Working Paper #02 Initiatives on Indigenous Fruits in the Philippines: A Scoping Study Oraye, C., de Chavez, H., Aguilar, C., Makiling, F., Ladia, V. Jr., Enicola, E., Guevara, L., Gueco, L., Maghirang, R., Anunciado, M., Oro, E., Gonsalves, J., Hunter, D., Borelli, T., Mendonce, S. July, 2023 The CGIAR Research Initiative on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH) aims to use an end-to-end approach to increase fruit and vegetable intake and in turn improve diet quality, nutrition and health outcomes while also improving livelihoods, empowering women and youth and mitigating negative environmental impacts. The FRESH Initiative activities are bundled into six packages, namely: - Work Package 1: Understanding and Influencing Consumer Behaviour - Work Package 2: Biodiversity, genetic innovation, and seed systems - Work Package 3: Safe and sustainable production systems - Work Package 4: Post-harvest and inclusive markets - Work Package 5: Food Environments - Work Package 6: Strengthening the enabling environment. To learn more about this Initiative, please visit: Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH) - CGIAR Citation: Oraye, C., de Chavez, H., Aguilar, C., Makiling, F., Ladia, V. Jr., Enicola, E., Guevarra, M., Gueco, L., Maghirang, R., Anunciado, M., Oro, E., Gonsalves, J., Hunter, D., Borelli, T., Mendonce, S. 2023. Initiatives on Indigenous Fruits in the Philippines: A Scoping Study. Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT. Rome, Italy. 90 pages. Cover photo credit: Bioversity International/D.Hunter Copyright © 2023 Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture - CIAT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2 Initiatives on Indigenous Fruits in the Philippines: A Scoping Review Authors Claudette D. Oraye 1, Hidelisa De Chavez1, Catherine Hazel M. Aguilar1, Florisa C. Makiling 1, Villamor A. Ladia Jr.1, Elmer E. Enicola1, Maria Luisa D. Guevarra1. Lavernee S. Gueco 1, Rodel G. Maghirang1, Ma. Shiela Anunciado2, Emilita Monville-Oro2, Julian Gonsalves2, Danny Hunter 3, Teresa Borelli 3, Sharon Mendonce3. Organizations 1 Institute of Plant Breeding 2 International Institute of Rural Reconstruction 3 Bioversity International 3 Summary Despite their potential to diversify diets and improve nutrition, little is known about the consumption and utilization of indigenous fruits (IFs) in the Philippines. This desk review compiles and analyses different initiatives targeting the conservation and promotion of these lesser-known fruits, based on secondary data that were gathered from published and unpublished literature between 2012 to 2022. Most of the literature gathered focused on the evaluation of the functional properties of IFs and product development. Initiatives are also present in germplasm collection and conservation of IFs, characterization and assessment of diversity, variety development, evaluation of nutritional quality, and various promotional activities to increase awareness of these fruits. This review led to the identification of some IFs for conservation, promotion and further studies based on their potential in contributing to health and wellness, as well as their market potential. It also identified several issues and knowledge gaps in initiatives and research on IFs that need further investigation to better incorporate IFs in the local food system. Keywords Indigenous fruits, genetic resources conservation, nutrition, resilience. 4 Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Keywords............................................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Identification and gathering of literature ......................................................................................... 8 2.2 Screening of literature ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Classification of literature .................................................................................................................. 9 2.4 Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 9 2.5 Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................................... 10 3. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Scholarly Literature and Relevant Studies ...................................................................................... 10 3.2 Germplasm conservation ................................................................................................................. 11 3.2.1 Genetic diversity ........................................................................................................................ 11 3.2.2 Conservation sites and status .................................................................................................. 13 3.2.3 Priority species........................................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Seed system and varietal improvement ......................................................................................... 17 3.4 Nutritional Value and Functional Properties .................................................................................. 18 3.5 Production and processing .............................................................................................................. 34 3.6 Post-harvest and processing............................................................................................................ 45 3.7 Marketing .......................................................................................................................................... 46 3.8 Policy and Institutional Frameworks ............................................................................................... 46 3.9 Research and Promotion Initiatives ................................................................................................ 47 3.9.1 Agencies involved in research and promotion of indigenous fruits ..................................... 47 3.9.2 Agencies involved in research and promotion of indigenous fruits ..................................... 47 3.10 Challenges and Opportunities ..................................................................................................... 48 4. Conclusion................................................................................................................................................ 51 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 53 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................................ 61 Annex 1: Endemic/indigenous fruits in the Philippines as described in Coronel, 2011. ...................... 61 Annex 2: Fruits in the Philippines that were introduced from other tropical Asian countries before the invasion of the Spanish colonizers in 1521 as described in Coronel, 2011 ..................................... 75 Annex 3: Other fruits that are native in the Philippines (not listed in Coronel, 2011). ......................... 82 5 Annex 4: List of indigenous and native fruits and nuts conserved at the National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory (NPGRL) at the Institute of Plant Breeding, UP Los Baños. ................................ 82 Tables Table 1: Indigenous fruits based on ethnobotanical studies conducted in various parts of the country. .............. 12 Table 2: Conservation status of some indigenous/endemic fruits in the Philippines based on the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Order No. 2017-11 Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories.................................................................................................................... 13 Table 3: Local agencies with conservation initiatives on indigenous fruits in the Philippines................................ 15 Table 4: Indigenous fruits prioritized for conservation based on their conservation status, availability in germplasm collections, nutritional quality, functional properties, and economic potential. ................................. 16 Table 5: Indigenous fruit varieties released under the Institute of Plant Breeding – Germplasm and Technology Registration and Release Office (IPB-GTRRO) from 2012-2022............................................................................. 18 Table 6: Nutritional content (proximates and other carbohydrates) of indigenous and native fruits based on the Philippine Food Composition Tables Online Database (PhilFCT®) (i.fnri.dost.gov.ph). ......................................... 19 Table 7: Nutritional content (minerals) of indigenous fruits based on the Philippine Food Composition Tables Online Database (PhilFCT®) (i.fnri.dost.gov.ph). .................................................................................................. 23 Table 8: Nutritional content (vitamins) of indigenous fruits based on the Philippine Food Composition Tables Online Database (PhilFCT®) (i.fnri.dost.gov.ph). .................................................................................................. 26 Table 9: Medicinal value of some indigenous and native fruits against known diseases. ..................................... 32 Table 10: Volume of production of some indigenous and native fruits in the Philippines from 2017-2021 compared to banana .......................................................................................................................................... 36 Table 11: Number of Bearing Trees/Hills/Vines of some indigenous and native fruits in the Philippines from 2017- 2021 ................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Table 12: Area planted/ harvested on some indigenous and native fruits in the Philippines from 2017-2021 ...... 41 Table 13: Propagation method of some variety/species of indigenous fruits in the Philippines. .......................... 44 Table 14: Indigenous fruits for promotion based on nutritional quality, functional properties, multiple uses, wide adaptation, climate resilience, and economic potential. ...................................................................................... 50 Figures Figure 1: The methods used in the scoping review on indigenous fruits .............................................................. 10 Figure 2: The number of publications divided per value chain components and drivers in surveyed literature from 2012-2022 .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 3: Trend in volume of production of 27 indigenous fruits for the past 5 years (2017 to 2021) (Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, PSA 2022) ............................................................................................................ 35 Figure 4: Distribution map showing percent initiatives per province based on the total available literature of indigenous fruits in the Philippines from 2012-2022. .......................................................................................... 48 6 7 1. Introduction The World Health Organization recommends daily consumption of at least 400g of fruits and vegetables. Likewise, the ‘Pinggang Pinoy’ Program of the Department of Science and Technology–Food and Nutrition Research Institute recommends that a healthy food plate for Filipino adults contain 33% cereals and cereal products, 17% meat, 33% vegetables, and 17% fruits. Diverse diets from fruits and vegetables lead to higher micronutrient intake (Fulton et al., 2016), with reduced stunting rate (Green et al.,2016) and lowered risk of non-communicable diseases (Dauchet et al., 2005; He et al., 2007). Despite this, a Food Consumption Survey undertaken on Filipino adults aged 19-59 years old showed that the daily food consumption includes 49% cereals and cereal products, 20% meat, 9% vegetables, and 3% fruits of the total daily intake (DOST-FNRI, 2022). Eating a variety of food has been recognized as a key factor in providing high-quality diets with the premise that one or two food groups cannot provide the nutritional needs to satisfy and maintain optimal health (Nair et al., 2016). Achieving dietary diversity requires an adequate supply and access to a wide range of food choices (Tontisirin et al., 2002). However, land conversion, natural calamities and extreme weather events, increasing pressure of pests and diseases, and lifestyle changes have contributed to the loss of agricultural biodiversity (www.cbd.int). The diversity of plant species cultivated in the Philippines has decreased over the years with 27-38% of food energy consumed being non-native to the region (www.croptrust.org). This paper focuses on the conservation and seed system of wild and native fruits, as well as native and underutilized fruits. As described by Coronel (2002), native fruits include introduced species from other tropical Asian countries prior to the Spanish invasion of the Philippines in 1521. These crops are grown in traditional food systems, are suited to local conditions and are closely linked with cultural heritage. The fruits are generally climate resilient and have low carbon footprints. This paper reviews published and unpublished literature published in the last ten years and focusing on promoting the conservation and utilization of indigenous fruits. The aim of this scoping review is to bring together key research findings, identify knowledge gaps for further research, and identify fruit species that can be promoted and prioritized in different government programs. 2. Methodology 2.1 Identification and gathering of literature The scoping review gathered information from academic and unpublished works, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge and gaps within the field of native and indigenous fruits. Research articles on indigenous fruits were collected from online databases such as Cabi, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed. Keywords used in the article search include but are not limited to “indigenous crops”, “indigenous plants”, “indigenous fruits”, “traditional fruits”, “native fruits”, “endemic fruits”, and common names and/or scientific names of known indigenous fruits in the country. Online library searches such as the Integrated Library System of the University of the Philippines were used to maximize queries. Reference lists were also scanned to identify related articles about indigenous fruits. The scoping review also included unpublished literature as a potential source of information. Unpublished works, such as non-peer reviewed journals, conference proceedings, unpublished manuscripts, government reports, websites, news articles, and magazines, are not readily discoverable 8 in mainstream databases. Furthermore, government and non-government institutions and state colleges and universities were contacted by emails, phone calls, and the Freedom of Information website (eFOI). Fruit names (scientific, local/ vernacular, English), complete citation, abstract/significant findings, type of publication, funding sources, implementing and collaborating agencies, and species distribution/collecting sites were compiled in an Excel database for screening. 2.2 Screening of literature Fruits were included based on the following inclusion/ exclusion criteria: 1. Fruit indigenous/endemic to the Philippines, 2. Native fruit that was introduced from tropical Asia prior to the Spanish invasion of 1521 (Coronel, 2002). A list of these fruits is included in Coronel (2011) and categorized as indigenous/endemic and introduced during the pre-Spanish era. Studies included in the review were strictly published between 2012 and 2022 except for studies that provided knowledge on species’ identification. 2.3 Classification of literature Literature was categorized and sorted according to the following types: (1) refereed and non-refereed journal articles, (2) conference proceedings (including full papers and abstracts), (3) annual and technical reports, (4) newsletters and magazines, (5) Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials (in the form of pamphlets, flyers, primers), and (6) websites of known institutions. Literature on fruit value chain components was divided based on value chain drivers such as: inputs, consumers, production, post-harvest and processing, market, as well as socio-economic policy and other related sciences. 2.4 Analysis Graphs and charts were used to identify the types of literature per crop and the agencies involved in research and development on indigenous fruits. Several species were noted based on available literature to identify diversity. A synthesis of the existing community seed bank and community-based approaches based on the literature were also included in this report. Production and nutritional quality evaluations were downloaded from government websites where the data were publicly available. A summary of the methodology is illustrated in Figure 1. 9 Figure 1: The methods used in the scoping review on indigenous fruits 2.5 Limitations of the Study The literature review was limited to 2 months, from October to November 2022. Access to full-text papers was also limited in some cases due to copyright restrictions. Abstracts were only available for most scientific conference proceedings like the Crop Science Society of the Philippines conference and the National Academy of Science and Technology conference. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Scholarly Literature and Relevant Studies A total of 168 studies on indigenous fruits from 508 reviewed works were included in the analysis after thorough screening and evaluation. The studies include journal articles (57%), conference proceedings (28%), IEC materials (4%), newsletters and magazines (4%) as well as annual reports, theses, websites, and book chapters (8%). Unpublished works were considered in this report and are treated as equally important sources of information. Furthermore, literature was grouped based on the identified value chain components and drivers: postharvest handling and processing (36%), consumer centered studies that analyzed their knowledge, feedback, and preferences (28%), inputs (21%), production (8%), policies (4%), and market (2%) (Figure 2). Most of the reviewed works focus on processing and consumption and less on production and economics/ marketing. Studies on processing and evaluation of functional properties are the most frequent in the literature. The follow-up activities on promotion were described in some literature and initiatives on commercialization and marketing and packages of technologies (POT) for cultural management and fertilizer/pest management recommendations are limited. 10 Figure 2: The number of publications divided per value chain components and drivers in surveyed literature from 2012-2022 * AnSci - Animal Science; Eng’g - Engineering 3.2 Germplasm conservation 3.2.1 Genetic diversity The Philippines is characterized by a rich diversity of fruits. In his book “Important and Underutilized Edible Fruits in the Philippines”, Coronel (2011) lists more than 440 fruits. Approximately 173 species are endemic or indigenous (Appendix 1) and 73 species were introduced from Asia prior to 1521 and are now considered native (Appendix 2). A list of other species indicated as native from other references are listed in Appendix 3. Diversity studies of indigenous fruits have been conducted in different parts of the country (Table 1). Shannon’s diversity index for trees and shrubs in the Ifugao Province showed a relatively high diversity at 3.59 to 3.7, with 38 species identified as indigenous food plants (Taguiling, 2013). In the Bataan Peninsula, where the Aeta Magbukon tribe lives, 17 out of the 35 species surveyed were identified as indigenous food plants with edible fruits (David, 2021). 37 indigenous fruits are consumed by the Pala’wan tribe in Rizal and Quezon, Palawan (Bernadas and Peralta, 2017) and 19 traditional species are used by the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon Province (Buenavista et al., 2022). Meanwhile, 36 indigenous fruits were identified in different communities in Benguet (Chua-Barcelo, 2014). Aside from their use as food, indigenous fruits also serve as alternative medicine in different communities (Abe and Ohtani, 2013; Arquion et al., 2015; Balinado and Chan, 2017; Tantengco et al., 2018; Dapar et al., 2020a; Dapar et al., 2020b; Docot et al., 2022). These fruits can also serve as food for birds, monkeys, and other animals, as offertory in rituals, and as source of dye or ink (Chua-Barcelo, 2014). 