Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Assessment of feed resources availability and use for livestock in Nyamagabe District, Southern Province, Rwanda Martin Ntawubizi1, Marie Anne Mukasafari1, Marie Christine Dusingize1, Janvier Mahoro1, Eric Hatungimana1, Jules Mutabazi2, Placidie Umukunzi1, Jean Pierre Bizimana3, Gilbert Mutoni4, Emily Ouma4 and Ben Lukuyu4 1 University of Rwanda (UR), Nyagatare, Rwanda 2 Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Board (RAB), Huye, Rwanda 3 Directorate of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Nyamagabe District, Rwanda 4 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda Assessment of feed resources sessions in Nyamagabe District, Rwanda (photo credit: Martin Ntawubizi/ University of Rwanda). Recommended citation Ntawubizi, M., Mukasafari, M.A., Dusingize, M.C., Mahoro, J., Hatungimana, E., Mutabazi, J., Umukunzi, P., Bizimana, J.P., Mutoni, G., Ouma, E and Lukuyu, B. 2024. Assessment of feed resources availability and use for livestock in Nyamagabe District, Southern Province, Rwanda: Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute, ILRI. Disclaimer This work was funded in whole or part by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Bureau for Resilience and Food Security under Agreement # AID-OAA-L-15-00003 as part of Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed here are those of the authors alone. i Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................................................................. i List of tables ....................................................................................................................................................................... ii List of figures ...................................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Materials and methods ................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1. Study location ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.2. Selection of participants and data collection ...................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Data processing ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 3. Results and discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1. Farming system ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.2. Major income sources ............................................................................................................................................ 12 3.3. Livestock production system ................................................................................................................................ 17 3.4. Management of livestock ....................................................................................................................................... 18 3.5. Livestock feed resources and seasonal availability .......................................................................................... 21 3.6. Livestock production constraints: Opportunities for Improvement ........................................................... 24 4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................... 27 5. References .................................................................................................................................................................... 28 6. Annexes ........................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Annex 1: Key livestock statistics in the Gasaka Sector .......................................................................................... 29 Annex 2: Key livestock statistics in Kaduha Sector ................................................................................................ 31 ii List of tables Table 1: Characteristics in Gasaka and Kaduha sectors .......................................................................................... 9 Table 2: Relative contribution of major sources of income to household and women's income in Gasaka and Kaduha sectors ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 Table 3: Variation of average price in USD for major livestock species through the year ............................ 15 Table 4: Major livestock production constraints and suggested solutions in Gasaka Sector ........................ 25 Table 5: Major livestock production constraints and suggested solutions in Kaduha Sector ....................... 26 List of figures Figure 1: Map of Nyamagabe District indicating the location of Gasaka and Kaduha ....................................... 8 Figure 2: Landholding categories (a) and land ownership by gender (b) of farmers in Nyamagabe District ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 3: Top 5 dominant crop types by average hectares cultivated in Nyamagabe District ...................... 11 Figure 4: Farmer’s organization by gender in Nyamagabe District ..................................................................... 12 Figure 5: Average household income by activity category in Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors ............... 12 Figure 6: Average daily labour pay (USD) by gender in Nyamagabe District ................................................... 13 Figure 7: Major sources of income for women by activity category in Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 8: Monthly average milk yield and price per litre (USD) in Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors ..... 16 Figure 9: Gendered decision-making on major sources of household income in Nyamagabe ..................... 17 Figure 10: Top 5 dominant livestock categories by average TLUs per household in Nyamagabe District 18 Figure 11: Gender division of labour in feed production, harvesting and feeding in Gasaka Sector ........... 19 Figure 12: Gender division of labour in feed production, harvesting and feeding in Kaduha Sector .......... 20 Figure 13: Gendered decision-making on livestock in Gasaka and Kaduha sectors ........................................ 21 Figure 14: Gendered decision-making on sales of livestock and milk in Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 15: Dominant fodder crops by average hectares cultivated in Nyamagabe District ......................... 22 Figure 16: Average Kg feed type purchased per household in Nyamagabe District ....................................... 22 Figure 17: Main source of nutrients (ME, CP) from feed resources in Nyamagabe District (average data for Gasaka and Kaduha sectors) .................................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 18: Seasonal rainfall patterns and feed availability throughout the year in Nyamagabe District (average data for Gasaka and Kaduha sectors) ........................................................................................................ 24 iii iv Acknowledgements This work was conducted as part of the CGIAR Initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity for Livelihoods, Nutrition, and Gender Inclusion, (SAPLING). CGIAR research is supported by contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future dedicated to transforming food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. The authors express their gratitude to the contributing partners, including the Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB), the University of Rwanda, the Rwanda Pig Farmers Association, the Orora Wihaze program, and the District of Nyamagabe. Acknowledgement also goes to farmer members of the Community Animal Health Workers (CAWs), who accepted to participate in the G-FEAST FDGs and interviews crucial to generating this report. Their participation was instrumental in the success of this research. 