IWMI Annual Report 2017 Our focus on global water challenges A water-secure world International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2018. IWMI Annual report 2017. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 36p. doi: 10.5337/2018.209 ISSN 1017-5954 Copyright © 2018, by IWMI. All rights reserved. IWMI encourages the use of its material provided that the organization is acknowledged and kept informed in all such instances. CONTENTS 2 Rising to global water challenges: Message from our Board Chair and Director General 4 Connected thinking, compelling solutions: CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 7 Building Resilience Vital assistance to prepare for climate disasters ............................................... 8 Laying the groundwork for solar-powered irrigation ....................................... 10 The water productivity renaissance ................................................................ 12 How to manage “hidden” water resources ..................................................... 14 17 Sustainable Growth Water and women’s empowerment ................................................................ 18 Water as a catalyst for cooperation not conflict .............................................. 20 Gauging progress toward global water goals ................................................. 22 25 Rural-Urban Linkages The vast extent of wastewater irrigation ......................................................... 26 Showcasing effective resource recovery and reuse ......................................... 28 30 About IWMI Finance and administration ........................................................................... 32 Principal investment partners ......................................................................... 34 Contacts ........................................................................................................ 35 Board of governors ........................................................................................ 36 Turning a compost heap at the JVL Fortifer Compost Plant in Ghana’s Greater Accra area. Rising to global water challenges Message from our Board Chair and Director General C atastrophic flooding around the globe, together with severe drought in Eastern Africa, kept water- related disasters very much in the public eye during 2017. The water crisis in Cape Town, South Africa, unfolding several months prior to publication of this annual report, further intensified worldwide concern about the perils of water scarcity and possible solutions. These events offered a vivid reminder of the need for renewed efforts to curb the destructive power of water, when and where there is too much or too little. At the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), we advanced many such efforts throughout the year, including index- based flood insurance and the sustainable use of solar-powered irrigation. At the same time, we helped realize multiple opportunities to harness the productive potential of water for sustainable growth. Amplifying the wastewater theme of this year’s World Water Day and World Water Week, we gave special emphasis to IWMI’s research on the recovery and reuse of valuable resources from waste. Our novel approach to this work is distinguished by its strong emphasis on promoting business models to generate revenues that can help cover the costs of waste treatment. Showing much potential to help build more circular economies, this approach has struck a responsive chord with open-minded municipal authorities, entrepreneurs and academics across the developing world. Drying lake Sharpening our development focus in Sri Lanka’s Anuradhapura District during the Those and other advances reinforced the conclusion we reached late in 2016 that, for maximum severe drought that relevance and impact, IWMI needs to sharpen its focus on the central water-related development hit the country in challenges of our time. To this end, we adjusted the Institute’s thematic structure, clustering our 2017. research capacities around three strategic programs: (1) Building Resilience, (2) Sustainable Growth, and (3) Rural-Urban Linkages. Stories of our programs’ recent achievements, which constitute the centerpiece of this annual report, convey a powerful message: Better water management is critical for delivering on the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Water underpins most of the 17 SDGs and is the exclusive concern of SDG 6, which calls for ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. IWMI’s programs helped channel our intensive efforts this year to build new projects and partnerships, which better enable us to translate research results into development outcomes and impacts. In 2017, we undertook new initiatives aimed at informing and influencing development funding and investment – for example, through the Water Innovations Technologies project in Jordan and a new knowledge partnership agreement with the World Bank. Reaching out to a wide audience To share the development benefits of IWMI’s research with a wide audience, we engaged throughout the year with partners, donors and other stakeholders at numerous events. In mid-March, for example, we launched a new report on water productivity and signed the above-mentioned partnership agreement with the World Bank at its annual Water Week event in Washington, DC, USA. Another 2 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world Donald Blackmore Claudia Sadoff Chair, Board of Governors Director General highlight was the Indus Basin Knowledge Forum, which we hosted during July in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Convened jointly by IWMI, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and the World Bank, this groundbreaking event advanced collective efforts to pull together the best knowledge for addressing water-related challenges in the riparian countries. IWMI made a strong showing at World Water Week in Stockholm, Sweden, where we launched an advanced sample of materials from the just-published book Resource Recovery from Waste: Business Models for Energy, Nutrient and Water Reuse in Low- and Middle-income Countries. Together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), we also launched the executive summary of a book titled Water Pollution from Agriculture: A Global Review. In addition, we joined FAO and other founding members of The Global Framework on Water Scarcity in Agriculture (WASAG) to advance its agenda of support for national efforts to meet key commitments, such as the SDGs and the Paris Climate Agreement. Major outputs, together with our researchers’ participation in World Water Week sessions, reinforced IWMI’s standing as a global leader in addressing the enormous health and environmental threats posed by inadequate handling of fecal sludge and other waste. To extend the reach of this message, we promoted news stories on related research with the international media, generating coverage by BBC, Deutsche Welle, Reuters and others. IWMI had a significant presence at the UN Climate Change Conference, which took place in November at Bonn, Germany, and in the Global Landscapes Forum (GLF), also held in Bonn during December. The first event offered an excellent opportunity to showcase our work on solar-powered irrigation in collaboration with the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). At GLF, researchers representing the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), which IWMI leads, highlighted efforts to improve water and land management in key river basins of Africa and Asia. Water challenges at center stage Growing concern about water security, and its importance for people and the environment has steadily IWMI/WLE moved this issue to center stage in the eyes of the world. The shift represents an important opportunity publications booth for those of us addressing water security on diverse fronts. As we trust is evident from the content of at Stockholm World Water Week 2017. this annual report, the partners and investors who supported and worked with us throughout the year have placed their confidence in an institute that is rising quickly to global water challenges. Donald Blackmore Claudia Sadoff Chair, Board of Governors Director General IWMI Annual Report 2017 3 Connected thinking, compelling solutions CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) A t the 2017 United Nations Climate that up to 7 billion tons of CO2 can be removed Change Conference, leaders adopted a from the atmosphere each year through better draft agreement to address climate change soil management. Partners are working to ensure through agricultural solutions. This reinforced decision makers consider carbon sink services in the foundational role agriculture needs to play landscape decisions. in climate change and food security. Water and ecosystem solutions Against this backdrop, WLE (led by IWMI) and its 12 other core partners launched Phase WLE reinforces IWMI’s water