitable studies

research.

Methods and/or

regional multifactor management For

and analyses; of priority and research

sequences, management other -

key components research

or combinations. ecology, range

For some of these FSR should or biological At clear. direct dynamic systems. not it take management, the

new statistical management, the that

methods example

may be required. disciplines which are useful

others , perhaps

in measuring or mixed modelling farming group

and physical Methods suggested responsibility

in multiple and evaluate be done by a

cropping promising special

farming in FSR is systems;

effectiveness to develop work this for

end role could

of simulation

are needed

has been

which

would

such research. of Target systems of Zones or Areas: capacity sn area. In doing Through this, it its is interdisciplinary the natural that understood field FSP resources

98.
teem,

Identification farming

TTTA has a well-developed

to evaluate

and assess

and major

- 34 surveys a balance Analysis resources, system7tio

and direct
prcject present way to would Criteria

experimental between area wide should

work identify or farming

on-station types target patterns,

or in production of studies. zones , giving ' population, zones. be used to could include: opportunity could weight etc.

areas to

may be required, Regional such as land i? a factors

and

must be reached cropping

these

To be effective,~the

What is needeq

selection that the

of target same caDacit;v site

99.
testimp‘

It

appear for ouportunity,

select

sites

fcr

off-stsi-on

of f-station availability

selection of control

ecological off-statior

suitabilit?;, r~~ss~~rch

terhnolnPics1 for collaboration. should

of a .strong national

propamme,

and a ao.Fmiimeni

The extent

and method

by F'SP over

be considered, The role per+inent work of FSP at the to FSP directly or. ze-o tillage,
Propammes

100.

On&

substation to be:

must be studied basic crop soil lines

clossl;~~
~vstens

Resew-ch

poss’ bi-

lities including
xith

appear research

fertilit-6croppinp for toleranre

and soil to

mar-a.-emert

~~rli-,

oncomponentsof

Crop

Improvement

on screening

?ipht

irtersities Closer

and pests. collaboration work is the is needed crop between Crop Improvement this should systems in Profrrammes be joint1.v analysis
Cow -d.

101.

and

FP.

intercropring monitored. mSP should locatin? (ix) 102.

done in the resource to the regional

programmes;

DlW"-C?'Yi

>1’ 0,

evaluation trial sites,

and cropping Programmes etc.

oapaoitisbreeding

9~ oh+eotives,

be useful off-station

Crop Improvement

identifyin(y

11 General Conclusions and Recommendaticns .-.-..-I_. multidisciplinary Ths--.-Pane!-.. L -- commends the wide-based, additior +o scientific which knowledge which this of farming programme s,ystems components show promise

work of the has r-educed, efforts to of makine: an impact

?'SP ir

t'-is

fi.eld, delrelop-

tl7o considerable
ment

and the on the focus the

problnrr work techniques. sat?s-

of shifting nf the

cult ivatiol-.

It notes with approval the -. more precisely on the collaborative that the present load

present

develonment

of new farrnii.r

103.
factory

TJ-e Panel considers _.---.-_ in that it places should

organizational on the

structure assistant?

of FSP Icj not

an impossible to methods

Programme Leader.

consideration

??e given

of providing

and rer-mmer.:s ..- _ .._- --- that to the leader,,

---,.-

-- -.-

--

I/ Wheq presenting these conclusions and recommendations the Peel was aware tb-tt the across-centre review of farming systems research !Vfstripe analysis") was still under way. JCRISAT ,-nd IRRI, after CTA? It was real.ized that the stripe review team, when visiting and IITA, may develop general conclusions on farming systems research at the TARCs wh';ch may pnssibly go beyond those presented here.

- 35 -

It ship

suggests

that Leader9 the

this

could

be done by the more direct respective of the in the

selection

or appointment for thus

of a Deputy leaderpossible making it

Programme to specify

or by placing

responsibility sub-progrnmmes, areas

sub-programme

on other

individuals responsibilities units feels change, It arises, also

project

more precisely.

Some consolidation

of sub-programme

may also that except believes the

be desirable. balance that that within between below disciplines in the in with in the programme for does not, &ricultural its .the should

104.

The Panel

need any major Engineering. opportunity have some direct The Panel

as mentioned

recommendations general broad crop

agronomy the

should

be strengthened experience

and suggests responsibility recognizes the should pursuit to require the

an agronomist

Land Utilization the

erea. subhumid witi1i.n the notes the climatic well-defined problems that continued there limits in the that is no in within zone

105.

the valuable have the first

work done within

end considers ecological humid work sharp the which
106.

that zones, this zone,

and consolidation
priority. different gradually. somewhat

of this
It notes

work, that also for the

zone are likely within boundeq between

solutions, It that

and recommends

zone should an attempt methods considers science, review. relevant

be developed two zones, should

and recommends

work

subhumid

be made to determine adapted. survey

ecological

FSP-devised The Panel and soil under all that

might that It

be successfully the balance

between that

work

in economics, be kept analysis

clim* should assessed

tology ensure

and more experiementally-oriented recommends data the work to existing pertaining

work should on regional a region

continually end utilized.

are collected,

107.

The Panel

recommends the for

that

further

attention associated soils, last to the

should with

be given

to field statistically sites that

experimental efficient and with work

techniques, end reliable complex should crop
108.

particularly designs cropping systems.

problems

developing on off-station it

use on heterogenous In relation small

point,

recommends

concentrate combinations

upon a very

number of carefully

chosen,

most promising,

and sequences@ intention and the of the to Panel develop a more fundamental Such work that the depend further physiologi.caJ. could perhaps introduction initial use

The P,anel commends the to intercropping to to other methods advantage

approach modelling experience.

and crop aspects

combination

problems. recommends should

of such methods

progremme

on successful

- 36 -

109.
animals.

Tine Panel

recommends

that

TIT,4 should

not

engage in

experimental

work

with

110.

Tile Panel thev

suggests FSP effort

that,when but that end should arrangements.

plantains speoifio effect be avoided.

are

logically Also,

part t1.e Pa,rel

03 priority experiments considers

croppin,: t'!-,t

patter38

be included, wrk could

plantain

improvement

may di1lAt.e the a&p- -fc?estry -to t‘ ic- ci;rren-L

have a diluting

on FSP and that

work be rcstrir~+,4

contract

(4
Rele-tive
111.

Specific

Conclusions

and Recommendations
Studies the substantial focus their contribution activities activities of this work. end it to F'SP 7Tzd.e b,- its on t':e on--?TC aspects i;:tegrnted eccno:,li:;tc: of fesmin~ wit? o+:ter m;>ltion ;2113': 1~2

to Socioeconomic The Pace1 commenis that It also the; s:lould agrees limiteu;,iisit

r2nA -grces spt visit will
em7.

t;tet

survey aspect surveys with hypotheses

, purposefulEy

FSP reseerzh, particul-cs use systems.

z.re an essentiCal problems is viewed

The 5ove a:way f ram broati specific honed tha-; choice inforn~tis~ the is

sumre;--: to be taken

aimed at obtaining relevant to farmers'

approval,

op~ort~~i-ty

to investigate

of cro?

112.
prep;:red

'The P;?el agencies to play Africa in

applauds in the 5, leading f?rm so far

the role

initiatives of field in the

taken coordination

by FSP in It of field

cooperating that studie::

witli IITll

nation,:' shoul4 :/it;'! in b.,

and other technology tropical

conduct

surveys.

believes

concerned

adoption,

decision-making, as these studies

and farm/houseklold are pertinent

relationships

to FSP objectives.

Relative

to Land Zanegement The Panel integration and dependable conditions. The Panel in iJest future notes the It of this

and Land Utilization extensive to aJld thorough into shifting land studies on the systems under soil enviro:;:?:el:t mrxy ?orT soil and information utilization which

113.
end tile viable clim;Ltic

commends the

alternatives

cultivation

specified

114.
soils in the

valuable recommends and that

work that

done in the

defining

end characterizing :iork to this addition

im:?ort;ni required bn

Africa.

amount of such pedol.o&cr-.l ?rork i::

be assessed

no major

pedology

undertaken.

- 37 -

115.
that terms

The Panel FSP should of cropping

recommends decide capability, defined.

that

the

benchmark the

soils

programme

be assessed, in of the

realistically and that

how many of these

can be investigated

aims of any continuation

programme

be sharply

116.

The Panel and that rainfall,

believes the bearing

that

more effort of this

should work should and other

now be directed be towards constraints. the

to

soils

outside receiving

IITA, high

main thrust

areas

in mind logistic

117.

The Panel value of the sites, options

highly

commends work testing at It IITA urges

on zero tillage that various the the work

up to the should effort

present,

and the longupon

supports term with off-station possible

such further

as may be neoessary ecological research

to eetablish zones,

technique. selected plan. other than At the

now concentrate should

to cover

and in accordance investigate

a systematic

same time

zero tillage.

118.

The Panel increasing appropriate

recognizes emphasis plant

the

wide-ranging studies. , possibly This

work

on soil

physics,

and supports project

the with axea.

on root biologists

should

be done in association Cropping Systems

from the

119.
extend

The Panel the

notes

the

increased and suggests series

testing that the fertility

of fertilizers possibility relationships

on farmers' of using these and crop

fields programmes manageto

in national ment practices

programmes, information

on soil

be considered.

120,

The Panel continuation

commends the in association

past with

work the

on cover
Cropping

crop

and mulches, studies.

and supports

its

Systems

- 38-

121.

The Panel programme 'The Panei

recommends Rhizobium IITA within

that

increased with

attention

be given

to

collaboration and that

with an agreed

GLIP in work joint
122.

on the

symbiosis be developed.

cowpea and soybean,

supports

continued and nutrition.

work

on mycorrhizns

in

connection

with

t!:e

:ror%

on phosphorus
623.

fertilizers of the project

In tielw @stems

necessarily areas, between that

close the them. present in crop However, focus Panel

association suggests

between that

the

Land Management be ,$von

-nd to ;i

Cropping

consideration

more formal
124.

connection believes

Tne Panel

studies canopies it tov.ards

on crop

w--.ter requirements l p2xtic~Yi:~rl.y
there

a::?. iigh-t in
also

reqiirements to t':le study significant of FSP target

mid gas exchange of intercropping. agroclimatological ereas.

are useful
th2t

re~s.ti.or

believes the

sl:ould

:3e

'

delimitation

2nd charactori,.?.tlon

Relative

to Cropping The Panel

Systems by the It extent believes systems promising ecological of the that and crop land area exploratory the time management IITA'w work on possible has no?! come for:

325.
crop

was impressed the

associations (a) testing practices,

and combinations. most promising together within Ibadan is with the

management of which

techniques, site (b) in

representative;

concentrating
a limited combinations sarily involving of the that adapted there to require not

on more in-depth
of well-chosen or sequences, close only

studies,
These studies but in

prefer:~Ely crop
will the to that

on

number

characteristic

necesspecialists ensure are

interdisciplinaq FS? scientists Progr,ammes, materials

cooperation, also order

Crop improvement are breeding intercropping. that under in Africa

developed

126.

The Penel

considers testing

t'lese about

throrough fcarmersl

investigations It also reactions

should to the

be ex:.en::e:i t&t syst?m~

by multi-location information iir?d practices.

controlled

conditions.

recommends proposed

be ga~t!lered

-

39of the work on vegetables tropics. as important Fiowever, Institute could

1270 it for offer

The Panel that

recognizes vegetable Research

the systems

interest in

components

of some farming

the humid work institutes

and subhumid cease. with vegetable

recommends Horticultural advice

breeding and other

should

The new Xigerian programmes

and material.

Relative 128. basic pest traditional overcome Relative 129. design volume 930. ing the

to Weeds, Pests The Panel information on these

and Diseases work pest

(Pest

Management) and weed science, cropping patterns the supports which has provid.ed of to a and under formation in order

commends the

on nematology in various collaboration systems. for cropping

problems plans

and improved pest problems

management in priority Xngineerinq that work in the

The Panel systems.

m;anagement group

and the

and monitoring

to Aqicultural lnne Panel agrees and development as the sprayer). The Panel believes

agricultural number hand-pushed

engineering sowing machine

should

focus

on the interest

of a limited jab-planter,

of implements

and machines and the

of direct ultr+low

to FSP (such

that

the

demands and needs for engineers. from three two positions engineers

work It (one (one

on agricultural recommends senior engineer engineer

engineeIc of and two and one

within senior

FSP can be met by two agricultural staffing support support of agricultural officers) officer). notes the close cooperation development farms. It to the prwision to, at most,

reduction

executive executive 131. suited and that

senior

The Panel for small should the final

between believes should

IITA that

and the the

manufacturers

of

implements cooperation

and machines

in the

of new or adapted of sketches be left

implements in most, if

and machines in this all cases, not

and medium-sized be limited design

t,ask of IITA manufacturers.

and development

to the

- 40 -

CHapTERIV.
(i> 132. scientific are the grown worldls Tropical

'IUBEZ AND ROOT IMPROVB4EINT PROGRAMBE(TRIP) root and tuber despite for crops the fact have received that amount countries. in yield will very of their little in the daily attention tropics food. from Roots crops the and tubers

Introduction community, crops source major poorest Production this food many persons and subtropics are mainly m?ny of the

depend upon these by small

a substantial in many African

Root and tuber benefit

farmers, people.

and imprwements

immediately

133.
hectares; area.

of cassava amounts

in Africa

amounts total world in tropical

to

about Africa

~$4 million from is

tons

from

6 million world .'.fricn world of which (;,6 million tons). 367: in crop while

to 5O$ of the production

production respectively. on about countries tons) total is of 8%

6og". of the Kost of the Coast (0,6 tons

41% of the cassava
of yems is

g-rovm in Central
2 million are Ivory hectares

365 and 23$ come from West Africa
production tons), potato. East production in Africa, Other million produces leading tons), potato tons is 307: are in Nigeria. Ghana (0,8 also The continent Pifrica

and East

Africa tons million world

19 million
Togo (O,l output produced

yam producing of the

and Benin

million Africa, total

6 million

15 million in Central of
tile

of sweet

55$ of the total
and only of 4 million

in Africa Of the in Africa. in

produced

85 in West Africa.

<avoids,

world's

134.

The TRIP progromme of superior in the

was initiated plant materials, are

1971, and focuses
especially cassava,

on improvement as top sweet potato

2nd rapid and

dissemination Crop priorities cocoysJns.

of cassava, yams,

priority.

programme

as follows:

135.
CIAT, &nericas

IITA in

has responsibility CUT

for

imprwement mandate a l$orld

of cassava

production responsibility

in

Africa, for the F,

while

Colombia, and Asia. centre.

has a worldwide maintains

and particular germplasm

collection

and provides

documentation

[ii)

Objectives The main objective (a) developing economically range ability, storability of TRIP is plants that important and improved nutritional value to improve high root stable and tuber yields, adapted of consumer characteristics; crop to production to ;! wide by: produce diseases quality are resistant

136.

and insects, systems, in terms

of environments

and production

and have better acceptand

and processing

- 41 -

(b)

developing the humid

production tropics.

systems

suitable

for

farmers

of

(iii)

Organization At the time of the level), In Zaire. Panel's seven Eight addition, Project Neither visit, senior there the Leader of these TRIP was staffed scientists, positions are are three core by a Programme post-doctoral staff; the programmes, Programme z-e Leder feiloers, the included The senior breeder includes a project ar!ll Director associate. Food Prod-ction budget. (vacant) level was vacant. (PROKAM) in core

137.
(Assistant

one research position Accelerated Maniac IITA consists agronomist leader/farm includes

an agronomist b:ation;i? in the stay!? Kational

two cooperative
and

(IU'AFPP) of Nigeria XAFPP nor of the TRIP is

PRONAM sta.ff breeder. biochemist,

The Programme and production testing specialist

a plant

of a physiologist,

pathologist,

entomologist, and a cassava a breeder,

(yams),

agronomist.

The NAFPP staff specialist. an entomologist PRONAF! is Cameroun

The PRONAX stnfr and a pathologist. funded National by the govern-

an agronomist/project The NAFPP is funded by

leader, the

138.