11 Table 1: Indigenous fruits based on ethnobotanical studies conducted in various parts of the country. Group/Place of study Number of identified indigenous Reference fruits Echague, Isabela 21 species Ramos and Tamanel, 2013 Ifugao Province 38 species Taguiling, 2013 Benguet 36 species Chua-Barcelo, 2014 Agusan del Sur 28 species Arquion et al., 2015 Pala’wan tribe in Rizal and Quezon, 37 indigenous fruits Bernadas and Peralta, 2017 Palawan Aeta Magbukon tribe in Bataan, Out of the 35 species of David, 2021 Peninsula indigenous food plants identified, 17 bore edible fruits Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon 19 species utilized as fruits out of Buenavista et al., 2022 Province 76 plant species Calayan, Cagayan 18 species of fruits used as food Docot et al., 2022 Most diversity studies were undertaken on Artocarpus spp. and on Canarium ovatum, pili. For jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus, 20 accessions from Batangas, Laguna, Mindoro, and Cavite were evaluated. Morphological traits were assessed, and authors found out that the highest variation between the accessions is in fruit width (H’=0.80) and fruit length (H’=0.75) (Valencia & Alcasid, 2015). A separate study on 16 A. heterophyllus accessions and 5 related species using 28 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers showed that 25% of the markers were stable, reproducible and highly polymorphic. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of banding patterns ranged from 0.73 to 0.89 showing a high genetic diversity (Timog et al., 2019). Meanwhile, pili (C. ovatum) has its center of genetic diversity in the Bicol region (Coronel, 1996), and in the Leyte and Samar Islands (Endonela et al., 2023). Studies to assess diversity within the species were carried out using morphological and molecular techniques. A shape analysis tool (elliptic fourier analysis) was used to systematically characterize 53 pili accessions in terms of kernel shape variation (Gentallan et al., 2019). Further, SSR markers were used to differentiate 79 pili accessions and 7 National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) varieties. Researchers found that the markers used could detect genetic diversity as evidenced by its PIC values of 0.57 between the 79 accessions and 0.45 between the 7 varieties. Gene diversity was also high between the accessions and between the varieties possibly because of recombination by cross pollination (Sandoval et al., 2017). 12 3.2.2 Conservation sites and status Indigenous fruits are known to have potential benefits for health and wellness and for addressing nutrient deficiency. However, some of these species are rapidly losing their genetic diversity as indicated in the Administrative Order 2017-11 of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Table 2). The species listed are considered endangered, vulnerable, and threatened. Indigenous and native fruits are slowly becoming extinct because of natural disasters, population growth, pollution, agricultural expansion, and replacement with more popular and introduced crops (Chua-Barcelo, 2014). Table 2: Conservation status of some indigenous/endemic fruits in the Philippines based on the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Order No. 2017-11 Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories. Species Common name Local name Conservation Status Mangifera odorata Saipan mango Huani Endangered Cubilia cubil - Kubili Endangered Mangifera laurina syn. Vulnerable - Apali longipes Mangifera altissima - Pahutan Vulnerable Mangifera monandra Malapaho Vulnerable Litchee chinensis subsp. Vulnerable Lychee Alupag philippinensis Nephelium lappaceum var. Vulnerable Rambutan Usau lappaceum Nephelium ramboutan-ake Pulasan Kapulasan vulnerable Palaquium luzoniense Red nato Nato Vulnerable Palaquium philippense Palacpalac Malak-malak Vulnerable Canarium luzonicum Other threatened Elemi Piling liitan species Canarium ovatum Other threatened Pili Pili species Dacryodes rostrata Other threatened - Lunai species 13 Dillenia reifferscheidia Other threatened Katmon kalabaw species Conservation efforts play an important role in the preservation of plant genetic resources for future generations. Hence, in-situ and ex-situ conservation of indigenous fruits are being implemented by government institutions, academia, and private individuals and groups. For instance, the Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR), which is the research arm of the Department of Agriculture, has supported thirteen (13) projects on indigenous fruits from 2011 to 2022 (JN Paller of DA- BAR, Personal Communication). Most of these projects were on product development and commercialization of kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa), arius (Podocarpus costalis), kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi), balimbing (Averrhoa carambola), batuan (Garcinia binucao), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), and katmon (Dillenia philippinensis). Other projects were devoted to off-season production of jackfruit, control of Phytophtora disease, and DNA barcoding, georeferencing, morphological characterization and evaluation (jackfruit and relatives, Artocarpus spp.). DA-BAR funded projects on ex-situ conservation were initiatives of the National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory (NPGRL) of the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU), and the Department of Agriculture - Regional Field Office IV-B (DA-RFO IV-B) in together with Western Philippines University (WPU). The NPGRL initiated germplasm collections of various fruit tree species, including those considered endemic, indigenous, and native. NPGRL holds a collection of 393 accessions of endemic, indigenous, and native fruits (Appendix 4). The list excludes germplasm collections of major crops, although introduced during the pre-Spanish era, such as mango (Mangifera indica) and banana (Musa spp.). The field maintenance of the germplasm is funded by government projects such as the DA-BAR funded project “Safeguarding the Philippine Indigenous Fruits and Nuts at the National Repository through Conservation and Use”, which focuses on the conservation, propagation, utilization and evaluation of the nutritional and functional properties of various indigenous fruits. Other government agencies with initiatives on the conservation of indigenous fruits in the country are listed in Table 3. A collaborative project in Palawan was initiated by the DA Regional Field Office IV-B (DA RFO IV-B) and the Western Philippines University (WPU) for the in-situ conservation of indigenous fruit tree species. Additionally, the establishment of a 10–hectare field genebank is one of the objectives of an on-going project of the Pampanga State Agricultural University’s (PSAU) for the collection, characterization, and conservation of native and indigenous fruits found in Central Luzon (JN Paller of DA-BAR, personal communication). 14 Table 3: Local agencies with conservation initiatives on indigenous fruits in the Philippines. Province Institutions Palawan Western Palawan State University (indigenous fruits) Albay DA Albay Experiment Station (AES), Tabaco, Albay, (Various Pili collections) Davao Bureau of Plant Industry (Indigenous Fruits) Pampanga Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU) (Indigenous Fruits) The in-situ conservation of indigenous plants on-farm or in home gardens can play a significant role in the protection and sustainable utilization of plant biodiversity, especially within the context of climate change. This type of conservation is highly strategic because it allows evolution to continue and contributes to landscape-level, ecosystem, and intra- and inter-specific conservation (Sthapit et al., 2009). Within the Philippines, the following in-situ conservation efforts are led by public institutions and private individuals: • The RC Fruit Conservation Farm conserves and maintains 48 indigenous fruit tree species out of the 220 edible fruit species grown on-farm (Coronel, 2013). The farm serves as a demonstration plot for student education, research and development. • The Unson Farm in Pagsanjan, Laguna holds and maintains indigenous fruit collections. • The collection of rare and native fruit species in Kidapawan, North Cotabato was initiated by Dr. Alexis De Manuel, a medical doctor who devoted his time to planting. • Oikos Peace and Wellness Garden in Bilar, Bohol conserves several indigenous fruits in their health and wellness garden. • In Sta. Barbara, Leyte, people are using katmon (Dillenia philippinensis) to landscape the park while arius (Podocarpus costalis) is planted around government buildings and in kitchen gardens. The Rare Fruits Society of the Philippines and Philippine Native Tree Enthusiasts are among the supporters. • The Mirisbiris Garden and Nature Center in Albay conserves a collection of indigenous plants. The owner, Ms. Glenda, loves to create recipes for the indigenous fruits planted in her 10-hectare garden (Bordado, 2019). 3.2.3 Priority species Several indigenous fruits require attention in research and development, but funding is limited. This study recommends seven (7) priority species for collection, conservation, characterization, evaluation, and improvement of the seed system (Table 4). Priority species are identified based on their conservation status, germplasm collection status within the NPGRL, nutritional quality and functional properties, and economic potential. The NPGRL has one (1) to seven (7) germplasm collections of these species. Collection and conservation are important in the endangered kubili (Cubilia cubili) (DENR, 2017) of which the NPGRL has only 3 collections in their field genebank. There are hardly any studies undertaken on kubili diversity, propagation, and nutritional quality hence the urgent need to collect and 15 conserve this fruit species. Huani (Mangifera odorata) is another endangered fruit species requiring conservation attention. Its potential for fresh consumption and processing was explored and packages of technologies for propagation and processing are being developed through a project of the Department of Agriculture-Zamboanga Peninsula Integrated Agricultural Research Center (DA- ZAMPIARC) (Brion, 2019). Other mango species such as pahutan (M. altissima) and apali (M. laurina) are vulnerable (DENR, 2017). With its high calcium, iron, and ascorbic acid content, and high phenolics and radical scavenging activity, pahutan (M. altissima) is nutritionally important (www.fnri.dost.gov.ph). Katmon (Dillenia philippinensis), lipote (Syzygium curranii), hagis (S. tripinnatum), balig-ang (S. polycephaloides), and mabolo (Diospyros blancoi) have varieties registered via the Institute of Plant Breeding Germplasm and Technology Registration and Release Office (Table 5). This is well-defined germplasm that has undergone a series of field evaluations. These varieties will undergo multiplication and distribution, alongside collection, conservation, and evaluation of collected accessions. Table 4: Indigenous fruits prioritized for conservation based on their conservation status, availability in germplasm collections, nutritional quality, functional properties, and economic potential. Crop Reason for conservation Elephant apple Native to the Philippines; only 7 accessions exist in the national genebank; Katmon production and processing technologies are in place; high nutritional quality (Dillenia philippinensis) and functional properties. Rose apple Includes lipote (Syzygium curranii), hagis (S. tripinnatum), tampoy (S. jambos), (Syzygium spp.) balig-ang (S. polycephaloides). Studies show that lipote and balig-ang have high antioxidant capacity (Gueco et al., 2017a) that can help neutralize free radicals and, thus, reduce the risk of many diseases. Lychee Native to the Philippines, its conservation status is vulnerable (DENR, 2017), Alupag, with only 7 accessions at the NPGRL; the fruit has great economic potential for improvement and as alternative to lychee (Litchi chinensis). (Litchi chinensis subsp. philippinensis) Kubili Native to the Philippines, its conservation status is endangered (DENR, 2017), (Cubilia cubili) with only 3 accessions at the NPGRL; limited studies undertaken in propagation, nutritional quality evaluation, etc. Galo fruit Only 3 accessions in the NPGRL collection; has high energy content and (Anacolosa frutescens) contains appreciable amounts of protein compared to other fruits. Velvet Persimmon High functional properties like phenols, flavonoids (Recuenco et al., 2016), and Mabolo antioxidants (Gueco et al., 2017a); only 16 accessions at the NPGRL; needs (Diospyrus blancoi) further evaluation to identify outstanding accessions; this species is distributed throughout Luzon, including Palawan. 16 Huani (Mangifera odorata) is an endangered species with only 4 accessions at Mango the NPGRL; pahutan (M. altissima) and apali, (M. laurina syn. longipes) are (Mangifera spp.) vulnerable (DENR, 2017) with only 6 accessions of M. altissima and 1 collection of M. laurina conserved at the NPGRL; M. altissima has high calcium content, iron, ascorbic acid, and functional properties including phenols and radical scavenging activity. 3.3 Seed system and varietal improvement The National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) has approved the release of several indigenous fruits at a national level. The ‘Orbase’ pili and ‘UPLB Seedless Red’ mabolo were approved in 2012 while ‘IPB Katmon’ and ‘IPB Hagis’ were recently approved. Many other variety releases happened prior to 2012. For example, 14 pili (Canarium ovatum) varieties were released from 1991 to 2009, 1 bignay (Antidesma bunius) variety in 2002, 1 bitungol variety in 1995, 7 santol (Sandoricum koetjape) varieties from 1991 to 2001 and 1 marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) variety in 1996, among others. The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB), through the Germplasm and Registration and Release Office (GTRRO), has released several indigenous fruit varieties over the past 10 years (Table 5). These varieties are ready for commercialization and distribution to farmers. Included in the list are identified priority species for collection and conservation such as katmon (Dillenia philippinensis), lipote (Syzygium curranii), hagis (S. tripinnatum), balig-ang (S. polycephaloides). The DA-BAR funded project “Efficient Propagation of IPB Indigenous Fruit Varieties for further Multiplication of DA Regional Field Offices and their Beneficiaries’’ produced a total of 3,600 well - established seedlings of the IPB-GTRRO registered indigenous fruits balig-ang, hagis, katmon, and lipote. An additional 2,600 well-established seedlings of other indigenous fruits were produced at the NPGRL Fruit Nursery (JN Paller of DA-BAR, Personal Communication, 2022). Indigenous fruit varieties from the IPB are products of continuous evaluation and selection of outstanding genebank accessions. The promising varieties for direct utilization are evaluated through a series of on-site selections. For example, a table-type accession of jackfruit from Batangas was observed weighing an average of 9.50 kg, having a distinct taste and sweet fruits, with orange and thick fruitlets, strong aroma, very good eating quality and scanty latex (Valencia & Alcasid, 2015). A promising variety of seedless batuan was selected from the RC Conservation Farm in Calauan, Laguna (Guevarra et al., 2015). A genome sequencing study was headed by the Philippine Genome Center to aid molecular fingerprinting and breeding in pili, Canarium ovatum, and to isolate and characterize the full length cDNAs of ‘Katutubo’ pili. A 583 bp 3’-RACE product and a 187 bp 5’-RACE product were amplified, cloned, and sequenced (Manguiat et al., 2014). SSR markers were also used in identifying 7 NSIC-registered pili varieties. Specific DNA fingerprints were generated for the varieties ‘Katutubo’, ‘Orolfo’, ‘Magnaye’, ‘Magayon’, ‘Laysa’, ‘Lanuza’, ‘Mayon’. SSR markers from papaya (Carica papaya), and C. album were used and a total of 36 polymorphic alleles were amplified (Sandoval et al., 2017). 17 Table 5: Indigenous fruit varieties released under the Institute of Plant Breeding – Germplasm and Technology Registration and Release Office (IPB-GTRRO) from 2012-2022. Crop Number of Variety name varieties Rose apple/Balig-ang (Syzygium polycephaloides) 1 ‘IPB Balig-ang' Rose apple/Hagis (Syzygium tripinnatum) 1 ‘IPB Hagis'* Elephant apple/Katmon (Dillenia philippinensis) 1 ‘IPB Katmon'* Rose apple/Lipote (Syzygium curranii) 1 ‘IPB Lipote' Batuan (Garcinia binucao) 1 ‘IPB Batuan' Kydia, (Garcinia spp.) 1 ‘IPB Kydia' Rose apple/Tampoy (Syzygium jambos) 1 ‘IPB Tampoy' Kalumpit (Terminalia macrocarpa) 1 ‘IPB Kalumpit’ Velvet Persimmon/Mabolo (Diospyrus blancoi) 1 ‘IPB Mabolo’ * also approved by the National Seed Industry Council 3.4 Nutritional Value and Functional Properties The Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-FNRI) provides nutritional information various food items including native and indigenous fruits. The data on proximate composition, vitamins and minerals data presented below are sourced from the Philippine Food Composition Tables Online Database (PhilFCT®) accessible on the DOST-FNRI website (i.fnri.dost.gov.ph). As reference crops, three (3) commercial crops are utilized: apple (Malus domestica), ‘Lakatan’ banana (Musa x paradisiaca), and calamansi (Citrofortunella x macrocarpa). These crops were chosen based on their widespread consumption as indicated by the 2018-2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey conducted by DOST-FNRI in 2022. 3.4.1 Proximates and other carbohydrates Among the fruits analyzed for energy (Table 6), pili nut has the highest content with 699 kcal per 100 g of its raw edible portion- that is a little over four and nine times higher than that of banana and apple (the reference crops), respectively. Other indigenous fruit species that have a higher energy content than banana include tamarind, galo fruit, durian and johey oak; while governer's plum, Willughbeia spp., jackfruit and avocado have a higher energy content than apple. Pili nut also displayed the highest protein content (14.2 g) and total fat content (68.5 g). Its protein content is approximately 9 and 20 times higher than banana and apple, respectively. Other indigenous species with a higher protein content than apple (0.7 g) and banana (1.4 g) include galo fruit, white mango, breadnut fruit, breadfruit, tamarind and mangrove apple. Meanwhile, jackfruit has the same 18 protein content as banana. In terms of total fat content, avocado, Syzygium polycephaloides, galo fruit, kaffir lime, rattan fruit, durian, breadnut fruit and Rubus moluccanus, all have significantly higher amounts in comparison to apple (0.1g) and banana (0.2g). The carbohydrate content of indigenous fruit species range from 61.1 to 4.3 g. Sugar palm has the lowest carbohydrate content while tamarind has the highest- containing twice as much carbohydrates as banana and four times as much as apple. Durian, Anacolosa frutescens and johey oak contain more carbohydrates in comparison to the reference crops. Pili nut and tamarind have the highest total ash content with 2.9 g per 100 g, about 3 times as much as banana and 13 times higher than apple. Other species with a higher total ash content than the reference crops include rambutan, Anacolosa frutescens, Terminalia macrocarpa, white mango, jackfruit, breadnut fruit, pomegranate and mangrove apple. Table 6: Nutritional content (proximates and other carbohydrates) of indigenous and native fruits based on the Philippine Food Composition Tables Online Database (PhilFCT®) (i.fnri.dost.gov.ph). Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Proximates and other carbohydrates) Food name Scientific name Energy, Protein Total Carbohy Ash, Fiber, Sugars and calculated (g) fat drate, total total , total description (kcal) (g) total (g) (g) dietary (g) (g) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 67 0.7 0.1 15.8 0.2 2.6 12 Banana, Musa x 126 1.4 0.2 29.6 0.8 3.3 15.6 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 44 0.4 1 8.3 0.5 2.4 1.5 microcarpa Galo fruit, Anacolosa whole frutescens 165 3.9 1.8 33.4 1.3 - - Bignay Antidesma bunius 35 0.7 0.8 6.3 0.6 3 2.6 Sugar palm Arenga pinnata 19 0.1 0.2 4.3 0.1 0.8 0.6 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 65 2.4 0.5 12.8 0.7 2.7 6.1 Artocarpus Breadnut fruit camansi 55 2.5 1.1 8.7 0.9 2.2 4.9 Jackfruit Artocarpus 111 1.4 0.4 25.4 1 1.6 20.3 heterophyllus Johey oak Artocarpus 128 1 0.4 30 0.8 1.8 23.1 odoratissimus Bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi 23 0.7 0.2 4.5 0.3 1.9 2.6 Starfruit Averrhoa 39 0.5 0.7 7.7 0.4 3 4.3 carambola 19 Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Proximates and other carbohydrates) Food name Scientific name Energy, Protein Total Carbohy Ash, Fiber, Sugars and calculated (g) fat drate, total total , total description (kcal) (g) total (g) (g) dietary (g) (g) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 67 0.7 0.1 15.8 0.2 2.6 12 Banana, Musa x 126 1.4 0.2 29.6 0.8 3.3 15.6 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 44 0.4 1 8.3 0.5 2.4 1.5 microcarpa Rattan fruit Calamus ornatus 88 0.6 1.2 18.6 0.6 - - var. philippinensis Pili nut Canarium 699 14.2 68.5 6.4 2.9 - - ovatum Kaffir lime Citrus hystrix 42 0.6 1.3 7 0.3 2.2 1.3 Philippine Dillenia 33 0.3 0.2 7.4 0.4 - - dillenia philippinensis Velvet apple Diospyros blancoi 88 0.6 0.3 20.8 0.6 4.1 14.2 Durian Durio zibethinus 163 2 1.2 36.1 0.8 4.4 25.1 Madagascar Flacourtia indica 118 0.6 0.6 27.6 0.6 3.9 21.7 plum Batwan, immature fruit, raw Garcinia binucao 53 0.6 0.1 12.4 0.2 4.7 1.8 Kandis2/, flesh Garcinia 65 0.3 0.5 14.9 0.2 4.6 2.8 lateriflora Kandis2/ pulp Garcinia 60 0.3 0.2 14.3 0.3 1.6 6.3 lateriflora Mangosteen Garcinia 84 0.7 0.8 18.6 0.2 1.8 - mangostana Lanzon Lansium 64 1 0.3 14.2 0.6 2.7 - domesticum Mango, paho, Mangifera 74 0.7 0.6 16.4 0.5 1.8 6.5 unripe altissima Mango, bauno, unripe Mangifera caesia 74 3 0.7 13.9 1.2 5.6 5 Rambutan Nephelium 87 1.2 0.9 18.6 1.7 0.9 - lappaceum Maraitum Nephelium sp. 92 0.5 0.2 22 0.5 0 18.9 Bush passion Passiflora foetida 62 0.6 0.5 13.7 1 6.1 6.5 fruit 20 Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Proximates and other carbohydrates) Food name Scientific name Energy, Protein Total Carbohy Ash, Fiber, Sugars and calculated (g) fat drate, total total , total description (kcal) (g) total (g) (g) dietary (g) (g) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 67 0.7 0.1 15.8 0.2 2.6 12 Banana, Musa x 126 1.4 0.2 29.6 0.8 3.3 15.6 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 44 0.4 1 8.3 0.5 2.4 1.5 microcarpa Avocado, Persea 101 0.9 6.2 10.5 0.6 4.8 2.1 green americana Avocado, red Persea 100 0.9 7.6 7 0.6 4.3 1.8 americana Malay Phyllanthus 40 0.8 0.7 7.7 0.6 3.5 - gooseberry acidus Pomegranate Punica granatum 64 0.7 0.4 14.5 0.9 3 10.2 Sapinit Rubus 76 1.2 1.1 15.2 0.5 8 6.6 moluccanus Coton fruit, Sandoricum 67 0.7 1 13.8 0.7 0.2 13 santol koetjape Mangrove Sonneratia apple, raw caseolaris 72 1.6 0.5 15.2 0.9 12.1 2 Hog plum, ripe Spondias pinnata 51 0.8 0.1 11.7 0.6 2.6 7.7 Hog plum, Spondias pinnata 40 0.8 0.1 8.9 0.3 3 2.7 unripe Black/Java Syzygium cumini 71 0.8 0.4 16 0.6 - - plum Philippine cherry, lubeg Syzygium lineatum 50 1.2 0.2 10.8 0.8 - - Malay apple Syzygium 44 0.5 0.2 10 0.3 1.7 7.9 malaccense Lipote Syzygium 77 0.7 2.5 12.9 0.5 - - polycephaloides Java apple Syzygium 34 0.4 0.1 7.8 0.2 1.3 6.1 samarangense Tamarind, ripe Tamarindus 258 2 0.6 61.1 2.9 5 37.7 indica Kalumpit Terminalia 77 1.3 0.4 17 1.3 2.4 14.4 microcarpa Susong- Uvaria rufa 39 0.7 0.4 8.1 0.6 - - kalabaw 21 Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Proximates and other carbohydrates) Food name Scientific name Energy, Protein Total Carbohy Ash, Fiber, Sugars and calculated (g) fat drate, total total , total description (kcal) (g) total (g) (g) dietary (g) (g) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 67 0.7 0.1 15.8 0.2 2.6 12 Banana, Musa x 126 1.4 0.2 29.6 0.8 3.3 15.6 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 44 0.4 1 8.3 0.5 2.4 1.5 microcarpa Palau-biyok Willughbeia sp. 115 0.6 0.3 27.5 0.2 0.3 23 Tabo Willughbeia sp. 110 0.4 0.2 26.7 0.4 4.4 18.5 1/ reference fruits, included in the commonly consumed fruits based on the 2018-2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (DOST-FNRI, 2022) 2/Here, flesh refers to the pericarp that is immediately after the fruit’s skin and pulp refers to the arils which is the soft flesh around the seed. *When available, the English common name of the indigenous and native fruits has been used in this table. Local names used have been italicized and other common local names can be found in Annex 1, 2 and 3. Key: Highest value in category Significant value in category Mangrove apple has the highest fiber content (12.10 g), followed by Rubus moluccanus, bush passion fruit, white mango, tamarind, avocado, Garcinia binucao, Garcinia lateriflora, durian and Willughbeia spp.- all of these have more fiber than the reference crops. For total sugar, tamarind tops the list with 37.70 g per 100 g of raw edible portion, which is twice as much as banana (15.6 g) and three times as much as apple (12 g). Indigenous species that have a higher total sugar content than both apple and banana are durian, johey oak, Willughbeia spp., governer's plum, jackfruit and Nephelium sp. Terminalia macrocarpa and velvet apple have lower amounts than banana but higher than apple. 3.4.2 Minerals As seen in Table 7, pili nut has the highest calcium (135mg), phosphorus (520mg) and iron (2.6 mg) content among the indigenous fruits and even in comparison to the reference fruits. Other indigenous fruits with notable calcium contents include Terminalia macrocarpa with 118 mg, Mangifera altissima with 95 mg, tamarind with 94 mg, and Syzygium polycephaloides with 93 mg. Species with calcium contents ranging from 40 to 56 mg include breadnut fruit, velvet apple, Philippine cherry, governor’s plum, breadfruit and Rubus moluccanus. Pili nut’s phosphorus content is 15 times higher compared to banana, 64 times higher than apple and 6 times higher than tamarind. Other species with phosphorus contents higher than the reference crops include Anacolosa frutescens, durian, breadnut fruit, pomegranate, Rubus moluccanus and Willughbeia spp. While pili nut’s iron content is well over triple the iron contents of banana (0.8 mg) and apple (0.2 mg), other species with notable iron contents include johey oak (1.8 mg), Anacolosa frutescens (1.7 mg), 22 rattan fruit (1.7 mg), breadfruit (1.3 mg); governor’s plum, mango (Mangifera altissima) and cotton fruit (1.2 mg each); and jackfruit and durian (1.1 mg each). The highest amount of sodium among the fruits evaluated is found in mangrove apple at 156 mg. The other species with higher quantities of sodium compared to banana (2 mg) and apple (2 mg) were durian (28 mg), ripe hog plum (26 mg), Nephelium sp. (24 mg), rambutan (18 mg), Willughbeia spp. (16 mg and 11 mg), Garcinia lateriflora pulp (15 mg), white mango (15 mg) and mangosteen (12 mg). For potassium and zinc contents, only ten native fruits were assayed (without comparative species). Among them, Rubus moloccanus has highest content of potassium with 674 mg. Other species with high potassium content include mangrove apple (330 mg), ripe hog plum (221 mg), Nephelium sp. (147 mg) and Willughbeia sp. (135 mg). The other five species have values ranging from 42-79 mg potassium. The zinc content of these fruit species ranged from 0-0.4 mg with R. moloccanus and mangrove apple having the highest values. Table 7: Nutritional content (minerals) of indigenous fruits based on the Philippine Food Composition Tables Online Database (PhilFCT®) (i.fnri.dost.gov.ph). Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Minerals) Food name Scientific name Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Potassium, K Sodium, Na Zinc, and Ca (mg) P (mg) (mg) (mg) Fe (mg) description Zn (mg) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 9 8 0.2 2 Banana, Musa x 21 34 0.8 2 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 18 12 0.8 3 microcarpa Galo fruit, Anacolosa whole frutescens 25 65 1.7 - Bignay Antidesma bunius 37 22 0.7 1 Sugar palm Arenga pinnata 20 5 0.5 2 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 40 36 1.3 1 Artocarpus Breadnut fruit camansi 56 44 0.4 3 Jackfruit Artocarpus 30 18 1.1 2 heterophyllus Johey oak Artocarpus 18 32 1.8 2 odoratissimus Bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi 8 11 0.4 4 Starfruit Averrhoa 8 22 0.8 2 carambola Rattan fruit Calamus ornatus 19 10 1.7 - var. philippinensis Pili nut Canarium ovatum 135 520 2.6 3 Kaffir lime Citrus hystrix 23 8 0.6 2 23 Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Minerals) Food name Scientific name Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Potassium, K Sodium, Na Zinc, and Ca (mg) P (mg) (mg) (mg) Fe (mg) description Zn (mg) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 9 8 0.2 2 Banana, Musa x 21 34 0.8 2 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 18 12 0.8 3 microcarpa Philippine Dillenia 28 5 0.1 - dillenia philippinensis Velvet apple Diospyros blancoi 46 18 0.6 3 Durian Durio zibethinus 18 56 1.1 28 Madagascar Flacourtia indica 44 22 1.2 1 plum Batwan, immature fruit, raw Garcinia binucao 36 20 0.3 42 2 0 Kandis2/, flesh Garcinia 32 21 0.1 64 5 0.2 lateriflora Kandis2/, pulp Garcinia 18 20 0.1 79 15 0.2 lateriflora Mangosteen Garcinia 18 11 0.3 12 mangostana Lanzon Lansium 19 25 0.9 1 domesticum Mango, paho, Mangifera 95 17 1.2 7 unripe altissima Rambutan Nephelium 32 16 0.4 18 lappaceum Maraitum Nephelium sp. 5 17 0.3 147 24 0.3 Bush passion Passiflora foetida 11 48 0.5 16 fruit Avocado, Persea americana 16 24 0.8 1 green Avocado, red Persea americana 11 27 0.8 2 Malay Phyllanthus acidus 34 22 0.9 7 gooseberry Pomegranate Punica granatum 15 43 0.9 6 Sapinit Rubus 40 37 0.6 674 9 0.4 moluccanus Cotton fruit, Sandoricum 12 21 1.2 3 santol koetjape 24 Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Minerals) Food name Scientific name Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Potassium, K Sodium, Na Zinc, and Ca (mg) P (mg) (mg) (mg) Fe (mg) description Zn (mg) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 9 8 0.2 2 Banana, Musa x 21 34 0.8 2 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 18 12 0.8 3 microcarpa Mangrove Sonneratia apple, raw caseolaris 28 27 0.4 300 156 0.4 Hog plum, ripe Spondias pinnata 19 6 0.2 221 26 0.2 Hog plum, Spondias pinnata 25 5 0.2 63 8 0.1 unripe Black/Java Syzygium cumini 23 19 0.4 7 plum Philippine cherry, lubeg Syzygium lineatum 46 23 0.4 11 Malay apple Syzygium 18 20 0.4 2 malaccense Lipote Syzygium 93 22 0.2 4 polycephaloides Java apple Syzygium 17 7 0.3 2 samarangense Tamarind, ripe Tamarindus indica 94 78 0.9 4 Kalumpit Terminalia 118 24 1.1 0 microcarpa Susong- Uvaria rufa 23 15 0.6 - kalabaw Palau-biyok Willughbeia sp. 5 37 0.2 57 11 0.2 Tabo Willughbeia sp. 7 36 0.2 135 16 0.2 1/ reference fruits, included in the commonly consumed fruits based on the 2018-2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (DOST-FNRI, 2022) 2/Here, flesh refers to the pericarp that is immediately after the fruit’s skin and pulp refers to the arils which is the soft flesh around the seed. *When available, the English common name of the indigenous and native fruits has been used in this table. Local names used have been italicized and other common local names can be found in Annex 1, 2 and 3. Key: Highest value in category Significant value in category 25 3.4.3 Vitamins The flesh and pulp of Garcinia lateriflora has the highest amount of beta-carotene among the assayed fruits (Table 8). At 1897 and 1657 µg respectively, they have between four to five times more beta- carotene than banana (360 µg). Philippine cherry and Anacolosa frutescens also have a higher beta- carotene content than banana, while the other indigenous fruit species have a lower content than banana but higher than apple (25 µg). A similar trend can be observed with the retinol activity equivalent (RAE)- Garcinia lateriflora’s values (158 and 138 µg) are far higher than banana and apple with 30 and 2 µg, respectively. For B Vitamins, pili nut has the highest thiamine content (0.95 mg). This is followed by tamarind with 0.33 mg and durian with 0.32 mg. On the other hand, durian has the highest riboflavin content at 0.28 mg. The other fruits species evaluated have riboflavin contents ranging from 0.12-0.08 mg while the reference species have 0.05 and 0.01 mg for banana and apple respectively. The highest niacin content recorded is in white mango at 2.7 mg, followed by Anacolosa frutescens (1.8 mg) and Willughbeia sp. (1.6 mg). The other seven species have niacin contents of 1.5-1.1 mg, all well above the niacin content of banana (0.5 mg) and apple (0.1 mg). Philippine cherry has a very high ascorbic acid content at 1,049 mg. This value is far higher than the rest of the fruits, including the more popular reference crop, calamansi (45mg). This is followed by unripe paho mango (Mangifera altissima) at 93 mg and rambutan with 91 mg. Table 8: Nutritional content (vitamins) of indigenous fruits based on the Philippine Food Composition Tables Online Database (PhilFCT®) (i.fnri.dost.gov.ph). Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Vitamins) Food name Scientific name Beta- Retinol Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin Ascorbic Acid, and carotene Activity Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 (mg) Vitamin C description (μg) Equivalent, (mg) (mg) (mg) RAE (μg) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 25 2 0.02 0.01 0.1 0 Banana, Musa x 360 30 0.03 0.05 0.5 25 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 0 0 0.02 0.01 0.2 45 microcarpa Galo fruit, Anacolosa whole frutescens 410 34 0.1 0.1 1.8 21 Bignay Antidesma bunius 5 0 0.01 0.05 0.3 7 Sugar palm Arenga pinnata 0 0 0 0.01 0.1 0 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 65 5 0.09 0.05 1.5 34 Artocarpus Breadnut fruit camansi 20 2 0.11 0.06 1.5 15 Jackfruit Artocarpus 105 9 0.09 0.05 0.9 5 heterophyllus 26 Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Vitamins) Food name Scientific name Beta- Retinol Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin Ascorbic Acid, and carotene Activity Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 (mg) Vitamin C description (μg) Equivalent, (mg) (mg) (mg) RAE (μg) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 25 2 0.02 0.01 0.1 0 Banana, Musa x 360 30 0.03 0.05 0.5 25 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 0 0 0.02 0.01 0.2 45 microcarpa Johey oak Artocarpus 20 2 0.07 0.11 0.9 34 odoratissimus Bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi 100 8 0.01 0.03 0.3 10 Starfruit Averrhoa 35 3 0.03 0.02 0.4 33 carambola Rattan fruit Calamus ornatus 0 0 0.06 0.01 0.9 5 var. philippinensis Pili nut Canarium ovatum 0 0 0.95 0.12 0.4 29 Kaffir lime Citrus hystrix 195 16 0.04 0.02 0.1 35 Philippine Dillenia 25 2 0.02 0.04 0.2 4 dillenia philippinensis Velvet apple Diospyros blancoi 20 2 0.02 0.03 0.3 16 Durian Durio zibethinus 46 4 0.32 0.28 1.1 44 Madagascar Flacourtia indica 60 5 0.01 0.02 0.3 7 plum Batwan, immature fruit, raw Garcinia binucao 25 2 0.05 0.04 0.9 3 Kandis2/, flesh Garcinia 1897 158 0.04 0.02 0.9 0 lateriflora Kandis2/, pulp Garcinia 1657 138 0.04 0.02 0.8 0 lateriflora Mangosteen Garcinia 0 0 0.06 0.01 0.4 2 mangostana Lanzon Lansium 0 0 0.08 0.04 0.9 2 domesticum Mango, paho, Mangifera 80 7 0.06 0.1 0.4 93 unripe altissima Mango, bauno, unripe Mangifera caesia 5 0 0.05 0.1 2.7 13 Rambutan Nephelium 0 0 0.02 0.1 0.5 91 lappaceum Maraitum Nephelium sp. 0 0 0.02 0.1 0.5 0 27 Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Vitamins) Food name Scientific name Beta- Retinol Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin Ascorbic Acid, and carotene Activity Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 (mg) Vitamin C description (μg) Equivalent, (mg) (mg) (mg) RAE (μg) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 25 2 0.02 0.01 0.1 0 Banana, Musa x 360 30 0.03 0.05 0.5 25 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 0 0 0.02 0.01 0.2 45 microcarpa Bush passion Passiflora foetida 5 0 0 0.07 1.1 18 fruit Avocado, Persea americana 130 11 0.04 0.06 0.9 14 green Avocado, red Persea americana 45 4 0.04 0.07 1.3 13 Malay Phyllanthus 35 3 0.02 0.01 0.6 4 gooseberry acidus Pomegranate Punica granatum 0 0 0.09 0.01 0.4 4 Sapinit Rubus 89 7 0.04 0.05 0.8 moluccanus Cotton fruit, Sandoricum 3 0 0.04 0.02 0.9 13 santol koetjape Mangrove Sonneratia apple, raw caseolaris 168 14 0.06 0.05 1.2 1 Hog plum, ripe Spondias pinnata 42 4 0.07 0.07 0.7 14 Hog plum, Spondias pinnata 73 6 0.02 0.02 0.2 3 unripe Black/Java Syzygium cumini 0 0 0.03 0.02 0.3 18 plum Philippine Syzygium cherry, lubeg lineatum 500 42 0.05 0.08 0.4 1049 Malay apple Syzygium 27 2 0.02 0.01 0.3 16 malaccense Lipote Syzygium 60 5 0.01 0.02 0.3 1 polycephaloides Java apple Syzygium 0 0 0.03 0.01 0.3 13 samarangense Tamarind, ripe Tamarindus 0 0 0.33 0.1 1 4 indica Kalumpit Terminalia 20 2 0.01 0.08 1.4 16 microcarpa Susong- Uvaria rufa - - 0.07 0.03 0.7 12 kalabaw Palau-biyok Willughbeia sp. - - 0.07 0.04 1.6 1 28 Indigenous and native fruits Food Composition per 100g raw edible portion (Vitamins) Food name Scientific name Beta- Retinol Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin Ascorbic Acid, and carotene Activity Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 (mg) Vitamin C description (μg) Equivalent, (mg) (mg) (mg) RAE (μg) Apple, red1/ Malus domestica 25 2 0.02 0.01 0.1 0 Banana, Musa x 360 30 0.03 0.05 0.5 25 Lakatan1/ paradisiaca Calamansi1/ X Citrofortunella 0 0 0.02 0.01 0.2 45 microcarpa Tabo Willughbeia sp. - - 0.07 0.03 1.5 0 1/reference fruits, included in the commonly consumed fruits based on the 2018-2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (DOST-FNRI, 2022) 2/Here, flesh refers to the pericarp that is immediately after the fruit’s skin and pulp refers to the arils which is the soft flesh around the seed. *When available, the English common name of the indigenous and native fruits has been used in this table. Local names used have been italicized and other common local names can be found in Annex 1, 2 and 3. Key: Highest value in category Significant value in category 3.4.4. Phytochemicals The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of 30 fruits were studied. The following indigenous and native species, aratiles (Muntingia calabura), mabolo (Diospyros blancoi), tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and santol (Sandoricum koetjape) had the highest phenolic contents with >350 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g fresh matter. Tamarind, mabolo, and santol had the highest flavonoid contents with >200 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100g FM. A strong positive correlation was confirmed between the phenol ic and flavonoid contents (Recuenco et al., 2016). In the authors’ follow up study, nine Philippine indigenous fruits were screened for phytochemical constituents and assessed for total phenolics and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Qualitative tests revealed the presence of alkaloids in Canarium ovatum , cardiac glycosides in Ficus pseudopalma and C. ovatum, and terpenoids in Antidesma bunius and C. ovatum. Total phenolics were highest in Garcinia binucao and Mangifera altissima with 758 and 694 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) / 100 g fresh matter, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged from 82–516 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant activity (AEAC) /100 g FM, with M. altissima having the highest value followed by Rubus rosifolius (513 mg AEAC / 100 g FM). Ferric reducing activities were highest for M. altissima and G. binucao with 111 mg and 121 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) / 100 g FM, respectively. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were strongly and positively correlated. Moreover, phenolic contents may have significant contributions to the observed radical scavenging and ferric reducing activities based on their strong positive correlations (Recuenco et al, 2020). In a separate study with 58 accessions of indigenous and introduced fruits and nuts, palau (Willughbeia angustifolia), tabu (Willughbeia coriacea), and baligang (Syzygium polyephaloides) have the highest total antioxidant capacity at 96.38%, 93.35% and 96.06%, respectively. Also, bignay (Antidesma bunius), guava (Psidium guajava), tagbak (Kolowratia elegans), mansanitas (Ziziphus jujuba), araza (Eugenia stipitata), dulce 29 kumot, namnam (Cynometra cauliflora), lipote (Syzygium curranii) and mabolo (Diospyrus blancoi) have high antioxidant activity as well (Gueco et al., 2017a). Pili (C. ovatum)is an endemic fruit crop in the Philippines with the center of genetic diversity in the Bicol Region. The nut is considered the priced commodity of the fruit due to its utilization in the confectionery industry, while the pulp is discarded as a waste product. However, it contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, indoles, alkaloids, sterols, and terpenes with high antioxidant activity (Pham and Dumandan, 2019; Arenas and Trinidad, 2017a). Moreover, the results of oral toxicity tests showed no mortalities, and no significant gross and histopathological findings in liver and kidney. Thus, it can be utilized as a component for food and other pharmaceutical products. The authors also reported the potential of pili pomace as a functional ingredient for food. The pomace was subjected to simulated in vitro digestion to assess the stability and bioavailability of polyphenol contents. Results showed a reduction of phenolic compounds and about 90% of antioxidant activity was lost during simulated digestion (Arenas and Trinidad, 2017b). Batuan (Garcinia binucao) a natural souring agent popular in the Visayas region was also assayed for physicochemical and nutritional properties by Quevedo et al. (2013, 2017). Ash, protein, sugar, starch, total carbohydrates, total soluble solids, and sodium content were low in batuan fruits. However, the vitamin C, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and iron were high. Trace levels of zinc, copper and manganese were also present. On the other hand, crude fat, crude protein, and tannin were high in batuan seeds. Moisture and acidity were high in pulp, while the crude fiber and vitamin A were concentrated in the peel, pulp and ripe fruit. Moreover, the results of sensory evaluation showed that the fresh and the dry, powdered form were comparable in terms of color, mouth feel, taste and general acceptability as a souring agent for fish stew. In another study, the authors reported the organic acid contents of batuan fruits. These include oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, and a few unidentified organic acids. The results confirmed batuan’s suitability as souring agent and potential for processing as ready to use acidulant for the wider household consumption and utilization in the local food industry. The seed oil of batuan was also assayed to evaluate its quality and potential for product development. The extracted oil had high triglycerides but low diglycerides content. It also contained more saturated fatty acids than the unsaturated fatty acids with stearic, oleic, and palmitic acids as the major components while arachidic, linoleic, and linolenic acids constitute the minor components. Sterol, squalene and beta-carotene were abundant in unsaponifiable matter with a minor amount of Vit. A palmitate, - and -tocopherols Quevedo et al (2015). The hydroxycitric content which has anti-obesity properties was also evaluated by Bainto et al (2018). Results showed that the hydroxycitric content of batuan ranged from 2.65 to 4.81 g per 100g sample depending on the extraction method. Water was the best extraction method and it also produced pure isolate of the compound. Moreover, the study of Bagabaldo et al. (2021) revealed that among 20 local underutilized fruits evaluated for HCA content, only tamarind and batuan had significant amounts. Tamarind flesh contains 3.731±0.046 g HCA/100 g fresh weight, while batuan flesh and seeds had 3.447±0.059 g HCA/100 g fresh weight and 1.241±0.009 g HCA/100 g fresh weight, respectively. The native fruit bignay (Antidesma bunius) is a berry that has high antioxidant activity. As reported by Aguinaldo and Villamayor (2015), bignay fruits and leaves contain carbohydrates, reducing sugars, phytosterols, phenolics, flavonoids and proteins. The total flavonoid content in leaves was reported at 56 QE/g, slightly higher than in fruits with 51 QE/g. These values suggest the potential of bignay as hyperuriccemic agent. The study of Grijaldo et al. (2019) revealed the phytochemical screening of male and female A. bunius leaf extracts. Results showed the presence of saponins, tannins, and polyphenols, 30 phlobatannins, steroids and terpenoids. Moreover, the study also demonstrated the potential of bignay leaf extracts to reduce fasting blood glucose levels. Meanwhile, Peña et al. (2022) reported that LC- MS/MS and phytochemical analyses of the plant extracts of bignay and guyabano suggest the presence of alkaloids, indoles, and phenols that may have contributed to their cytotoxic activities. The lipid- lowering properties of bignay were also evaluated in vitro. Two cultivars were assayed to determine differences in terms of maturity stage and thermal processing utilized. Results showed that ‘Kalabaw’ cultivar had higher in vitro lipid-lowering activities than common cultivar and that both cultivars had appreciable pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, bile acid binding capacity, and cholesterol micellar solubility inhibition. These activities were comparable to lipid-lowering agents used as positive controls in the study. Moreover, it was found out that freshly harvested fruits had the highest bile acid binding activity, steam-blanched with the highest pancreatic lipase inhibition activity, and water-blanched fruits had the highest cholesterol micellar solubility inhibition. The results are good indication of bignay fruits’ huge potential as functional food in relation to dyslipidemia (Crieta et al, 2021). Bignay were also phytochemically analysed by Aguinaldo (2017). Carbohydrates, reducing sugars, phenolics, diterpenes, triterpenes or phytosterols, flavonoids and proteins are present. Moreover, the low toxicity and LC50 demonstrated confirms the pharmaceutical potential of this native fruit species. Santiago et al., (2017), reported results of the antioxidant assays conducted on leaves of Ficus nota or ‘tibig’. This species is traditionally consumed as a vegetable or used as an herbal remedy. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded to be 348.3 mg GAE/g and 2.64 mg QE/g. Moreover, the extract exhibited a concentration dependent inhibitory effect on DPPH, ABTS, and nitric oxide radicals; also, a high dose dependent reducing capacity and metal chelating potential towards iron. This antioxidant and prooxidant properties are beneficial for the treatment and prevention of certain diseases and conditions. The bioactivities of katmon (Dillenia philippinensis) were also evaluated and reported by Ansari et al., (2021). The ethyl acetate fraction (DPEAF) had the highest scavenging activity of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl free radicals, with IC50 = 210.00, 70.92 and 59.88 μg/mL respectively. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was highest in the DPEAF with an IC50 = 23.09 μg/mL, which has potential in the treatment of hyperuricemia. The acute oral toxicity of the native species, Syzygium curranii, Antedisma bunius, Syzygium cumini were also evaluated. Different concentrations of freeze-dried powders are non-toxic, thus high potential as functional food ingredients. No clinical and behavioral signs of toxicity were also observed and there was zero morbidity and mortality. Post-mortem evaluation showed no lesions on various organs examined. Meanwhile, blood ALT, BUN and creatinine levels were within normal published values (Estacio et al., 2020). Muñoz et al. (2021) also reported that bignay extracts did not cause behavioral, respiratory and neurologic changes in mice. Moreover, the liver, kidney, stomach, intestines and esophagus remained intact post Bignay treatment. 3.4.5. Medicinal Properties There are known medicinal values of indigenous and native fruits in some human diseases and conditions (Table 9). Bignay and duhat were reported to possess hypoglycemic activity. Bignay, pili and Syzygium lineatum exhibited cytotoxic activities. Katmon and bignay have potential in lowering uric acid. Syzygium lineatum, Citrus hystrix, Rubus rosifolius, and Ficus pseudopalma possess antimicrobial properties 31 while S. lineatum has analgesic/anti-inflammatory properties. Lastly, Averrhoa bilimbi had potential in lowering blood cholesterol. Table 9: Medicinal value of some indigenous and native fruits against known diseases. Pharmacognostic evaluation Indigenous Fruit Authors Diabetes Fresh and ethanolic extracts caused a Antidesma bunius Tanquilut et al., 2019 significant reduction of blood glucose levels in mice and thereby exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity. Plant extracts significantly lowered the Antidesma bunius Grijaldo et. al., 2019 fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in mice compared to the positive (glibenclamide 10 mg/kg) and negative (distilled water) controls. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of all mice was within normal range. Meanwhile, the creatinine level of mice treated with bignay ethanolic extract was higher than the control. The results of the in vivo study showed Syzgium cumini Mercado et al., 2021 that freeze-dried fruit showed significant reduction in blood total glucose by 50 and 30% with 30 and 20% supplementation (w/w), respectively. The results showed that duhat has high Syzygium cumini Della et al., 2018 total phenolic content and antihyperglycemic potential. The administration of leaf extracts improved the blood glucose levels of the diabetic mice which is almost comparable with Glibenclamide, thus can be utilized as an alternative medication for diabetes. Cancer Plant extracts exhibit antioxidant and Antidesma bunius Peña et al., 2022 cytotoxic activities against lung cancer cells. The aqueous leaf extract was evaluated Canarium ovatum Chan & Cajuday, 2013 for possible anti-angiogenic effect and 32 Pharmacognostic evaluation Indigenous Fruit Authors results showed significant inhibition in blood vessel formation in duck embryos. Cytotoxicity screening using fractionated Syzygium lineatum Ibana et al., 2018 sub-extracts revealed a substantial improvement of antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities. Further purification yielded compounds with highly selective antiproliferative activity against human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Hyperuricemia or high uric acid levels Potential source of natural antioxidants Dillenia philippinensis Ansari et al., 2021 and xanthine oxidase inhibitors which can be used in hyperuricemia and presumed to be used orally. The antihyperuricemic potential was Antidesma bunius Aguinaldo and Villamayor, evaluated and results showed significant 2015 inhibition on hyperuricemic activity, which were statistically comparable to colchicine in lowering the uric acid level. Antimicrobial property The leaf extracts revealed antibacterial Syzygium lineatum Macadato et al., 2019 activities, inhibiting the growth of the non- resistant and multidrug-resistant strains of the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa and A. baumanii. For the antibacterial activities, extracts Citrus hystrix Recuenco et al., 2020 were most effective against Escherichia Rubus rosifolius coli. Extract was most effective against Ficus pseudopalma Recuenco et al., 2020 Staphylococcus aureus. Analgesic/Anti-inflammatory Leaf extracts were used for lipoxygenase Syzygium lineatum Macadato et al., 2019 (LOX) inhibitory assay and in vivo testing. The butanol sub-extract was found to be the most potent with IC50 of 4.09 µg/mL, and doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body 33 Pharmacognostic evaluation Indigenous Fruit Authors weight (BW) were found to have the same analgesic effect as the positive control. Moreover, the dose of 250 mg/kg BW exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of diclofenac. Lipidemic Activity The fruit extracts show significant Averrhoa bilimbi Madrideo et. al., 2013 reduction in cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides among rats treated with pure extracts. The results are comparable to Simvastatin, a commercially – available drug used to lower blood cholesterol. 3.5 Production and processing Indigenous fruits in the Philippines are grown mainly in home gardens, and small farms. In other communities, people gather them in the wild, in forests and other non-cultivated areas. For instance, members of the Pala’wan tribe in Rizal and Quezon usually collect fruits and vegetables in the wild while they plant cereals as their staple food (Bernadas & Peralta, 2017). The same is true with the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon province who collect fruits from the wild and communal village areas (Buenavista et al., 2022). Information on the volume of production and area planted to indigenous fruits is limited. Data from the Philippines Statistics Authority, show that there are only 27 indigenous and native fruits with available data in terms of volume of production, number of bearing trees/ vines, area planted/ harvested (Figure 3; Tables 10 to 12). Some of the crops are commercially grown, but the amount was insignificant compared to major fruits like banana, mango, citrus, pineapple, and papaya. Banana (Musa spp.) serves as a reference crop and to show the differences in production of IFs. Among the indigenous and native fruits with data, indigenous mango species (possibly including paho, M. altissima and bayuno, M. caesia, among others) had the highest volume of production during the past 5 years, followed by durian (Durio zibethinus), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), avocado (Persea americana), and santol (Sandoricum koetjape). Pangasinan is the top producer for these indigenous mango species, Davao City for durian, Masbate for jackfruit, Cagayan Valley and Nueva Vizcaya for avocado, and Cavite for santol. The highest number of bearing trees are lanzones (Lansium domesticum) while area planted or harvested is highest in indigenous mango species. Area devoted to the 27 indigenous and native fruits in the list (114,488 hectares) is only a quarter of the area devoted to bananas (440,056 hectares) which are an export commodity. Lanzones (Lansium domesticum) and marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) had less than 150,000 mt average production, although production went higher in 2019 but declined in 2020 and 2021. The rest of the indigenous fruits only had 1.22 mt (Terminalia microcarpa) to 7,500 mt (rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum) volume of production (PSA, 2022). 34 Figure 3: Trend in volume of production of 27 indigenous fruits for the past 5 years (2017 to 2021) (Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, PSA 2022) 35 Table 10: Volume of production of some indigenous and native fruits in the Philippines from 2017-2021 compared to banana Local name Scientific name Volume of production from 2017-2021 (metric tons) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Banana1/ Musa spp. 9166334.31 9358784.56 9157676.11 9056149.45 9091308.03 9166050.49 Mango Others2/ Mangifera spp. 108385.95 110458.40 113286.79 111687.69 107598.20 110283.41 Durian Durio zibethinus 66457.63 75521.48 79284.05 78815.99 73867.42 74789.31 Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus 41656.14 41591.23 40926.69 40199.43 39388.86 40752.47 Avocado Persea americana 19439.95 19442.64 19596.88 20054.72 19874.96 19681.83 Santol Sandoricum koetjape 16862.46 16647.36 16056.55 15423.61 14439.07 15885.81 Lanzones Lansium domesticum 8030.52 12367.94 19974.30 16037.36 9481.78 13178.38 Artocarpus Marang odoratissimus 9606.26 10457.24 14056.00 12098.37 9674.62 11178.50 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum 6064.56 7207.52 8733.53 8312.52 7205.22 7504.67 Pili Nut (dried nut w/ shell) Canarium ovatum 7427.41 7648.90 7158.20 6331.48 5859.46 6885.09 Tamarind Fruit Tamarindus indica 6755.62 6638.31 6377.09 6259.04 6108.94 6427.80 Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana 1171.25 2659.45 5600.40 4019.35 1833.29 3056.75 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 2316.46 2311.53 2233.18 2109.54 1980.04 2190.15 36 Local name Scientific name Volume of production from 2017-2021 (metric tons) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Duhat Syzygium cumini 1066.10 1052.82 1038.77 1011.72 990.82 1032.05 Makopa Syzygium samarangense 706.55 672.71 671.37 644.17 607.50 660.46 Batuan Garcinia binucao 529.61 546.49 571.08 599.03 605.13 570.27 Tambis Syzygium aqueum 563.33 583.23 584.23 547.36 531.16 561.86 Balimbing Averrhoa carambola 461.91 437.65 412.40 383.80 367.19 412.59 Lime Citrus × aurantiifolia 370.95 383.07 384.71 373.48 362.96 375.03 Mabolo Diospyrus blancoi 340.54 319.98 308.27 285.96 242.48 299.45 Bignay Antidesma bunius 87.53 88.61 87.80 95.01 96.56 91.10 Syzygium Lipote polycephaloides 71.55 71.64 66.52 65.18 60.29 67.04 Karamay Phyllanthus acidus 65.02 66.10 62.32 56.15 52.78 60.47 Hibi Spondias cytheria 31.39 32.25 32.85 33.27 30.98 32.15 Longans Dimocarpus longan 21.70 21.86 21.85 24.49 24.30 22.84 Pomegranate, Granada Punica granatum 23.69 22.26 21.80 20.51 20.48 21.75 37 Local name Scientific name Volume of production from 2017-2021 (metric tons) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Pangi Pangium edule 1.85 1.20 0.98 1.00 1.06 1.22 Calumpit Terminalia microcarpa 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.81 1.04 0.90 1/ Reference crop, one of the 5 major fruit crops in the Philippines 2/ There was separate production data on ‘Carabao’ and ‘Piko’ mango (Mangifera indica). Mango might include other species like M. altissima (paho) and M. caesia (bayuno) Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, www.psa.gov.ph Table 11: Number of Bearing Trees/Hills/Vines of some indigenous and native fruits in the Philippines from 2017-2021 Common name Scientific name Number of Bearing Trees/Hills/Vines from 2017 to 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Banana1/ Musa spp. 285918228 288639018 285335123 285381092 280913225 285237337 Lanzones Lansium domesticum 1934946 1954386 1993141 2009217 2020009 1982340 Mango2/ Mangifera spp. 1699884 1709734 1705320 1708528 1700868 1704867 Durian Durio zibethinus 1293038 1343438 1342881 1341526 1387628 1341702 Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus 1165607 1161791 1160807 1156793 1153750 1159750 Avocado Persea americana 506586 506678 507944 510560 512071 508768 38 Common name Scientific name Number of Bearing Trees/Hills/Vines from 2017 to 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Santol Sandoricum koetjape 445070 443169 437911 436885 434915 439590 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum 404967 417503 419208 420988 415395 415612 Artocarpus Marang odoratissimus 336746 327989 328420 328828 328919 330180 Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana 237440 243108 277533 282637 282713 264686 Pili Nut (dried nut w/ shell) Canarium ovatum 164382 164810 158221 147145 146102 156132 Tamarind Tamarindus indica 127211 127385 124710 124360 123850 125503 Duhat Syzygium cumini 85997 84968 84366 84086 83481 84580 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 55754 55698 55612 55526 55563 55631 Tambis Syzygium aqueum 50545 50222 50288 50282 50155 50298 Makopa Syzygium samarangense 46615 46536 45737 45226 44821 45787 Lime Citrus × aurantiifolia 44027 44759 44588 44010 43522 44181 Balimbing Averrhoa carambola 45335 44642 43744 42703 40657 43416 Batuan Garcinia binucao 12825 13231 13291 13375 13453 13235 39 Common name Scientific name Number of Bearing Trees/Hills/Vines from 2017 to 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Bignay Antidesma bunius 12644 12781 12973 13115 13158 12934 Karamay Phyllanthus acidus 11687 11666 11209 11166 10929 11331 Mabolo Diospyrus blancoi 11137 11130 10961 10879 10657 10953 Calamus ornatus var. Rattan Fruits philippinensis 9483 9495 8248 8286 7532 8609 Syzygium Lipote polycephaloides 3643 3573 3422 3343 3276 3451 Granada Punica granatum 3381 3284 3115 3098 2942 3164 Longans Dimocarpus longan 2405 2325 2299 2343 2381 2351 Hibi Spondias cytheria 578 795 935 935 892 827 Pangi Pangium edule 250 250 250 250 250 250 Calumpit Terminalia microcarpa 146 146 128 120 120 132 1/ Reference crop, one of the 5 major fruit crops in the Philippines 2/ There was separate production data on ‘Carabao’ and ‘Piko’ mango (Mangifera indica). Mango might include other