work through cross- Two, with the support of CGIAR Fund Donors. sectoral partnerships and resources. In India, The program continued to build resilience scientists trialed groundwater recharge methods, through better management of land, water which expanded to Vietnam. In Africa, WLE WLE connects IWMI and biodiversity – and the ecosystems in found that investments in water management to networks delivering which people depend on these natural technologies could potentially triple crop yields, solutions that change resources. As a research-for-development and irrigated areas could be sustainably expanded agriculture from a program, WLE connects IWMI to networks by 15 million hectares. driver of environmental of partners delivering integrated solutions degradation to part of that change agriculture from a driver of Given the potential for groundwater depletion, the solution. environmental degradation to part of the researchers are developing sustainable, inclusive solution. business models for small-scale irrigation, starting with solar in Ethiopia, with plans to expand Land and ecosystem solutions around Africa. WLE works to improve soil health – vital Safeguards were proposed to ensure sustainable for food production. Research partners groundwater use, including through energy developed a growing suite of tools to support sector financial incentives. A new tool to assess decision making on soil rehabilitation. These environmental flows in rivers can also help include soil nutrient maps for Kenya and decision makers assess limits for extraction. For for sub-Saharan Africa via the Africa Soil surface water, scientists are providing solutions in Information Service. In Ethiopia, scientists the face of dam and infrastructure development. are recommending ways to precisely target In Kenya, partners support future-proofing the fertilization. Researchers improved soil health Tana River Basin through a public-private water cards for farmers in India, while finding low- fund. cost ways to rehabilitate land in Ethiopia, bringing immediate benefits and buy-in for Rural-urban ecosystem solutions communities. The UN designated 2017 as the year of WLE is also at the forefront of promoting wastewater, and scientists estimated using soils as carbon sinks, with research showing Fecal sludge drying bed at the JVL Soil health testing in Fortifer Compost Plant in Ghana’s Western Kenya. Greater Accra area. 4 untreated urban wastewater for irrigation is Inclusivity and capacity solutions 50% more widespread than previously thought. After years of gender research, WLE WLE/IWMI led by developing 24 business proposed four undervalued lines of inquiry models for reusing waste products from on working with women in agriculture, with a urban centers. One is a public-private model suite of tools to guide decisions. in Ghana, where a co-composting plant turns fecal sludge and waste into pelletized compost. Migration is a key focus, and WLE/IWMI Another model helps women in Kenyan established the Migration, Agriculture refugee camps produce fuel briquettes from and Resilience: Initiative for Sustainability waste. (MARIS) network on interactions between migration and agriculture. Research found Risks, trade-offs and ecosystem that migration trends can bring women solutions greater control over decisions but sometimes additional burdens, while in other cases, One agricultural decision, such as irrigation or migration is part of coping with climate planting a particular species, brings a cascade change. of impacts throughout an ecosystem. WLE partners are examining the services provided Building local capacity is key. Communities by nature, for example, finding that changes in engaged in participatory research in pesticide use can substantially increase insect Vietnam realized intensive farming was populations, providing economic services, harming ecosystems, so they adopted new such as pollination and pest control. The next practices, while practitioners were trained on step is to build awareness among farmers and ecosystem-based approaches. policy makers. Connected thinking, compelling WLE/IWMI scientists are providing evidence solutions for how natural infrastructure like wetlands can mitigate floods and drought. The WISE- WLE connects researchers, farmers, UP to Climate project in Kenya demonstrates implementers and policy makers to discover ecosystems’ value in mitigating climate and apply these sustainable food solutions. impacts. WLE will continue to link the best thinking WLE connects on interconnected challenges and solutions, researchers, farmers, Floods and droughts will still happen, but while connecting researchers through the implementers and a pilot of an index-based flood insurance new Thrive Network. The world must move policy makers to scheme allowed insurers to compensate forward on agriculture solutions that address discover and apply households in Bihar, India. Soil moisture not just individual problems but broader sustainable food measurement tools are helping us predict and ecosystems. solutions. prepare. LED BY: IN PARTNERSHIP WITH: LED BY: IN PARTNERSHIP WITH: IWMI Annual Report 2017 5 Building Resilience Floods, droughts and other water-related hazards, together with pressures stemming from unsustainable agricultural practices, water pollution and overuse of aquifers, pose serious risks for food systems, rural livelihoods and the ecosystems on which all of us depend. IWMI researchers deliver water management solutions and decision-support tools that better enable smallholder farmers, resource managers and policy makers to reduce the risks and create new opportunities for communities to thrive, despite climate change impacts and other stresses. IWMI Annual Report 2017 7 Vital assistance to prepare for climate disasters E xtreme weather takes a heavy toll on communities and economies around the world. The number of climate-related disasters, globally, has increased from an average of 195 per year between 1987 and 1998 to 338 per year between 2000 and 2011. For effective Governments need to disaster planning, governments need to know know where disasters where current and future disaster events are are likely to take place, likely to take place, and which people and and which people economies will be most affected. But, how? and economies will be most affected. Putting hazards on the map IWMI researchers are helping provide answers through work that forms part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). A new report, Mapping Multiple Climate-related Hazards in South Asia, presents methods for mapping the primary risks and estimates their potential impacts on people and agriculture. The study was launched in June 2017 at a policy dialogue organized by IWMI jointly with the Government of Bihar, India; the Indian hazards overlapped with high population Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR); density or important food production areas. Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; as well as CCAFS and the The study showed that approximately 750 CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land million people – over 45% of the region´s and Ecosystems (WLE). “Our report has entire population – were affected by climate already attracted considerable attention from hazards during the decade after 2000. Of development banks and has been downloaded this total, 72% were in India, 12% each in from IWMI’s website 182,000 times,” says lead Bangladesh and Pakistan, and the remaining author Giriraj Amarnath, who leads IWMI’s 4% in Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Study Water Risks Research Group. results further emphasize that agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate extremes His team used both historical and current (mostly drought and flooding), with more than satellite and observational data to map the risk 58% of agricultural areas across the region on a regional scale from floods, droughts, heat damaged by multiple hazards. Drought affects waves, sea-level rise and coastal vulnerability the largest area (786,000 square kilometers), due to sea-level rise. For example, to ascertain followed by extreme temperature, extreme flood risk, they examined rainfall patterns using rainfall, floods and sea-level rise. remote sensing and field data, and developed algorithms to illustrate where high rainfall in Pinpointing vulnerable people and mountainous areas would pose a potential places flood risk downstream. They then used spatial population and agricultural data to examine The next step was to identify locations with where high risk from individual or multiple the greatest vulnerability to hazards. This 8 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world Bihar is India’s most flood-prone state, having suffered agricultural losses worth an estimated USD 0.34 billion in the past 12 years. Spatial distribution of drought frequency in South Asia, based on data for 2001-2013 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA. involved