International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Annual Report 2001 www.iita.org © International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ISSN 0331 4340 IITA is a Future Harvest Center (www.futureharvest.org) Cover from an original painting by Rosalie-Ann Modder Layout and typesetting by Green Ink Printed by Pragati Offset Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India IITA Annual Report 2001 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria IITA Mission Mission statement Mission IITA aims to enhance the food security, income, L’IITA aspire à augmenter la sécurité alimentaire, les and well-being of resource-poor people primarily revenus et le bien-être des populations pauvres, principale- in the humid and subhumid zones of sub-Saharan ment dans les zones humides et subhumides d’Afrique Africa by conducting research and related activities subsaharienne grâce à la recherche et activités connexes en to increase agricultural production, improve food vue d’accroître la production agricole, d’améliorer les systems, and sustainably manage natural systèmes de production alimentaire et de gérer de manière resources, in partnership with national and durable les ressources naturelles, en collaboration avec les international stakeholders. parties prenantes au niveau national et international. Contents From the Director General .................................................................... 2 Contents Le mot du Directeur général ................................................................. 3 Research highlights/Points saillants de la recherche ........................ 5 Graduate research completed in 2001 ............................................... 26 Financial information .......................................................................... 28 Publications by IITA staff .................................................................... 32 Governing board .................................................................................. 46 Professional staff ................................................................................. 47 Abbreviations used in this report....................................................... 50 From the Director General From the uring the past thirty-five years of development efforts, much of Director Dthe world has made astounding progress. We have seen developing economies turned around and the decline of wars General in Africa. Nevertheless, while Africa produces more food every year, it is not keeping pace with the need and the level of poverty is too high. Often the potent combination of civil war and drought has brought hardship to the people of this continent. Despite the difficulties, there is emerging a growing market economy in Africa. Entrepreneurship and innovation are thriving. Many Africans are risk takers and with their enthusiasm and ideas change is coming. At IITA we will continue to be a part of that change, contributing to the creation of wealth and food security. We will work with all in the food chain who are involved in growing and getting food to the consumer’s table. This encompasses the subsistence farm families, buyers, transporters, processors, and policymakers. As the continent’s cities continue to grow due to population growth and rural to urban migration, this food system is challenged to be more efficient. IITA has adopted a new slogan, which is designed to tell the world what we are about. It says, we are an African institution for Africa. We are IITA and we do “Research to Nourish Africa.” 2002 will be IITA’s 35th year in business. Much has changed in that time and much more will change in the years ahead. At IITA we have a lot of work to do. We who live and work in Africa must take the leadership and initiative to find effective ways to improve the lives of the continent’s people. Hartmann Director General, IITA 2 Le mot du Directeur général Des progrès stupéfiants ont été enregistrés dans une bonne Le mot partie du globe ces trente cinq dernières années grâce aux efforts fournis en faveur du développement. Des économies en du Directeur développement ont été remises sur les rails et les guerres ont reculé général sur le continent africain. Cependant, l’Afrique qui produit davantage d’aliment chaque année, ne parvient pas à satisfaire les besoins alimentaires et le degré de pauvreté demeure trop élevé. Souvent, l’effet conjugué de la guerre civile et de la sécheresse inflige de rudes épreuves aux populations africaines. Malgré ces difficultés, l’économie de marché se développe en Afrique. L’esprit d’entreprise et les initiatives novatrices y sont en plein essor. Beaucoup d’Africains ont le goût du risque, et grâce à leur enthousiasme et leurs idées, un changement s’opère. A l’IITA, nous continuerons de nous inscrire dans cette logique du changement afin de contribuer à la création de la richesse et à la réalisation de la sécurité alimentaire. Nous travaillerons avec tous ceux qui tiennent un rôle dans la chaîne alimentaire, depuis le champ jusqu’à la table du consommateur. Il s’agit, entre autres, des petites familles agricoles, acheteurs, transporteurs, transformateurs et décideurs. Avec le développement des villes africaines occasionné par la poussée démographique et l’exode rural, le système alimentaire se doit d’être plus efficace. L’IITA a adopté un nouveau slogan qui est sensé renseigner le monde sur ce que nous sommes : une institution africaine pour l’Afrique. Nous 3 Le mot du Directeur général sommes l’IITA, et nous faisons la « Recherche pour nourrir l’Afrique. » l’année 2002 marque le 35e anniversaire de la recherche à l’IITA. Beaucoup de choses ont changé pendant ce temps et davantage de choses changeront dans les années à venir. A l’IITA, nous avons beaucoup à faire. Nous qui vivons et travaillons en Afrique devrons prendre les devants ainsi que l’initiative afin de trouver des moyens efficaces pour améliorer les conditions de vie des peuples du continent. Hartmann Directeur général, IITA 4 Research highlights IITA’s work is structured as 14 multidisciplinary research projects. Some Research projects focus on production systems for specific crops or crop combina- tions; others are thematically oriented and can involve many crops. Most of highlights the projects cut across the agroecological zones for which IITA’s work is targeted. IITA also serves as the convening institute for the Systemwide Program for Integrated Pest Management and for the Ecoregional Program for the Humid and Subhumid Tropics of Sub-Saharan Africa. This section presents the highlights of each project for 2001. These summaries are not a complete account of the work begun or completed during the year; rather, they describe some key scientific results and are intended to give the reader an insight into the breadth of the research themes and problems being investigated by IITA scientists. Les activités de l’IITA sont structurées en 14 projets de recherche pluridisciplinaire. Points Certains projets mettent l’accent sur les systèmes de production de cultures spécifiques ou de combinaisons de cultures, d’autres ont une orientation thématique et peuvent concerner saillants de la plusieurs cultures. La plupart de ces projets couvrent les zones agroécologiques ciblées dans le cadre des activités de l’IITA. L’IITA sert également d’institut hôte du Programme de lutte recherche intégrée à l’échelle du système et du Programme écorégional pour les tropiques humides et subhumides d’Afrique subsaharienne. Cette section présente les points saillants de chaque projet en 2001. Ces résumés ne constituent pas un rapport exhaustif des activités qui ont démarré ou qui sont arrivées à terme au cours de l’année, ils mettent plutôt en exergue quelques résultats scientifiques- clés et sont censés fournir aux lecteurs un aperçu de l’ampleur des thèmes de recherche et des problèmes faisant l’objet d’une investigation par les chercheurs de l’IITA. Project 1 Conservation and  A core collection of cowpea comprising 1926 accessions which are repre- use of plant sentative of morphological diversity and geographical origin was selected from biodiversity over 12 000 accessions of the world cowpea collection.  One hundred and twenty-seven local cultivars of cassava and 44 yam cultivars were collected in Sierra Leone and added to the IITA germplasm collection.  Experiments on cryopreservation of cassava shoot-tips, using encapsulation- vitrification and fast freezing method, gave recovery rates of about 60% in certain genotypes.  Studies on population growth and stability of in situ wild yam populations in a forest reserve in Ibadan, monitored over a 3-year period, showed a slight increase in population sizes, but no significant change in the gene frequency of selected morphological markers.  Studies on segregation patterns of mutants in crosses between cowpea varieties confirmed the existence of transposable elements that inhibit or excite gene expression.  Musa genetic diversity studies showed amplified fragment length poly- morphism (AFLP) as more powerful than random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) in the discrimination of genotypes and the identification of genetic relationships. Plantains from Cameroon were genetically distinct from those of West Africa. Genome composition of all breeding lines and African 5 Points saillants de la recherche landraces of Musa has been determined. Sukali Ndizi, considered a diploid, is a triploid with AAB genome composition.  Germplasm material from genebanks and breeders were provided to national agricultural research and extension systems (NARES) on request. The West and Central Africa Collaborative Maize Research Network (WECAMAN) dispatched 169 kg of maize seed to NARES based on superior performance of varieties tested in 2000. Fifty-eight sets of maize regional uniform variety trials and 26 sets of the regional Striga variety trial in the extra-early maturity groups were also distributed to NARES collaborators in West, Central, eastern, and southern Africa. Forty sets of soybean international trials were supplied to 21 NARES collaborators in Africa, 3 in Asia, and 1 in the US. Over 10 000 disease-free cassava in vitro plantlets were given to NARES in 6 African countries, 2 European countries, and the US. In addition, 1400 disease-free in vitro yam plantlets and 13 211 yam mini-tubers were given to NARES worldwide.  Staining techniques for the isolation and identification of the rust fungi and other microorganisms from infected leaf surfaces of soybean were standardized. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains causing foliar infection of Dioscorea species were classified. Conservation et Projet 1 utilisation de la  Une collection de base comprenant 1926 obtentions de niébé représentant une diversité biodiversité morphologique et d’origine géographique différente a été sélectionnée à partir de 12 000 végétale obtentions de la collection mondiale de niébé.  127 cultivars locaux de manioc et 44 cultivars d’igname ont été collectés en Sierra Leone et ajoutés à la collection de matériel génétique de l’IITA.  Des expériences de cryoconservation de pousses apicales de manioc, menées en utilisant la méthode de vitrification par encapsulation et de congélation rapide ont permis des taux de reprise d’environ 60% chez certains génotypes.  Des études sur la croissance et la stabilité de populations d’ignames sauvages in situ dans une réserve forestière à Ibadan ont indiqué, après une période de suivi de 3 ans, une légère augmentation de la taille des populations mais pas de changement significatif de la fréquence des gènes des marqueurs morphologiques sélectionnés.  Des études sur les schémas de ségrégation de mutants parmi des croisements entre des variétés de niébé ont confirmé l’existence d’éléments transposables qui inhibent ou stimulent l’expression des gènes.  Des études sur la diversité génétique de Musa ont montré que la méthode AFLP est plus puissante que la méthode RAPD en matière de discrimination des génotypes et d’identification des relations génétiques. Des plantains du Cameroun se sont avérés génétiquement distincts des plantains d’Afrique occidentale. La composition du génome de toutes les lignées de sélection et des cultivars locaux de Musa a été déterminée. Sukali Ndizi considéré comme un diploïde s’est révélé un triploïde avec une composition de génome AAB.  Du matériel génétique en provenance des banques de gènes et des sélectionneurs a été fourni aux Systèmes nationaux de recherche et de vulgarisation agricoles (SNRVA) suite à des requêtes. Le Réseau maïs pour l’Afrique occidentale et centrale (WECAMAN) a distribué 169 kg de semences de maïs aux Systèmes nationaux de recherche agricole (SNRA) sur la base de la supériorité de la performance des variétés testées en 2000. Cinquante huit séries d’essais régionaux variétaux uniformes et 26 séries d’essais régionaux sur les variétés de Striga portant sur les groupes de maturité extra-précoce ont été également distribuées aux SNRA partenaires en Afrique occidentale, centrale, orientale et australe. Quarante séries d’essais internationaux sur le soja ont été fournies à différents SNRA partenaires : 21 en Afrique, 3 en Asie et 1 aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique. Plus de 10 000 plantules in vitro de manioc exemptes de maladies ont été distribuées à 6 SNRA d’Afrique, 2 d’Europe et celui des Etats-Unis d‘Amérique. En outre, 1400 plantules in vitro d’igname exemptes de maladies ainsi que 13 211 mini-tubercules d’igname ont été distribués aux SNRA à l’échelle mondiale. 6 Research highlights  Des techniques de teinture pour l’isolation et l’identification du champignon de la rouille et d’autres micro-organismes sur les surfaces de feuilles de soja infectées ont été standardisées. Les souches de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides responsables de l’infection foliaire des espèces Dioscorea ont été classifiées. Project 2 Improving plantain-  Tetraploid (4n) x diploid (2n) crosses mostly produce triploid (3n) progeny and banana-based while 2n x 4n crosses mostly produce 2n progeny, showing that ploidy in systems offspring is controlled by paternal microsporogenesis.  A secondary 3n cooking banana hybrid (TM3x30456 [612-74x8075-7]) with excellent plant and fruit traits was selected in Nigeria. Another 3n selection was obtained from 2n parents (TMB2x9722-1 x TMB2x9128-3) in Uganda, demonstrating that unilateral sexual polyploidization can be used to improve East African highland bananas (EAHB).  Total DNA analysis revealed 3 genetic subspecies in Musa acuminata and 2 forms in M. balbisiana, suggesting that there are at least 3 A genomes and 2 B genomes. A quantitative assay based on AFLP analysis of ribosomal RNA genes for discrimination of A and B genomes was developed.  Transmission of Beauveria bassiana from infected to uninfected banana weevils was demonstrated while resistance to the pest was identified in Calcutta 4, TMB2x7197-2, and TMB2x8075-7.  Long-lasting reduction in nematode infestation by hot-water treatment (HWT) of planting materials was demonstrated. Fertilizer application also suppressed nematodes, particularly without HWT. Resistant progenies (TMHx660K-1 and TMHx917K-2) from crosses between Enzirabahima (susceptible) and Calcutta 4 (resistant) were identified, increasing prospects for breeding resistance in EAHB.  Stable integration of reporter genes was achieved for the control of banana viruses in prelude to genetic transformation against banana streak virus (BSV) and putative nematode vectors of banana die-back virus (BDBV) were identified.  Significant progress was made in establishing Musa breeding operations in the Cameroon benchmark and in the duplication of hybrid propagation for distribution at Ibadan, marking a major shift in the operational mode of plantain research in West and Central Africa. Musa breeding and nematology research capacity in Uganda for eastern and southern Africa was restored.  Three workshops were held to facilitate the delivery of improved hybrids to farmers and large-scale, on-farm variety demonstration plots were established in 11 states across the Nigerian plantain belt. Projet 2 Amélioration des  Les croisements entre tétraploïdes (4n) x diploïdes (2n) ont essentiellement produit des systèmes à descendants triploïdes (3n), tandis que les croisements 2n x 4n ont eu des descendants 2n, ce dominante banane qui indique que la ploïdie des descendants est contrôlée par la microsporogénèse paternelle. et plantain  Un hybride secondaire de banane à cuire 3n (TM3x30456 [612-74x8075-7]) doté d’excellentes caractéristiques de la plante et du fruit a été sélectionné au Nigéria. Une autre sélection 3n a été obtenue avec deux parents 2n (TMB2x9722-1 x TMB2x9128-3) en Ouganda, démontrant ainsi que la polyploïdisation sexuelle unilatérale peut être utilisée pour améliorer la banane d’altitude d’Afrique orientale (EAHB).  L’analyse de l’ADN total a révélé l’existence de 3 sous-espèces génétiques chez Musa acuminata et 2 formes chez M. balbisiana, ce qui suggère qu’il existe au moins 3 génomes A et 2 génomes B. Un essai quantitatif basé sur l’analyse AFLP des gènes ARN de ribosomes pour la discrimination des génomes A et B, a été mis au point.  La transmission de Beauveria bassiana, des charançons du bananier infectés aux charançons non infectés, a été démontrée, tandis que la résistance au ravageur a été identifiée chez Calcutta 4, TMB2x7197-2, et TMB2x8075-7. 7 Points saillants de la recherche  La réduction de longue durée de l’infestation des nématodes grâce à la méthode de traitement à l’eau chaude (HWT) du matériel de plantation, a été démontrée. L’application d’engrais a également supprimé les nématodes, en particulier sans HWT. Des descendants résistants (TMHx660K-1 et TMHx917K-2) des croisements entre Enzirabahima (sensible) et Calcutta 4 (résistant) ont été identifiés, ce qui augmente les perspectives de sélection pour la résistance chez EAHB.  Une intégration stable des gènes reporters a été réalisée pour la lutte contre les virus de la banane, en prélude à la transformation génétique pour lutter contre le virus de la striure du bananier (BSV) et les nématodes Musa leaf with signs of banana streak virus – Symptômes du virus putatifs vecteurs du virus de la verse du de la striure du bananier sur feuille de Musa bananier (BDBV) ont été identifiés.  Des progrès significatifs ont été réalisés dans la mise en oeuvre d’opérations de sélection de Musa dans le site de référence du Cameroun et en matière de duplication de la propagation d’hybrides en vue de leur distribution à Ibadan, ce qui marquerait un changement majeur dans le mode de fonctionnement de la recherche sur la banane et le plantain en Afrique occidentale et centrale. Les activités de sélection de Musa ainsi que la capacité de recherche en nématologie ont été restaurées en Ouganda pour l’Afrique orientale et australe.  Trois ateliers ont été organisés en vue de faciliter la distribution d’hybrides améliorés aux agriculteurs et des parcelles de démonstration variétale à grande échelle ont été installées dans 11 états dans la « ceinture du plantain » au Nigéria. Improving cowpea– Project 3 cereal systems in the  A total of 595 new cowpea breeding lines were developed and tested in the dry savannas moist savanna, dry savanna, and the Sahel. Over 60 promising lines com- bining high yield potential and resistance to diseases, insect pests, and Striga were selected. Of these, IT97K-568-11, IT97K-568-18, IT568-19, IT98K-491-4, IT98K-128-3, IT98K-131-1, IT98K-506-1, IT98K-589-2, IT98K-598-4, IT99K-381-6, IT99K-453-1, IT99K-718-6, IT99K-856-19, IT99K-1152-28, and IT99K- 1258 were most promising.  Improved Striga-resistant cowpea variety IT97K-499-38 yielded 50% to 300% higher than the local varieties in Striga infested fields in Benin Republic. It also caused high percentage of suicidal germination of Striga hermonthica seeds.  Bruchid-resistant cowpea varieties showed 3–5 eggs/g seed and 12–18% adult emergence compared to 10–20 eggs/g seed and 55%–68% adult emergence in the susceptible varieties. Seed size, color, and texture had no effect on oviposition and adult emergence.  Drought-tolerant cowpea varieties such as IT97K-499-39, IT97K-1075-7, IT97K- 634, and IT97K-819-118, and heat tolerant varieties such as IT99K-1058, IT99K- 1059, IT99K-1060, IT88D-643-1, IT88D-867-11, and TVu 4552 were developed.  Some cowpea varieties were screened for shade tolerance. A 60% reduction in light caused a 56% reduction in grain yield. IT90K-277-2, IT93K-452-1, and IT89KD-391 were more shade tolerant than other varieties.  