:~ :-;1~Wr: ( 1~ :., lF1J "'-- ..,L..".1 _./ BEAN PLANT PROTE LTrON WORKSHOP • Oecember 1 - 3,1975 CENTRO nn r::f 00 L u n e h Plaot Pathology Seqsion - Room "A" Chairman j<.azuhlro YoshU 14 00 - 1" 3'1 ~urvtv/!l of phytopath"gantc b1cterla In tha tropic". }1aA t)'chuster 14 JO - 15 OfJ IHsetlssi"n 15 00 - 15 I S e off a e b r e a k 15 15 - 15 f,5 ~creenlug for resistnncp to r,cterlul Rlights. IIlfred ~i1ettler 15 45 - H, 15 Oi')cu<;sion 16 15 - 16 l,S 'Led-horne dl,e1,e~ of soybLan, "ud b01nQ, IInu their ~"ntr{ll Jllmeq <;{u.lair 16 1.5 - 17 l'i Di~cus1!on 14 (lO - Ji, 1.5 PLstS oE hcan. in latio AMor!c" wltl. enph.sls DO cultural .ud blologicnl control lconee BonoeEll JI. f,,, - 15 1~ ni "Cu' q Ion 15 l~ - 1'; JO I off e e b ron k 15 111 - 1(, 15 rne IMportante DE ~)~-.::'. ~ppclcs RS benn pp~tsJ tllcfr hiologv IInd control. ~ loyd Sm! th 16 l'i - 17 00 lJisctls:don .3 WednesdBY, llec~muer 3 Plant Pntbolegy Seqsleo - Room "A" Cho irmao -Ed,d -le- S-el-",- nd- i oa 15 - 09 00 tunga! dlseases oí benn., ni dlfferent ecologies, ln the tropic. ,dMe rchanoi 09 00 - 09 30 D!sctJlslon 09 JO - 09 /,5 C off e c b r ~ n k 09 45 - 10 15 Dlscussion on Rust. 10 15 - 10 /.5 Discussion on Anthracnose 10 45 - 11 15 lJtscu"fen on web-blight 11 15 - Jl 45 Olqcu •• lon 11 45 - 12 JO Discu.sion en other fuog'! dloeaoes. 12 JO - 11. 00 L u n e h Fntomology ~e'8ion _ Room .tl '1 Chairman Diego N1vas 08 15 - 08 I"S Be,n pod "cevil ,nd lts conlrol by restsl,nt \nr!etlc" fOS0 :tanela OS l,S - 09 15 l'hc-us-lo~-'- 09 15 - 09 JO L off e p h r ~ 1 k 09 30 - 10 00 [h~ f1cxf.can bcnn he( t1p nnd tt..- contrpl by resl.lnnt v'ti~tlpq P ~ Beneral 10 DO - lO 30 Dl5Clt'lsfon 10 'lO - '11 00 11 e h~~" lé1fhQPI'cr ~nd 1t" contra1 hy rc,i~tnnt v,r{ct{cs A1rt v,n qchoonhoven 11 00 - 1/ (lO 12 3(l - 11, (lO t u !l e h t rhntrlll'ln ti. 01) - \5 00 t utllrf! coopcrntlvC" IÍ-'-pttn h pt01cl..t*' in "ntoMology 15 no - 15 I 'i r " f f e e b r , , k 15 1S - 16 Ir, 1 ututf" ('"f)()l'crAttv. r t "'C'nfeh ~H(}ipc.t<; In ptnnt pnthnlo¡y • 1ft15-171, ((1'0(''('11 diIC:'LIl"'~ion 17 15 - IR 15 • SI:"!INARIO 50B'\!: PPOn:CCIO', VI:C,ETIL DEL FllIJOL (Phaseolus vulr,aris) lIC¡\>~ (Phnse.olus vulgnris) PROTt'CTJON HOpvSHOP C.I.A.T Diciembre 1-3, 1975 PARTICIPA"{TFS , BRASIL lU.LIOT W. K!IAJI'1A Depto. de Biolog1a Celular, Instituto de C1encias BLológicas Universidaee de Brasilia, 70.000 Brasilia, D.r. COLOMBIA liECTOR F. AYALA Jefe ~el Depto. de runglcidas y Supervisor de Cc~po. CELA..2aCK COLO ::aUNA E~tación Eyper_~~ntal Palmlra AD~ado Aéreo 2060 Catí 'RDDW'O B.I;RRIGA O. Programa de Fltopatologia, l. C. A •• Centro Tibaltntá ilpaTtado Aéreo 151123, "el Dorado" llOOOTA, D. E. Alt':lA.'OD IiELLU'l V. Jefe del Depto de In~e.ctlcldas, Ci:lA-ñRC'h COLO'mIA!;A S.l., Estac1ón bxperl~ental - PalMira Apartado Aéreo 2060 CaH ALVJ.iUl iJULLA !l. lJn3.versioad >,acional Facultad de CienCldq Arropecuarias Apartado Aéreo 234 Pebnirn. Valle • - 2 - LUlS A. CA!lv-ALES 11, L!lZ STI'I LA cono Univers1dad Tec. del Magdalena Sanidad Vegeull, Apartado Aéreo 234 l. C. A., Iustl.tJto Coloubiano Santa Marta, '~gdalena Agro['ecuario PalMira, Valle RDIÁ'TO CI,VALLO V. Universidad Nacional FULVlA GARen R. Facultad de Cl.encl.as ¡. gl opecuarias Programa de Cntollo1ogia, ~tedo Aéreo 234 I. C A, Palmra Apart~do Ae.-eo ho.?33 Pal.l1tra, Valle l'.AUL G. CUERO ". Depto. de Bl.olog{a - Ciancles, Un~vers1dad del V~lle Ciuead L'niversltsrla, Veléudez Cl1li M.1ffilIEL DONADO llni"l1l!TsidLd Nacioral Facultad de Cl.CUCl8S AgropecJurias Ápartndo pérco 234 Pal:s:ú.ra G1lSlAVO A. GP-.l'r/¡'UA Ch. Jefe Secc1ón Fitopatología, 1:... C. A. Áp~tado Aéreo 233 l'al=ra VOI.1!ER HA".RIES Jefe Depto. Lntomolo&ía/Acsrolog!a S~Tc.ctor. CEWlERCK COLO !JlIAN'" S A. Estación E~per1me~tal - talFira ~do Jéreo 2060 CaU J'lILIO l1El~ O J. • .Jefe Seccl.oncl A'Botm:.. Ap-..:rtaco ![reo 7911 Cal! Sll.l2A LOl'l:Z D • ..Je:fe de la Secc1ó. .. <'le. Fl.topatolog{a. 'Feden!ció-! ¡lncLoNll de. Cafeteros ce Colo",laa CcnicafL. Chil'chl.ná caldss r I - J - CimN LLANOS '! Uni\~rSlOad hacional Facultad de Aglononia, Palm1ra ;' RAFAEL NAVARRO A. Depto de Fitopato1or!a, lnstit~to Colo~~la~o Agropecuario, I,C,h. Apartado Aéreo 51764 Mede11!n, Antioquld BETTl C. NOn'!A'{N D: opozeo Profesor Fltopatología y Hl(:rob1.01ogia, Um.versldad Tec del ll:aedalena, Santa. ~""rta. llagdalena llf'lUl":!IN PIl;r;DA L Secc1ón de Fitopatología, Universldad de Córooba Apartado Acreo 354 Monteria, C6raoha HERiA'" r-,A}lIRhZ A, De~rrollo de Procuctos QUi1!;lCOC: para ¡.gr l.CIJ Uura Rohm and Haas Color '1.a S.A. Apartado Aerco 666~ Ave. 6'1 A .. te 1r24.-S6 eali SIJV!o ROSERO A. Unh"rsidad tle !>.dn.!'o, Apdo. />(.1eo 1175 Carrera 18 !H6-41. Pasto, ),an ¡'o AUliEDO SALDARRL',GA Ent"",ólClgo - InVHt l¡;ación Inst1tuto COl~~lú o ftgrcyecuarlo, I e A Apartado Aéreo 51764 Medellin, Antloqu~e ll::N.L..:U" J.. SA WO S Facultcd de Cl~rClCS Agrico1an, Unl\~·sidcd de l~r~ro Apartado Aéreo 1175 Pasto, N'r1"lo • - 4 - ,r~,~ .JAIME SII:RRA F. DUPIlNT DE COLO'lBIA Apartado Aéreo 15024 , lIOGmA. D. E. IVAB VEIXZ }I. DUPIllIT DE COLO'lBIA, Apartado Aéreo 15024 OOGarA. D. E. RUBEl'I DARIO ZARATE R. Facultad de C~encias Agropecuarias, Univers~dad Nacional Apartado Aéreo 234 l'ahdra. Valle COsrA RICA CHILE CARLOS L. llIANCllU 1 p. CARLOS QUrROZ E. ~efe Depto. Fitopatología Avenida Sta. Rosa 11610 Ministerio de Agr~cultura y Ganadería. La Granja, Apartado 10094 Santiago Sall.José RODB.IGO GAMCZ Profesor en V1rología, Univers1dad de Costa RLce Ci.m!ad Universitan.a "Rodrigo Facio", San.José MIGUEL GO,..'ULEZ p. -Encargado de las Secciones de Fitopntología y Entomología, ~na Development Corporation of Costa Rlca Apartado 4084 San José RI;.F"...EL A. ~lORA R. ~ft!a llenonere Atlántica Ltda., San José HAliIJEL F. JI'!El-.EZ Du Pont San JOllli CAELOS A. SOTO S. Sub-Jefe Dept Fitopntologia, ~sterio de Agricultura y Ganadería Apartado Aéreo 10094 S- José • - s - CUBA DORIS }'EITO p. Director Provincial Laboratorio Oriente, Instituto Nacional de Reforma Pgraria, Dirección Nacional Sanidad Vegetal Prolongación Carbó sIn y Calle Holguin Dpto. Parera, Holguin Ote MIRTA GOl'ZALEZ Instituto da Investigaciones Fundamentales de Agr~cultura ~opical. I,N,I,F,A,T, Santiago de las Vegas, Habana JORGE R. OVIES Director Laboratorio Central de D~agnóstico Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria, Dirección NacÁonal de SanÁdad Vegetal Calle 44 Y, sA A Muamar La Habana ECUADOR .JULIO C. DELGADO jefe Depto. de Fitopatología, I,N.I,A.P •• Estación Experimental "Boliche" Apartado 7069 .Guayaquil ELSA LUQUE G. Minister~o de Agricultura y Ganadería, Direcc~ón Nacional de Desarrollo Agrícola, Depto. de SanÁded vegetal Quito MEDARDO IZQUIERDO L. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Dirección Nac10nal de Desarrollo Agrícola Depto. de Sanidad Vegetal Quito .lUAN G. VEGA V. Jefe del Dapto. ae Fitopatologia. i.N.l.A.P., Instituto ~ac10nal de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Estación Experimental "Santa Catalina" Apartado Aéreo 2600 y 34Q Quito EL SALVADOR SAUL E. CONTRERAS G Jefe del Depto. de Parasitología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronó~icas Universidad de El Salvador Apartado Postal 773 y 747 San Salvador FRANCISCO A. FISCHNALhR D, Coordinador del Area de Fitopatologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, UniversLdad de El Salvador Apartado Postal 773 y 747 San Salvador CARLOS MA'<.IO GARClA B, Actualmente Se encuentra en C.I.A.T •• Centro Nacional de Tecnología hasta el 19 de Diciembre, AgropecuarLa. C.E,N,r.A. Final la, Av. Norte Santa Tecla CARt.OS R, GRANILLO H, Awlar Hnos, S,A. (06) 998, San Salvador JOSE E. MA'lClA C, Coord1nador del Area de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Universidad de El Salvador Apartado Postal 773 y 747 San Salvador BENJAMIN R, ~;AITE USAID/University of Florida, U. S. Embassy, San Salvador GUADALUPE ALAIN COLEl\O Iustirut Natl.onal de la Recherche Agronomique. I,N.R,A. Domaine Duelos - 97170, Petit Bourg A. l:ERMA'tREC Institut lationa1 de la Recherche Agronomique. I,N.R.A •• Guadalupe Antillas Francesas - 7 - GUATEMALA FREDDY R. ALONZO p. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologla Agrícolas, l.C T.A. 7a. Av. 11-59, Zona 9 Galeríss Espafta, 40. Piso Guatemala J!A~AII Ah'l\'E ALVAREZ University of Havaii, 3190 Mal1e \.la)", Honolulu, Havali 96822 HOLAh'DA EELeO DR!JFHOUT Research Plant Breeder lnstitute for Horticultural Plant Breeding, X.V.T. Mansholtlaan 1.5, Wage0111gen p. O. Box 16 NETIlERLAIIDS HONDURAS .JORGE HERNANDEZ M. Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Tegucigalpa, Honduras JOSE MONTENEGPQ B. D1rector, Secretaría de Recursos hsturalcs Dirección Agrlcola Reg10nal Centro Oriental Apartado Postal ~1201 Tegucigalpa JOSE ANTO'ex 506 ISabela, Puerto Rico .JttLIO R. LOPr:Z POSA D:1.1:ector • Depto. de Fitopatolo~!a y Botánica Estac1Ón Experlmental Agrícola Apartado "H" Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928 MARCIAL RICO B. EsUteiiín Exper1Mental '¡¡ricola Universidad de Puerto R1CO Box uJi" Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928 NAm:R G. VAhILI Mayagucz Instltute oi Tropical Agr~culture/S.P./ARS/U.S.D.A. p. O. Bax 70 Ma~aflue2. Pl1erto Rico 00108 - 10 - REl'UllLICA DO'IIUICANA SAKDEL E. CONCEPCION T, Eneargado de la Divisk6n de Protección Vegetal Centro de Desarrollo Agropecuario, C.E.N.D,A. Apartado 700 Santiago de los Caballeros SUllINA.M FJW..1. ALBERT Dr:L PRADO Head of the Division Plant Protection sud Production Di. ... idon Ministry oi Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Fksheries P. O. Box 1153 Paramaribo, Surinsme R\JEE!'T H. POl'ER Mycologist Agrkc. Experiment Station Cultuurtuinlaan 12 Paramaribo, Surinama TRn/roAD &. TOBAGO ROO'ALD BARROH Ministry of Agriculture, Part of Spain U. S. A. p. S. BENEPAL Chairman and Program Director Virginia Sta te College Department of Life Sciences Box - 1, Petersburg, Virginia 23803 REITH M. BYERGO Agronomist A.I.D./TA/ACR, RoO!"\ 2239 Departme~t of State Washington, D C. 20523 ,, ¡ - - 11 - EDDre ECllAh'DI North Carolina Stste Un1versity Depsrtment af Plant Pathology Rsleigh. North CarolAua 27601 RODRIGO RODR1GUEZ K. Botany snd Microb~ology Dept •• Auburn University Auburll. Ala. 36830 LOUISE 11. RUSSELL U.S.D.A. .. Systenatic Entornology Laborstory, Bldg. 003, Room 4 BARC-I.l'est. Beltsville, }mryland 20705 ALFRED W. SAETILER Bean Disease Investigations ARS/u.s. Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. Batany snd Plaut Pathology, Michlgan State Univers1ty East Lans1ng. Miehigan 48824 HO".lARD A. scon »ept. af Plant Pathology, University af Arkansas Fayetteville. ArkansalLl,2101_. . ~ l'lAX L. SCHlJSTER University of ~ebraska Lineala, Nebraska 68583 ROB"ER'T .J. SIlEPHEttD Field Crap V1rus Diseases Dept. of Plaat Pathole8Y, University of Californ1a Davls. California 95616 J~~S B. SIhCLAIR Plant Pathology Departme~t, Un1versity of 1111nois Horticulture F1Cld Laboratory Urbana. Illineis 61801 FLOYD JI. SMITn U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Agricultural Research Center Bldg.470 BARC-Eest Beltsvl11e, Maryland 20705 ,• 1 1 - 12 - SHD!LEY r.ASH SMITH Dept. of Plant Pathology, Uni~rsity of CalifornL8 Berkeley, Cal1fornia 94705 SUB A. 'TOLIN Virus Diseases oi Leguwes, "rehaccD snd Ceresls V~g1nia Polyt~chnlC Inst. & State University Department oi Plent Pathology .snd PhYSl.ology Blacksburg, Virglnia 24061 R01!i!RT .muCO'fil u. ~ Department of AgrLcu1ture, Agricultura1 Research Center lIARIC - East, .Belll:Bville. l\aryland 20705 l'1IL1LlAM.J. ZJ..UMEYl.:R 38()$¡ 'l'bornapple St •• C~ Chasc. lIaryland 20015 F~"DO MORALES Fundación Servlcio pa%B el Agricultor, eag.a. Estado Aragua NEr..soN R. PI:'U:Z p. Jefe Progra~ LegUMkno,as, Min1s~erio de Agrlcultura y Cria D1TeCción General Desarrollo ASdeols, l1AC - Piso 13 Torre Nortc e.S.B. CaUt:BS CENrrO Iln-RNACIO'AL DE AG~ICULTURA TROPICfL (CIAT) Apartado Acreo 67-13, Call. COLO iSIA Cables CIlliITROP ROllD:lO AGUlLAR MIGL~L A~GEL ALTICRI Programa de Fitopatologia Becario, Progran~ de Control de GEW".AN ALVAI'J':Z ~mlezas y Ento~ologl" PT~ama de Fltopatología ROEERT BlJRNS ANlPOh'Y ll"'LLOTtI Germoplasma Frijol ~ama de Entomología - 13 - RICARDO CÁt!1'OS LUCERO CÁPJ)'CNAS Fitomejoramiento Frijol Documentación-Biblioteca MOISES R. CÁRDE!