Nigerian

government: the

ment of Zaire. Improvement these positions The Panel capable, plant

A projected Progrsmme are not yet

programme filled. with the

in Cameroun,

Root Crop and pat!;ologist;

(CNRCIP),

has two positions

, agronomist/breeder

139.
They are one of

was impressed well integrated,

organization clones

and enthusiasm The programme

of the approach of the

TRIP staff. is
mzinnly

and energetic. of agronomist centered Disease

breeding pathologist,

and evaluation entomologist, work

by a team consisting and biochemist. at IITA

breed.er,

physiologist, Although IITA

140.
for

much of the varieties and sweet and iJarri This and for for

of TRIP is plant is

headquarters, provide resistance for

cooperative outlets screening in at are into cassava clones a yams and area There

programmes

and a‘ recently improved On&

initiated potato also trials

multiplication

programme and insect of high derived areas by IITA. in Nigeria. in these rainfall

and technology. cassava

of cassavalyams Nigeria,at sweet Mokwa, large four potato. Nigeria number levels,

done at a number and sweet work potato includes in Nigeria in five

stations

and at M'vuazi Zaire.

programme cassava upon the

in the

Savannah are divided Improved

in different degree

ecological

of cooperative depending in

on cassava; States

of involvement

have been tested

NAFPP prograrnmes

- 42 -

141.

Vhile,

at IIT&laboratory services are limited

and other

support for

facilities

are adequate,

facilitj.es Zaire.

and physical

or inadequate

the PRONAH research

work in

(iv) a.

S. ocpe and Major Cassava Cassava is the in

Accomplishments highest the priority root crop in IITA's in Major mandate the diet problems because of cyanide of the of its #ido

142,
of the

adaptability generally

to a range 101;~yields,

of soils attack ca:lse

and its

importance of Africa. and diseases, in

a large contert.

maioritt.

population

humid tropics by insects serious

CTO~ i?c!;,de

and high

143.
important which is green reported

Several cause

insects

problems

cassava

production Ek3;isia a.)

in Africa. ;:ot'at-i;;;-ks tataci,

Xost of L,;: wY1i.c::

are the mealybugs, sigr3.ficant of African mites

Fhenacoccus mosaic Africa. mosaic in Africa, the CMD is transfer the

manihoti disease. tzajoa

and Zonocerus recently,

variegat;us, serious

damage and losses, cassava (Mononychellus

and the whitefly,
MOi+e

the vector

and red spider in eastern Frajor diseases

and Tetrangchyis

have be.1

and central are cassava is endemic the

144*
than

disease in bit

(CMD), Zaire does not

cassava exist materiT1 American for

bacterial parts in frcvarieties the Gvision South

bligl:t America

(C&3), if'rics an3

and antiI--acnose in Nigeria. therefore Ilestern their

(CAD) which CKD is while in Africa.

more serious

and other

of ce:.Lrai !ifrica

effectively Hemisphere,

prevents

of breeding of South

to t:e of oassava

susceptibility

to CFTL,li.rr.iis

usefulness

fzdamental

reason

work between

CIAT and IITA. highly impact commends the with high on cassava TRIP team for production which its efforts a.nd ?~~oTT:iiir.'..ent:1. a major achimrer-qt of clones t!.s
-i.c:.d

1450
Fle should stanLing, lock1

The Panel have great yie1:;ing

<raeding

of lines

resistance

to CND and CBB is in Africa. three is of t:,ese

t??:+, iii;h mu-',-of

Hundreds i,imes

higk, resistance varieties.

-lo CMD and CBE have been bred; 30 to 33 tons/ha/$r,

are espeoiall;r

two to t:.;ee

146.

Germplasm work 15C Wigeri::n from seeds Brazil;

in

,casseva a-t IITA of vegetative local cultivars from the following Manihot

has been limited materinis. as foundation sources: Peru, from East

%c:a.use G

o~l;:rs'!: ii?<: j ;I?': cY' see?.;

restrictions used ;:bout accessions Rico; plus

on importatioa from

>Tonet;leless, stock,;, Africa, 900 accessions India, Brazil.

",!~c pr;jgrp:?vF: from CUT;

nnd thousand:; Indonesia

have been introduce.:-;

518
and Puerto

and others

of related

species

- 43 -

147.
notably

Interspecific 2. glaziovii. IITA Africa stable Tanzania, breeding leaf clones in Plantation,

crosses Nigeria, or CIAT in Zaire Seychelles

have been made between of resistance One of these Latin America. clones levels

cassaw is also

and related from resistant

Manihot clones to CBB.

species, developed Mosaicmaterials lines Togo, Benin,

Sources

to CiXD were obtained of resistance

at Koor resistant from

have shown much higher as has resistance and India. include: into IITA root

to CMD than Leone, Liberia,

East

Resistance

to CMD and CBB in IITA

has proven Cameroun, I.$%* of Latin cyanide,

to CMD in Sierra

Other

achievements lines protein,

incorporation lines, quality for yielding variation

of good root of lines table

characteristics with low processing. to A to at, for

American higher Clones

and Indian

development

and high

use and for

149.
large national

MS 30211

and 30395,which IITA with

are high wide genetic A rapid

and highly and are being

resistant multiplied. developed clones

CMD and CBB, have been released number of seeds from in programmes Africa

to national and Asia.

progremmes

have been distributed system IITA

multiplication the

CIAT has been modified, distribution
150.

and is used to propagate in Nigeria. in Zaire is working - the with

most promising

to farmers

The PRONAN project

a veq staple

serious food. Africa.

disease - operate

and insect together

complex

which is devastating
disease threat

to cassava,

the major

CP!D, CBB, cassava

anthracnose

(CAD) and a new pest to cassava and spider severe mite

cassava

mealybug

to pose a grave
151.

production problems, in east research and the on their of Latin

in Central which

Tne mealybug Zaire, to be especially immediate are recent for from of the investigation enemies. of expertise contract

at present Africa, There ecology for -

are apparently are is considered in Africa. that the especially the

restricted b,y the rethese acceler-

to

and a few other

countries

and Central importance therefore, germplasm America attention. biology,

Panel quiring pests ation the under centres

problems

of great Panel, cassava through that and in

to cassava recommends including resistance introduction control with

and concentrated introductions, in-depth of all studies parts

evidence

strengthening

of facilities accessions of natural

and control,

screening

available control

CIAT and other of biological It is or similar

genes, and and evaluation be undertaken, appropriate

exploration, on biological close

suggested arrangements,

the work

collaboration

in biological

control.

-44-

152.
effort

The Panel recognizes which has permitted them under the field Panel

the

quality

of the advances

plant in

pathology understanding

input

in the

team

signifioant conditions. considers that

CMD and CBB and

overcoming

153.
is

Finally, supports

the

work for

of IITA areas

in where

cassava

improvement limiting

newing

a possible

production TRIP in keeping dilute

breakthrough a strong these

CMD end CBB are serious. and in

The Panel other

emphasis efforts.

on cassava,

activities

Iwhich might

b.

Yams Yams axe B favourite and the forest regard. Yems are the worldwide btiiiding at the second crop for which IITA, collection in its this mandate, mandate, has bee:? en;oined IITA to Pacific areas of Africa, food in the humid source perhaps and subhumid second in tropical for importance countrias the of Islands. A major yams are of carbohydrates inhabitr:,--65.

154.
Africa of the in this

only- to c~ss.:v.:

155. accept on the aimed

responsibility. up of a large of yields and production work,

In interpreting germplasm and production of yems face the crop did not

has uonce-trated of p:>ogr:mTe'2

and the technolob;y, a number produce are

initiation

improvement

156..

The imprwement (i) (ii) (iii) prior amounts yields high labour (iv> although insects important.

of probli:ms: significant

to IITA's of viable are usually

seeds; low and storage required is in terms losses significa;lt; material, range (YVD) of is of planting

in ' p u.t- b are the crop

and staking; affected by a limited disease and diseases, the yam virus

157.
so far selection.

IITA

began

its

yem improvement comprised obtaining which that but noted the

programme principally of true entirely

about seeds

six in

years

ago wit11 the rotundata for have breeding been

collectjon

and evaluation constitutes

of a germplasm an important The Panel step

of local.

accessions.

Propress and

has been modest

Dioscorea

offers

new prospects

70,000

seeds of 2. rotundata

distributed.

- 45 -

158.
(1,300

Rapid clones lines

advances originating with to quality,

are being from yield high

made in seedlings) potential, and pests,

the

breeding

programme agronomic storage,

using characters,

seed propegation schemes better nutritional The Panel to tuber and recognizes

and population improved improved to real local continue other are the

improvement improved systems. for the

identify types, utilizational that there

resistance

diseases

and adaptability for that the first time, work this yam (2. IITA advances recommends species (D. plans should

farming

is

now,

potential

improvement

of :I'I:ite

yams and recommends

to be supported. yam species of varying (2. alata, these s, dumetorum, other control. on erfort a

159.
D. e,

Apart

from

white

rotunda-La), to expand that research

D. esculenta, areaso however, as planned

and D. bulbifera) are made in floral rotundata), of improved in tropical

importance

in t(lie major

yam-producing species, The Panel, the will major as collections accelerate impact

programme induction should

to inclllde

and sex expression to be concentrated species expects which that will other

continue the The Panel

most important the

and that white Africa.

be maintained

and sources production on yam production

of genetic

diversity.

this
have

yam materials

CO

Sweet Potato Sweet potato food potential infertile animal feeds. clones on sweet of works serving stimulating is in the third priority Africa to provide primarily Africa while work centre, AVRDC on sweet potato in for root because crop of its Research Asia. confining holding on the crop. potato. Africa are in sweet (SPVD). in from developing improved clones from North a the East potato sweet Africa. viruses, potato weevils, of which the Cyla:: IITA its in This TRIP, crop ability ground since to cwer role it is recognized high yields as a (AVRDC) of proleadership for its crop soils, potato, for in many parts of Africa. a protective appears to have an

160.
imports&

as an important on somewhat source also viding to in

tropical

produce

and to serve Centre as that

.The Asian

Vegetable

and Development sees its worldwide

improved

responsibilities and providing commends IITA

as a documentation and coordinating efforts pests with

conferences, The Panel

collaborative

161,
flies

The major are the

of sweet Africa of virus a group

puncticollis most important

in Nest vectors is the

and Cylas disease

formicarius complex

Aphids

and jrhite

of important

162.

Substantial pool America,

progress formed from and Asia.

has been achieved seed introductions

germplasm and South

many countries

in Africa,

- 46 -

163.

Sources

of improved

resistance

to the

sweet resistant, the

potato high

weevil

(Cylas

puncticollis) have of

have been identified; been produced; fresh roots showed high six in four yield

many weevil new clones months potentials if clones Sudan,

and virus

yielding more than wlnile

clones other

produced planted

by IITA in the

have yielded wet season, season. dry

JO tons/ha clones

when grown during

164.
Nigeris.

The most promising Some IITA Zaire, Rwanda, countries. and South

have been supplied potato extent clones Sri Ethiopia, Lnnka,

to some interested are used in planted Sierra to these

agencies Leone, varieties

in

improved av,?i.lable

sweet on the

Liberia, in
i.n

Cameroun, the Africa

AVXDC, USA and Papua N~;J @dinea. to countric;s

90 dnt a are zs yet respective , North

of areas and.to

Many improved America and Asia, work level.
clones

seeds have been supplied AVFUX. improvement, by farmers increase season.

165.
it high

The Pa.nel commends the at its
weevil-resistant

on sweet potato The ndioption could during greatly the dry

and recnamend.~ th.at of presently food ;ind feed available, supppl,ies

be continued yielding,

present

in ma3y parts

of Africa,

especially

bJ>
a.

Future Gas savk

Trends was informed work will Africa; that the staff to intend concentrate to develop the.ir iActivities

166.
the

The Panel following

lines: breeding Central quality; continue on resistance and to CAD in to diseases such as C!YlDand CD% in general, resistance low cyanide will before to insects; content

(0

and development eating and a parts

of clones with (ii) increased green matter (iii) efforts

and improved to the

be directed for pests it these

mealybug only to other

spider of time

mite

problems,

is

probably

spread

of Africa; Agronomic i;lcrease clo,-.es be paid expected yielding are studies and will adopted to clonal to increase clones about of the most promising Increasing efforts cooperative clones will ~1s these will is national and highbecome and diseases. become especially elsewhere. multiplication important for

attention progremmes

programmes.

The demand for

as new pest-resistant the threat of pests

are released,

and as governments

more concerned

367.

The programme

will

concentrate work

on seed production culture is also

and on breeding planned.

and improvement

of D. rotundata.

Intensive

on tissue

c ..

Sweet Potato High dry will will matter the yield major and resistance objectives and imprwed clones in to economically in breeding quality, free disease developing forms, important dise;i.ses Other zreas rapid and of remain be: sweet potato.

168.
insects emphasis in

storability clones.

m.ethode for

multiplication certain

of desirable desirable

and induction

of flc:Iering

(vi)

Issues The Panel and resources balance respect should feels there is need to maintain crops the for with priorities a balance which between the investment 2nd that advancement of among the several crops. of additional It is crop of basic increasing demand for this presents on production. prevent mandate. uniform techniques collaboration at present approach the movement of vegetatively seriously It trials. plant is propagated hamper the root successful will cooperative hoped that imprwement. programmes, Also;IITA area adequately. cnssava in its and the will may find depth not it TRIP is and state responsible, of scientific

169.
time the with
a

be compatible

to each of the

170.
of IITA divert difficult

Operation involvement, TRIP from to There to staff is

and management require its major and handle also increasing programmes; early impact task

study.

such commitments

demands in this multiplication a challenge

-171.
clones attempt

of IITA-imprwed to the

in national achieve

TRIP progrzmme

172.
crops

Quarantine in the axeas

regulations of IITA's culture in this accept close this problem;

Such restrictions variety with there in propagating

or prevent disease-free

establishment development planting help in authorities

of international of tissue

is hoped that autllorities, that materials. IITA

and transporting quarantine

materials, resolving will

no assurance of plant between

qusrsntine

to the mwement of responsibility

173.
cassava

The relationship are major following issues.

and division In this

and CIAT for Panel for CIAT

regard,

the

Quinquennial

Review

made the

recommendations:....

- 48 -

"that

CIAT and IITA for the

discuss

and (enter

into

an agreement components CUT, than by on several and s:lould African breeding at IITR, be Any prance-

on responsibility constituting concentrating root crops, be more actively common cassava ;lrork i;rill
bdc

the various

research on cassava. rather

IARC programme

exclusively concerned mosaic exists

on cassava with only Africa. in

has a more comprehensive

programme Since Africa, physically

obvioiLsly anl rzreed

have to for the

continue breeding include Africavl

reqonsibilities

work should s2.feg-uml.s cassava

discllcsed t!lat the matter of IITd
giSdc3nCe".

upon by IITA

and CIAT.

men-t or sgreemznt no risks Americ.as

made should

2e to ens’
into thic:

of introducing c>n occur. by the it then

mosai-: the-, for

The Panel fort)icoming be referred

recommends to TAC

be studi.i:d czrd. -t'lat

. ~Fuir.quen25.a.!. Review policy

174.
.apprsved
of

The IITA by ti:n in

Review

Pariel

is That

aware that Leaders qreement, IITA

a wri-tten of IIT:; although the its

agreement and CUT role appareY:-tl;; understarding

rdas di:;cllsse;i 'lever or as ,;‘ prove3

773 'L;: t‘ ??

c;~ssava Programme

and a senior

::tilir: j.yi;ila,i;r)y

IIT4

December for
foliows:....

1973.

Centre in part,

Directors,

does speil collaboration. globai

out in

some de-tail strtes for

Par each of the
tile

nro~::ram!le:: relationships,

and guidelines
as

IXIAT plasm Vith

holds

responsibilities and organizing

such activities the world ge?mconferences.

compilation respect

of bibliography, to cassava For Latin the following

maintaining international improvement, America reasons: in Latin while (1)

collection

ho:Jever, IITA

CIA7 LIPS t!le has that to tile for biocul-li-

responsibility Africa,for logical vation (2) strict Meetings the

environmental, and Africa; d*ze to the

>nd cultural

differences

with,respect America material and (3)

end use of cassava regionat quarantine

difficulties

i.n movement of plant regulations; based international workshops be held in the

existprogrpjmmes. to

ence of two regionally on subjects, should continent

cassava

and conferences respective

specific continental

insti.tuteVf.