species like M. altissima (paho) and M. caesia (bayuno) Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, www.psa.gov.ph 40 Table 12: Area planted/ harvested on some indigenous and native fruits in the Philippines from 2017-2021 Common name Scientific name Area planted/ harvested (hectares) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Banana1/ Musa spp. 446763.91 447889.39 449030.08 451177.70 450420.12 449056.24 Mango2/ Mangifera spp. 28326.00 28307.61 28273.13 28399.66 28365.97 28334.47 Lanzones Lansium domesticum 20841.66 21286.90 21489.79 21548.63 21511.25 21335.65 Durian Durio zibethinus 16672.09 16692.84 16677.79 16582.92 16573.74 16639.88 Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus 13857.06 13835.68 13862.94 13862.93 13811.24 13845.97 Santol Sandoricum koetjape 7054.56 7020.83 6964.46 6946.38 6918.57 6980.96 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum 5636.98 5726.56 5691.28 5717.17 5656.26 5685.65 Avocado Persea americana 5179.55 5180.24 5195.51 5241.80 5267.47 5212.91 Artocarpus Marang odoratissimus 5138.74 5136.05 5143.52 5154.96 5158.68 5146.39 Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana 2786.75 2926.41 2956.56 3021.35 3031.08 2944.43 Tamarind Tamarindus indica 2145.97 2250.54 2212.34 2207.47 2202.44 2203.75 Pili Nut (dried nut w/ shell) Canarium ovatum 2283.24 2261.96 2164.11 2006.11 1998.29 2142.74 41 Common name Scientific name Area planted/ harvested (hectares) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Duhat Syzygium cumini 1126.67 1117.19 1107.59 1098.45 1093.01 1108.58 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 903.41 900.64 898.44 897.77 905.29 901.11 Makopa Syzygium samarangense 456.46 454.74 448.03 440.31 439.68 447.84 Tambis Syzygium aqueum 440.69 440.47 441.89 444.94 443.69 442.34 Balimbing Averrhoa carambola 329.02 320.02 311.16 301.71 295.57 311.50 Lime Citrus × aurantiifolia 232.40 235.40 236.02 232.17 231.35 233.47 Mabolo Diospyrus blancoi 140.67 140.69 138.24 137.12 133.30 138.00 Batuan Garcinia binucao 121.16 124.96 127.18 127.49 128.57 125.87 Karamay Phyllanthus acidus 84.40 85.40 84.60 83.14 83.09 84.13 Bignay Antidesma bunius 71.45 71.95 73.00 74.25 76.05 73.34 Calamus ornatus var. Rattan Fruits philippinensis 75.55 80.95 67.80 67.49 51.09 68.58 Syzygium Lipote polycephaloides 37.25 36.85 35.70 34.65 34.58 35.81 Granada Punica granatum 21.44 21.95 21.84 21.78 21.77 21.76 42 Common name Scientific name Area planted/ harvested (hectares) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Average Longans Dimocarpus longan 11.90 11.90 10.90 11.78 12.00 11.70 Hibi Spondias cytheria 6.69 7.49 7.99 7.74 7.09 7.40 Pangi Pangium edule 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Calumpit Terminalia microcarpa 2.00 2.00 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.84 1/ Banana as reference crop, one of the 5 major fruit crops in the Philippines 2/ There was separate production data on ‘Carabao’ and ‘Piko’ mango (Mangifera indica). Mango might include other species like M. altissima (paho) and M. caesia (bayuno) Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, www.psa.gov.ph 43 Studies were undertaken using the sexual (seeds) and asexual (stem cuttings, grafting, use of tissue culture) means of propagation. Some crops can be easily grown without the plant growth regulators and rooting hormones. The summary of the propagation studies is presented in Table 13. Other studies in production include rootstock compatibility of different Artocarpus species (marang, A. odoratissima; tipolo, A. blancoi; breadfruit, A. camansi) to jackfruit rootstock, A. heterophyllus in which marang was found to be the best rootstock for jackfruit as it performed better in terms of plant stature, yield, and resistance to Phytophthora disease (Loquias and Coronado, 2018). Meanwhile, the effect of fruit thinning on yield and fruit quality in ‘Puyat’ durian was investigated and thinning at 50% produced the highest number of harvested fruits, heavier fruit, greater pericarp weight, greater fruit circumference and longer fruit, better shelf life under ambient conditions (Nicolas et al., 2019). Disease management for jackfruit was studied to understand the etiology of the pathogen causing jackfruit bronzing. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed the causal organism as Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Smith), the same bacterium that causes bacterial wilt or Stewart’s disease of corn (Gapasin et al., 2013). In a separate study, monthly stem injection of chitosan (from shrimp and crab exoskeletons) at 1 ml of 300 ppm solution to jackfruit seedlings proved to be effective in controlling seedling dieback caused by Phytophtora palmivora (Lesaca, 2018). On the role of indigenous fruit as a biopesticide, bignay (Antidesma bunius) fruit extract has proven effective in controlling beetles (Epilachna spp., family Coccinellidae) (Belmi et al., 2014). Table 13: Propagation method of some variety/species of indigenous fruits in the Philippines. Species/ Variety Propagation method Reference ‘EVIARC’ jackfruit Grafting survival using ordinary garden soil Luna and Garrigues, 2019 Katmon, Dillenia Using mature stem cuttings at 2-feet long Wagan et al., 2017 philippinensis with 0.75-1.0 inch diameter; using a combination of MycoVAM and vermicompost as soil ameliorants ‘FB Cachola’ breadfruit In vitro propagation using 5ppm BAP Atis et al., 2014 (Artocarpus altilis) (benzylaminopurine) to produce multiple shoots; cutting scion grafted to one-year- old breadfruit seedlings and individually wrapping with a polyethylene bag 44 Species/ Variety Propagation method Reference ‘MMSU SRO Sweet’ Scion should be 5-15 cm long to obtain Atis et al., 2014 jackfruit (A. heterophyllus) higher survival Bignay, Antidesma bunius Cuttings from the main stem regardless of Benabise et al., cutting origins (bottom to top) can be used 2021 even without the application of growth regulators Bignay, Antidesma bunius Taproot pruning of 1-2 cm promotes Burcer et al., 2021 further root growth development for better seedling quality and survival during transplanting Deguai, Saurauia Seeds germinate in heat-sterilized loam soil Tacloy et al., 2022 bontocensis without pre-germination treatments; stem cuttings from the base grow best untreated rather than applying rooting hormones 3.6 Post-harvest and processing Processing and value adding is a good way of storing and extending the shelf-life of fruits while providing income to communities. The development of unique products can lead to business development and the creation of demands for specific products. For indigenous fruits, a range of products were developed – chips, candies, juices and concentrates, jam, jelly, wine, vinegar, cookies and other flour-based products, powdered products for souring agents, natural food preservatives, and many others. Wine was developed in many fruits such as seriales (Flacourtia jangomas), lubeg (Syzygium lineatum), sapinit (Rubus rosifolius), makopa (S. samarangense), star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), arius (Podocarpus costalis), katmon (Dillenia philippinensis), guava (Psidium guajava), lipote (S. curranii), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), passion fruit (Passiflora sp.), marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus), jackfruit (A. heterophyllus), and bignay (Antidesma bunius). There were also efforts to produce powdered products out of bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi) (Limbaga et al, 2014); katmon (Dillenia philippinensis) (Dellosa et al, 2019), and batuan (Garcinia binucao) (Quevedo et al, 2013; Ancheta & Dizon, 2018). Powdered products from these fruits serve as an alternative to tamarind, which is the most popular souring agent that is commercially available. Batuan fruits, either ripe or green, can be used in making powdered products, although higher acceptability was observed in the green or unripe batuan powder 45 when tested on pork and fish sinigang (Dormido et al, 2019). The shelf life of batuan in powder form was evaluated using the Accelerated Shelf-Life Test wherein the product was stored in different temperature treatments. Researchers found that the shelf life of the product at room temperature can reach 202 days or 6.7 months (Ancheta et al, 2020). Application of indigenous fruits in the food industry was also explored. For example, jackfruit was tested for its potential as an extender in canned tuna flakes in oil with optimum formulation of 15% jackfruit rags for every 155 g of canned tuna (Galvez et al., 2017). Using biodegradable films as a primary package or in combination with other packaging materials can also be explored in the future. One of the active edible films can be based on gelatin and carboxymethylcellulose with phenolic extracts from bignay (Belan et al, 2019). There were also initiatives to transfer the developed technology in processing and value adding. Technical support to rural women’s groups in Quezon Province was provided for the processing and product development of katmon (JN Paller of DA-BAR, personal communication). There are limited initiatives in the postharvest of indigenous fruits. For katmon, initial studies were done to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of the fruits after harvest to extend its shelf life. As expected, fruits immediately turned brown and softened but the use of Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) using polyethylene bags stored under ambient or low temperatures (13-14 °C) took one week when packed as peeled fruits and by two weeks if packed intact (Artes et al, 2018). To reduce browning of dehydrated jackfruit pulp, the use of 0.1 or 0.2% w/w sulfite in jackfruit variety ‘AES Jak 1’ was recommended (Galvez et al, 2013). 3.7 Marketing Marketing should not be treated as the end of the production phase of operations, but it should be the driving force of production as dictated, by market and consumer needs (Crawford, 1997). The rapid market appraisal studies of indigenous tamarind (and some other underutilized fruits) showed that there is a strong domestic and international market potential. However, there was a significant reduction in yield and production areas over time where most producers are small-scale farmers. It was found that there is a lack of market linkages connecting the farmers, traders, and processors, resulting in loss of profit and food waste (Policy Action Group, DOST-PCAARRD, 2022). 3.8 Policy and Institutional Frameworks The Bureau of Plant Industry through the Department Circular No 17 Series of 2020 released the “Guidelines on the Listing of Traditional Crop Varieties for Conservation and Sustainable Use” to support wider utilization and commercialization not only of the more popular varieties but also of traditional crops being cultivated by farmers over generations (www.bpi.da.gov.ph). In support of the pili industry, House Bill/Resolution No. HB00391 was filed as “An Act Promoting the Cultivation, Production, Processing, Marketing and Distribution of Pili Nut and 46 for other Purposes”. Pili is relatively more commercialized than the rest of the indigenous fruits that are still largely underutilized. These resolutions to be passed into law would be a breakthrough for further promotion of these crops. 3.9 Research and Promotion Initiatives 3.9.1 Agencies involved in research and promotion of indigenous fruits Agencies with initiatives on indigenous fruits are found in 35 provinces throughout the country with Laguna (30%), NCR (22%), Leyte (13%) and Camarines Sur (5%) having the greatest number of studies (Figure 4). Most of the studies in Laguna are implemented by the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Aquatic Resource (DOST-PCAARRD) while implementing agencies involved in the NCR are from various universities and the attached agencies of the Department of Agriculture (DA) and Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Visayas State University (VSU) has initiatives in Leyte while the Department of Agriculture - Regional Field Office 5 (DA- RFO 5) and its research arm DA-BIARC (The Bicol Integrated Agricultural Research Center), and Central Bicol State University of Agriculture have initiatives in the Bicol Region. Only 64 (37%) of the literature reviewed mentioned the source of funding for initiatives on indigenous fruits. The majority of these are funded by the government sector such as the DA – Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR) and the research arms of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) like the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources (PCAARRD) and Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD). The DA-BAR has supported 24 studies on indigenous fruits and vegetables (JN Paller of DA- BAR, Personal Communication) spending a total amount of Php 80 M (USD 1.4M). The agency supported 13 projects on genetic conservation, characterization, propagation, product development and commercialization of indigenous fruits. Product development and commercialization include kalumpit (Terminalia microcarpa), arius (Podocarpus costalis), bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi), the star-fruit (Averrhoa carambola), batuan (Garcinia binucao), and katmon (Dillenia philippinensis). 3.9.2 Agencies involved in research and promotion of indigenous fruits Promotion of indigenous and native fruits is necessary for people to appreciate the value of these crops. By promoting the cultivation and use of these fruits and showing that they are good sources of nutrients and a potential source of income, will lead to the conservation and preservation of these crops for future generations. Activities to promote indigenous and native fruits include exhibits, capacity building, distribution of planting materials, IEC materials on production and utilization. DA offices and BPI distribute planting materials to beneficiaries and conduct capacity building in terms of production, processing, and commercialization throughout the country. 47 Figure 4: Distribution map showing percent initiatives per province based on the total available literature of indigenous fruits in the Philippines from 2012-2022. 3.10 Challenges and Opportunities The challenges and opportunities mentioned below are only limited to the available literature gathered at the time of this study. The book by Coronel (2011) provides ample information on endemic and introduced species in the country. Some of the fruits described were mentioned in several ethnobotanical studies and surveys. However, the existence of the mentioned species was unknown at the time of this review. Production data from the Philippine Statistics Authority should include scientific names to be able to provide more accurate and comprehensive data. 48 Conservation Most of the diversity studies focused on more popular commercial crops like the Artocarpus species and pili (C. ovatum) and less on other indigenous species. Given a great number of indigenous species, there is still the need to conduct diversity studies using both morphological and molecular techniques. Also, existing collections need better representation in the genebanks to strengthen genetic diversity. Additional sampling from conservation sites is needed. The evaluation of existing germplasm can be exploited to be able to fully devise better conservation strategy. Several indigenous fruit species must be prioritized to start. However, the maintenance of existing and future collections is expensive and most of the support comes from external funding. Therefore, sufficient internal funding must be provided to increase genebank capacity. In-situ and ex-situ conservation have their own pros and cons. It is therefore suggested to complement in-situ with ex-situ conservation and vice versa to ensure that the maximum genetic diversity of the priority species is maintained (Heywood and Dulloo,2005). Most of the identified ex-situ conservation sites are individual or private group initiatives. There was no identified community field genebank in this study. Production and varietal improvement Indigenous fruits are commonly grown from seeds with limited understanding of their proper care and management. Most fruits are grown organically, with no fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Studies on the propagation and production of indigenous fruit species directly contributes to the diversification of the cropping system and can provide a more substantive base for the fruits’ direct utilization or the processing industry. In the past 10 years, there has been limited varietal release of indigenous fruits primarily because of their perennial nature. The selection should include field performance like yield, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and their nutritional and functional properties for direct utilization. Nutritional evaluation A range of functional property studies were available to provide in-depth nutritional information of indigenous fruits. Several species were proven to contain higher nutritional value than some of the popular fruits available in the market. However, it is important to take note that the data does not reflect the nutrient variability due to the differences in environment and varieties or sub-species. Marketing Despite the potential for commercialization, there was insufficient literature of the economics of indigenous fruits. In some instances, though, indigenous fruits, despite having a strong economic potential, lack the linkages between the farmers, traders, and processors. Hence, 49 the strengthening of the linkages between these stakeholders are recommended. Support from the DA-BAR and other agencies is needed to make production and commercialization of indigenous fruits sustainable. Profitability and cost and return analysis of indigenous fruit products are usually not available in the literature. Indigenous fruit species for promotion Promotional activities exist but the priority crops need to be reevaluated. Below is the list of fruit species identified for promotion based on the DOST-FNRI nutritional data (Table 14). The uses, wide adaptability, and economic potential of the fruits were also considered in this list. Table 14: Indigenous fruits for promotion based on nutritional quality, functional properties, multiple uses, wide adaptation, climate resilience, and economic potential. Fruit Reasons for promotion Pili Endemic variety with utilization in the confectionery industry; the nut Canarium ovatum has very good proximate composition in terms of protein, fats and ash content; rich in minerals and vitamins like calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, riboflavin and Vitamin C; has anti-angiogenic property which has potential for cancer treatment; the pulp, which is considered a waste product, can also be promoted for use since it is rich in bioactive compounds and safe for consumption, thus can be utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Tamarind Fruits are high in carbohydrates, sugar, and ash content; excellent Tamarindus indica source of calcium, potassium and thiamine and fair amount of riboflavin; it has high hydroxycitric acid which has anti-obesity property; has multiple use (vegetables, fresh fruits eaten raw, and for processing) Bignay, Antidesma bunius It has anti-cancer, anti-hyperuricemic, and glucose lowering properties; high phenolics and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity. Artocarpus spp. (includes Good source of vitamin C, iron, calcium (www.ifnri.dost.gov.ph); marang, jackfruit, package of technologies for production and processing are in place; has breadnut, breadfruit) multiple use as vegetable, fresh fruit, and for processing. Katmon, Dillenia Has potential for processing; technologies for production and philippinensis processing are in place; high nutritional quality and functional property; can also serve as an ornamental plant Lubeg, Syzygium lineatum Fruits have extremely high vitamin C content and also high in calcium; has potential for processing. 