Phaseolus germplasm exploration in New Mexico and Arizona, USA Oct 3 – Oct 11, 2024 North This aerial view (photo credit: R. Pratt, Sept 20, 2024) shows the progress of urbanization of Las Cruces eastwards along Soledad Canyon Road into the buffer zone of the Organ Mountains. It illustrates the need to secure germplasm of wild teparies ex situ before the populations possibly die out. Arrows indicate from the left: La Cueva (population #3389 collected in 2023), Sierra Vista Tank (population #3406) and Bar Canyon (population #3408) collected in 2024. 2 Phaseolus Germplasm Exploration in New Mexico, USA Report Oct. 3-11, 2024: USDA NICRA # 58-2090-4-042 (INS: 43696) DG Debouck1, S Dohle2, T Porch3, R Pratt4 & LG Santos1 (alphabetical order) 1 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Palmira, Colombia; d.debouck@cgiar.org and l.g.santos@cgiar.org 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Pullman, Washington, USA; Sarah.Dohle@usda.gov 3 United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Mayagüez, Puerto Rico; timothy.porch@usda.gov 4 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA; ricpratt@nmsu.edu Abstract Heat and drought stresses threaten global bean production. Additional genetic resources are needed in genebanks for future improvement of bean crops through breeding for tolerance. The southwestern Sky Island mountains contain such genetic resources that have not been adequately collected nor characterized. Continuing the work done in 2023, a 9-day exploration in 2024 in southern New Mexico and Arizona for wild teparies and other Phaseolus species resulted in the collection of herbarium and seed samples of 18 populations of P. acutifolius, one each of P. angustissimus and P. filiformis, two of P. grayanus, three of P. maculatus and three of P. montanus, or 28 populations in total. Samples of nodules and soil of rhizosphere were also collected. Outcomes and ways to improve the exploration endeavors are discussed. Resumen Se necesita variabilidad adicional en las colecciones de los bancos de germoplama para que los distintos cultivos de fríjol pueden enfrentar exitosamente los estreses de calor y de sequía. Las montañas Islas Serranas del suroeste de los Estados Unidos tienen estos recursos fitogenéticos, los cuales no han sido muestreadas de manera adecuada, tampoco completamente caracterizadas. Continuando el trabajo de campo de 2023, se realizó una exploración de nueve días en el sur de los estados de Nuevo México y de Arizona en los EE-UU. para fríjol tepari silvestre y demás especies silvestres de Phaseolus. Se encontraron 18 poblaciones de P. acutifolius, una de P. angustissimus y de P. filiformis, dos de P. grayanus, tres de P. maculatus y tres de P. montanus, o sea un total de 28 poblaciones. Semilla para conservación fue encontrada en todos los casos. Adicionalmente, se colectaron muestras de nódulos y de suelo de la rizosfera. Se discute los logros en representatividad y posibilidades de mejorar el muestreo. mailto:d.debouck@cgiar.org mailto:l.g.santos@cgiar.org mailto:Sarah.Dohle@usda.gov mailto:timothy.porch@usda.gov mailto:ricpratt@nmsu.edu 3 1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION The drying of the western part of the USA and several parts of Mesoamerica (northwestern Mexico, the Central American Dry Corridor) is a climatic feature (IPCC 2023) progressing at a historic rate (Williams et al. 2020, McKinnon et al. 2021) and with profound implications for the agricultural systems therein. Increasingly, growing urban areas and agriculture will compete for scarce freshwater resources in a huge arc extending in the north from Saskatchewan (Canada) to North Dakota, Nebraska down to New Mexico (USA), southward to Chihuahua and Zacatecas (Mexico) and ending in eastern Guatemala. Farmers in remote areas will have to focus on value-added grains that can cover production and postharvest costs such as transportation (e.g. barley for breweries, beans for export to Mexico and Central America, quinoa for specialty markets). The epochal challenge for crop production will be to provide stable income while requiring less water (or less investment for irrigation). Within this geographic arc, many crop rotations include a bean cultigen (common, Lima, scarlet runner, tepary bean). Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray) has long been known as a drought and heat tolerant crop (Freeman 1912, Garcia 1917). It was grown by the peoples of the Southwest in pre-Columbian times (Carter 1945, Kaplan 1956). In addition to tolerance to drought (Parsons & Howe 1984, Barrera et al. 2024) and high temperature (Lin & Markhart III 1996), tepary was also found as a source of resistance to several diseases (ashy stem blight: Miklas et al. 1998; common bacterial blight: Coyne et al. 1963; Bean Golden Mosaic Virus: Miklas & Santiago: 1996; Bean Golden Yellow Mosaic Virus: Porch et al. 2021; Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus: Bornowski et al. 2023; rust: Miklas & Stavely 1998) and pests (bruchids: Shade et al. 1987, Jiménez et al. 2017; thrip and leafhopper: Porch & Estévez de Jensen 2024). Further, some accessions of P. acutifolius have been found tolerant to low temperatures (Souter et al. 2017) and salinity (Bayuelo-Jiménez et al. 2002). Not surprisingly, there have been many attempts to transfer through interspecific hybridization the useful traits of tepary into the common bean (Pratt & Nabhan 1988), but with limited success because of the genetic distance between them (Debouck 1999). However, the technological context of bean breeding is changing, given the development of the genome sequences for both species, marker assisted selection, and genomic technologies (Schmutz et al. 2014, Moghadham et al. 2021, Parker et al. 2023, Wang et al. 2024). So, it might be faster to breed tepary itself using molecular markers developed during the genome mapping of common bean, based on the high level of synteny between the species and candidate genes from common bean for highly heritable traits such as seed size and color, growth habit – instead of transferring complex polygenic traits such as heat and/ or drought tolerance from tepary into common bean. Further, the food processing industry may offer opportunities for bean seed types outside the present market classes (Valladolid-Chiroque & Voysest- Voysest 2006) and the traditional ways of cooking. Genome editing through the CRISPR-Cas 9 of 2012, and subsequent improvements, are also quickly changing the picture (Bandyopadhyay et al. 2020, Jha et al. 2022). Again, there are a lot of possibilities given the high level of synteny between tepary and common bean (Gujaria-Verma et al. 2016, Moghaddam et al. 2021). The success of these new approaches is very much dependent on the availability of genetic variability in the tepary bean species. Unfortunately, a lot of landraces went extinct, first when the Spaniards introduced new irrigation techniques into Mesoamerica in the colonial period, and 4 second in the 1930s onwards when water pumps with fuel-based engines changed the watering systems in the Southwest and other parts of Aridoamerica (Nabhan & Felger 1978, Pratt et al. 2022). From the historic range of tepary cultivation (from southern Arizona down to Guanacaste in Costa Rica), some cultivated germplasm has been collected and conserved in gene banks. Once internal duplicates are eliminated, the number of different landraces in the major germplasm collections for that crop (USDA, CIAT, INIFAP) would total only about 100. Given this inadequate representation of the genetic variation within the species and the obligation for genebanks to anticipate breeders’ needs instead of reacting to them, it is imperative to expand the reservoir of available genetic diversity. We also need to concomitantly improve our knowledge of the botanical relationships between native species of Phaseolus in the Southwest. The greatest benefit will accrue from the two wild forms of tepary (usually named var. acutifolius Asa Gray and var. tenuifolius Wooton & Standley: Delgado-Salinas 1985). The distribution of these wild forms extends from the Southwest (southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and