~S HAURICIO GASTA!:O Becario - C.I,A.T, Programa de Fitopatolog!a e/o: Escuela Graduados, l. C. A. RENE CORrr:S Apartado Aéreo 7984 Progra~ de Fitopatologia BOGaTA. D. E. CARLOS DBRAS l'A'l'lUCIA DE CALDERON Programa de Entomología Programa de Fitopatología FPED ESKllFI MICHAr." ELLIS Programa de Ento~ologia Programa de Fitopatologia GUILLERMO GALVEZ .lOSE GALUmO F~lopatologia Fr1jol Progr~ de F1topatologia • LUIS GOMEZ PATRICIA L. CARGlA Programa de Entomología Biblioteca PETER H GRAHAM CARLOS A. G01,ZALEZ E. Microbiología Fr1jol Agronomía - Fr1Jol GUILLER.'fO HERNANDBZ-BRAVO PAB1.O GUZMAN YitomeJoramiento Frijol F1topatología Frijol DDUGLAS -LA ING- -­ RAFAEL LABERRY F1siologia Frijol Programa de Pitopatologia CARLOS J. MEDINA S • .JOSE IGNACIO NuREz Agronomía de Fr1Jol Entomología JORGE PERA MARIA TEItESA }log!a MP~TIN rp-AGER M. 'LUIS ROJAS Asistente de Invest1gación Fitamejoramiento Frijol en Frijol, Y~lz AsocLsdos AART van SCHOOl\ROVEN FI:RMNDD TA1::::GA'.I V. EntamDlogía Frijol Programa Agronomía de Frijol CtrIIJJ:1't.'1O VALE 'iC lA ANGELA TASCON FitomeJor~m~ento Frijol Programa de Fltopatolog!a - 1lECTOR VARGAS KAZUO YOSHll Prograca oc rnto,ologia Programa de Fitopatología JULIA t:~!l-'" ZURIGA DI:. RODRIGUCZ Documentación eu FrLjol ! ! • ESTUDIOS Ell Fhaseol..:ls vul~3ns L. SOBRE EL COi\rROL DJ': LA ros CA BLA!~C~ Berll.S1a ti} bacl. ( Lre=) EL LA ZOI\A SUR-OPIEl.TB DE -= GUATEl:ALA. Por: Freddy Alonzo, InC. Acr. F1t.; U.Sc. Entomolo~o Pro~ama Frl.Jol l.C.T.A. Introduce1ón Los pr1nc1pales problemas entomo16G1cos del frl.Jol Fhnseolus vul~cr1s L. en la zena sur-orl.ente ael país lo constl.tuyen - en orden de 1rupor"ancl.a la ch1charr1ta verde 3mxoasca s~, el p1cudo de le va1n::;. A!Jl.On ,od':l¡un (\l:;>gn) y la mosca oIanea Beml.sl.a taoaC1 (Ge=), uor c .•a r presentes como n1as3s en cá si todas las áreas en donde se cult1va esta legurol.nosa. - Cons1derando la L':lportanel.a de la mosca blanca por su dl.str1 buc1ón y daño económ1co causando al frl.Jol en ésta zona, el­ proyecto de entooolo~ia ha pretend1do encontrar, a corto ~la zo, un control qui~l.cO adecuado y ec~n6ml.co. En la busqueda de un control 1nte~cdo, ha tratado de conocer la fluctu3c16n - de las poblacl.ones de-este 1nsecto en el transcurso del oiío de acuerdo con las d~ferentes cond~c1ones cl~mát~eas ~revalen tes y con la :;Jresenc~a de hos:ederoo. CO'110 una pro:;¡esa. para - reduc1r el uso de pest1c1das, ta'llblen se ha propuesto ldent! flcar fuentes de res1stenc1a en sermoplasma nac10nal y prov~ ñlente de otros centros de 1nvest1-ac1ón. Control QUí01CO de B. tab~C1 Fedlante la evaluac16_1 ce 1DsectlCl.ot"'S ('t'e hast(l al'lOra se re portan en al unos pe1ses cono los más efectlvos en el control de la mosca blanca y la ch1charr1ta verde (Bonnef11 L. 196~; Cernell y Soto, 1970; Ambr1z J, 1971; Diaz G., 1971a, Dicrz, 1971b, Ramlrez J., 1971; X_aneí!:', Diez V 1'011na, 1971; Schoon hovcñ A, 1975), se re!:'11z~on en el rulo 1974 ensayos re~11cñ dos en estaclones ex.erlmentales de I.C.T.A. lcca11zadas en­ MonJas e Irala, r,uate~a1a (Ln este artlculo se presentan so­ lamente los resultados obtenldos en r'onJas). Los estud10S cons1stl.erOn en la eva1u2c16n ae nueve 10sect1- cldas asperJados a los 15 y 30 d!2S después de la aleobra y taoblen en la evaluacl.6n de tre5 1nS€ct1Cl.CaS fTanuludos apl~ '. t • cados en cinco e;:oco.s d~fel entes (al mo,oento de la sle¡:¡bra, 7, ~4, 21 Y 28 días desnu~s de la m~s~a). Los c~seños e7pe­ r:Lllfen-¡;ales usaaos fueron res-ect~va:llen"(;e el de bloauez al - azar slm~le y el de un arre-lo conb~natorlo dlstr~bu~do te~ b¿en en bloquez completos al azar. - La siembra se h1Z0 con la var~edad rje,aro Jalpataq"l,.1a a 0.4 Ill. entre surcos y a 0.2 !:l. entre plantas (2 [Tanos por !:lata), prevla:.ente feTt~llzado con 195 K~ por Ha de 16-20-0. En ambos ex erl,1en-¡;os se to¡:¡ó COtlO lnd~ce de eflclenc~a de control, la-frecuencla de plantas con !:lOSalCO dorado. Las - d6s1s ~sadas por hectarea, de los lnsecolcldas evaluados en ambos ensayos se presentan en la Taula 4. Resultados y Dlscus16n: ~n base a la !:lenor frecvenc1~ de plantas (Tabla 1), con mo­ s~co dorado se encontró en la evaluac1ón de lnsectlcldas - asperJados. que ¡,'evaslstox, se u~do de 1 uvacron y Fo11mat dl! ron la 2eJor protccc16n contra mosca blanca con 3, 8 Y 12 - plantas enferl:las respectlvanente por ~arcela de 12.8 m2 • Debe notarse ~ue el ~eJor rend1m~ento (Tabla 1) se reelstró con Letas~s"ox (854 K€!Ea), que fué el trat~lento que tuvo la ~recuenc~a ~enar~de plantas con mosalCO dorado. Respecto a la eval~ac16n de tres 1nsectlc1das granulados y de cinco elocas d~ferentes de ap11cac16n para el cortrol de las !>rlnc~}ales pla~as del fr~Jol, se encontró (F~G.l y Ta­ bla 2). que ?ur~dcn y Th~roet d~eron la meJor protecc16n co~ ~ra ~osca bla~ca, SlCnQO esta super~or cu~~do:la apllcac16n se h~zo al fondo del surco al hacer la sle bra (11 y 14 plcn tas con mosalCO dor~do por parcela de 16 m2 resrectlva~enteJ. T10dan (al lfUUl oue el test~~o), tuvo mucho mayor frecuen­ C1a de plantas con ¡:¡osalCO dorado y una ~endencla no defln~ da por epocas de apllcaclón. En Telac16n a la lnteraclón lnsect~c1das-er,ocas de anllca-­ c16n Jara rend~~~ento (F~~.2 y Tabla 3), sé encontró-~ue ?u~ raC.an y Thlmet apllcados al mo;;¡cnto de la Sle'llbra, fueron - los meJores tretallentos con rendl~lentos de 518 y 429 k~lo ~os por hectarea, respectlv~ente. - Los rend~Dl.entOi!l re~ortados en ambos ensayos (asperJados y granuladcs), sor. baJOS deb~do a aue el p1cudo de la valna - A. -odmanl. 'ller>:!6 los rendlmlentos en un 21 y en un 70 " res pectlv~ente (Tablas 1 y 3). ~ste lnsecto no se contro16, - • .-0...'.:..' - ...... *_...; ¡: ...,.:c~ I(':- :us. .h'. ':¡ "... . :.. .. ~- ... _ J. _ ...J_ ... __ ... _-' !'o::::..,~~ :./ 85'- 620 581 523 ,30 C1....":GI::?O¡: - 100 L79 ~I?T~JV, S.~. - 95 452 - . ~!O3l; ... 35 /25 3o'"~ 2& ~3..)~I~ \ ..G ::..l) !;::'S:::IS-:> (:;,-:.:J;,) .-=Jl. ...'.: :9r.'..-............ -,¡_~V _" "0'" T' ~. u ... -_..~..J .-.."...;' --.".... -.. ~- -.... ---'- -- ... '-,-,-- = 12.S - 2 X;r2 = ::'01.32 ..,;:20.05 = 23.21 ' .- . • F~gura 1.- Tendenc~a de la frecuenc~a rro~ed~o de ~lant~~ con noon~co dorado (en 16 m2 ) en cinco érocas - de apl~cac~6n de tres ~noect~c~d~s rranulndos. ~onJas, Jal. (5cp.