overlaying data from the Human to target corporate social responsibility Development Index (HDI) of the United programs, for example,” says Amarnath. Nations Development Programme (UNDP), which provides information on factors such In search of security for as life expectancy, education and per capita smallholder farmers income indicators. “Bhutan and Sri Lanka’s HDI is high compared to other parts of South IWMI’s Index-based Flood Insurance scheme, Asia, because these countries have good which was developed through CCAFS and education, medical facilities and employment WLE, shows how satellite mapping and levels. If a hazard strikes, they can cope modeling can help make a difference in reasonably well,” explains Amarnath. poor rural communities. A pilot project “Bangladesh, on the other hand, has a lower was established in Bihar, where 76% of HDI, which reduces its adaptive capacity the population lives under the recurring IWMI plans to develop when affected by climate events.” threat of floods. The Agriculture Insurance a village-level risk Company of India agreed to insure 200 mitigation tool, which Since the report’s publication in September farmers against damaging floods for the 2017 will help pinpoint 2017, two development banks have monsoon season, on the basis of scientific vulnerable rural approached IWMI about conducting related data showing the depth and duration of communities more research. The Asian Development Bank floodwaters in paddy fields. accurately. (ADB) hopes to employ the mapping method to investigate financial exposure, In early 2018, 14 farmers, who suffered total and the World Bank has sought IWMI’s crop loss during the monsoon, received the help to identify hotspots of high risk for full compensation amount of INR 20,000 sea-level rise in South Asia’s coastal areas. (USD 300) per hectare. Others received IWMI is also planning to develop a village- between INR 7,000 and INR 14,000 (USD level risk mitigation tool, which will help 100-200), depending on the extent of their pinpoint vulnerable rural communities more losses. IWMI is currently in talks with state accurately. “This information could be used governments and donors, with a view to scaling up the plan across eastern India. IWMI Annual Report 2017 9 Laying the groundwork for solar-powered irrigation IWMI scientists have just published a new methodology for mapping the suitability of solar-based irrigation in the report Business Model Scenarios and Suitability: Smallholder Solar Pump-based Irrigation in Ethiopia. They conducted the study through a project supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and as part of WLE. The authors identified three business case scenarios for guiding future investments. They found that the direct purchase of pumps by farmers would be feasible, as would out-grower schemes and pump supplier options with bundled financing. “We undertook suitability mapping to Solar power for identify where the solar radiation levels, irrigation in Zambia’s surface water, groundwater and biophysical Central Province. T he potential benefits of solar energy conditions would be appropriate for for irrigation in developing countries implementing the technology,” explains are clear. It offers smallholder farmers the one of the report’s authors, Nicole Lefore, possibility of “free” uninterrupted daytime who is a senior project manager with IWMI. power, provides governments with a means “Then, on the socioeconomic side, we to reduce carbon emissions, and has the looked at the adoption of solar technology potential to create new markets for solar by individuals versus groups and explored pumps and related technology. gender implications. Finally, we undertook a comprehensive economic analysis to consider However, solar-powered pumping is no the actual financial returns that could be panacea. If not implemented with care, gained. Millions of hectares across sub- it could encourage over-extraction of Saharan Africa could potentially be irrigated groundwater, with dire consequences for using solar pumps.” communities and the environment. In 2017, IWMI conducted studies and pilot projects Finding the best fit in India in Ethiopia and India, with the aim of helping nations to introduce solar irrigation In India, solar irrigation is already established successfully. and expanding rapidly. While fewer than 5,000 pumps were installed in 2012, today Charting a way forward in Africa there are 170,000. Government subsidies, IWMI conducted unreliable grid power supplies and the high studies in Ethiopia In sub-Saharan Africa, connectivity to the cost of diesel are driving farmers to embrace and India, with the grid is low; the cost of fuel is high; and solar irrigation. The IWMI-Tata Water Policy aim of helping nations groundwater is largely unexploited. Particularly Research Program, a partnership between introduce solar for remote areas, solar energy offers an IWMI and the Tata Trusts, has been working irrigation successfully. irrigation option to smallholder farmers at the here to identify the role that solar plays in the mercy of variable rainfall. wider food-energy-water nexus. 10 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world Solar-powered irrigation in India’s Haryana State. “We believe that solar will need to be with a large solar pump and a network of incentivized in India for some time to come,” buried pipelines. Sixty percent of the cost says IWMI senior fellow Tushaar Shah. of the equipment was subsidized, with the “In parched aquifers of western India, it is (sISPs) repaying the rest in an upfront sum The Dhundi pilot much better to do so by offering farmers a and annual installments. The pumps were demonstrated an remunerative market for their surplus solar located with overlapping command areas to approach to provide energy. So, we have demonstrated multiple stimulate competition between providers. green energy, collateral benefits of doing this through a pilot while incentivizing project at Dhundi, a village in the state of Before the pilot began in 2016, 18 diesel conservation and Gujarat. Over the past 20 months, the Dhundi pump owners served 1,623 plots owned by improving livelihoods. pilot has demonstrated an approach to 403 smallholders. By March 2017, the new provide green energy, while incentivizing water service had effectively replaced them by conservation and improving the livelihoods of offering a faster and better irrigation service poor farmers.” for a lower price. As a result, gross irrigated area in the village increased by 40%. Another pilot study at Chakhaji village in eastern India’s Bihar state investigated how Solar-powered irrigation figured among the an off-grid system run by solar-Irrigation 10 Best Bet Innovations for Adaptation Service Providers (sISPs) might operate. Here, in Agriculture, the title of a working paper while groundwater is plentiful, electricity is released by CCAFS at the 2017 United not available to farmers, and the high cost Nations Climate Change Conference held in of diesel contributes to low agricultural Bonn, Germany. The paper cited the work at productivity. Six sISPs were each provided Chakhaji as an exemplary case study. IWMI Annual Report 2017 11 The water productivity renaissance T he longstanding concept of agricultural Launched at the World Bank Water Week water productivity, which involves the during March 2017, the resulting report, valuation of farm outputs relative to the Beyond “More Crop per Drop”: Evolving amount of water used, is undergoing a Thinking on Agricultural Water Productivity, renaissance. IWMI began developing this describes how the water productivity concept approach two decades ago as part of a took shape, what methods are being used widening effort to address water scarcity. to measure it and what lessons IWMI and its partners have learned from applying The life story of an influential the concept in their research. The insights idea and opportunities that the report highlight should prove especially useful for developing While the United Nations Sustainable indicators to track progress towards SDG 6, Development Goals (SDGs) were still being which calls for efforts to ensure availability formulated, IWMI joined forces with the World and sustainable management of water and Bank to conduct a study tracing the history sanitation for all. of work on improved water productivity in Irrigated production agriculture over the last two decades. “The renewed focus on water productivity of onions in northern has helped draw attention to the issue of Ethiopia. water scarcity, and the complexities of trying to manage limited water resources,” explains Meredith Giordano, interim leader of IWMI’s Building Resilience Strategic Program and the report’s lead author. “The lessons learned from 20 years of research on this topic offer insights that point to a more nuanced approach for applying the water productivity concept to deliver on the SDGs.” In 2017, IWMI made good use of an opportunity to share knowledge on water productivity