-49-

175.
cassava: concerted

The IITA

Review

Panel complex

considers in defining

that the major different

the

following exists that mosaic

list roles

of factors in Africa exist;

is which (3)

of mejor in deserves

importance

and illustrative ( 1) a major local research institutes of the

respective quarantine in languages, cassava major mite

of GIRT and IITA

of diseases (2) quite in are

and insects

efforts; training at IITA; IITA

problems Spanish

training local at CUT occur but

progrsmmes conditions and English in America; disease; are not

different,

each emphasizes or English does not for Africa. is dise,lse to in South

and conducts end rWench for and (5) serious The threat that

(4) African
spider they

reason

has shouldered while

responsibility serious mite

this

mealybug problems

and green there,

are native

A,merica,

are very

176.
will

of cassava

mealybug

and green attention.

spider

in Africa,

one $f?icE:

require

urgent

and appropriate the nee3 for with

177.
the crops.

The Panel agronomist

notes link

more agronomic research

work

in

TRIP and recommends systems involving

that root

closely

FSP in

on cropping

a

(vii)

Conclusions The Panel is

and Recommendations imnressed in bf and highly commends the is and perhaps and the accomplishments, nearing in significant sweet potato. cioseiy scientific scientific Plans together shown by TRIP. cessava conceived The programme and yams, and executed,

178,

competence breakthroughs, for to the attain

and teamwork especially

programme agreed The Panel

are well

teem works

upon objectives. is in is particularly regard deeply spider for to yield concerned mite work in in pests. that these that impressed potential by the to with the progress made in resistance. of the and to cassava that study core t:;e control cnssh-va i,nprove-

179.
ment,
180.

especially The Penel and green

and disease appearance and Bast expand it Africa the

end spread grogremme that

mealybug positions biology measures found
181.

Central Zaire

FUZZ recommends biologic:2

be provided and control be sought, quickly to deel

of these with

Further,

recommends funding

and suggests

supplementary problems.

and staff

su_npor-t he

important relationships by their in this

Tne Panel the

sug~ ests proposal

cand responsibilities respective respect Boards and suggests that

for it

cassava could

research The Panel serve

between

CIAT and IITA

be clarified of IITA

of Trustees.

has examined

- 50 -

as a basis with its disease ca:-sava

for special

discussion. tasks pests

In the meantime, of improving cassava have appeared,

the Panel production

recommends in Africa, African

that :here

IITA

continue in

serious

and insect technology

and of. training

agriculturists

and research.

182.
advance there this

'The Panel which is nol;! real

commends the the potential continue considers major several (D. for

studies genetic

of flowering imprwement adequate

and seed set of white

in ;:'ms,

a major tilat

overcomes

problem

of seed production. facilities in too To that breeding

The Fanel

recognizes

yams and recommencis t?.at

work should !'ibe Panel its for the next

to be given that,by efforts years rotlmdata),

and support. m::ny root end, the crops, Panel IITY col:X

183.
diilyte that

over-expansion in efforts cassava. and tLat

important species ievel

recommencis on t?e

in yam improvementbe

concentrated

.most important at i-L53 present

b:ork on coca; ‘rns be kept

or even discontinued. imprwement to level. the importance for biological of this there under factors is of the rese,arch to major studies insect. need for The Panel in the a better specifiei recommen4s productivity de?inition conditions cooperation of root of the of soil with end tuber beheviour fertility, FSP iu efforts cassava of the pests P,SOfTAUi,I to work in slieet on breeding potato, for and recommends Afric-In conditions, thet and

184.
this

The Panel programme

commends the should continue present

concentrate

be supported

at its

185.
staff

The Panel in Zaire, made,

recognizes where

selections

resistance

and disease

are being

and where basic of the considers improved importance that material of these

of the mealybug

have contributed

anunderstanding

186.
shade defining crops.

The Panel

of the various the

different

and inter-specific importence

competition.

-51

a

CHLPTER V.

GRAIN LJXXJME INPROVEMEHT PROGRAMNE GLIP) gr,ain of food scientists soybean legume legumes are work improvement in the concerned programme are is aimed at improving t?ie lima in s:l~&

I

(i>

Introduction humid and subhumid oowpea (Vigna tropics, The principal cajun). legumes

The Institute's 187. quantity eni quality crops with which there winged the is been (Phaseolus addition, <a s the stenoc-rps),
188,

unguiculai;,:),

lunatus),

(Glycine

max) and pigeon the African

pea (Cajanus

exploratory

on the potential ururiens), with in three senior

of miscellaneous

b:aen (Psophocarpus and velvet

tetrwonolobus),

IFam been (Sphenost;;ii~

bean (Mucuna -started in were
1971

'"he programme nine senior fo!;r (A).

scientists. programmes

IT3

197',

t';Ci'E?

were

scientists scientists

and one vacmcy involved

and six cooperative

post-dl)ctor:.l

fellows. in Tanzania

In (3) XXI

;ddition, JJpp::r Volt?

(ii) 18.9.

Objectives Three (i) main objectives the improvement to incorporation and tolerance (ii) the development types) vegetable humid (iii) are of the edverse of for food sole regions; identified level soil legme and management practices in the and stability to major types conditions; (dry-seed and greenin t!:? conditions progremne: of yield by the an1 irsects

of resistance

diseases

or intercrop

and su1'liurnid wit:1 the

th e identification compatible

of improved

above objectives.

(iii) 190. rice, of tr-'is give the it

Cowpea Xhile is high but is terms are cowpea might still protein a high with a very food greater be considered important in the crop. diet Production in the in Brazil, America in the third staple area the about numbers a-fter of people ecoiogical In 5@$ of the lends type roots and i-Abela:: and t::e accsptence problems to Africa, crop is The 9C$ of the to imprweinvolved from ::.timid to The large spans where of production, and the range addition world itself about is

by large

this crop

crop

priority. importance

subhumid produced, ment in yields area

production

subhumidrqion. The crop

of major as well in the

as in Central order

and Panama. , grain Brazil.

of disease but

and insect of 500 kg/ha yields

resistance are low.

and production. contains

Nigeria

&rown in Africa,

The specific

objective

to develop

i 52 -

imprwed where

grain cowpea is A strategy

type

cultivars

for

sole

and mixed

crop

situations

in

all

climatic

zones

or could

become a crop

of importance. disease and insect suitable traditional commenced. the is basic ready for resource for the of for resistance for different intercrop

191.
into

has been developed types with and cropping most of the systems. crop is

to incorporate photoperiod

a range

of plant

different

reactions has just is

ecological systems,

areas in which

Cowpea improvement presently 6,000 grown,

192.
the

A worl:?

germplasm Most

collection(over

accessions)

programme.

of this catalogue species

has now been evaluated has been produced will grain legumes of IBPGR, IITA and other

and described. and a second in Africa. the yield

The first

edition publication.

of a cowpea germplasm As a result collection of the of Vigna Growth institutions, vegetative factors. in field selection. Severnl is sources

support

now be responsible

systematic:

193.
ways to other between mental plrnt

physiology

studies

have aimed with in

at identifying the University

bottlenecks the

and of

Overcome them. growt!,

In cooperation progress and yield

of Reading: and R number ;ire ?ffected by environ7.F ;-iel:i.

excellent Such information situations,

has been made in unt3erstancEr~g oowpea and how tlr;ese to a more precise pr;ictice::, agronomic

rel,%tion::hj..T

may lead to improved

interpretati.on

responses

and to more wfficien-t

194.
of tIlese in this t'r;ree

oi genetic 100,000 crop.

male sterility crosses in is

have been identified that ha.;3 permitted recurrent

in uelecii.on

co!-qe:.

0n.c exp?nd?':l.