-D~c.) 1974. 70 Furndan - - - - Thl.met ... " -- - - T~odan --.- ..- - -' o• Te?t~go=7l.79 plantas con mosa~co ~O lt ro.s 7 14 21 28 d~as Epocas apl~c • • Apl~cac~on al momento de la s~embra 'rabIa 2.­ D~scrl.m~n~Cl.ón de nro~ed~os de ~lantas ~on mosa~co dor dorado (en 16 m2 ) en cinco e~ocps de apl~cac1.6n de tres l.nsect~c~das :Tanulados. }lonJas, Jal. (Sep-Dl.c) 1974. Insectuada From,. Epocas Th~~et ror2uan ~l.odan l!!poaa Al momento de la sl.embra 141 ni 50 251 7 dias deopues 34 361 57 43 14 díes des-:Jues 33 441 57 44 1 21 dí::::: deorucs 36 591 52 49 28 dí::.s desrues 451 611 50 52 1 Promedio !or Insectl.cl.da ...-R- 42 .2.L rToDe~o del Test~ro 69.7C Dl.fer~c~as ~ara l.nsectl.cl.das, Fara aFGcna Y Fara la ~nte~c c~6n l' " ~ota: Datos redondeados. -5 - • P¿gura 2.- ~endenc~e de rend~m~ento nro~ed~o de tres ~nsec t~c~das granulados a~l~cados al suelo en cinco-­ épocas de apl~cac16n cor.tra B.tpbac~ y E~nopsca ep. lrtonJas, Jal. (Sep.-D1c.)-1974. 500 Test1go = 47.26 grs. 450 Furadan 350 \ - --- Th~met \ -:- - TJ.odan \ 250 \ \ \ \ ~50 -... . -- - _._ 50 --.-- _t_ ~. ..... -. '. IJ.S+ 7 14 21 28 dias Epocas de Ap11cac~6n + Ap1~cac~6p:lll momento de la s~embra ~abla 3.- D2scr1m~nac16n de promed~os de rend1m~ento (Kg/Ha) dados por los 1nsect1c~das granulados evc1uudos con tra Bem~sJ.a y Empoasca en cínco e~ocas de apl~ca--= c~6n. I.on;¡as, Jalo (Sep.-DJ.c.) 1974. K,;ZEa E:¿ocas Th1met Furi?aan tioG.(1I1 I'ro:::!}/ ,SrOCD Al monento de la sJ.embra 429 I 5181 81 4111 7 días deS'üues 174 2141 54 176 14 dú:.s deSTues 107 1 122\ 42 107 1 21 d!ES de~ues 74\ 124 72 97 1 28 días desllues 33 931 60 84 I Tro~eC2D nor InsectJ.c~da 163 213 62 Fromed~o del TestJ.Go 49 D2ferenC1as para J.nsectJ.cJ.das, rara erocas y rara la 1nterac­ o~6n + + Grano d?lsdo por A. rodmanJ. = 69.6~ l;ota.: Datos redondeados • por'conve~r mas hacer anál~s~B de reB~dual~dad en el grano, de los 1nsect~c~das apl~cados, pud~endo la asperc~6n de otro, alterar la res~dual~dad or~b~nal. En relac~6n a ésto; se en­ contró (~ab1a 4), que 30 días despues de la cosecha, tanto - los 1DSect~c~das asperJados como los granulados apl~c~dos al momento de la s~embra. su res~dual~dad fué m~n~ma (con excep c16n de Sev~n que tuvo 0.132 pTIm y de Fol~Dat que tuvo 0.1 = ppm); tal es el caso de Ilietas~stox, de Furadan y Th~:net 11.110 ~ueron los 1nsect~c~das que d~eron meJor protecc~6n contra .mosca blanca. Debido a que el peaueño afT~cultor de esta zona labora bene­ Talmente en terrenos con pend~entes :!layar de 8 ~~, el autor - cons~dera que las razones por las que los ~nscct~c1das eran~ lados le son, más prOM~sor~os que le. asperJados son las s~­ EUientes: 1.- Alteran menos el equ~1~br1o eco16g~co, pe~~-­ ~iendo as! que la~ poblac~ones se manten~an a un n1vel más - baJO; 2.- El trabaJO de asrers~ón en estos terrenos es muy - d1~~c21 y muchas veces ~Dpos~ble; 3.- Se d1f~culta ~a obten­ c16n y transporte de afUa para as~erJar Y 4.- BaJO ~a cond1- ci6n de losrarse una ~ezc~a homogenea, pueden apll.carse Jun­ tamente con el fert~ll.zantet reuuc1endose así, el costo de - aphcac1ón. F1uctllac16n de robla~ones de ~ tabacl. Estud10S real1zados con otros l.rsectos por var~os ~nvestl.ga­ dores (,l:!.1~~a::ls 1940; lcerkl y Per11ner 1955, Hard1no ~961; W~de 1952, K~ec~er et al 1964, ~h~p Y Earhart 1967; Snow et al 1968, Jop~son 1909-,-Le~sh et al 1970, Suarks A. 1972; Y AlCnza 1973 E-'~), se~'o.lan la l.!i_'oRancl.a {}.1 (;: t~enen las coDC1cl.ones cll.matAcas prevalentes, así como el tí~o de tre~ pa, 12 altura y orl.entael.6n de la m1sma, para 1ncrenentar la captura. ~ound (l~62), en un estud~o sobre la sencl.b11l.~ad olfatato-­ T2a y a colores de la mosca ole~ce, encon~r6 que B. taoDC~ - es atraído. por dos sru~os de luce~, el azul ultrnv~olet~ y - nOT el es~ectro de ~artes a.erl.l1ns. Ana,a (~?73), est~Cl.~r­ do 1a ntr~cc~6n de lo. mosca blxnca a dl.ferentes colores usa­ -do CODO adherentes capa de vasell.na y acel. te lubr~c~te 1.0. 30, reporta que el ~7ar~110 2601, es el color ~ue mas las -­ atraJo. Ta:!lbl.en ~nd1ca que las tcrJetas de cartul~no coloca­ das soore o al n1vel del follaJe del fr1Jol, tuv1eron mayor captura.. • ~BLA 4.- TI:S1J~ LI~~n (~j~) D-T~~~ J.::. 11 ~r S - :~I ..\ JOL ~LC:O 2J ~I.~ D~3.~~~ :;~ ~t\. . 00..; ... C::J.tI.. o I!.. ~C~IC!J_ .. De::._T" "'~"/ ,.J., .._ , !'ln ¡:S~3IS":C:: :1-25 LOO -;:; l" ..~.. ,., l\1JV.f..C:::!(i!~ - 50 1 .. 50 1-.:; O~v:;b Jtor~--;-l - 80 0.33 1" 0.100 w.:::V:II\ S.?. -75 1.35 , .... -" 0.3.,32 CAP.:BlCílO:\ -100 1.00 ,_-v , :'7> DI ?T ,,? :"1' S.P.-S5 0.75 ..... -.=o ~l) 5.'ICD.d.l\ 35-E .. C. ~.50 ,11 ; L""D i'bJ.';30:; - 600 1.00 .... _v 0.051 il:r¡,:::C:aC¡T - 100 "O .10 1-:: l;I) _.0' JruE!..:;,)A:;;" - 10J 20.0? ."'" 1;:J ~HTI-:-:-:1 _ lOJ 20.00 .~'-" ~ AJ = :"0 D~T:;O': ... 3L~ 11 a::C!5IS E_~:;:::C.J. . DO.:> EOJ. 21:.. ! ~o~_:c~:o L-¡:I~IC:"_D\) D:! CC1-:L:iC~ :J3 -.:.:_ _: ~':St ':I1 I~~}=--:LO "J..:!t ~_ :':"1) :u~LIJ ..~. , DIP~~C¡C: G~¡~~~ ~~ ~:~¡:vIC5 ~~ 3~~~~. C~~2. -9- • En un ~ntento ~or perfeee~onar el método uara estud~8r flue tuac~ón de pobíae~one~ de mosca blanca, se eotud~aron baJo­ cond~c~ones é.e ca'U"o (0.5 Ha semúrado con la var~edad J::uno.­ pa), en lonJas, Jc.la:;2 las dl.ferenc~as entre el empleo de - tres fOrlas de tr::.:;¡"')as (re c-¡;an.:ulare s , cttb~cas y c~línfr~-­ cas), a 15 altur2s Q~st~ntas (de 0.1 hasta 4 m), prevl.~ncn­ te plr.t8d2S con a~ar~llo 2501. Ta~blen se trato de conocer la varUlc~6n de l.ls pODl<::c~o!lcS (le mosc::? ola.lca y estaDIecer co~o las conUlC~O~CS cl~~6t~cas ~revalentcs, así co~o la pre senCla de hos: eaeros, afeeta."l GU ¡:Dundanc~a. - La ~nstal::'.clón de las tr2.lllpSS en el Cru:l!)O se hlZO forrando una "X", altf'rnando las ulferentes fOrl!l2S y alturas. Los recuentos se h~c~eron cada 24 horas, de lunes a Vlernes (a a slba¿o cue.ndo fué posl.ole). La hor¡: de recuento osc~l'O entre las ü y 9.30 A.! 'f anotrulCo dc cada tr~~pa el nt~cro de ~ taoac~ cupturCClO. Tan !'ronto se tcr,nnaba el recuento, se re~ovian los ].no' tos atrapedos y con una brocha se agre enba ~ás aoherente. - Los de.tos CllT\Sto16'ucos (1) de tel'lperrn;ura IDllllIDa, maX:Lma y Jlro::;ed~o, dada en OC, (2) de hw:wdad rel¡;ot~va m~n~"a, má­ x:una y .