A multiple cropping system involving a wheat crop from November to March, heat-tolerant cowpea from March to June, and rice from July to October was developed and tested at the Kadawa (Nigeria) irrigation scheme for 2 years with an annual food production of 8 to 9 t/ha.  The IITA/ICRISAT/ILRI improved crop–livestock system was adopted by a large number of farmers. Supplementary feeding of only 200 g cowpea haulms per 8 Research highlights day along with sorghum stover to young rams doubled their weight gain compared to feeding them sorghum stover alone.  Significant genetic differences were observed among cowpea varieties for seed quality. The Aloka local cowpea had the hardest seed (9 kg crushing weight) and took longest to cook (57.5 minutes).  A total of 294 sets of cowpea international trials comprising over 100 improved breeding lines were sent, on request, to national collaborators. Projet 3 Amélioration des  Au total, 595 nouvelles lignées de sélection de niébé ont été mises au point et testées en systèmes à zones de savane humide et aride ainsi que dans le Sahel. Plus de 60 lignées prometteuses dominante niébé- combinant un potentiel de rendement élevé et une résistance aux maladies, aux ravageurs et céréales en zone de au Striga ont été sélectionnées. Parmi ces lignées, IT97K-568-11, IT97K-568-18, IT568- 19, IT98K-491-4, IT98K-128-3, IT98K-131-1, IT98K-506-1, IT98K-589-2, IT98K- savane aride 598-4, IT99K-381-6, IT99K-453-1, IT99K-718-6, IT99K-856-19, IT99K-1152-28, et IT99K-1258 se sont avérées les plus prometteuses.  La variété améliorée de niébé et résistante au Striga, IT97K-499-38, a donné des rendements de l’ordre de 50 à 300% supérieurs à ceux des variétés locales dans des champs infestés de Striga en République du Bénin. Elle a également causé un pourcentage élevé de germination suicidaire des graines de Striga hermonthica.  Des variétés de niébé résistantes aux bruches ont indiqué une présence de 3–5 oeufs/g de graines et un taux d’émergence des adultes de 12 à 18% par rapport aux 10–20 oeufs/g de graines et 55% à 68% de taux d’émergence des adultes chez les variétés sensibles. La taille, la couleur et la texture des graines n’ont eu aucun effet sur l’oviposition et l’émergence des adultes.  Des variétés tolérantes à la sécheresse telles IT97K-499-39, IT97K-1075-7, IT97K-634 et IT97K-819-118, ainsi que les variétés tolérantes à la chaleur, IT99K-1058, IT99K-1059, IT99K-1060, IT88D-643-1, IT88D-867-11 et TVu 4552 ont été mises au point.  Des variétés de niébé ont été criblées pour la tolérance à l’ombrage. Une réduction de lumière de 60% a entraîné une baisse du rendement en grains de 56%. IT90K-277-2, IT93K-452-1, et IT89KD-391 se sont avérées plus tolérantes à l’ombrage que les autres variétés.  Un système de cultures multiples comprenant une culture de blé, de novembre à mars, du niébé tolérant à la chaleur, de mars à juin et une culture de riz, de juillet à octobre, a été mis au point et testé en condition d’irrigation à Kadawa (Nigéria) pendant 2 ans avec une production alimentaire de 8 à 9 t/ha.  Le système amélioré agriculture-élevage IITA/ICRISAT/ILRI a été adopté par un grand nombre d’agriculteurs. Une supplémentation des aliments de seulement 200 g de paille de niébé par jour avec de la paille de sorgho reçue par de jeunes béliers a doublé leur gain en poids comparé à un régime alimentaire uniquement à base de paille de sorgho.  Des différences génétiques significatives ont été observées chez les variétés de niébé en ce qui concerne la qualité de leurs grains. La variété locale Aloka a présenté le grain le plus dur (9 kg de poids de concassage) et à mis plus de temps pour cuire (57,5 minutes).  Au total, 294 séries d’essais internationaux sur le niébé dont plus de 100 lignées améliorées de sélection ont été fournies aux collaborateurs nationaux suite à leur requête. Project 4 Improving maize–  To identify varieties with a high micronutrient content, 20 early-maturing grain legume maize varieties grown in 3 diverse locations were evaluated for iron, zinc, and production systems ß-carotene content. One of these varieties grown at Ikenne showed 45% more in West and Central iron bioavailability than a control variety widely grown in Nigeria. The results indicate that the potential exists to breed early-maturing maize varieties for Africa high and stable mineral content across diverse growing conditions.  In collaboration with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and various universities and institutions in Nigeria, IITA conducted a national food consumption and nutrition survey. Data were collected on household composition, socioeconomic characteristics, food security, household food 9 Points saillants de la recherche consumption expenditure, and health care issues. Nutrition status was assessed and biological samples collected. Data entry and laboratory analysis of biological samples are in progress.  An experiment was conducted at Ikenne to compare the performance of 24 early-maturing improved maize varieties developed at IITA and CIMMYT with 25 early-maturing farmers’ ecotypes from Senegal under controlled drought stress and sufficient moisture supply. As a group, the improved open- pollinated (OP) varieties out-yielded the local ecotypes by 112% under drought stress and by 94% under sufficient moisture supply.  A trial consisting of 15 maize varieties was evaluated at 3 levels of nitrogen (N) application in Mokwa and Zaria, Nigeria. The four top-ranking varieties, DTSR- W, LNPC3, ACR8328C7, and LNTP produced higher yields than a widely grown OP variety, TZB-SR, at 30 kg/ha N application. They did not differ from other varieties at 90 kg/ha N.  Three soybean breeding lines (TGX 1909-7F, TGX 1910-10F, and TGX 1910-11F) which fix about 10% more nitrogen than the current best variety (TGX 1448-2E) were developed. Also, 15 dual-purpose soybean lines with 2–2.5 t/ha grain and 2.5–3.5 t/ha stover yields were identified for distribution to NARES.  Extra-early (2000 Syn EE-W) and early (EV DT 97 STR C1) maturing Striga- resistant varieties evaluated at Férkessedougou outyielded the respective best non-Striga-resistant varieties by as much as 46% under artificial Striga infestation. Amélioration des Projet 4 systèmes de  Afin d’identifier les variétés à forte teneur en micro nutriments, 20 variétés précoces de maïs production à cultivées dans 3 localités différentes, ont été évaluées pour leur teneur en fer, zinc et en carotène dominante maïs – ß. Une de ces variétés cultivées à Ikenne a présenté une bio-disponibilité en fer de 45% supérieure à celle du témoin largement cultivé au Nigéria. Les résultats indiquent l’existence légumineuses à d’un potentiel de sélection de variétés précoces de maïs pour une teneur minérale élevée et stable graines en Afrique dans des conditions de culture différentes. occidentale et  En collaboration avec le Département américain de l’agriculture (USDA) et différentes centrale universités et institutions au Nigéria, l’IITA a mené une enquête nationale sur la consommation alimentaire et la nutrition. Des données ont été collectées sur la composition des ménages, les caractéristiques socio-économiques, la sécurité alimentaire, les dépenses liées à la consommation alimentaire et les soins de santé des ménages. Le statut nutritionnel a été évalué et des échantillons biologiques collectés. La saisie de ces données et l’analyse des échantillons biologiques au laboratoire sont en cours de réalisation.  Une expérience a été menée à Ikenne afin de comparer la performance de 24 variétés précoces de maïs, mises au point à l’IITA et au CIMMYT, à celle de 25 écotypes précoces des agriculteurs du Sénégal en condition de stress de sécheresse contrôlé et d’humidité suffisante. En tant que groupe, les variétés à pollinisation libre (OP) ont eu un rendement plus élevé de 112% en condition de stress de sécheresse et de 94% en condition d’humidité suffisante.  Un essai composé de 15 variétés de maïs a été évalué selon 3 taux d’application d’azote (N) à Mokwa et à Zaria (Nigeria). Les quatre meilleures variétés, DTSR-W, LNPC3, ACR8328C7, et LNTP ont eu Striga-resistant maize – Du maïs résistant au Striga des rendements plus élevés que la variété 10 Research highlights à pollinisation libre largement cultivée, TZB-SR, à un taux d’application d’azote de 30 kg/ha. Elles n’ont pas préseté de différence par rapport aux variétés à un taux d’application de 90 kg/ha.  Trois lignées de sélection de soja (TGX1909-7F, TGX 1910-10F et TGX 1910-11F) avec un taux de fixation d’azote supérieur de 10% à celui de la meilleure variété du moment, ont été mises au point. Par ailleurs, 15 lignées de soja à usage double présentant des rendements en graines de 2 à 2,5 t/ha et de 2,5 à 3,5 t/ha de paille, ont été identifiées en vue d’une distribution auprès des SNRA.  Des variétés extra-précoces (2000 Syn EE-W) et précoces (EV DT 97 STR C1) de variétés résistantes au Striga évaluées à Férkessedougou ont eu des rendements plus élevés que celui des variétés respectives non résistantes au Striga de l’ordre de 46% en condition d’infestation artificielle de Striga. Project 5 Improving yam-  Farmers in Oyo and Kwara states of Nigeria were satisfied with the hot-water based systems (53 °C) therapy of seed yams for reducing nematode symptoms and improving germination, tuber quality, and market value. Under high infestation the therapy more than doubled net profit. Users’ constraints were evaluated.  Dioscorea rotundata Poir. (white yam) accession TDr 1640 as well as D. alata L. (water yam) accessions TDa 291 and TDa 289 are resistant to D. alata virus (DAV), D. alata bacilliform virus (DaBV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).  Two gibberellin inhibitors, uniconazole-P (UP) and prohexadione-calcium (PC), coupled with tuber storage at 30 °C, shortened tuber dormancy in D. alata accessions TDa 99/00049 and TDa 95/00328.  Three IITA-derived clones of D. rotundata (TDr 89/02461, TDr 89/02565, and TDr 89/02677) were formally released as new varieties in Nigeria.  About 30 000 seed tubers of new D. rotundata varieties were delivered to over 300 farmers in 10 districts of Uganda for farmer-participatory testing.  Two cultivars of D. rotundata planted in December 1999 were harvested in September or December 2000 and stored at ambient conditions until March 2001. Both groups sprouted about the same time but tuber weight loss, spoilage, and edible food losses were greater in the September batch. Better quality foods were made from the December batch. Peeling loss increased, tuber moisture content decreased, and oil absorption of fried yam chips reduced with storage.  Twelve graduate students conducted research on yams and the entries in a yam R & D personnel directory now exceed 200.  The IFAD/WECARD/IITA Yam Project organized a work-planning workshop, a workshop on analytical skills for yam economists, and toured yam research activities in Côte d’Ivoire. Projet 5 Amélioration des  Les agriculteurs dans les états d’Oyo et de Kwara au Nigéria ont été satisfaits du traitement systèmes à des semenceaux d’igname à l’eau chaude (53 °C) en vue de réduire les symptômes de dominante igname nématodes et d’améliorer la germination, la qualité des tubercules et la valeur marchande. En condition de forte infestation le traitement a plus que doublé les bénéfices nets. Les contraintes au niveau des utilisateurs ont été évaluées.  Les obtentions de Dioscorea rotundata (igname blanche), TDr 1640 et de D. alata (igname à eau), TDa 291 et TDa 289 se sont révélées résistantes au virus de D. alata (DAV), au virus bacilliforme de D. alata (DaBV) ainsi qu’au virus de la mosaïque du concombre (CMV).  Deux inhibiteurs du gibbérelline, uniconazole-P (UP) et le calcium prohexadione (PC), doublés d’un stockage des tubercules à 30 °C, ont permis de raccourcir la dormance chez les obtentions de D. alata, TDa 99/00049 et TDa 95/00328.  Trois clones IITA dérivés de D. rotundata (TDr 89/02461, TDr 89/02565 et TDr 89/ 02677) ont été officiellement homologués en tant que nouvelles variétés au Nigéria. 11 Points saillants de la recherche  Environ 30 000 semenceaux des nouvelles variétés de D. rotundata ont été distribuées à plus de 300 agriculteurs dans 10 districts en Ouganda en vue d’un test participatif.  Deux cultivars de D. rotundata plantés en décembre 1999 ont été récoltés en septembre ou décembre 2000 et stockés en condition ambiante jusqu’en mars 2001. Les deux groupes ont germés à peu près en même temps, mais les pertes en poids des tubercules, les avaries et les pertes en aliments comestibles, étaient plus élevées dans le lot de septembre. Des aliments de meilleure qualité ont été obtenus avec le lot de décembre. Les pertes à l’épluchage ont augmenté, la teneur en humidité des tubercules a baissé et l’absorption d’huile par les chips d’igname a baissé suite au stockage.  Douze étudiants en formation diplômante ont mené des recherches sur les ignames et le nombre des entrées dans un annuaire du personnel R&D appliquée à l’igname dépasse à présent 200.  Le Projet igname FIDA/CORAF/IITA a organisé : un atelier de planification des activités, un atelier sur les compétences analytiques des économistes spécialistes des ignames et des visites des activités de recherche sur l’igname en Côte d’Ivoire. Improving cassava- Project 6 based systems  Over 10 000 tissue culture plantlets of elite cassava germplasm were distributed to collaborators in 5 African and 3 non-African countries, while over 284 000 seeds from 1100 families were distributed to 9 national programs in Africa. In addition, large-scale seedling nurseries with over 100 000 botanical seeds were established at high disease pressure sites in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania to intensify the screening effort and accelerate the deployment of improved varieties resistant to cassava brown streak disease in East and southern Africa.  Benefits from the Uganda cassava multiplication project to combat the cassava mosaic disease pandemic, calculated using the Dynamic Research Evaluation for Management (DREAM) impact model of IFPRI, were approximately US$36 million over 4 years (1998–2001) for an investment of US$0.8 million.  Cassava plant regeneration efficiency through organogenesis was doubled with the addition of 8 mg/l silver nitrate and an increase (0.8%) of agar concentration in the culture medium. Results from flow cytometry and chromosome counts of field-established cassava regenerants showed few abnormalities.  The assessment of pasting profiles and granular characteristics of starch of 11 cassava clones indicate considerable differences in starch functionality, peak viscosity (181.9–456.3 RVU), setback viscosity (53.6–111.4 RVU), final viscosity (193.3 and 255.1 RVU), pasting temperature (73.6–75.3 °C), and starch granule sizes (9–20 mm, oval, rounded, and truncated). These results provide directions for cassava selection and improvement for cassava starch- based products, and processing variables.  Cumulative cassava leaf litter dry matter production in southern Benin over two 12-month periods ranged from 2.4 t/ha (in a low rainfall year without fertilizer) to 4.1 t/ha (in an adequate rainfall year with fertilizer), indicating the potential of cassava to contribute to maintaining soil properties.  IITA has expanded its collaboration with CIAT, Colombia, to enhance the Southern Africa Root Crops Research Network (SARRNET’s) potential to promote expanded utilization, commercialization, and national and regional trade of cassava and sweetpotato. A public–private sector consortium has been formed to provide linkages between research and private sector partners.  A training course on agro-enterprise development was held for 27 participants in Uganda. Over 100 researchers, technicians, and extension personnel in the region were trained in report and proposal writing, rapid multiplication techniques, and postharvest technology of cassava and sweetpotato. SARRNET has provided 16 items of cassava processing equipment to its member countries for demonstrations to farmers and the private industry. 12 Research highlights Projet 6 Amélioration des  Plus de 10 000 plantules sous forme de culture de tissus de germoplasme de manioc élite systèmes à ont été distribuées aux collaborateurs dans 5 pays africains et dans 3 pays non africains, dominante manioc tandis que plus de 284 000 semences provenant de 1100 familles ont été distribuées à 9 programmes nationaux en Afrique. En outre, des pépinières de plantules à grande échelle avec plus de 100 000 semences botaniques, ont été installées dans des sites à forte pression de maladies dans les pays suivants: Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique et Tanzanie, en vue d’intensifier les efforts de criblage et d’accélérer le déploiement de variétés améliorées résistantes à la maladie de la marbrure du manioc en Afrique orientale et australe.  Les bénéfices du projet de multiplication de manioc pour combattre la pandémie de la mosaïque du manioc en Ouganda basé sur le modèle impact DREAM de l’IFPRI ont été estimés à environ 36 millions de dollars américains ($US) pendant une période de 4 ans (1998–2001), suite à un investissement de 0,8 millions de $US.  L’efficacité de la régénération du plant de manioc grâce à l’organogenèse a doublé suite à l’addition de 8mg/l de nitrate d’argent et à l’augmentation (0,8%) de la concentration de l’agar du milieu de culture. Les résultats de la cytométrie en flot et le compte de chromosomes du manioc régénéré qui s’est établi au champ, ont présenté peu d’anomalies.  L’évaluation des profils de coagulation et des caractéristiques granulaires de l’amidon de 11 clones, indique des différences considérables concernant la fonctionnalité de l’amidon, la viscosité maximum (181,9–456,3 RVU), la viscosité au repos (53,6–111,4 RVU), la viscosité finale (193,3 et 255,1 RVU), la température de coagulation (73,6–75,3°C), et la taille des granules d’amidon (9–20 mm, ovale, arrondie et tronquée). Ces résultats révèlent des directions à suivre en matière de sélection et d’amélioration des produits à base d’amidon de manioc et de variables de transformation.  Pendant une période de 12 mois dans le sud du Bénin, la production cumulative de matière sèche des débris de feuilles de manioc a été estimée entre 2,4 t/ha (en condition de faible pluviométrie et sans application d’engrais) et 4,1 t/ha (en condition de pluviométrie appropriée et avec application d’engrais), indiquant ainsi le potentiel de contribution du manioc au maintien des propriétés du sol.  L’IITA a étendu sa collaboration avec le CIAT (Colombie) en vue de renforcer la capacité du SARRNET à promouvoir l’extension de l’utilisation, la commercialisation et le commerce national et régional du manioc et de la patate douce. Un consortium regroupant les secteurs privés et publics a été mis en place afin de servir de lien entre la recherche et les partenaires du secteur privé.  Un stage de formation sur le développement des agro-entreprises a été organisé à l’intention de 27 participants en Ouganda. Plus de 100 chercheurs, techniciens et agents de vulgarisation de la région ont reçu une formation dans les domaines suivants: rédaction des rapports et des propositions de projet, techniques de multiplication rapide et technologies post- récolte du manioc et de la patate douce. Le SARRNET a fourni 16 équipements de transformation du manioc à ses pays membres en vue des démonstrations pour les agriculteurs et le secteur industriel privé. Project 7 Biological control  A major international workshop on biopesticide regulatory frameworks for and functional African countries, jointly organized by IITA and Virginia Polytechnic Institute biodiversity (VPI) with financial support from the US Agency for International Development (USAID), was held at the IITA Benin station from 29 January to 2 February. Consequently, Comité inter-Etat de lutte contre la sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS) established a framework for the registration of biopesticides and Green Muscle® obtained the temporary sales permission of Comité Sahélien des Pesticides, the last step before full registration in nine CILSS countries.  Biological Control Products (BCP), the South African commercial partner of Lutte Biologique contre les Locustes et Sauteriaux (LUBILOSA), has shipped the first large Green Muscle® order to Niger. 13 Points saillants de la recherche  In Mali, several NGOs have committed themselves to the regular use of Green Muscle® for grasshopper control. Green Muscle® will be ordered on a regular basis with the support of donors.  Plutella xylostella granulovirus has been imported from Kenya to Benin, an important step towards improved control of P. xylostella in West Africa.  