riidely

used in (over

a population Bdvantr~e

improvement also

greatl.:r

cross-pollinations self-pollinated genera-tio

1977), with
taken

~~~'OCedlii~eS

of t'r!? possibilities

to z:‘ ~.~Nw

:s per ye-. iflentified superior addi-tiona!. s-tability disease yield. and two bacterial ‘ are capable pathogens, agents, of causing total and four viruses,. have 'oeen pod lines strap-leaf of yield and insect have been employed and normal-le,,f have been crea-Le2.. resistance. for gene pools in t?:e hyb.ridiza.t?on that hue

195.
better

1'any of the Xore ,4 elds

pro%rT-.mmc.

recently, for hi&t-

lines

~i-;d greeter

TWO sub-l,op:'*l.ri-ti.oi?i: be coy1:1 nment?d

have be:;n created cyclality (protein) At least

T',e;r will

by ti;.o more s?ITF-population:: and high four fungal insects

to concentrate

?mproTred n.di3.Iion3.1

196,
identified

as the

major

disease-producing

and a range crop

of leaf,
loss.

flower,

and seed-infesting

197.
been

The concept accepted

of pest

and disease for to

management dealing Cercospora with of the

with the

minimum pesticide problem has led to

usage

5e.e

as the

main strategy intensive of resistanoe blight

of pes-i; FnJ disease -i;Xe iden-lir-List and r;ose.i.03

lmses. Xca-tion t;-;l,;cet cowpea

For diseases, of sources spot ; to a,phid-borne
tacterid

screening and bacterial

germplasm spots,

leaf pustule; mosaic. hoppers, screening that combine

anthracnose,

and tf2 car-pez yeiiow

mosaic;

and a golden-yellow in oowpea to leaf from intensive that evidence

198. bruchids breeZ.ng

I5ulLrce8

of resistance There

thrips, of t‘ le the:;e high

Maruca., rro wi:h

1i-Zp.iidS beins

and co~~bin,: i i;o

llctve been idei:tified lines. to produce line

?;crmpi asm e.ni! -:,:le resis1,q:!ce

w3.s encouraging and cultivers

sources yield

efPcctive2~ a r:Lil:;e

of dise::.ses Zkperiments

and. pests. a-t several sites have shown that of insecticides be'ore inset-1; varieties types developed. for sole crop end intercropped re,t:1,:7, t. :'.II e.vld effec-l:< is coqea were Xl excel;.L!r: i an4 meizz-: a??? sc~'eoned in the ir

199. the

coupe a, about
IO or more

two to four applications pest

applications recommended control. (strap-leafed) in maize

are sufficien-t populations This of TreDetable u leaf lypes. lines sor&um

-

monitored exani>le

eand assessed of integrated yield for maize

and resistant

The intercropping the21 do the germplasm broad

has shown that ca-use less iines -~riale with suitable

some narrow reduction at Ibadan

of cowpea are more efficie:it arc being and millet

If1 a !qo‘ r:3 t;, 3s' :c:;

intercropping,

and breeding and with

and in Tanzania,

drier

savenneh. 200. sites on the Cowpea. Disease Asia and South of major evalu4ion the America. of breeding GLIP programme by scientists undertaking training course in higher all pethogens, beer es-t;oli::hed
jmy' -*0 p1 __

?"rie

International

Nursery

trials

hove

;+jJ :?O c3 i; i < ~ ,xv:

in Africa, distribution

These trials on sources material. is at three degree aspects

proviie

useful its

of resistance,

stability

aEd e comprehensive 201. through ments for technical ylithin

!Zraining

levels: progremmrs;

--

a.ii 'fii-,? ar~mrigem longer a for;lal t;!rci 9-IC

e-qt s

snort-term production

visit:;

of national

rr:~:;ngevek

post-graduates

studies;end of grain

lagume

impro?Temerik.

(iv) 202. certain that it

Soybean Soybean countries will also (Glycine of max) is subtropical at present one of the zones. in the principal Recent tropical legume research parts crops of the i.n and temperate important suggests

become increasingly

- 54 -

world

where

it

has a significant for

potentiel the farmer.

role In

in humal food addition,

and nutrition

end

es a source

of cash income

soybean

may have higher

then cowpea in the humid end subhumid tropics. However, fln?ther L-ield potential research is needed to achieve higher yields and adaptation to tropical conditions. Yields of over 3,000 kg/ha have been recorded in tropical variation, factors investigations of the agronomically soybean research at IITA is many on an experimental improved basis. cultiv-,rs vrsie.tics ;: w-r; emerzen::e ;.ow:.an.ds from sce,J ope~:6izg Line-: better from in the

203 e
adapted nexrow constitute

The main objective to the range lowland

to develop

enviroanments characters, to increased indicate seed in the inferior,

of Africa.
of

Although and poor a number

existing seedling

from iTSA possess major time tha Preliminary cultiv;trs, the aid

good agronomic limiting

them are derived of soybean for these.

of genetic Preliminary of ripening though U.S.

Poor seed viability production that field

of Africa. from the

of factors

account

SoutheCast Asia, viaiblity

have shown distinctly

types, data all from IITA experiments Asian have recentlii nod:.Gate shorhm thiS:l in Tanzania on i?c nodulztion I,---

204.
adapted G.th0u-t into

!.OCi!

of Southeast viabili'1)

origin,

and Ti~;w:i.: i~f7,)":1DT'j.t5.0.1

of an inoculant. non-shattering, programme of tile activities collection,

The programs- 0 >Jill disease

concentrztc

of improved high

seed end seedling yieldi%,

cand of desirable

ckrz.cteristic:: cultiv;:r:;. continuity for fellows i!: ::Ic:

and lodginpresistsnt by a lack four for breeding from of stn.ff corr? position

205.
breeding Since

The soybepa the inception the

has beer? hampered there progremme of this in
1972,

progr<emrne because

has been no permanent responsibility programme screening,

P Ij:.ce;~~~~. i-9. hree2in;, concer.i,~a.i,iti~

post-doctor21 the pro:yramme. very and agronomy. Africa, .'isia

one each yeex, limitations, mainly
206.

have had -to take

D>Je to st,p~?' modest,

are at present

on germplasm A total

of 802 lines

have been assembled evaluated lines

and the Amer?co.:;; Sources into lines of t?le k;ree?from ot'wr

most of them still resistance ing with areas lines, strains There

have to be adequately pustule also is evidence their t%t

and described. and incorporated Southeast soils remains Asia thzn African

to bacterial of Rhizobium although

have been identified from

may be more compatible

indigenour Q to tropical symbiotic efficiency

of origin,

to be accurately

determined.

207.

Hybridization pustule,

between

soybean

lines

originally

selected

for

yield,

resistance the accessions

to bacterial

seed shattering

and lodging

have been made within

- 55 -

of American lines series From the are being screened

origin.

More recently, Southeast Asia.. have been tested

crosses at sites the lines

have been made between and advanced Ivory in the are lines Coast early in Nigeria, derived

U.S.

lines

and first
and

from tropical of crosses second for their screened

Preliminary

from the

and Ghana. generations be

group for

of crosses, improved

seed viability. with areas

These progenies indigenous of pathology, but the Rhizobium.

wGUld also

ability

to nodulate the

208,
confined

Work has been cnndu8tedin soil to yield Lima bean Lima bean (Phaseolus It accepted for areas of the has high in of high yield rainfall, microbiology trials.

entomology, agronomic

nematology,

physiology,

and utilization,

work has been

(VI 709.
readily crop support
210.

lunatus) potential,

is

locally

important Also with

in the from it

rsin-forest pests

rePiol:s an-i is ieWe
the

of p,frica.

comparative COmmGdity. at IITA

freedom

some places

as a food Research

is a potential
with

has been conducted the University

government objective sole

of Belgium of the crop

in collaboration lima

of &mhloux. cultlvars with

The overall yields for humid

bean work has been to develop and to improve methods

stable

and mixed

situations,

of growing

them in the
211.

and semihumid is

tropics, young one. About disease leave 800 accessions reactions. soon, two years lines are and adaptability. crosses is as ago. inclnried. in have now The work is

The programme for several

a comparatively from characters

been assembled, evaluated being
?12.

principally

West Africa. Expert

The collection and for who will

has been partia!.ly

agronomic

carried
Lima

out by an FAO Associate bean intrawere selected to increase and inter-species for genetic disease

crosses resistance, disease intrawith its

were initiated and superior resistance

Forty

lines

a programme

variation, from the efficiently

213.

The material project

now available can handle

and inter-specific one-man staff.

much as the (vi.)
214.

pea The Panel was informed involvement of IITA with

Pigeon

that this

pigeon crop

'pea breeding will be limited

has been discontinued. to the continuation

The of yield

future

- 56 -

evaluation mandate 215. uniform and four for local for

of breeding the the

materials

developed crop. of pigeon and evaluated out short at other duration,

at ICRISAT,

the

institute

that

has the

improvement

of this

Before trials lines

discontinuation was assembled

pea breeding in observation locations. photoperiod

at IITA,

an extensive at Ibadan, of plant 'soy

germand types

plasm collection has been identified varieties.

nurseries A wide range insensitive

had been carried including have been described

types', as a basis

and distributed

to national

programmes

(vii) 216. African

Miscellaneous The only leOme

Legumes included in this category by GLIP is the in FSP on the bean is This germplasm could winged closely bean related and maintained collection assess critical for the in still uncertain. by the the Work is conducted The work on winged Future from of its its plans Papua New Guinea. evaluate diseases winged

legume

(Psophocarpus at a very acquisition mechanisms distribution management humid Africa.

tetragonolobus). P. palustris. level,

exploratory

modest

are to expand the

of new material of IBPGR. factors. and importance

be done by using

The aim is to Winged bean is however,

bean in Afrioa, and identify have a future crop is might

and pests,

a legume that acceptance

zones of Africa;

as a food

(viii! 217. the

Conclusions The Panel

and Recommendations highly commends the quality The Panel has been very It is evident fed approach. impGrtance economic with of agronomic are being this the the finds that that into effective the the

and the the and that findings plant

scientific a major of the

competence production pathology, programme

and in breakthrouph entomology sri the

achievements

of CLIP. soon. groups supports

interdisciplinary

team approach

cowpea programme

may be expected and physiology Panel 218. strongly The Panel

improvement

stresses systems,

of continued aspects the

research

in cowpea agronomy cowpea into investigations Programme. second priority in CLIP

and intercropping production, intercropping 219. and the

of sole Farming

and intercropped Systems

extension

and physiological

systems

in cooperation that

The Panel

recommends

soybean

improvement

be the

- 57 -

and that tion for limits 220, time should

work on soybean

germplasm institutions, problems to the that great

collection lines encountered agrees with

should with the the

be broadened. most desirable tropical of the of tropical

With

the

coopera-

of IBTSOY and other rapid its progress work in the be identified.

genes necessary environments which Afrisa. with soil and in the efficiency the sane a full-

in lowland mandate

The Panel

Institute

on soybean recommends l/With

subhumid the existing

and humid parts vacancy from

The Panel soybean

in CLIP be filled entomology, seed quality increase

breeder.

adequate strides

inputs

pathology,

microbiology in pest

and agronomy,

can be made in feels that close soybean encourages FSP group.

and storage activities the along

and disease

management. also

The Panel with the the the

many of the cooperation

oowpea work oan be coordinated of research. lines 221. level The Panel in legume The Panel g/so that and this with that microbiology recommends efforts the latter

programme to

strongly with that

lima

bean project in other in the

be kept higher support centre on this to crop

at its a lima

present arpas. of lima It

low

osn be concentrated University institution, to reinforce transfer decision this located the

priority of origin

is understood in CIAT, perhaps South 222. in other 223. bean. 224. training work

of Gembloux gives research

bean project bean, and

can be encouraged America,

in Central

technology the that

possibilities taken will by IITA

to Africa. to discontinue breeding work

The Panel pea, priority The Panel It

supports is areas felt

on pigeon

allow

concentration

of effort

and support

of CLIP. that only exploratory work be undertaken with winged

recommends

In conclusion, efforts on lima bean, in

the pigeon

Panel

reiterates

its legumes

recommendation be kept

that

research

and end that

GLIP be concentrated pea and other

primarily

on cowpea and soybean, at a low,

minimum level.

I-/ Should the cooperation between IITA and INTSOY enable either the outposting of or provide funds for the opening of a new position in IITA, an INTSOY scientist the Panel would recommend that this position reinforce the agron0mi.c aspect of soybean work. LZ/ When recommending a programme generally considered that the doctoral fellow or a visiting other staff members. on a given crop be kept at a low level, the Panel staffing should not go beyond that of a post scientist with some part-time collaboration from

- 58 -

CEIBprn

VI*

(CIP) clERFlAL IMPRBVWEZJT PRociFombE

(i>
225,

Introduction

The Cereal Improvement Programme is directed largely to needs of the 32 countries in tropical Africa, and deals with mai5e and rice in oooperation with other i&e* national farmers, institutes. and yields
Id5e

snd rice

production

is

predominantly

by subsistence

8pe very low. and over hslf

and other plants, 226.

Mdze is lergely intercropped with legumes, cassava of the rice is grown under upland conditions.

Maize (Zea meys), the major oereel crop in tropical Africa, is grown on 7.7 million hectares (of which about 3 millionare in West Africa), with an annual production annually,
227,

of

9

million aunuslly,

tons.

The region

is a net importer, increase.

with

about half

a million

tons imported

Production equal to that

inoreases

over the past deoade averaged 2.G

essentl,ally

of population

Rioe (CWza sativa and 2. glaberrima) is grown on 3.6 million ha in tropioal Africa (of which about 2 million are in West Africa), with an annua;l production of 4.7 million tons. Average yield in tropioal Africa is 1300 kg/ha, but this figure is reduoed to 850 kg/ha by the exolusion of lalagesy, which is the largest rioe producer tons). Imports of rice Production increases tonB annually.
(1.8

million

in tropical Africa are approaching a million over the past decade heve aversged Z.L$ annually.

(ii)
228.

Objectives

The broad mandate of the progrsmme is to oonduot "studies and research in the humid snd subhumid regions of Africa for the improvement of crops such as rice end maisle for which other international institutes and organizations have special responsibility, cooperating in whatever weys mey be appropriate with those institutes and organizations". Cereal reaesrch at IITA has been oonfined to rioe and maize.
229.

Maize and rice

reeearch in tropical of local

Afrioa

is being conducted in many countries from IRPI, CIMMYT, IRAT to integrate its research

under the direction

and WARDAae well ss IITA. and training, and to implement cooperative mental programmes.
230.

governments snd with sssistanoe IITA is making continuing efforts activities

with these agencies and govern-

Sinoe 1976, the Cereel Progremme bee redirected its objectives around the concept of eoosystem balanoe aohieved through the integration of breeding for wide with pestand crop- management approsohes for specific problem aress*

adaptability

- 59Ekphasiea in improvemerrt is pBaoed cm bra

y-based var3eta.l of materials

resistanoe

to pests and

stressea in the tropicsBe ansPve e-ah&ion where such stresses occur nat~~~~ in Africa.
239.

is envisaged under conditions

Maize research has the major objective of varietal development for the subhumid tropics, with stable inseot and disease tolerance, especially to the unique African streak for virus and borer probl m for hybrid mai5e, Expanded objectives maize for objective also include work on green maize maize, level* the humid tropics, acid eofILs, early-maturing maize, mid-altitude

drought-tolerant
232.

areas of more advanced technology of identifying or developing to blast toxicity.

Rice research with other

has the primary

adapted Larger

varieties, stem borers, panicles objectives
233.

a focus on upland rice pests8 and major soil kernel

with high tolersnce deficiencies

and other diseases,

suoh as iron

and heavier

weight to facilitate

hand harvest

are also among the

of the pxwgx-amma. is ooncentrated in cooperative prograPrrmes in Sierra Leone, tminbg aotivities and cooperative yield tridls of maize tropical Africa,

Technology transfer Liberia and Nigeria, while end rice extend throughout

(iii)
a44.

Organisation The Cereal Programme was initiated a rice present oomplement of seven senior in 1970 with the appointment yeare professional staff of a msize breeder wae added the following The teem grew gradually and three post-doctoral

breedeqend to its positionsa

ted in each categoxy for 1978. The An additional position is senior staff at IITA includes a plant pathologist as Programme Leader (Assistant onomiat-breeders, en entomologist and a physiologist Director level), plus two assigned to the maize progremme; and a breeder and en agronomist in the rice progrsmme. aurrently A plant pathologist is budgeted for the Progr e in 1978. Post-doctoral8 essist
235.

in rice

thology

and physiology,

and in entomology.

Cooperative include a breeder, major constraints
236,

programme staff oonoerned with r&e in Sierra Leone and Liberia an agromsmist and a plent pathologist, working generally under imposed ted ~o~te~~ staff support or funds. and strengthen The intelrthe

wince 1976 the cope pr

e hse, moved to redistribute of an ecosyst

approache

-6o-

disciplinary believes cropping that

activity

is most evident

in entomology

and pathology. soil

Future

plans

are

to expand efforts practices

in tirology, cells

mop management end crop physiology. to ecosystems involving integration with fling

the proposed expansion for greater

The Panel problems and

systems research. with field and

The core staff 237. screenhouse facilities for seed handling ment.

is of good scientific which are in general and for

calibre quality

and provided

satisfactory, evaluation

but support facilities are in need of imprcve-

and processing

(iv) (4 238,

Scope and Achievements Breeding

of the Raise Progrennne

The first five yearz of maize breeding work at IITA led to the development of several high-yielding composites based on African and introduced germplasm. The

Nigerian variety TZB (formerly Nigerian Ccmp. B) has consistently performed well in West Africa; it has been released by national progremmes and is gaining acceptance by Nigerian growerse Newer varieties include versions of low-eared CIM?4YT compoeites,TZPB (white seed) and TZY (yellow), end a high-lysine version of TZB. An extensive programme of varietal fntroduction znd hybridization is under way.

Rreeding objectives currently focus on disease and pest resistance (see 239. below), earlinees, improved ear position, and high grainrstcver ratio. A widespacing eelection cropping approach patterned after local farming practices is being evaluated for Additional breeding studies for selected of superior parental material8, systems include acid soil and drought tolerance, and hybrid maize. The Q the nmny ecoaysteme in which maize

progremmels approaches are somewhat diffused is grcwn in Africa.

Plant Pathology and Entomology 04 240. Despite the limitations on pathology staff, the most important constraints to varietal improvement in maize have been determined (mainly by surveys in West African countries). Particular screening, progrese especially has been made in improving for mai5e streak virus. methods for disease-resistance

- 61 -

241.

Identification

and assessment of the severity

of m&se pathogens has been

extensive, resistsnoe stripe

particulsrly of the stalk and eer rot complex, and screening for has been initiated (additional work on this important problem is needzones), Wallaby sp;), Other diseases identified inolude a bacterial ear" in plants heavily infected with planthoppers, The presence of dowq mildew and sugarcane

ed in more humid ecolcgical
(Pseudomonas

and at least mosaic virus
242.

two unidentified in Af'ricahas

viruses.

also been confirmed.

The two major insect problems limiting the yield and productivity of maize streak virus, are taokled in tropical Africa, stemborers and 1eafhopperc;transmitted by a strategy of interdisciplinary genetic improvement through breeding for pest and disease resistanoe. screening virus procedure for by subjecting The programme has developed a comprehensive and imaginative the accurate identification maize materials of resistance to maize streak pressure of to the selective

improved Africsn

mass-reared mixed populations in screenhouses.
243.

of viruliferous

Cicadulina

mbila and 2. trianggla

These studies

have resulted

in the production

of streak-resistant

full-sib to breeders

families

in an adapted white breeding

stock (TZSR) which has been offered

in the region.
244.

Satisfactory

progress

is also being made in the development and application

of screening methods for resistance to the two most important African maize stemborers (Busseola fusca and Seszmia spp.), and in the identification of ear insect problems
245.

The work on stels-borer

resistance

has only just

begun and prcmiae is shown

by the identification of some resistance to Sesamia and the progress in the development of mess rearing techniques and infestation methodology for Busseolao This work could benefit by close collaboration with CIMKYT in the screening of materials already identified for corn-borer resistance in other continents and in the development and refinement of screening techniques. Such resistance should be transferred to major African maize varieties.
246.

An effioient

method of borer control