the trans-Pecos region of Texas) to Michoacán, Mexico (Nabhan & Felger 1978, Debouck 2021). While there might be ecological reasons for the recognition of these two varieties (Pratt & Nabhan 1988), genetic evidence is less certain (Muñoz-Florez et al. 2006). A sister and wild species of tepary, P. montanus Brandegee, separated from var. tenuifolius based on molecular evidence (Muñoz-Florez et al. 2006, Blair et al. 2012), extends from eastern Arizona down to Jalapa, Guatemala (Debouck 2021). Because of its presence in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona near the New Mexico border (Debouck 2019), an additional question is whether or not the distribution of P. montanus extends into southwestern New Mexico. Another group of wild beans, also with some genetic relationship with common bean, is that of the section Rugosi, including P. angustissimus Asa Gray, P. carterae Freytag & Debouck and P. filiformis Bentham (Freytag & Debouck 2002, Dohle et al. 2019). Gene transfer from these relatives to common bean seems very difficult (Maréchal & Baudoin 1978, Weilenmann de Tau & Baudoin 1989). In addition, no wide crossing has been attempted between these two species and tepary bean. Which traits could be of interest for introgression into tepary or into the cultigens of the common bean section (named Phaseoli including P. coccineus L. the scarlet runner, P. dumosus Macfadyen the year-bean and P. vulgaris L. the common bean)? Wild teparies and these Rugosi species might be tolerant to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures (Bayuelo-Jiménez et al. 2002, Balasubramanian et al. 2004). However, it remains to be seen whether the physiological processes involved in these tolerances are the same across the two sections Acutifolii and Rugosi. In conclusion, the purpose of this project is to increase the representation of the USDA collection, and later that of CIAT, in germplasm of wild teparies and species of the section Rugosi from New Mexico, where collection to date has been inadequate. At the start of this project in mid-2023 there were less than five different accessions of wild Phaseolus from New Mexico in the genebanks of USDA-Pullman and CIAT-Palmira. Given that poor representation in USDA and CIAT collections, a joint exploration was carried out in fall 2023. Unfortunately, as it often happens in desert areas, 2023 was a special year with below normal, erratic, and late rainfalls in the counties of interest in southern New Mexico. However, several populations of wild teparies yielded some seeds from dried plants of the previous year (Debouck et al. 2023) that were successfully increased in the glasshouse of the USDA Pullman during the spring of 2024 (S. Dohle, personal communication, 2024). A better sampling of the populations already identified in 2023 should be completed for the conservation of rare alleles; the example of 5 resistance to bruchids in wild common bean (Osborn et al. 1986, 1988) clearly advocates for thorough sampling. On the other hand, as far as possible, germplasm of the type localities should also be present in gene banks; this is very important for future taxonomic and genomic studies. For New Mexico, this representation of type or reference materials in genebanks refers to P. acutifolius var. tenuifolius (‘near the copper mines, New Mexico’), P. angustissimus (‘hill-sides above Doña Ana’), P. grayanus (‘San Luís Mountains’) and P. parvulus (‘Pinos Altos Mountains’) (Wooton & Standley 1913, Freytag & Debouck 2002). Finally, the finding of a new species of rhizobium in nodules of P. filiformis tolerant to salinity and high temperatures in Baja California (Rocha et al. 2020) justifies continuation of sampling the rhizosphere microorganisms in wild teparies and Rugosi species to capture effective nitrogen fixation under these abiotic stresses. 2. OBJECTIVES • To collect seed for germplasm conservation in USDA and CIAT genebanks. Initial focus on populations of P. acutifolius, P. montanus and P. filiformis, followed by other Phaseolus sensu stricto species not present in genebanks, • To collect microorganisms found in nodules or the rhizosphere of such populations to enrich the legume microbial collection of USDA at Beltsville, • To collect soil samples very near to the root systems of the collected plants (providing herbarium specimens) to perform analysis for soil content in phosphorus, iron and zinc, and other minerals responsible for salinity. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Implements used during field work were those indicated in the Standard Operation Procedure (CIAT 2018). In addition, two pairs of radios (‘walkie-talkies’) were found useful to link members of the team looking for plants in different parts of a single location. It was a deliberate strategy to sample as many plants as possible at a single site and therefore the team often worked in pairs or individually for half an hour (often longer) in search of additional plants in a population. GPS coordinates were obtained from a Garmin GPSmap 62S receiver (receiver # 1 in Table 3) and additional elevation readings were provided by a barometric altimeter Thommen 3D-16 (0-5000). A second GPS receiver (Garmin Etrex 32X) independently provided additional readings (receiver # 2 in Table 3). The application OnX Backcountry installed on the smartphone of one participant gave further validation to these direct readings, as well as valuable data such as offline maps, names of places and landmarks, and property ownership. Trying to get the right geographic coordinates was doubly important: first, to have the possibility of getting back to the same population for any additional sampling in the same or subsequent season, and second to monitor the fate of these populations over time. Many collections of the 1850s-1900s by Edward Lee Greene, Henry Hurd Rusby, Elmer Ottis Wooton, Charles Wright, lack accurate data about location. This is unfortunate because it makes monitoring changes since these early dates extremely difficult. Further, ensuring the exact coordinates is critically important in relation to future germplasm evaluation for stresses related to location such as drought, extreme temperatures or soil limitations (salinity, nutrient deficiency or excess in minor elements). 6 Monitoring of rain accumulation and distribution was started in July 2024 and continued through late September 2024 for an area extending from the eastern slope of the Organ Mountains (roughly 106o 27’ longitude West) to the state border line with Arizona (roughly 109o 03’ longitude West) and covering the lower third of the state of New Mexico (roughly 33o 14’ to 31o 20’ latitude North). Rainfall information provided by the US Drought Monitor (https://www.droughtmonitor.unl.edu) was complemented with invaluable field visits and consultations with Staff of the US Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Such field visits indicated that the Peloncillo, the Florida and the southern Black Range Mountains (almost no rain) would not be fruitful for seed production, and 2024 exploration should instead concentrate in the Gila Mountains region. Information provided by a ranger from the Southwestern Research Station (SRS) near Portal, AZ on Sept 23, 2024 that water was still running in the Turkey Creek while not in Cave Creek in the Chiricahua Mountains was key for the team to decide to cross the border into Arizona in search for P. montanus (see Discussion). The team used two kinds of information to decide where to sample: the study of Herbaria (these are identified by their acronyms: Thiers 2023) keeping samples of Phaseolus sensu stricto and the sightings posted on iNaturalists (https://www.inaturalist.org/). The former source by personal visits to 86 Herbaria collections worldwide since 1978 and the study of 14 Herbaria through the SEINet portal (https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/list.php/) to give a total of 189 possible populations for the state of New Mexico for six species (P. acutifolius, P. angustissimus, P. filiformis, P. grayanus, P. maculatus and P. parvulus) covering the period of field collecting between 1849-2014. The second source of information provides GPS coordinates and a color picture collected by citizens in the year 2024 and some in 2023. Vegetation types were described based on the classification of Castetter (1956) and Dick-Peddie (1993). Vernacular names of plants followed Hitchcock (1971a,b) and Dodson’s guide (2012). Names of places were checked according to the work by Robert Julyan (1998). GPS coordinates were checked against the atlas and gazetteer of Arizona (DeLorme 2008) and New Mexico (DeLorme 2012) and web-based topographic maps provided by CalTopo – Backcountry Mapping (https://caltopo.com/). 