Scientists and government representatives improved their understanding on aspects of biodiversity, biotechnology, and law of the convention of biological diversity and its implementation during a West African Network for Taxonomy (WAFRINET) workshop, coorganized with the Global Biodiversity Institute (GBDI).  More than 250 isolates of fungal pathogens of water hyacinth were collected across 3 major river systems in West Africa in different ecological zones.  The impact of classical biological control of water hyacinth and mango mealybug has been studied, demonstrated, and published.  Results of a survey on the distribution of African root and tuber scale Stictococcus vayssierei across a range of different vegetation types and non-crop host plant species indicate that this pest can be controlled through appropriate fallow management.  The acquisition and preservation of 19 000 new specimens from faunistic surveys in Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo collected by IITA’s insect museum strengthens its leading position in the provision of taxonomic support to NARES within West Africa. Lutte biologique et Projet 7 biodiversité  Grâce à un financement de l’USAID, un atelier international majeur sur les cadres de fonctionnelle réglementation des bio pesticides en Afrique a été conjointement organisé par l’IITA et l’Institut Polytechnique de Virginie (VPI) à la station de l’IITA au Bénin, du 29 janvier au 2 février. Par conséquent, le Comité inter-Etat de lutte contre la sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS) a mis en place un cadre pour l’enregistrement des biopesticides et Green Muscle® a obtenu une autorisation temporaire de vente du Comité sahélien des pesticides, ce qui constitue la dernière étape avant son enregistrement total dans neuf pays membres du CILSS.  Biological Control Products (BCP), le partenaire sud africain du Projet Lutte Biologique contre les Locustes et Sauteriaux (LUBILOSA), a expédié au Niger la première grande commande de Green Muscle®.  Au Mali, plusieurs ONG se sont engagés à utiliser régulièrement Green Muscle® pour lutter contre les sauteriaux. Green Muscle® fera l’objet de commandes régulières avec l’appui des bailleurs de fonds. The water hyacinth menace is now under control in sub-Saharan Africa – La maîtrise de la jacinthe d’eau est une réalité en Afrique subsaharienne 14 Research highlights  Le granulovirus Plutella xylostella a été importé du Kenya au Bénin : un pas important vers l’amélioration de la lutte contre P. xylostella en Afrique occidentale.  Des chercheurs et représentants du gouvernement ont pu améliorer leur compréhension des aspects de la biodiversité, de la biotechnologie et de la loi relative à la convention sur la diversité biologique et son application au cours d’un atelier du WAFRINET, conjointement organisé avec l’Institut de la biodiversité mondiale (GBDI).  Plus de 250 isolats de pathogènes fongiques de la jacinthe d’eau ont été collectés dans trois systèmes fluviaux majeurs dans différentes zones écologiques d’Afrique occidentale.  L’impact de la lutte biologique classique contre la jacinthe d’eau et la cochenille du manguier a fait l’objet d’études, de démonstrations et de publications.  Les résultats d’une enquête sur la distribution de la cochenille africaine des racines et tubercules Stictococcus vayssierei à travers une gamme de types de végétation et sur différentes espèces de cultures non-hôtes ont indiqué que ce ravageur peut être combattu par une gestion appropriée des jachères.  L’acquisition et la conservation de 19 000 nouvelles spécimens, suite à des enquêtes sur la faune au Bénin, Cameroun, Ghana, Nigéria, et Togo, collectées par le musée d’insectes de l’IITA renforcent la position de leader de ce dernier en matière de fourniture d’un appui taxonomique aux SNRVA en Afrique occidentale. Project 8 Integrated  Synthetic sex pheromones of Maruca vitrata were used to monitor field management of populations at 3 locations. In central Benin, a good correlation was found legume pests and between adult catches in the traps and larval populations in the field, diseases indicating the possibility of using the traps as a tool to time pest control interventions. However, adult catches from both Tamale and Kano were low in spite of substantial field infestations, indicating possible behavioral/ physiological differences in migrating M. vitrata populations.  The investigation of natural enemies of the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) in southern and central Benin revealed spectacular epizootics of the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites sp. in the Ouémé valley which wiped out aphid colonies. The total absence of hymenopterous parasitoids was confirmed, indicating a potential “off the shelf” bicocontrol project.  During 2 consecutive years, the early-maturing soybean line TGX 1835-10E was confirmed as moderately resistant to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Some early varieties with relatively shorter pod filling duration had less yield loss in spite of high disease incidence.  A regional adoption survey (120 farm households per country) showed that neem extracts are being used by 7, 32, and 38% of farmers in Niger, Nigeria, and Ghana, respectively, and papaya extracts by 47% of farmers in Benin. The constraint is mainly labor-intensive processing of leaves. Key factors affecting adoption of cowpea integrated pest management (IPM) are access to extension, profitability, off-farm incomes, farm labor supply, and level of education.  A study of cowpea IPM technologies in Benin revealed that botanical insecticides are more profitable when applied on improved cowpea varieties (high yielding or pest/disease resistant). The net benefits ranged from US$10/ ha (local varieties), to US$110/ha (improved varieties), and up to US$200/ha with improved market access.  Farmer field schools (FFS) trained 1112 farmers and 60 NGO and extension agents in cowpea IPM in the 9 PRONAF countries. In northern Ghana farmer- to-farmer diffusion of knowledge following FFS is increasing. Projet 8 Lutte intégrée  Des phéromones sexuelles synthétiques de Maruca vitrata ont été utilisées pour assurer le contre les ravageurs suivi des populations au champ dans 3 localités. Dans la partie centrale du Bénin, une bonne et les maladies des corrélation a été observée entre les prises d’adultes dans les pièges et la population de larves légumineuses 15 Points saillants de la recherche au champ, d’où la possibilité d’utiliser les pièges comme instrument de mesure des interventions de lutte contre les ravageurs. Cependant, les prises d’adultes à Tamale et à Kano ont été faibles en dépit des infestations substantielles des champs, d’où la possibilité de différences de comportements/physiologiques chez les populations migrantes de M. vitrata.  Des investigations sur les ennemis naturels du puceron du niébé (Aphis craccivora) dans le sud et le centre du Bénin, ont révélé des épizooties spectaculaires concernant le champignon entomopathogène Neozygites sp. dans la vallée de l’Ouémé où il a décimé des colonies de pucerons. L’absence de parasitoïdes hyménoptères a été confirmée, indiquant ainsi l’existence d’un projet de lutte biologique potentiel presque prêt.  Au cours de 2 années consécutives, la lignée de soja précoce TGX 1835-10E a été confirmée comme étant modérément résistante à la rouille du soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Certaines variétés précoces dotées d’une période de remplissage des gousses relativement plus courte, ont subi moins de perte de rendement en dépit de la forte incidence de la maladie.  Une enquête d’adoption régionale (120 ménages agricoles par pays) a révélé que les extraits de neem étaient utilisés par 7, 32 et 38% d’agriculteurs au Niger, au Nigéria et au Ghana, respectivement, et les extraits de papaye l’étaient par 47% des agriculteurs au Bénin. La contrainte s’avère être essentiellement la transformation des feuilles à haute intensité de main- d’œuvre. Les facteurs clés affectant l’adoption de la lutte intégrée (IPM) contre les ravageurs du niébé sont: l’accès aux services de vulgarisation, la rentabilité, les revenus hors champs, l’offre de main d’oeuvre agricole et le niveau d’éducation.  Une étude sur les technologies IPM du niébé menée au Bénin, a révélé que les insecticides botaniques sont plus rentables lorsqu’ils sont appliqués sur les variétés améliorées de niébé (rendement élevé ou résistance aux ravageurs/maladies). Les bénéfices nets ont été estimés entre 10 $US/ha (variétés locales) et 110 $US/ha (variétés améliorées), jusqu’à 200 $US/ha en condition d’accès amélioré au marché.  Les Ecoles paysannes (FFS) ont permis à 1112 agriculteurs et 60 agents d’ONG et de vulgarisation de bénéficier d’une formation en IPM dans 9 pays membres du PRONAF. Dans le nord du Ghana, la diffusion des connaissances d’agriculteurs à agriculteurs est à la hausse, suite au fonctionnement des FFS. Integrated Project 9 management of  A medical epidemiology survey in the southern Guinea savanna of Benin and maize pests and Togo revealed that 99% of 479 children were aflatoxin-positive, 33% showed diseases stunted growth, and 29% were underweight. Exposure to aflatoxin was correlated with aflatoxin content of maize, maternal education and socioeconomic status, consumption of maize-based weaning food, and number of L-strain Aspergillus flavus colonies in the maize.  Aflatoxin accumulation in selected IITA maize inbred lines was tested using a kernel screening assay in collaboration with the laboratory of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in New Orleans, and was found to be much lower (< 50 ng/g) than the best US resistant line (> 200 ng/g).  Public awareness campaigns on aflatoxin were launched in Benin, Ghana, and Togo in collaboration with senior national policymakers, ministers of agriculture and of health, representatives of the diplomatic corps, the FAO Regional Office on Post-harvest, and Rotary International.  Larvae of the maize stem borer Sesamia calamistis had a much lower survival rate (1.6%) on new advanced inbred lines 10 days after artificial infestation with 60 eggs/plant.  Three strains of Trichoderma species—T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, and T. hermatum—persisted in maize stalks co-inoculated with the causal agent of maize stalk rot, Fusarium verticillioides, in screenhouse tests. These 3 strains reduced stalk rot and were also effective against the pathogen in in vitro tests. The mechanism appears to be hyperparasitism.  Treating maize plants with neem oil at different concentrations in the greenhouse has reduced oviposition by S. calamistis by three-quarters even at the lowest concentration tested. 16 Research highlights Projet 9 Lutte intégrée  Une enquête épidémiologique médicale dans la zone de savane sud guinéenne du Bénin et du contre les ravageurs Togo a révélé que sur 479 enfants, 99% ont été testés positifs à l’aflatoxine, 33% ont présenté et les maladies du une croissance réduite et 29% avaient un poids inférieur à la normale. Une corrélation a été maïs établie entre l’exposition à l’aflatoxine et la teneur en aflatoxine du maïs, à l’éducation maternelle et aux conditions socio économiques, à la consommation d’aliments de sevrage à base de maïs et au nombre de colonies d’Aspergillus flavus souche-L dans le maïs.  L’accumulation de l’aflatoxine chez une sélection de lignées endogames de maïs de l’IITA a été testée en utilisant un essai de criblage des grains en collaboration avec le laboratoire de l’USDA en Nouvelle Orleans et s’est révélée beaucoup moins élevée (< 50 ng/g) que celle de la meilleure lignée résistante des Etats-Unis d’Amérique (> 200 ng/g).  Des campagnes de sensibilisation sur l’aflatoxine ont été lancées au Bénin, au Ghana et au Togo en collaboration avec les décideurs principaux au niveau national, les ministères de l’agriculture et de la santé, les représentants du corps diplomatique, le Bureau régional de la FAO chargé des aspects post-récolte et le Rotary International.  Des larves de foreurs de tiges de maïs Sesamia calamistis ont présenté un taux de survie plus faible (1.6%) sur les nouvelles lignées endogames avancées, 10 jours après l’infestation artificielle avec 60 oeufs/plant.  Trois souches d’espèces Trichoderma—T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, et T. hermatum—ont persisté dans la tige de maïs co-inoculée avec le vecteur de la pourriture du maïs, Fusarium verticillioides, au cours de test en abri grillagé. Ces 3 souches ont réduit la pourriture des tiges et se sont également révélées efficaces contre le pathogène au cours de tests in vitro. Maize has become a cash crop in sub-Saharan Africa – Le maïs est devenu une  Le traitement des pieds de maïs avec de l’huile de neem culture de rente en Afrique subsaharienne selon différentes concentrations en condition de serre, a indiqué que l’oviposition de S. calamistis était réduite de 3/4, même avec les plus faibles concentrations testées. Project 10 Integrated  The exotic phytoseiid predator Typhlodromalus aripo continues to persist and management of further expand its range in 20 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and is providing cassava pests and effective management of the cassava green mite. diseases  The preference of T. aripo for hairy cassava tips was shown to be widespread and food web surveys in Malawi and Mozambique confirmed that T. aripo is restricted to cassava and only affects CGM populations.  Two Brazilian isolates of Neozygites tanajoae introduced in 1999 into cassava fields in southeastern and northern Benin to complement CGM biocontrol by phytoseiid predators continued to persist and produce an average of 25% infection levels in CGM populations in several locations.  In collaboration with the University of Arizona, USA, molecular techniques were used to demonstrate the association of a distinct cassava-colonizing genotype of Bemisia tabaci with the epidemic of severe CMD in Uganda.  Through an emergency CMD management program in East and Central Africa, IITA, with NARES and NGOs, deployed more than 2000 ha of CMD resistant germplasm, introduced 960 elite CMD-resistant clones into open quarantine sites in Kenya and Tanzania and 158 clones in tissue culture to Congo Republic, transferred 7 newly released varieties from Uganda to Tanzania, and evaluated the performance of more than 50 clones with farmers in technology transfer centers in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. 17 Points saillants de la recherche  A preliminary impact assessment study of CMD management work in 6 districts of Uganda estimated a net present value benefit of US$36 million shared roughly equally between producers and consumers.  Surveys of the impact of the released predator, Teretrius nigrescens, on beetle pests in cassava chip stores in northern Benin, demonstrated reductions in losses from 45–91% in untreated to 15–70% in treated stores.  In addition to cassava, the noncultivated plants Aframomun danielli and Costus afer, and several wild yam species were identified as common hosts of the African root and tuber scale, Stictococcus vayssierei, in fallow and young forest vegetation in western and southern Cameroon.  Project training activities included the completion of 3 MSc and 1 PhD study programs; cassava IPM training of extension workers (and farmers) as follows: 15 (20) in Guinea, 10 (2100) in Kenya, 20 (95) in Malawi, 1000 in Tanzania, 10 (50) in Togo, and 29 (250) in Uganda; the distribution of 300 sets of cassava IPM manuals in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the development of an educational leaflet for T. aripo conservation. Lutte intégrée Projet 10 contre les ravageurs  Le prédateur phytoseïde exotique Typhlodromalus aripo continue de persister et étend sa et les maladies du propagation dans 20 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne tout en assurant une lutte efficace contre manioc l’acarien vert du manioc.  La préférence de T. aripo pour les pousses apicales pileuses du manioc a été confirmée à grande échelle et des enquêtes sur la toile alimentaire au Malawi et au Mozambique ont confirmé que T. aripo se limite au manioc et n’affecte que les populations d’acariens verts du manioc.  Deux isolats brésiliens de Neozygites tanajoae introduits en 1999 dans des champs de manioc dans le sud-est et le nord du Bénin en vue de renforcer la lutte biologique contre les acariens verts au moyen des prédateurs phytoseïdes, persistent et produisent en moyenne 25% de niveau d’infection dans les populations d’acariens verts dans plusieurs localités.  En collaboration avec l’Université d’Arizona (Etats-Unis d’Amérique) des techniques moléculaires ont été utilisées pour démontrer l’association entre un génotype de Bemisia tabaci distinct et colonisateur du manioc et l’épidémie sévère de la mosaïque du manioc en Ouganda.  Dans le cadre d’un programme d’urgence de lutte contre la mosaïque du manioc mené en Afrique orientale et centrale, l’IITA, en collaboration avec les SNRVA et les ONG, a déployé plus de 2000 ha de germoplasme résistant à la mosaïque, introduit 960 clones élites résistant à la mosaïque dans les sites de quarantaine ouverts au Kenya et en Tanzanie ainsi que 158 clones sous forme de culture de tissus en République du Congo, transféré, de l’Ouganda en Tanzanie, 7 variétés nouvellement homologuées et évalué la performance de plus de 50 clones avec les agriculteurs dans les centres de transfert de technologies au Kenya, en Tanzanie et en Ouganda.  Une étude sur l’évaluation préliminaire de l’impact portant sur les activités de lutte contre la mosaïque du manioc au niveau de 6 districts de l’Ouganda a estimé le bénéfice actuel net à 36 millions de $US pratiquement partagé entre les producteurs et les consommateurs.  Des enquêtes sur l’impact du prédateur, Teretrius nigrescens, lâché sur les coléoptères ravageurs des cossettes de manioc stockées, dans le nord du Bénin, ont révélé des réductions de pertes de l’ordre de 45 à 91% dans les stocks non traités et de 15 à 70% dans les stocks traités.  En plus du manioc, les plants non cultivés de Aframomun danielli et Costus afer, ainsi que plusieurs espèces sauvages d’ignames, ont été identifiés comme hôte communs de la cochenille africaine des racines et des tubercules, Stictococcus vayssierei, dans les jachères et la végétation des jeunes forêts dans les parties occidentales et du sud du Cameroun.  Les activités de formation des projets ont permis les réalisations suivantes : l’achèvement de 3 programmes de Maîtrise et d’1 programme de troisième cycle ainsi qu’une formation des agents de vulgarisation (et des agriculteurs) en lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs du manioc: 15 (20) en Guinée, 10 (2100) au Kenya, 20 (95) au Malawi, 1000 en Tanzanie, 10 (50) au Togo et 29 (250) en Ouganda; la distribution de 300 séries de manuels de lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs du manioc au Kenya, en Tanzanie et en Ouganda et l’élaboration d’un dépliant didactique sur la conservation de T. aripo. 18 Research highlights Released as > 400000 predators at 230 sites; presence confirmed in 20 countries Year of release or confirmed establishment 1993 1994 1995 Cassava 1997 First released belt 1998 in Benin in October 1993 1999 2000 Lakes Countries in sub-Saharan Africa with established T. aripo populations – Pays d’Afrique subsaharienne où les populations de T. aripo se sont établies Project 11 Protection and  In the forest margins benchmark area (FMB), annual maize production in a enhancement of Mucuna/Pueraria cover crop/relay system was sustained for 5 years at 2.5 t/ha. vulnerable cropping Maize grain yields after Mucuna var. jaspaeda were the highest over 3 consecutive systems years over other Mucuna varieties.  Three soybean varieties were identified for various farmer circumstances in the FMB. High nodulation was observed in shorter fallow areas, with consequent higher yields. Farmers in the northern benchmark, where yields exceed 1 t/ha without inputs, are now adopting soybean.  In a study in the northern Guinea savanna and derived savanna benchmark areas to identify target options for herbaceous legumes, farmer participation doubled over the previous year. Four field days involving some 130 farmers were held, and new methodologies tested during farmer workshops.  Some 280 kg of herbaceous legume seed consisting of 117 seedlots were distributed to IARCs, NARES, and NGOs.  Successful stakeholders’ workshops on weed management strategies were conducted in Zaria and Makurdi. Steering committees on Striga and Imperata were formed to coordinate research. Two seed companies and the Nigerian Participatory Rural Appraisal Network agreed to assist with workshops and scaling-up activities.  