was developed using granular

Furadan

insecticide.

- 62 -

The Panel commends the programme for the progress made, especially in the 247. area of the identification of apparently stable resistance to the streek virus and the screening be provided for stem-borer resistance,and recommends that additional facilities to accelerate the attainment of the objectives of this progrenune.

(c)
248.

Agronomy and Phy81010~ Reduced maize yields and reduced grain

in low latitudes
number per plant.

have been related Night respiration

consistently

to

low light

was quantified

and averaged 5% of plant dry weight,and is thus apparently a minor contributor to reduced yields at low latitudesc Studies are also under wag on the photoperiod sensitivity and acid soil tolerance of maize* An important result inmaize physiology ha8 been the demonstration that potential sink size per hectare is genetically limited even though environment also ha8 effects.

(4 (4

Scope and Achievements of the Rice Programme Breeding;

Semi-dwarf cultivars from Asia generally perform well in African irrigated 249. paddies, but often fail due to diseese or soil conditions in valley swamps and under upland rice conditionso Rice improvement at IITA has fooussed on the problem of iron rice toxicity in Liberia
250.

toxicity

in valley

swamps and on disease and drought problems of upland An apparently A&an lines, heritable high tolerance to iron end one of these was released

in the rain forest was identified

zone8.

in several

to growers es YSuakoko 8”.

Despite extensive screening, however, no upland rice introductions have been found to be superior to selected Af?rioan lines, such as LAC 23 and OS 6. However, for the rain forest areas some genetio materials with superior levels of resistance to blast and panicle diaeazes have been identified and developed largely from hybrids between introduced and lccdb germplasm.

04
251.

Plant

Pathology of a second patholcgist in 1978 will allow expansion in this

Appointment

are&

-63 252.

The pale yellow

mottle

virme of rice,

previously

unrecognized,

was described, and

its transmissibility demonstrated snd screening methods developed. Intensive screening has been undertaken to identify sources of resistance to this virus to blast
253.

disease,with

some successB streak distinct disease has been identified on rice in Africa, virus diseases have been recognieed.

Seed-borne bacterial and three other apparently

(4
254.

Entomolog Two major inseot problems in African rioe eoosystems are the rice borers

(+Chilo and Marliapha) and the stalk-eyed fly (Diopais spp.); other problems seem Work has been initiated on the intensive screening minor and restricted in range. of the germplasm for been identified.
255

resistance

to these speciee,and

some tolerant

lines

have

Good progress has been made in developing technique8 for this mass-rearing of Diopsis,and the Panel recommends that future efforts should concentrate on an
l

early identification of materials resistant technique8 that minimize pest losses while resistance to major diseases.

to these pests and on crop management retaining existing levels of pclygenic

(d) 256.

Agronorqy and Physiology Studies of the tolerance

of irrigated

rice

to nutrient

deficiencies

varietal responses, encouraging the view (N, P, K, S, Zn) revealed differential that wider screening be practiced in Africa. Several methods were devised to smeliorate
257.

iron

toxicity, with

including

burning

of straw and alag applications. production were defined stability problems assessed

fn cooperation Africa,

PSP, four major systems of rice into a novel traneeot in all evaluation

for

and were incorporated varietal yields was

or toposequence approach Relative Statistical

to enable simultaneous of varietal inherent before

these systems.

shown to differ function of this technique

across the transect. designs have still in rice

in such continuous wide application

to be adequately

improvement is possible.

(vi)
258.

International

Programme Relationships resource for maize and rice improvement in tropical

IITA is a major regional

Africa. African

These two crops command high priority in the production programmes of most countriess The strengthening of IITA*s ability to contribute to the growth, and stability of production that of these crops is the major objective are being developed. importanoe: linkage with other IARCs with of programme relationship8 are of pricrity

profitability international
259.

Two such linkages

responsibilities for these crepe, and linkages with through cooperative research and training, including 260. that The Panel noted that the first set of linkages

cooperating countries and programmes those coordinated by WARDA. is being developed but wished in order to enrich the

these should develop more speedily

and more effectively

resource base of IITA 80 as to enhance its potential contributions to the solution of African problems in maize and rice production, In particular, greater exchange of materials and cooperation and interchange in the development of strategies should be encouraged with CIWMYTfor maize, and IRRI and WARDAfor rice, although it is recognized 261. that IRRI has only recently relationships expanded its programme on upland rice. between IITA and FdARDA,

Good working

have been established

cooperation in training for many yearg and more recently WARDA has tith good taken on direct responaibilfty for production training by developing a training institution in Liberia where courses are held. IITA still prwides some staff for these training cour8ea and conducts research training courses at the IITA The two institution exchange and share planting material and IITA is site. represented on the WARDAscientific programme committee. IITA staff have re,tiarly participated with WARRAin monitoring tours and in discussion of annual work plans on rice in the region. 262. The Panel noted a healthy development of IITA-involved cooperative programmes These cooperative programmes cwer a wide range of in many countries in Africa. activities including cooperative variety trials, selection of types, breeding and training. improvement, cooperation in on-farm research and production and technical 263. The level of cooperation with local scientists and technicians is generally good as evidenced by cooperative work in the NAFTP programme for rice and maize in Nigeria, savannab maize reesearch in Upper Volta, rice work in Liberia and T liaison in the Tanzania maize programme* Sierra Leone and the PITA/X

- 65 -

(vii)

Future Plalls

Expension of cooperative programmes ie envisaged to include maize and also 264. rice improvement in Cameroun (with the Cameroun government). Cooperation with d in Upper Volta, with possible expansion to Mali and Zambia, and increased SAW liaison with the CIMWT'programme in Zaire, are alao contemplated.

It is planned to continue and expand efforts to provide adapted maize germplasm 265. with high resistance to maize streak and borers, and with earliness and low ear position, as well 266. a.s rice In future, cultivars greater with superior blast and drought tolerance. on drought tolerance of rice and

emphasis will

be laid

maize by developing oooperative links with appropriate institutions. The Panel considers that these developments are consistent with needs and opportunities present in staff in Africa call snd worthy of support within It a few key 0cientiEte the constrdnte that to different staff. of budget and increase and assigning region8 programme balance at IOTA. for outpoeting the task of regional notes with approval plans for future

liaison-linkage

to the headquarters

-

(viii)

Assessment of Constraints is need for

and Isauee disease-resistant varieties of addition81 atudiee to develop methods for

To facilitate 267. rice and maize there resistance

the development of stable

screening to several important diseases on which information presently Some examplee are (1) panicle diseases (rots) of rice (estimated ie inadequate. 2046 loss on improved rice varieties during rainy periods), (2) Rhynchosporium leaf scald of rice, (3) nematodes that very likely will be a limiting factor if shifting agriculture is to be convert&to intensive farming. It is difficult or impossible, priorities for work until reliable data on losse8 have been efforts are planned to obtain experimentally derived data

however, to establish Increased generated. on disease losses.

(ix)

Conalusions

and Recommendations Borne academic argument among plant and polygenic resistance to pests, reeistanoe varietiee. has.frequently resulted Thus the Panelcommendsthe breeders concernhistory has shown emphasis

Although there ie still 268. ing the merits of single-gene that the use of single-gene of resistant effectivenees 1/ Sub-Arid

in short-lived

Food Grain Research and Development.

- 66 -

which is being placed in CPP.

on the use of broad-based

resistance

to pests and diseases

The eoosystem-adapted approach to crop improvement requires extensive 269. careful evaluation and selection of materiel8 in the appropriate environment. the number of such ecosystems for Afxioan maize and rice is extremely large,

end Since the Panel

would urge continuing assessment and priority-setting, in cooperation with specialists from the Faxming Systems Programme and other institutes, of ecosystems to which IITA efforts directed, The Panel notes favourably the progress 27Q. straints to African rice end maize production, solution rice.
271.

in cereal

improvement are likely

to be best and most effectively

of the programme in identifying and especially virus
the

conin the in

progress

of the problems

of borers

and streak

in maize and iron-toxicity

The Panel encourms work with

continuation

or expansion

of selected

cooperative upland rice for

and/or

contractual fooussed

in-country

maize end rice

improvement programmes, ecg. those

on maize downy mildew resistslaoe

end on blast-tolerant

wide adaptation in Africa. Recognizing the increasing demaud for cooperative programmes, the Panel favours these projects which not only advance research and development in the cooperating @our&y, but also sontribute to high-priority scientific objeotives of the core programee 272. The Panel endorses evaluation of experimental methods for achieving high and and

stable yields under stresses of special relevance to the African cereal encourages inputs to this programme by farming systems speofaUstaY

grower,

The Panel notes that the Memorendum of Understanding agreed between TITA, IRRI 273. and WARDAin May 1976 makes provision for annual meetings of a '"ooordinating committee comprising the Directors General of II‘ PA and IRRI snd the Rzecutive Secretary of HARDA or their representatives to consider annual work plans and review progress of work in order that under this in West Africa to ensure coordination by loeating a senior on a continuing scientist basisrf. It further notes agreement WXRI should participate 8ctively in the rice programme as its representative in the z-e&on

. . . to maintain liafssn with material and other exch encourages efforts to 1

PITA t&t MARDAand amellerate exohange of genetic The Panel en IlIE! and West Africa". joint progrsmme planning and review

- 67 -

and to increase

the flow snd exchange of appropriate those derived from African-adapted be strengthened

varietal It

and segregating believes the staff that

materiala,

in particular cooperative staff
at IITA while

germplasm. in strengthening tolerance

this

approach could actually focussingon rice

by the posting

of an IRRI senior competence

member to IITA.

This would also assist

disease and stress

for upland conditions. for maize improvement by African borers and

The Panel encourages CIP in strengthening its efforts 274. schemes focussed on the early solution of problems presented viruses, forest aotivities

adaptability to sequential or short-season cropping patterns and to reinof these areas. It strongly supports. all efforts at continued integration with similar CIMMYTprogremmes of high priority to the African farmer.

The Panel endorses the conduot of regional maize trials in Afrioa, with appr+ 2750 germplasm dispersal priate national and international inputs, as a means of accelerating end production training experience, and it encourages an expanded role for IITA in the training of African maize researoh and production specialists.

a

Ihe Panel commends CIPon. its conduot of the symposium on "Rice in Africa" 276. The Panel recommends which had involved IERI, WARDA, IRAT and national agenoies. that the proposed symposium on maize in Afrioa, by the involvement of CIMMYT, IRAT lead to the development of a COOrdin8ted African maize the Panel urges CIMlrlyT end IITA improvement and testing programme. In particular, to establish either 8 Memorandum of Understanding for their oooperation in Africa simi;ilar Lo that sf P;U, IEZI and WARSA referred to in par8 273 above, or any other appropriate arrangement aiming at Close and effective cooperation on their activities in Africa. and national sgencies,

ant Genetic Resources (XIEJGR) provided conssrva%ion at IOTA.

a

amme of African food legume germplasm .S%nce 1976 the work has -be&~ eon.t$,nued &thin IITA's core budge% steff members with the ($223,OW in 1977) aad is aotwd.ly done by three prinoipal help of two graduate ~s~st~t~* 278, genetic different materials The Cenetio reeources IARCs.
Re5oume5

Coneervation in which s oonservation, and tuber

Prog..amme ia cifis:

part

of a world network are aseigned to of IITA is "for of genetic

of

sotivitiee collection,

responsibilities

In collabor&ion

with 'IBPCB, the responsibility documentation crops and rice

the exploration, regions of Africa and aoholars'Pe

and evaluation for

of food legumes, root

in the humid and subhumid use by plant breeders

imn order ts make these materials

avail.able

279 e The germplasm collection has responsibility for IITAas with additional equipment) of a seed health 280. Zsing core budgets testing

unit is establiehed as a research support service. It storage and distribution requirements, seed productiona, of 842,COC in lY?6 Plans for (including (1978) $29,000 for include development the future

also

and 816,000 in 1977. frzcility

and the appointment

of a seed technologist. of about $5O,OCC facility with fn addition,

an TEPGRgrant

of $25#

in 3977, and an allocation

from the TITA budget, the unit will coon have a long-term seed store a aapacity of about 25,OCC S/2 kg seed samples of base collections, medium-term and short-krm seed stores ale available fumigation chamber and appropriate drying faoilitiss. (aI 28'1. Achievements The unit holds as well

as an automated

at present

about 13,COC entries

of food legumes including

more

than 6,COC cowpea about ?$500 ~+tooks of rice (I*oldPB African 0. sativa and OS glaberrima) and 2,&B stsckn of root and tuber crops (mainly cassava) which are maintained in a living collection. 282, The udt ~~~~o~ed to rape&s from 54 oountries for food legume germplasm Close link have been ~~tab:~~~~~a with rePmgint institutions actively in 1976, ) WARDAl IRRXp the Genetic engaged in Seed Storage Latiratory, Fort Collins,

- 69 -

283.

In spite

of recruitment

difficulties,

the unit

has started

exploration

and

oolleotion reinforcing

in some West Afrioan countries end was successful in establishing mutually oollaborative efforts with the respective Rational Genetic Resources Leone and Liberia. resouroes by offering in part work has been provided two post-doctoral by IRPGR grants. by recruitment (only of &SC. one of

Programmea in Ghana, Sierra
2%

Training

in genetio

students University activities

participating

in special so far>

courses offered

by the Department fellowships

of Botany,

of Birmingham,

which could be filled

and by training

courses in the unit.

Treining

have been financed

(‘ d

285. African

Future Trends The unit prepared countries within for

8 tentative 3-5 years

timetable

for

exploration

to cover

all

West and

and to extend these aotivities by the IITA mandate.

to Esstern

Southern Africa

crops specified

Descriptors

for genetic

resources of main orop species at the Institute will be developed by the IITA unit in cooperation with other IARCs (e.g. CIAT, ICRISAT, IRRI) to meet the needs of an international network for documentation and exchange of germplasm. Rfforts will be made to utilize the VXIR" system sponsored by IBPCR for data management end publication of extensive germplasm catalogues planned for the next three years. An aspect of future work will be the evaluation of quantitative, agronomically 287. using whenever possible the smallest important characters in two or more environments, sample of accessions of eaoh species collection which multivariate analysis has shown to be representative of diversity on the whole. 288. Provision will have to be made to safeguard germplasm by holding duplicates at Port Collins for 289. Future research at the IITA geqlasm species Cryza species unit base oolleotions of stored seed cowpea and at IRRI for rice. contribute to the biosystematics special reference 286.

will

of 'Iligna (including to Cryza glaberrima
290.

the wild and other

of the genus) and Cryza with in Africa. for

IITA will

host an AAASA (Association workshop on plant genetic

the Advancement of Agricultural resources in Africa in January 1978.

Sciences in Africa)

- 71 -

299.

Ihe Panel -9s

with

the fITA deoision

that

this

germplasm unit

should not
of

itself oonduct any research actitities root and tuber crops, meristem culture, of 1ongLterm seed storage results in these fields conditions. and contract for

in the fields of reproductive physiology root and tuber storage and determination It may$ however, make use of relevsnt additional research required.

research

(ii)
300.

Virology diseases

Unit plots
of IITA to be convinced

One only needs to observe the experimental of most, if not all, Africa.

that

virus
in

crops are major constraints

to plant

production

tropiosl

For example, cassava and main;e production

oan be drastically

reduced by cassava mosaic and m&se streak. However, because of the success of breeding for plant resist&we at IITA, both of these diseases csn non be controlled. At the same time, there are many virus diseases of other crops that or potentially can become, limiting factor8 to increased production. viruses have not been identified and oharacterized, nor have their presently are, E4any of these various modes of

transmission and host ranges been determined. This type of information on each virus is required for development of resistance screening or other possible control strategies. In 1977,a Virology one virologist. A senior
301.

Unit was established at IITA, and is ourrently staffed by position for a second virologist is included in the 19'78 scientist is expected to spend six months at IITA

In addition, budget. in the near future.

a visiting

Pending a final decision oonoerning the future of this Wit, some equipment 302. and supplies (total about $50,000) have been purchased; space for a virology laboratory- has not yet been designated but cgn easily be found. Purpose of the Unit (4 The unit is not intended for basic research, but will be expeoted to do 303. problem-oriented research closely related to the work of IITA that will assist all three crop improvement progrsmmes and the germplasm unit. Some examples of the types of services (i) (ii) and cooperative involvement expeoted of the unit are as follows: production of entisera useful for virus identification; determination of virus identity by serologioal, electron microscopic methods, eto., and determination of characteristics suoh as mode of trsnsmission soreening to faoili-tate development of resistanoe methodology;

n% of sensitive lasm, espeoially

tests meristem

for

detection

of viruses

in

and %issue culture inter-country

(developing movement infeotions

rn~thod~~~~ in TRIP), to facilitate of provem clean-germplasm; testing of incoming snd outgoing of viruses seed stooks

germplasm for virus into countries

%o Prevent

introduotion

where they do in insect-

no% now oc5ur; produ&ion of virus-free proof screenhouses
of

by increase design; and

of satisfaotory the status especially

determination diseases and viroids,

of some of the virus-like sgents such 88 wooplasma

in Africa, etoc

Wintenanoe of Unit Equipment b) The Panel had confirmation of the ability of the Institute to maintain the 3% sophisticated e&pment required by the unit in view of the availability of a highly provision well as for qualified electronic engineer at%IITA. It was also informed and related that there is as in the 1978 budget for inseot-proof an electron

q iorosoope

equipment

screen housesa

The Panel supports the eetablishment of the unit for the purposes indicated 305. and the plan outlined above,and oonsiders it adequate to meet the present and projected The only staff increase which should be considered in the needs of the Insti%ute. neaz future is for a senior of the unit's equipment. technical support staff position to assist in the operation

Service Laboratories, Plan% @rowth P'aoilities IITA's service snd research laboratories, by virtue of the capacity built 3%. into them originally, oontinue to provide adequa%e amounts of laboratory spaoe and are generously supplied with equipment and facilities for routine research procedures. Thus, it
space

(iii)

is unlikely

%ha%IITA will

need additional

buildings

for

laboratory

use for

some years,

unless major programme changes, is slowly the wisdom of the original

at present building

unforeseen,

OCCUPY Overflow

under the buildings,whioh

being converted plans.

from parking

to other

uses,illus%rates

some sewiee laboratories function well snd have adequate supenrision, Alth 307. leave aome%hing to be desired, !&is othera, cf which plan% pathology Pa an ex

- 74-

appsrently funotioning
30%

arises because there is no clearly designated responsibility for the of the laboratory~whioh serves a variety of crop improvement progrsmmeso recommends that function this situation be re-examined, by assigning laboratory with a view

The Panel strongly the service

to improving for the respeotive
309.

of these laboratories

responsibility areas to

the maintenanoe and supervision