through its involvement with The Global Framework on Water Scarcity in Agriculture (WASAG). The Institute is a partner in several WASAG working groups and leads the one on sustainable agricultural water use. Getting irrigation just right As part of its global effort to address water scarcity, IWMI researchers continued their search for ways of enabling smallholder farmers to enhance water productivity. In April 2017, the Institute began work on a 3-year project led by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and funded by The Netherlands government, which aimed to develop a multi-scale remote 12 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world sensing database on water productivity for continental Africa and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Water productivity maps derived from the database can help national governments pinpoint where farmers need to use water more wisely. Systematic spatial assessments of water productivity enable us to evaluate water productivity gaps and identify appropriate solutions. IWMI leads the project’s work on capacity building, with a focus on irrigation sites in Ethiopia, Lebanon and Mali. “Our early efforts to monitor agricultural water use in one of Ethiopia’s largest smallholder irrigation schemes revealed that farmers typically over-irrigate at the beginning Measuring water levels in the Ajuri of the dry season,” says IWMI researcher Water Accounting Plus (WA+). It quantifies River near the city of Lisa-Maria Rebelo. “This results in conflicts the state of water resources in a geographic Bahir Dar in northern between irrigation users, when water levels region over a certain period of time, based on Ethiopia. in the reservoir are low due to over-irrigation open-access remote sensing data, datasets early in the season.” in the public domain and global hydrological models. In a new push to gain recognition Project scientists are using innovative tools to for water accounting, IWMI, IHE-Delft, FAO enhance the capacity of farmers, water user and the World Water Assessment Programme associations and irrigation scheme managers (WWAP) of the United Nations Educational, to improve water productivity. With them, the Scientific and Cultural Organization project is piloting simple devices that indicate (UNESCO) have formed the Partnership when crops have received sufficient water, for Water Accounting. These organizations combined with the use of a short message contributed to a white paper and policy brief service (SMS)-based platform for irrigation on water accounting, published in March scheduling and thermal imaging to monitor 2018. crop stress. “The partnership facilitates global The water accounting imperative quantification of benefits from water management in unprecedented detail, Assessments of water productivity at the giving rise to big data systems that would be field level must go hand in hand with water impossible based only on field measurements accounting at the basin scale. This is the or hydrological modelling,” says Julie van der systematic study of the current status and Bliek, director of partnerships and knowledge trends in water supply, demand, distribution, management at IWMI. “With more countries With more countries accessibility and use in a particular basin. facing water scarcity, there is an urgent facing water scarcity, need for wider adoption of WA+ to provide there is an urgent need To bring a more standardized approach coherent and consistent reporting both for wider adoption of to water accounting, IWMI and IHE-Delft nationally and across transboundary river Water Accounting Plus. Institute for Water Education have devised basins.” IWMI Annual Report 2017 13 How to manage “hidden” water resources explicitly and in relation to the management of surface water resources,” explains lead editor Karen Villholth, leader of IWMI’s Groundwater Research Group. “Groundwater is especially in need of governance, because it’s a hidden resource. It’s also a huge resource with the potential to underpin water and food security in the face of an uncertain future climate, but people are not necessarily paying attention to protecting it and managing it sustainably, or putting adequate governance measures in place.” The book draws together a host of expert researchers and practitioners working on issues related to groundwater governance. The first of four sections sets the scene by Pumping providing information on how groundwater groundwater for governance emerged as an issue. Part irrigation in Anand T he pressure on surface water has two outlines some of the key elements of District, Gujarat, India. risen steadily over the past decade, as groundwater governance and explains the climate change has made its availability more links between them. Part three examines variable, and as expanding cities, industry and groundwater’s relationship with external agriculture have all increased water demand. factors, such as energy, food production, In response, nations have increasingly turned transboundary groundwater issues and poverty. to groundwater as an alternative, reliable Part four provides case studies. The publication water supply. is aimed at a broad range of readers, from water managers and academics to Groundwater governance groundwater specialists seeking to understand insights from global experience the wider context in which they work. IWMI has been at the forefront of efforts Chapter 26 consolidates IWMI’s extensive to ensure sustainable use of this valuable work on groundwater governance in the resource. In 2016, we took the key step MENA region. In this water-scarce region, of establishing the Groundwater Solutions over-extraction is threatening the sustainable Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP), economic and social development of some which links and informs groundwater projects countries, and presenting a clear challenge and initiatives, while sharing lessons on for policy makers, managers and academics. Groundwater is a good practices and solutions globally. In Another issue, groundwater contamination, is hidden but huge 2017, the Institute collated and disseminated discussed in chapter 28 on governance in the resource with potential information on global challenges and current São Paulo and Mexico City metropolitan areas. to underpin water and progress by publishing the book Advances in food security in the groundwater governance with CRC Press. “The book will undoubtedly contribute face of an uncertain to raising much-needed awareness of future climate. “I had the idea that we needed to spell out groundwater governance and to boosting its issues related to groundwater governance implementation,” says Mohamed Bazza, a 14 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world former senior water resources officer at FAO, In the first phase, the project assessed in his review of the book. hydrogeological, socioeconomic and institutional conditions around the aquifer, Toward cooperative increased institutional capacity for assessing management of transboundary and managing transboundary aquifers, and aquifers began developing a hydrogeological model to identify options for managed recharge While consolidating and disseminating its of groundwater. Building on this progress, knowledge on groundwater governance, the second phase aims to identify joint IWMI continued to work toward equitable actions and investments that Botswana and and sustainable use of internationally shared South Africa can take forward to harness groundwater. In June 2017, the Institute some of the numerous opportunities for launched phase two of the project “Potential improved water security provided by the of the transboundary Ramotswa Aquifer” shared resource. Formalization of the bilateral with Botswana and South Africa. This project cooperation through a new or existing seeks to promote cooperation around institution is also in the making. There is great potential aquifer management among countries of the for water security and Southern African Development Community “There is great potential for water security development through (SADC) and in particular the Limpopo River and economic development in the region cooperative use of Basin. through cooperative use of both groundwater groundwater and and surface water resources,” says Jonathan surface water. Lautze, a senior researcher at IWMI. Monitoring soil moisture with a chameleon sensor for irrigation scheduling in Botswana. IWMI Annual Report 2017 15 Sustainable Growth Current patterns of global economic growth are neither sufficiently inclusive nor are they environmentally sustainable. It is difficult to see how countries can attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) without a major change in direction. Building on a solid record of achievement, IWMI researchers inform policy debates and identify practical solutions to guide decisions and investments toward better resolution of issues such as the trade-offs between water, energy and food security, and more