Mucuna was shown to suppress speargrass by reducing available solar radiation and other mechanisms. 19 Points saillants de la recherche  The Rockefeller Foundation provided a grant to research the effect of genotype and environment on the concentration of L-Dopa in Mucuna seed and other plant parts.  For the 2001 growing season, research and development projects in Benin have purchased more than 2000 kg of Mucuna from Centre d’information et d’exchanges sur les plantes de coverture en Afrique (CIEPCA). The CIEPCA newsletter was produced and posted on the Web, and 4 issues of Mucuna News have been produced.  A standpoint survey found Acacia auriculiformis woodlots to be the most popular soil fertility enhancing technology coming out of 10 to 15 years of work on improved fallows in southern Benin. Protection et Projet 11 renforcement des  Dans la zone de référence de lisière forestière (FMB), la production annuelle de maïs dans un systèmes de système de relais de culture de couverture Mucuna/Pueraria, a été maintenue pendant production 5 ans avec un rendement de l’ordre de 2,5 t/ha. Les rendements en grains du maïs après Mucuna var. jaspaeda étaient les plus élevés après 3 années consécutives par rapport aux vulnérables autres variétés de Mucuna.  Trois variétés de soja ont été identifiées pour différentes circonstances agricoles dans la FMB. Une nodulation élevée a été observée dans les zones de jachère de courte durée avec des rendements élevés consécutifs. Les agriculteurs dans la zone de référence du nord où les rendements ont dépassé 1 t/ha sans intrants, adoptent à présent le soja.  Dans le cadre d’une étude dans les zones de référence de la savane nord guinéenne et de savane dérivée visant à identifier les options cibles pour les légumineuses herbacées, la participation des agriculteurs a doublé par rapport à l’année précédente. Quatre journées agricoles ont été organisées avec la participation d’environ 130 agriculteurs et de nouvelles méthodologies ont été testées au cours des ateliers paysans.  Environ 280 kg de semences de légumineuses dont 117 lots de semences ont été distribués aux CIRA, SNRA et ONG.  Des ateliers à l’intention des parties prenantes portant sur les stratégies de lutte contre les adventices ont été organisés et couronnés de succès à Zaria et Makurdi. Des Comités directeurs relatifs au Striga et Imperata ont été mis en place en vue de coordonner les activités de recherche. Deux sociétés de production de semences et le Nigerian Participatory Rural Appraisal Network ont accepté d’appuyer les ateliers et les activités de renforcement.  Mucuna a prouvé sa capacité de suppression d’Imperata à travers la réduction de la radiation solaire et d’autres mécanismes. Farmer participation is vital in the spread of new technologies – La participation des paysans est essentielle pour la diffusion des nouvelles technologies 20 Research highlights  La Fondation Rockefeller a alloué une subvention pour la recherche sur l’effet du génotype et de l’environnement sur la concentration de L-Dopa dans les semences de Mucuna et dans d’autres parties de la plante.  Pour la campagne de culture de 2001, les projets de recherche et développement au Bénin, ont acheté plus de 2000 kg de Mucuna auprès du Centre d’information et d’échanges sur les plantes de couverture en Afrique (CIEPCA). Le bulletin du CIEPCA a été produit et rendu accessible sur Internet et 4 numéros de Mucuna News ont été produits.  Une enquête d’opinion a révélé que les lots d’Acacia auriculiformis constituent la technologie d’amélioration de la fertilité du sol la plus populaire, suite à leur production au cours d’une période de 10 à 15 ans, dans des jachères améliorées dans le sud du Bénin. Project 12 Improvement of  On-farm trials conducted from 1999 to 2000 in 19 Striga hermonthica-infested high-intensity food fields in the dry savanna agroecozone of Nigeria showed that integrated S. and forage crop hermonthica control was highly effective, in comparison to traditional practices, both in reducing S. hermonthica incidence by more than 70% and in increasing systems maize grain yields by more than 60%.  Maize herbicide evaluation trials conducted in Ibadan and Ilorin showed that postemergence application of nicosulfuron at 50 to 400 g a.i./ha resulted in lower Imperata cylindrica biomass (4 to 19 g/m2) than in the unweeded control plots (63 g/m2) at crop harvest. The effect of weeding 5 times on I. cylindrica biomass was equivalent to that of nicosulfuron at rates of 200 to 400 g a.i./ha.  Comparative economic evaluation and appropriate technology targeting of 10 legume rotation treatments showed that the grain legume and dual- purpose varieties gave cumulative net benefits ranging between US$914 and US$1233, an increase of over 150% above the least profitable system at Ibadan fertile derived savanna (DS) site. The same trends were observed in the northern Guinea savanna where the most profitable system outperformed the green manure system economically by over 500%.  The monitoring of N and P in Zouzouvou, DS site in Benin, indicates that the N balance was negative. N exports through harvest products and removal/burning of crop residues constituted the largest loss term. The annual P balance ranged between a surplus of 42 kg P/ha and a deficit of 30 kg P/ha.  Preliminary maize yield data for the on-farm, farmer-managed demonstration trials confirmed earlier findings that maize grain yields in the sole fertilizer treatment were similar to yields in the mixture treatment in which about 40% of the fertilizer N was substituted by manure. Farmers’ practices led to about 30% lower yields than in either of the other treatments.  Growing maize after soybean resulted in significantly higher grain yield (1.2- to 2.3-fold increase compared to maize control) except for the maize cultivar Oba Super 2 (8644-27) an N-efficient hybrid. Projet 12 Amélioration des  Des essais en milieu réel menés de 1999 à 2000 dans 19 champs infestés de Striga systèmes intensifs de hermonthica dans l’agroécozone de savane aride du Nigéria ont indiqué que la lutte intégrée production vivrière et contre S. hermonthica était plus effective que les pratiques traditionnelles aussi bien en ce qui concerne la réduction, de plus de 70%, de l’incidence de S. hermonthica que l’augmentation fourragère des rendements en grains du maïs supérieure à 60%.  Des essais d’évaluation des herbicides du maïs menés à Ibadan et à Ilorin, ont indiqué que l’application post-émergence d’un herbicide du maïs, le nicosulfuron selon des doses de 50 à 400 g p.a./ha a entraîné la réduction de la biomasse d’Imperata cylindrica (4 à 19 g/m2) par rapport aux parcelles témoins non défrichées (63 g/m2) à la récolte. L’effet de 5 défrichages sur la biomasse de I. cylindrica a été équivalent à celui du nicosulfuron à des doses de 200 à 400 g p.a./ha.  L’évaluation économique comparative et un ciblage technologique approprié de 10 traitements de rotation de légumineuses ont révélé que la légumineuse à graines et les variétés à usage double 21 Points saillants de la recherche ont produit un bénéfice cumulatif net de 914 à 1233 $US, une augmentation de plus de 150% supérieure à celle du système le moins rentable dans le site fertile de savane dérivée d’Ibadan. Les mêmes tendances ont été observées dans la savane nord guinéenne où la plupart des systèmes rentables ont eu une performance économique supérieure, de plus de 500%, à celle du système d’engrais vert.  Le suivi de la teneur en N et en P à Zouzouvou, le site de savanne dérivée au Bénin, indique que le bilan de N était négatif. Les exportations de N à travers les produits de la récolte et l’enlèvement/brûlis des résidus de culture ont représenté les plus grandes pertes. Le bilan annuel de P s’est situé entre un surplus de 42 kg P/ha et un déficit de 30 kg P/ha.  Des données préliminaires de rendement de maïs provenant des essais de démonstration en milieu réel et gérés par les agriculteurs ont confirmé des résultats précédents selon lesquels les rendements en grains de maïs d’un seul traitement étaient supérieurs à ceux du traitement mixte dans lequel presque 40% de l’engrais azoté étaient remplacés par la fumure. Les pratiques paysannes ont entraîné environ 40% de réduction de rendement que dans les deux autres traitements.  La culture du maïs après le soja a produit des rendements en grains significativement plus élevés (une augmentation de 1,2 à 2,3 fois plus élevée que le maïs témoin), à l’exception du Striga: beautiful to behold, but deadly to maize – cultivar de maïs Oba Super 2 (8644-27) un hybride à Striga: belle plante mais ennemi mortel du maïs utilisation efficace de N. Integrated perennial Project 13 and annual cropping  Efforts to establish tree-based assets on deforested land in southern Cameroon systems continued. The cocoa hybrids from Côte d’Ivoire have demonstrated significantly superior establishment vigor and growth and 3 of the 4 hybrids had a significantly greater number of flowers relative to the landraces and local hybrid. The survival of all cocoa seedlings through the second dry season was significantly greater when integrated with shade providing plantain (Musa spp.).  In a remote area of the southern Cameroon Atlantic rainforest, the Sustainable Tree Crops Program (STCP) and its partners assisted about 200 small cocoa producers to create a farmers’ union of village-based organizations. Cocoa marketed through the union in its initial year yielded a 33% higher price than cocoa marketed individually and inputs purchased by the union were bought at a 7% discount. The lessons learned from this are being used by STCP and its partners to reinforce farmer organizations throughout southern Cameroon and West Africa.  An on-farm experiment evaluated the productive capacity of a mature cocoa agroforest after a 2-year abandonment with particular focus on the manage- ment of the fungal blackpod disease, the most important constraint to production. Two levels of fungicide treatment were applied and compared to a no fungicide control. A yield of over 300 kg/ha was obtained which is in excess of the average yield for this part of southern Cameroon. Yield at the no fungicide control was less than 50 kg/ha indicating the importance of the constraint.  An on-farm experiment in southern Cameroon compared the decomposition rates in 4 types of land use—the complex cocoa agroforest, forest, Chromolaena odorata fallow land, and Imperata cylindrica fallow land. The conclusion is that the cocoa agroforest retains more ecosystem functionality when compared to short fallow cropping land-use systems. 22 Research highlights Projet 13 Systèmes de  Les efforts visant l’établissement de produits arboricoles sur des terres ayant subi une production intégrée déforestation se poursuivent dans le sud du Cameroun. Les variétés hybrides de cacao en cultures pérennes et provenance de la Côte d’Ivoire ont présenté une vigueur et une croissance significativement cultures annuelles supérieures après leur établissement et 3 des 4 hybrides ont donné un nombre de fleurs significativement plus élevé que celui des cultivars et des hybrides locaux. La survie de tous les jeunes plants de cacao pendant la seconde saison sèche a été substantiellement plus élevée en condition d’intégration du plantain (Musa spp.) qui a fourni un ombrage.  Dans une zone éloignée de la forêt ombrophile de l’Atlantique, dans le sud du Cameroun, le Programme pour le développement durable des cultures pérennes (STCP), en collaboration avec ses partenaires, a apporté une assistance à environ 200 petits exploitants de cacao en vue de la création d’une union des organisations communautaires de base. Le cacao vendu par le canal de l’union a permis, au cours de la première année, une augmentation des prix de 33% par rapport au cacao vendu individuellement; en outre, les intrants achetés par l’union ont fait l’objet d’une réduction de 7%. Les leçons tirées de cette expérience seront utilisées par le STCP et ses partenaires en vue de renforcer les organisations paysannes à la fois dans le sud du Cameroun et en Afrique occidentale.  Une expérience en milieu réel a permis d’évaluer la capacité de production d’une agroforêt de cacao mature après un abandon de 2 ans en mettant un accent particulier sur la lutte contre la maladie cryptogamique de la gousse noire, la principale contrainte à la production. Deux doses de traitement au fongicide ont été appliquées et comparées à un traitement sans fongicide. Un rendement de plus de 300 kg/ha a été obtenu, ce qui représente un surplus par rapport aux rendements moyens dans cette partie du sud Cameroun. Dans la parcelle témoin sans fongicide, le rendement a été inférieur à 50 kg/ha, ce qui est une indication de l’importance de la contrainte.  Une expérience en milieu réel dans le sud du Cameroun a permis la comparaison des taux de décomposition de 4 types d’utilisation des terres – le complexe agroforestier cacao, la forêt, une jachère de Chromolaena odorata et une jachère d’Imperata cylindrica. La conclusion est que l’agroforêt cacao conserve plus de fonctionnalité de l’écosystème par rapport aux systèmes de production en condition de jachère courte. Project 14 Impact, policy, and  A household expenditure survey in 4 cities of the forest zone of Cameroon systems analysis confirmed that demand prospects for domestic products (yam, plantain, cassava, maize, and sorghum) are high because they are more desired by urban dwellers than imported products such as rice.  A new micro “Market Information Systems” model developed by FOODNET, with support from the Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), disseminates the information to about 5 million people in 8 districts of eastern Uganda.  An efficiency analysis of about 560 mixed crop–livestock farms in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria showed that the 10% most efficient farms were smaller in size, experienced high pressure on land, were managed by younger farmers, and had higher integration between crops and livestock.  A new, easy, and quick “GPS transect walk” method was successfully tested to quantify the spread and intensity of the adoption and adaptation processes of “best bet” cowpea technologies in the savanna zone of Nigeria.  Positive effects of technological change and policy on the profitability of cowpea systems were found in Couffo département, southern Benin. Financial returns for systems with an improved cowpea variety and botanical insecticide (Neem) to control pests in storage generated an advantage of CFA92250/ha over systems without an improved variety. An additional gain of CFA59305/ha was recorded for systems with improved variety and Neem and located in areas with good road infrastructure.  A landscape model of human and land resources for the forest margins was developed in Cameroon. The model links the “human” side and the “land” side 23 Points saillants de la recherche through land tenure systems and combines geo-positioning system (GPS), socioeconomic, and biophysical data in a geographic information system (GIS).  The capability for the application of GIS techniques by IITA and NARES has greatly improved through special training of 61 scientists in eastern and West Africa. Refresher courses were held for 20 NARES scientists in West Africa on advanced methods for impact and economic analyses while 8 local manu- facturers in Tanzania were trained in the maintenance and repair of processing equipment. Analyse de l’impact, Projet 14 des politiques et des  Une enquête menée sur les dépenses des ménages dans 4 villes de la zone de forêt du Cameroun systèmes a confirmé que les perspectives de demande en produits domestiques (igname, plantain, manioc, maïs et sorgho) étaient élevées parce qu’ils sont plus prisés par les citadins que les produits importés, le riz par exemple.  Un nouveau micro modèle, le Système d’information sur le marché, mis au point par FOODNET, en collaboration avec le Centre technique de coopération rurale et agricole (CTA) permet la diffusion d’informations à environ 5 millions de personnes dans 8 districts dans l’est de l’Ouganda.  Une analyse d’efficacité d’environ 560 exploitations mixtes agriculture-élevage dans la savane nord guinéenne du Nigéria a indiqué que 10% des exploitations les plus efficaces étaient de taille plus réduite, subissaient une forte pression sur les terres, étaient gérés par des agriculteurs plus jeunes et présentaient une plus grande intégration entre l’agriculture et l’élevage.  Une nouvelle méthode de découpage en section par le Système de positionnement géographique (SPG), facile et rapide, a été testée avec succès dans la quantification de la progression et l’intensité des processus d’adoption et d’adaptation des meilleures technologies du niébé dans la zone de savane du Nigéria.  Les effets positifs des changements technologiques et politiques sur la rentabilité des systèmes de production de niébé ont été confirmés dans le département de Couffo, dans le sud du Bénin. Les revenus financiers des systèmes à base de variétés améliorées de niébé et d’insecticide botanique (Neem) pour lutter contre les ravageurs du niébé stocké, a généré un bénéfice de 92250 CFA/ha par rapport aux systèmes sans variété améliorée. Un gain supplémentaire de 59305 CFA/ha a été enregistré avec les systèmes à base de variétés améliorées et de Neem et situés dans des zones dotées de bonnes infrastructures routières. Household expenditures for starchy products in southern cities of Cameroon yams cocoyams 3% potato and sweetpotato 8% 3% green dessert banana 2% bread 27% plantain 14% cassava flour+ g a ri rice 4% 15% cassava root 5% fritters cassava sticks maize 5% pasta 6% 4% 3% Diversity of the starchy diet – Une gamme riche de féculents 24 Research highlights  Un modèle sur l’aménagement des ressources humaines et des terres pour les zones de lisière forestière a été mis au point au Cameroun. Ce modèle permet d’établir un lien entre l’aspect humain et le volet terre à travers les systèmes fonciers et combine le système de positionnement géographique (SPG), les données socioéconomiques et biophysiques dans un système SIG.  La capacité d’application des techniques du SIG par l’IITA et les SNRA a été con- sidérablement augmentée grâce à une formation spéciale dont ont bénéficié 61 chercheurs de l’Afrique orientale et occidentale. Des stages de recyclage ont été organisés pour 20 chercheurs des SNRA d’Afrique occidentale et ils ont porté sur les méthodes avancées d’analyse de l’impact et d’étude économique, tandis que 8 fabricants locaux ont été formés en entretien et en réparation des équipements de transformation en Tanzanie. SP-IPM Systemwide  Characterized the agronomic, socioeconomic, and epidemiological features program on of whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted viruses in cassava, legumes, and integrated pest sweetpotato in Latin America, Africa, the Caribbean, and Mexico, and initiated management strategic research to develop appropriate IPM options.  Developed vision of farmer participatory research (FPR) and participatory learning (PL) to advise on what would need to be done differently at the level of farmers, community organizations, extension workers, researchers, and policymakers if FPR/PL were to be successful in IPM.  Recorded significant yield gains by farmers at 6 pilot sites in Africa where intercropping, habitat management, crop rotation schemes, and pest- tolerant crop varieties were introduced as “best-bet” IPM options to control the parasitic weeds Striga and Orobanche in maize–legume cropping systems. The participatory approach and processes at the sites assisted organizations to develop effective partnerships to increase the understanding and adoption of IPM options.  Increased public and donor awareness of the benefits of IPM through information materials including news stories, a brochure, and a CD-ROM of information resources.  Caractérisation des traits agronomiques, socioéconomiques et épidémiologiques des mouches Programme de lutte blanches et des virus transmis par les mouches blanches au manioc, aux légumineuses et à intégrée contre les la patate douce en Amérique latine, en Afrique, aux Caraïbes au Mexique et lancement d’une ravageurs à l’échelle stratégie de recherche en vue d’élaborer des options de lutte intégrée appropriées. du système  Elaboration de méthodes de recherche participative (MARP) et de formation participative (FP) en vue de déterminer les besoins d’action à la fois au niveau des agriculteurs, des organisations communautaires, des vulgarisateurs, des chercheurs et des décideurs afin d’assurer la réussite de la MARP/FP dans la lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs.  