-ro' edl.o, dnda en I~t (3) de veloc~dad del v~ento m1- nllJla, JXI6x~~ a y uro-oed1o, dada en Jan por hors t así co'~o su - dlrocc~6n rrcco'nJ..n::i.iite, -se tOi"pi'on dlUrl2.r¡1Cntc del -rep;lstro­ de la estac~6n netcoro166lc~, local~?ad," a 800 ID apro),~mada )l'Cmte. Resultados y Dlscus16n De los reGlstros de captura re~lJ..zado Dor las ~r2mnas a d1- ferentes alturas (T2D12 5), se ~ncontr6 que las trampas de fama cúbl.ca ca"tura:'c n 27, mó.s que la de fOr"lA. c~líndr:Lea Blenda la C.~fereDC:La mayor, resl.ecto a las de fOr'1'2 rectnn­ pulal'. La ollcnt<,c16n ce la tr2.;ra que tuvo ~o2..o: c..nte dos - caras res~ccóo Q la Ullccc~6n ¿el V:Lcnto, fué dotermln~te ,¡:ar:! ~ncrerentar la cc-tura. 1,['s trru:l:9cs C1.ue cubr~Lron con sus dos ccras los ~Ul" os cnrc~ncles lorte-~ur, que es de -­ donde provlcncn los Vlcntos dO~l.nan"es en esta localluad, l.l'1crer:cntaron eu ca:::tura en un 24 pOI clcnto. La prueba de ~ndc~endencla de X2 (Tabla 5), he~hu con los to-¡;ales de l"osca blanca captvr:;.dos por las tra¡nras de forma -...,- ..;~..!.v _")_ " J.1U .. ~ .!' .J~ 1":_L .. : .. l ?O ..: ;.(, ___ :'::", ... J": (i) , ,- ,. .:J~ --~• ~ _y I-.d.. \ _ .. C:.!.,:" __ l. v 0",,---,0 e , \:2,. V- .... ) t-'::- ' J \ ) ( -) y 0.1 f"/i t 6 ¿J) 7f¡G lJ(;2 26.:í.5 0.2 137 ....... ,,.. .1¡¿ 220 12) 10 .. :~>~ 0.3 2::>5 2~ j 275 9380 23.10 O.l. 162 12:; 102 346 8.52 0.5 155 115 ._.., ._, .0. 14', 3.55 0.5 1?6 Sl 11 C' --J 129 10.5ó 0.7 167 :'L :3 101 1 0 .-)J .").lC} 0.8 155 101 129 _" -9v" 3.13 0.9 :"l 5 77 -.L7 ,' 232 5.~ 1 LO 105 r.l".v 2.91. lo5 37 0.91 2.0 33 0 .. 01 2.5 lA o. :{ 3.0 :!.1 0.27 L.O :1 0.27 _e ~J:;::O -10- ¡:~ ... \.-~?o cúbica, ~nd2can C~e es1..adistlcumente la altura de la trnnlua "~A es ~nrort'1.Ilte ta'::olcn poro. au.,cn-¡;= la C2.9tu.ra • .1:.1 60 ~ se - - 1lt;~ captur6 de 0.1 a 0.3 n, el 3$. de 0.4 a 1m y solamente el - 2.if, de 1.5 a 4n de altura. La cantura del 26 ~ del total, a O.1m de altura, su"lere que 3. tobnCl pref2cre volar a nlv~ les vaJos, resul"vados Que no concueraan con los rO'Portados por A'=l~ly::J. (~973). _ ur.que le. captura de 1L tab:::,cl, fué re1a­ tlVO!lente l'lU1J.;¡a '). nlvelcs sUDcr.'J.orcs de l-:5i:¡;-es f ..:.ctlblc que dJ.chos :LrlSf'ctos apro" ('c_~en corr1.cnt es de alre Dura TllOVJ. l:l.zarse a mo.:yore¡; d:l.sto.."lcJ.us. Lo anterlor es algo quc val-= dría lB peml lnvcstl,<:'"ar. Las llne~s do tf'h00nCla do pro~eu1.o semanal 1/ de teoperatu ra (OC) ,.de ht1..1!e(, _d ::-zlatrta e,,). de velocld2d L.ol Vlcn GO - (ko/hr) y Lel to~al de lluvla re~~str2d~; Qsí como el prome d10 ü:tarlo por tr::?.>;lra U9 tlOSC'1S bloncas, C81:ltur::-Qos en tr:::LS nas de Io~a cúo:tc~ :tnstaladas ñ O.lm,dc altura, se yresen­ tan en la ?~[l.lra 3. En 1~on;¡(;.s se re,"':tstraron del 8 de Ju1l.o el 6 de Dl.C1en¡bre,­ cua-¡;:re crestas !!lEyores de !=oolacl.onos, c01no:tdl.endo dos con cad3. clclo de cult:t"o do fr1jol. Las prl.lliOraS dos se regJ.s­ traron del 29 de Jul10 al 3 de A~osto y del 19 al 24 del ~1 ti::no nes, con prO'1(tuJ.OG_C:e cG:Dtura cr1ar:ta Dor tr1JJ!glu de 56- Y 78 ~dul tOG, rc~ :-cc. t~vr lente. lns \,1] "tltl2.S dos crc.st['"c oc - prese:naron del "{ 2.1 12 Le OC-¡;'vbro (.on 73 ,-'dultos y la 1)11;J. !:la del 18 al 22 de r,ovlct'bre con lL19 2cluloos nor tr['!:¡-c'l. La :;>r1>'10ra cresta ocurrl6 C' ando el c1)l t1v o (sl.o,llbra de Junlo­ Asonto) estaba en oJote (vnl~as de ~~os 15 días de cocd) y la sc;ur..da cu~uo el fr~Jol es":",2bn f\rÓ}~l~O e cosecn8ISc. En la sle::lbra de Ge 'Ur,do (::'e:'o l.onOre-Dl010TlOrc). se re "l.str6 la prlLlerc., c\lC-<"1do el cult~vo tC'r:ía 27-31 días de ec.ad y, - la se.:<.ndr una ne¡::;:ma o..'1to<:; oc la cosecha. Se!;Úll un cstl e~o c:e rcco¡,ocJ. "l.ento 0C hos:"ouC'ras de B.t"b~Cl y de~. f~bac, lec.1J.z~do lor el 2utor (19í4), el frlJol l:e­ -[;rO :t:oes uno. no:::;redera T'rei'erl.C. . ,l de :l.ta'leol, y el: el vallo de lor..Jas, la ]:'resene~a de C:!.-lTOS cul:¡;J.,r ~o~ con t:-bf'ea (J~­ cotl ....; :'1. tpb'1.cl....r1) y ce tOfl ")l;C (T¡ucC" or'J"tco 1 <:;culcn"tup), asr co~:.o 1 ..... 1 rc~cnC12 oc 1 t3 ¡ "1 e z .... .3 (0(,,001110 \ .. lCz Si ):> Gel - g~r<"':l!Jol s~lveztrc (. cllcJ1i.hus ::;n) son has eo~r:ls 11.)S CO¡"lunes duro:n·.c el 0.10, 'or lo Oh'; ..,on 1'1_~ li'TlOrt;:"1ics .!; 2.ra la'J f'O­ bl~cl0ncs ce ~.tcb~Cl. 11 Los "t'ro¡-'eLl.OS c.e cnd::-. f petor cllt,6;tl.cO 1 recooen <).e 1'J. e:::;; !:lU é:el :"ll'C--edlO dl.!TlO, Ul.Vl( l.00 entre el Durcra OE: d:L:w. • , .:l. _lOe...::; ,"- .. '(' '1 >"1 r _ ...-... -_ }- ----..l.. '1 t.. .... 1974. l~o. {i.~ ~. 1_O1.>:..1 ::'::..> se '< __ .._ (", ,:) -.-.- ~ - v .. \. J - ... -':.lo v (: C_ _- '/úr) _t._. .. ¡J_~v ... _ ..... _Ol. ('-'O) ... 2L - 9 ''t ,. A? " ". ....... \ /"-../ --- c.~ - 7 "- " ,. .. /." ,,~ ~~ , " '" /' .> Jt'- '\: 20 - .- :,:: : ". ~ . - -;¡ - G ~ .!-3 , ~ l' 1 , "$ " - ;:; I • 1 I <;;:. 7) - ~'I r , , I \ ..;:¡ o I ' <:' ,J ~, ~ ~ o 1'\50 I I \ I so , l' I ; I '7J /\ -'­ 5G , / ". I 3:.1 • ' . ,~ \~ 1:1 1 \ X\ , ,I 1 ~ "",,· ..,. ____¡ w_-., ___ ___ _ ~ ---~ ~ , M,.. . ,'".' r -; ,- - t'- r' r 1', I I ,, , - , 1 (..., - "\. '- r' ,\, .-. "" - , . ,,, " ti ~ , '" . , - , ' '" ~--- --- - ~-- --- -- ----- -1-" - • Respecto al efocto Que tuvleron las condlC1ones CllMátlcas, sobre l~s crestas y Qescen~os de poblaclón, so observa (Flg. 3), que :fueron SC"lOJ2.ntcs en atlbos C::-50:3, excepto l)or la -­ preolTltac16n. La lluVl~ rué ~enora1mcnte más ahund~~tc d~­ rante las se:"anas Que antecedlcron a loo desce.1:30S COTAO du­ I rante éstos, en compnraca6n con 186 ¿os semanas anallzadas • para ~~da cresta. En las Tablas 6 y 7, se presentan l~s vvrlables del factor lluvla Que lnfluycron sobre las crestas y descensos de po-­ bl¡:;,c16n. Las variables del 12céor de lluVla mis adversas rara las no blacl0nes ce ~. t::-b2.Cl, parecen ser le. lntcnsléind ce 12. lli:l= Vla seCU1áo d~ la ~u12c16n de la mlorra. Lluvlas reg1stradas por esrac10 de 35 m1.nutos a 8 horas p0:t; sc'nano., t8.ntO en la semana ant~rl0r al descenso de nob1ac~on co~o en ésta, a ~n tens1dad c.e 5 a 11 riL1 por hora, - redUJO 1D pob1a.C1ón de ::'du;!; tos desde el 41 hasta el 82 :por c1.onto. Las venta~~s de (5te tipo de estud~os son" (1) Pcr~~ten OTlentar el uso de 1.nSee_1C1.o::,S a éDOCDS o~ortlL~O&, (2) Por !laten reLt't.lr el 1'1vol de noolc.clones med1é.nto 01 control = de h05_ oceros al ternos, (3) I'crlillt en_ U5::lr c21en"ar1os do -­ s1e~bra como ~étodo de control lnte~c.do Y. (4) rerm1.ten en evalu8c1oncs de ser~Op1c.s~D, pro ¡\) ¡..:¡ I I I t ........ ¡ ! I ~ I l I , I ( , L I : !r I I ( I el 11...J ('l <1 f( .) '1 , t I "H U ~ .. l-' f\) W l--' ~}..J U .... I l 1'" Vr' o , Iu' . C' p' • t ... , H 1 CI lo I o lJ o o ().) o trtlll pl~ I I I ¡ 1 I C' o t~ t- I LV 1 j 0.1 J-I t\') ~ r.J " r1 (j \.O O\J1 o:> N 1-' ,()k • Ul )-1 t , j ti o 1..-..1 ~~I- }-l t'" r... I CI Ol \)10\ t\) ~I ~ ,.,tJ 00 \ •••• " ~- tL" oo -.3 oo t ... o 0"\ 'v < I 'J \J') Lv \.O (i) ~ I ;~ l.J !.J! ei.;l i ..t. !~ 1) • ~A~ 7. -"1_-~3..¡_~3:":'S IC::L :. J:0.') :':'Ü\lT..'- 'Jl;,.::! ¡::-~~-Y3:l0_- ..;O:;:<;..,..¡ LA.S c .." '-'.J __ .. ..i :L. . : c:...:. .. _O~c .. ~ .J~ 3. ~ _: e::.., -':1\ J:C: J .. _~; J.U. J.97~. 5LrúI.:..cl. .AL~-_: _~ ¡.~··.. r'rI.A j :"'0 .. : .. 0 • I .. /:=~ JI:!) ..... ~ '" ~: ::. ) :J_-o'; ;,' i:Ol'.S l..l~ / El'" « 22-27 JUL:O 6.0 l 3-4l 1.62 22 JUJ-J. 3 ....,.. t~r +q 46.43 8.7 2 1._15' o". ...o.. .-.) l2-3.7 .r.3'03J:'O 19.2 2 5-00 • 0,1 ~.v • 19-24 J,.::W5-.:0 .... 26.92 3.2 1 O- -¡..-LI L..68 s:;r. - I 30 5 OCT. 6~2 4 1-38 3.7S .L ,.} 7-1.2 OC:1.T.,:¡l?3 38.7: 0.7 1 O-lo ? -;¡" ...... .J;) 11-l5 l\CV-¡:- 3:1: 0.0 () 0-00 O.GO~ l8-22 : .: \ I ..... ~2RL -r 33 .. 25 0.0 O 0-00 O.ü.J • :DIJ.CI:..\: t\, JE S::..sJJ:O: y v""\- .:.:..:...." :t:'1. .. ... ...., ... ~) "'~ ..... ...,.¡ ... -'_~...,¿ ... V_J. 30 t'""¡- ------¿" EV::i.. I: J3..)::.. ¡ n.r:.:'J ..~ ~T.J. .(J._'~ICICI~....J I 3 R3P. I 10// ,,. _-_, \ - \ I ¡ • ,¡? ROD:. S:, ILu.. , i",~S. CA'..~-2'"'O ~::. ---.. ------¡ í 1\0 :':- .2",,-' • 10 v..~ . / , \ ....r,1 S -ú- -'. .~ : ..... _! .t\X.--.J: 30 J: ~5 I ~--.........~ --..........- :. -~, ..... -~ ....... ~",..,....-- ,....-~...-",..,.~-- t--_ .... _........ . '" , ¿.V ~\!J.. T2 .. t.t' ....... ~~-~'_~r~_ (:::>-,1. ¡rI) .. ) r:J). J::?UZ .. ,.:" I.2;< ~os L... - ............r.-.-~., ,,~. ... ____ "-_~ ¡~~~ - ~V. .". !-1. ,......-__ ..... "" "" _"""'-.-...r t J .:;: 5.. L! ~, -'"' O l.L j)~?2 ! o;.-.._~ ........ ~. ...- .... . .., .. rI ?-,~:--:: - ...J_..J. V_lo. ~~--------------------- ~~~~ • !!Iosea bl~"lc2 y de la ch~cha!"r~tr verae ET:l'lo1Jsca 61) ( ..l Of\ZO F. 1914!:!:), Y a un cstud~o de fluctuucl6n de :¡:oD12c~oñes ta~lb~en de estos elOS L'sectos (Alon:zo F. 197 4b) I se aflrlla n.ue r!1a-­ seolus vul~cr~s no es ~a hos~edera preferldu Le BeDcsla:- El autor con:ndera, Tor recJentos de n~nfas efectu:Jdos en evelv3,cJ.ones de .:;cr ....... or1aSI'1O', Q'le es rosJ.blc encontrar vr!rl.e­ dade~ con nlvel alto,de no-~refercncla para OVlposlc~6n 7 -­ qulza t~blen lcra al~rentac~6n, con lo cual se reduc~ria -­ conslilerablcncl:'te la frccuenc~:J de ulanto.s con l'losa~co dora­ do; así co~o el uso de ~nsectlc~úas: a sol~ente epocas en - que se presenten al tas poblac~o11es. Tanblen, ~uede ser roslble elevar 12 no-preforenc~a para in OVl.pos~c~6n y .ill;::cntac~6n a un nlvel nás 211.0, 'l\ed~n.l1te la cruza de los oaterlc1es selecc~on~dos cono nrOD1sorkOS seD2~ do de selecc10nes ~nd~vkduales en la progenie (PI y F2). - La tarea seria Dvcho nás ftcll, s~ la no-rreferenc~a n~ra - all.¡:;c.ltarse y :para ov~pos~tar estuv~er?...n ,obornadas 1]01" ca­ racter~st~ces norfolós~cas o de estructura d~ferentes. Esto per::ll.· urip (De Cl.lante la reco~bln¿ck6n gél"'l.ca .l.nduc~da lI1ec:.l.C!?: te cruzarJlento::,~, la conccntrac.L6n en al"unos ~llUJ.V~uuos, de un mayor potencJ.al pera no prefereng~a (varJ.as caracterl.stl.- cas relac~cnao.as). _~ - - BIBI.IOGRAFIlL ALONZO F. 197Aa. ReconocJ.'":l~ento de hos~ederos de .§.tabo.c~ y E~~o~~c~ S~ en-el deper~QIDento de Juo~~~a. Guate~ula. (cín 1:uOIl.oo.r) : SpT>. ALOKZO F. 1974b. ~luctuaol6n de poblac~ones de ~nsec1.os-pl!:!: ras Que atacnn-a1 fr~Jol rhrseolur: ·lll.tl"'l'rlS L. en ¡ onJas, - Jplar:a, Chu~ur ula. JU. '..1 -.Jl.o. Ini. tccnlCO • rovecto J:.nto::,ols:. eía, Iros. ffrlJol I.~.T.~. pp 29-63 ALO}ZO F. 1973. :stud~o de la fert1.1~dad natural de Hel~o-­ thl.9 Zf'? (30dc!lc)y de la lnf1ucncl:' de los factores D'cteor,2 16"l.c"(.)Ssobre la d~nánJ.ca de 1-a "Oobl(?c~6n en Anod8ca, r• • L. Tésl.s. ::::;5C. A<;ron. Illt. Tec. ¡-onterrey. N.L. (sin pub1~car) t!ex. pp 3-97. A]¡AYA R. 1973. Influcnc1C1. de colores e11 la atracc~6n de la mosca bl~~ca Be~~s~a t2b~c~ (Genn) en fr~Jol corÚll. XIÁ Reun. ]CCI.JA.~n :pubhwr) pp 6. A1lBRIZ J. 1971. Combate qU~M~CO de la ch~charr~ta de la v~d en la comarca larunera - Resuoenes del pr~ner seMestre. Dep. Ent. I.N.LA. (sin publJ.car) S.A.G.- 1 éx~co. pp 44-46. l' BECK S.D. 1975. Pes~stnnce of plants ~n ~nsects. Ann. Rev. - Ent. 10: pp 207-32 CEmSLI tr. Y :JOTO R. 1971. Control del v~rus del amarülento nel tomate por ~ed~o de ~nsect~c~dos s1stem1cos ap11cados al suelo. R. Bo~otá, Col. P9 10. DIAZ G. 19710 Combate cuím~co de la c~1charr~t8 del fr~Jol Err:üoa3ca foh'2e Harr. :(Fonoptera Cl.cade11l.d::te) en el bOJl.o. Agrl.c. ~ec. en Léxl.co. Vol. IrI 31: pp 93-94. DIAZ G. 1971b Oo~bate de la chl.charrl.ta y conchuela del fr~­ Jol en la re::;~6_1 del baJío, Pesumenes del cc~.mdo semestre.­ Depto. Ent. r.rl.I.A.- S"LG.-'- i~énco. pp 15-17. HARDIrO J .l!.. 1961. Effect oi' rc~¿rc.:hon, tem1)era~ure ana pre­ c~pl.tatl.on on thr~ps populatl.on l.n soutn TOXDs. Jour. Econ. Ent. 54 (1): PP 77-79. JOHSOIl C.G. 1969. r~:'TatJ.on and dl.8rersal of :!.nsccts ay fll.­ ght. the !ethuen Co. London. y - 727. EIEC:KFLSR R. Y h::J)LtR J. 1964. Some E"1VlrOIl."'Iental F.'.. n p t' 0l_l C~,"."-) 1.l:1 P 9 ... IJlr-ht-trC.:D ~llvestl'-::['"tJ..on a.t 19:, Lur:!.n- 1954. Jour. ~ccn. 1!OUIlJ L. 1962. Stud~es on tIlo olfact~on =d color sen~atl.v~ ty oí' Bc,"~s~a tabac1. Gen..'1.. Lxt. ;;;::9. Apll. 5 (2): pp 99-104. Amsterdan. ~All~~R R.H. 1968. Insect rCSl.st~'1.ce l.n crop pl~'1.ts. Tlia ~acml.11en Co. ed pp 305. R.I\1TREZ J. 1971. Observé'cl.ones ."rehml.narcs en nla;::as de frl. Jol y su control, en la 7enl.l1sula de Yuc~ten. Reu. !rl.Mer -­ Ser¡. Dcpto. Ent. IliIA. SAG - i ex. pp 26 - 27. SCHOOI\LOVEi. A. 1974. Rcsl.stance to tr~ps dv.:n2f:e in easava. Jaur. Bean. Ent. pp 728 - 730. SCHOOHHOVB1'- A. 19752.:Plazas del fn;¡ol común. Phuseol,lS vu;L­ garl.s. CIAT. (s1.n puoll.ccr). pp 9. SHIP O.E. Y EAPHART R.J. 1967. Comparat1.ve seasonal :¡.bundance of Hell.othl.S 1arvue l.n cotton f1.elds 1.n Texcs on Ar~ansas during ~lli~ler 1964. Jour. Econ. Ent. 60' pp 393 - 98. SF071, J.,í. ct 21. 