5 Abstract Rwanda is a landlocked and low-income country in East Africa, with nearly 70% of its working-age population engaged in agriculture. The livestock sub-sector is an integral part of Rwandan agriculture, occupying the third position in contribution to the Agricultural GDP. Despite its high potential, particularly for smallholders, the livestock value chains face critical production and market-related constraints. This G-FEAST study was conducted from the 24 -26 August 2023, by a team of ten researchers from the University of Rwanda (UR), Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB), Nyamagabe District, and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). Forty-eight farmers (24 women and 24 men) who keep pigs were initially invited to participate in the study. However, 43 farmers (23 women and 20 men) attended the four (4) G-FEAST sessions. The selection was arranged to ensure a gender balance and to represent different categories of small, medium, and large-scale pig farmers for the focus group discussion and individual interviews using the G-FEAST tool. From each focused group discussion (FGD), six participants representing each landholding category (small, medium, and large) were selected for individual interviews. This made 24 farmers (12 women and 12 men) interviewed to assess gendered division of labour within households while securing feed and forage for pigs, and other reared livestock such as cattle, goats, and poultry. The interview was extended to the participation of men and women in decision-making processes for forage production, feed purchasing, crop residue use, and livestock sales. The study also assessed the availability and use of local feed resources and identified feed gaps, challenges, and constraints affecting small-scale pig farmers. Individual interview results were entered and processed using the FEAST data app (www.ilri.org/feast). Results from the G-FEAST indicated that, despite the existing legislation on land holding and transfer, farm sizes in the study area are predominantly medium (Kaduha, 45% with 0.5-1.5Ha) to small scale (Gasaka, 44% with 0-0.5Ha). The number of farmers owning large--size farms (>3ha) is still low in both Gasaka (10%) and Kaduha (17.5%), despite the government mobilization for land consolidation as part of the National Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation 2018-24 (PSTA4). The G-FEAST findings indicated consistent joint ownership of land and farm properties, with equal opportunities for men and women. Worthwhile, livestock keeping was pointed out as the main contributor to the total source of household income (48%-Gasaka; 45%-Kaduha), with relatively balanced gender-pay equality and equal managerial decision- making. The assessment of livestock production constraints consistently listed the main constraints such as shortage of feeds, high costs of available animal feed on the market, limited knowledge in animal breeding, unfavourable livestock market prices, limited financial (credit) support, high prevalence of animal diseases coupled with a high cost of veterinary services. Following this G-FEAST survey, the research team recommended drawing and co-implementing critical interventions with the local community to address the highlighted constraints. 6 1. Introduction Rwanda, a landlocked and low-income country situated in East Africa (with a population of about 12.5 million people, meaning a population density estimated to be 445 people per km² on a total area of 26.338 Km2), has made significant strides in agriculture over the past two decades through strategic plans aligning agricultural development with broader national economic strategies, including Vision 2020, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST1) and Vision 2050 (AfDBank, 2020). Agriculture remains a fundamental pillar of Rwanda's economy, with nearly 70% of its working-age population engaged in this sector. As an integral part of Rwandan agriculture, the livestock sub-sector stands in 3rd position in the agricultural GDP contribution after food crops and forestry, accounting for 9.36%. This represents a modest but growing share of 3.099% of the National GDP (Rwanda Statistical Yearbook, 2015). In the absence of a census update, available data suggests that the livestock species population has been increasing in the past decade, especially for small livestock, notably poultry and pigs (MINAGRI, 2021). The pig sector has grown considerably in recent years, driven by a robust, increasing demand for domestic and export pork. The Livestock Master Plan for Rwanda (2017/2018 – 2021/2022) identifies the pig value chain as one of four key livestock value chains with the potential for high productivity increase and the ability to contribute to national economic development objectives, including food and nutrition security. Pigs also serve as a source of cash in times of need and, in this regard, are particularly important to women. The contribution of pig meat to protein nutrition is crucial. In Rwanda, pig farming is dominated by smallholders rearing one or two sows in their backyards and practicing low-input systems. Despite its high potential, particularly for smallholders, the pig value chain faces critical production and market-related constraints. Environmental and social concerns also play a crucial role, emphasizing the need to balance agricultural production with environmental sustainability. In the framework of a research agreement between the University of Rwanda (UR) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), a joint research project contributing to the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems project on pig production in Rwanda is being undertaken in 2 piloting districts of Nyamagabe (Southern Province) and Gakenke (Northern Province), alongside the Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Board (RAB), aimed at developing new and adapting existing herd health, improved genetics, feed, and market systems innovations that fill productivity and value- chain gaps especially access to inputs, services and pig markets. Henceforth, the current Gendered-Feed Assessment Tool (G-FEAST; ILRI, 2019) study was conducted from the 24th to 25th of August 2023 in 2 sectors (Gasaka and Kaduha) of Nyamagabe District to provide a rapid assessment of the availability and use of local feed resources that informs the design of site-specific intervention strategies for improved feed supply and utilization. The G-FEAST proved to be helpful, vis-à-vis the existing FEAST approach, by identifying gender aspects of household’s animal feeding practices and the uptake of feeding interventions and identifying opportunities and constraints in animal feeding for different household types as suggested by earlier studies (Lukuyu et al., 2019a). 