Enregistrement de gains de rendement significatifs par les agriculteurs dans 6 sites pilotes en Afrique, suite à l’introduction de l’association culturale, de la gestion de l’habitat, de la rotation culturale et des variétés tolérantes aux ravageurs en tant que meilleure technologie de lutte intégrée contre les phanérogames parasites Striga et Orobanche dans des systèmes de production maïs-légumineuses. L’approche et les méthodes participatives adoptées au niveau des sites ont aidé les organisations à développer des partenariats effectifs en vue d’accroître la compréhension et l’adoption des options de luttée intégrée.  Renforcement de la prise de conscience du public et des bailleurs de fonds des bénéfices de la lutte intégrée grâce au matériel d’information comprenant des articles de presse, une brochure et un CD ROM contenant des données d’information. 25 Graduate research completed in 2001 Degree Country University Sponsor Name M/F Research topic Crop Improvement Division MSc Cameroon University of Ibadan Self Acha, A. M Variation in suitability to rapid multiplication in yams (Dioscorea spp.) MSc Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Oso, R. F In vitro regeneration and propagation of African cultivars of banana and plantain PhD Cameroon University of Göttingen IITA Abang, M. M Population and pathotype structure of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from yam (Dioscorea spp.) in Nigeria PhD Nigeria University of Self Adeleke, M. F Meiotic studies in the genus Musa Port Harcourt PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Adesoye, A.O. M In vivo and in vitro approaches to cowpea transformation PhD Nigeria University of Self Aziagba, P.C. M Cytogenetic studies in diploid and Port Harcourt polyploid Musa species PhD Nigeria Ahmadu Bello Self Baba, I. M Productivity of sorghum/cowpea and millet/cowpea University, Zaria intercrops as affected by cowpea genotype and row arrangement PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Egesi, C. M Influence of planting date, location, tuber milking, and ploidy level on flowering in Dioscorea alata (L.) PhD Nigeria University of SMRP Nwakanma, D.C. M DNA fingerprinting in the genus Musa L. Port Harcourt PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan GCF Odu, B. M Identification of resistance to yam viruses in Dioscorea species and genetic analysis of resistance to yam mosaic virus in D. rotundata Poir. PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan It. Ogbe, F.O. M Survey of cassava begomoviruses in Nigeria and the response of resistant cassava genotypes to African cassava mosaic begomovirus infection PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Onyeka, J.T. M Genetic variability for resistance to root rot pathogens in cassava germplasm PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Salami, A. M Response to selection for yield and other agronomic traits in two tropically adapted complementary maize populations PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Udoh, E. M Population dynamics and genetic diversity of in situ wild yam germplasm PhD Nigeria Rivers State SMRP Wilson, V. F Improving pollination efficiency and propagation for University of Science decentralization of Musa breeding and Technology Plant Health Management Divison MSc Benin Université Nationale IITA Fagbemissi, R. F Importance of the role of rural women in the biological du Benin control against green mites in Benin MSc Benin Université Nationale IITA Soukossi-Hessou, A. F Studies on the impact of aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch du Benin (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (Walp.) and assessment of natural enemies associated with the pest in Benin Republic PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Babalola, O. F Physiological and microbiological interactions of Striga hermonthica and rhizosphere bacteria in maize and sorghum PhD Benin University of Hannover EC Banito, A. M Development and ecozonal adaptation of integrated control measures of cassava bacterial blight in Togo PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Dongo, E. F Identification and characterization of cucumber mosaic virus infecting Musa sp. in Nigeria PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Ittah, M.A. M Inheritance studies and mapping of resistance genes to some seed-borne viruses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) 26 Graduate research completed in 2001 Degree Country University Sponsor Name M/F Research topic PhD Cameroon University of Yaoundé IITA Ngakou, A. M Potential of beneficial microorganisms on cowpea pest management in three agroecological zones of Cameroon PhD Nigeria University of Ibadan IITA Sobowale, A. M Biological control of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. on maize stems by some fungal isolates from maize phyllosphere and rhizosphere PhD Benin University of Hannover EC Zinsou, V. M Integrated control of cassava bacterial blight adapted to ecozones of Benin with special emphasis on host plant resistance and resistance markers and mechanisms Resource and Crop Management Division MSc Nigeria University of Ibadan Self Emerole, C. F Statistical investigation of some nutritional characteristics of boarding students in King’s College, Lagos MSc Portugal University of Reading Self Maridalho, P.A. F Soil degradation in maize MSc Eritrea Georg-August Self Tsegai, D. M Determinants of urban household demand for cassava University, Germany and cassava products in northern Nigeria PhD Benin University of GTZ-BMZ Akouegnon, G.E. M Development of strategies for the promotion of Hohenheim herbaceous legumes in West Africa Sponsors: EC: European Community GCF: Gatsby Charitable Foundation GTZ/BMZ: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit/ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (Germany) It.: Government of Italy SMRP: Strategic Musa Research Project (Government of Belgium) 27 Financial information Core costs by operating segment, 2001 31.7% 19.6% Crop Improvement Plant Health Management 5.4% Research Support 1.1% 13.4% Conferences and Training Resource and Crop Management 1.9% Information Services 11.7% 9.9% 5.3% Administration General Operations Depreciation Core costs by operating segment, 2000 33.2% 20.3% Crop Improvement Plant Health Management 5.4% Research Support 1.4% 13% Conferences and Training Resource and Crop Management 2.1% Information Services 6.1% 10.9% 7.6% Administration General Operations Depreciation 28 Financial information Core research expenditure by CGIAR output, 2001 27.5% Germplasm Improvement 3.3% Germplasm Collection 39.5% Sustainable Production 8.5% Policy 21.2% Enhancing NARES Core research expenditure by CGIAR output, 2000 27.4% Germplasm Improvement 3.5% Germplasm Collection 39.5% Sustainable Production 8.2% Policy 21.4% Enhancing NARES Core (unrestricted and restricted) with complementary funding, 1997–2001 20 15 10 5 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Unrestricted Restricted Complementary Note: The core budget is used to fund those research-related activities essential in meeting CGIAR objectives for developing countries. 29 Total in US$ millions Financial information Statement of Financial Position For the year ended 31 December—in US$ thousands 2001 2000 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 18,869 17,258 Accounts receivable: Donors 2,238 6,361 Others 1,012 470 Inventories 918 966 Prepaid expenses 199 106 Other assets 81 173 Total current assets 23,317 25,334 Fixed assets Property, plant and equipment 28,283 37,929 Less: accumulated depreciation (21,482) (30,783) Total fixed assets – net 6,801 7,146 Total assets 30,118 32,480 Liabilities and net assets Current liabilities Bank indebtedness and overdrafts 942 – Accounts payable: Donors 3,118 5,688 Employees 6,552 5,282 Others 730 721 Accruals and provisions 1,723 1,546 Total current liabilities 13,065 13,237 Net assets Unrestricted: Unappropriated 11,492 13,323 Appropriated 5,561 5,920 Restricted (temporary) – – Total net assets 17,053 19,243 Total liabilities and net assets 30,118 32,480 Statement of Activity For the year ended 31 December—in US$ thousands 2001 2000 Temporarily Unrestricted restricted Total Total Revenue Grants 12,282 19,547 31,829 28,962 Other revenues 1,965 – 1,965 1,267 Total revenue 14,247 19,547 33,794 30,229 Expenses Program related expenses 9,210 19,547 28,757 24,966 Management and general expenses 8,595 – 8,595 6,729 Total expenses 17,805 19,547 37,352 31,695 Indirect cost recovery (2,072) – (2,072) (1,637) Net expenses 15,733 19,547 35,280 30,058 Change in net assets (1,486) – (1,486) 171 Net assets at 1 January, 2001 19,243 – 19,243 41,748 Write-off of net book value of fixed assets (704) – (704) (22,728) 18,539 – 18,539 19,020 Gain on disposal of fixed assets – – – 52 Change in net assets during the year (deficit)/ surplus (1,486) – (1,486) 171 Net assets at 31 December, 2001 17,053 – 17,053 19,243 30 Financial information Statement of Cash Flows For the year ended 31 December—in US$ thousands 2001 2000 Cash flows from operating activities (Shortfall)/excess of revenue over expenses (1,486) 171 Adjustments to reconcile net cash Provided by operating activities: Depreciation 2,015 2,418 Write-off of disposed assets 25 135 Decrease (Increase) in assets: Accounts receivable: Donors 4,123 (557) Others (542) 131 Inventories 48 239 Prepaid expenses (93) 92 Other assets 92 19 Increase (Decrease) in liabilities: Bank indebtedness and overdrafts 942 – Accounts payable: Donors (2,570) (942) Employees 1,270 10 Others 9 (89) Accruals and provisions 177 (791) Total adjustments 5,496 665 Net cash provided by operating activities 4,010 836 Cash flow used in investment activities: Acquisition of fixed assets (2,399) (1,801) Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 1,611 (965) Cash and cash equivalents: Beginning of year 17,258 18,223 End of year 18,869 17,258 Donor Funding For the year ended 31 December—in US$ thousands 2001 2000 Austria 532 456 Belgium 535 1,206 BMZ, Germany 984 873 Brazil – 20 Canada 694 733 Commission of the European Communities 1,170 53 Denmark 1,790 1,356 Department for International Development (DFID) – UK 972 667 Food and Agriculture Organization (1) – Ford Foundation – 15 France 461 453 Gatsby Charitable Foundation 289 417 International Centre for Research in Agroforestry – (16) International Development Research Centre 12 (11) International Fund for Agricultural Development 1,166 893 International Institute of Biological Control 277 258 Italy 384 234 Japan 3,073 3,831 Korea, Republic of 50 50 Netherlands 707 749 Nigeria – 1,004 Norway 775 581 NRI 123 95 Rockefeller Foundation 955 628 Sasakawa Africa Association 139 85 South Africa 50 50 Sweden 419 392 Switzerland 758 831 United Nations Development Programme 315 237 United States Agency for International Development 10,568 8,451 United States Department of Agriculture 120 13 World Bank 3,715 3,362 Miscellaneous/Multiple Projects 797 996 Closed Projects – – Total 31,829 28,962 31 Publications Publications by IITA staff Contributions by IITA staff to scientific literature that became available during 2001, including journal articles, books and book chapters, papers in monographs or conference proceedings, published abstracts, research notes, and disease reports. Also included are publications based on work done by IITA staff prior to their joining IITA, especially where the work reported is of interest to IITA, and publications by staff who have left IITA, which are based on work done while they were at the Institute. Journal articles to aflatoxin accumulation in kernels of maize inbreds selected for ear rot resistance in West and Central Adekunle, A.T., K.F. Cardwell, D.A. Florini, and T. Ikotun. Africa. Journal of Food Protection Research Note 64: 2001. Seed treatment with Trichoderma species for 396–400. control of damping-off of cowpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Biocontrol Science and Cardwell, K.F. 2001. Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Technology 11: 449–457. Africa: anti-nutritional factors. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 21: 488–492. Ajeigbe, H.A., S.G. Mohammed, B.B. Singh, and S.A. Tarawali. 2001. Crop–livestock integration for Carsky, R.J., B.B. Singh, and B. Oyewole. 2001. sustainable agricultural production in sub-Saharan Contribution of early season cowpea to late season Africa—A prognosis. Journal of Sustainable Tropical maize in the savanna zone of West Africa. Biological Agricultural Research 1: 1–9. Agriculture and Horticulture 18: 303–318. Akele, S.E.A., N.U. Isirimah, A.A. Brisibe, and R. Ortiz. Carsky, R.J., B. Oyewole, and G. Tian. 2001. Effect of 2000. The role of extension services for the successful phosphorus application in legume cover crop introduction of new Musa cultivars in southeastern rotation on subsequent maize in the savanna zone of Nigeria. Acta Horticulturae 540: 63–71. West Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 59: 151–159. Akparobi, S.O., A.O. Togun, and I.J. Ekanayake. 2000. Temperature effects on leaf growth of cassava Chabi-Olaye, A., F. Schulthess, H.-M. Poehling, and C. (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in controlled environments. Borgemeister. 2001. Factors affecting the biology of African Root and Tuber Crops Journal 4(1): 1–5. Telenomus isis (Polaszek) [Hymenoptera: Scelionidae], an egg parasitoid of cereal stem borers, in West Akparobi, S.O., I.J. Ekanayake, and A.O. Togun. 2000. The Africa. Biological Control 21: 44–54. effect of weather regimes on the leaf area develop- ment and dry matter production in cassava. The Chabi-Olaye, A., F. Schulthess, H.-M. Poehling, and C. Nigerian Meteorological Society Journal 2(2): 24–32. Borgemeister. 2001. Host location and host discrimination behavior of Telenomus isis (Polaszek) Asante, S.K., M. Tamò, and L.E.N. Jackai. 2001. Integrated (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of the management of cowpea insect pests using elite African cereal stem borer Sesamia calamistis Hampson cultivars, date of planting and minimum insecticide (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Chemical application. African Crop Science Journal 9: 655–666. Ecology 27: 663–678. Baiyeri, K.P. and R. Ortiz. 2000. Agronomic evaluation of Chikoye, D. and F. Ekeleme. 2001. Growth attributes of plantains and other triploid banana. Acta ten Mucuna accessions and their effect on speargrass Horticulturae 540: 125–135. (Imperata cylindrica) dry matter. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 18: 191–201. Baiyeri, K.P., B.N. Mbah, and A. Tenkouano. 1999. Comparing yield stability of Musa genotypes in Chikoye, D. and F. Ekeleme. 2001. Weed flora and soil Nigeria using four statistical methods. Journal of seedbanks in fields dominated by Imperata cylindrica in Tropical Forest Resources 15: 53–67. the moist savannah of West Africa. Weed Research 41: 475–490. Baiyeri, K.P., B.N. Mbah, and A. Tenkouano. 2000. Relationships between phenological and yield traits Chikoye, D., F. Ekeleme, and U.E. Udensi. 2001. Cogon- of the plant crop and first ratoon crop of Musa grass suppression by intercropping cover crops in genotypes as affected by ploidy level and genomic corn/cassava systems. Weed Science 49: 658–667. group. Agro-Science 1: 113–121. Coyne, D. and A. Daudi. 2001. Nematodes: the farmers’ Blomme, G. and R. Ortiz. 2000. Preliminary assessment hidden enemy. Horticulture in Malawi 3: 18–22. of root systems morphology in Musa. Acta Horticulturae 540: 259–266. Coyne, D.L., M. Smith, and R.A. Plowright. 2001. Plant parasitic nematode populations on upland and Bosque-Perez, N.A., G.D. May, and C.J. Artzen. 2000. hydromorphic rice in Côte d’Ivoire: relationship with Applicability of an Agrobacterium-based system for the moisture availability and crop development on a transformation of Musa species with diverse genomic valley slope. Agriculture, Ecosystems and constitution and ploidy level. Acta Horticulturae 540: Environment 84(1): 31–43. 193–201. Craufurd, P.Q., R.J. Summerfield, R. Asiedu, and P.V. Vara Brown, R.L., Z.-Y. Chen, A. Menkir, T.E. Cleveland, K. Prasad. 2001. Dormancy in yams. Experimental Cardwell, J. Kling, and D.G. White. 2001. Resistance Agriculture 37: 75–109. 32 Publications Crouch, H.K., J.H. Crouch, S. Madsen., D. Vuylsteke, and Douro Kpindou, O.K., C. Lomer, J. Langewald, T. Togo, R. Ortiz. 2000. Comparative analysis of phenotypic and D. Sagara. 2001. Effet de l’application d’un and genotypic diversity among plantain landraces mélange lambda-cyhalothrin (pesticide chimique) et (Musa spp., AAB group). Theoretical and Applied de spores de Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. Genetics 101: 1056–1065. acridum Driver & Milner (biopesticide) appliqué sur les larves de sauteriaux au Mali. Journal of Applied Crouch, J.H., R. Ortiz, H.K. Crouch, B.V. Ford-Lloyd, E.C. Entomology 125: 249–253. Howell, and H.J. Newbury. 2000. Utilization of molecular genetic techniques in support of plantain Douthwaite, B. and R. Ortiz. 2001. Biotechnology issues and banana improvement. Acta Horticulturae 540: for developing countries: technology transfer. The 185–191. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 4(2). http:// www.ejb.org/content/vol4/issue2/issues/02/ Dahal, G., R. Ortiz, A. Tenkouano, J.d’A. Hughes, G. index.html Thottappilly, D. Vuylsteke, and B.E.L. Lockhart. 2000. Relationship between natural occurrence of banana Douthwaite, B., J.D.H. Keatinge, and J.R. Park. 2001. Why streak badnavirus and symptom expression, relative promising technologies fail: the neglected role of concentration of viral antigen, and yield user innovation during adoption. Research Policy characteristics of some micropropagated Musa spp. 30(5): 819–836. Plant Pathology 49: 68–79. Douthwaite, B., N. de Haan, V.M. Manyong, and J.D.H. Dahal, G., C. Pasberg-Gauhl, F. Gauhl, G. Thottappilly, Keatinge. 2001. Blending ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ science: the and J.d’A. Hughes. 2000. Studies of a Nigerian isolate ‘Follow the Technology’ approach to analyzing and of banana streak badnavirus: II. Effect of intraplant evaluating technology change. Conservation Ecology variation in virus antigens on reliability of virus 5(2): 13. http://www.consecol.org/Journal/vol5/iss2/ diagnosis by ELISA. Annals of Applied Biology 132: art13/index.html 263–275. Ekanayake, I.J. and C.M. Githunguri. 2000. Implications of Dahal, G., J.d’A. Hughes, F. Gauhl, C. Pasberg-Gauhl, and biophysical site characteristics on growth and K.S. Nokoe. 2000. Symptomatology and development sustainable cassava production in the savannas of of banana streak: a disease caused by banana streak Nigeria. The Nigerian Meteorological Society Journal badnavirus, under natural conditions in Ibadan, 2(2): 33–45. Nigeria. Acta Horticulturae 540: 361–375. Elsen, A., P.R. Speijer, R. Swennen, and D. De Waele. Dahlberg, J.A., R. Bandyopadhyay, W.L. Rooney, G.N. 2000. Nematode species densities, root damage and Odvody, and P. Madera-Torres. 2001. Evaluation of yield of bananas (Musa spp.) in Uganda. African Plant sorghum germplasm used in US breeding Protection 6: 31–36. programmes for sources of sugary disease resistance. Plant Pathology 50: 681–689. Ferris, R.S.B., S. Korie, P. Walker, R. Ortiz, and D. Vuylsteke. 2000. Statistical tools to evaluate sensory Dansi, A., H.D. Mignouna, J. Zoundjihékpon, A. Sangaré, data for testing fruit quality of Musa. Acta R. Asiedu, and N. Ahoussou. 2000. Identification of Horticulturae 540: 545–560. some Benin Republic’s guinea yam (Dioscorea cayenensis/Dioscorea rotundata complex) using random Fokunang, C.N., A.G.O. Dixon, T. Ikotun, E.A. Tembe, C.N. amplified polymorphic DNA. Genetic Resources and Akem, and R. Asiedu. 2001. Anthracnose: an Crop Evolution 47: 619–625. economic disease of cassava in Africa. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 4(7): 920–925. Dansi, A., M. Pillay, H.D. Mignouna, O. Dainou, F. Mondeil, and K. Moutairou. 2000. Ploidy level of the Fokunang, C.N., P.T. Tomkins, A.G.O. Dixon, E.A. Tembe, cultivated yams (Dioscorea cayenensis–Dioscorea rotundata B. Salwa, E.N. Nukenine, and I. Horan. 2001. complex) from Benin Republic determined by Cyanogenic potential in food crops and its chromosome counting and flow cytometry. African implication in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Crop Science Journal 8: 355–364. production. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 4(7): 926–930. Dansi, A., H.D. Mignouna, J. Zoundjihékpon, A. Sangaré, R. Asiedu, and N. Ahoussou. 2000. Using isozyme Fokunang, C.N., A.G.O. Dixon, T. Ikotun, C.N. Akem, and polymorphism to assess genetic variation within E.A. Tembe. 