1968. I'opulc.t1.on of fall army-'Iorn, corn - eaI1qo~ and sv:arcane borer ~'1. Sto Crol.x. U.S. V1.rbl.n Is1and. Jour. Eeon. Ent. 61: 1757 -60. - SPARKS A. 1972. Hell.otnl.s ml.-::ratl.on, dl.strJ.but~on abundc.nce and control of rlell.o"h1.s s~ec1.es in cotton and ooher host plants. Bu1: 1909. pp 1,-17. vILD~, R.A. 1962. A note on co10ur preference oí some Ro,op­ ~ers ar.d Thysanop"ers ~n Br~t~sh Coluob1.a.Can. Ent. 94 (1): p 107. I'lllLI.,\rs, C.B. 1940. Ana1y::ns of four years ca:ntures of :Lnsects ::I.n a lF"nt trpn. Pai;. II. The efTect of vleather condl. t~ons - on ~nse~ts ac"l.v1.ty, =d the estr"a.t1.on ar.d forcnstl.ng of change 3.n tne 3.l1sect nopulat1.on. Roy Ent. ::'oc. Loudon. Trena. 90 (B): pp 227-306 . GENETIC METHQOS OF INSECT CONTROL WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE BY P. S Benepa 1 \}- VIRGINIA STATE COLLEGE ~ PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA INTRODUCTION: The use of chemlcal pestlcides to control pests of plants presents a great problem of tOX1C resldues to personnel using the chemlcals as well as to the consumer of the harvested plant products In addltl0n the use of pestlcldes causes development of reslstant strains of lnsects, outbreaks of secondary pests resu1tlng from the destructl0n of thelr natural enemles, and slde effects on non-target organ1sms 1nc1uding man Often the pest populat10ns qU1ck1y return to hlgher leve1 than befare treatment There 1s a1so dlrect danger to human hea1th 1n the appl1cat10n of pestlcldes Thus. the hazards from the use of pestlc1des to control pests of p1ants cannot be overemphaslzed In certaln cases the chemlcal control of the pest 1s very d1ff1cu1t because the piants are harvested dal1y and chemlca1 resldues occur Control methods such as genetlc res1stance 1n p1ants need to be exp101ted Insect reslstant plants do not harm beneflcla1 insects, have very 11ttle effect ln disturblng nature's balance between destruct1ve lnsects and the1r natural enemlCS. They are co~pat1b1e w1th other control methods (chemlcal, b10log1ca1, or cultural) Even 1f the effectlve and safe 1nsect1c1des become avallab1e 1n the dlstant future, a 10g1ca1 analogy would be "Why to fight a flre 1f a flre proof bU1ldlng 1S poss1ble" Insect res1stance 1nvolves m1nlmum productlon costs as compared wlth the use of chemlcal pestlcldes to control 1nsect-pests -------- -2- The total cost of research ln the Unlted States by Federal, Sta te and Prlvate Instltutl0ns 00 four lnsects of economlC lmportance (Hesslan Fly, Saw F1y, Alfalfa Aphld, aod European Corn Borer) ha ve be en $9 J ml1110n However. as a result of thlS effort the savlngs passed on to the consumer by , ~y of lower food prlces are estlmated at $310 mll110n per year Tha net 1, , p~ off, thus have been $300 00 per $1 00 spent on host plant reslstance Tbis i5. of course, ln addltlon to savlngs from el1mloatlng chemlcals and , their resldues. and futura safeguard agalnst lnsect-pests There 1S, thus, l, presslng need to search for and maiotaln poss1ble sources of genetlc reslstance Locating reslstant germ plasm to lnsects 1S the ldeal way to safeguard plants against losect-pest losses and at the same tlffle preventlng po11utlon of the enYironMent and health hazards to human belngs ¡- GEJlETICS OF ItlSECT RESISTANCE - !' The ploneer work on lnsect reslstance was done ln hortlcultural crops on [ wooly apDle aphld {13} and grape phyl10exera lO 1854 (9) HO~lever, as of now horticultural crops have fallen farther behlnd ln lnsect reslstance studles than fleld and forage crops ¡-: , - A signlflcant progress has been made lO developlng varletles reslstant r l. ¡ to lnsects ln cereal and forage crops and varletles reslstant to HeSSlan f1y in case of wheat, and spotted alfalfa aphld ln case of alfalfa are extenslvely gro~'n (12, 15, 25) Whereas there are on1y few vegetable varletles aval1able which are reslstant to lnsects Slmllarly there lS need of extenslve search for genetlc reslstance of plants to insects ln hlgh proteln legumlnous crops of economlC lmoortance There are many references ln 11terature on lnsect reslsiance ln vegetable crops and varlOUS reVlews have been publlshed (1, 2, 17. 22, 23. 24, 25, 26) but only a few thorough stUdl es have been made to -3- screen for lnsect reslstance and to determlne the nature and genetlcs uf 1~sect reslstance Benepal and Hall (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) have made se,er,1 stJdleS to determlne the nature and genetlcs of lnsect reslstance 10 ve~ec3! le crops Stoner (26) ln a reVlew wrltes that reslstance to 37 lnsect sp~Cle~ 1~ 25 vegetable erops have been reported but ~ost of these studles are bcseú Jn 2dapted varletles and lloes Hardly any effort has been made to foi':. search 10 depth and to malntaln germ plasm fOI lnsect res1stance There 1$ a baSlc reed to locate geoetlc reslstance ln plants tI.at could be further ~til1zed 10 develop1ng res1stant var1et1es and help reduce health hazards due to pestlcldes (18, 23, 26) After the aval1able germ plasrr 15 scrrened :-ui reslstance has been found, the next step 5hould be to determlne the g~retlc basls or inherltance of res1stance The ch~lcal basls of reslstance ru. . aho be very useful ln screenlng for lnsect reslstaoce apd ln breed.ng -:;~rams lnse~t res15tance 15 a complex of ~any factors and 1S affected D} ,"--!:;US enVlronl'lental factors such as temoerature, hllJnldlty, fertl11ty ,)f ~-, e:c Bes1des. b1010g1ca1 forms of lnseets add to the complexlty of ~ ~rQL'e~ H~we,e-, the fact that plants d1ffer ln thelr res1sta~ce tr re:ognlzed as ea r ly as 1778 (11) As deflned by Palnter (19; "la-ls SO'TIetlme mal escape ln'estatloO' or 1l1Sect da¡rage eJe :1 - "lG~S reasons Thus lt dees not necessar11y Mean t~at In a ~~sceptlble '-'f'~: a plan~ not lnfested lS l'eslstal't 