7 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study location Nyamagabe District, one of the eight districts of the Southern Province of Rwanda, was selected to serve as a pilot study area representing neighbouring districts of the Western Province (Karongi, Nyamasheke and Rusizi), and Southern Province (Nyaruguru, Huye, Nyanza and Ruhango). Nyamagabe districts are part of the Congo-Nile Divide region of Rwanda, which is characterized by a series of mountainous areas, with some peaks over 3,000 m high, comprising a considerable part of the Nyungwe National Park in its western part. The east of the divide slopes down to the Southern and Eastern provinces of Rwanda's central plateau, with 1,500 to 1,800 m elevations above sea level. Nyamagabe District comprises 17 administrative units (sectors), spreading over 1090 km², with a population of 371,501 (313 inhabitants/km²), composed respectively of 52.4% women and 47.6 % men living in 92,052 households. The average household size is 4.0 persons per household (NISR,2023; Nyamagabe District: https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/). Agricultural households represent 86.9%, with 72.2% of Households engaged in livestock farming. Livestock populations are estimated to be cows (42,646), goats (19,491), sheep (3360), pigs (39,885), rabbits (3,397), chickens (12,710), etc. The area's climate is humid, with an average annual temperature between 16°C and 23.4°C (https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/). The study was conducted in two distinct sectors, referred to as G-FEAST villages, of Gasaka and Kaduha, based on their level of accessibility, i.e., distance to the main road and/or market, and production system (see geographical location in Figure 1): 2.1.1. Gasaka Sector: semi-intensive production system in the highlands, with 71.2% being an urban area, better access to main tarmac roads and markets, moderate use of agricultural inputs, and a relatively better capacity for innovation and scaling up, 2.1.2. Kaduha Sector: 88.2% rural area, having a semi-intensive production system in the plateau, with low access to markets, more degraded soil, and limited use of agricultural inputs. 8 Figure 1: Map of Nyamagabe District indicating the location of Gasaka and Kaduha 9 Table 1: Characteristics in Gasaka and Kaduha sectors Parameter Gasaka Kaduha Geographical coordinates -2.470 latitude 29.584 Longitude -2.322 Latitude 29.534 Longitude Population size 41,558 (46.9%M; 53.1%F) 22,898 (47.9%M; 52.1%F) Distribution of population by inhabitance Urban area: 71.2% Rural area: 28.8% Urban area: 11.8% Rural area: 88.2% Total number of HHs 9,098 5,963 Number of HHs engaged in agriculture 5,310 (58.4%) 5,240 (87.9) Average household size 4.3 3.8 Distance to tarmac road (mins drive by motorbike) 0-30 min 2-3 hours Distance to market (km) 0-5 km 5-10 km Distance to the District Office (km) 1 km <50 km Number of HHs raising livestock (cattle) 2,082 3,041 Number of HHs raising livestock (goat) 1,003 1,663 Number of HHs raising livestock (sheep) 114 325 Number of HHs raising livestock (pig) 2211 2068 Number of HHs raising livestock (rabbit) 295 261 Number of HHs raising livestock (poultry) 1,173 883 Source: Fifth Rwanda Population and Housing Census, 2022 (NISR) 2.2. Selection of participants and data collection This G-FEAST study was conducted from the 24 -26 August 2023, by a team of ten researchers from the University of Rwanda (UR), Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB), Nyamagabe District Office, and ILRI. A total of 48 farmers (24 women and 24 men) who keep pigs were initially invited to participate in the study. However, 43 farmers (23 women and 20 men) attended the four (4) G-FEAST sessions. The selection was arranged to ensure a gender balance and to represent different categories of small, medium, and large-scale pig farmers for the focus group discussion and individual interviews using the G- FEAST tool. Six participants representing each of the landholding categories (small, medium, and large) were selected for individual interviews from each FGD. This made a total of 24 farmers (12 women and 12 men) who were interviewed to assess gendered divisions of labour within households while securing feed and forage for pigs, and other reared livestock such as cattle, goats, and poultry. The interview was extended to the participation of men and women in decision-making processes for forage production, feed purchasing, crop residue use, and livestock sales. The study also assessed the availability and use of local feed resources and identified feed gaps, challenges and constraints affecting small-scale pig farmers. 10 2.3. Data processing Qualitative data collected from the FGDs were initially compiled in an Excel file for summary and data cleaning before reporting. Individual interview results were entered and processed using the FEAST data app (www.ilri.org/feast). All the data was uploaded to the FEAST data repository for public access (feastdata.ilri.org). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Farming system As per the Rwandan law, every land tenure is regularized, and its record has been kept in a national digital registry since 2013. Land permits are issued to every landholder with equal rights between legally married men and women. This land right may be transferred between persons through succession, gift, inheritance, ascending sharing, rent, sale, sublease, exchange, servitude, mortgage, or any other transaction in conformity with the conditions and methods provided for by the laws and regulations. Farm sizes in the study area are predominantly medium (Kaduha, 45% with 0.5-1.5Ha) to small scale (Gasaka, 44% with 0-0.5Ha), as indicated in Figure 2. The number of farmers owning large-size farms (>3ha) is still low in both Gasaka (10%) and Kaduha (17.5%), despite the government mobilization for land consolidation as part of the National Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation 2018-24 (PSTA4). The majority (>50%) of the households in the study area have land sized above 1 ha, which is considered a small and medium holding by local standards in the Gasaka and Kaduha sectors, respectively (Figures 2a). It was further found out that none of the households was landless. Figure 2b depicts the land ownership by gender in different household farms. The G-FEAST findings indicated consistent joint ownership of land and farm properties, with equal opportunities for men and women. In Nyamagabe District, a small number of female heads of households owning land enjoy full landholding rights without necessarily sharing with their partner(s). a) b) Figure 2: Landholding categories (a) and land ownership by gender (b) of farmers in Nyamagabe District 30 44 10 45 27.5 17.