2001. Rapid screening method of cultivated yams (Dioscorea cayenensis–Dioscorea rotundata cassava cultivars for resistance to Colletotrichum complex) of the Republic of Benin. Genetic gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis. Journal of Resources and Crop Evolution 47: 371–383. Phytopathology 149: 1–7. Dansi A., H.D. Mignouna, M. Pillay, and S. Zok. 2001. Gauhl, F., C. Pasberg-Gauhl, B.E.L. Lockhart, J.d’A. Ploidy level of some cultivated yams (Dioscorea Hughes, and G. Dahal. 1999. Incidence and cayenensis–Dioscorea rotundata complex) from Cameroon distribution of banana streak badnavirus in the as determined by flow cytometry. Euphytica 119: plantain production region of southern Nigeria. 301–307. International Journal of Pest Management 45: 167–171. De Schutter, B., P.R. Speijer, C. Dochez, A. Tenkouano, and D. De Waele. 2001. Evaluating host plant Gauhl, F., C. Pasberg-Gauhl, A. Bopda-Waffo, J.d’A. reaction of Musa germplasm to Radopholus similis by Hughes, and J.S. Chen. 1999. Occurrence of banana inoculation of single primary roots. Nematropica streak badnavirus on plantain and banana in 45 31(2): 297–301. villages in southern Cameroon, Central Africa. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Diels, J., B. Vanlauwe, N. Sanginga, E. Coolen, and R. Pflanzenschutz 106: 174–180. Merckx. 2001. Temporal variations in plant delta 13C values and implications for using the 13C technique Gnanvossou, D., R. Hanna, M. Dicke, and S.J. Yaninek. in long-term soil organic matter studies. Soil Biology 2001. Attraction of the predatory mites Typhlodromalus and Biochemistry 33: 1245–1251. manihoti and Typhlodromalus aripo to cassava plants 33 Publications infested by cassava green mite. Entomologia Mignouna, H.D., M.M. Abang, K.R. Green, and R. Asiedu. Experimentalis et Applicata 101: 291–298. 2001. Inheritance of resistance in water yam (Dioscorea alata) to anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Gold, C.S., E.B. Karamura, A. Kiggundu, A.M.K. Abera, F. Theoretical and Applied Genetics Bagamba, M. Wejuli, D. Karamura, R. Ssendge, and R. 103: 52–55. Kalyebara. 2000. Geographic shifts in highland banana production in Uganda. Acta Horticulturae Mignouna, H.D., P. Njukeng, M.M. Abang, and 540: 55–62. R. Asiedu. 2001. Inheritance of resistance to yam mosaic virus, genus Potyvirus, in white yam Hill, J., W.W. Wagoire, R. Ortiz, and O. Stølen. 2001. (Dioscorea rotundata). Theoretical and Applied Genetics Analysis of a combined F /F diallel cross in wheat 103: 1196–2000. 1 2 (Triticum aestivum). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102: 1076–1081. Mira da Silva, L., J.R. Park, J.D.H. Keatinge, and P.A. Pinto. 2001. A decision support system to Hjalmarsson, I. and R. Ortiz. 2001. Lingonberry: botany improve planning and management in large and horticulture. Horticultural Reviews 27: 79–123. irrigation schemes I. Agricultural Water Management 51: 187–201. Ishiyaku, M.F. and B.B. Singh. 2001. Inheritance of shortday induced dwarfing in photosensitive Mira da Silva, L., J.R. Park, J.D.H. Keatinge, and P.A. cowpeas. African Crop Science Journal 9: 1–8. Pinto. 2001. A decision support system to improve planning and management in large irrigation Jackai, L.E.N., S. Nokoe, B.O. Tayo, and P. Koona. 2001. schemes II: The use of the DSSIPM in the Alentejo Inferences on pod wall and seed defenses against region of southern Portugal. Agricultural Water the brown cowpea coreid bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Management 51: 203–215. Stal (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in wild and cultivated Vigna species. Journal of Applied Entomology 125: Mohapatra, S. and R. Ortiz. 2001. Safeguarding the future 277–286. of food security in the semi-arid tropics: the role of ICRISAT’s genetic resource collection. Entwicklung + Karamura, D., B. Pickersgill, D.R. Vuylsteke, C.S. Gold, E. Ländlicher Raum. 1/2001: 29–31. Karamura, and A. Kiggundu. 2000. Multivariate analysis of supposedly duplicate accessions of East Muhr, L., S.A. Tarawali, M. Peters, and R. Schultze-Kraft. African highland bananas in germplasm collections 2001. Acceptability of forage legumes for improved in Uganda. Acta Horticulturae 540: 89–97. fallows—first experiences of agropastoralists in subhumid Southwest Nigeria. Experimental Legg, J., B. James, A. Cudjoe, S. Saizonou, B. Gbaguidi, Agriculture 37: 495–507. F. Ogbe, N. Ntonifor, S. Ogwal, J. Thresh, and J. Hughes. 1997. A regional collaborative Nansen, C., S. Korie, W.G. Meikle, and N. Holst. 2001. approach to the study of ACMD epidemiology in sub- Sensitivity of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) Saharan Africa. African Crop Science Conference (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) flight activity to Proceedings 3: 1021–1033. environmental variables in Benin, West Africa. Environmental Entomology 30(6): 1135–1143. Lomer, C.J., R.P. Bateman, D.L. Johnson, J. Langewald, and M.B. Thomas. 2001. Biological control of locusts Nansen, C., A. Tchabi, and W.G. Meikle. 2001. and grasshoppers. Annual Review of Entomology Successional sequence of forest types in a disturbed 46: 667–702. dry forest reserve in southern Benin, West Africa. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17(4): 525–539. Mahalakshmi, V. and R. Ortiz. 2001. Plant genomics and agriculture: from model crops to other crops, the role Nansen, C., W.G. Meikle, and S. Korie. 2002. Spatial of data mining for gene discovery. Electronic Journal analysis of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: of Biotechnology 4(3). http://ejb.ucv.cl/content/vol4/ Bostrichidae) flight activity near maize stores and in issue3/full/5/index.html different forest types in southern Benin, West Africa. Annals of the Entomological Society of America Manyong, V.M., K.O. Makinde, N. Sanginga, B. Vanlauwe, 95(1): 66–74. and J. Diels. 2001. Fertilizer use ad definition of farmer domains for impact-oriented research in the Ndemah, R., F. Schulthess, M. Poehling, and C. northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Nutrient Cycling Borgemeister. 2001. Spatial dynamics of in Agroecosystems 59: 129–141. lepidopterous pests on Zea mays (Linnaeus) and Pennisetum purpureum (Moench) in the forest zone of Marley, P.S., R. Bandyopadhyay, R. Tabo, and O. Ajayi. Cameroon and their implications for sampling 2001. Availability of sorghum germplasm with schemes. Journal of Applied Entomology 125: 1–8. multiple resistance to anthracnose and grey leaf spot in Nigeria. Tropical Science 41: 44–49. Ndemah, R., F. Schulthess, S. Korie, C. Borgemeister, and K.F. Cardwell. 2001. Distribution, relative importance Maziya-Dixon, B., J.G. Kling, A. Menkir, and A. Dixon. and effect of lepidopterous borers on maize yields in 2000. Genetic variation for total carotene, iron and the forest zone and mid-altitude of Cameroon. zinc content in maize genotypes and cassava Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 1434–1444. clones. Food and Nutrition Bulletin (Special Edition) 21(4): 419–422. Ndemah, R., F. Schulthess, M. Poehling, C. Borgemeister, and G. Goergen. 2001. Natural enemies of Meikle, W.G., A. Cherry, N. Holst, B. Hounna, and lepidopterous borers on maize and elephant grass in R.H. Markham. 2001. The effects of an the forest zone of Cameroon with special reference to entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hyphomycetes), on Prostephanus Bulletin of Entomological Research 91(3): 205–212. truncatus (Horn) (Col.: Bostrichidae), Sitophilus zeamais (Col.: Curculionidae) and grain losses in stored Neuenschwander, P. 2001. Biological control of the maize in the Benin Republic. Journal of Invertebrate cassava mealybug in Africa. Biological Control 21: Pathology 77(3): 198–205. 214–229. 34 Publications Ngoko, Z., W.F. Marasas, J.P. Rheeder, G.S. Shephard, M.J. subhumid and semiarid northern Nigeria. Wingfield, and K.F. Cardwell. 2001. Fungal infection International Tree Crops Journal 11: 295–312. and mycotoxin contamination of maize in the humid forest and the western highlands of Cameroon. Pasberg-Gauhl, C. and F. Gauhl. 2000. Response of East Phytoparasitica 29: 352–360. African highland bananas to black Sigatoka and Cladosporium leaf speckle under tropical humid forest Nkamleu, B. and O. Coulibaly. 2000. Analyse des lowland conditions in West Africa. Acta Horticulturae déterminants du choix des méthodes de lutte contre 540: 325–334. les pestes dans les plantations de cacao et café au sud-Cameroon. Economie Rurale 259: 75–85. Pillay, M. and M.T.V. Adeleke. 2001. Silver staining of Musa chromosomes. Cytologia 66: 33–37. Nokoe, S. and S. Zewdie. 2000. A procedure for allocating heterogeneous units to treatment groups. Discovery Pillay, M. and K.C. Armstrong. 2001. Maternal inheritance and Innovation 12(3/4): 179–198. of chloroplast DNA in interspecific crosses of Bromus. Biologia Plantarum 44: 47–51. Ntawuruhunga, P., P.R. Rubayihayo, J.B.A. Whyte, A.G.O. Dixon, and D.S.O. Osiru. 2001. Additive main effects Pillay, M., E. Ogundiwin, D.C. Nwakanma, G. Ude, and A. and multiplicative interaction analysis for storage Tenkouano. 2001. 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Conference of the Horticulture Society of Nigeria, 28 May–1 June 2001, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Onyeka, T.J., A.G.O. Dixon, T. Ikotun, and K. Wydra. 2001. Nigeria. Reactions of elite cassava genotypes to root rot disease and the role of different microorganisms. Wydra, K., A. Fanou, A.G.O. Dixon, and K. Rudolph. 2001. Pages 648–652 in Root crops in the 21st century, Effect of cassava bacterial blight on cassava root Proceedings of the 7th Triennial Symposium of the yield in different ecozones and influence of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops—Africa environment on symptom development. Pages 562– Branch, October 1998, compiled by M.O. Akoroda 569 in Root crops in the 21st century, Proceedings of and J.M. Ngeve. ISTRC—AB and Government of the 7th Triennial Symposium of the International Benin, Available at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Society for Tropical Root Crops—Africa Branch, October 1998, compiled by M.O. Akoroda and J.M. Otoo, J.A., A. Missah, C. Osei, A.G. Carson, E. Okai, R. Ngeve. ISTRC—AB and Government of Benin, Sagoe, and A.G.O. Dixon. 2001. Analysing genotype x Available at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. environment interaction for sweet potato in Ghana using Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Model (AMMI). Pages 368–377 in Root Abstracts crops in the 21st century, Proceedings of the 7th Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Akparobi, S.O., I.J. Ekanayake, and A.O. Togun. 2001. Tropical Root Crops—Africa Branch, October 1998, Screening cassava genotypes for low temperature compiled by M.O. Akoroda and J.M. Ngeve. ISTRC— tolerance using leaf stomatal conductances. Pages AB and Government of Benin, Available at IITA, 51–52 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial Symposium Ibadan, Nigeria. of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops?Africa Branch. Raji, A.A., A.G.O. Dixon, and T.A.O. Ladeinde. 2001. Genetic diversity among Nigerian cassava landraces Aighewi, B.A. and I.J. Ekanayake. 2001. Determining resistant to cassava mosaic disease. Pages 443–453 photosynthetic efficiency, canopy dynamics and in Root crops in the 21st century, Proceedings of the productivity of seed yams derived from minisetts of 7th Triennial Symposium of the International Society white Guinea yams (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). Pages for Tropical Root Crops—Africa Branch, October 22–23 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference 1998, compiled by M.O. Akoroda and J.M. Ngeve. of the African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, ISTRC—AB and Government of Benin, Available at 21–26 October 2001. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Ajala, S.O., V.M. Manyong, V. Adenle, K.O. Makinde, A. Seetharama, N., H.C. Sharma, K.K. Sharma, T.R. Rani, and Akintunde, J. Olufowote, M. Bolaji, and B. Bolaji. R. Ortiz. 2001. How irresistible are transgenic crops in 2001. An approach to rapid deployment of developing countries. Pages 21–23 in Proceedings of agricultural technologies—the case of downy mildew the Seminar on Biotechnology—Current Prospectives, resistant maize in Ogbomoso, southwest Nigeria. edited by C.S.V. Ramachandra Rao. Departments of Page 75 in Abstracts, Fourth Biennial West and Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Central Africa Regional Maize Workshop, Cotonou, Montessori Mahila Kalasala, Vijayawada, India. Benin Republic, 14–18 May 2001. Singh, A., R.J. Carsky, E.O. Lucas, and K. Dashiell. 2001. Ajala, S.O., J.G. Kling, A. Menkir, K.F. Cardwell, and J.A. Grain yield response of maize to previous soybean Adetoro. 2001. Breeding strategies to improve maize crop and residue management in the Guinea savanna (Zea mays L.) for downy mildew (Perenosclerospora sorghi) of Nigeria. Pages 214–224 in Impact, challenges and resistance in West and Central Africa. Page 63 in prospects of maize research and development in West Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference of the and Central Africa. Proceedings of a regional maize African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 workshop, 4–7 May 1999, Cotonou, Benin, edited by October 2001. B. Badu-Apraku, M.A.B. Fakorede, M. Ouedraogo, and R.J. Carsky. WECAMAN and IITA copublication. Ajala, S.O., F. Schulthess, and K.F. Cardwell, 2001. Recent Available at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. advances in breeding maize for resistance to stem borers. Page 21 in Abstracts, 4th Biennial West and Tenkouano, A. 2001. Current issues and future directions Central Africa Regional Maize Workshop, Cotonou, for Musa genetic improvement research at the Benin Republic, 14–18 May 2001. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Pages 11–23 in Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Akano, A., A.G.O. Dixon, C. Mba, E. Barrera, and M. Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of the 10th INIBAP- Fregene. 2001. Genetic mapping of a dominant gene ASPNET Regional Advisory Committee meeting held conferring resistance to cassava mosaic disease. at Bangkok, Thailand, 10–11 November 2000, edited Page S5–01 in Book of Abstracts, 5th International by A.B. Molina, V.N. Roa, and M.A.G. Maghuyop. Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology International Network for the Improvement of Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 November Banana and Plantain–Asia and the Pacific Network, 2001. Los Baños, Laguna, The Philippines. Akano, A.O., M.A. Fregene, A.G.O. Dixon, N.J. Taylor, and Tshiunza, M. and A.G.O. Dixon. 2001. Place du manioc C.M. Fauquet. 2001. Light as a crucial factor for the dans les systemes de production des zones semi- induction of somatic embryogenesis in Latin arids de l’Afrique centrale et occidentale. Pages 249– American and African cassava cultivars. 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David, and A. Dixon. 2001. Pathology, The Netherlands, August 2001. Preliminary studies directed towards the development of Euphorbiaceae-specific micro-arrays. Dixon, A.G.O., J.B.A. White, N.M. Mahungu, B.W. Khizzah, Page S5–02 in Book of Abstracts, 5th International M. Fregene, A.A. Akano, and M. Gedil. 2001. Advances Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology in breeding for resistance to cassava mosaic disease Network, 4–9 November 2001, St Louis, Missouri, in sub-Saharan Africa. Page 15 in Book of Abstracts, USA. 1st Conference on Plant Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 June 2001. Asafo-Adjei, B., K. Dashiell, and N. Sanginga. 2001. Dual purpose soybean lines for the Guinea savanna zone Dixon, A.G.O., J.B.A. Whyte, N.M. Mahungu, and S.Y.C. of Nigeria. Page 64 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Ng. 2001. Tackling the cassava mosaic disease (CMD) Conference of the African Crop Science Society, challenge in sub-Saharan Africa: the role of host- Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. plant resistance and germplasm deployment. In Book of Abstracts, 5th International Scientific Meeting of Asiedu, R., H. Mignouna, B. Odu, and J.d’A Hughes. 2001. the Cassava Biotechnology Network, St Louis, Yam breeding. Page 16 in Book of Abstracts, First Missouri, USA, 4–9 November 2001. Conference on Plant Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa, IITA, Ibadan, 4–8 June 2001. Dixon, A.G.O., R. Asiedu, J.B.A. Whyte, and N.M. Mahungu. 2001. Utilization of genetic resources for Badu-Apraku, B., S.O. Ajala, R. Obubo, and C. Okafor. the improvement of cassava in sub-Saharan Africa 2001. Meeting the training needs for maize research (SSA). Page S6–09 in Book of Abstracts, 5th and development in West and Central Africa: International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava accomplishments of WECAMAN and planned Biotechnology Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 activities for the immediate future. Page 79 in Book of November 2001. Abstracts, Fourth West and Central Africa Regional Maize Workshop, IITA Benin Republic, 14–18 May Ekanayake, I.J. 2001. Morphological characterization of 2001. fibrous root system growth of cassava in Nigerian savannas. Page 50 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial Badu-Apraku, B. 2001. Towards sustainable maize Symposium of the International Society for Tropical production in West and Central Africa: strategies Root Crops—Africa Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12– adopted by WECAMAN to promote the adoption of 16 November 2001. improved maize technologies. In Book of Abstracts, 4th West and Central Africa Regional Maize Ekanayake, I.J. and O. Lyasse. 2001. Environment, Workshop, IITA Benin Republic, 14–18 May 2001. genotypic diversity and food quality traits of cassava. Page S6–09 in Book of Abstracts, 5th International Benesi, R.M., A.P. Mtukuso, R.F.N. Sauti, J. Mkumbira, C.C. Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Moyo, and N.M. Mahungu. 2001. Cassava research and Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 November production to enhance commercialization in Malawi. 2001. http://www.danforthcenter.org/iltab/cassavanet/ Pages 35–37 in Book of Abstracts, Symposium on the cbnv/abstracts/session6/s6-09.htm Promotion of Cassava Commercialization in Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, 21–23 May 2001. Ekanayake, I.J. and U.C. Okarter. 2001. Morphological characterization of fibrous root system of cassava Benesi, I.R.M., C.C. Moyo, J. Mkumbira, F.P. Chipungu, germplasm in Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria. Pages A.P. Mtukuso, and N.M. Mahungu. 2001. Cassava: 68–69 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference becoming a giant crop in Malawi—current status. In of the African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 5th International Scientific 21–26 October 2001. Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 November 2001. Fagbamessi, R., R. Hanna, O. Coulibaly, and M. Toko. Factors affecting variety choice by small farmers and Chandra, Z.H., S. Hari Krishna, and R. Ortiz. 2001. sustainable biological control of cassava green mite Optimal sampling strategy and core collection size of in Benin. Page 62 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial Andean tetraploid potato based on isozyme data—a Symposium of the International Society for Tropical simulation study. Page 50 in Abstracts of XV Root Crops—Africa Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12– EUCARPIA: Plant Breeding—Sustaining the Future, 16 November 2001. Edinburgh, 9–14 September 2001. Fregene, M., M. Suarez, J. Mkumbira, H. Kulembeka, E. Coulibaly, O., C. Aïtchédji, and Y. Quenum. 2001. Ndedya, A. Kulaya, S. Mitchel, U. Gullberg, H. Rentabilité financière et économique des Rosling, A. Dixon, and S. Kresovich. 2001. Genetic technologies améliorées du niébé. Second differentiation in cassava (Manihot esculenta) landraces International Workshop of the African Network of as assessed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) Research Bruchids, Cotonou, Benin, 12–17 November markers. Page S4-02 in Book of Abstracts, 5th 2001. International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 Coulibaly, O., R. Hanna, J.S. Yaninek, and V.M. Manyong. November 2001. 2001. Economic impact assessment of classical biological control of cassava green mite in West Fregene, M., H. Matsumura, A. Akano, A. Dixon, and R. Africa: an economics surplus model. Page 4 in Book Terauchi. 