equitable sharing of development benefits. IWMI Annual Report 2017 17 Water and women’s empowerment IWMI was among the first most water insecure and also the worst hit organizations to reveal the by climate disasters. These pressures are connections between gender and irrigation, compounded by growing competition for and is today considered an authority on water resources from private companies and gender and water for multiple uses. large-scale acquisitions of fertile land with water resources. IWMI rural sociologist Barbara van Koppen was invited to share the Institute’s expertise A final meeting report, which the UN will by preparing a paper for an Expert Group use to advance global policy dialogue, Meeting held in September 2017, ahead incorporated recommendations to increase of the 62nd session of the United Nations women’s control over water infrastructure and Commission on the Status of Women, which thus overcome its monopolization by men. took place in March 2018. Titled “Challenges This requires both informal investment in self- and opportunities in achieving gender equality supply as well as public services, designed and the empowerment of rural women and to provide water for multiple uses. A further girls,” the meeting was called by UN Women, challenge is to better protect customary water the International Fund for Agricultural rights in the face of “water grabbing.” Development (IFAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and “Water is a key entry point for improving World Food Programme. opportunities for women in rural areas Water is a key entry because of the mixture of productive and point to improve Water is key to gender equality domestic chores they perform,” explains van opportunities for Koppen. “It also intersects with rights to food, women in rural areas. The IWMI paper stressed that rural women health and an adequate standard of living. and girls in developing countries are the In rural areas, most work is highly water Transplanting onions in Ghana’s Upper East Region. 18 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world Water and women’s empowerment dependent, but climate change is making the availability of water resources more variable. A strong strategy for adapting to climate change in farming communities must therefore improve access to and control over water.” Challenging ingrained assumptions Often, however, development interventions are based on inaccurate assumptions about women. IWMI researchers highlighted this insight in two book chapters published in 2017. The first, by van Koppen, appeared in The Oxford Handbook of Water Politics and Policy. The second, written by former senior IWMI researcher Floriane Clement and research officer Emma Karki, was a contribution to the book Water Security across the Gender Divide, published by Springer. In her chapter, van Koppen examined the history of the relationship between gender and water. She concluded that the attempts of development programs to “empower” women based on the historic notion of “male breadwinner-female housewife” are outdated. Ujeli BK (seated) manages the family Instead, she proposed taking an inclusive training or taking leadership roles in water farm in western people-driven approach to providing water management. Not doing so, limited the Nepal, while her services to meet both men’s and women’s potential for transformative change in gender husband works domestic and productive water needs. relationships. abroad. Clement and Karki examined two multiple- Taken together, IWMI’s latest gender outputs use water systems implemented by a project suggest that more emphasis must be in Nepal to see if improving access to water placed on the intersection between water for women translated into empowerment. and gender. While there are separate SDGs The findings highlighted the importance of addressing water (SDG 6) and gender (SDG understanding local values and perceptions 5), the challenge is to encompass both. “Most of empowerment, as these can differ from water projects undertake technical feasibility Western views. For example, they found studies but not social feasibility studies,” that it was important to involve men and explains Clement. “It’s important to do both; other relatives in a household in critical otherwise, interventions may empower some discussions on gender norms and roles, but disempower others.” rather than solely targeting women for IWMI Annual Report 2017 19 Water as a catalyst for cooperation not conflict agricultural, hydropower and industrial production, but is under pressure from climate change, environmental degradation and population growth. IWMI has worked since 2015 on the Informing Change in the Indus Basin (ICIB) program, which promotes cooperation and improved decision making, with support from the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID). In 2017, IWMI researchers continued working with local partners to develop a platform for knowledge sharing (www.indusbasin.org). They also created a digital mapping system that uses hydrological, geophysical and social data to underpin effective decision making; installed telemetry for gathering and Irrigation canal in sharing data to promote water management Pakistan. dialogue between provinces of Pakistan; and N arratives around transboundary water encouraged the media to use evidence-based management all too often highlight science in their reporting. potential conflicts. Yet, IWMI’s ongoing work in at least eight major international river basins “Various elements are now coming together suggests that such views can be misleading. to create a more cohesive decision-making environment in the basin,” explains Alan Nicol, In 2017, IWMI researchers improved knowledge leader of IWMI’s Sustainable Growth Strategic sharing in support of sustainable management Program. “In 2017, we added new material of water resources in the Indus Basin; shared to the knowledge platform and refined its valuable expertise and experiences through search mechanism. With the World Bank and new books; and helped lay the groundwork International Centre for Integrated Mountain for effective water resource governance in Development (ICIMOD), we hosted the Second Southeast Asia’s Salween River Basin. Findings Indus River Basin Forum in July. The event from this body of work indicate that managing brought together more than 100 researchers, transboundary rivers presents great potential government experts and development for stimulating cooperation on multiple scales. practitioners with international experts and partner organizations to agree on ways of To bring together this growing body of work, bringing science and decision making closer we conceived the IWMI Transboundary Waters together.” Initiative, which provides a framework for the development of partnerships, and improved The power of collective action Managing policies and practices. transboundary Collective action – in which disparate actors, rivers presents great Expanding knowledge frontiers from states to civil society, work together to potential for stimulating achieve a common objective – is considered cooperation on Three hundred million people live in the Indus key to delivering on the SDGs. However, it multiple scales. River Basin, across Afghanistan, China, India requires a complex marriage of needs and and Pakistan. The river supports substantial capabilities. 20 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world Water as a catalyst for cooperation not conflict The 2017 publication Water Governance and and brought in 25 experts as contributors, Collective Action – edited by Alan Nicol with half from the basin or southern Africa and IWMI colleagues Diana Suhardiman (leader of half based internationally,” explains Jonathan the Governance and Gender Research Group) Lautze, a senior researcher at IWMI. and Everisto Mapedza (senior researcher) – collates and showcases global experiences Giving local people a stake in with collective action in sustainably managing river development freshwater resources. In 16 chapters, the book presents case studies from Africa, South The Salween River Basin is Southeast Asia’s and Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The last free-flowing international river. Plans authors highlight links between community- are in the works to develop hydropower based water management, national decision dams on the waterway, however. Some such making, transboundary water governance infrastructure projects in Myanmar have and global policy dialogue, and consider how historically been associated with conflict, and collective action could contribute to achieving hydropower development on the Salween positive environmental and development is closely linked to wider discussions of the outcomes. ongoing peace process in the country. All about a basin Through an opinion article in The Conversation, a global media resource, IWMI researchers published another book, Diana Suhardiman added IWMI’s voice to The Zambezi River Basin: Water and the