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 Small Medium Large La nd h ol di ng (% ) Land holding cathegory Gasaka Kaduha 0.00 0.08 2.30 0.00 0.07 1.46 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 Male Female Joint La nd si ze (H a) Gender Gasaka Kaduha http://www.ilri.org/feast 11 The farming system is primarily a subsistence mixed crop-livestock system. The small and medium land size categories predominate (>50%) the existing landholding in the Rushashi and Nyamagabe sectors as earlier highlighted in Figure 2a. Results (Figure 3) have indicated that most of the land is used for cropping, with common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize (Zea mays) dominating the cropping landscape in both sectors. In the Gasaka Sector, farmers indicated producing avocado (0.16%) and coffee (0.13%) as additional cash crops for income generation. The average area of land used for each of the dominant crops grown is >0.5ha, making the wide range subsistence farming even more fragile with small scarce production units (Figure 3). Therefore, most crops are mainly grown in rotation cropping, and their residues are fed to livestock. Most farmers in Nyamagabe are members of cooperatives or other types of farmer organizations, with females showcasing more interest in farmers’ organizations’ membership and variations in the focused study areas of Gasaka and Kaduha sectors. Figure 4 points out that at the household level, the average membership is equally distributed among men and women (50%), while reports from Kaduha indicate that women tend to adhere more to cooperative/farmer organizations with 58% on average, compared to 33% men who are members of local farmer’s organizations. Considerable divergencies in the production system, rural settings (peri-urban/rural), and access to inputs and markets between the 2 sites make Gasaka relatively better capacitated for agriculture intensification, financing, and innovation scaling up compared to Kaduha. The latter is an 88.2% rural area with low access to markets, more degraded soil, and limited use of agricultural inputs. This is consistent with all the socioeconomic characteristics of the 2 sites, as highlighted in Table 1. Figure 3: Top 5 dominant crop types by average hectares cultivated in Nyamagabe District Gasaka Com m on Bea ns (P has eo lus vu lga ris ), 0 .41 Maize (Zea mays), 0.24 Avocado, 0.16 Banana (Musa acum inata), 0.15 Coffee (Coffea arabica), 0.13 Kaduha Common Beans (P hase olus vu lga ris ), 0 .44 Maize (Zea mays), 0.40 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), 0.12 Banana (M usa acum inata), 0.07 12 Figure 4: Farmer’s organization by gender in Nyamagabe District 3.2. Major income sources In the Gasaka Sector, livestock takes the lead in average percentage contribution, accounting for a substantial 48% of the total source of income. This underscores the significant role that livestock plays in households’ livelihoods. Cropping follows closely, making a substantial contribution of 30%. G-FEAST assessment revealed, further, other activity categories of various business activities, contributing to 23% of household incomes, as indicated in Figure 5. a) b) Figure 5: Average household income by activity category in Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors In Kaduna Sector, livestock, and cropping production constitute major sources of household income, representing respectively 45% and 43% of the total source of income. This highlights the importance of agricultural activities in the economic landscape of this rural sector. Other sources, potentially encompassing various diverse activities (e.g., charcoal production, handcrafting, etc.), contribute 11% to the average household income. Business activities make little contribution, accounting for 1% of the total 0.50 0.33 0.50 0.58 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 Gasaka Kaduha Male Household Members Female Household Members Business 23% Cropping 30% Livestock 48% Business 1% Cropping 43%Livestock 45% Other 11% 13 household’s income generation. The very modest contribution of labour (reported to be negligible <1%) in both sectors may be explained by the seasonality nature of agricultural activities, reported to attract the available but least-skilled workers. Consequently, this shows a weakening effect on the average monthly/annual income generation capacity of households in Nyamagabe District. In addition, gender pay equality was assessed during the G-FEAST survey in Nyamagabe District. Findings (Figure 6) indicated that the average daily pay for females varies from o.9 to 1.10 USD in the Kaduha and Gasaka sectors, respectively. The average daily pay earned by males was estimated at 1.84 USD in Kaduha and 2.5 USD in the Gasaka Sector. This is consistent with the already existing gender-pay gap, with males tending to earn more on average than females owing to the nature of locally available employment offers, which are dominated by cropping activities. Figure 6: Average daily labour pay (USD) by gender in Nyamagabe District The majority of FGDs and G-FEAST interview respondents have indicated (Figure 7) the fact that women mostly rely on livestock keeping as their main source of income, which makes a substantial contribution estimated at 48.58 to 57.08% to the overall total income sources in Nyamagabe District. In addition to livestock rearing, cropping activities contribute to women's income in both Gasaka (40.17%) and Kaduha (35.42%), with a growing interest in various business activities, mainly comprising the trade of agricultural/livestock products, crafting, and vending artifacts (e.g., locally made baskets, carpets, etc.). 1.10 0.90 2.50 1.84 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 Gasaka Kaduha Av er ag e da ily p ay (U SD ) Average Pay Female Average Pay Male 14 a) b) Figure 7: Major sources of income for women by activity category in Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors The breakdown of the relative contribution of major sources of income to household and women's income in Nyamagabe District was highlighted in Table 2, which pointed out the crucial role played by food and cash crops in generating revenue for both households and women. Food crops account for 33.08%-35.42% of women’s income and 23.58%- 38.75% of the total income, while cash crops were reported to only provide 3.75-6.42% of household income and 0-7.08% of women's income respectively. Livestock-related activities, encompassing dairying, fattening animals (including cattle, sheep, and goats), and poultry-related activities, collectively underscore the significance of animal husbandry in the local economic landscape, with a significant role in contributing to women's income. The G-FEAST assessment has highlighted trending livestock business opportunities for women, with growing pig finishing activities (pork/beacon) coupled with gilt (sow) breeding, contributing to women’s income up to 12.33% (Gasaka) and 25.83% (Kaduha) respectively. In contrast, off-farm business and monthly salary make relatively modest contributions to household income, estimated at 0-11.25% for women. An off- farm business may contribute to household income up to 22.50% in Gasaka, while poultry eggs contribute to 9.17% of women's income in the Kaduha Sector. Table 2: Relative contribution of major sources of income to household and women's income in Gasaka and Kaduha sectors Gasaka Sector Kaduha Sector Income source Avg % househol d (HH) income Avg % women's income Avg % HH income Avg % women's income Cash crops 6.42 7.08 3.75 0.00 Charcoal making 0.00 0.00 1.25 7.50 Dairying 7.25 19.17 8.75 1.67 Fattening animals – Cattle 1.67 2.50 0.00 0.00 Business, 11.25% Cropping, 40.17% Livestock, 48.58% Business, 7.50% Cropping, 35.42%Livestock, 57.08% 15 Fattening animals - Sheep and goats 1.67 0.83 2.92 5.00 Finishing pigs (24-30 weeks) 3.75 5.00 1.25 0.00 Food crops 23.58 33.08 38.75 35.42 Gilt (sow)- breeding females 0.00 0.42 20.83 25.83 Growing pigs (12-14 weeks) 20.00 12.33 6.25 12.92 Off-Farm business 22.50 11.25 0.00 0.00 Monthly salary 0.00 0.00 11.25 0.00 Poultry – Eggs 6.25 3.75 0.00 9.17 Poultry – Meat 2.92 2.50 0.00 0.00 Rabbits 2.08 1.25 0.00 2.50 Assessment of the average price of major livestock species/products showed variations throughout the year, with increasing prices from January