2001. Progress towards cloning the single 41 Publications dominant gene conferring immunity to cassava Ikie, F.O., A.M. Emechebe, S. Ogunyemi, S. Schulz, and mosaic disease. Page S5–09 in Book of Abstracts, 5th A.O. Togun. 2001. Laboratory screening of cowpea International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava varieties for suicidal germination of seeds of Striga Biotechnology Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 hermonthica. In Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial November 2001. Conference of the African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. Githunguri, C.M. and I.J. Ekanayake. 2001. Water deficits and growth stage influence on transpiration, Kamara, A.Y. and A.G.O. Dixon. 2001. Physio- stomatal conductance and root yield of divergent morphological changes associated with the genetic cassava clones in three agroecological zones of improvement of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Nigeria. Page 73 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial West and Central Africa over the last 30 years: growth, Conference of the African Crop Science Society, yield, leaf area index and light interception. Page 22 Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops—Africa Githunguri, C.M., I.J. Ekanayake, and J.K. Imungi. 2001. Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12–16 November 2001. Effects of different growing zones on the leaf area index, leaf area duration and bulking rate of cassava Kamara, A.Y. and J.G. Kling. 2001. Vertical root-pulling in Nigeria. Pages 73–74 in Book of Abstracts, 5th resistance and its effects on lodging and yield of 18 Biennial Conference of the African Crop Science maize S1 lines in the southern Guinea savanna, Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. Nigeria. Page 32 in Fourth Biennial West and Central Africa Regional Maize Workshop, Cotonou, Benin Githunguri, C.M., I.J. Ekanayake, J.K. Imungi, and K. Republic, 14–18 May 2001. Waithaka. 2001. Accumulation of cyanogenic compounds in the cassava tuberous roots as Kamara, A.Y. and A. Menkir. 2001. Contrasting responses influenced by leaf expansion rate and crop growth of 12 maize cultivars to terminal drought. Pages 76– rate. Pages 14–15 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial 77 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference of Symposium of the International Society for Tropical the African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, Root Crops—Africa Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12– 21–26 October 2001. 16 November 2001. Kamara, A.Y., I.O. Akobundu, N. Sanginga, and S.C. Jutzi. Hankoua, B.B., S.Y.C. Ng, J. Puonti-Kaerlas, I. Fawole, 2000. Differences in the response of maize (Zea mays A.G.O. Dixon, and M. Pillay. 2001. Regeneration and [L.]) to leaf extracts and mulch from selected transformation of African cassava (Manihot esculenta multipurpose trees (MPTs). Page 35 in Book of Crantz) germplasm. 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Summary and survey of existing facilities for research and training in sub-Saharan Hell, K., G.A. Ayeni, and K.F. Cardwell. 2001. APS- Africa. Book of Abstracts, 1st Conference on Plant Conference, Salt Lake City, USA. Management Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, practices for the control of Aspergillus flavus and 4–8 June 2001. aflatoxin contamination in stored maize in West Africa. Proceedings of the APS Conference, Salt Lake Lahai, M.T., I.J. Ekanayake, and J.B. George. 2001. City, USA, 25–30 August 2001. http://www.apsnet.org/ Chlorophyll content and root yield of cassava in an meetings/2001/abstracts/a01ma273.htm inland valley. Pages 52–53 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Hughes, J.d’A., O. Olatunde, E. Canning, S. Seal, L. Tropical Root Crops—Africa Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Kenyon, and S.K. Offei. 2000. Comparative sensitivity Nigeria, 12–16 November 2001. of triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) and Langewald, J.P. and R. Stolz. 2001. Large-scale immunocapture-reverse transcription polymerase environmental impact of biological control and the chain reaction (IC-RT-PCR) for the detection of yam future of grasshopper control in the sahel. mosaic virus, genus Potyvirus, in yam. Pages 25–26 in International Conference on Orthopteroid Insects, Book of Abstracts, 18th Annual National Conference Montpellier, France, 19–22 August 2001. of the Nigerian Institute of Science Technology, Maiduguri, Nigeria, 28 November–1 December 2000. Lum, A.F., D. Chikoye, and S.O. Adesiyan. 2001. Evaluation of nicosulfuron for speargrass (Imperata Hughes, J.d’A., S.A. Shoyinka, L. Kenyon, and B.O. Odu. cylindrica [L.] Raueschel) control in Nigeria. Page 129 2001. An overview of viruses infecting yams in sub- in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference of the Saharan Africa. Page 9 in Book of Abstracts, 1st African Crop Science Society. Lagos, Nigeria, Conference on Plant Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa, 21–26 October. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 June 2001. Mahalakshmi, V., T.J.L. van Hintum, and R. Ortiz. 2001. Hughes, J.d’A., R.A. Naidu, and S.A. Shoyinka. 2001. Enhancing germplasm utilization to meet specific Strategy for strengthening plant virus research in sub- user needs through interactive core selections. Page Saharan African agriculture. Pages 17–18 in Book of 50 in Abstracts of XV EUCARPIA: Plant Breeding— Abstracts, 1st Conference on Plant Virology in Sub- Sustaining the Future, Edinburgh, 9–14 September Saharan Africa, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 June 2001. 2001. 42 Publications Makumbi-Kidza, N.N., P.R. Speijer, I.J. Ekanayake, and Ortiz, R., I.J. Ekanayake, V. Mahalakshmi, A. Kamara, A. R.A. Sikora. 2001. Sprouting of cassava stem cuttings Menkir, S.N. Nigam, B.B. Singh, and N.P. Saxena. affected by Meloidogyne incognita. Pages 69–70 in Book 2001. Breeding of drought resistant and water stress of Abstracts, 8th Triennial Symposium of the tolerant crops. In Abstracts, IWMI Water Week, IWMI, International Society for Tropical Root Crops—Africa Colombo, Sri Lanka, 13–15 November 2001. Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12–16 November 2001. Oyetunji, O., I.J. Ekanayake, and O. Osonubi. 2001. Alley Mkumbira J., L. Chiwona-Karltum, U. Lagercrantz, N.M. cropping in the derived savanna zone of Nigeria, Mahungu, J. Saka, A. Mhone, M. Bokanga, L. Brimer, West Africa: influence of VAM fungi on maize growth U. Gullberg, and H. Rosling. 2001. Classification of intercropped with cassava. Pages 31–32 in Book of cassava into “bitter” and “cool” in Malawi, the Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference of the African farmers’ method. In Book of Abstracts, 5th Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava 2001. Biotechnology Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 November 2001. Oyetunji, O.J., I.J. Ekanayake, and O. Osonubi. 2001. The influence of VAM fungi, mulch and fertilizer Naidu, R.A. and J.d’A. Hughes. 2001. Methods for the application on the yield of yam (Dioscorea spp.). Page detection of plant viruses. Page 1 in Book of 51 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial Symposium of Abstracts, 1st Conference on Plant Virology in Sub- the International Society for Tropical Root Crops— Saharan Africa, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 June 2001. Africa Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12–16 November 2001. Ng, N.Q., A.G.O. Dixon, R. Asiedu, B.B. Singh, A. Menkir, A. Tenkouano, B. Asafo-Adjei, S.Y.C. Ng, J.B.A. Whyte, Oyetunji, O.J., I.J. Ekanayake, and O. Osonubi. 2001. The B. Badu-Apraku, N.M. Mahungu, and R. Ortiz. 2001. role of vescicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi Access to and sharing of plant biodiversity: the case on cassava productivity in alley cropping systems of IITA in helping African nations to fight famine. with two tree species. Page 53 in Book of Abstracts, Page 91 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference 8th Triennial Symposium of the International Society of the African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, for Tropical Root Crops—Africa Branch, IITA, Ibadan, 21–26 October 2001. Nigeria, 12–16 November 2001. Ngwuta, A.A, S.O. Ajala, I.U. Obi, and E.E. Ene-Obong. Oyewole, B., S. Schulz, and R. Tanko. 2001. Economic 2001. Potential sources of resistance to maize stem assessment of cereal–legume rotations in the derived borers (Sesamia calamistis Hampson) and Eldana savanna and northern Guinea savanna agroecozones saccharina (Walker) in local populations of of Nigeria. Page 40 in Book of Abstracts, Deutscher southeastern Nigeria. Page 91 in Book of Abstracts, Tropentag 2001, One World, Research for a Better 5th Biennial Conference of the African Crop Science Quality of Life. Margraf Verlag Publishers, Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. Weikersheim, Germany. Ntawuruhunga, P., J.B.A. Whyte, R. Rubaihayo, and Raji, A.A., A.G.O. Dixon, I. Fawole, and M. Gedil. 2001. A.G.O. Dixon. 2001. Effect of altitude on tuberization Diversity analysis of African landraces of cassava and yield performance of cassava genotypes grown at assessed with agrobotanical and molecular markers. three different elevations in Uganda. Page S6–21 in Page S6–25 in Book of Abstracts, 5th International Book of Abstracts, 5th International Scientific Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, St Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 November Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 November 2001. 2001. Odu, B.O., R. Asiedu, J.d’A. Hughes, S.A. Shoyinka, and Roing, K. J. Diels, B. Vanlauwe, and N. Sanginga. 2001. A.O. Oladiran. 2001. Potential of West African white Effect of fallow legumes on mineral N soil dynamics yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) genotypes as sources of in the derived savanna zone. Page 118 in Book of resistance to yam mosaic virus (genus Potyvirus; Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference of the African Crop family Potyviridae). In Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. Conference of African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. Sandifolo, V., N.M. Mahungu, C.H. Mwale, A. Mhone, and F. Gondwe. 2001. Enhancement of cassava Ogbe, F.O., A.G.O. Dixon, G.I. Atiri, and G. Thottappilly. commercialization by improved processing 2001. The use of bud grafting to evaluate cassava for technologies. Pages 18–19 in Book of Abstracts, resistance to African cassava mosaic disease. Page Symposium on the Promotion of Cassava S8–14 in Book of Abstracts, 5th International Commercialization in Malawi. Blantyre, Malawi, 21– Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology 23 May 2001. Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 4–9 November 2001. Shiwachi, H., T. Ayankanmi, and R. Asiedu. 2001. A technique for grafting of water yam (Dioscorea alata). Ogbe, F.O., G.I. Atiri, A.G.O. Dixon, and G. Thottappilly. Page 52 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial 2001. Cassava mosaic disease (CMD): the Nigerian Symposium of the International Society for Tropical situation. Page 9 in Book of Abstracts, 1st Conference Root Crops—Africa Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12– on Plant Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa, IITA, Ibadan, 16 November 2001. Nigeria, 4–8 June 2001. Shiwachi, H., T. Ayankanmi, and R. Asiedu. 2001. Effect of Ortiz, R., I. Ekanayake, V. Mahalakshmi, A. Menkir, S.N. day length on the enlargement and maturation of Nigam, N.P. Saxena, and B.B. Singh. 2001. tubers in yams (Dioscorea spp.). Pages 33–34 in Book Development of drought resistant and water stress of Abstracts (Vol 44–2), 89th conference of the tolerant crops through traditional breeding. Page 5 in Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture, Tokyo, Abstracts of the 8th JIRCAS International Symposium Japan, 29–31 March. on Water for Sustainable Agriculture in Developing Regions, Japan International Research Center for Shiwachi, H., T. Ayankanmi, and R. Asiedu. 2001. Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan, 27–28 Induction of germination in dormant yam (Dioscorea November 2001. spp.) tubers with inhibitors of gibberellins. Pages 52 43 Publications in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial Symposium of the research between European partners, IITA and NARS International Society for Tropical Root Crops—Africa in Africa. Page S8–24 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12–16 November 2001. International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, St Louis, Missouri, USA, Simwambana, M.C.M. and I.J. Ekanayake. 2001. Leaf 4–9 November 2001. mineral contents of cassava in relation to stage of flowering. Plant Biology Abstracts No. 0490. Other Singh, B.B. 2001. Genetic variability for drought tolerance, heat tolerance and root architecture in Alhassan, W.S. 2001. The status of agricultural cowpea. Page 94 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial biotechnology in selected West and Central African Conference of the African Crop Science Society, countries. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. Asafo-Adjei, B., K. Dashiell, and A.A. Adekunle. 2001 Singh, B.B. 2001. Genetic variability for physical Characteristics of some released IITA soybean properties of cowpea seed and their effect on cooking varieties and promising breeding lines. IITA, Ibadan, quality. Page 95 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Nigeria. Conference of the African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. Bassa, S., C. Mestres, D. Champiat, K. Hell, P. Vernier, and K.F. Cardwell. 2001. First report of aflatoxin in Singh, B.B. and H. Ajeigbe. Breeding improved cowpea dried yam chips in Benin. Plant Disease 85(9): 1032. varieties for different cropping systems and agro- ecologies in West Africa. Page 96 in Book of Bentley, W., L. Martin, and R. Hanna. 2001. Impact of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference of the African gray field ant exclusion from vines on grape Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October mealybug abundance, parasitism, and infestation: 2001. a progress report. UC Plant Protection Quarterly 11(3): 3–6. Tata Hangy, K., R. Hanna, and M. Toko. 2001. Classical biological control of cassava green mite in the Blomme, G., R. Swennen, A. Tenkouano, R. Ortiz, and D. Democratic Republic of Congo: population dynamics Vuylsteke. 2001. Estimation of root development of the exotic predator Typhlodromalus aripo and its from shoot traits in plantain and banana (Musa spp.). impact on cassava green mite. Page 64 in Book of InfoMusa (10)1: 15–17. Abstracts, 8th Triennial Symposium of the International Society of Tropical Root Crops—Africa Cardwell, K.F., A. Desjardins, S.H. Henry, G. Munkvold, Branch, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12–16 November 2001. and J. Robens. 2001. Mycotoxins: The cost of achieving food security and food quality. APSnet Tata Hangy, K., R. Hanna, K.M. Lema, M.S. Bidiaka, and feature story. (http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/ N. Ndambi. 2001. Status of Stictoccocus vayssierei mycotoxin/) Richard and its impact on cassava root yield in the Bas-Fleuve district of the Democratic Republic of Cherry, A.J. 2001. Microbial insecticides for horticultural Congo. Page 37 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Triennial pests in West Africa. Pesticide Management in West Symposium of the International Society of Tropical Africa, September 2001. FAO/ECOWAS. Root Crops—Africa Branch, 12–16 November 2001. Dochez, C., P.R. Speijer, J. Hartman, D. Vuylsteke, and D. Thé, C., B. Badu-Apraku, J.G. Kling, C. Zonkeng, and A. De Waele. 2000. Screening Musa hybrids for Menkir. 2001. Breeding for Striga hermonthica resistance to Radopholus similis. InfoMusa 9(2): 3–4. tolerance: combining ability studies across three tropical African countries. In Book of Abstracts, 4th Dodds, J., R. Ortiz, J.H. Crouch, V. Mahalakshmi, and K.K. West and Central Africa Regional Maize Workshop, Sharma. 2001. Biotechnology, the gene revolution, IITA Benin Republic, 14–18 May 2001. and proprietary technology in agriculture: a strategic note for the World Bank. IP Strategy Today 2. Tindo, M., R. Hanna, G. Goergen, and L. Zapfack. 2001. http://www.biodevelopments.org/ip/index.htm Native host plants of the African root and tuber scale in Cameroon. Page 62 in Book of Abstracts, 8th Douthwaite, B. 2001. The role of science in sustainable Triennial Symposium of the International Society of agriculture. Social Issues Research Centre. Tropical Root Crops—Africa Branch, 12–16 Published 20 June 2001 on http://www.sirc.org/ November 2001. articles/sustainable_agriculture.shtml, and reproduced on the Biotech-Info.Net website Tukamuhabwa, P., K.E. Dashiell, and B. Asafo-Adjei. http://www.biotech-info.net/rating-biotech.html 2001. Evaluation of seven fungicides for the control of rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Pages 55–56 in Douthwaite, B., J. Langewald, and J. Harris. 2001. Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Conference of the Development and commercialization of the Green African Crop Science Society, Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 Muscle biopesticide. Impact Series. IITA, Ibadan, October 2001. Nigeria. Udensi, U.E., D. Chikoye, and S. Ogunyemi. 2001. Gold, C.S. 2000. Many hands tackle weevil problem. Influence of artifical and Mucuna shade on dry matter Biocontrol News and Information 21: 62–64. of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica [L.] Raueschel) in Nigeria. Page 52 in Book of Abstracts, 5th Biennial Gold, C.S. and S. Gowen. 2000. Pearls of banana Conference of the African Crop Science Society, research. Biocontrol News and Information 21: 61. Lagos, Nigeria, 21–26 October 2001. Gold, C.S. and S. Messiaen. 2000. Musa pest fact sheet on Wydra, K., B. Ahohuendo, A. Banito, R.M.C. Cooper, A. the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus. Fact Sheet no. Dixon, R.B. Kemp, K. Kpemoua, K. Rudolph, F. Witt, 4. INIBAP, Montpellier, France. V. Verdier, and V. Zinsou. 2001. Adaptation and implementation of integrated control measures of Keese, P. 2001. Even ‘free access’ is still beyond the cassava bacterial blight through collaborative means of most scholars in Africa. Nature 410: 1021. 44 Publications Menkir, A. 2001. Maize international trial report for 1998 philosophy and summary of ongoing research at and 1999. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. IITA. Plant Breeding News 130, II 4 or Biotech Weekly Newsletter 2 November 2001.http: Menkir, A., J.G. Kling, B. Badu-Apraku, S.O. Ajala, and www.checkbiotech.org/DevelopingWorld/Agriculture/ A.A. Adekunle. 2001. Available improved maize documents varieties from IITA. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Ortiz, R. 2001. Dirk R. Vuylsteke: strategies for utilization Neuenschwander, P., J.d’A. Hughes, F.R. Ogbe, J.M. Ngatse, of genetic variation in plantain improvement. and J.P. Legg. 2001. New reports of the occurrence of InfoMusa 10(1): 47–48. the Uganda variant of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug) from western Democratic Republic Otoo, J.A., O.O. Okoli, and P. Ilona. 2001. Improved of Congo and the Congo Republic define the production of seed yams. IITA Research Guide No. westernmost extent of the CMD pandemic in East/ 63. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Central Africa. New Disease Reports 4. www.bspp.org.uk/ndr/reports.htm Peters, M., P. Horne, A. Schmidt, F. Holmann, P.C. Kerridge, S.A. Tarawali, R. Schultze-Kraft, C. Lascano, Nolte, C., J. Kotto-Same, A. Moukam, P.S. Thenkabail, P. Argel, W. Stur, S. Fujisaka, K. Muller-Samann, and S.F. Weise, P.L. Woomer, and L. Zapfack. 2001. Land- C. Wortmann. 2001. The role of forages in reducing use characterization and estimation of carbon stocks poverty and degradation of natural resources in in the alternatives to slash-and-burn benchmark area tropical production systems. AgREN Network Paper of Cameroon. RCMD Research Monograph No. 28. No. 117. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Speijer, P.R. and D. De Waele. 1997. Evaluation du Okike, I., M.A. Jabbar, V.M. Manyong, J.W. Smith, matériel génétique de Musa pour la résistance aux J.A. Akinwumi, and S.K. Ehui. 2001. Agricultural nématodes. INIBAP Guides Techniques 1. INIBAP, intensification and efficiency in the West African Montpellier, France. savannas: Evidence from northern Nigeria. Socioeconomics and Policy Research Working Paper Speijer, P.R. and D. De Waele. 