debate on this river’s future. Her article Sustainable Development, as part of underlined the complexity of hydropower ongoing efforts to assemble and disseminate projects and urged that dam development knowledge on water basins around the world. should take place only if it serves a greater Published at a time when economic growth purpose (such as food security) for the local is both providing new opportunities and population, beyond its potential to promote placing greater pressure on the basin, the economic growth. As IWMI’s considerable book covers everything from hydrology and experience has shown, giving local people transboundary water governance to climate a stake in river development can promote risks and strategies for using the Zambezi’s inclusive and accountable water governance resources in a sustainable and equitable way. that favors cooperation over conflict. “We focused on prominent issues in the basin Fishing on Myanmar’s Inle Lake in the Salween River Basin. IWMI Annual Report 2017 21 Gauging progress toward global water goals A s the SDGs were taking shape several Reporting step by step years ago, IWMI worked closely with United Nations agencies to ensure that water In 2017, IWMI helped facilitate accurate quantity and quality, along with ecosystem reporting on two SDG indicators, pertaining, health, were incorporated into the indicators for respectively, to targets 6.6 and 6.3. The first monitoring progress toward the goals. This was target calls for countries to “protect and restore particularly the case for SDG 6, which seeks to water-related ecosystems, including mountains, ensure availability and sustainable management forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes.” of water and sanitation for all. Initially, IWMI researchers helped develop a step-by-step reporting methodology for In the process, the Institute helped draft indicator 6.6.1 and then offered further support methodologies for countries to use in reporting by publishing the report Guidelines and on their efforts to reach several water-related Indicators for Target 6.6 of the SDGs: “Change targets. For example, IWMI researchers led the in the Extent of Water-related Ecosystems drafting of SDG indicator 6.6.1 (water-related Over Time.” During previous years, IWMI ecosystems), contributed the bulk of the helped develop indicator 6.3.2, which concerns method for 6.4.2 (water stress) and supported ambient water quality. in various ways the development of other protocols, including those for 2.4.1 (sustainable This year, IWMI contributed importantly to agriculture), 6.2 and 6.3.1 (wastewater), 6.3.2 building global capacity to apply these two (water quality), and 6.5 (integrated water indicators. Under a United Nations contract, resources management). our experts gave online webinars and ran 2-day workshops in nine countries around the world Practical methods as well as the necessary to provide guidance on submitting reports for Practical methods data and capacities to use them are the basic these indicators. as well as data and building blocks of a reliable system to monitor capacities are the progress toward the SDGs. Only by handling Data on any basin, anywhere building blocks of this task effectively, can countries make sound a system to monitor decisions about the investments needed to The Institute also undertook work related to progress toward the ensure they are making steady progress along a target 6.4, which concerns improving water-use SDGs. pathway towards sustainable development. efficiency and reducing the number of people Lake Volta, Ghana. 22 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world who suffer from water scarcity. The related Main data provider water stress indicator – “freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater Another important role that IWMI plays resources” – requires data on environmental in support of national and international flows. This refers to the quantity and timing efforts to gauge progress toward the SDGs of water flows required to sustain freshwater involves its contribution as the main data ecosystems in such a way as to protect the provider for the wastewater section of FAO’s lives and well-being of people depending on AQUASTAT database. Institute researchers them. collect national data relating to wastewater production, collection, treatment and IWMI researchers previously provided the reuse, and then analyze and check the data indicator for water stress and are now providing against validation rules before preparing it an online database on environmental flows for inclusion in AQUASTAT. that in the future will be used by all countries as part of their SDG submissions. To support “AQUASTAT is one of the databases that the use of these data, the Institute published in will be used to monitor progress for some 2017 the report Global Environmental Flow SDG indicators,” explains Javier Mateo- Information for the Sustainable Development Sagasta, leader of IWMI’s Water, Health and Goals. Nutrition Research Group. “For example, for the first indicator of target 6.3 – ‘proportion “A link to the database on IWMI’s website is of wastewater safely treated’ – AQUASTAT IWMI provides an now included in the methodology for reporting is listed as one of the key data sources. By online database on on target 6.4,” says Chris Dickens, a principle contributing data to AQUASTAT, we are environmental flows researcher at IWMI and head of its office in indirectly supporting the global SDG effort.” that will be used South Africa. “Countries can use the database by all countries as to calculate environmental flow data for any part of their SDG river basin, anywhere.” submissions. Polluted stream feeding into the Ganges River near the city of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. IWMI Annual Report 2017 23 Rural-Urban Linkages Rapid urbanization is putting enormous pressure on cities and the surrounding countryside to provide safe food and water, while enhancing human and environmental health. For peri-urban communities struggling to meet these needs, mounting volumes of untreated waste present both challenges as well as opportunities. IWMI helps address both through pioneering research that delivers new knowledge together with advisory services focused on wastewater management, and new business approaches to the recovery and reuse of potentially valuable resources from waste. IWMI Annual Report 2017 25 The vast extent of wastewater irrigation Watering maize and vegetables in Ghana. M ore than two decades ago, IWMI agricultural fields from a treatment plant. published a report indicating that some Since data are readily available on the 20 million hectares of farmland around the capacity of treatment plants, volumes of world were being irrigated with wastewater. wastewater treated and areas of agricultural The publication estimated for the first time land irrigated, it is relatively easy to calculate the extent to which farmers in developing the extent of crops irrigated in this way. countries were relying on contaminated water to grow crops, and drew attention to the scale “The challenge arises where crops are of the potential health risks of the practice. irrigated indirectly,” explains Pay Drechsel, leader of IWMI’s Rural-Urban Linkages Wastewater irrigation revisited Strategic Program. “In such cases, farmers simply use water from rivers downstream of In 2017, with more advanced technology urban areas, which contains unsafe amounts available, IWMI conducted a new global of usually untreated wastewater. In fact, assessment of wastewater use, in the area under indirect and usually unsafe collaboration with the University of California, irrigation is about 30 times larger than the Berkeley, and Stanford University in the USA. area with planned wastewater reuse. The resulting report, A Global, Spatially- explicit Assessment of Irrigated Croplands The authors turned to geographic Influenced by Urban Wastewater Flows, information system (GIS) technology to showed that using untreated wastewater help find out just how much farmers now from cities to irrigate downstream crops is rely on this predominant indirect form of about 50% more widespread than previously wastewater reuse for irrigation. Using satellite estimated. images, geospatial datasets and computer modelling of the urban water cycle, they Wastewater finds its way to farmland by two defined wastewater-dependent croplands means. The first is direct reuse, meaning within different distances from urban areas; that treated wastewater is sent directly to considered urban population numbers; and 26 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world The vast extent of wastewater irrigation examined the share of wastewater in relation to all available water within a catchment. Wastewater-dependent croplands located in countries where less than 75% of wastewater received some form of treatment were deemed to be irrigated croplands with a high likelihood of untreated reuse. A serious health risk for urban consumers The work revealed that 65% of all irrigated areas within 40 kilometers of major urban centers are affected by wastewater flows to a large degree. This equates to an area of land equivalent in size to Italy or Germany. Some 29.3 million hectares of that land – more than 80% of the total – are located in countries with emerging wastewater treatment, primarily China, India, Pakistan, Mexico and Iran. Until treatment coverage catches up with population growth, about 885 million urban Eggplant crop irrigated consumers are likely to be exposed to serious with treated wastewater health risks. 