to December (e.g., market price of cattle in Gasaka from 356.00 USD in January to 280.00 USD in December/Price of goat in Kaduha varying from 40.00 to 64.00 USD in August) as depicted in Table 3. This pattern indicates a potential seasonal influence or market dynamics in Nyamagabe District. This would point out to the possible seasonal peak or specific market conditions of small ruminants during this period, for example, on Christmas and New Year. The observation on milk production revealed distinctive patterns for average yield and average price per litre. Table 3: Variation of average price in USD for major livestock species through the year Gasaka Sector Kaduha Sector Month Average price cattle Average price goat Average price cattle Average price sheep Average price goat January 356.00 14.40 320.00 12.00 40.00 February 368.00 14.40 240.00 12.00 40.00 March 368.00 14.40 293.33 12.00 40.00 April 368.00 14.40 240.00 12.00 40.00 May 368.00 14.40 360.00 16.00 40.00 June 368.00 14.40 360.00 16.00 40.00 July 280.00 14.40 300.67 16.00 40.00 August 280.00 14.40 400.00 16.00 40.00 September 280.00 14.40 400.00 16.00 40.00 October 280.00 14.40 400.00 16.00 40.00 16 November 280.00 14.40 400.00 16.00 40.00 December 280.00 22.40 320.00 16.00 64.00 Annual average 323.00 15.07 336.17 14.67 40.33 Furthermore, a significant variation in milk yield across the months was reported, ranging from a minimum of 12.04-19.33 litres in July-August to a peak of 19.67-25.67 litres in April-May. Notable fluctuations are evident, marked by a significant increase from June to April when there is adequate feed and rainwater, followed by a decline in the subsequent months. In contrast, the average price per litre demonstrates relative stability throughout the year, with minor variations. The average milk price ranges from 0.46 USD in the Gasaka Sector to 0.52 USD in the Kaduha Sector (Figure 8). a) b) Figure 8: Monthly average milk yield and price per litre (USD) in Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors The gendered decision-making was assessed for significant sources of household income, as highlighted in Figure 9. Findings from FDGs and Individual Interviews mainly indicated joint decision-making by men and women for managing sources of income at the household level. 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 Ja nu ar y Fe br ua ry M ar ch Ap ril M ay Ju ne Ju ly Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be r De ce m be r Average Yield Average price per litre 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Ja nu ar y Fe br ua ry M ar ch Ap ril M ay Ju ne Ju ly Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be r De ce m be r Average Yield Average price per litre 17 Figure 9: Gendered decision-making on major sources of household income in Nyamagabe This ranges from livestock breeding activities, especially pigs, to fattening animals for slaughtering, dairying, and dairy products. In some cases, findings pointed out mixed decision-making depending on situations (e.g., males and/or females directly involved in specific revenue generation activities). This concerned off-farm business activities and revenues from selling poultry eggs, slaughter animals (small ruminants), food crops, etc. Conversely, the management of monthly salaries and breeding activities involving renting males were reported to be almost consistently managed by men. 3.3. Livestock production system Livestock holding was also assessed in the study area, and results were displayed in Figure 10. Findings suggested a consistent descending order in the top 5 livestock keeping in Tropical Livestock Units (TLU) by household farms in Nyamagabe District. G-FEAST data indicated an average of 0.19-0.20/1.25 to 1.96 TLUs of local and improved dairy cattle per household in the Gasaka and Kaduha sectors, respectively. Other livestock types have TLU/households estimated in a range of 0.07 to 0.37, except pigs, which are reared in a relatively significant number (3.33 average TLUs/household) in the Gasaka Sector. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Cash Crops Dairying Fattening Animals - Cattle Off-Farm Business Poultry - Eggs Poultry - Meat Fattening Animals - Sheep and Goats Food Crops Rabbits Growing pigs (12- 24 weeks) Finishing pigs (24- 30 weeks) Growing pigs (12- 14 weeks) Co un t Women Men Joint 18 Figure 10: Top 5 dominant livestock categories by average TLUs per household in Nyamagabe District 3.4. Management of livestock In the Gasaka Sector, women predominantly engage in most livestock rearing and production, with varying occupational time ranging from 67% (land preparation for planting forages) to livestock feeding- watering (83%-75%) and cleaning of feeding facilities (67%). This could indicate a gender-specific distribution of roles at the household level. On the other side, men were reported being more involved in processing feeds and forage (67%), transport of feeds (58%), and, importantly, purchasing feeds and forage (83%), highlighting their primary involvement in physically demanding activities, as well as their predominant household financial control. Additionally, children and youth seem to contribute significantly to livestock watering (17%), collection of off-farm forage (50%), and cleaning feeding facilities alongside women (Figure 11). Farmers later confirmed this narrative through engaged FGDs. 3.33 1.96 0.37 0.26 0.20 0.50 1.25 0.19 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 Pig Improved Dairy Cattle Poultry - Commercial Fattening and Draught Cattle Local Dairy Cattle Goat Rabbit-village conditions Kaduha Gasaka 19 Figure 11: Gender division of labour in feed production, harvesting and feeding in Gasaka Sector In Kaduha Sector, the gender division of labour in agriculture and livestock activities reveals distinct patterns. Women play crucial roles in local livestock production, actively participating in preparing land, planting forage, and weeding (75-92%). Additional essential roles played by women are storing feeds and forages (83%), feeding animals (92%), and cleaning feeding and watering facilities (58%). Men were reported to be actively involved in purchasing feeds and forages (50%). Men also contribute to transportation (33%) and play a vital role in mixing feed ingredients (42%). The shared tasks involving men and children include cleaning, feeding, and watering facilities (58%) and transporting feeds and forages (42%). The watering and collecting off-farm forage was highlighted as a relatively shared responsibility between all household members, including men, women, and youth (Figure 12). 