4. RESULTS 4A. General A total of 28 populations were found including two disclosed in 2023 (Table 1) for six species (Phaseolus acutifolius and its two variants, P. angustissimus, P. filiformis, P. grayanus, P. maculatus and P. montanus, the latter in eastern Arizona) during a nine-day exploration. Two populations of wild tepary disclosed in 2023 (#3387, #3390) were revisited in 2024 (successfully) to collect more seed for germplasm conservation; for all other populations found in 2023, prior scouting visits indicated no plant development due to lack of rains. In 2024, populations #3396 and #3397 were verified in the Big Burro Mountains and populations #3392 and #3393 were verified in the Florida Mountains. Seeds were collected for conservation for all populations except #3407 (too early) and herbarium specimens were collected for all except #3420 and #3421 (too late) (Table 2). Seeds were taken to USDA Pullman for seed increase, while herbarium specimens were deposited at the NMSU Biology Herbarium (NMC) for conservation and further distribution. https://www.droughtmonitor.unl.edu/ https://www.inaturalist.org/ https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/list.php/ https://caltopo.com/ 7 4B. Per species P. acutifolius A total of 18 populations were found, most of them at seed dispersal stage. Some populations were noted with relatively broad leaflets (#3387, #3390, #3406, #3407, #3408, #3409, #3410, #3412), while others displayed very narrow ones (#3413, #3418, #3422, #3423, #3428, #3429, #3430, #3431). Two populations (#3420, #3421) were found with all leaves completely dry, making it impossible to prepare good herbarium specimens. One population (#3428) was found on the slope close to the caves in the Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. This is the northernmost latitude for P. acutifolius and apparently the first record for Catron County. An iNaturalist report indicated the presence of wild tepary in the Aden Lava Flow Wilderness Study Area; however, before reaching the given coordinates, population #3412 (Figure 1) was identified and sampled for seed and herbarium specimens. This population is of particular interest because its location falls between the Organ and the Florida Mountains and because of its low elevation (1210 m barometric). P. angustissimus One population (#3424) was found east of Gila (there was a previous collection in the area: 4 miles east of Gila, Bear Creek Canyon by Bassett Maguire 11664, May 23, 1935) with sprawling stems and very narrow leaflets (Figure 2); several stems were cut to the base of the plant because of grazing. The roadside location perhaps saved this population from being completely wiped out by grazing. While this population was found thanks to an iNaturalist report in September 2024, another population of P. angustissimus similarly reported from a spot inside Silver City was not found. P. filiformis One small population (#3411; Figure 3) was found (very close to a wild tepary #3410) in the central-southern part of the Organ Mountains; because of the location (Cuates Canyon, after an unsuccessful search in Achenbach Canyon), it might be a new record for the Organ Mountains. It was found at seed dispersal stage. P. grayanus Two populations (#3415, #3426; Figure 4) were found at green and mature pod stage. Many vines were seen without any raceme and the low pod productivity may reflect the low amount of rain at these sites in 2024. But if flowering is not triggered, more products of photosynthesis will go into the tuberous root as survival strategy of this pluriannual species. P. maculatus All three populations (#3419, #3425 and #3427) showed stems with completely dried, tan whitish leaflets, perhaps due to lack of rains in September or scarcity of water in the immediate rocky environment. P. maculatus is normally a pluriannual prostrate legume of the grasslands of the Chihuahuan Desert (Gentry 1957). Its abundant biomass of palatable shoots explains its extinction in these flatlands due to cattle grazing, while it survives on steep rocky slopes (Figure 5). 8 In contrast to wild teparies, pods in P. maculatus slightly dehisce. Damage due to seed weevils (Coleoptera Brentidae subfamily Apioninae, J. King, personal communication, 2024) was seen in population #3427. P. montanus Three populations (#3414, #3416, Figure 6, and #3417) were found in 2024, all in Cochise County in eastern Arizona, while none were identified in New Mexico. As explained below, the team had to enter into Cochise Co., in the Chiricahua Mountains, to verify the presence of the species, and to investigate the species habitat in order to address the next question about its presence in New Mexico (the state border line likely not being an ecological barrier, at least up to the continental divide). The plants were found at green and mature pod stages. Confirming field observations made in Durango in 1978, and in Guerrero and Jalapa both in 1987 (reported by Freytag & Debouck 2002), the plants do not exceed 60 cm in height and have narrow leaflets with active pulvini that make their identification challenging in the field. Discussion The afore mentioned facts suggest the following points for discussion. First, with the results of 2023, all six species (P. acutifolius, P. angustissimus, P. filiformis, P. grayanus, P. maculatus and P. parvulus) reported for the state of New Mexico (Wooton & Standley 1915, Freytag & Debouck 2002) have been found and some germplasm has been secured for the USDA genebank. Importantly, the team has learned about vegetation type and microhabitats of each taxon in order to more readily find additional populations in the future. The existence of P. montanus in NM state is still unknown, and this links with a second point. Finding this taxon was a matter of discussion between the members of the team during preparation, and explained the brief entry into Arizona. We had only one record, a collection by Jacob Corwin Blumer #1676 made in 1907 on Paradise slope in the Chiricahua Mountains in the northeastern extreme of the Madrean archipelago (Van Devender et al. 2013, Figure 1). It was actually a mixed collection of P. acutifolius var. tenuifolius (specimens studied at ARIZ, F, ISC, MO, NMC and NY) and of P. montanus (specimens studied at CAS, K, L and MIN) (Debouck 2019). Before arriving to the Paradise slope not far from the Southwestern Research Station, we found the two species (#3413 and #3414) almost growing side by side. This close proximity repeated itself eastwards from the locality of Paradise (with #3417 as P. montanus and #3418 as P. acutifolius), while population #3416 of P. montanus was found alone close to P. grayanus #3415. A collection made by Howard Scott Gentry # 6472 in Sinaloa, Mexico in 1941 (annotated by one of us in NY; Debouck 2019) also showed that the two species can be found at the same spot much further south. The fact that P. montanus is found alone in many places from Guerrero, Mexico south to Jalapa, Guatemala (Freytag & Debouck 2002, Debouck 2021) would argue against it being a mere morphological segregant of P. acutifolius var. tenuifolius. A third point relates to the sampling of wild teparies in southern New Mexico, where a clearer picture starts to appear thanks to our field work. Extremes in elevation are so far: 1288 m for #3412 and 1918 m for #3431, and extremes in latitude: 31o 30’ 56.8” for #3400 (from 2023 in the Peloncillo Mountains) and 33o 13’ 35.9” for #3428 (from 2024 in the Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument). The records from Herbaria indicated the following range in elevation: the specimen collected by Elmer Ottis Wooton 528 (kept at NY) was found at 1370 m and the specimen collected by J Travis Columbus 1588 (kept at NMCR) was found at 1980 m. So, we have put the limit a bit further towards lower elevation (the collection #3412 of Aden Lava Flow Wilderness). Likewise, 9 the study of herbarium specimens indicated a collection (NMC15801) by EO Wooton sn in August 1902 “Mangas Springs; near Silver City” as the northernmost location (aproxim. 