10 years of research, the first large-scale plant near India’s East Kolkata in West Africa to produce human waste-based Wetland. “There are two pathways we can take to fertilizer in pellet form officially opened in try and overcome this challenge,” explains Tema, Ghana, as a commercial venture. Drechsel. “In the short and middle term, we have to encourage behavior change The challenge ahead to reduce health risks from farm to fork, while in the long term, we need many more Published in Environmental Research treatment facilities, tailored to the type of Letters, IWMI’s report provides a first reliable desired water reuse.” IWMI has expertise in estimate of the growing extent of wastewater both these areas. Past research examined use in agriculture. It confirms the challenges ways to encourage risk-reducing behavior ahead and the need for urgent action to change, such as washing vegetables and address, in particular, indirect wastewater use, irrigating crops at the roots to avoid water which will require action beyond treatment contaminating salad leaves. plants to reduce the associated risks. “There are only 12 years left until 2030, and the More recently, the Institute has put clock is ticking,” Drechsel warned on the considerable effort into developing public- Closing Panel of the 2017 World Water Week private initiatives for treating and recycling in Stockholm. “fecal sludge” (human waste produced by households and pre-treated in on-site pit IWMI’s work has stimulated considerable latrines or septic tanks) into useful products, interest, as is evident in the 2017 United such as fertilizer, biogas and fuel briquettes, Nations World Water Development Report, to prevent it from polluting water bodies. In Wastewater: The Untapped Resource, which May 2017, after 5 years of development and cites more than 30 IWMI papers. IWMI Annual Report 2017 27 Showcasing effective resource recovery and reuse Application of the organic fertilizer Fortifer™ to a rice crop in Ghana’s Eastern Region. W ith a growing global population, “We selected cases on the basis that they increasing demand for meat and must be scalable, safe and technically dairy products, and the need to produce feasible in low- or middle-income countries, climate-friendly biofuels, more water is and to a large degree independent of needed for agriculture. Yet, cities and industry public subsidies,” explains Drechsel, who is increasingly compete with farmers for already joint editor of the book with Miriam Otoo, tight water supplies, and climate change is leader of IWMI’s Resource Recovery and making the availability of water more variable. Reuse Research Group. “We tested several Where groundwater is scarce, desalination of the models to assess their feasibility in impractical and long-distance water transfers different geographical contexts and gain an too costly, recycling of wastewater will be key understanding of how well they could be to overcoming this challenge. Specifically, replicated,” Otoo added. it will help strengthen resilience, underpin food security and contribute to the green Aimed primarily at students in civil economies of our future cities. engineering and business schools, the book attempts to fill a major knowledge gap. Filling a major knowledge gap While civil engineering schools teach very little about business related to wastewater Seeking to show how this might be achieved, treatment and reuse, business schools tend IWMI compiled findings from 7 years of to exclude the waste and sanitation sector in research in the book Resource Recovery their teaching programs. from Waste: Business Models for Energy, Recycling of Nutrient and Water Reuse in Low- and “You find case studies, such as Coca Cola, wastewater will help Middle-income Countries. Following an on the curricula of business schools, but you strengthen resilience, extensive literature survey of more than 150 don’t find any examples from sanitation or underpin food security reported business cases, the authors analyzed resource recovery,” explains Drechsel. “That’s and contribute to the 60 initiatives in detail through site visits and why we created the book. We extracted green economies of expert interviews. Some 47 empirical cases generic business models, using three or four our future cities. were included in the book, with 24 business cases, which students can study and apply to models developed from them. other locations.” 28 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world Blueprints for an increasingly parched world The book is divided into five sections: Business models for a circular economy; Energy recovery from organic waste; Nutrient and organic matter recovery; Wastewater for agriculture, forestry and aquaculture; and Enabling environment and financing. Some case studies – from Ghana and Sri Lanka, for example – derive from IWMI’s own work, but the majority are external initiatives. Several of the business models are particularly innovative and could well act as blueprints in an increasingly parched world. One such business model, which builds on inter-sectoral water exchange, was based on cases from Spain and Iran. A severe drought during 2007-2008 in Spain’s Llobregat Delta resulted in billions of dollars of damage, prompting investment in wastewater treatment infrastructure. During prolonged periods of drought, the nearby city of Barcelona can now offer farmers highly treated wastewater for irrigation in exchange for their freshwater entitlement. In the Iranian Production of biochar city of Mashhad, a similar deal is permanently from waste to enrich in place. Here, farmers were incentivized to world grow sustainably and equitably through compost for soil transfer their freshwater rights in exchange the 21st century and beyond. I am confident health improvement for a greater volume of wastewater than the that it will soon become the standard near Colombo, Sri amount they offered the city. reference for all those who study and practice Lanka. these important issues, in developed and As a next step, IWMI plans to extract key developing countries alike.” lessons and teaching modules for transfer into the curricula of business and civil engineering schools. In time, it may also use the book as a source of training materials for other possible beneficiaries, such as in the public and private sectors. In the book’s epilogue, Jaideep Prabhu, a business professor at the University of Cambridge UK, and author of Jugaad Innovation, echoes IWMI’s intentions, saying: “It is my strong belief that this handbook is a vital resource for all those seeking to help the IWMI Annual Report 2017 29 ABOUT IWMI Mission Provide evidence-based solutions to sustainably manage water and land resources for food security, people’s livelihoods and the environment. The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) strives to fulfill its mission through three strategic programs (listed below) whose purpose is to build an evidence base for new approaches that address key water-related development challenges. Our researchers work across sectors and disciplines through eight research groups (as indicated in the drawing) to deliver new knowledge, policy advice and capacity development. Building Resilience Sustainable Growth Rural-Urban Linkages Water Futures Water Risks Agricultural Water Water Innovation Resource Recovery Groundwater Governance and Gender Water and Health Headquartered in Colombo, Sri Lanka, with offices across Asia and Africa, IWMI works in partnership with national and local government bodies, academic institutions, community-based groups, international organizations and the private sector, with emphasis on strengthening capacity. IWMI is a CGIAR center focused on research for development. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future. Its work is carried out by 15 centers in close collaboration with hundreds of partners across the globe. As of January 2017, IWMI contributes importantly to CGIAR Research Programs – leading Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and playing an active role in Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM); Fish; and Livestock – while also taking part in the CGIAR Platform for Big Data in Agriculture. RESEARCH RESEARCH PROGRAM ON PROGRAM ON Policies, Water, Land and Institutions, Ecosystems and Markets RESEARCH RESEARCH Platform for PROGRAM ON PROGRAM ON Big Data Fish Livestock in Agriculture 30 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world STAFF NUMBERS Africa Asia Total 84 160 244 PUBLICATIONS 107 Journal articles 8 Books 21 IWMI reports Total 44 Book chapters 24 Other 204 This year saw a total of nearly 1.9 million downloads from IWMI’s publications repository. IWMI WEBSITE DOWNLOADS 9% Nonpublications 21% Other 20% IWMI Research Reports 9% WLE series 14% Comprehensive 10% Books Assessment 5% CABI publications 12% IWMI Working Papers In 2017, we registered a total of more than 3 million document downloads from IWMI’s website. IWMI Annual Report 2017 31 Finance and administration IWMI successfully completed its Research Programs and research support transition to International Platforms, while managing 107 bilateral Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) at projects in 2017. the end of 2017, having started the process in 2016. We also made improvements in The 2018 budget approved by IWMI’s Board ensuring donor compliance reports. of Governors includes revenues amounting to USD 33.118 million. We are upgrading our Global volatility in funding continued to affect enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to IWMI’s bottom line. Against this background, fully meet increased donor requirements. We we made strategic investments in key expect to complete implementation by 2018. research areas and in the improvement of We are also in the process of improving our skills. In addition, we contributed to six CGIAR human resources compensation system. Statement of Activity For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) 2017 2016 Windows 1 & 2 8,806 20,005 Window 3 2,980 3,972 Bilateral 11,388 10,971 Total grant income 23,174 34,948 Other revenue and gains 638 390 Total revenue 23,812 35,338 Research expenses 22,953 33,764 General and administration expenses 4,196 4,280 Total expenses and losses 27,149 38,044 Operating deficit for the year (3,337) (2,706) Financial income & disposal gains 764 570 Other comprehensive income 634 469 Total comprehensive deficit for the year (1,939) (1,667) 32 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world Statement of Financial Position As of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) 2017 2016 Current assets 27,557 34,232 Non-current assets 1,801 2,381 Total assets 29,358 36,613 Current liabilities 14,975 19,490 Non-current liabilities 2,570 3,371 Total liabilities 17,545 22,861 Designated net assets 1,801 2,373 Undesignated net assets 10,012 11,379 Total net assets 11,813 13,752 Total liabilities and net assets 29,358 36,613 Expenses by Function For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) 2017 2016 Personnel costs 13,223 15,746 CGIAR collaboration expenses 3,808 7,637 Non-CGIAR collaboration expenses 2,849 6,339 Supplies and services 5,572 6,064 Travel 1,153 1,277 Depreciation 338 752 Cost sharing percentage 206 229 Total expenses and losses 27,149 38,044 IWMI Annual Report 2017 33 Principal investment partners IWMI research receives support from the CGIAR Fund donors as well as grants from various organizations. We gratefully acknowledge their support for our collaborative efforts to achieve water security across the developing world. • African Development Bank (AfDB) • Asian Development Bank (ADB) • Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) • Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety), Germany • Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development), Germany • CGIAR Fund • Department for International Development (DFID), UK • Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), Australian Government • Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS), Government of the Netherlands • European Commission (EC) • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) • Global Affairs Canada • Government of France • Government of Ghana • Government of India • Government of Japan • Government of Nigeria • Government of South Africa • Government of Thailand • International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) • Rockefeller Foundation, USA • Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Sir Ratan Tata Trust • Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), Sweden • Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Switzerland • UN Environment • United States Agency for International Development (USAID) • World Bank Host countries: • Sri Lanka (headquarters) • Egypt • Ethiopia • Ghana • India • Laos • Myanmar • Nepal • Pakistan • South Africa • Uzbekistan 34 IWMI Annual Report 2017 A water-secure world Contacts IWMI headquarters and Southeast Asia Southern Africa office Asia regional office Vientiane, Lao PDR (regional office) Pretoria, South Africa 127 Sunil Mawatha Tel: + 856 21 740928/771520/ Tel: +27 12 845 9100 Pelawatte, Battaramulla 771438/740632-33 Email: iwmi-southern_africa@cgiar.org P. O. Box 2075 Email: iwmi-southeastasia@cgiar.org Colombo, Sri Lanka Middle East and North Africa Tel: +94 11 2880000, 2784080 Yangon, Myanmar office Email: iwmi@cgiar.org Tel: +95 9795695816 Email: iwmi-myanmar@cgiar.org Cairo, Egypt South Asia Tel: +202 35724358 Central Asia Email: iwmi-mena@cgiar.org New Delhi, India Tel: +91 11 25843536, 25840812, Tashkent, Uzbekistan USA office 65976151 Tel: +998 71 237 04 45 Email: iwmi-delhi@cgiar.org Email: iwmi-ca@cgiar.org Washington, DC International Food Policy Research Anand, Gujarat, India Africa regional office and West Institute (IFPRI) Tel/Fax: +91 2692 263816/817 Africa office Tel: +1 202 862 5600 Email: iwmi-anand@cgiar.org Email: m.giordano@cgiar.org Accra, Ghana Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +233 302 784753/4 or +233 544 IWMI representatives Tel: +977 1 5542306/5543141 088 277 Email: iwmi-nepal@cgiar.org Email: iwmi-ghana@cgiar.org Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Tel: +226 25375423 or Lahore, Pakistan East Africa office +226 25375429 Tel: +92 42 35299504-6 Email: b.barry@cgiar.org Email: iwmi-pak@cgiar.org Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251 11 6172000/6457222/23 Leiden, The Netherlands Email: iwmi-ethiopia@cgiar.org Tel: +31 621516366 Email: j.vanderbliek@cgiar.org Bonn, Germany Tel: +49 228 73 4922 Email: l.bharati@cgiar.org IWMI office locations and countries where we have projects underway Leiden Bonn Tashkent Washington, DC Lahore Kathmandu Cairo Anand Delhi Vientiane Ouagadougou Yangon Addis Ababa Headquarters Accra Colombo Regional/Country Offices Representative Offices Pretoria Project Offices Projects IWMI Annual Report 2017 35 Board of Governors Left to right: Sisira Kumara, Barbara Schreiner, Gebisa Ejeta, Don Blackmore (Chair), Claudia Sadoff, Roberto Lenton, Syon Niyogi (Corporate Services Director), Chemutai Murgor and David Grey. Ms. Simi Kamal** Head of Grants Operations at Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF), and Voluntary Chair, Academic Committee Hisaar Foundation, Pakistan Mr. Dominic Waughray** Head, International Institutional Dr. Donald Blackmore, Chair Prof. David Grey Agenda Consultant, Australia Visiting Professor of Water Policy World Economic Forum, Switzerland School of Geography and Ms. Barbara Schreiner Environment Prof George Rothschild* Executive Director University of Oxford, UK, and Emeritus Professor International Pegasys Strategy and Development Honorary Visiting Professor Development South Africa University of Exeter, UK University of Greenwich, UK Ms. Chemutai Murgor Prof. Johan Rockström Ex officio CFO Kenya & East Africa Director of the Stockholm Resilience Finance Division Centre, and Professor of Dr. Claudia Sadoff Standard Chartered Bank Kenya Ltd Environmental Science Director General, IWMI Kenya Stockholm University, Sweden Sri Lanka Prof. Gebisa Ejeta Dr. Roberto Lenton** Eng. N. A Sisira Kumara Executive Director of the Center for Daugherty Distinguished Fellow Secretary, Ministry of Irrigation and Global Food Security Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Water Resources Management Purdue University, USA Global Institute at the University Sri Lanka of Nebraska, and Independent Consultant/Advisor * Completed term in December 2017. USA ** Joined in January 2018. Writing/editing: Carolyn Fry, Nathan Russell, Adam Hunt and Mahen Chandrasoma Design: Julio César Martinez Garavito Printing: Printel Private Limited Photos: Nana Kofi Acquah – 26; Hamish John Appleby – Cover (top), inside front cover, 4, 14, 18, 22, 24, 28; Australian Water Partnership – 36; Sanjiv de Silva – Inside back cover; Patrick Drown – Cover (bottom), 16, 19; Maheder Haileselassie – 6, 12, 13; Manuel Magombeyi – 15; Matthew McCartney – 21; V. Dakshina Murthy – 8; Adam Öjdahl – 10; Neil Palmer – 23; Chhandak Pradhan – 27; Samurdhi Ranasinghe – 2, 29; Nathan Russell – 3; Faseeh Shams – 20; Georgina Smith – 4; Prashanth Vishwanathan – Cover (middle), 11. Talangama Lake, which forms part of the Colombo Wetlands Complex in Sri Lanka. The lake was created in the 16th century to supply irrigation June 2018 water, a purpose it serves to this day. ISSN 1017-5954