1997. Screening of Musa 33. ILRI-Nairobi, IITA-Ibadan, and UI-Ibadan. germplasm for resistance and tolerance to nematodes. INIBAP Technical Guidelines 1. INIBAP, Montpellier, Ortiz, R. 2001. Agro-biotechnology for improving France. agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: rationale, 45 Governing board Governing Enrico Porceddu, Chair Professor, Universita degli Studi della Tuscia Viterbo, Italy board Alhaji Guda Abdullahi+, * Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Abuja, Nigeria Abdoulaye Babale Chair, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Yaoundé, Cameroon Lukas Brader+, ** Director General, IITA Ibadan, Nigeria Limamoulaye Cissé Head, Agronomy Division Institut mondial du phosphate, Casablanca, Morocco Michael Collinson Consultant Oxon, UK Erastus O. Gyang+ Vice Chancellor, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria Peter Hartmann+ Director General, IITA Ibadan, Nigeria Masa Iwanaga Director, Biological Resources Division Japan International Research Center for Agricultual Sciences (JIRCAS) Tsukuba, Japan Jørgen Jakobsen Research Director, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences Slagelse, Denmark Assétou Kanouté Executive Secretary, Association for the Development of Activities of Promotion and Formation (ADAF) Bamako, Mali Joy Kwesiga Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Anastasios Leventis** Leventis Overseas London, UK Geoffrey Mrema** Executive Secretary, Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa (ASARECA) Entebbe, Uganda Mortimer Neufville Executive Vice President National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges Washington, DC, USA Kyoko Saio** Tokyo Metropolitan Food and Technology Research Center Tokyo, Japan Gry Synnevag Agricultural University of Norway Ås, Norway Eric Tollens Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Hervelee, Belgium Hans J. von Lengerke Volkswagen Stiftung, Hannover, Germany * Passed away in 2001 B.D. Usman+ ** Left in 2001 Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Environment + Ex-officio Abuja, Nigeria 46 Professional staff Director General B.B. Singh, PhD, Improving cowpea–cereal systems in L. Brader, PhD, Ibadan, Nigeria** the dry savannas, Kano P. Hartmann, Ibadan, Nigeria M. Tamò, PhD, Integrated management of maize and legume pests, Benin Office of the Director General A. Tenkouano, PhD, Improving plantain- and banana- R.H. Booth, PhD, deputy director general, Ibadan based systems, Onne J. Cramer, BA, executive assistant to the director general, J. Wendt, PhD, Protection and enhancement of Ibadan vulnerable cropping systems, Cameroon F.O. Oke, record/archival officer, Ibadan Crop Improvement Division Internal Audit K.E. Dashiell, PhD, breeder/geneticist, director, Ibadan** A. Ajakaiye, ACA, intermediate auditor, Ibadan** R. Ortiz, PhD, geneticist, director, Ibadan R.A. Fagbenro, ACA, senior internal auditor, Ibadan Scientists S.O. Ajala, PhD, maize breeder/geneticist, Ibadan Division Directors M.I. Andrade, PhD, agronomist, Mozambique S.A. Adetunji, PhD, a/director, corporate services B. Asafo-Adjei, PhD, soybean breeder/geneticist, Ibadan division, Ibadan R. Asiedu, PhD, yam breeder/geneticist, Ibadan K.E. Dashiell, PhD, director, crop improvement division, B. Badu-Apraku, PhD, breeder, coordinator WECAMAN, Ibadan** Côte d’Ivoire J.D.H. Keatinge, PhD, director, resource and crop W. Bertenbreiter, PhD, project coordinator, IITA/GTZ/CSIR management division, Ibadan seed project, Ghana P. Neuenschwander, PhD, director, plant health M. Bokanga, PhD, biochemist and food technologist, management division, Cotonou, Benin Ibadan** R. Ortiz, PhD, director, crop improvement division, Ibadan A.G.O. Dixon, PhD, cassava breeder/geneticist, Ibadan P. Watts, BSc, director, corporate services division, C.A. Fatokun, PhD, legume biotechnologist and PRONAF Ibadan** coordinator, Ibadan A.J.G. van Gastel, PhD, project coordinator, IITA/GTZ/ Agroecological Zone Working Group Leaders CSIR seed project, Ghana** R.J. Carsky, PhD, moist savanna working group, Benin I. Ingelbrecht, PhD, head, biotechnology laboratory, B.B. Singh, PhD, dry savanna working group, Kano, Ibadan Nigeria I.N. Kasele, PhD, multiplication expert, Zimbabwe** S. Weise, PhD, humid forest working group, Yaoundé, B.W. Khizzah, PhD, agronomist, Uganda Cameroon J.S. Machuka, PhD, molecular biologist, Ibadan** J.B.A. Whyte, PhD, midaltitude working group, Uganda N. Mahungu, PhD, agronomist, coordinator SARRNET, Malawi IITA Stations and Officers in Charge B. Maziya-Dixon, PhD, maize food technologist, Ibadan P. Austin, BSc, High Rainfall Station, Onne, Nigeria A. Menkir, PhD, maize breeder/geneticist, Ibadan P. Neuenschwander, PhD, Biological Control Center for H.D. Mignouna, PhD, molecular biologist, Ibadan** Africa, Benin N.Q. Ng, PhD, germplasm scientist, Ibadan B.B. Singh, PhD, Kano Station, Nigeria S.Y.C. Ng, MSc, tissue culture specialist, Ibadan S. Weise, PhD, Humid Forest Ecoregional Center (HFC), M. Pillay, PhD, Musa breeder, Uganda Cameroon B.B. Singh, PhD, cowpea breeder/geneticist, Kano J.B.A. Whyte, PhD, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional A. Tenkouano, PhD, Musa breeder/geneticist, Cameroon Center (ESARC), Uganda P. Vernier, PhD, yam specialist, CIRAD, Benin** J.B.A. Whyte, PhD, breeder, coordinator EARRNET, Project Coordinators Uganda R. Asiedu, PhD, Improving yam-based systems, Ibadan Associate Scientist E.A. Atayi, PhD, Ecoregional program for the humid and A. Melake Berhan, PhD, maize biotechnologist, Ibadan subhumid tropics of sub-Saharan Africa (EPHTA), Postdoctoral Fellows Ibadan K. Amegbeto, PhD, yam economist, Ibadan A.G.O. Dixon, PhD, Improving cassava-based systems, M. Gedil, PhD, molecular geneticist, Ibadan** Ibadan A. Kamara, PhD, maize physiologist, Ibadan J. Gockowski, PhD, Development of integrated annual H. Matsui, PhD, physiologist, Kano** and perennial cropping systems, Cameroon H. Shiwachi, PhD, yam physiologist, Ibadan B. James, PhD, Systemwide program for integrated pest G. Ude, PhD, molecular geneticist, Onne** management, Benin Associate Expert J. Langewald, PhD, Biological control and functional S. Gilis, Ir, Musa agronomist (VVOB), Onne biodiversity, Benin Visiting Scientists J. Legg, PhD Integrated management of cassava pests, P.K. Keese, PhD, molecular biologist/virologist, Ibadan Benin J. Lemchi, PhD, economist, Musa germplasm delivery V.M. Manyong, PhD, Impact, policy and systems analysis, specialist, Onne Ibadan P.O. Oyekan, PhD, breeder/geneticist, Ibadan** R.H. Markham, PhD, Systemwide program for integrated N. Wanyera, PhD, yam agronomist, Uganda** pest management (SP-IPM), Ibadan** Consultant A. Menkir, PhD, Improving maize–grain legume systems A. Okoruwa, MSc, soybean food technologist, Ibadan in West and Central Africa, Ibadan Research Farms Unit N.Q. Ng, PhD, Conservation and use of plant F.O. Adunoye, BSc, farm superintendent, Abuja biodiversity, Ibadan P. Austin, BSc, unit head, Onne N. Sanginga, PhD, Improvement of high intensity food J. Olobasola, BSc, assistant unit head, Ibadan and forage crop systems, Ibadan 47 Professional staff Administration and Support Services Resource and Crop Management Division S.J. Udoh, AMNIM, station administrator, Uganda J.D.H. Keatinge, PhD, agronomist, director, Ibadan R.A. Adeleke, international trials manager, Ibadan Scientists J.N. Agba, BSc, station administrative manager, V. Aggarwal, PhD, breeder, coordinator ISAR/IITA/USAID Onne project, Rwanda** M. Umaru, BSc, station administrative manager, R.J. Carsky, PhD, agronomist, Benin Kano D. Chikoye, PhD, weed scientist, Ibadan J. Diels, PhD, modeler, Ibadan Plant Health Management Division S. Ferris, PhD, enterprise development specialist, Uganda P. Neuenschwander, PhD, entomologist, director, J. Gockowski, PhD, agricultural economist, Cameroon Benin L.S. Halos-Kim, MSc, food and agricultural engineer, Scientists Ibadan R. Bandyopadhyay, PhD, pathologist, Ibadan S. Hauser, PhD, soil physicist, Cameroon K.F. Cardwell, PhD, pathologist, Benin/Ibadan** F. Ishida, PhD, soil scientist, Ibadan* A. Cherry, PhD, entomologist (joint appointment with C. Legg, MSc, landscape ecologist, Cameroon NRI), Benin V.M. Manyong, PhD, agricultural economist, Ibadan D.Coyne, PhD, nematologist, Ibadan C. Nolte, PhD, soil fertility specialist, Cameroon A. Emechebe, PhD, pathologist, Kano J.L. Rueda, PhD, agronomist and STCP coordinator, G. Goergen, PhD, entomologist, Benin Cameroon C. Gold, PhD, entomologist, Uganda N. Sanginga, PhD, soil microbiologist, Ibadan W.N.O. Hammond, PhD, entomologist and PRONAF S.A. Tarawali, PhD, agronomist (joint appointment with coordinator, Benin ILRI), Ibadan R. Hanna, PhD, acarologist, Benin G. Tian, PhD, soil fertility specialist, Ibadan** J.d’A. Hughes, PhD, virologist, Ibadan S. Weise, PhD, weed scientist and officer-in-charge HFC, B.D. James, PhD, entomologist, Benin Cameroon J. Langewald, PhD, insect pathologist, Benin J. Wendt, PhD, soil chemist, Cameroon P. Le Gall, PhD, entomologist (IRD), Benin Associate Scientists J. Legg, PhD, virologist (joint appointment with NRI), B. Douthwaite, PhD, impact assessor, Ibadan Uganda S. Kolijn, MSc, postharvest specialist, SARRNET, R.H. Markham, PhD, entomologist, Ibadan** Tanzania W. Meikle, PhD, entomologist, Benin** S. Schulz, PhD, agronomist, Ibadan F. Schulthess, PhD, ecologist, Benin** B.P. Vanlauwe, PhD, soil microbiologist, Ibadan** M. Tamò, PhD, insect ecologist, Benin Postdoctoral Fellows Postdoctoral Fellows P. Kormawa, PhD, agricultural economist, Ibadan T. Adati, PhD, entomologist, Kano F-B. van der Meer, PhD, GIS specialist, Ibadan F. Beed, PhD, weed pathologist, Benin Associate Experts K. Hell, PhD, pathologist, Benin N. de Haan, PhD, rural sociologist, Ibadan B. Niere, PhD, mycologist, Uganda A. Ghebreysus, MSc, agronomist, Ibadan L. Tripathi, PhD, molecular virologist, Ibadan O. Lyasse, Ir, agronomist (VVOB), Ibadan Associate Experts O.K. Nielsen, MSc, weed scientist, Ibadan A. Auwerkerken, Ir, nematologist (VVOB), Onne V. Robiglio, MSc, GIS specialist, Cameroon C. Dochez, MSc, biologist, Uganda K. Roing, MSc, agronomist, Ibadan S. Egal, MSc, geographer, Benin Visiting Scientists T. Hoffstadt, MSc, fungal ecologist, Benin S. Dury, PhD, agricultural economist (CIRAD), K. Jacobsen, MSc, nematologist, Cameroon Cameroon J.C. Meerman, MSc, nematologist, Ibadan** L. Norgrove, PhD, STCP/MARS scientist, Cameroon Visiting Scientists Consultants O. Coulibaly, PhD, agricultural economist, Benin W. Adekunle, PhD, technology transfer specialist, A. Hounsa, MD, medical epidemiologist, Benin** RUSEP project, Ibadan C. Nankinga, PhD, insect pathologist, Uganda C. Ezedinma, PhD, agricultural economist, RUSEP S.H.O. Okech, PhD, entomologist, Uganda project, Ibadan P. Ragama, PhD, statistician, Uganda O. Makinde, PhD, marketing economist, (Winrock S. Shoyinka, PhD, virologist, Ibadan** International), Ibadan M. Tindo, PhD, entomologist, Cameroon G. Tarawali, PhD, agronomist, NARS collaboration, M. Toko, PhD, entomologist, Benin Ibadan Germplasm Health Unit Analytical Services Unit M. Ayodele, PhD, plant pathologist, Ibadan J. Uponi, MSc, laboratory manager, Ibadan J.d’A. Hughes, PhD, unit head, Ibadan Biometrics Unit Administration and Support Services S. Nokoe, PhD, biometrician, unit head, Ibadan C.A. Soboyejo, MPhil, station administrator, Benin N.A. Akintunde, MSc, research database manager, J.B. Akinwumi, MSc, engineer, Benin Ibadan S. Korie, MSc, statistician, Benin S. Korie, MSc, statistician, Benin S. Nyampong, executive assistant to the director, Administration and Support Services Benin Y. Aboubakar, MA, station administration supervisor, B. Ronellenfitch, BSc, training documentation Cameroon specialist (on secondment from COL, Canada), E. Ndindjock, MBPA, finance officer, Cameroon Ibadan E.O. Oyewole, research administration manager, F. Tossé, DECF, chief accountant, Benin Ibadan R.W. Yussuf, MA, multimedia specialist, Benin C. Yumga, station assistant, Cameroon 48 Professional staff Communications and Information Services O.I. Osotimehin, BSc, DDA, personnel manager (nrs), R.P. Eaglesfield, BSc, head, communications and Ibadan information, Ibadan** J.B. Adenuga, AMIPM, employee services manager, Ibadan D. Mowbray, MSc, head, communications and A. Ohanwusi, MBA, planning/training manager, Ibadan information, Ibadan Management Information Systems A. Moorhead, MSc, chief science editor, Ibadan** R. Lafond, CA, oracle implementation manager, Ibadan** O. Ogunyinka, PhD, coordinator, ICS-Nigeria, Ibadan I. Neish, HCIMA, head, Ibadan P. Philpot, BA, multimedia unit manager, Ibadan N.N. Eguzozie, BSc, financial information systems (FIS) Y. Adedigba, MA, head, library and documentation, Ibadan manager, Ibadan J.I. Adeyomoye, MLS, principal librarian, Ibadan** L.O. Afemikhe, MSc, senior technical analyst (FIS), T. Babaleye, MCA, public information manager, Ibadan Ibadan E.O. Ezomo, MLS, principal librarian, Ibadan J. Ukpong, ACA, FIS senior analyst, Ibadan Y. Olatunbosun, BSc, editor, Ibadan Materials Logistics T.T. Owoeye, MLS, coordinating editor, Ibadan B. Draper, materials logistics manager, Ibadan A. Oyetunde, MA, editor, Ibadan Medical Unit R. Umelo, BA, consultant editor, Ibadan F.O.A. Ajose, MD, head, IITA clinic, Ibadan E.O. Lawani, MD, physician, Ibadan External Liaison Office F. O’Dwyer, BSc, nurse/practitioner, Ibadan** Project Liaison P.O. Ojo, MSc, medical laboratory services officer, Ibadan A.P. Uriyo, PhD, head, Ibadan** Physical Plant Services NARS Liaison A. Bhatnagar, BSc, head, physical plant services, Ibadan E.A. Atayi, PhD, agricultural economist, coordinator, R. Bishop, site maintenance services officer, Ibadan EPHTA, Ibadan S.W. Quader, BSc, electronic services officer, Ibadan Training E.O. Akintokun, research vehicle services officer, Ibadan M. Ajayi, MSc, research training specialist, Ibadan F.K. Alude, HND, heavy equipment and fabrication R. Obubo, MSc, research training specialist, Ibadan services manager, Ibadan C. Okafor, MBA, manager, individual training, Ibadan P.T. Lamuren, BSc, telecommunication services officer, Interpretation and Translation Unit Ibadan C.H. Dia, MA, head, Ibadan** M.A. Oyedeji, C&G (FTC), electrical services officer, Ibadan O.O. Taiwo, HND, assistant services officer, Ibadan Scientists of Other IARCs/AROs Resident at Auxiliary Services IITA H. Cameron, manager, hotel and catering services, Ibadan J.J. Adu-Gyamfi, PhD, agronomist, ICRISAT, Ibadan D. Errington, MSc, specialist science teacher, Ibadan R. Brummett, PhD, ICLARM scientist, Cameroon D. Hurst, BEd, head, international school of IITA, Ibadan A. Cherry, PhD, entomologist, (joint appointment with K. Hurst, Dipl. Ed, teacher, international school of IITA, NRI), Benin Ibadan S. Dury, PhD, agricultural economist, CIRAD, Cameroon C. Inniss-Palmer, MA, specialist english teacher and R. Fashola, PhD, postdoctoral fellow, Hirose project, deputy head, international school of IITA, Ibadan Ibadan D.J. Sewell, manager, aircraft operations, Ibadan F. Idachaba, PhD, principal research fellow, ISNAR, Ibadan W. Ekpo, ACIS, security manager, Ibadan A. Larbi, PhD, agronomist, ILRI, Ibadan C.A. Enahoro, HND, head, travel services, Lagos** P. Le Gall, PhD, entomologist, IRD, Benin A. Ndakotsu, MBA, assistant head, travel services, J. Legg, PhD, entomologist, NRI (joint appointment with Lagos** IITA), Uganda M.O. Olanrewaju, HND, assistant manager, hotel and O. Munyemana, PhD, project scientist, WARDA, Ibadan catering services, Ibadan J. Niezen, PhD, ruminant nutritionist, ILRI, Ibadan O. Ndoye, PhD, forest economist, CIFOR, Cameroon O. Osiname, PhD, soil scientist, WARDA, Ibadan S.A. Tarawali, PhD, agronomist (joint appointment with ILRI), Ibadan P. Vernier, PhD, yam specialist, CIRAD, Benin** T.O. Williams, PhD, agricultural economist, team leader, ILRI, Ibadan Corporate Services Division S.A. Adetunji, PhD, soil scientist, a/director, Ibadan P. Watts, BSc, director, Ibadan** Budget and Finance E. Estoque, CA, chief financial officer, Ibadan B.A. Adeola, FCIS, accountant, Ibadan J.E. Bolarinwa, MBA, payroll accountant, Ibadan S. Ogunade, treasury manager, Ibadan K.O. Olatifede, ACA, special projects accountant, Ibadan Italics are used for country of work location other than for O. Sholola, ACA, corporate accounting manager, Ibadan Nigeria when location within Nigeria is given. Computer Services J. Scott, MSc, manager, computer services, Ibadan Human Resources/Personnel C.F. McDonald, MSc, manager, human resources (irs), * Passed away in 2001 Ibadan ** Left in 2001 49 Abbreviations Abbreviations AFLP amplified fragment length polymorphism BDBV banana die-back virus used in this BSV banana streak virus BCP Biological Control Products (South Africa) BMZ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung report (Germany) CGM cassava green mite CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical CIEPCA Centre d’information et d’exchanges sur les plantes de converture en Afrique CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CILSS Comité inter-Etats de lutte contre la sécheresse dans le Sahel CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo CIRAD Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (France) CGM cassava green mite CMD cassava mosaic disease CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CTA Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (EEC) DFID Department for International Development (UK) DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DREAM Dynamic Research Evaluation for Management (an impact model) DS derived savanna EACMV East African cassava mosaic virus EAHB East African highland banana EARRNET East Africa Root Crops Research Network EPHTA Ecoregional Program for the Humid and Subhumid Tropics of Sub-Saharan Africa ESARC Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Center ESA East and Southern Africa FIS Financial Information System FFS farmer field schools FMB forest margins benchmark area FOODNET Postharvest and Marketing Research Network for Eastern and Central Africa FPR farmer participatory research GBDI Global Biodiversity Institute GCF Gatsby Charitable Foundation GIS geographic information system GPS geo-positioning system GTZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (Germany) HFC Humid Forest Ecoregional Center IARC international agricultural research center ICLARM International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IPM integrated pest management ISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Research LUBILOSA Lutte biologique contre les locustes et sauteriaux NARES national agricultural research and extension system(s) NGO nongovernmental organization NGS northern Guinea savanna NRI Natural Resources Institute (UK) PEDUNE Project écologiquement durable du niébé PL participatory learning PRONAF Projet niébé pour l’Afrique RAPD random amplified polymorphic DNA RNA ribonucleic acid RUSEP Rural Sector Enhancement Project SARRNET Southern Africa Root Crops Research Network SP-IPM Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management STCP Sustainable Tree Crops Program USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture VPI Virginia Polytechnic Institute WAFRINET West African Network for Taxonomy WCA West and Central Africa WECAMAN West and Central Africa Maize Network (SAFGRAD) WECARD West and Central African Council for Research and Development 50 Drier savanna Moist savanna Humid forest Moist midaltitude Drier midaltitude High altitude IITA Headquarters Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria Tel (234 2) 241 2626 Fax (234 2) 241 2221 E-mail iita@cgiar.org To Headquarters from outside Nigeria IITA, c/o Lambourn (UK) Limited Carolyn House 26 Dingwall Road République du Bénin Croydon CR9 3EE IITA Biological Control Center for Africa United Kingdom BP 08 0932 Cotonou, Bénin Tel (229) 350188 Fax (229) 350556 Lagos/Ikeja Office E-mail iita-benin@cgiar.org Plots 531 & 532 WEMPCO Road, Ogba Estate PO Box 145, Ikeja, Nigeria Tel (0803) 4023913 Cameroon IITA Humid Forest Ecoregional Center IITA Kano Station BP 2008 (Messa) Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road Yaoundé, Cameroon PMB 3112, Kano, Nigeria Tel (237) 2237434 Tel (234 64) 645350/645351/645353/ Fax (237) 2237437 624046 E-mail iita-humid@cgiar.org Fax (234 64) 645352 E-mail iita-kano@cgiar.org Uganda Eastern and Southern Africa Regional IITA High Rainfall Station, Onne Center (IITA-ESARC) PMB 008, Nchia-Eleme Namulonge, PO Box 7878 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Kampala, Uganda Tel (871) 682341880/761841076 Tel (256 41) 223460 Fax (871) 682341882 Fax (256 41) 220217 E-mail iita-onne@cgiar.org E-mail iita-uganda@cgiar.org International Institute of Tropical Agriculture a Future Harvest Center supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ISSN 0331 4340