of progrrunme-controlled

programes.
a similar problem exists is taking to be dried with the present and threshed seed-drying must pass for breeding

Ihe Panel notee that area, and that

and threshing It all

the Institute materials
is

steps to remedy the situation.

is the area through which sll programmes (except are kept. TRIP); it

also the area in which the dey-to-dq

materisls
310.

The Panel strongly su~~orfs the provision in the 1978 capital new threshing floor and urms management to examine the possibilities areas for
311.

budget for a of providing

specific

programmes in the expsnded faoilities.

The Panel is fwourably impressed by the plant growth chambers and 'by the extensive controlled environment facilities which are maintained in first class working conditions.
312.

The Panel shares IITA's have limited

concern as to the proper functioning because of werheating. In its

of the greenhouses. control and
1978 capital

IITA has two greenhouses which apparently therefore usefulness

do not have adequate temperature

budget

IITA is Proposing a new fibreglass greenhouse, which, would have evaporative It is presumed that the new greenhouse would have cooling pads and extra&or fans. diviedDns and that different areas would be assigned to the various progrsmmes as recommended above. The Panel supports this proposal for impoved plant growth fsilities and suaPests that IITA should engage a consultant and operation specialieing in tropical greenhouse construction who could advise on proper alterations for the existing greenhouses and on the design of new ones. It would appear to the nonspecialist that the existing greenhouses might be converted to a screenhouse-type of construction from rain. under the original greenhouse roof for experiments that require protection

(iv)
313,

s%a%istPos The Statistio&t Services Unit prcnrides statistica and oomputing services statistical of other for analysis staff.

all research programmers Services inolude design of experiments, of data9 programming and the operation of a computer, and training At present
3%

the unit

consists

of one biometrician

and one progremmer. of field experiments arising

‘ There is serious

concern over the high variability

largely from soil heterogeneity, due to the absence of long-term uniform use and cultivation. lore appropriate choice of plot size experimental site and experimental design may imprwe this somewhat, but the biometriclen is also investigating new statistical techniques. There also appears to be some reason to believe that the procedures for data reoording intercropping oould be made more reliable. and/or oomp:Lex topssequences which include Moreover, the e~eriments pose complicated statistical

probleme and require the development of new end imprwed experimental designs. The Panel strongly urges all staff to seek advice on experimental design at an early stage of planning.
315.

The work load of the unit extended by demands on his time*

appears large, and the biometrioien There is no large baoklog of work

says he is fully i.n the unit,

but there appears to be no system under which the unit is made aware of all existing field experiments end reaords t&en, so that it can assess its total workload and plan ahead. The work pressure would be eased greatly if additional software packages could be made available, and if the computer could handle them. The biometrician staff would :in any event be needed to aid in the design

felt that more statistica of experimentsa,
316.

It appears important that computer Facilities be- upgraded at an early stage, and a group has been se% up within the Institute to consider this question, It seems that administrative end accounting requirements had been regarded as preeminent in the selection of the present system9 but with the projected workload it is essential that the r.eplaoement facility obviously keep this be selected in mind. with a view to its scientific use, and the group till

(a>
317.

Conclusions

end Reoommendations

The Panel commends the efforts msde towards establishing a full statistical service for soientifio work in the Institute and reoommends that these should be reinforoed by fhe appointment of another statistician/bionnetrician with necessary suppor&

- 75 -

318.

The Panel supports servioes*

the development of improved computer facilities

for

statistical

The Panel strongly supports ourrent plans for formal arrangements under which the statistician will be associated with the design of ell field experiments, and recommends
319.

that

no experiment

should proceed unless the Director design. there

of Research has satisfied

himself

as to the soundness of its 320.

The Panel recommends that their

should be regular

reviews of lowterm

eqqeri-

ments to determine

continuedviability.

(4

Quarantine and

The fundamental basis of IITA's strategy of crop improvement is access to 91. germplasm with a broad genetic base in the crops of its mandate. The acquisition international and efficient evaluation facilities of such materials is contingent on the existence of rapid for the movement of plant materials. The Panel recognizes

the fact that several significant successes in crop improvement have been achieved in a relatively short time, due largely to the availability of wide germplasm bases in the crop improvement programmes. The rate of progress in the future, however, may be severely limited by the difficulties associated with the plant quarantine and although the very cordial relationpost-entry screening facilities at Moor Plantation, ships with,and assistance provided by,the Pederal plant quarantine officialswere noted.

322. At #present9 movement of materials is delayed, it is difficult to get clearance for shipping germplasm as seed, and all vegetative materials are completely prohibited from intelbcountry having quarantine are still
323.

movement. personnel

Attempts attached

to alleviate

the problem have been made by but some difficulties

to the IITA germplasm unit,

encountered.

The Panel notes that sane of these are examples of worldwide problems, e.g: (i) mwement of clonal vegetative materials into most countries is prohibited; (ii) the danger of IITA being charged with responsibility for distribution of pests, tests for both in and out of Nigeria, contamination (for because of lack of adequate exsmple, Nigerian quarantine officials, &though allowing shipment of eassava seeds from ITPB, are concerned that bacterial blight may be seed-borne); into CoPcmbia of even true cassava seed is prohibited

(iii)

the entry

- 76 -

because of the fear Thus* although IITA,
324.

of introducing

African

cassava mosaic virus from CIAT by

(CMV).

oassava germplasm has been received has not been possible,

the reverse

The Panel, recognizing the hazards to the reputation of IITA and other i&e> national centres involved in inter-country mwement of germplasm, and the constraints to worldwide crop improvement because of wantine restrictions, recommends the consideration (i) and adoption by IITA of the following possible measures: acceleration of the development of tissue and meristem cultures with prwen freedom from pathogens, and persuasion of countries to permit ready entry; exploration the possibility with the Inter-African of the establishment Phytosanitary Commission of station of a quarantine

(ii)

outside the African ecosystem for of germplasm destined for Afrioan (iii)

testing and certification and other tropical countries;

inasmuch as present quarantine facilities at Moor Plantation function below optimum because of frequent power failure in cooled greenhouses, participation provision Plant of supplementaq Quarantine facilities the at IITA under the supervision of Nigerian and ooordination and with authorities.

(iv)

provision of sufficient insect-proof screenhouses at IITA for production of disease and pest-free seed for export.

- 77 -

CHAPTER VIII. CONFEREZ?CE AND TRURING PROGRAMME Objectives (i)
325.

The Conference and Training (i) (ii) to assist in the trsnsfer

Programme has two principal and

objectives:

of knowledge generated by the research training in reseerch, skills

programme to those who need and can use it; to respond to the expressed need for production, laboratory work, library in which IITA has expertise.

and administrative

(ii)
326.

Organization The principal Director staff level), assigned to the programme consists production or groups. training officer of a Programme Leader end coordinates subjects proare and (one anglophone and one francois conducted in various of the research Training activities of the participant

(Assistant the training related

phone) and one translator/interpreter. of individuals to crop production,

This small team organizes Group training respousibility

under the technical

training grammes. Individual divided into five categories, the duration of the tra-ining.
327.

is exclusively for researche based on the scientific level

The percentages (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

of trainees

in each category (PDF)

have been as follows: iI
56.6 5*2$ 11.4% 10.4%

Group courses Post-doctoral fellowships Research Fellows

(RF) and Soholars (RS)

Researah Training Associates (RTA) Vacation Student Research Soholars (VSRS)

17.@

maximum 26 at any given time, are included in the The post-doctoral fellows, training programme for administrative and budgetary reasons. They assist the principal
328.

staff

of the four research

programmes and are oonsidered

as full-time

staff

members X).

in these programmes. There are at present 17 PDF&. The polioy of the Institute conoerning PDFz is dealt with in the seotion on Organization and Management (Chapter
329.

The degree-related

researoh programme distinguishes

between post-graduate registered for M.Sc.courses

students registered for Ph,D. courses (RFs) and students (RSs) in African or other universi.ties,

a

1/

Cumulative

data for

the period

1972-1977.

- 78 -

There are at present 3308 programmess

13 E&D,

aud 19 M.Sco students

working in the four

research

Non-demee researoh trajinees are) in general, employees of researnroh or teaching 3310 institutions who seek to improve their knowledge, skills, teohniques and methodologies. The duration of Group Courses is 9-16 weeks, with a maximum of 33 participants 3320 in an individual oourse* The principal staff of the four research progrsmmes prwides the majority of the teaching staff for these courses. Although no precise data are available, principal 3330 the heads of these programmes reported staff members was devoted to teaching. for organizing and workshops were visitors to that 5 - 155 of the time of the

A separate unit a total

conf’ erences

was oreated in late 1975 with responsibility In 1976, thirteen conferences and handling visitors, participation of @lo There were 4,ooO individual

held with

the Institute.

(iii)

in training programmes during the period 334. 1972-77 was well over 600 (34 PDF, 74 Ph.D + M.Sc, 111 vacation students and 366 for group training). Group Courses in II977 included oourses on crop production (rice, root crops, grain legumes), soil and water management, Rhizobium isolation and utilization and agricultural economics~ Some courses have been conducted offcampus in Nigeria and Sierra
hone0

Major Achievements The total number of participants

A f'irst

evaluation

of the effects

of these

courses was completed recently. Most of the participants (86%) in the Group Courses csomefrom Africa (32 countries). In the individual training programmes the of African origin44% PDF, 61% RF, 5% RS, 86% RTA percentages of trainees ad
98% VSRS up to October 1977.

It is interesting to note that 6.5% of the core budget of IITA for 1977 335. was assigned to training, as compared with 7e1$ of CIAT's core budget. The Institute has more trainees than CIAT, but fewer man-years of training because the duration of the IITA courses is shorter. Participants in Group Courses are prwided 336. speoifically written for individual oourses~ with lecture syllabi and booklets

- 79 -

337. staff

The follow-up as they trsvel

of IF&

treinees

is carried

out on a regular cf their

basis by all former trainees.

IITA

and observe the work and problems

The most important and effective follow-up is in connection with the cooperative projects with national progrsmmes where IITA staff play an important role in providing further guidencs to trainees upon returning to their countries.

(iv)

Future

Trends

In the near future the training programme will have its own building. Wforts 338. will be made to attract more PDIB and to increase the number of scholars and fellows

from African student oontinue

countries.

The number of universities will lines. be increased.

participating

in the vaoation

resesroh

scholarships

Group oourses are expected to

along established

Conclusions and Recommendations (v9 Not all researoh staff members are equally willing and suited to partioipate 339. in the training programme. It should be borne in mind that a good research scientist is not necessarily a good teacher, whilst a good teacher is not necessarily a good The Panel recommends that the Institute oonsider the desirability research worker. of assigning two scientists abilitiee. designating the training who like duties of each of the four research programmes to one or teaching direction by the work and have given proof of outstanding

Par the time being, the Institute is taking steps in this a "rotating" ooordinator in each of the programmes,

The Panel notes that the number of PDFB attraoted from Afrioen oountrieq is 340. disappointingly low end that the rate of turnover is very high. This is probably due to the fact ocoupy senior
that

young Africans

holding

a Ph.D. degree are soon oalled institutes and public degree,

upon to in

posts in universities,

researoh

services

their home countries. The same applies, to a lesser holding &SC. degrees or ning&ieur*l qualifications. The international 341. whereby an appropriate

to young Africans

mandate of the Institute fully justifies its present praotioe mix of resesroh trainees from both developing and developed interaction between trainees of The Panel approves of this polioy be made to attraot more Af’ rioen PDFS, more effectively

This provides useful countries is maintained. different cultural end scientific background. but strongly recommends that increased efforts RI% and RSs es well as carefully selected

RTAs who would contribute

-8O-

to the hildi.~ presentation and booklets

of AfM.crun research gradually

capaM.lities.

The'Panel

applauds all

the bilingual

of most of the group training be made available

and recommends that both in English

course syllabi

and Frenche

The Panel notesthe 342, in the various categories study in the context Inatitutess research bi.litg of supervisory resources; of financial the nominees*

criteria used b! the Institute in the selection of trainees as follows: a) relevance of subject area and proposed of IITAPA's mandate; b) priority of the subject matter in the progremmes; c) relationship to national programmes; d) availatraining and f) personnel personal, and required technical facilities; e) availability attributes of end intellectual

The Panel considers these oriteria appropriate and reoommends that, in 343. connection with the proposed increased activity in the attraction of trainees, continue technical to be adhered to in order standards, to ensure the maintenance of high scientific

they and

The Panel commends the outstanding work of this programme but recommends that 344. some positive improvements be made in the recruitment and selection of African PDFs, RFs, RSs, and RTAs by widely circulating information for,aveilable IITA training positions to institutions in the African region. oq and requesting nominations and national Programme Leaders

The Panel notes that the peroentage of the core budget spent by the Institute 345. on training is moderate in oomparison with the needs for training in Africa, whiah are probably greater than in the rest in increasing of the tropical world. It believes that IITA course would be justified these funds with a view to imprwing the quality

of the course documentation materials,and suggests that

and prwiding the trainees this be investigated,

with more durable

- 81 -

CHBPTERIx. (i)
346.

Do(xmwmTIONrn

IIspoIIMbTION for the outstanding service it uontinues to

Dooumentation

Centre and Librq in making this infonational soientists information

The Panel commends the Librery

perform in providing scientific information to IITA scientists, nation and IITA-originated publiaat5ons available to interested in Nigeria and other countries, and in providing soientific to IITA trainees.
347.

and technical

The Library

holdings of original

prwide

a substantial it

coverage of tropical circulates its accessions to those requesting

e&culture lists them. widely,

and the crops with making photocopies

which IITA is concerned;

documents avdlable

The Library has prepared and published a world bibliography 348. preparing others on oowpea, lima bean and plantains. It publishes Grain Iqume grain published of literature
349.

on gems end is the Vropical including It has

13ulletint*

on a quarterly
literature

basis,

with

reports

end abstracts

legume information abstraots relevant

from CIAT and ICRISAT, to over 1000 subeorikers. to farming systems in Africa.

of selected

on mealybugs and is making a compilation

IITA is making a major oontribution to African scientific librarianship in a number of ways which have included an all-African meeting of agricultural librarians the preparation of a Union List of all agricultural soience a Union List of the journals of the libraries of the holdings in Nigerian libraries, International Centres, and training for librarians at @cultural research stations in Nigeria, the Cemeroun and Sierra Leone.
350.

and documentalists,

A guide to the F!rench language agricultural and will be oiroulated to libraries and soientists government and others,

collection in Afrioa.

in IITA is in preparation With the assistance all relevant

of the Belgian material

IITA has attempted to acquire in Prenoh to complement the English language oollection.

Communications and Information The Panel is very favourably impressed with the work of Conrmunications and 351. Information, which provides IITA's editorial, printing, photographic and graphic art setioes, and also is responsible for the translation of printed material.

(ii)

- a2 -

bibliographies, 352+ The seotion publishes all of the doouments that IITA originates: brochures, newsletters, monographs, news bulletins and handboolcs for trainees, etc. It has its own offset presseat photocopying machines, and a photographic per year. and in the countries opinion leaders, of more than 5tOO0 is required. of laboratory, which prooesses about 13,500 photos end 16,000 slides

These publioations serve scientists, both within IITA 353. Africa, research end extension workerst deuision makers and and a genersl audience of interested people. A mdling list maintained, categorized according to interests and materials

trainees

While the quality and promptness of publication of English language documents 354. were the subjeot of favourable commentI the Panel is concerned about IITA*s difficulties in reaching essociated trenslate the same standards soientifio publications in the IFrenoh language. attracting from English into These difficulties are with problems in finding, and keeping staff F!renoh. who can adequately

Present delays are in

excess of two months, and are likely

to get longer.

The Panel recommends that IITA oontinue to pursue with vigor its objective 355. of adequate staffing with English-French translators to avoid the present problems with publications in the Prench language.

- 83 -

CHAPTERX.

ORGANIZA’ l’ ION MD MANAGEWNT

Administrative and Personnel Services (i> Undar th8 general direction Of its Board Of TruSt88S, th8 Institute management 356. consists of a Director Oenersl, Deputy Director &nerd, Director of Research and Assistant Directors for finances and for physical plant Director of Administration. s8rvic8s complete the administration whilst each research Director. and training programrne is also under the control
357.

of an Assistant

The total personnel varies between 1000 and 1200; at the time of the Review the Institute had 54 scientists from 20 different countries and there were four vacancies. in senior recruited priorities turnover, real factors.
358.

During the past three years the Institute Staff; during
20 staff

hss had a considerable

turnover

members have resigned This haa included Various factors

and 27 new staff have contributed

members have been to this high rate of of

that

period. rise

major changes in the top management with consequent depression education have been important

at the Institute. but the rapid of living

in the cost of living child

standards

and problems with

To house its

Senior scientific

staff

and senior

technical

Support staff, and,in

IITA

has to provide on-site housing; 41 bungalows and 16 flats addition, 16 houEles are rentted in the city of Ibadsn.
359.

are available

On8 of the unique features of IITA amongst the international centres is the need to provide complete services, including water, sewerage and a large Standby electricity generating facility capable of carrying much of its electrical load. This m8a?M that any addition to staff not only creates a demand for additional housing but Contributes to increasing the dsmand for those Other services aa well. Thus, whilst the Institute has ample land on its main station it lacks the other facilities for any sizable additions for further development, to its senior staff. The

management has made a very careful study of this, taking into account that the addition of each Senior staff member creates a need for housing, additional
laboratory

and office 8tC.

space, vehicles,

accommodation for

pre and/or post-doctoral

f8llOWS, It

These in turn place additional demands on all the service facilities. would appear from this study that only on8 or two new staff members could be the present facilities. The CalCulatiOnS show that th8 capital

accommodat8d within