50 4. Conclusion This desk review demonstrated that indigenous fruits can be a good source of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals for health and wellness. The results revealed that initiatives exist for genetic conservation, seed system and varietal development, nutritional promotion, production, post-harvest processing, and policies. The genetic representation of existing germplasm can be improved. There are no existing community field genebanks in the country. Existing conservation initiatives are mostly driven by public repositories and a few public individuals or groups. Varietal development, production and processing technologies can be strengthened to make conservation sustainable. There is only limited research on marketing and economic development of indigenous fruits in the country. This study recommends seven priority species for collection and characterization, regeneration, evaluation, seed distribution and exchange including katmon (Dillenia philippinensis), Syzygium spp., alupag (Litchi chinensis subsp. philippinensis), kubili (Cubilia cubili), galo fruit (Anacolosa frutescens), mabolo (Diospyrus blancoi), and Mangifera spp. They are recommended based on their conservation status, nutritional quality, functional properties, and economic potential. Meanwhile, six indigenous fruits are recommended for promotion and direct utilization based on nutritional quality, functional properties, multiple uses, wide adaptation, climate resilience, and economic potential. This includes pili (Canarium ovatum), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), bignay (Antidesma bunius), Artocarpus spp., katmon (Dillenia philippinensis), and lubeg (Syzygium lineatum). 51 5. Recommendations for collection, conservation and seed system This desk review presented the research and development initiatives on indigenous fruits across the value chain – from drivers to inputs, production, postharvest/ processing to market and consumer. Looking closely at the genetic resources that play a key role in diet diversity and adapting to adverse climatic conditions, the following are recommended to support the collection, conservation and evaluation and establishment to an improved seed system on indigenous fruits: 1. Scientists and government agencies must be linked to increase awareness for genetic conservation to improve or create policies. An increased institutional support like funding is recommended to increase the capacity of genebanks. An enhanced international cooperation for research and development through government support can help in the understanding in genetic diversity assessment and implementation of conservation. 2. Community field genebanks must be established through the collaboration of the Local Government Units and experts from State Colleges and Universities, Department of Agriculture- Regional Field Offices, and Bureau of Plant Industry Research Centers. 3. Provide technical assistance such as training on production, processing, and conservation strategies and provisions on facilities and equipment to existing private individuals or groups to increase their capacity. 4. Establish a network and strengthen linkage between private groups/ organized growers, community field genebanks, institutional genebanks, and public breeding institutions to increase access and exchange of genetic resources. The availability of planting materials and improved varieties will encourage the production of indigenous fruits in the local communities and farmer fields. 5. Seven (7) priority species are recommended in this review paper for long-term funding availability. This is based on the degree of vulnerability and the potential for production, marketing, and commercialization. In-depth nutritional analysis can be exploited to better understand their nature and serve as a basis for national promotions. 6. Integrate indigenous fruits in production systems such as multi-story cropping, lowland farming, and agro-ecotourism to encourage conservation while providing business opportunities. 7. Profitability and cost and return analysis of the promoted indigenous crops must be studied to maximize business opportunities and attract private investors. 52 References Abe R and Ohtani K. 2013. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan Island, the Philippines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145: 554–565. Aguinaldo HA and Villamayor EU. 2015. Anti-hyperuricemic activity of Antidesma bunius (l.) Spreng. Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 37(1): 134. Aguinaldo HA. 2017. Indigenous Plants as Potential Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor. Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. Philippines. 39 (1): 159. Ancheta A and Dizon E. 2018. Drying and storage characteristics of batuan [Garcinia binucao Blanco, Choisy] fruit powder. Paper presented during the 26th National Fruit Symposium on October 16-19, 2018. Ancheta AK, Yaptenco KF, Mopera L, Bainto L, Lizardo RC, and Dizon E. 2020. Accelerated shelf- life test (ASLT) of Batuan [Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy] fruit powder. Food Research. 4. 1254-1264. 10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).018. Ansari SS, Diño PH, Castillo AL, and Santiago L.A. 2021. Antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition and acute oral toxicity of Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe (Dilleniaceae) leaf extract. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Research. 9 (6): 846. Arenas EH and Trinidad TP. 2017a. International Food Research Journal. Heavy metal and microbiological profiles of defatted pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) pulp meal residue and acute oral toxicity of its ethanolic extract in mice. International Food Research Journal. 24(4): 1763-1770. Arenas EH and Trinidad TP. 2017b. Fate of polyphenols in pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) pomace after in vitro simulated digestion. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 7 (1): 53- 58. Arquion RD, Galanida CC, Villamor B, and Aguilar HT. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of indigenous plants used by local people of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. Asia Pacific Higher Education Research Journal (APHERJ). 2(2). Artes LA, Wagan ADM, Omaña ME, Tamisin LL Jr. 2018. Initial study on storage of fresh katmon fruits (Dillenia philippinensis) and sensory evaluation of katmon juice and jelly. Presented during the International Conference on Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture and Food Systems: Strategic Approaches to Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture and Food Systems in Southeast Asia, Tagaytay City (Philippines), 7-10 Nov 2018. Atis MI, Pugat ZS, Badar AJ, Pascua GS, Dumaoal AE, and Gabriel MSS. 2014. Propagation Techniques of FB Cachola Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae and MMSU SRO Sweet Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Lam. Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 36(1):9. 53 Bagabaldo PA, Hurtada WA, Laurena AC, and Atienza LM. 2021. Potential sources of anti- obesity compound – hydroxycitric acid among some of the underutilized fruits in the Philippines. Food Research. 5 (3): 65 – 72. doi: 10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).532 Balinado, L.O., & Chan, M.A. 2017. An Ethnomedicinal Study of Plants and Traditional Health Care Practices in District 7 , Cavite , Philippines. Bainto LC, Dizon EI, and Castillo-Israel KAT. 2018. Effects of various processing methods on hydroxycitric acid content of Batuan [Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy] fruits. International Food Research Journal. 25(Suppl. 1): S13-S19. Belan DL, Mopera LE, and Flores FP. 2019. Development and characterisation of active antioxidant packaging films. International Food Research Journal. 26(2): 411-420. Belmi RM, Giron J, and Tansengco ML. 2014. Antidesma bunius (Bignay) fruit extract as an organic pesticide against Epilachna spp. Journal of Asian Scientific Research. 4(7): 320- 327. Benabise EV, Quinan JJ, and Carig JG. 2021. Response of 'Bignay' [Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng] to cutting origins, IBA and BioGroe treatments. Plant Science Today. 8(3): 596- 603. Bernadas Jr CN and Peralta MD. 2017. Indigenous Crops And Wild Plants Used As Food By The Pala’wan Tribe In Southern Palawan, Philippines. Journal of Nature Studies. 16 (1): 11-17. Buenavista DP, Mollee EM, and McDonald M. 2022. Any alternatives to rice? Ethnobotanical insights into the dietary use of edible plants by the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon Province, the Philippines. Regional Sustainability. 3: 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2022.04.002 Bordado E. 2019. Want to De-stress? --Hie off to Mirisbiris and immerse in nature’s bliss. Umasenso Vol.28(3). Retrieved from https://bicol.da.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2019/12/UMASENSO3rd-Qtr-2019-webpost.pdf (page 12). Brion ACB. 2019. Huani, the fragrant mango. Business Diary Philippines. September 29, 2019. accessed on March 9, 2023 at https://businessdiary.com.ph/9028/huani-fragrant-mango/ Burcer PAR, Carandang WM, Gascon AF, Tiburan CL Jr. 2021. Effect of root pruning on the root growth potential (RGP) of three Philippine native tree species. Philippine Journal of Science. 150(2): 429-444. Chan BA and Cajuday LA. 2013. Anti-angiogenic property of the aqueous extract of Canarium ovatum leaves using cam assay. Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 35(1): 115. Chua-Barcelo RT. 2014. Ethno-botanical survey of edible wild fruits in Benguet, Cordillera Administrative Region, the Philippines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4(S1): S525-S538. 54 Convention on Biological Diversity. Philippines: Biodiversity Facts. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ph Coronel RE. 1996. Pili nut, Canarium ovatum Engl. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 6. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research. Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome, Italy. Coronel RE. 2002. Collection, propagation and conservation of indigenous fruits in the Philippines. Acta Hortic. 575: 211-219. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.575.22 Coronel RE. 2011. Important and Underutilized Edible Fruits of the Philippines. UPLB Foundation, Inc. and DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research. 283p. Coronel RE. 2013. On-farm biodiversity conservation: the RC Fruit Conservation Farm. Acta Hortic. 979, 559-568. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.979.60 Crawford IM. 1997. Agriculture and Food Marketing Management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Accessed at https://www.fao.org/3/w3240e/W3240E00.htm#TOC Crieta BRA, Tuaño APP, Torio MAO, Villanueva JC, Gaban PJV, and Castillo-Israel KAT. 2021. In vitro lipid-lowering properties of the fruits of two bignay [Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng] cultivars as affected by maturity stage and thermal processing. Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences. vol 2: 100020. Crop Trust. 2023. Crops, Countries and Genebanks: Philippines. Retrieved from www.croptrust.org/pgrfa-hub/crops-countries-and-genebanks/countries/philippines/ Dapar M, Alejandro G, Meve U and Liede-Schumann S. 2020a. Ethnomedicinal importance and conservation status of medicinal trees among indigenous communities in Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. Journal of Complementary Medicine Research 11(1):59. DOI: 10.5455/jcmr.2020.11.01.08 Dapar MLG, Alejandro GJD, Meve U, Liede-Schumann S. 2020b. Quantitative ethnopharmacological documentation and molecular confirmation of medicinal plants used by the Manobo tribe of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 16(14): 1-60. (2020). DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00363-7 David ND. 2021. School of Living Traditions on Aeta Magbukon indigenous knowledge: promoting indigenous food plants for food security. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies. 21(3): 518-534. Dauchet L, Amouyel P, and Dallongeville J. 2005. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke. Neurology. 65:1193–1197. 55 Della C, Della E, and Pineda, A. 2018. Total Phenolic Contents and Antihyperglycemic Effects of Selected Indigenous Philippine Plants. IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, vol25(1). Accessed from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=14000 Dellosa S, Tappy M, Malabonga T, Balagtas M, Estrada M, Laborde G and Oasan R. Development of instant sinigang powder from katmon fruit (Dillenia philippinensis). 2019. Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 41 (1): 94 Department of Agriculture. 2020. Guidelines on the listing of traditional crop varieties for conservation and sustainable use. Department Circular No. 17 Series of 2020. https://nsic.buplant.da.gov.ph/dc.php. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). 2017. DENR Administrative Order No. 2017-11. Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories. Accessed from https://www.denr.gov.ph Department of Science and Technology - Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI). 2022. Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures: 2018-2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS): Food Consumption Survey. FNRI Bldg., DOST Compound, Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines. Department of Science and Technology - Food and Nutrition Research Institute. 2019. Philippine Food Composition Table Online Database (PhilFCT). Retrieved from https://i.fnri.dost.gov.ph/fct/library Docot RVA, Sohal AS, Dela Cruz CG, Fontillas KAP, Rodriguez MAG, Trillana GEM, and Dapar MLG. 2022. A Quantitative Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used by the Locals in Camiguin Island, Calayan, Cagayan, Philippines. Journal of Tropical Life Science. 12 (1): 141 – 154. doi: 10.11594/jtls.12.01.15 Dormido CD, Anadon NT, Paracale LMP, Seniego JM. 2019. Processing and Evaluation of Batuan Fruits (Garcinia binucao) as Souring Agent. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations. 7 (2): 495-508. Endonela LE, Gentallan RJrP, Timog EBS, Bartolome MCB, Altoveros NC, Borromeo TH, Alercia A, Lopez F, and Cerutti AL. 2023. Key descriptors for pili nut (Canarium ovatum Engl.). University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines and FAO on behalf of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Rome, Italy. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3704en Estacio MA, Atienza L, Gapasin R, Maniwang JR, Aranzado JR, Mercado CJ, Dela Cruz MA, Fernandez ND, Sunico DJ, Israel KA, Bainto L, and Ilagan J. 2020. Acute Oral Toxicity Test of Selected Philippine Indigenous Berries as Potential Food Supplements. Current Developments in Nutrition. 4(S2): 684, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa050_007 Farjon A, Gardner M and Thomas P. 2014. Conifer Database. In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, L. Vandepitte, D. Hobern, D. Remsen, P. Schalk, R. E. DeWalt, M. 56 Keping, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, R. Adlard, E. M. Adriaenssens, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, N. Akkari, S. Alexander, et al., Catalogue of Life Checklist. https://doi.org/10.48580/dfp3- 393 Fulton SL, McKinley MC, Young IS, Cardwell CR, Woodside JV. 2016. The Effect of Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Overall Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta- analysis, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 56 (5): 802-816. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.727917 Galvez L, Patindol R, and Mabesa L. 2013. Influence of Variety and Sulfite on Controlling Browning Within Four Months of Storage of Dehydrated Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Pulp. Annals of Tropical Research 35(2):40-59. DOI: 10.32945/atr3523.2013. Galvez LA, Yu MARD, Jansalin JGF, and Lauzon RD. 2017. Physicochemical characteristics of used coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) oil in vacuum fried jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophyllus Lam) processing as influenced by frying cycles. Presented during the 25th Presented during the 25th National Fruit Symposium November 7-10, 2017. Gapasin RM, Borines LM, de la Cruz CS, Garcia RP and Advincula CT. 2013. Jackfruit bronzing disease in the Philippines is caused by Pantoea stewartii (Smith) Mergaert et al. Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 35(1): 100 Gentallan, R., Altoveros, N., Borromeo, T., Endonela, L., Hay, F., Lalusin, A., Yoshioka, Y. 2019. An objective method of shape descriptor state establishment using elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA). Plant Genetic Resources, 17(6), 480-487. Green R, Sutherland J, Dangour AD, Shankar B, Webb P. 2016. Global dietary quality, undernutrition, and non-communicable disease: a longitudinal modelling study. Nutrition and Metabolism Research. 6 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 00933. Grijaldo S JB, Quiming NS, Nicolas MG, and Alvarez MRS. In Vivo Hypoglycemic Activities of Male and Female Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice. Orient J Chem 2019. 35(4); 1398-1406. Govaerts R. 2003. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Gueco LS, Yanos L, and Biguelme M. 2017a. Antioxidant properties of some indigenous and introduced fruit and nut species in the Philippines. Paper presented during the 24th FCSSP Scientific Conference on June 13-17, 2017. Guevarra MLD, Carandang JM and Coronel RE. 2015. Seedless binukaw, Garcinia binucao (Blanco.) Choisy – a new promising variety. Paper presented during the 23rd National Fruit Symposium on October 19-23, 2015. 57 He FJ, Nowson CA, Lucas M and MacGregor GA. 2007. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Hum Hypertens. 21:717–728. Heywood VH, Dulloo ME. 2005. In situ conservation of wild plant species: a critical global review of best practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin 11. IPGRI, Rome, Italy. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/104559/1092.pdf?sequence=3&isAllo wed=y Ibana F, Macabeo AP, and Castillo A. 2018. Alkenylated phenolic natural products validate the claimed anti-cancer property of Syzygium lineatum (Lubeg). Trans. Nat. acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 40 (1): 194. Lesaca, PRA. 2018. Addressing jackfruit’s lead destroyer. BAR Chronicle. A monthly publication of the Bureau of Agricultural Research 19(5):12-13. Limbaga J, Magpantay R, Blanca-Ocreto M and Castillo-Israel K. 2014. Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation of Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) powder as souring ingredient. Journal of Human Ecology. 3(1): 55-64. Loquias VL and Coronado JL. 2018. Selection and identification of Artocarpus species as best rootstock for jackfruit (Artocapus heterophyllus). Presented during the 26th National Fruit Symposium on October 16-19, 2018. Luna TM and Garrigues MM. 2019. Enhancing germination and graftability of EVIARC sweet 1 jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.). Presented during the 27th National Fruit Symposium on October 15-18, 2019. Macadato RB, Manzano RB, Maranga LDT, Martin ENA, Mayo PLC, Morales ACC, Ibana FV, Castillo AL. 2019. Lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts of Syzygium lineatum (Philippine cherry). Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 40(1): 251. Madrideo NO, Sarmiento DKM, Serrano CRM, and Guerrero JJG. 2013. Lipidemic effects of kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) fruit extract on male wistar rats. Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 35(1): 170. Manguiat MV, Sandoval CMC, Tecson-Mendoza EM and Garcia RN. 2014. A novel cDNA of pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) shows sequence homology with small heat shock proteins family. Trans. Nat. Acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 36(1):196. Mercado CJG, Atienza LM, Sunico DJA, Maniwang JRC, Gapasin RP, Gaban PJV, Castillo-Israel KAT, Cena-Navarro R, and Estacio MAC. 2021. Antioxidant, Anti-obesity, and Lipid- lowering Properties of Philippine “Duhat” (Syzgium cumini L. Skeel) Freeze-dried Fruit Flesh. Philippine Journal of Science. (150) 4: 793-808. 58 Muñoz MNM, Alvarado UG, Reyes JIL, Watanabe K. 2021. Acute oral toxicity assessment of ethanolic extracts of Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng fruits in mice. Toxicology Reports. 8: 1289-1299. Nair MK, Augustine LF, Konapur A. 2016. Food -based interventions to modify diet quality and diversity to address multiple micronutrient deficiency. Frontiers in Public Health. 