32o 51’), so it seems that we have pushed the limit a bit further north. But the western slope of the Organ Mountains apart, our sampling is still very unequal and scanty, not because of lack of records (29 populations of wild tepary out of a total of 189 of Phaseolus records), but because of a heavy dependance on the intensity of the monsoon. This uncertainty common in North American deserts (Beck & Haase 1969, Larson & Larson 1997) raises the point on how sampling could be improved. One can mention the critical importance of scouting in August and early September while the US Drought Monitor gave a broad picture. In this regard, given the lack of meteorological stations in the wilderness of NM, the information provided by rangers of the Bureau of Land Management and of the US Forest Service was extremely valuable, while iNaturalists gave a 50% chance of accurate data about wild P. acutifolius, the rest being other legumes such as Galactia (for example, for Gallinas canyon NE of San Lorenzo in the Mimbres watershed). Finally, as noted last year, free cattle grazing in protected areas is a threat for wild teparies because the soil seed bank might not recover enough seed to ensure the long-term survival of the populations in the context of the drying Southwest. As a suggestion, from our field work, populations of wild teparies might be selected by the Bureau of Land Management or the US Forest Service for inclusion in a pilot in situ conservation project. Acknowledgments This field work was possible thanks to a grant provided by the Plant Exploration Office of the USDA, and the authors extend special thanks to Dr. Anne Frances and the review committee for considering the proposal. Additional funding was provided by the Plant and Environmental Sciences Department of New Mexico State University, the Genetic Resources Program of CIAT, and the Agriculture Research Service of USDA. Permits to collect herbarium specimens, seed for germplasm conservation and samples of microorganisms and soil were kindly and swiftly granted by the Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management of the Department of Interior and the Land Trust of the State of New Mexico. The help and interest of the following persons: Josh Bachman (NMSU), Geoff Bender (SRS), Esteban Bolaños (CIAT), Nury Escobar (CIAT), Sara Fuentes Soriano (NMSU), Lois Grant, Anowar Islam (NMSU), Joanie King (NMSU), Juan David Libreros (CIAT), Claudia Maldonado (CIAT), Carla Olson (WSU), Erin Riordan (Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum), Zachary Rogers (NMSU), Kirsten Romig (BLM), Fermin Salas (NPS), John Jairo Sánchez (CIAT), Marcela Santaella (CIAT), Joe Tohme (CIAT), Eliana Urquijo (CIAT), Patricia Wallace (NMSU), Marilyn Warburton (USDA) and Peter Wenzl (CIAT) at different steps of this exploration are deeply acknowledged. 10 A C E B D F Figure 1 - wild tepary Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray #3406 (A, B) Doña Ana County, NM, Organ Mountains, Sierra Vista Tank collection site and pods; #3409 (C) Doña Ana County, NM, Organ Mountains, Aguirre Spring Recreational Area; #3412 (D) Aden Lava Flow Wilderness Area, Doña Ana County, NM, showing that in absence of cattle grazing plants can reach significant development (foreground and middle right); #3430 (E) Greenlee County, AZ collection site, showing trifoliate with narrow leaves lobed at base; #3431 (F) Grant County, NM in dry creek bed collection site. 11 A B C Figure 2 - Phaseolus angustissimus #3424 (A-C) Grant County, NM roadside population with dark stems (white arrows), narrow leaflets and deep pink lilac flowers, and small pod (dark arrow) 12 Figure 3 - Phaseolus filiformis #3411 Doña Ana County, NM collection location at Cuates Canyon north of Achenbach Canyon in the Organ Mountains (A-E). Because of the active pulvini, many lobed leaflets are almost vertical and thus difficult to see, but the shade on the andesite rocks (extreme lower left) reveals them (E); seeds, green, and open dry pods (F). Not pictured 3410 P. acutifolius was found at this same location. The population #3393 found last year in Rockhound State Park, Luna County, was visited again for seed this year, but because of lack of rains not a single plant was seen (nor for its sympatric wild tepary #3392. 13 A C E B D F Figure 4 - Phaseolus grayanus #3415 (A, B) Cochise County, AZ Chiricahua Mountains collection site in dry stream bed habitat and leaf; #3426 (C-F) Grant County, NM roadside habitat, plant and seeds and pods. If left ungrazed, dense mats of sprawling vines can be found as in E. 14 A C E B D F Figure 5 - Phaseolus maculatus #3419 (A, B) Grant County, NM population spread across steep hillside. Many desiccated plants with few pods; #3425 (C, D) Grant County, NM plant growing on roadside in pine woodland with dry pods, and shelled seeds; #3427 (E, F) Catron County, NM Gila Cliff Dwellings population spread from parking area up the cliff face, straw-colored vines (dark arrows), and dehisced pods. 15 A C E B D F Figure 6 - Phaseolus montanus #3414 (A, B) . Cochise County, AZ, Chiricahua Mountains, Onion Saddle Cave Creek environment and dry pod and leaves (located with #3413 P. acutifolius, not pictured); #3416 (C, D) Cochise County, AZ, Chiricahua Mountains, East Turkey Creek running with water, narrow leaves lacking any lobes, and flower; #3417 (E, F) Cochise County, AZ, Chiricahua Mountains, Roadside site of collection, and seeds. 16 References Balasubramanian, P., A. Vandenberg, P. Hucl & L. Gusta. 2004. Resistance of Phaseolus species to ice crystallization at subzero temperature. Physiol. Plant. 120 (3): 451-457. Bandyopadhyay, A., N. Kancharla, V.S. Javalkote, S. 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Debouck & M.W. Blair. 2006. Taxonomy of tepary bean and wild relatives as determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Crop Science 46 (4): 1744-1754. 18 Nabhan, G.P. & R.S. Felger. 1978. Teparies in southwestern North America. a biogeographical and ethnohistorical study of Phaseolus acutifolius. Econ. Bot. 32 (1): 3-19. Osborn, T.C., T. Blake, P. Gepts & F.A. Bliss. 1986. Bean arcelin. 2. Genetic variation, inheritance and linkage relationships of a novel seed protein of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 71 (6): 847-855. Osborn, T.C., D.C. Alexander, S.S.M. Sun, C. Cardona & F.A. Bliss. 1988. Insecticidal activity and lectin homology of arcelin seed protein. Science 240: 207-210. Parker, T.A, J. Acosta-Gallegos, J. Beaver, M. Brick, J.K. Brown, K. Cichy, D.G. Debouck, A. Delgado- Salinas, S. Dohle, E. Ernest, C. Estevez de Jensen, F. Gómez, B. Hellier, A.V. Karasev, J.D. Kelly, P. McClean, P. Miklas, J.R. Myers, J.M. Osorno, J.S. 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Field performance of selected and landrace tepary bean varieties in diverse southwestern USA irrigated production environments. Legume Sci. 4(157): 1-8. http://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.157. Pratt, R.C. & G.P. Nabhan. 1988. Evolution and diversity of Phaseolus acutifolius genetic resources. in: “Genetic resources of Phaseolus beans”, P. Gepts (ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, Holland. Pp. 409-440. Rocha, G., A. Le Queré, A. Medina, A. Cuéllar, J.-L. Contreras, R. Carreño, R. Bustillos, J. Muñoz-Rojas, M.C. Villegas, C. Chaintreuil, B. Dreyfus & J.-A. Munive. 2020. Diversity and phenotypic analyses of salt- and heat-tolerant wild bean Phaseolus filiformis native of a sand beach in Baja California and description of Ensifer aridi sp. nov. Archiv. Microbiol. 