costs involved in adding new senior staff (in 1980) would be $2.8 million for five new members and $3.8 million for 10 new members. It should also b8 emphasized

- 84’ -

that

to keep these services on the station.

functional

the Institute services for all the senior

must provide technical

all

the mechanical and have a staff

8nd electrical instruments orueia.l
360.

maintenance and repair in the smooth running its senior staff,

equipment, vehicles support

Consequently

role

of the station. in the research graduates, programmes, IITA prWid8S of scientific

To support to senior trainee

scientists mainly local

20 scientific

support

but the ratio

support research scientists

scientists

of the institutes including

is only about 1 to 2, a much lower ratio than in most has a large post-doctoral and graduate in the system. The Institute heavily on these to supply support and fisld WOrk8rS. to senior Currently it the supervision of laboratory fellows

programme and relies

has positions
3610

for 25 post-doctoral

and 35 r8S88.Eh fellows

and scholars*

In addition to its on-campus staff, IITA ha8 20 staff members in cooperative programmes in seven countriies and it is planned to increase this number to 36 in
1978.

The administrative

the Director &neral (Special Projects).
362.

of the cooperative progrsmmes is prwided and Deputy Director General, assisted by the Administrator

leadership

by

In 1976 the CGIAR Review COrnmitt for staff through and IITA has started personal staff

widely its

recommended that the centres advertise to do so* Hitherto IITA has located most of contacts.

and professional

(ii>
363.

Programme Planning, For its

Budgeting and Balance a new approach concentrating 1978 Budget, IITA ha8 initiated programme plan whioh could then be translated into

on the cost

development of a clear 818m8ntS. descriptors

This plan sets out a series

showing the objectives, Each of these was prepsred by the person leading requirements. by his supervisor

of programme, project or support unit an outline of the long term goals and the staff the work, reviewed lhis approach is

and passed through the Director of Researche UniqU8 among th8 CentXeS@ When it can. be fully implemented, it should provide a However, the Institute ha8 not yet strong factual basis for management decisions. developed a detailed overall future programme or financial plan (with the exception of the capital plan) which will accommodate these objectives.
364.

The Institute

ha8 had subst8.ntidlprogramrne

and financial

growth wer

the past in 1975

few years and cop8 operating

costs are expected to double from $7.2 million

- 85 -

to a projected plans, total In addition,
$4.7

$14.1

million

in 1980.

However, the planned inorease

in expenditure

between 1977 and 1980 is

dU8 almost OOmpl8tely to inflation.

According to present

staff positions ar8 not expected to increase b8tw8en 1978 and l$l81, its budg8t for special projects will rise from $2.5 million in 1977 to
in

million

1978 with

$3.7

million

foreseen

in 1980.

substantial additions

capital

d8v8lOpm8nt at the time of its

Although there was dedication, considerable capital plans to deV8lOpm8nt that

have occurred

spend around $5 million study for 1978 throUgh 1981 which has set out in detail period. fellows, This includes constnrotion of houeing Units a new medical clinic, a gr88nhoUs8, storage research

since then and in the years 1977-80 the Institute For this, it has pr8par8d a oapital on oapitak for senior staff

th8 expected naeds wer for roots

and post-doctoral and tubers,

facilities

and d8velopmsnt of additional

areas on the IITA farm.

The oosts of capital

deV8lopment have been increased greatly by the high building costs and a very high rats of inflation which is projected to b8 1s CompoUndedper month. Consequ8ntly, building costs by the end of f981 are exp8Ot8d to b8 double thOS8 at the beginning of 1978. research operating costs was spent on farming systems, 24% on grain legumes, 20$ on cereals and 2% on roots and rubera. These all together represent 55% of the total core operating budget. Of th8 remaind8r, 6.5% was spent
365.

In 1977,

37% of the total

on training

and 34% on administration

and general

operating

costs,

and similar

ratios

are proposed through 1980. These ratios have changed somewhat since 1973 when F'SP absorbed 45$, CIP 15% and TRIP 15%; ULIP has shown Virtually no change.

(iii)
366.

Organization

and Management of Scientific

Disciplines

Under the Mr8CtOr of Research the progremmes ar8 organiz8d along commodity lines with multidisciplinary teams of pathologists, entomologists, physiologists, etc*, within the commodity group. IITA, of course, is unique in having a large fanning systems programme in which some of th8Se disciplines are represented and which also contains a larg8 8nvironmsnta.l soiences group. There is no formal management for each diSOiplin8 are conalong discipline-oriented lines, but the laboratories tiguous so that scientists can aasily interact informally. The concerted support that 8aoh discipline, pathology, programme is essential,
367.

entomology,

nematology,

etc.

prwides

to the entire

There are also a number of scientific virology Unit, analytical services

support

units

such as statistical germplasm colleotion unit,

88NiC88,

laboratory,

which ar8 under the general institute-wide functions.
368,

8tC.,

direotion

of the Director

of Research and 88rve

\Jhilst

the cooperative input

programmss are under the general I%Reral, into these progrsmmes~

management of the staff oonsid-

Dir8CtOr

General snd Deputy Dir8CtOr

th8 Programme Leaders and their Some of these involv8

ha=?8 a very substantial 8rabl8 travel*
369.

It was noted in psrsgraph

328 that

the Institute

relies

heavily

on its

post-

do&oral fellows and graduate IW8s3Wh trabne86 in the research programmes. Whilst the personnel costs of the post-doctor4 fellows are financed from the budget for Conference and Training (38 of this budget), their contribution to the research progrsmmes is extrem8ly for there this category is no consist8nt important policy for as reflected allOcatiOR in the continually programmes. of post-doctoral increasing demand of staff from the research However, it appears that

pOSitiO%s among

progrsmmes.

(iv)
370.

Station

Msnsgement government originally
80 ha for

The Nig8ria.n

prwided

IITA with

1000 ha for station

its

main On work

station

and has reccentPy provided csn be irrigated.

the high rainfall

at On&.

the main statlo%
90 ha of this

450 ha of land have b8n

d8v8lOp8d of which 225 ha are arable; have a total th8 management of the farm has taken has been intensified and zero tillage has reduoed real costs in spite of an will be managed by an assistant farm on-site machinery to make the station of msnage-

The farm manager and his assistant

Considerable reorganization of place in the past two years; erosion control introduced, Increasing u8e of mechanization increased work load. The substation at On& msnag8r who will be Supplied with sufficient Self SuffiCi8nt iR this ment of the experimental

force

of 58.

reSp8Cto The Pan81 is impr8668d by the standard stat ions.

b>
37’ 1.

Conclusions

and Recommendations

The administration of IfTA has had to contend with several difficult problems ineluding a lack of well-trdned supgsrt staff (at avery l&e1 and at reasonable cost), a high in-country inflation rate , a high turnw8r its of staff and the necessity to be almost completely for mediosl treatment, self-contained for all The lack of well-trained major servicee including those and dependable support staff

- 87 -

pregents problems in efficient operation of both laboratory and field of services responsible for vehicle end equipment maintenance.
372,

work and

The Panel stroaRly staff report

supports

the efforts

by management to obtain concerned: A promotion scientists. that also deserve
system

close coopincludes pera

eration detailed potential
373.

between the adm$nistration

end the scientists

in the selection

of support

for the research progrsmmes. than seniority,and qualified that staff on its a training

system that

on performance by the supervising but oapable staff, the Institute and rewarding personnel

and. rewards strong

formance rather

would develop the full support. the

of lowly

The Panel feels support it worthwhile

would be better them better so that with local policies

served by restrioting for performance. in labour staff

number of total find

IITA might relationships as often

engaging a consultant

experience

to advise the Institute trained happens at present.

who. havs been

would not be attracted

away by better

opportunities

elsewhere,

The Panel feels that the Director of Researoh maJr need more immediate control wer the budgets of all the research programmes including the support units. Ry this means he would be able to enoourage cooperation between progrsmmes* Some closer
374.

control

over the allocation

and use of land and labour

for on-station

experiments

also

would be desirable. The Panel recognizes programme and suggests that
375.

the major role of post-doctoral this be recognized by including of post-doctoral fellowship assessments of up-to-date

fellows in the research the total cost in the positions should be progremmes. within

research

budget.

The allocation and accurate

based on detdled

priorities

- 88 -

The IITA mandate, _p_inter elia, provides for the Institute s-k.0make available the results of its studies snd research carried out in aooordance with the paragraphs
3%

(a) to (d) to nations with segiontit of national
371.

and institutions progrsmmesu"'

wJ$ch wish to use them through cooperation IITA has interpreted this mandate in as of development and in the context of the state

and national research

wide and flexible

a sense as possible capabilities

in Africa, preconditions invitation agrioultural for the initiation
from a

The Pane9 noted the specific (a) a clear IITA in a national for

of IITA cooperative body to

progrsmmes whioh include involve (9) potential

national

or regional

8~1regional

research

and development programme; information relevant component; and

the generation

of scientific

and technioal

to the InstituteBs mandate; (c) the incorporation of a training (d) appropriate arrangements for finenoieil support,

(ii)
3’ 78,

Major Achievements The Panel visited five of the current seven cooperative programmes including

the National Acoelerated Pood Production Programme of Nigeria, the Sierra Leone Rice the Tanzania/IITA Plaize and Gr&n Le@;wnes Project, the Liberian Rice Research Project, Project and the .Zairean/IITA National Manioo Programme. These cooperative programmes of vary considerably in terms of the agreement, the antecedents to the initiation the progaammes, the involvement of national or regional partioipation, duration, and the details of their IITA, the sources of funding, the levels of the level of cooperation with other IARCs, their objectives and strategies, For example, in the

case of PRCNAM in Zsire, IITA is involved in a programme of research and training for the increase of cassava production through the identification and development of high-yielding and two insect and high quality and mite pests; cassava varieties the programme itself resistant to three major diseases was initiated beoause of the

serious outbreak of cassava bacterial blight disease (CBB) and the cassava meaJ.ybugc of the Federal 'Ministry of Agriculture and Rural In Nigeria8 IITA, on -:heinvitaticn Development, evaluation
six basis

beceme involved

in a significant

research

planning,

pilot

testing

and

programme designed to increase measurably the domestic production of food cropa: caesavag maize, rice (which are part of IITA's mandate) and outside the mandate)* para 8,

millet, g

sorghum and wheat (which lie text

See the full

of the mandate da Chapter II,

-8g-

379.

The Panel believes

that

IITA has approaohed the problem in Nigeria own limitations in some aress.

with

Inte-IARC oollabofi tion is involved in the efforts on sorghum, millet and wheat* and the opportunity to catalyze and participate in en integrated national crop improvement progrsmse wes seized without opportunities duction of involvement, Leone and Liberia rice production for serious off-site charaoterize disruption testing to the exeoution (minikit Similar of IITAts kit
main

reslism

and apl awareness of its

mandate. and intro-

Rather,

and production progremmes on rice resistance

trials)

of IITA materials

were enlarged. cooperative results

opportunities,

but with less depth

improvement in Sierra work on upland and swamp for increase of rice

where agronomic and host plant with

have produced significant in West Africa.

a good potential

(iii)
380.

Conclusions

and Recommendations the generally weak state of national agrioultural resesroh

The Panel recognizes

in many African countries, in consequence of which IITA has been, and oontinues to be, under very hesvy pressure from developing countries and donors to participate in a considerable number of orop improvement progremmes, end in some oeses in crop disaster or emergency situations. have so far The various opportunities been absorbed by the programmes without that drawn into national research and pressures presented to IITA serious repercussions but the greater discriminat.ion to coordination and management rol,es

Panel wishes to caution avoid being inevitably in national

IITA might have to exeroise

progremmes which would not be appropriate. this note of caution should not be aonstrued

381.

The Panel ’ wishes to emphasize that countries the great assistance

as denying cooperating

benefits

of drawing on the experience,

advice and help of IITA -

whioh IITA already and technioal

gives and which is a effectiveness of IITA in

reflection of oonfldence in the scientific many areas of tropical agriculture.
382.

The Panel nevertheless feels that too deep end inappropriate involvement of IITA in the management of national progrsmmes aarries the potential danger of overstretching the management and resources of the Institute and of exposing the Institute to unnecessary criticisms in the went of programme failures due to non-technical fn this rega,& referenoe was made by the Psnel to weaknesses beyond its control. guidelines u provided in the CGIAR Review Committee Report of January 1977.u Aotivities with Rational Progrsmmee

p. 82, Range of Cooperative

- go -

The Panel would suggest that bilateral donors be made aware of this problem 3830 so that IITA can be protected from undue pressure to undertake inappropriate oontra.ctor relationships. The Panel would also urge IfTAts management to weigh oarefully the oapacity 384. of nationa;l programmers to support an Institute-based crop improvement programme before undertaking extent Institutete"s a contract. control It should be prepared the technical to faoe hard decisions, factors even to the beyond the of withdrawing from a programme, if are preventing the non-technical

success of the programme.

The Panel commends the healthy 385. interactions on research and treining
between

and mutually benefioial relationships and between IITA and the Nigerian government and

other institutions of higher learning such as the Universities of Ibadan, Ife and Ahmadu Eello. It recommends that these interactions be strengthened for their mutual benefit and for the advancement of applied agricultural science in proSuch cooperation should preferably be extended as well to duction and development. other institutions on the African that three continent. additional cooperative programmes involving Camerow,

The Panel notes 386. Upper Volta and Ghana exists or is envisaged in the development of 387. tive

are planned between now and 1980 and that fruitful collaboration between IITA and such bodies es FAO, SAFGRAD,USAID and lBBRAF'A these programmesg the important scientific inputs provided by other coopera-

The Panel reoognizes

programmes and linkages with advanced institutions in the developed countries. Such contributions in the fields of plant physiology, biochemistry and microbiology have made signifieent contributions to Ihe core programme of IITA. While the Panel encourages the strengthening of these linkages, it also encourages IITA to seek actively and to exploit opportunities for such linkages with African institutions of higher learning that possess the requisite facilities and expertise. The Panel notes the agreement reached with ICIPE in the area of contract researcht both basic and applied, necessary to backstop pest management progremmes
%a.

at II!& financing

The Panel fully be found for its

supports early

these arrangements implementation0

and urges that

adequate

The Panel finds that in the initiation and development of cooperative 389. in Africa there are same csses of lack of full consultation and cooperation

progrsmmes among

- 91 -

IARCS. The Panel wishes to emphasize that the preamble to IITA*s mandate, which
clearly envisages cooperation *within the system of international e&cultural research institutes", be &awn to the attention of the Boards of Trustees and Directors General of the IARCs in order to ensure more effeotive cooperation and collaboration in the advsnoement of orop improvement in Africa and the resolution of outstanding issues on crop mandates and frameworks for cooperation.

- 92 -

@H#Prn xn.B

CONCMJSIONS AIfD ~~~TIO~S

G‘ onclusions Cj.1 IITA was origirndly given a broad and somewhat ambitious mandate to develop 390* improved methods and technologies in the humid tropics which would replace or improve sh:if&ing specific cultivatdon objectives, practices. formulated as basically To this end, the Institute has progressively a research strategy and programme structures sound and rational. The research defined which

the Panel considers

problems addressed

by the Institute are probably the broadest, most complex and challenging among those encountered by the centros and institutes in the CGTARsystem. Because of the difficulty of the problems faced in shifting cultivation, progress in this type of research is necessarily will slow and uneven and, assuming success9 its take time, Moreover, it impact on land IITA use in tha tropics should be kept in mind that

was established at a time when the host country experienced severe difficulties which resulted in important delays in the building of its infrastructure. 397. vigor The Panel is satisfied and enthusiasm, and that in recruiting Ibis that the scientific research senior work at IITA is oonducted with are generally IITA, staff in accord institute. however, experof the

the standards its

of research and support

with those expected of an international iences difficulties of staff reseazroh* turnover.

and has a high rate

has been sometimes disruptive

to the continuity

Ix spite of these difficulties and problems, the Institute has made impressive 392. p artioularly -advances in the improvement of some basic food crops in the tropics, in oassava where lines with high yielda and resistance to some of the major diseases have been produoed. The Panel considers that the Institute is at the threshold of significant breakthrowhs in oowpea and yam improvement, and that its present work on sweet potato (in which significant achievements have been attdned) and on maize will provide in Africa an essential and increasing comnlement to that of other Some of these materials are already being tested and -IARCs snd national agencies. in some cases disseminated through national researoh and production programmes~ Another major achievement relates were assembled at PITA from Africa for further pro6lpess~in all to the broad-based germplasm collections and other regions and provide a valuable which resource

IITA crop improvement programmesa

The Institute has assembled a strong body of knowledge and experience in 393. the very complex field of farming systems research in the humid and subhumid tropics.

- 93 -

!&e Panel oommendathe comprehensive, by the Institute in this regard and its

integrated

end purpoeeful

approaches followed

emphasis on the improvement of the conditions teohniques of land management and cropping on the main site of the Institute. The its research end testing methods and practices the lor+tenn effects of its proposed

of the smell farmer in Africa. Promising systems are being tested and demonstrated farming farming
394.

mystems teem is now developing while oontinuing praotioes and technologies

in other sites,

to study

on the main site. exoellent and extensive publioation programme of training and information

The Panel commends IITA for its of its provides library, whioh it

and for the quality services

documentation,

to an increasing

audience. with adequate physical for its work. facilities The

395

l

The Panel found that which, if it

IITA has been prwided are well

and services Institute, the policy
396.

in general,

managed end suited

however, would faoe major constraints were to further expand its of the Institute which tends to limit

at Headquarters

in housing and servioe facilities The Panel approves staff at Ibadan. its growth at the main site.

IITA is inoreasingly oultural research in Africa

requests for cooperative several of these programmes and is happy to report contributions in this management oapaoities.
397.

reoognized as a oentre of excellence in tropical egriand has responded in a valid manner to increasing The Panel visited progremmes with countries in Africa. that IITA is making important its staff and being mindful not to overextend

regard while

The Panel is satisfied

that

an overall

balance has been achieved,

and is

expeoted to be maintained Institute's programme. It of the programme activities Board in consolidating among the programmes. achieved,to assist It

in the years to come,among the main components of the notes the close inter-relatedness end complementarity of the Institute and apprwes the present policy of the structure end maintaining close cooperation balance research. also supports the efforts mede,and the overall

the present

the main programmes by adequate disciplinary

(ii)
398.

Recommendations

The Panel has made a series of recommendations on each of the progremmes end of the Institute in the preceding chapters. It fully realizes that activities

- 94 -

these individual and its