3 (277): 1-14. Peña AG, Alvarez MR, Delica K, Moreno PG, Abogadoa R, Grijaldo SJ, Salac EL, Deniega FM, Basingan Jr. M, Ravidas CM, Heralde III F, Completo GC, Padolina I, and Nacario R. 2022. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Annona muricata L. and Antidesma bunius L. leaves, and molecular networking analysis using LC-MS/MS metabolomics. South African Journal of Botany. 151(Part B): 559-566. Pham LJ and Dumandan NG. 2019. Bioactive Compounds of Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.). Reference Series in Phytochemistry. pp. 1 – 13. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-06120-3_22-1. Policy Action Group, DOST-PCAARRD. 2022. Development of an R&D Framework for Underutilized Fruits (Guava, Soursop, Sugar Apple, and Tamarind) in the Philippines. Policy Brief. 2(2). 12 p. Quevedo ES, Laurena AC, and Merca FE. 2013. Physicochemical properties, nutritional and sensory quality of “Batuan” [Garcinia binucao (Blco.) Choisy] fruits. Annals of Tropical Research. 35(2): 1-21. Quevedo S, Pham L, Merca F and Laurena A. 2015. Physicochemical properties, lipid and fatty acid profile of "Batuan" [Garcinia binucao (Blco.) choisy] seed oil. Annals of Tropical Research, 37(2):11-22. Quevedo ES, Dizon EI, Merca FE. 2017. Organic acid profile of Batuan (Garcinia binucao [Blco] Choisy) fruit. Annals of Tropical Research. 39(2): 25-33. Ramos HC and Temanel FB. 2013. Diversity of Indigenous Fruit Tree Species in Selected Local Communities of Echague, Isabela, Philippines. IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation. 7:105-124. Recuenco MC, De Luna JRP, Magallano NG, and Salamanez KC. 2020. Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolics, and Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Selected Philippine Indigenous Fruits. Phil J Sci. 149 (3-a): 697-710. Recuenco MC, Lacsamana MS, Hurtada WA, and Sabularse VC. 2016. Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Contents of Selected Fruits in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science. 145(3):275-281. Sandoval CMC, Tecson-Mendoza EM, Garcia RN. 2017. Genetic diversity analysis and DNA fingerprinting of pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) using microsatellite markers. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 100 (1): 7-15. 59 Santiago LA, Saguinsin SGC, Reyes AML, Guerrero RP, Nuguid AMN, Santos ACN. 2017. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and free radical scavenging components of Ficus nota Merr. (Moraceae) ethanolic leaf extract. International Food Research Journal. 24(5): 2050- 2058. Sthapit B, Stefano Padulosi S, Mal B. 2009. Role of On-farm/In situ Conservation and Underutilized Crops in the Wake of Climate Change. Paper presented in the National Symposium on Recent Global Developments in the Management of Plant Genetic Resources, NBPGR, New Delhi, India. 17-18 Dec. 2009. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/104716/Role_of_on- farm_In_situ_conservation_and_underutilized_crops_in_the_wake_of_climate_change_13 97.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Tacloy JG, Bao-idang CC, Ngiwas SL, Esteban MB, and Yabes MD. 2022. Domestication of “Deguai” (Saurauia bontocensis Merr.) at La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines. Phil. J. Sci. 151(1): 157-169. Taguiling N. 2013. Macrofloral biodiversity conservation in Ifugao. European Scientific Journal. 4: 469-482. Tantengco O, Condes M, Estadilla H, and Ragragio E. 2018. Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines. Pharmacogn. 10(5):859-870. Tanquilut NC, Alonzo NQ, James AE, Rowlands DK, Sanchez GC, San Jose RD, Yesner E, Tanquilut MRC, Reyes BAS. 2019. Hypoglycemic activity of Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng and Mollugo oppositifolia L. fresh and alcoholic extracts in the db/db diabetic mouse model. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 13(17): 396-400. Timog EBS, Joni Jr YZ, Gentallan RP, Altoveros NC, Borromeo TH, Endonela LE, and Lalusin AG. 2019. Cross-species amplification of selected SSR markers to jackfruit and its related species. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 76(3)-377-381. DOI: 10.5958/0974- 0112.2019.00061.6 Tontisirin K, Nantel G and Bhattacharjee L. 2002. Food-based strategies to meet the challenges of micronutrient malnutrition in the developing world. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 61: 243-250. Valencia LDC and Alcasid CE. 2015. On-site selection strategy in varietal development of jackfruit (Artocapus heterophyllus Lam.). Presented during the 23rd National Fruit Symposium. October 19-23, 2015. Wagan A, Aggangan N, Tamisin L, and Omafia M. 2017. Propagating Dillenia philippinensis (Katmon) using matured stem cuttings. Trans. Nat. acad. Sci. & Tech. (Philippines). 39(1):6 60 Annexes Annex 1: Endemic/indigenous fruits in the Philippines as described in Coronel, 2011. No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* Bic: bohokan; Ib: lubeg; Ilc: malabayon; Iln: tagilumboy; Kal: tulan; Neg: ngaret; Sam: malaruhat- 1 Acmena acuminatissima sapa; Tag: husu-husu; kahoybod; malaruhat, malaruhat-parang, salasak, talamitan; War: bagotambis-nga-bugnoran, binloan; biniloan,bohokan. Bic: alamag, kansuyud, tukang-kalaw; Ceb: saldana; Ilc: batukanog; Iln: kansulod, tukang-kalaw; 2 Aglaia clarkii Pan: baluy; Sam: tikbal; Tag: tukang-kalaw; Tagb: barongisan. Lb: alugasin; Ilc: arangin, balamban-nga-puraw, daweng,salugen, saralo; Iln: mata-mata; Kal: 3 Aglaia diffusa ugis; Mag: kamata-mata; Neg: oksa, parusapil, tibungaw; Sub: mamata; Sul: batilan, kaniwi, lungan, maligang, saplungan; Tag: bugalbal, kuping, malasaging, salaking-pula. Bic: mata-mata; llc: batukanag, palatangan, salapugud; Iln: odling; Kuy: lumbunaw; Lan: kamata- mata; Neg: tibungaw; Pan: balinsiagaw; Sub: bubuyakit; Sul: mamonak, mamonaw, saplungan; 4 Aglaia elliptica Tag: dalamiras, kagatongan, kaniwi,malasaging, maltumbaga, matang-ulang, salamungay, sulmin, tadyang-kalabaw; War: hagasan. Bag: kunaw; Ceb: bunguas, lumbunaw, malasantol; Iln:bulua, bulog: Man: bubunaw; War: 5 Aglaia everetti bagasantol Bic: mata-mata, taba-taba; Ib: mata-utta; Ilc: adi-oas, arangen,tagasleng; Iln: bulog, 6 Aglaia llanosiana magitlumboy, mata-mata, tapuyi; Sul: libunaw; Tag: bayanti, kanini, malatumbaga, salamungay 7 Aglaia oligophylla Pan: ansa; Tag: manalaw, putian. Buk: karayap; Iln: bulog; Kal: tibungaw; Sul: mata-mata,saplungan; Tag: bayanti, kanining-puti, 8 Aglaia tomentosa karamiras, kuling-manok. 9 Allophylus macrostachys Ilc: bignay-baker; Neg:barotangol; Pan: lingo-lingo; Tag: bignay-gubat. 61 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 10 Alphonsea arborea Bic: bolon, lanutan, malatamban; Ceb: sapiro; Tag: kalay, lanutan, palo-kalay; War: lanutan. 11 Ampelocissus martini Iln: bika. 12 Anacolosa frutescens Gad: yupa: Tag: malabignay, aluloy, galo; War: mataboto. Bag: dangul; Bik: tubo-tubo; Bon: ayusit; Ib: arusi; Ig: arusit; Ilc: arosep; Iln: inyam, kiuyan; kuy: 13 Antidesma ghaesembilla dampol; Mag: ningnul, ninol; Mang: barungasi; Sam: binayuyo, banumayo; Sul:minul; Tag:binayuyo, bignayoko, binayuyo, kabogbog, kiuyan, limyang, pinang, tinuyong. Bik: alangnon; Ib: bugnay, talan; Ig: salagna; Ilc: bugnay, unat: Neg: bunay: Pam: malabinayuyo; 14 Antidesma pentandrum Pan: balanei-na-manok; Sam: balinog; Tag: bignay-pugo, binayuyo-matsing, malabignay, pakagli. 15 Ardisia crenata 16 Artocarpus blancoi Bic: tipolo; Ceb: kalo, kolo; Ilc: pakak; Iln: tipolo; Iv: chipuho; Pam: tipolo; Tag: antipolo. 17 Artocarpus camansi Bic: ugod; Ceb: dulugiyan, kalo; Ilc: pakaw; Tag: dulugiyan, kamansi, kamongsi. 18 Artocarpus elasticus Bic: gumihan; Bag: tugup; Ceb: antipolo; Man: tugup; Tag: antipolo. Artocarpus nitidus subsp. 19 Tag: Kubi. nitidus 20 Artocarpus ovatus Tag: Anubing. 21 Artocarpus sericicarpus Tag: Gumihan; Artocarpus vrieseanus var. 22 refractus 23 Baccaurea lanceolata 62 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* Lg: mata, tongal; Ilc: baransiagaw, lusuban, panayumen; Iln: managasa; Pan: malapilin; Tag: 24 Bridelia glabrifolia agay, lamuti, Ting: lusuban. 25 Calamus maximus 26 Calamus mitis 27 Calamus mollis usitatus Calamus ornatus var. Bag: tubo; Bic: kalapi; Ceb: kayapi, mayangyang; Ib: alimuran; Iln: kalapi; Pam: limuran; Sam: 28 philippinensis limuran; Tag: gupak, likuto, limuran, lukuan, palaklakanin, uway; War: kalapi. Bic: malapili, pili; Ib: antang, pili; Ilc: alangi, alangki, bakoog: Iln:pili; Pan: bulaw; Tag: basiad, 29 Canarium luzonicum belis; pilawi, pili, pisa, sahing, tugtugin; Ting: bakan; War: pili. 30 Canarium ovatum Bic, Ceb, Tag, War: pili; Tag: basyad, liputi, pilawi, pili-pilawi. 31 C. vrieseanum f. williamsii C. vrieseanum f. 32 stenophyllum Buk: balituk; Ceb: salimomo; salua-sua; Ilc: tarabtab, tarabtab-uwak, taraptap; Iln: alungung; 33 Capparis micracantha Pam: kasuit; Tag: bayabas-uwak, dawag, halubagat-kahoy, malarayat-kahoy, salambagat, tinikan. 34 Castanopsis philippinensis Tag: bating, bayoktoan, lobian, paungayan, takatak, talakalak, talakatak; War: ulayan. Bag: dalu; Bic: malaigmo, olarag; Ceb: kayonkong, oau; Ilc: maraguid; Iln: magabuyo, 35 Celtis luzonica manikbubuyu, tabaw, ulalo; Man: udayu; Tag: malaikmo. 36 Celtis philippinensis 63 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 37 Citrus excelsa Citrus excels var. 38 davaoensis Bic: kabog, kamuntay; Ceb: amongpong, amontaw, balo-oi, kopalian, kolobot, kolison, mayagarin; Ib: kapitan; Ilc: kamugay, kapitan, kamulaw; Kal: pinukpuk; Pan: piris; Sam: 39 Citrus hystrix malatbas; Sub: muntal; Tag: buyak, buyog, kabugaw, kabuan, kabuyaw, kubot, kulubot, kolong- kolong. 40 Citrus longispina 41 Citrus macroptera 42 Citrus miaray 43 Citrus micrantha Biasong Citrus nobilis var. 44 Bic: ransas; Bon: alsem; Ilc: darangita; Tag: dalanghita, sintones, tison. papillaris 45 Citrus webberi Citrus webberi var. 46 montana 47 Clausena anisum-olens 48 Cubilia cubili Ig: atilang; Man: baksian: Tag: ebuli, kabili, kubili, lubi-lubi, malasaging; War: tabas 49 Cycas rumphii 64 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 50 Dacryodes rostrata Lunai; Bic: palaspas; Ceb:pili-hanai; Lan: lunai 51 Dillenia megalantha Bic: katmon; Tag: katmon-bayani; War: katmon. 52 Dillenia mindanaense Agu: kambog. Bag: kalambok, kulambog; Bic: katmon; Ceb: katmon; Ib: balale, palali; Ig: dihis, biskan; Ilc: 53 Dillenia philippinensis palali; Iln: bolobayauak; Lan: kalambugui; Mag: katmon; Man: katmon; Pam: katmon; Pan: palali, pamamalien; Sam: dingin: Sub: palali; Sul: kambog, katmon; Tag: katmon. 54 Dillenia reifferscheidia Bic: balali, katmon-kadlangan, palali: Iln: katmon; Tag: katmon, katmon-kalabaw. Dimocarpus longan Chab: buli; Lan: iboli, marog, talimorok; Sul: lupak. 55 subsp. malesianus var. echinatus Aluao Bic: kamagong; Buk: itom-itom; Ceb: amaga, kamagong; Ib: balingagta, kamagong; Ilc: mabolo; 56 Diospyros blancoi Iln: mabolo; Iv: kamaya; Man: kamagong; Pam: kamagong, talang; Pan: kamagong; Sam: kamagong, mabolo; Tag: kamagong, mabolo, talang; War: ituman. 57 Diospyros copelandii Tag: talang-gubat. 58 Diospyros diepenhorstii Tag: balarowin, sapoteng-hulo, talang-gubat. 59 Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Tag: Anang. Bag: badabo; Bic: barobo, bulolo; Ceb: malubo, manaring; Ilc: balugo, kideng, maramani; Iln: barubo, marobo, mayabo; Lan: balobo, bukad, buru; Mag: balobo, bulubu, bulugug, bulugay, 60 Diplodiscus paniculatus tagpam; Man: balobo; Sul: dupdupan, mangabu,talu-talu; Tag: balobo, banayo, kamiling, malubo, puyus; War: balobo, barobo, marobo; Yak: balubu. Bag: mamakau; Bic: dao; Ceb: batucan, habas; Iv: lupigi; Ilc: hamarak, kamarak, makadaeg; Iln: 61 Dracontomelon dao dao; Mag: makau; Man: anduong, makau, mamakau; Tag: dao, maliyaw; War: dao. kiakia. 65 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* Bic: alauihau, halauihai; Ceb: batoan; Iin: bili-bili; Kuy: ulandang; Pan: bio; Tag: aduas, 62 Dracontomelon edule anangging-puti, lamio, malaiyo; War: alauihau. 63 Durio testudinarum Panugianon Ehretia acuminata var. 64 Tanaua polyantha 65 Elaeagnus triflora Bon: banaken; Ig: kapapei, padias; Iv: alunut; Sul: bankap; Tag: alingaro, lingaro. Bic: hunggo; Ceb: kunakun; Iln: bunsilak; Tag: bongani, hunggo, kalomala, maglumboy, 66 Elaeocarpus calomala malaropit, unggo. Bag: rokambur; Bic: hunggo; Ceb: konakon, talot; Tag: hunggo; Tagb: paki; War: bago, 67 Elaeocarpus cumingii pangutanang-bagio, saritang-bagio. Bon: pongpong; Buk: dekai-dekaiang; 68 Embelia philippinensis Ig: baloko-o, bisalak, bisudak; Ilc: binurok; palongpong; Tag: dikay, lando. 69 Excavatia littoralis Labusei 70 Ficus bakeri Man: kataupi. Ceb: sulu-talobog. 71 Ficus lepicarpa Saraca Fig Bag: basikong; Bon: labei; Gad: daoai; Ib: kiki-kik, tabug, tibug; Ig: tubug; Ilc: tebeg, tebig; Is: 72 Ficus nota labai; Iv: anraranum; Lan: katinbog; Pan: tebel; Sub: bubunga; Tag: tibig; Tagb: tibei; Ting: tugbug; War: tuyokai. Bag: paysan; Buk: malapagang; If: aplus; Iln: agasahin, agupit, isis, kapinit; Man: pili; Tag: 73 Ficus odorata agosos, pakiling 66 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 74 Ficus pseudopalma Bic; lubi-lubi; Tag: niyog-niyogan. Bik: agupit, katol; Bon: apulas; Ceb: agusahis: Ib: kikig, plas; Ig: apas, kuplas, oplas; Ilc: apulas, 75 Ficus ulmifolia uplas; Iln: beris; Iv: yayasi; Pam: alasas; Sam: gisgis; Tag: asis, isis, pangisis, usiu; Ting: aplas. 76 Flacourtia euphlebia Bag: balaluan, nuginagin; Buk: lanagon, Ceb: banauo; Man: oropong; Sub: nanagan. Ceb: agasas, salabagin; Ig: kalominga, kalunga; Ilc: obieng; Sam: kalamasati; lalamasali; Tag: 77 Flacourtia rukam amaiit, bitungol Rukam 78 Ganua obovatifolia Bic: maninik; Tag: dulitan, nato. 79 Garcinia benthami Kuy: bonog, bunag. Bag: kabala, kadis; Bic: buragris, maninila, tila; Ig: balakog, ballok, balukok; Ilc: balukok, 80 Garcinia binucao kulilem; Iln: batuan, haras; Kuy: kandis; Sam: bangkok; Tag: bilukaw, binukau. 81 Garcinia cumingiana Lb: buneg, malabunok; Ilc: gatasan, katulit. 82 Garcinia dives Pam: pildis; Sam: paniginen; Tag: bilukau,kuling-manok, malabinukau, malatumbaga. Bic: taklang-anak; Ib: baloko, banog; Ilc: buneg; Iln: bogalot, gatasan; Pam: taklang-anak; Pan: 83 Garcinia dulcis reneg; Baniti Bic: ugau; Buk: kariis; lb: kariis; llc: katolit; Man: kandis; Neg: turobeto; Pam: taklang -anak; Tag: 84 Garcinia lateriflora maladambo, taklang-anak; Tag: maladambo, taklang-anak, tatlong-anak 85 Garcinia morella 86 Garcinia luzoniensis Tag: Malabinukaw. 67 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 87 Garcinia mindanaensis Bag: kabala; Buk: kabangla, kariis. 88 Garcinia rubra Bic: kamantiis; Iln: kamandiis; Man: pagit; Sul; kandiis; Tag: kamandiis. Bic: buragris, lagumunan, tamil; Buk: kabangla; Dav: kadis; Ceb: mamla, butuan, pepi; Lan: 89 Garcinia tetrandra bungalo; Sul: kandiis; Zam: bluas, kindis. Ceb: bago-bago; Ib: bunag, katuri; lf: bunog; Ig: malakod; Ilc: bilabil, buneg; Pam: pedis, 90 Garcinia venulosa taklang-anak; Sul: mangala; Tag: bilukaw, bonog, gatasan, kalogkog, peris,taklang-anak. Ceb: puyangi; Ig: bilis; Iln: bagalat, bugalot; Man: katapang; Mand: kanubi; Pan: bunug; Tag: 91 Garcinia vidalii piris; War: pulangi. 92 Glenniea philippinensis Malachico; Mamoko Bag: bago, nabo; Ceb: bago, bago-sili, banago; Mag: magatungal; Man: bago, kugitis; Mand: 93 Gnetum gnemon kuman; Sub: babayong; Tag: bago, lamparan. Bic: kuliat; Buk: bulso; Ib: kuliad; Ig: kalat, kandiat, konjat; Ilc: kalat, kaliat; lln: nonok; It: kadiat; 94 Gnetum latifolium Man: dadotum; Mang: kuliat; Pam: kuliat; Tag: bias, bias-bias, koliat, lamparahan, tubal; War: maligot. Ceb: anilau; Ib: lapi, lapni, lapnit; Ig: baruan; Ilc: balitnong, barauan, bariuan, diran, duran, 95 Grewia eriocarpa keddeng, laso; Iln: balitnong, damag; Pam: masaplak; Pan: duran; Sam: baliliuan; Tag: baronhasi, danli, kanas-kanas. 96 Grewia stylocarpa Ilc: gintinanik, tintinani, tulang-tulang; Kuy: lumboy; Mag: talapulukit; Pan: lumoi- 97 Ixora philippinensis manok.kamingi, kayomkom, makopa-makopahan. Bag: makaasim; Ceb: hangos; Ib: lankangan, rukrukso; Ilc: lakangan; Man: stangosan; Sul: 98 Jossinia aherniana lusunan; Tag: kamanla, malabayabas; War: sambonotan, tulanan. 68 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 99 Jossinia tulanan Ceb:tulanan. Bic: amugis, karogkog; Ceb: amugis, kalumanog, lako-lako, sambulauan, Koordersiodendron smbalagan,sambalabuan, sinambuaoan; Ib: urisan; Ilc: bangkasi, bangkalari, kantingen, oris, 100 pinnatum sarga, taligaan, urisan; Iln: sambulauan, sambuluan; Man: maguyabud, sambu-uauaa; Mand: maguyabud; Sul: gagil, magalibas; Tag: amugis, ambugis, dangila, mugis,; War: sambulauan. 101 Kowloratia elegans Ceb: katkatan, katotang; Tag: bagombon, salbak, tagbak, tugbak. 102 Lepisanthes alata Bag: lalingod; Bic: pipiyasuton; lb: ara, dirig; llc: dirig; lln: balinawnaw, buli-buli; Pam: balanono, 103 Lepisanthes fruticosa balinawnaw; Tag: balanono,balinawnaw, balingnoko-noko, linawnaw, lunaw, tagalinaw. Ceb: balit, buli-buli, duka, llc: palatangan-analabaga, lln: aboi, balinaunau, barit, buri-buri, taguriron, togoriron, Man: 104 Lepisanthes rubiginosa magasilad, Sul: usau-usau, Tag: kalayo, kalimaui, lingarau, malasaging-puti,; Tagb: kalangkangin; Ting: lagui Bag: rupar; Bic: boboa, halupak, kandongisol, lupak, panuto; Ceb: sambualau; Chab: bolik; Ib: Litchi chinensis subsp. apalung, dimopa; Iln: alupak, aropag, balit; Mag: lupal; Neg: apalong, marutong; Pan: aninguai, 105 philippinensis bakaliu; Sam: alupak, bakkalau, kalupai, paitan-bakir; Sub: mamata; Sul: mata-mata; Tag: alpay,alupag, bayit, gisihan, tinaingi; Tagb: kuluris; War: dagindingan, usau. 106 Litsea garciae 107 Madhuca leerii Bic: paho; Ib: appan, banitan; Ilc: pangmanggaen; Iln: malapaho; Neg: bunutan; Pam: popouan; 108 Mangifera altissima Sam: pahutan, pao; Sub: mangapoli; Tag: malapaho, paho, pahutan, pahuhutan, pangahutan. 69 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 109 Mangifera laurina Tag: apali. 110 Mangifera monandra Bic: malapaho; Ilc: paglumbayan; Iln: pangi; Tag: kalamansanay. 111 Microcos philippinensis Tag: balukok, bagiod; Pan: anakseng. Bag: mangulipit, tiua-a; Bic: aporong, apung, barobo, muling-muling; Ib: ngamo, paoli, puled pulit; Ilc: lamot, mamot, namut, pulit; Iln: balit, banalogon, poron; Kal: basilalag; Kuy: makaya; 112 Microcos stylocarpa Mang: porong; Neg: peoling; Pam: susubiik; Sam: balibagum-gubat, patling; Sul: magunau; Tag: agdang , balsakan, iring, kamiring, kamuling, muling, papling, susumbiik, muling-muling; War: barbo, lapnisan. Ceb: lisohan; Cot: mangay; Ib: paua-ua; Lan: butuhan, mangay; Tag; butuan, saging-matsing, 113 Musa balbisiana saging-ligaw; Sul: panyaual; Zam: butuhan. Nephelium ramboutan- Bic: bulala; Chab: litsia; Ilc: bakkalau; Kal: marangis; Sul: bali; Tag: bulala, karayo, laguan, lintias, 114 ake pangyan, panongian, santias; War: potian 115 Ochrosia akkeringae Mag: dins; Neg: pakoidan; Sul: labuei. 116 Ochrosia littoralis Mag: dins; Neg: pakoidan; Sul: labuei. 117 Olax imbricata Ilc: ubet-ubet; lln: balagon; Tag: biton. 118 Palaquium lanceolatum Bic: upong-upong; Ib: araka, mikat, miko; Tag: bagalangit, uban palak-palak. Ib: araka; Ilc: gasatan, gasatan-panalipauen, niket; Iln: nato, nato-nga-puti; Pam: dulitin; Pan: 119 Palaquium luzoniense takaran; Tag: bagalangit, dulitan, nato, palak-palak, tagatoy. Bag: agrado; Bic: nato-pula; Ib: araka; Ilc: dalakan, darakan; Iln; manog-talisay; Neg: apakapaka, bitok; Pam: alakaak, alakau, malak-malak, malasaputi, pakankal, palak-palak; Pan: pakaran; 120 Palaquium philippense Sam: tagogong; Tag: agas, alakaak, alakaak-na-pula, alakap, dulitan, dulitan-takloban, manimparog, palak-palak. 70 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 121 Pangium edule Bic: pangi; Iln: pangi; Mand: salingkumut; War: pangi. 122 Phoenix hanceana Iv: Voyayoi. 123 Pouteria ducitan Reinwardtiodendron 124 humile 125 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Dayopod-mabolo. 126 Rubus copelandii Bon: pinit: 127 Rubus ellipticus Bon: bunut: Ig: kokobod, titau. Buk: talagiauat, kalagiauat; Ceb: sampinit; If: bubuit, pagar; Ig: balaungan, luting, palau, 128 Rubus fraxinifolius pupugan; Ilc: pinit; Iln: tugas-tuga; Kal: barini; Lan: lagakunata 129 Rubus niveus Tag: pilay. 130 Rubus pectinellus Bag: bagalbalan; Bon: apukid; Ig: bana, kalapachap. 131 Rubus rolfei Ig: dutung, subit; Bon: bunut. 132 Rubus rosifolius Bic: ragini; Ilc: init; Lan: lagiauat; Tag: sapinit. 