202 (2): 309-322. Schmutz, J., P.E. McClean, S. Mamidi, G.A. Wu, S.B. Cannon, J. Grimwood, J. Jenkins, S. Shu, Q. Song, C. Chavarro, M. Torres-Torres, V. Geffroy, S.M. Moghaddam, D. Gao, B. Abernathy, K. Barry, M. Blair, M.A. Brick, M. Chovatia, P. Gepts, D.M. Goodstein, M. Gonzales, U. Hellsten, D.L. Hyten, G. Jia, J.D. Kelly, D. Kudrna, R. Lee, M.M.S. Richard, P.N. Miklas, J.M. Osorno, J. Rodrigues, V. Thareau, C.A. Urrea, M. Wang, Y. Yu, M. Zhang, R.A. Wing, P.B. Cregan, D.S. Rokhsar & S.A. Jackson. 2014. A reference genome for common bean and genome-wide analysis of dual domestications. Nature Genetics 46 (7): 707-713. Shade, R.E., R.C. Pratt & M.A. Pomeroy. 1987. Development and mortality of the bean weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), on mature seeds of tepary beans, Phaseolus acutifolius, and common beans, Phaseolus vulgaris. Environ. Entomol. 16 (5): 1067-1070. Souter, J.R., V. Gurusamy, T.G. Porch & K.E. Bett. 2017. Successful introgression of abiotic stress tolerance from wild tepary bean to common bean. Crop Sci. 57 (3): 1160-1171. Thiers, B.M. 2023. [continuously updated]. Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium, New York, USA. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/. Accessed on 2 January 2023 and verified on 19 July 2023. Valladolid-Chiroque, A. & O. Voysest-Voysest. 2006. Clases comerciales de leguminosas de grano: catálogo para orientar la comercialización en los mercados nacionales e internacionales. Promenestras Tex. Chiclayo, Peru. 107p. Van Devender, T.R., S. Avila-Villegas, M. Emerson, D. Turner, A.D. Flesch & N.S. Deyo. 2013. Biodiversity in the Madrean archipelago of Sonora, Mexico. in: “Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III”, G.J. Gottfried, P.F. http://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.157 http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ 19 Ffolliott, B.S. Gebow, L.G. Eskew & L.C. Collins (eds.). USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Proceedings 67: 10-16. Wang, Y-W., J.C. Wood, J.P. Hamilton, K. Mailloux, B. Vaillancourt, C. Estévez de Jensen, T. Porch & C.R. Buell. 2024. Genome-enabled breeding across Phaseolus species. Annu. Rept. Bean Improvem. Coop. (USA) 67: 57-58. Weilenmann de Tau, E. & J-P. Baudoin. 1989. Etude des descendances C1, C2 et C3 issues de l’autofécondation de l’allotétraploïde Phaseolus vulgaris x Phaseolus filiformis. Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux 24 (2): 99-119. Williams, A.P., E.R. Cook, J.E. Smerdon, B.I. Cook, J.T. Abatzoglou, K. Bolles, S.H. Baek, A.M. Badger & B. Livneh. 2020. Large contribution from anthropogenic warming to an emerging North American megadrought. Science 368: 314-318. Wooton, E.O. & P.C. Standley. 1915. Flora of New Mexico. Contr. US Natl. Herb. 19: 9-794. 20 Table 1 – Populations found in chronological order (those highlighted in grey refer to populations found in 2023 for which seeds were looked for and found). Collection No. Species Latitude N Longitude W Elevation (masl) Date 3406 acutifolius 32 o 17’ 48.4” 106o 36’ 38.4” 1565 3-X-2024 3407 acutifolius 32 o 18’ 19.0” 106o 35’ 32.0” 1740 3-X-2024 3408 acutifolius 32 o 18’ 44.4” 106o 34’ 43.2” 1859 3-X-2024 3387 acutifolius 32 o 22’ 08.6 106o 33’ 34.7” 1750 4-X-2024 3409 acutifolius 32 o 21’ 50.8” 106o 33’ 55.5” 1893 4-X-2024 3390 acutifolius 32 o 20’ 16.6” 106o 35’ 10.7” 1757 5-X-2024 3410 acutifolius 32 o 17’ 33.5” 106o 35’ 40.2” 1639 5-X-2024 3411 filiformis 32 o 106o 35’ 39.1” 1647 5-X-2024 3412 acutifolius 32 o 02’ 18.8” 106o 57’ 23.0” 1288 6-X-2024 3413 acutifolius 31 o 53’ 13.6” 109o 12’ 30.6” 1663 7-X-2024 3414 montanus 31 o 53’ 13.6” 109o 12’ 30.6” 1663 7-X-2024 3415 grayanus 31 o 54’ 33.2” 109o 15’ 09.3” 1967 7-X-2024 3416 montanus 31 o 54’ 33.1” 109o 15’ 09.7” 1964 7-X-2024 3417 montanus 31 o 55’ 44.6” 109o 13’ 10.4” 1693 7-X-2024 3418 acutifolius 31 o 55’ 44.6” 109o 13’ 10.4” 1693 7-X-2024 3419 maculatus 32 o 39’ 08.3” 108o 31’ 56.2” 1781 8-X-2024 3420 acutifolius 32 o 39’ 01.3” 108o 31’ 56.8” 1790 8-X-2024 3421 acutifolius 32o 47.1 17.8” 108o 29’ 38.2” 1518 8-X-2024 3422 acutifolius 32 o 51’ 04.8” 108o 35’ 26.0” 1327 8-X-2024 3423 acutifolius 33 o 02’ 59.0” 108o 30’ 03.4” 1535 9-X-2024 3424 angustissimus 32 o 57’ 57.6” 108o 33’ 48.2” 1412 9-X-2024 3425 maculatus 32 o 53’ 32.7” 108o 14’ 06.4” 1991 10-X-2024 3426 grayanus 33o 07’ 1.3” 108o 11’ 57.5” 2248 10-X-2024 3427 maculatus 33 o 13’ 46.2” 108o 15’ 52.3” 1744 10-X-2024 3428 acutifolius 33 o 13’ 35.9” 108o 16’ 11.5” 1795 10-X-2024 3429 acutifolius 33 o 10’ 45.0” 108o 12’ 19.2” 1698 10-X-2024 3430 acutifolius 33 o 05’ 16.6” 109o 05’ 21.8” 1827 11-X-2024 3431 acutifolius 32 o 57’ 04.6” 108o 57’ 35.8” 1918 11-X-2024 21 Table 2 – Collection results for seed, herbarium specimens and nodules/ soil of the immediate rhizosphere for the different populations found during this exploration. Collection No. Species Seed Herbarium Nodules Soil 3406 acutifolius x 3 x no 3407 acutifolius too green and small 1 no no 3408 acutifolius x 3 x no 3387 acutifolius x 1 x no 3409 acutifolius x 4 no no 3390 acutifolius x 1 no x 3410 acutifolius x 4 no x 3411 filiformis x 6 no x 3412 acutifolius x 5 no x 3413 acutifolius x 4 no x 3414 montanus x 8 x x 3415 grayanus x 4 no x 3416 montanus x 1 x x 3417 montanus x 2 x x 3418 acutifolius x 4 x no 3419 maculatus 1 seed only 4 no x 3420 acutifolius x none (too dry) no x 3421 acutifolius x none (too dry) x x 3422 acutifolius x 6 x x 3423 acutifolius x 5 x x 3424 angustissimus x 6 no x 3425 maculatus x 4 no x 3426 grayanus x 5 no x 3427 maculatus x 5 no x 3428 acutifolius x 3 no x 3429 acutifolius x 4 no x 3430 acutifolius x 2 x x 3431 acutifolius x 1 x x 22 Table 3 – Coordinates independently provided by two Global Positioning System receivers used during field work and conversion into decimal format of conventional coordinates of receiver # 2 (two columns to the right). Coll. No. Rec. # 1 Lat. N Rec. #1 Long. W Rec. # 2 Lat. N Rec. # 2 Long. W Lat. Decim. Long. Decim. 3406 32 o 106 o 32o 17’ 48.3” 106o 36’ 38.4” 32.2967500 -106.6106667 3407 32 o 106 o 32o 18’ 18.1” 106o 35’ 35.5” 32.3050278 -106.5931944 3408 32 o 106 o --- --- --- --- 3387 32 o 106 o 32 o 106 o 32.3690278 -106.5596389 3409 32 o 106 o 32 o 106 o 32.3642778 -106.5652222 3390 32 o 106 o 32 o 106 o 32.3379444 -106.5862778 3410 32 o 106 o 32 o 106 o 32.2926111 -106.5945556 3411 32 o 106 o 32 o 106 o 32.2926389 -106.5945000 3412 32 o 106 o --- --- --- --- 3413 31 o 109 o 31o 53’ 13.4” 109 o 31.8870556 -109.2085000 3414 31 o 109 o 31o 53’ 13.4” 109 o 31.8870556 -109.2085000 3415 31 o 109 o 31o 54’ 33” 109o 15’ 09” 31.9091667 -109.2525000 3416 31 o 109 o --- --- --- --- 3417 31 o 109 o 31o 55’ 45” 109o 13’ 10” 31.9291667 -109.2194444 3418 31 o 109 o 31o 55’ 45” 109o 13’ 10” 31.9291667 -109.2194444 3419 32 o 108 o 32o 39’ 08.0” 108 o 32.6522222 -108.5322222 3420 32 o 108 o --- --- --- --- 3421 32o 47.1 17.8” 108 o 32 o 108o 29’ 38.2” 32.7883056 -108.4939444 3422 32 o 108 o 32o 51’ 04.6” 108o 35’ 26.3” 32.8512778 -108.5906389 3423 33 o 108 o --- --- --- --- 3424 32 o 108 o 32o 57’ 58” 108o 33’ 48” 32.9661111 -108.5633333 3425 32 o 108 o 32 o 108 o 32.8926944 -108.2350278 3426 33 o 108 o 33 o 108 o 33.1170278 -108.1993056 3427 33 o 108 o 33 o 108 o 33.2294722 -108.2645278 3428 33 o 108 o 33 o 108 o 33.2266667 -108.2698889 3429 33 o 108 o 33 o 108 o 33.1791111 -108.2053889 3430 33 o 109 o 33 o 109 o 33.0879722 -109.0893611 3431 32 o 108 o 32 o 108o 57’ 35.6” 32.9512778 -108.9598889 23 Annex 1 - Collaborative germplasm exploration in New Mexico and Arizona, USA, carried out by: USDA-ARS, New Mexico State University and Alliance Bioversity and CIAT, 2-13 October 2024. Dates Activities and places Overnight Oct. 2 (Wednes.) Domestic and international travels to Las Cruces through El Paso (TX) Las Cruces, NM Oct. 3 (Thurs.) Morning: Official meetings with authorities (Dr. Anowar Islam, PES Dept. Head, NMSU). Afternoon: Organ Mts. West (Sierra Vista Tank, Bar Canyon) Las Cruces, NM Oct. 4 (Fri.) Morning: Official meetings (Kirsten Romig, BLM and Zachary Rogers and Sara Fuentes Soriano, NMSU Herbarium (NMC). Afternoon: Organ Mts. North and East – Aguirre Spring Area; Anvil Canyon (Pine Tree Loop), Sotol Canyon Las Cruces, NM Oct. 5 (Satur.) Organ Mts.: Dripping Spring Area, La Cueva, Fillmore Canyon, and S Organ Mts.: Achenbach Canyon, Cuates Canyon Las Cruces, NM Oct. 6 (Sun.) Aden Lava Flow