~~~endatio~

have to be ooneidered oontext

by the management of the Centre of the resources

Board of Trustees of the fact issues require

in the broader that several

of the allocation

which are expeoted to be made available also conscious facing that till several not have immediate solutions further time available

to IITA in the years to come. on the basis this

The Panel is of the problems which the Institute is of these recommendations,and than was possible

assessment and consideration Review.

in the short

to the Panel for

IITA has reached a stage in its development at which it must make some oritical 399. choices in its priorities for future progress and impaot. It should ascertain, verify and consolidate the geographical validity of the experimental farming systems and tackle the second generation It hss been pointed out already, problems which have emerged from its work so far. however, that many additional staff members for new activities cannot be accommodated at IITA headquarters without a very substantial additional capital expenditure ) and thus would require careful consideration of the likely cost/benefit ratio. The Panel firmly believes that priority should be given by IITA over the coming years to a range of actions aimed at consolidating and cits activities. To this end, the Panel recommends that the 'Board continue its efforts to increase the precision of the mandate of the Institute and that the management reinforce and utilized the existing for formulation mechanisms whereby priorities in the next five years. and consolidation, on various can be goals set more clearly which the Institute 400. of plans addressed to specific

might expeot to attain which may contribute the next five

Among the actions

to such concentration recommendations

the Panel recommends for activities (1) reviewed

years the oonsideration from the Panel's chapters:

of the following

measures which have been synthesized in the preceding

Fsp: a) to Rive nrioritg systems presently b)

to the validation being developed

and off-site evaluation of at IITA for the subhumid zone;

to proceed with research in the humid zone where feasible in collaboration with national or regional institutes, and limit work at On&, for the time being, to system components rather than fu3.1 system synthesis and testing;

c>

not to undertake with vegetables,

plant

breeding within ??SPand only consider work spp. or tree csopa if there ia evidence

- 95 -

that

they are essential

to the viability eaological

of the farming aones; agro-forestry

systems

research

of IITA in partiouler

to avoid reaesrch to the present to relocate cultural

on animals snd to limit

activities

project; staff position made available from agri-

one senior

engineering; the disoipline to faoilitate FSP; the organizational structure within FSP by the of sgronoqy is strengthened cooperation within

to ensure that the Institute programmes with d to strengthen selection

of crop improvement

of a Deputy Programme Leader.

a) b)

to maintain to provide

top priority

on all

aspects of cassava improvement; (one additional breeder and an

two core positions

entomologist) in the Zaire prcgrsmme tointensify cassava mealybug and green spider mite; c)

work on the

to ensure adequate faoilities and support for the genetic improvement of white gems (if necessary by internal re-arrangements); to continue level, improvement work on sweet potato for African conditions. at its present

cl)

but solely

a)

to concentrate bean, pieon breeding work;

on oowpea and soybean, while

lceepi

work on lima without further

pea and winged bean at a low level

b)

to increase cooperation with FSP, particularly biology and crop management.

in soil

micro-

(4)

CIp a) to maintain top priority in CIP on research and in-country testing to solve the major constraints on African maize and rice production;

- g6 -

b)

to breed for timwn on major African

pest,

disease and stress

tolerance, with

focussed FSP; activities IRRI

ecosystems,

in close cooperation research institutes,

c)

to pureue integration with other national and CIMMYT;

of IITA cereal and international

and training especially

d)

to expand IITA's IITA.

competence in upland rice of an experienced rice

improvement,

and to

encourage the posting

breeder from IRRI to

(5)

RESEClRCH SUPPORT a) to concentrate African storage b) further exploration by the germplasm unit on those orops which are within IITA's and documentation facilities; unit mandate, and to complete

to keep the virology positions,

at tile proposed level an electron microscope;

of two staff

equipped with

4

to expand statistical servioes for the design and analysis of field experiments by adding one senior staff member and by improving computer facilities; to pursue all possible measures to alleviate present constraints on the exchange of germplasm due to quarantine regulations.

,d)

(6)

COOPEiRATIvE PROGRAm a) b) to concentrate on and consolidate existing cooperative programmes;
and

to oontinue to be seleotive in responding to opportunities pressures for expanded cooperative prCgS?anUnes; to reinforoe in Africa; IITA*s research end training linkages

c)

with institutions

d)

to imprwe consultation, joint planning and cooperation in the development of cooperative programmes in Africa.

among IARCs

401.

for

The Panel is aware of the problems which the above reoommendations may oreate the management of the Institute where they cannot be implemented immediately. feels it may be helpful to give the mane@ment some indication

The Panel therefore

- 97 -

of its

priorities 4

among the reoommendations which mag have budgetary

implications:

The appointment of at least with that of a rice breeder

position in Zaire together one core staff as indicated above for the CIP programme

sre given first priority, because of the potential threat that the mealybug and spider mite problems pose to cassava production in other b) countries in Central Africa and because of the importance to the second core position third priority Unit. of the rice progrsmme. second priority in Zaire to the of Statisticiaqand the Virology

The Panel gives support staff

and to the new position member for

The Panel is confident 402. flexibility and opportunities that the above recommendations

that

the management of the Institute core and non-core

has sufficient budgets to ensure

in the use of its

indicated in its forward use of PDFs and the new positions already earmarked in the budgets proposed for next three years should permit desirable internal readjustments. These internal readjustmenta be facilitated and regional

do not necessarily modify the development plans The existing and forthcoming vacanoies, the projections. the

within the planned limits of the budget of IITA until 1980 should by the policy of the Doard to strengthen its commitment to cooperative prograsnmes end to limit capita3 expenditure at Headquarters.

Finally, the Panel wishes to express to the management of the Institute 403. and its staff its gratitude fortheir close collaboration in the conduct of this and expresses support the hope that its recommendations Institute fully will merits. help in ensuring from CGIAR which this

Review.

the continuing

- 98 -

ACKNOWLXDGEXEW'S

The Panel efforts Centre's gratefuliy secretarial considerable report the through

wishes

to express continued staff the

its

deep appreciation displayed its

for by the

the

made and the Director

cooperation to facilitate

and its

task.

It

acknowledges staff time at IITA

assistance

of the

members of the who devoted and typing the which first staff of this of

and the to the It

TAG Secretariat preparation warmly Unit

and care

several

drafts.

thanks of IITA

Comranications

and Information the

ensured, draft.

so diligently

and efficiently,

printing

of the

CONPOSITIOR OF TBE REVIEW PANEL ---_.

Prof. Cuy Cemus (Chairman) Director General Office de la Recherche Scientifique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM) 24 rue Bayard 75008 Paris, France

et Technique

Dr. R. Abrams (Member) Director Agricultural Experiment Station Faoulty of Agriculture, Dept. of Agronomy University of Puerto Rico Mayague Puerto Rico 00708 Dr. T. Ajibola-Qylor Director Institute of A&culturai University of Ife P,M.B. 5029 Moor Plantation Ibadan, Nigeria (Member) Research and Training

Dr. J. L. Brewbaker (Member) Professor of Horticulture College of Tropical Agriculture University of Hawaii St. John Plant Science Laboratory 3190 Maile Way Honolulu Hawaii 96822

102

Dr. J. L. Dillon (Member) Faculty of Economic Studies Department of Agricultural Economics Management University of New England Armidale, N.S.W. 2351 Australia Dr. H. C. Dion (Member) Special Adviser - Agriculture Renewable Resources Division Special Advisers Branch Canadian International Development 122 Bank Street Ott awag Canada

and Business

Agency

:

1-e

Prof. J. D. Ferwerda (Member) Professor of Tropical Agriculture Agricultural University of Wageningen Wageningen The Netherlands Prof. Dr. G. Fisohbeck (Member) Lehrstuhl Planzenbau und PlanzenzUchtung Technische Universit% Mtiohen 8050 Freising-Weihenstephan Federal Republic of Germany Prof. I?. G. Grogan (Member) Professor of Plant Pathology College of Agricultural and Environmental University of California at Davis Davis, California USA Dr. D. Plucknett (Member) Professor of Agronomy College of Tropical Agriculture Department of Agronomy and Soil University of Hawaii 3190 Mails Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Prof. P. B. H, Tinker Head of Soils and Plant Rothamsted Experimental Harpenden, Herts. England Nutrition Station

Sciences

Science

Dept.

Mahler (Secretary) * Mr. P.J. Executive Secretary Technical Advisory Committee Food and Agriculture Organization Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome Italy Dr. J. K. Coulter (Observer) Scientific Adviser CGIAR Secretariat 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington D,C. 20433
USA

of the

United

Nations

* Mr. B. N. Webster, Group which visited

Deputy Exeoutive Secretary, Tanzania in May

TAC, acted

as Secretary

of the

AYt?NEx II

I.

Review of IITA's

Activities

in Tanzania Brewbaker and Webster)

(Messrs. Csmus, Ajibola4'aylor, Thursdey 12 Mey: a.m. Visit to M inistry

of Agrioulture, Visits to

Dar-es-Salaam stations

p.m. to Monday 16 Mq:

Ilonga and Liyamungu research

Tuesday 17 and Wednesday 18 May Round-up discussions Dsr-esSalaam at M inistry of Agriculture and with USAID,

II.

Review of IlTA Activities

in Zaire (Manioo Programme) Brewbaker and Plucknett)

(Messrs. Camus, Ajibola-Tsylor, Sunday 16 and Monday 17 October

Visits to the linistries of Agriculture and Planning, Foundation, and the USAW offices, Kinshasa Tuesday 18 October

the Rockefeller

Presentation of the PROKAM research and training activities, visits to M'vuazi, Kimpeae (CEDECO) and Vsnga cooperative

inoluding trials

III.

Review of IITA Activities

in Sierra

Leone and Liberia

(Messrs. Dion and Fischbeck) Tuesday 18 end Wednesday 19 October Visit to the Liberia/IDA/IITA
21

Rice Research Project October

Thursday 20 and Friday Visit to the Sierra

Leone/FAO/IITA Rice Research Project

nr.

Review (Messrs.

of IITA Abrems,

Activities Dillon,

in Bigeria Ferwerda, Grogan and Tinker)

Monday 17 October Visit to the Federal Department of Agriculture, Lagos

Tuesday

18 October of NAPPP, and visit 21 October two groups:visited and the the Eational Root Community Development for Agricultural Development to National Cereals Research

General presentation Institute, Ibadan Wednesdey

19 to Friday
up into

The team split 1.

Messrs. Abrams, Ferwerda and Tinker Crop Research Institute at Umudike, Project at Warri

2.

Messrs. Dillon and Grogan visited the Institute Research at Samaru, and the Funtua A&cultural Project at Samaru and Kaduna

v.

Review

of

IITA team)

Activities

at Headquarters,

Ibadan

(The whole

Sunday 23 October a m Team assembled A* p.m. Campus visit 24 October presentation of GLIP and CIP at 1IT.A in and briefing Ibadan session

Yondag a.m. p.m.

General

Presentations 25 October

Tuesday a m LO p.m.

Presentations Presentation

of TRIP and FSP of research support programmesand training progra.mme

II-3

Wednesday The review elements Friday a.m. p.m.

26 and Thursday

27 October

mission split up into two groups for reviews of individual of FSP and crop improvement progrsmmes respectively

28 October
Presentation programmes Presentations information, 29 October team visited members held Onn4 Station further by chartered disoussions with flight programme of the training programme (contd.) and cooperative

of library and dooumentation, communication and research support facilities end station operation

Saturday

The FSP review The other leaders zuclday Report review

30 October
writing - first draft

Monday 31 October Draft report writing

to Thursday

3 November
by Review Panel and staff on specific

and disoussions with

Additional subjects Friday a.m. p.m.

discussions If

Director-General

4 November
Finalization Presentation and printing of Panel's of draft conclusions report to the Institute's Directorate

1/ The Chairman and a few Panel members also visited Prof. Yonderi, Dean, Agrioulture and Forestry Department at the University of Ibadan, and in the morning of Monday 31 October. senior staff at the University,

ANNM III

LIST OF MAIN DOCUMENTSWADE AVAILABLE TO THE REVIEW PANEL

1.

Briefing

document

for

TAC 0,uinquennial Quinquennial

Review Review,

Mission

IITA

- 4 September

1977

2. 3. 4.
c; .. 6.

Progress report on IITA (DDD/TAC:IAR/77/15)

16th TAC meeting of TAG on IITA

- May 197'7 -

Exaerpt from the report of the Review - (DDD/TAC: m/77/17) IITA IITA IITA IITA Annual Budget Budget Budget Reports Proposal Proposal Proposal - 1975,

16th meeting

Quinquennial

1976
July

1978 - Revised

1977 1977
- July

1978 - Programme Tasks - July 1978 - Capital
Development

7. 8.

Study

1977

Review of Production and Trade of Ride, Maize, Cassava, Yam and Sweet Potato in Seleoted Countries of Tropical Africa by F. E. Winch and C. D. Kivunja IITA - October 1977

Note:

In addition, programme the

the

Panel

received and for

briefing the visits

doouments to Sierra

for

each of the and to

presentations

On.& Station Leone,

cooperative and Zaire.

programmes

in Tanzania,

Liberia,

Nigeria

I

.

.

M/L6485/Et10.7811/250