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 Preparin g land fo r p lantin g fo rages Plantin g fo rages Weeding of fo rage crops Harvestin g fo rages/crop re sidues Processing (m illi ng/chopping) fe eds and fo rages Purchasing of fe eds and fo rages Transporta tio n of fe eds and fo rages Storage of fe eds and fo rages Mixing fe ed in gredients Feeding Waterin g Colle ctio n of o ff-f arm fo rages Cleaning of fe eding and waterin g fa cilit ies Children and youth Men Women 20 Figure 12: Gender division of labour in feed production, harvesting and feeding in Kaduha Sector The decision on the type of livestock to rear at the household level is made jointly by men and women, as shown in Figure 13, with little difference between the Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors. Women are essentially involved in managing pigs and poultry in the Kaduha Sector. Selling milk and other livestock products is another livestock activity that involves critical gendered decision-making for income sources. It was observed that the sales of livestock and dairy are linked with the types of livestock species commonly kept by the households in the study sites. In the Gasaka Sector, regardless of the established joint decision-making regarding sales of different types of livestock species (including milk), some women are solely deciding to sell pigs and chicken (8.3%). This was not observed in the Kaduha Sector. Instead, 8.83% of women can decide whether to sell large animals (Figure 14). a) 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00 Preparin g land fo r p lantin g fo rages Plantin g fo rages Weeding of fo rage crops Harvestin g fo rages/crop re sidues Processing (m illi ng/chopping) fe eds and fo rages Purchasing of fe eds and fo rages Transporta tio n of fe eds and fo rages Storage of fe eds and fo rages Mixing fe ed in gredients Feeding Waterin g Colle ctio n of o ff-f arm fo rages Cleaning of fe eding and waterin g fa cilit ies Children and youth Men Women 67 33 83 75 0 20 40 60 80 100 Large ruminant livestock e.g. cattle/buffalo Small ruminant livestock e.g. sheep and goats Pigs Poultry Joint Men Women 21 b) Figure 13: Gendered decision-making on livestock in Gasaka and Kaduha sectors a) b) Figure 14: Gendered decision-making on sales of livestock and milk in Gasaka (a) and Kaduha (b) sectors 3.5. Livestock feed resources and seasonal availability The common forage crop farmers cultivate for feeding livestock in the Nyamagabe District is Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). It is grown by most farmers on terraces to feed the animals (ruminants), and its dense roots are known to retain soil and limit the erosion impact. Other grown forages include Leucaena leucocephala, Mucuna pruriens, cassava foliage, and Calliandra calothyrsus, which are present on 33 25 58 8 17 0 0 0 8 17 42 17 0 20 40 60 80 Large ruminant livestock e.g. cattle/buffalo Small ruminant livestock e.g. sheep and goats Pigs Poultry Joint Men Women 66.67 33.33 91.67 75.00 66.67 0.00 0.00 8.33 8.33 0.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 Large ruminant livestock e.g. cattle/buffalo Small ruminant livestock e.g. sheep and goats Pigs Poultry Milk Joint Women 41.67 25.00 66.67 8.33 25.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 Large ruminant livestock e.g. cattle/buffalo Small ruminant livestock e.g. sheep and goats Pigs Poultry Milk Joint Women 22 the farms of the Gasaka Sector (Figure 15). Some farmers in the Gasaka Sector have decided to allocate portions of their farmland to grow forages in monoculture or associations of grasses and legumes. Figure 15: Dominant fodder crops by average hectares cultivated in Nyamagabe District This G-FEAST study has indicated that, regardless of the large variety of commercial mixed feeds, farmers still rely on the availability of Pennisetum purpureum and spend about 17000 RWF (1.5 USD) per Kg of chopped grass. This price remains higher than that spent on other mixed feeds, including maize bran and commercially mixed rations. In Kaduha Sector, the alternative use of crop residues (e.g., cabbages) and brewer’s grains was reported. Their prices may go as high as 0.5 – 1.2 USD/Kg respectively (Figure 16). Figure 16: Average Kg feed type purchased per household in Nyamagabe District Purchased feed and collected fodder are feed resources that contribute mainly to the dry matter/DM, metabolizable energy/ME, and crude protein/CP in livestock in the Nyamagabe District. It's crucial to note that purchased feed and cultivated fodder are the primary contributors to the metabolizable energy (28%, 24% of ME) and crude proteins (37%, 36% of CP) in animal diets in Nyamagabe District (Figures 17). This underscores their importance in livestock management and should guide decision-making for sustainable practices. Collected fodder and crop residues are the second feed resources contributing to ME and CP in diets. Grazing, while a part of the diet, contributes less to the DM, ME, and CP, mainly due to the limited land available for grazing livestock by farmers in Nyamagabe District. 0.30 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) cassava foliage, fresh Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) Gasaka Kaduha 1708.33 1441.33 1213.33 1117.50 62.50 300.00 80.00 75.00 600.00 1400.00 0.00 500.00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) - green fodder Maize (Zea mays) - gluten with bran Commercially Mixed Ration Kitchen waste Premix Maize (Zea mays) - cobs ground Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) - crop residue Brewer's grain - wet Gasaka Kaduha 23 Figure 17: Main source of nutrients (ME, CP) from feed resources in Nyamagabe District (average data for Gasaka and Kaduha sectors) Rainfall patterns and annual available feed resources among farmers in Nyamagabe District are illustrated in Figure 18. Regarding feed resources supplied, green forages are the most abundant throughout the year in Nyamagabe District. The most commonly available and used feed resources are green forages (roadside weeds, cut fodder crops, and tree leaves), cereal crop residues, leguminous crop residues, and concentrates. However, farmers only sometimes practice grazing, mainly during the dry season, beginning from mid-June to September. During the dry season (July–August), crop residues constitute a considerable part of animal diets. Major fodder crops are grown during the rainy season from October to January and February to June. Farmers also feed small amounts of concentrates throughout the year, mainly from July to October, corresponding to the months of forage shortage. In contrast, the exception is in Nyamagabe District, where concentrates are among the annually available feed resources. Collected Fodder 24% Crop Residue 11% Cultivated Fodder 34% Grazing 3% Purchased Feed 28% Metabolizable Energy Intake by Source Collected Fodder 17% Crop Residue 8% Cultivated Fodder 36% Grazing 2% Purchased Feed 37% Average Crude Protein Intake by Source 24 Figure 18: Seasonal rainfall patterns and feed availability throughout the year in Nyamagabe District (average data for Gasaka and Kaduha sectors) 3.6. Livestock production constraints: Opportunities for Improvement Livestock production constraints were assessed through 4 FGDs. Farmers grouped by gender consistently listed the following main constraints: a) difficulty in accessing enough feeds in all four agricultural seasons throughout the year, b) high costs of commercial animal feeds available on the market, c) limited knowledge in animal breeding mainly because of inbreeding breeding practices d) market prices reported to be relatively low compared to incurred production costs (agricultural inputs), hence resulting into low to negative farm returns, e) limited access to credit needed to support pig farming, f) high incidences of animal diseases coupled with a high cost of veterinary services. The respondents also highlighted a need for more information and advisory services about market and livestock farming. A summary of identified problems, gender-disaggregated ranking, and proposed solutions are indicated in Table 4 and Table 5. 