Wilderness Study Area, and Lovers Leap Canyon; Florida Mts.: Rock Hound State Park Deming, NM Oct. 7 (Mon.) Southwestern Research Station AZ: meeting with officials (Geoff Bender, Erin Riordan). Area east of Paradise and beyond Portal in Coronado Natl. Forest (AZ) Lordsburg, NM Oct. 8 (Tues.) Big Burro Mts. (two sites of 2023) through Mangas Valley Road with Red Rock Road. Road 180 and next Saddle Rock Road, and next Newby Road. Silver City, NM Oct. 9 (Wednes.) Exploration along road 180, further the locale of Gila: Turkey Creek Road, Hooker Loop Silver City, NM Oct. 10 (Thurs.) Exploring further along road 15 to Pinos Altos; meeting with Fermin Salas and Staff, National Park Service, Gila Cliff Dwellings, Gila Cliff National Monument, and sites along the West Fork of the Gila River Silver City, NM Oct. 11 (Fri.) Exploring through Roads 180 and 78 Martínez Ranch Road (AZ) and Brushy Mountain Road (NM) Las Cruces, NM Oct. 12 (Satur.) NMSU Lab: quality control of all samples and data; seed and soil biota samples to USDA Pullman, herbarium samples to NMC; travel to El Paso (TX) El Paso, TX Oct. 13 (Sun.) Domestic and international travels to respective duty stations 24 Annex 2 – Labels of the herbarium specimens deposited at the Herbarium NMC of NMSU. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 3/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Organ Mountains, Sierra Vista Tank, 0.38 km NE from parking lot. GPS: lat. N 32o 17’ 48.4”, long. W 106o 36’ 38.4”, elev. 1565 masl (1560 m barometric). Date: October 3, 2024. A population of 20-30 plants scattered on a sunny open slope, at green pod filling stage entering maturity, a few pink lilac flowers still present. Stems up to 1 m 50 long, climbing on Opuntia phaeacantha. Poorly developed soil, rocky, with low organic matter, derived from diorite and other igneous rocks. About 30% of the slope without plant cover. In desert scrub with Larrea tridentata, Dasylirion leiophyllum, Yucca elata, Fouquieria splendens, Ipomoea, Macroptilium supinum and different grasses (namely Muhlenbergia arizonica). Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3406. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 3/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Organ Mountains, Bar Canyon, cliff 0.15 km E from Soledad Canyon Road. GPS: lat. N 32o 18’ 19.0”, long. W 106o 35’ 32.0”, elev. 1740 masl (barometric). Date: October 3, 2024. A small population of less than 10 plants on a N facing cliff. Steep slope with only 40% vegetation cover. Soil rocky organic brown, derived from red brown metamorphic shale. Plants at end of flowering and green pod stage, with twining stems 40 cm high. With oak, Yucca elata, Artemisia filifolia, Desmodium, and different grasses, namely Bouteloua gracilis. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3407. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 3/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Organ Mountains, Bar Canyon, 1.7 km eastwards from Picnic parking lot and entrance of Bar Canyon Trail. GPS: lat. N 32o 18’ 44.4”, long. W 106o 34’ 43.2”, elev. 1859 masl (1870 m barometric). Date: October 3, 2024. A population of 20-30 plants scattered on a gentle W facing open sunny slope with big rocks of igneous origin and andesite. Soil brown organic rocky, with 10-15% no vegetation cover. Plants with climbing stems 1-2 m long with green pods entering maturity, a few plants still flowering with eophylls and 2-3 trifoliolate leaves. Among 25 juniper, sotol, sand sage, Opuntia phaeacantha, several Compositae (namely snakeweed) and grasses (Bouteloua). Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3408. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 4/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Organ Mountains, Aguirre Spring Recreation Area, dry canyon 0.2 km from entrance of Pine Tree Loop Trailhead. GPS: lat. 32o 22’ 08.6”, long. 106o 33´ 34.7”. Elevation: 1750 m (1650 m barometric). Date: 4 October 2024. Small population of about 10-20 plants scattered among big boulders and igneous rocks; goes up to 1690 m where more plants were found. The wild teparies were found at green and mature pods stage. Open sunny place, soil gravelly grey, slope of 20-30 degrees. In low height (2-3 m) chaparral of Quercus, Yucca, Macroptilium, and scattered grasses. It is the same environment (vegetation, soil, exposure) as for the population of the same species found last year; therefore, the same collection number was used. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3387. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 4/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Organ Mountains, Aguirre Spring Recreational Area, 1 km from Aguirre Springs Road walking counterclockwise on Pine Loop Trail, in Anvil Creek, 2 km north of Sugar Loaf peak. GPS: lat. N 32o 21’ 50.8”, long. W 106o 33’ 55.5”, elev. 1893 masl (1790 m barometric). Date: October 4, 2024. A small population of 10-20 plants with vines 60-120 cm long, twining, with green pods entering maturity. Half shaded E facing slope, along a creek, between large blocks of igneous rock. Soil brown rocky with organic matter, 20% bare. In a chaparral of pine, juniper and alligator oak, with Vitis arizonica, Aster and a few more Compositae. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3409. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 5/X/2024. 26 USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Organ Mountains, Fillmore Canyon, 1 mi from La Cueva Picnic Area parking lot. GPS: lat. 32o 20’ 16.6”, long. 106o 35´ 10.7”. Elevation: 1757 m (1650 m barometric). Date: 5 October 2024. A population of 10-20 plants spread along the dry bed of streamlet, in sunny spots. Plants up to 70 cm high in green and mature pod stage. Go up to 1787 masl in the same canyon. Growing between boulders and andesite rocks; soil gravelly grey brown. Associated vegetation: scrub with Acacia, Allenrolfea, Dasylirion, Fouquieria, Opuntia, Ipomoea and a few grasses. It is the same environment (vegetation, soil, exposure) as for the population of the same species found last year; therefore, the same collection number was used. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3390. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 5/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Organ Mountains, Rim route, Cuates Canyon, N of Achenbach Canyon, 1 km northeastwards from parking area along Cuates Canyon Trail. GPS: lat. N 32o 17’ 33.5”, long. W 106o 35’ 40.2”, elev. 1639 masl (1570 m barometric). Date: October 5, 2024. A population of about 40 plants, with climbing stems up to 1 m high, and with pods entering maturity. Plants scattered along a cliff of brown metamorphic rock. Soil brown grey gravelly and rocky. Among Opuntia, Yucca, ocotillo, little-leaf sumac, Ipomoea, and several grasses (Bouteloua) in an almost tree-less environment (only a few small oaks); a group of P. filiformis # 3411 has been found within 100 m. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3410. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus filiformis Bentham, ident. DG Debouck, date 5/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Organ Mountains, Rim route, Cuates Canyon, N of Achenbach Canyon, about 1 km northeastwards from parking area along Cuates Canyon Trail. GPS: lat. N 32o 17’ 34.0”, long. W 106o 35’ 39.1”, elev. 1647 masl (1570 m barometric). Date: October 5, 2024. A population of about 10-20 plants spread across rocks of andesite, found on the site of population #3410 of Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray. Plants 30-50 cm high with pods entering maturity and seed dispersal stage. Place: open sunny. Scattered between blocks of andesite rock. Soil gravelly rocky grey brown. In a chaparral, among Yucca, Opuntia, sand sage and ocotillo. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3411. + + 27 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 6/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Doña Ana, Aden Lava Flow Wilderness Study area, SE of Aden, 1 km S from Old Johnston Ranch. Unmarked dirt road, intersects B-002 0.7 km south east of County Road B- 007, then continues for 4.5 km southwest into lava flow. Collection site 0.39 to 0.7 km SW of end of unmarked dirt road. GPS: lat. N 32o 02’ 18.8”, long. W 106o 57’ 23.0”, elev. 1288 masl (1210 m barometric). Date: October 6, 2024. A population of 30-40 plants, with 1 m - 1 m 50 climbing stems, at green and mature pod stage, a few pink lilac flowers still present. Plants scattered in deep crevices of the lava flow bed and between blocks of almost black lava; growing into holes, protected from drying winds and cattle grazing. Soil light brown silty and rocky with little organic matter. In a scrub on soil mostly bare, with scattered barrel cactus, Opuntia cholla, honey mesquite, catclaw Acacia and Yucca elata. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3412. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 7/X/2024. USA. Arizona. Cochise, Chiricahua Mountains SW of Portal, in Onion Saddle Cave Creek 0.49 km NW from Southwestern Research Station. GPS: lat. N 31o 53’ 13.6”, long. W 109o 12’ 30.6”, elev. 1663 masl (1580 m barometric). Date: October 7, 2024. A population of 40 plants at pod maturity, although a few green pods are still present, scattered in the dry creek bed. Stems twining on forbs 60- 80 cm high. Plants of P. montanus #3414 grow a few meters from this #3413. Soil rocky and gravelly derived from igneous rocks, light brown organic; 30% soil bare. In pine juniper woodland half shaded with grasses (Bouteloua), Desmodium and Macroptilium rotundifolium. Agave and Vitis arizonica have been seen growing in the area. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt, E Riordan & LG Santos. No. 3413. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus montanus Brandegee, ident. DG Debouck, date 7/X/2024. USA. Arizona. Cochise, Chiricahua Mountains SW of Portal, in Onion Saddle Cave Creek 0.49 km NW from Southwestern Research Station. GPS: lat. N 31o 53’ 13.6”, long. W 109o 12’ 30.6”, elev. 1663 masl (1580 m barometric). Date: October 7, 2024. A population of 20 plants at green and mature pod stage, distributed as spots in the dry creek bed, in sunny open places. Stems twining 28 on forbs, 20-40 cm high. Plants of P. acutifolius #3413 grow a few meters from this #3414. Soil rocky and gravelly derived from igneous rocks, light brown organic; 30% soil bare. In pine juniper woodland with grasses (Bouteloua), Desmodium and Macroptilium rotundifolium. Agave and Vitis arizonica have been seen growing in the area. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt, E Riordan & LG Santos. No. 3414. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus grayanus Wooton & Standley, ident. DG Debouck, date 7/X/2024. USA. Arizona. Cochise, Chiricahua Mountains, about 4 km SW of Paradise, in East Turkey Creek at intersection of 42 Forest Road (Onion Saddle Cave Creek) and Paradise Road (Paradise Portal Loop). GPS: lat. N 31o 54’ 33.2”, long. W 109o 15’ 09.3”, elev. 1967 masl (1880 m barometric). Date: October 7, 2024. About five plants on a slope of a little forest creek. Stems twining 1 m 20 high with dried leaflets and mature pods at seed dispersal stage. On side of big andesite rocks, soil rocky brown organic. In pine forest with Juniperus, a few boxelder, Vitis arizonica and poison ivy. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt, E Riordan & LG Santos. No. 3415. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus montanus Brandegee, ident. DG Debouck, date 7/X/2024. USA. Arizona. Cochise, Chiricahua Mountains, about 4 km SW of Paradise, in East Turkey Creek at intersection of 42 Forest Road (Onion Saddle Cave Creek) and Paradise Road (Paradise Portal Loop). GPS: lat. N 31o 54’ 33.1”, long. W 109o 15’ 09.7”, elev. 1964 masl (1890 m barometric). Date: October 7, 2024. Small population of about ten plants on a slope of a little forest creek. Stems twining 40 cm high, at pod maturity, one plant still blooming. Soil rocky brown organic on igneous rock. In pine forest with a few Quercus and poison ivy. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt, E Riordan & LG Santos. No. 3416. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus montanus Brandegee, ident. DG Debouck, date 7/X/2024. USA. Arizona. Cochise, Chiricahua Mountains W of Portal, along Paradise Road (Paradise Portal Loop) to Paradise where it crosses East Turkey Creek just south of Paradise, about 1.2 km from 29 bifurcation of South Turkey Creek Road (also called S Noland Rd. or Market St.) and Paradise Portal Loop (also called Paradise Road). GPS: lat. N 31o 55’ 44.6”, long. W 109o 13’ 10.4”, elev. 1693 masl (1630 m barometric). Date: October 7, 2024. Small population of 10-20 plants on a sunny open steep roadside slope. In green pod stage, entering maturity. Soil mostly bare, brown grey gravelly derived from andesite and quartzite rock. In oak juniper woodland, with a few grasses (Bouteloua), Crotalaria, Desmodium; P. acutifolius # 3418 grows nearby. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt, E Riordan & LG Santos. No. 3417. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 7/X/2024. USA. Arizona. Cochise, Chiricahua Mountains W of Portal, along Paradise Road (Paradise Portal Loop) to Paradise where it crosses East Turkey Creek just south of Paradise, about 1.2 km from bifurcation of South Turkey Creek Road (also called S Noland Road or Market Street) and Paradise Portal Loop (also called Paradise Road). GPS: lat. N 31o 55’ 44.6”, long. W 109o 13’ 10.4”, elev. 1693 masl (1630 m barometric). Date: October 7, 2024. Small population of 10-20 plants on a steep roadside slope, sunny open habitat. In green pod stage, entering maturity. Soil mostly bare, brown grey gravelly derived from andesite and quartzite rock. In oak juniper woodland, with a few grasses (Bouteloua), Crotalaria, Desmodium; P. montanus # 3417 grows nearby. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt, E Riordan & LG Santos. No. 3418. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus maculatus Scheele, ident. DG Debouck, date 8/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, northwest side of Red Rock Rd 3.4 km west of Red Rock – Continental Divide Trailhead. GPS: lat. N 32o 39’ 08.3”, long. W 108o 31’ 56.2”, elev. 1781 masl (1710 m barometric). Date: October 8, 2024. A small population of 5-20 plants, scattered on a steep roadside slope and cliff of granite and quartzite, sunny open habitat. Very few dry pods, stems up to 80 cm long sprawling on slope with green and dried leaflets. Soil 70% bare, grey tan rocky. In oak pine woodland, with a few grasses (Bouteloua) and Vitis arizonica. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3419. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. 30 Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 8/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, in narrow arroyo south of Red Rock Rd 3.4 km west of Red Rock – Continental Divide Trailhead. GPS: lat. N 32o 39’ 01.3”, long. W 108o 31’ 56.8”, elev. 1790 masl (1720 m barometric). Date: October 8, 2024. A small population of 20 plants, scattered in a little creek and sheltered among big granite rocks. In oak and juniper woodland with Yucca, some Mimosoideae, Opuntia cholla, and Boutelous curtipendula? Shady habitat. Soil brown organic gravelly. Stems climbing 50-70 cm high, dried, pods at seed dispersal stage. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3420. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 8/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, 2.3 km westwards from intersection of Road 180 with Saddle Rock Road. GPS: lat. N 32o 47.1’ 17.8”, long. W 108o 29’ 38.2”, elev. 1518 masl (1470 m barometric). Date: October 8, 2024. A small population of 10-20 plants, scattered on a cliff of big diorite rocks. Open sunny slope. Soil gravelly rocky tan grey. With pine, oak, manzanita, catclaw acacia, Bouteloua grass, amaranth and Compositae. Stems twining 30-50 cm high, already dried and with pod shattering. Too late for herbarium specimens. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3421. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 8/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, along Newby Road along the Gila River, 1.3 km southwest from where the road crosses Mangas Creek, 2.8 km from the Newby Road and Evans Lake Road intersection. GPS: lat. N 32o 51’ 04.8”, long. W 108o 35’ 26.02”, elev. 1327 masl (1310 m barometric). Date: October 8, 2024. A population of 30 plants, growing at base of andesite cliff, W facing slope. Stems twining 30-40 cm high, at green pod stage, several pods already mature. Soil rocky grey, 70% bare. Juniper grassland with scattered forbs of Compositae, a few Desmodium plants and a few grasses. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3422. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. 31 Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 9/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, along Turkey Creek Road in Brushy Canyon between 0.5 km and 1.8 km south of where Brushy Canyon meets the Gila River. GPS: lat. N 33o 02’ 59.0”, long. W 108o 30’ 03.4”, elev. 1535 masl (1480 m barometric). Date: October 9, 2024. A population of 10 plants growing at base of cliff and along dirt road side going down to 1430 m, in open sunny habitat. Plants at green pod stage entering maturity. Soil derived from andesite rocky brown grey, bare up to 70%. In pine juniper forest with Quercus, a few Populus, scattered grasses, a few Compositae and Crotalaria. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3423. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus angustissimus Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 9/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, on Hooker Loop 0.4 km from intersection with Turkey Creek Road east of the town of Gila. GPS: lat. N 32o 57’ 57.6”, long. W 108o 33’ 48.2”, elev. 1412 masl (1350 m barometric). Date: October 9, 2024. A population of 20-30 plants growing in gulleys on roadside. Plants with reddish sprawling vines up to 1 m long, at green pod stage, some mature pods, still some flowers (deep pink lavender). Green seeds eaten by rodents. Grazed land, 40% soil bare. Soil brown silty and stony derived from old alluvium. Open and sunny habitat. In flat land or gentle slopes in a juniper grassland with Compositae. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, T Porch, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3424. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus maculatus Scheele, ident. DG Debouck, date 10/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, along Road 15, 2.9 km NW from Pinos Altos, 1.3 km NW of the Continental Divide Trail and 250 m south from Little Cherry Lane. GPS: lat. N 32o 53’ 32.7”, long. W 108o 14’ 06.4”, elev. 1991 masl (1890 m barometric). Date: October 10, 2024. A small population of less than 5 plants growing in flat land or gentle slope. Stems sprawling on ground, 60 cm long, with green pods, some entering maturity, pods slightly dehiscent, many dried leaflets already. Half shade, the plants of P. maculatus in open spots. Soil deep brown derived from andesite substrate with abundant organic matter. In pine woodland with a few oaks and junipers, grasses and a few forbs such as Geranium, Galactia, a few Compositae. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3425. 32 + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus grayanus Wooton & Standley, ident. DG Debouck, date 10/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, along Road 15 near Copperas Vista and around Picnic area Senator Linton P. Anderson Wilderness. GPS: lat. N 33o 07’ 1.3”, long. W 108o 11’ 57.5”, elev. 2248 masl (2120 m barometric). Date: October 10, 2024. A population of about 30 plants growing in flat land and on gentle to steep slopes. Stems rather sprawling on ground 60-80 cm long, with green and yellow leaflets, green pods entering maturity, some damaged by weevils. Sandstone outcrop, soil 70% bare light brown clayish organic. Scattered on slope, open sunny to partial shade below oaks. In pine woodland with grasses, Compositae, and Macroptilium rotundifolium. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3426. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus maculatus Scheele, ident. DG Debouck, date 10/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Catron, Gila Cliff Dwellings and inside Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. GPS: lat. N 33o 13’ 46.2”, long. W 108o 15’ 52.3”, elev. 1744 masl (1650 m barometric). Date: October 10, 2024. A population of 20-30 plants with stems sprawling on a cliff (sandstone with metamorphic rock). Stems sprawling 1-2 m long at pod maturity, leaflets green to pale yellow, many already dried; seeds (tan with black speckles or anthracite black with tan speckles) with damages of weevils. Soil rocky grey brown, good to excessive drainage. Open sunny habitat. In juniper and pine grassland with a few grasses and Compositae (Aster). Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3427. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 10/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Catron, Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, on the slope before the Caves. GPS: lat. N 33o 13’ 35.9”, long. W 108o 16’ 11.5”, elev. 1795 masl (1700 m barometric). Date: October 10, 2024. A population of 20 plants scattered on the slope, open sunny habitat. Stems climbing 40-60 cm high, some already completely dry, at pod shattering stage. Some plants of P. maculatus completely dried were found nearby; a few plants of P. grayanus (not collected because vegetative only) were noted in the shade along the streamlet facing the Caves. On sandstone rock 33 substrate, 20% soil bare, dry, brown grey rocky with organic matter. Chaparral like vegetation with oaks, some pines, different grasses (namely Bouteloua curtipendula) and Compositae. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3428. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 10/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, along Road 15, near Grapevine Campground, 125 m south from bridge over Gila River and 0.5 km from start of Gila River Trail no. 724. GPS: lat. N 33o 10’ 45.0”, long. W 108o 12’ 19.2”, elev. 1698 masl (1630 m barometric). Date: October 10, 2024. A small population of 10 plants at base of cliff (metamorphic sandstone) and on roadside. Plants with climbing stems 60 cm high in green pod stage. Soil 50% bare, rocky organic. In pine woodland, with Compositae, Geranium, Desmodium; several plants of Vitis arizonica and wild sunflower grow close by. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3429. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 11/X/2024. USA. Arizona. Greenlee, creek crossing (Seep Spring Canyon) Martinez Ranch Road 1.1 km from intersection with Road 78; more plants found further along road, 1.7 km from intersection with Road 78, 280 m west of Big Lue Spring. GPS: lat. N 33o 05’ 16.6”, long. W 109o 05’ 21.8”, elev. 1827 masl (1720 m barometric) up to 1867 m (1750 m barometric). Date: October 11, 2024. A small population of 5-10 plants at green pod stage. Plants with very narrow leaflets, climbing stems 20-60 cm high. On igneous rock, soil 40% bare, brown rocky, organic. Half shaded, on both sides of creek, its depth protecting from winds. In mixed woodland of pine, oak, juniper, recovering from a fire. With scattered grasses, Vitis arizonica, several species of Galactia. Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3430. + + United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Palmira, Colombia. Phaseolus acutifolius Asa Gray, ident. DG Debouck, date 11/X/2024. USA. New Mexico. Grant, in creek crossing just east Brushy Mountain Road in Blue Siar Well, about 24 km from intersection with Road 78 in Mule Creek, 4.4 km past the intersection with Radar 34 Station Road, 1.4 km south east past the Apache Creek crossing. GPS: lat. N 32o 57’ 04.6”, long. W 108o 57’ 35.8”, elev. 1918 masl (1820 m barometric). Date: October 11, 2024. A population of 40 plants distributed in the dry wash, between rocks (eruptive and black old lava). Plants with climbing stems 20-40 cm high, at seed dispersal stage. Soil 70% bare rocky gravelly brown organic. In chaparral habitat with oaks, junipers, Opuntia, Cylindropuntia, Agave, Macroptilium rotundifolium, and scattered grasses (namely Bouteloua gracilis). Coll. DG Debouck, S Dohle, R Pratt & LG Santos. No. 3431.