133 Salacca clemensiana Cot: kauki; Bag: lakanbi; Zam: dalubi, lubo. 134 Salacia ovalis Bic: malasantol; Gad: biot; Sam: magsantol; Tag: bago-santol, bangon-santol, malarambo, 135 Sandoricum vidalii malasantol, Tagb: malapakhi; War: malabobonau. 71 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 136 Saurauia avellana Buk: bolo-bolo, kalimug; Bag: baring; Lan: karimug. 137 Sauraula bontocensis Bon: chuaguy, deguay, duguay, daguey. Bic: balingsua, doging-halas; Ceb: bagnayau; Ilc: palutan; Pan: amonot; Sam: aninguai; Tag: 138 Scolopia luzonensis babaliwain, bitongol, malakarayom, pilapil, suliak-dagat. Bic: ligas; Bon: libas,pakan; Ceb: hanagas, langas, longas; Ib: kamaring; Ig: kamiding; Ilc: 139 Semecarpus cuneiformis kamiring; Iln: agas, anugas; Pam: kaming, ligas: Sam: kamiing; Tag: kaming, ligas; Ting: kamiling. 140 Semecarpus longifolius Bic: topo; Ceb: manalu; Tag: anagas,ligas,niyog-niyogan, tukud-langit. 141 Spondias philippinensis Bic: lubas; Ceb: alambihod, alubihod; Ib: lanno, lannu; lln: libas; Kuy: alubid; Mag: libas; Man: 142 Spondias pinnata kalabahid; Neg: lannu; Sul: libas; Tag: aduas, alubihod, libas Bic: kalumpang; Ceb: kalumpang; Ib: bangad, bangog; llc: bangar, bobor, bubur; Iln: bobo, 143 Sterculia foetida bobog; Mag: kurumpang; Neg: bangar; Pam: kalumpang; Sul: bubog, kumpang; Tag: kalumpang; Tagb: bubog 144 Sterculia oblongata Bic: samayonan, tamahuyan,tamayuan, tamayuon; Ib: larak, sumayuan, tamayuan; Ilc: larag; 145 Strombosia philippinensis Neg: tamaoyan; Tag: kamayuan, sumayuan, tamayuan;War: kamayuan, tamahuyan 146 Swinglea glutinosa Ib: kalatan; Pan: tabuyok; Tag: kabuyaw-aso, tabog. 147 Syzygium aqueum Bag: tabis; Buk: amogag; Ceb: malatambis, tambis; Mag: tambis; Sul: tambis; War: tambis. Bic: kalolok; Chab: malatambis; Ib: amtuk; Ilc: panglumbuyan; Iln: bakilomboi, odling; Neg: 148 Syzygium bordenii maramatan; Pan: bayakbak, panglomboyen; Tag: apalang, bilolo, bislot-sapa, makaasim, malakalubkub, malaruhat, malaruhat-puti, talimomog, tayom-tayong. 72 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* Bic: karoblob, karugkog; Ib: adang, andang; Ilc: barakbak, panglongboyen, panglumbuyan; Iln: 149 Syzygium calubcob balanga, malaigang, malatupa; Man: lambug; Mang: tikoy; Neg: adang; Pan: kupkup; Tag: kalogkog, kalopkop, kalubkub, kayugkug, malaropkop, malaruhat, tampoy, tamputi. Bic: bulagsag, tinaan; Ib: kurasam, maramatan; Ilc: panglomboyen, panglumbuyen-gaugoan; 150 Syzygium claviflorum neg: gamatulay; Tag: balubat, kara, kaytatanag; War: bulagsong, pacharagon. 151 Syzygium cordatilimbum kara 152 Syzygium crassipes Llc: barukbak; Neg: bogbog: Tag: kalubkub, makopang-gubat. 153 Syzygium curranii Bic: baligang; Tag: lipote; War: igot. 154 Syzygium garciae 155 Syzygium lancilimbum Bic: bitbid, malahagis, mobbed; Ceb: malaigang; Ib: gorongong; Ig: baba; Ilc: panglongbuyel- kopakopa; Lan: kagoko; Mag: kaguku, langisan, lugis; Man: kagagko, langauisay; Pam: bagabag; 156 Syzygium mananquil Pan: ansat; Tag: bitbit, buabua, bungkalan, dambuhala, manangkil, mangkil, midbid, mungilkil, pasoso; War: kagoko 157 Syzygium polycephaloides Bic: baligang; Ib: balasugan, magtalulong; Tag: lapoti; War: igot, maigang. Bag: magakombo; Ilc: panglongbuyen; lln: muning; Mang: arang; Neg: malaruhat; Pam: paitan; 158 Syzygium simile Sam: paitan, sakut-puti; Tag: makaasim, malaruhat, malaruhat-puti. Bic; Lagis; Ib: labak, lubag, malabag: Ilc:panglongboyen; lln: malabugue; Neg: baugit; Pan: 159 Syzygium tripinnatum bayekyek; Tag: kaman. Bic: apnig, kapinig, lapinig; Ceb: malatampoy; Ilc: barakbak, panglongbuyan-daradisdisan, 160 Syzygium xanthophyllum panglumpuyen; Sam: balabak, balokbok; Tag: bislot, bislot-sapa, kayugkug, kayokok, kayugpug, malatampoy, malayambo, tampoy-gubat. 73 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* Bag: kabangas-bangas; Ceb: bangkalauag, lungkug, lumanog,saplid; lg: saget; Ilc: anarap, bagabo, pangalusiten, saket; Iln: magtalisay; Lan: salisai; Man: langkop, yankug; Pam: dikang; 161 Terminalia calamansanai Pan: bisal, busili; Sam: kalamansali, kalamansanay; Tag: bangkalawan, bunlos, kalamansanay, malakalumpit, sakat, subo-subo. Bic: kalomagon, kalumanog, kotmot; Ceb: buluang; Gad: bisi, disi, kalotit; lb: alupi, kalupi, kalurig, kalusit, Ilc: anagep, kalautit, kalupit; Iln: kalomaog, lumanog, magtalisay; lt: basi, gisit,; 162 Terminalia microcarpa Man: bango; Neg: kalupi, kalupit; Sam: gayumayen, kalumpit; Tag: balisayan, basal, dalinson, kalamay, kalumpit; Tagb: bahe, baraus, kamaris; War: lumanog. Bag:samuloko; Bic: magtalisay; Ceb: magatalisay; Ib: kalaupi; Ig: kalaokit; Ilc: anagep, arinbukal, 163 Terminalia nitens kalautit, pongud; Iln: tahungmanok; Mag: mangatalisai; Man: kananaupong; pam: sakat; Pan: bisal; Sul: mantalisi; Tag: dalinsi, daminsil, malagabi, pansaket, sakat; Tagb: samondo, tagit. 164 Tetrastigma harmandii Bon: dipig; Ceb: alupidan, langnikit; Ilc: ariuat; Tag: ayo, hayok, iyo, kalit-kalit. 165 Tetrastigma loheri Ilc: bariuatuat 166 Triphasia sp. 167 Uvaria grandiflora Bag: linas; Ceb: banawak, susung-kalabaw; Tag: banakaw, hinlalagak-saging, susung-kalabaw. Bic: bulagak, dalaganum, dalagau; Ceb: bagin-tulagak, butoan-pula; Ib: imunau, mamogen; Ilc: 168 Uvaria sorzogonensis alalagat; lln: baluganos; Tag: balonsaging, gilalagak-saging, hinlalagak-saging, susung-kalabaw, tagibalas. 169 Vaccinium gitingense Ig: pagangpang. 170 Vaccinium myrtoides Bag: dungal; Bon: ayumani, panlina, tenge; Ig: gatmo, gutmo; Ilc: alimani 171 Vanoverberghia sepulchrei 172 Willughbeia coriacea Kuy: tabu. 74 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 173 Ximenia america Adapted from: Coronel RE. 2011. Important and Underutilized Edible Fruits of the Philippines. UPLB Foundation, Inc. and DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research. 283p. *Vernacular/common names from other dialects in the country = Bag (Bagobo), Bic (Bicolano), Bon (Bontoc), Buk (Bukidnon), Ceb (Cebuano), Chab (Chabacano), Gad (Gaddang), Ib (Ibanag), If (Ifugao), Ig (Igorot), Ilc (Ilocano), Iln (Ilongo), In (Isneg), Iv (Ivatan), Kal (Kalinga), Kuy (Kuyunon), Mag (Maguindanao), Man (Mandaya), Mang (Mangyan), Mar (Maranao), Neg (Negrito), Pam (Pampango), Pan (Pangasinense), Sam (Sambali) , Sub (Subanon), Sul (Sulu), Tag (Tagalog), Tagb (Tagbanua), Tau (Tausug), Ting (Tinggian), War (Waray), Yak (Yakan) Annex 2: Fruits in the Philippines that were introduced from other tropical Asian countries before the invasion of the Spanish colonizers in 1521 as described in Coronel, 2011 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 1 Aleurites moluccana 2 Antidesma bunius Chinese laurel, salamander tree 3 Arenga pinnata 4 Artocarpus altilis rimas, Bic: ugub; Ceb: dalangian; Ib: pakak; Ig: pa-a; Ilc: pakak 5 Artocarpus heterophyllus langka; nangka 6 Artocarpus odoratisimus Lan: madang; Mang: uboy; Sulu: marang; Tag: loloy, marang, oloy 7 Atalantia citroides 75 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 8 Averrhoa bilimbi Cucumber tree; Bic: kilingiba; Ceb: kalingiua; Ig: puis; Ilc: pias; Iln: iba; Man: ibag; Sul: iba; Tag: iba, kalamias, kalanua, kamias, kolonanas; Yak: ibe 9 Averrhoa carambola Carambola, Coromandel gooseberry, five corners fruit; Bic: balimbing; Ceb: balingbing, garaha; lb: dalihan, galuran,garula; llc: daligan; lln: galangan; Sul: baimbing; Tag: balimbing; Ting: sirinato; War: malimbing. 10 Bridelia stipularis Ceb: boko-boko, sangkoilang; lg: kuriani; llc: annam, karaka, karabaui, karauaui; lln: kauilan; Pam: dugaron, lubalo; Pan: kalundagi, kulandagi; Sam: alub-alub; Tag: bangkollan, hingunguto, kuto-kuto, lubalub 11 Buchanania arborescens Bag: taragnisig; Bic: alitagtag, balingohot, baliohod, kalampuso, upong-upong; Ceb: anam, anugas, beobayano, butu-butu, pasig; lb: araka, balinhasay, ganga; lg: balinhasay,uyok; llc: anagas, anam,Balanga, tagantang, unkam; Mag: lagindingan; Mang: anan, balinsud; Neg: kasabang; Pan: boroan, buluan, kaming, pakaran; Sam: balinghasay, balinhay, kamiing; Sub: kaligpo; Sul: balunug, dilaan, malabaluno, manbaluno; Tag: bagilibas, bahay-uhod, balingasay, balinghasay, balitantang, balithod, hingas, kamang, maguliyok, malaybohod; Tagb: garantang; Ting: kanteng 12 Capparis zeylanica Cebu: laginaw; lb: baralawik; llc: talaktak, tarabtab; Tag: dawag, halubagat-baging. 13 Castanopsis javanica Bag: linolimon, malabasag; Man: tayungkahon. 14 Cayratia trifolia Bic: lagini, langingi, lupo, ragindi, ragining- ayam; ceb: alangingi, kagindi; lg:nalatnat; llc: ariwat, barinatnat; Kuy: tagini; Man: nagigni; Pam: kulutpamo; Sul: lagili; Tag: kabilan, kalit-kalit, pakopol. 15 Cissus repens Bag: sogalom; Buk: ampol, kamkamot; lln: ragini; Sub: sinampay; Tag: ayo, ayong-gala, kalit-kalit, kalit-kalit-kalabaw, kalit-kalit-na-pula, langitgit, parapet-hangin. 16 Citrofortunella microcarpa Ceb: limoncito; Tag: aldonisis, kalamondin, kalamansi. 76 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 17 Citrus aurantifolia Bic: sua; Bon: muyong; lb: dalayap, gorong-gorong; Neg: dulugut; Tag: bilolo, dayap. 18 Citrus aurantium Bic: kahel; Bon: panubang, taboyog; lb: lubban; lf: luban; llc: sua, kahel; Tag: kahel; Ting: gunal. 19 Citrus limon Ceb: kolo-kolo, kunot, lombog. 20 Citrus maxima Bic: lukban; Bon: panubang, taboyog; lb: lubban; if: luban; llc: lukban, sua; Tag: lukban, suha; Ting: gunal. 21 Citrus medica Bic: build, sidras; Ceb: sidras, tihi-tihi; Tag: bulid 22 Citrus reticulata Bic: ransas; Bon: alsem; Ilc: daranghita; Tag: dalanghita, sintones, tison 23 Citrus sinensis Fil: dalanghita 24 Clausena lansium wampee; Tag: galumpi, huampit, wampi, wampit 25 Cleistocalyx operculatus 26 Corypha elata Bag: sirar; Bic: buri, silad; Ceb: buri; Ilc: silag; Is: bagatay, yakyak; Pam: buri, busi; Pan: piet, silag; Sub: silad; Tag: buri, ibus, piet 27 Craetaeva religiosa 28 Cynometra cauliflora namnam 29 Decaspermum fruticosum Bag: buringaras; Ceb: alingkagai, barit, gusokan, salilihan; Ib: agem; Ig: bultia, chaching, lardu, salingsingang, tuan; Ilc: agem; Lan: kamigrin; Man: halgus; Sub: sandal; Sul: kansilai; Tag: daniri, malagiting,-giting, patalsik; War: tarongatingan 30 Dimocarpus longan longan, cat’s eye, dragon’s eye 77 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 31 Donax cannaeformis 32 Durio zibethinus civet-cat tree. durian; Bag: dulian, durio; Lan: dulian; Mag: dulian; Sul: dulian, duyan 33 Ficus minahassae Bon: sabtog; Buk: lagumit; Ceb: hagimit, hasimit, tambis-tambis; Ig: alomit; Ilc: businag; Man: malatungbog; Sub: gimit; Sul: matanug; Tag: ayimit, ayumit, hagimit, haginit, hagumit; Ting: arinit; War: tambuyogan; Yak: sangal 34 Flacourtia indica batoko, Madagascar plum; Ceb: saua-saua; Ib: palutan; Mang: bolong; Sam: bitangol; Tag: bitungol, serali 35 Flacourtia jangomas 36 Garcinia mangostana mangosteen; Sul: manggis; Tag: manggustan 37 Inocarpus fagiferus 38 Lansium domesticum Fil: lanzones; Bag: tubua; Bic: lansones; Ceb: boba, bulahan, bukan; Man: buahan, buan, kalibongan; Sul: buahan; Tag: lansones 39 Leukosyke capitellata Bic: amagasi, anagau, anugas, aragasi, salagiso, tinagasi; Bon: alalasi, ararasi, arasi, salasi; Buk: manombila; Ceb: alagasi, alangasi, lagasi, langasi; Ig: gugutu, lalasi, lapaik; Ilk: alalasi: Iln: bahi- bahi, damakadios, laglag, kinlagasi; Man: sagombibilan; Neg: karikasin; Sub: bilan-bilan; Sul: gasi-gasi; Tag: alagasi, amagasi, ginagasi, hanlagasi, hinagasi, isi-ngipin, kilagasi, lagasi, layasi, liaison; War: aragasi, buaua; Yak: bunkilan 40 Mangifera caesia Ceb: bauno, bayuno; Man: baluno, malono, lono; Sul: bauno, balunot 41 Mangifera indica Bon: pao; Ceb: paho; Chab: chupadera; Ig: manga, mangka; Ilc: manga; Man: manga; Sul: mampalam, mampalang; Tag: mangga 42 Mangifera odorata Ceb: huani, uani; Sul: kandopi, uani 78 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 43 Mimusops elengi 44 Mimusops parvifolia 45 Morus alba Ib: mora, moraya; Ig: amingit; Ilc: amoras; Iv: tanud, tanyud; Sp: mora, morera 46 Musa acuminata 47 Nephelium lappaceum rambutan; Sul: usare 48 Ochrosia oppositifolia Sul: ginlin 49 Pandanus dubius Bic: taboan; Iln: bakong, bauang 50 Pandanus tectorius Bic: baroi; Ceb: pandan, panhakad; Ilc: pangdan, panglan; Iln: pandan; Iv: chango, pandan; Pan: pangdan; Sam: panglan; Sub: pandan; Sul: laha; Tag: pandan, pandan dagat 51 Paratocarpus venenosus Bic: bayuko, pangi, tambuli; Ib: buratu; Ilc: pongi; Tag: anubing-kadios, anubing-kagios, anubing- spp. papuanus na-nangka, bituun, malanangka, sulipa; War: biga 52 Parinarium corymbosa Bag: kankangan; Bic: barit, laiusin, liusin; Buk: language; Ceb: bagkangai, barit; Ilc: aningat, binggas, kagemkem, karatakot, bakokoyan, tagpas; Lan: lankangan; Mag: sigaadan; Man: bangkangai; Neg: salutui; Pam: kamulutingan; Pan: bakayau; Sul: maluktik; Tag: alamag, delebaybay, kapgangan, kulilingan, liusin, malapiga, malapuyaw, tadyang-manok, takdangan; Tagb: arangan; War: bongog, dau, laiusin, sarangan 53 Parinarium glaberrimum 54 Passiflora foetida 55 Phyllantus acidus Ceb: bangkiling, kagindi, layoan, porous; Ilc: bagbagutut, karamay, karmay; Pam: iba; Tag: bangkiling, iba, karmay 79 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 56 Pometia pinnata Bag: ibu, mamako; Bic: kugik, malaguas, takupan, tigaui, tugaui; Ceb: bankalan, gia-gia; Ig: kabakabot; Ilc: balambanan, sadai, sidai; Iln: alauihau, bayato, ibo, mansanab, minanukai, oyakya, takugan, tigaui; Tag: agupanga, aklam, banked, karunyan, malugay, oyakya; War: aloiho, kia-kia 57 Punica granatum granada; Sul: dalima 58 Rubus moluccanus Bag: sapinit; Bon: bunut, bunbunutan, pakauit; Ceb: dagamit; Ig: kinubot, konot, sapinit,; Man: siit; Sul: sampinit 59 Salacia chinensis Tag: matang-ulang 60 Salacia korthalsiana 61 Sandoricum koetjape santol, Sam: katul 62 Sonneratia alba Ib: ilukabban, lukabban; Pan: payar; Tag: hikaw-hikawan, pagatpat, palapat, palatpat 63 Sonneratia caseolaris Bic: pagatpat, bungalon; Ceb: pagatpat; Ib: ilukabban, lukabban; Iln: pagatpat; Mag: pirara, palalan, Sam: pagatpat; Tag: pagatpat; War: pagatpat 64 Syzygium cumini Bic: lumboy; Ceb: lumboi; Ib: lumboy; Ig: dungboi; Ilc: lumboy; Iln: duhat, lumboy; Pam: duat- nasi, lomboi; Tag: duhat, lumboy 65 Syzygium jambos Bic: tampoy; Ib: tampul: Iln: bunlauan; Pam: balobar; Tag: tampoy 66 Syzygium malaccense Bag: tual; Buk: gubal; Iln: mankopa; Tag: makopa, makopang-kalabaw, tamo, yambu 67 Syzygium samarangense Semarang roseapple, wax jambu, java apple 68 Tamarindus indica Bic: makopa, Ceb: tambis, Tag: makopa, yambu 80 No. Scientific name Common/Local Names* 69 Terminalia catappa Bag: talisay; Bic: dalinsi, talisay; Ceb: talisay; Ib: dalisai; Ig: salaisai; Ilc: logo; Pam: banilak, dalasa, kalisai, hitam, talisay; Sp: almendras, almendro; Tag: balisay, talisay: Yak: talisi 70 Toddalia asiatica Ig: atangen, bugkau, bukkau, subit; Tag: dawag 71 Triphasia trifolia Bic: limonsitong-kasti;a, sua-sua, suang-kastila; Ib: kalamansito; Ilc: kalamansito; Neg: tagimunau; Sp: limoncito; Tag: kalamansito, kamalitos 72 Uvaria rufa Bic: kurumbot; Pam: susong-damulag: Pan: al-lagat; Sam: iniu: Tag: hinlalagak, susong-kabayo, susong-kalabaw 73 Ziziphus mauritiana mansanitas Adapted from: Coronel RE. 2011. Important and Underutilized Edible Fruits of the Philippines. UPLB Foundation, Inc. and DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research. 283p. *Vernacular/common names from other dialects in the country = Bag (Bagobo), Bic (Bicolano), Bon (Bontoc), Buk (Bukidnon), Ceb (Cebuano), Chab (Chabacano), Gad (Gaddang), Ib (Ibanag), If (Ifugao), Ig (Igorot), Ilc (Ilocano), Iln (Ilongo), In (Isneg), Iv (Ivatan), Kal (Kalinga), Kuy (Kuyunon), Mag (Maguindanao), Man (Mandaya), Mang (Mangyan), Mar (Maranao), Neg (Negrito), Pam (Pampango), Pan (Pangasinense), Sam (Sambali) , Sub (Subanon), Sul (Sulu), Tag (Tagalog), Tagb (Tagbanua), Tau (Tausug), Ting (Tinggian), War (Waray), Yak (Yakan) 81 Annex 3: Other fruits that are native in the Philippines (not listed in Coronel, 2011). No. Common name Scientific name Reference 1 Arius Podocarpus Farjon et al, 2014 costalis 2 Lubeg Syzygium lineatum Govaerts, 2003 as cited in www.powo.science.kew.org Annex 4: List of indigenous and native fruits and nuts conserved at the National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory (NPGRL) at the Institute of Plant Breeding, UP Los Baños. Common name Scientific Name No. of Accessions Bulog, Bobonao, Bagasanto, Bunguas Aglaia everetti 1 Galo Anacolosa frutescens 3 Bignay Antidesma bunius 10 Inyam Antidesma ghaesembilla 1 Bignay Pugo Antidesma pentandrum 2 Wild Bignay Antidesma sp. 2 Kaong Arenga pinnata 2 82 Common name Scientific Name No. of Accessions Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 7 Antipolo Artocarpus blancoi 2 Kamansi Artocarpus camansi 2 Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus 18 Kubi, Butong Artocarpus nitidus 1 Marang Artocarpus odoratissimus 8 Gumihan Artocarpus sericicarpus 2 Chipoko Artocarpus sp. 1 Wild Marang Artocarpus sp. 1 Kamias Averrhoa bilimbi 1 Star fruit, Balimbing Averrhoa carambola 9 Little gooseberry tree, Sparrow's mango, Buchanania arborescens 1 Balinghay Kayape, Limuran, Rimoran, Borongan Calamus ornatus 5 Piling Liitan Canarium luzonicum 1 Pili Canarium ovatum 14 Halubagat Kahoy Capparis micracantha 3 83 Common name Scientific Name No. of Accessions Kaffir lime Citrus hystrix 1 Lime, Dayap Citrus aurantifolia 2 Lemon, Kolong-kolong Citrus limon 1 Cabugao Citrus maxima 1 Pomelo Citrus maxima 3 Biasong Citrus micrantha 6 Kubili Cubilia cubili 3 Namnam Cynometra cauliflora 2 Katmon Bayani Dillenia megalantha 1 Katmon Dillenia philippinensis 7 Katmon Kalabaw Dillenia reifferscheidia 1 Longan Dimocarpus longan 3 Mabolo Diospyros blancoi 16 Anang, Kunalum Diospyros pyrrhocarpa 1 Bagobo, Balobo Diplodiscus paniculatus 3 Donax, Bamban Donax canniformis 2 84 Common name Scientific Name No. of Accessions Dau Dracontomelon dao 1 Durian Durio zibethinus 25 Alingaro Elaeagnus triflora 2 Hunggo Elaeocarpus cumingii 1 Agimit Ficus minahassae 1 Is-is Ficus ulmifolia 1 Bitungol Flacourtia indica 13 Bunog Garcinia benthamii 4 Batuan Garcinia binucao 6 Kandis, Kariis Garcinia lateriflora 3 Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana 7 Bilis, Piris, Bagalat Garcinia vidalii 1 Bago Gnetum gnemon 1 Kayam Inocarpus fagiferus 2 Tagbak Kolowratia elegans 3 Amugis Koordersiodendron pinnatum 2 85 Common name Scientific Name No. of Accessions Balinawnaw, Chammaliang, Luna nut Lepisanthes fruticosa 3 Kulayo Lepisanthes rubiginosa 1 Wood Apple Limonia acidissima 1 Alupag Litchi chinensis subsp. philippinensis 7 Paho Mangifera altissima 6 Bauno Mangifera caesia 2 Apali Mangifera laurina 1 Huani Mangifera odorata 4 Mulberry Morus alba 3 Pik-ew Musa balbisiana 1 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum 5 Wild rambutan, Pulasan Nephelium ramboutan-ake 3 Maraitum Nephelium sp. 3 Wild Rambutan Nephelium sp. 3 Pangi Pangium edule 1 Avocado Persea americana 9 86 Common name Scientific Name No. of Accessions Malay gooseberry, Karmay Phyllanthus acidus 2 Arius Podocarpus costalis 1 Agupanga Pometia pinnata 1 Granada Punica granatum 2 Sapinit Rubus franxinfolius 2 Santol Sandoricum koetjape 3 Dagway Saurauia bontocensis 1 Ligas Semecarpus cuneiformis 1 Libas Spondias pinnata 3 Alubihid Spondias pinnata 1 Tambis Syzygium aqueum 4 Duhat Syzygium cumini 34 Lipote Syzygium curranii 7 Tampoy, yambu Syzygium jambos 2 Manangkil Syzygium mananquil 1 Baligang Syzygium polycephaloides 3 87 Common name Scientific Name No. of Accessions Macopa Syzygium samarangense 8 Hagis Syzygium tripinnatum 9 Tamarind Tamarindus indica 9 Talisay Terminalia catappa 5 Kalumpit Terminalia microcarpa 4 Lime berry, Limoncito Triphasia trifolia 7 Susung Kalabaw Uvaria rufa 3 Palau Willughbeia angustifolia 3 Tabu Willughbeia coriacea 1 Total 393 88 89 This research is being implemented by CGIAR researchers from IFPRI, CIMMYT, The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, IWMI, and CIP in close partnership with World Vegetable Center, Applied Horticultural Research, the University of Sydney, the Institute of Development Studies, Wageningen University & Research, and the University of California, Davis. We would like to thank all funders who support this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund: www.cgiar.org/funders The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily representative of or endorsed by CGIAR. Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT Alliance Headquarters | Via di San Domenico, 1, 00153 Rome, Italy https://alliancebioversityciat.org/ 90