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 jan uary Fe bruary Marc h April May June July Augu st Se ptember Octo ber Nove mber Dece mber Ra in fa ll (0 -5 ) Av ai la bi lit y of F ee d (0 - 10 ) Cereal Crop Residues Concentrates Grazing Leguminous Crop Residues Green Forage (e.g., weeds, fodder crops, leaves) Sum of rainfall 25 Table 4: Major livestock production constraints and suggested solutions in Gasaka Sector Men’s rank Problem Most affected Suggested solutions by male farmers 1 Feed prices are very high All (Men, Women) • Establish feed manufacturing units near the district to improve access to feed and reduce transportation costs. • Government subsidies for feed inputs, • Increase local production of soya beans and maize grain 2 Low insemination success rate All • Train farmers and veterinary officers on breeding/insemination techniques, • Training on (boar, bull) services and improvement in semen quality 3 Low livestock prices on the market All • Regulate livestock market prices based on production inputs. • Train farmers on farming as a business (cost-benefit analysis) 4 High incidences of livestock diseases All • Train farmers and veterinary officers on disease prevention methods, One Health approach, 5 High interest rates on credits All • Promote land as a valuable guarantee for credit allocation, • Regulate interest rates on agriculture loans Women's problem rank Problem Most affected • Suggested solutions by female farmers 1 Feed prices are high All • Advocate for substantial livestock/veterinary services at the community level, • Subsidize (Government/Partners) the production of cereals (e.g., Maize) and soya beans. 2 Repeat inseminations due to low successful insemination rates (increased cost) All • Build capacity of farmers and veterinary officers on livestock breeding techniques, • Conduct study tours to learn from advanced farmers/communities, • Research to improve the quality of male semen 3 Market prices are meager compared to high agricultural inputs All • Advocate for policy/regulation regarding livestock prices on the market based on the production cost at the farm level, • Train farmers on farming as a business (cost-benefit analysis) 26 4 Common animal diseases coupled with high cost of veterinary services All • Train farmers and veterinary officers on disease prevention, diagnosis, and control, • Improve nutrition and feeding practices 5 Poor roads that limit access to feed All • Advocate for policy action, considering the farm production capacity Other problems High interest rates for livestock loans All • Advocate for local financial institutions to consider the number of owned livestock animals and adjust interest rates Table 5: Major livestock production constraints and suggested solutions in Kaduha Sector Men’s rank Problem Most affected Suggested solutions by male farmers 1 High cost of feeds All (Men, Women) • Establish and invest in feed manufacturing plants close to farmers (enhance use and reduce transport costs) • Build capacity for on-farm feed production and conservation 2 Limited livestock breeding stock All • Increase the number of livestock breeding service providers 3 Limited knowledge of farmers in on- farm breeding practices All • Establish local breeding center(s), and promote record-keeping practices, • Building capacity in livestock breeds, selection, and AI, • Increase the production of livestock semen for AI 4 Livestock diseases in pigs (African Swine Fever-ASF, Lumpy skin disease, etc.) All • Train farmers and veterinary officers on disease prevention methods, One Health approach, 5 Theft of pigs All • Advocate for adequate security and safety measures at farm level, • Governments should put in place drastic measures to protect farmers. Women's problem rank Problem Most affected • Suggested solutions by female farmers 1 Gap in sourcing feeds at the farm level All No solution proposed 27 2 Limited livestock breeding stock All • Build the capacity of farmers and veterinary officers on livestock breeding and AI techniques 3 Limited farmer’s capacity/Knowledge in livestock husbandry All • Train farmers on market and farming cost-benefit analysis 4 Animal diseases All No solution proposed 5 Unfavorable market prices All No solution proposed 4. Conclusion The G-FEAST survey in Nyamagabe District described the prevailing small-scale farming system with gender-sensitive lenses at the farm level. Respondents indicated that, besides the existing legislation on land holding and transfer, the farming system remains primarily a subsistence mixed crop-livestock system. This was reported to fragilize farm productivity and limit potential agricultural intensification options. Worthwhile, livestock keeping was pointed out as the main contributor to the total source of household income, with relatively balanced gender-pay equality and equal managerial decision-making. Most crops are grown in rotation, and their residues are fed as livestock stovers. Results showed that most farmers are active members of cooperatives or other types of farmer organizations, with females showing an increasing interest in belonging to collectives. Livestock keeping takes the lead in average percentage contribution to the total source of household income, with a relatively balanced gendered managerial decision-making. The assessment of livestock holding suggested a consistent descending order in the top 5 livestock keeping by household’s farms located in rural and peri-urban areas (Gasaka Sector), ranging from pig farming, improved dairy, commercial poultry, and at a certain extent the fattening and draught cattle and goat. In a deep rural setting (Kaduha Sector), more farmers invest in improved dairy cattle and pig production. Feeding remains at a low-input level, mainly using forage grown in inter-cropping on terrasses (Pennisetum purpureum, Leucaena leucocephala, Mucuna pruriens, and Calliandra calothyrsus). Commercially mixed rations and maize are commonly purchased to feed pigs and poultry, compared to a limited use of kitchen waste and brewer’s grain. The G-FEAST assessment suggested that purchased feed and cultivated fodder are the highest contributors to dry matter (DM), metabolizable energy (ME), and crude proteins (CP) in the diets. Grazing contributes less to the diet, associated with the land size available for livestock grazing. The assessment of livestock production constraints with farmers, grouped by gender, consistently listed shortage of feeds, high costs of available animal feeds on the market, limited knowledge in animal breeding, unfavourable livestock market prices, limited financial support (credit), high prevalence of animal diseases coupled with the high cost of veterinary services as the main constraints facing small scale farmers. The respondents also highlighted a gap in information and advisory services about market and livestock farming. Following this G-FEAST survey, the research team recommended drawing and co- implementing critical interventions with the local community to address the highlighted constraints. 28 5. References Lukuyu, B., Eerdewijk, A. Van, Kinati, W., Sultana, N., Mulema, A. and Duncan, A. 2019a. Gendered Feed Assessment Tool (G-FEAST) focus group discussion guide. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/100243 Lukuyu, B., Eerdewijk, A. Van, Kinati, W., Sultana, N., Mulema, A. and Duncan, A. 2019b. Gendered Feed Assessment Tool (G-FEAST) individual farmer interview questionnaire. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/100244 Ngoc, T.T.B., Giang, N.T.T., Thao, H.X., Hang, D.T.T., Phuong, N.T.M., Triana-Ángel, N., Peters, M., Duncan, A. and Atieno, M. 2023. Assessment of feed resources availability and use for cattle and pigs in Mai Son District, Son La Province, Vietnam. Hanoi (Vietnam): International Center for Tropical Agriculture. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). 2023. The fifth Rwanda population and housing census, district profile: Nyamagabe, September 2023. Shapiro, B.I., Gebru, G., Desta, S. and Nigussie, K. 2017. Rwanda livestock master plan. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/104049 Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF). 2021b. Revised national gender policy, accelerating the effectiveness of gender mainstreaming and accountability for national transformation. 9– 67. https://www.migeprof.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Migeprof/Publications/Guidelines/Revised_National_ Gender_Policy-2021.pdf, The Republic of Rwanda, M. of A. and A. R. 2018b. Strategic plan for agriculture transformation 2018-24 (PSTA4) (Issue June). The Republic of Rwanda. 2013. Law N° 43/2013 of 16/06/2013 governing land in Rwanda. Official Gazette no Special of 16/06/2013, 55p. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/100243 https://hdl.handle.net/10568/100244 https://hdl.handle.net/10568/104049 https://www.migeprof.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Migeprof/Publications/Guidelines/Revised_National_Gender_Policy-2021.pdf https://www.migeprof.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Migeprof/Publications/Guidelines/Revised_National_Gender_Policy-2021.pdf 29 6. Annexes Annex 1: Key livestock statistics in the Gasaka Sector Percentage offtake cattle (%) 5 % TLU cattle sold or slaughtered in the past three years/ (3 * total cattle TLU) Percentage offtake sheep and goats (%) 12 % TLU shoat sold or slaughtered in the past three years/ (3 * total shoat TLU) Average annual income from milk sales 0.00 In Rwandan Franc Sum of (Average daily milk sales (USD) by month x Days in the month) for all 12 months Amount spent on purchased feeds 2,198,366.67 In Rwandan Franc Sum for all purchased feeds of (Price in local currency x Quantity purchased in local units each time purchased x Number times this amount is purchased in a typical year) Percentage of income from milk sales spent on purchased feeds N/A % Amount spent on purchased feeds / Total income earned from milk sales Total amount of milk produced per year 9365.458333 Litres/hh (average monthly yield for Jan) + (average monthly yield for Feb) etc. Average price received for milk throughout the year 287.50 In Rwandan Franc Monthly average price of milk/litre in local currency Average price received for milk throughout the year 0.23 In US Dollar Monthly average price of milk/litre in US dollars Total amount of milk retained throughout the year 1758.958333 Litres per hh (Average milk retained for household use for Jan x 31) + (Average milk retained for household use for Feb x 28) etc. Percentage of milk sold 81 % ((Total amount of milk produced per year -Total amount of milk retained throughout the year)/ Total amount of milk retained throughout the year) *100 Average production per female dairy animal per day 12.03 Litres/cow/d Total amount of milk produced per year/ (sum of TLU of female dairy cattle)/365 Average production per lactating dairy animal per day 15.09 litres/cow C8/ (sum of TLU of female lactating cattle)/365 DM amount (kg) of total diet per household 15495.979 kg Sum of DM from different diet components (from Contributions Table) 30 ME amount (MJ) of total diet per household 157843.603 MJ Sum of ME from different diet components (from Contributions Table)/1000 CP amount of total diet (kg) per household 1906.515 kg Sum of CP from different diet components (from Contributions Table)/1000 CP: ME ratio 12.079 g CP/MJ Total CP / Total ME Milk yield per MJ ME 0.059 litres/MJ Total amount of milk produced per year / Total ME Total crop area per household (ha/hh) 1.675 ha Grand total from "crop cultivation" graph Total forage area per household (ha/hh) 0.378333333 ha Grand total from "fodder cultivation" graph CR yield per ha (=total CR DM/total crop area) 531.37 kg DM/ha DM from crop residue/Total crop area Forage yield per ha (=total forage DM/total forage area) 14278.41 kg DM/ha DM from Forage crops/Total Forage Area Forage crop area as a percentage of cropped area 18 % Total Forage Area / (Total Forage Area + Total Crop Area) 31 Annex 2: Key livestock statistics in Kaduha Sector Percentage offtake cattle (%) 9 % TLU cattle sold or slaughtered past three years/ (3 * total cattle TLU) Percentage offtake sheep and goats (%) 15 % TLU shoat sold or slaughtered past three years/ (3 * total shoat TLU) Average annual income from milk sales 0.00 In Rwandan Franc Sum of (Average daily milk sales (USD) by month x Days in the month) for all 12 months Amount spent on purchased feeds 218,100.00 In Rwandan Franc Sum for all purchased feeds of (Price in local currency x Quantity purchased in local units each time purchased x Number times this amount is purchased in a typical year) Percentage of income from milk sales spent on purchased feeds N/A % Amount spent on purchased feeds / Total income earned from milk sales Total amount of milk produced per year 8116.333333 Litres/hh (average monthly yield for Jan) + (average monthly yield for Feb) etc. Average price received for milk throughout the year 323.61 In Rwandan Franc Monthly average price of milk/litre in local currency Average price received for milk throughout the year 0.26 In US Dollar Monthly average price of milk/litre in US dollars Total amount of milk retained throughout the year 1471 Litres per hh (Average milk retained for household use for Jan x 31) + (Average milk retained for household use for Feb x 28) etc. Percentage of milk sold 82 % ((Total amount of milk produced per year -Total amount of milk retained throughout the year)/ Total amount of milk retained throughout the year) *100 Average production per female dairy animal per day 15.77 Litres/cow/d Total amount of milk produced per year/ (sum of TLU of female dairy cattle)/365 Average production per lactating dairy animal per day 17.65 litres/cow C8/ (sum of TLU of female lactating cattle)/365 DM amount (kg) of total diet per household 8363.905 kg Sum of DM from different diet components (from Contributions Table) ME amount (MJ) of total diet per household 79436.319 MJ Sum of ME from different diet components (from Contributions Table)/1000 32 CP amount of total diet (kg) per household 780.175 kg Sum of CP from different diet components (from Contributions Table)/1000 CP: ME ratio 9.821 g CP/MJ Total CP / Total ME Milk yield per MJ ME 0.102 litres/MJ Total amount of milk produced per year / Total ME Total crop area per household (ha/hh) 1.181666667 ha Grand total from "crop cultivation" graph Total forage area per household (ha/hh) 0.169166667 ha Grand total from "fodder cultivation" graph CR yield per ha (=total CR DM/total crop area) 1927.70 kg DM/ha DM from crop residue/Total crop area Forage yield per ha (=total forage DM/total forage area) 16000.00 kg DM/ha DM from Forage crops/Total Forage Area Forage crop area as a percentage of the cropped area 13 % Total Forage Area / (Total Forage Area + Total Crop Area) www.feedthefuture.gov