1 t canf'ot be overemkhas lZec tl'i'- Pnys101og1C11, "!le , Jrtural c~ora~~ers are related to reslstance to lnsects - <, -4- reslstance 15 a funct10n of the genes Wh1Ch determ1ne the hered1tary characters of plants It 1S, of course, a natural development by evolutlon whlCh may be further explolted by the plant breeder A knowledge of the factors contrlbutlng to lmmunlty or reslstance and the condlt10ns WhlCh lnfluence these factors are valuable but not essentla1 (2,21,24) Slnce var1et1es of flheat and alfalfa have been evolved wlthout any deflnlte knowledge of basls of reslstance At the same tlme the need to paya speclal attentlon to the bas1s of res1stance In crop plants cannot be overemphaslzed The flnanclal llmitatlons rather than the need, has been the cause of not havlng well balanced 1nsect reslstance programs The real > l progress ln thlS area can be expected on1y wlth a comblned concerted lnput ¡ ," from varlOUS dlsclpl1nes such as entomology, plant pathology, plant breedlng. genetlcs, plant blochemlstry and plant phYS1010gy and argan1c chemlstry A know1edge of genetlc basls-ls very essentlal for a11 genetlc lnvestlgatloñS---- and extremely valuable to a plant breeder The genetlc analysls can help ln dlfferentlatlng reslstance mechanlsms occurlng slmultaneously ln a slngle t straln ThlS can ln turn lead to a knowledge of the cause(s) of reslstance Thus, a relatlonshlp of reslstance can be establlshed wlth phYSlo1og1cal and b1och~lcal characters of crop plants The reslstance of plants to dlsease and lnsects has been developed by natural selectlon and evolutlon Slnce the reslstant plants could have been exposed to a glven lnsect or dlsease for a long tlme Of course, the Opposlte could be true ln case the host plant lacks necessary reslstance to the same pest, nnd may be reslstant to other lnsects No doubt there are problems ln WhlCh lnsects reSlstance offers an ample Solutlon and ln many cases lt 15 pecessary to select plants wlth falr degree of reslstance combloed • \ ,-t;; other deSlrable characters rather than to have thE' ¡"S"é, re: sta .. ce. I¡r¡mune varletles are very rare Reslstance C.J ?S T-r-.umty or as low as a httle more than 10\'1 susceptabl 1 ~p,~l of reslstance could be of great economlC value from t, ~ The host plcnt reslstarce 15 no~ , c~~trol method, however, ,nsect reslstant varletles do offo, e .]. 1:::~t1al 1" effect,ve lnsect control and must be lncluG\..l Breeding for lnsect reslstance 15 not baslcally dlffe r c. for various other deSlrable tnl1ts In plants ~lany lntern.:' jr, • ~: ~e respcnslble for host plont reslstance It lS des,"" :1 -, '" ~ 'e~ desirable plant characterlst,cs ~hen breedlng for 'rs~_ ~~-st~nce from a plant lacklng deslrable characterlst1cs f :. .al1t.f can be transfered to a~ot'1er cOIT.nerc1ally ac:c, ' ;; --;;~''''lg. selectlon, crosslrg follo\<'ed by select.on,-a~,' ~ ',:cd ln developlng varletles reslstant to lnsects ;! 1$ a waste of tJme and effort to attempt to breed '- - , __ I -eSl ~tance can be faund 1n SO'lle van etj al reacJ - - ,_, 1n t¡'e country Thclefore, one lPust look for "''C' Tte Ilext step ,houlé be to mass sc"'een piar\. - l:ountri es I-'owever, 1t 15 "ecognlzed that the 'nt _,,- -:-~4S 10stances of lnsect reslstance belng obtalned ~ ~ -clectlon 15 the slmolest q,ctl-¡od of ootalO1ng plant., r . only be practlced lf there are adequate lnsect ,ro' -6- plants Art1f1C1al lnsect 1nfestatlons can faclllte the progress of selectlng reslstant plants However, thlS method 15 llm1ted by the extent of genet1c reslstance carried by the heterozygous varlety or plant lntroductl0n Crosslng followed by selectlon has Ylelded excellent results 1n the development of res1stanee varletles The obJectlve of hybrldlzatlon 1S to co~b1ne ln a slngle varlety the deslrable characters ef two or more llnes, varletles er specles The pedlgree. bulk and backcross methods have been used successful1y ln developlng reslstant var1etles. Multlple reslstance to insects could also be accompl1shed by recurrment phenotype select10n. Synthetlc var1etles of alfafa wlth reslstance to more than ene lnsect-pest bave been developed In breed1ng for res1stance to lnsect-pests efforts should be made to locate and comblne as many 50urces of reslstance as poss1ble to have a bread genet1c bas1s agalnst blQtypes Of eourse. lnduced j mutatl0n lS the on1y avallable cholee lf no genes for reslstance to a speclflc l insect-pest are aval1able In a crop plant GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PROGRAM AT VIRGINIA STATE COLLEGE I ¡ The research programo Plant Cerm Plasm Resources For Improved Qual1ty and Food Safety, was approved by the Cooperat1ve State Research Servlce, U S Department of Agrlculture ln 1972 and 1 have been dlrectlng thlS program I 1• ~ . Slnce ltS inceptlon The follow10g research proJects have so far been f ! developed 1 Genetlc !leans of Control of Insect-Pests Through Res1stant Plant Cerm Plasm Resources 2 Cenet1c ~1eans of CO'ltrol of Dlseases Through Reslstant Plant Germ P1asm Resources 3 Bl0chemlcal Components Especlally Prote1o and Quallty of Proteln of Selected Plant Ger~ Plas~ Resources -7- The primary obJectlves of the research project, Genetlc Means of Control of Insect-Pests Through Reslstant Plant Germ Plasm Resources, are as follows To locate sources of reslstance ln plants expeclally vegetable crops, and legumlnous crops of economlC lmportance To determlne the components of reslstance lnvolved To malntaln and share reslstant germ plasm wlth other lnterested sc1entlsts A team approach to the problem of control l1ng lnsect-pests and dlseases by reslstant varletles and lmprovement of nutrltl0nal value of selected crop plants 1s belng establlshed The present research staff at scientlsts level on the research program 15 as follows Program Leader Entomolog1st Plant Patholog1st Plant Blochemlst Plant Breeder Post-Doctoral Fellow (Blochemlstry/Physlology of Insect-Dlsease Reslstance)- - Post-Doctoral Fellow (Organlc Chemlstry) Post-Doctoral Fellow (Ultrastructure-Insect/Dlsease Reslstance) The fol1owlng facl11tles and maJor equlpment wlll also be avallable Scanning El e~tron ~h croscope. Aml no ACld Ana lyzer Wl th 1n tegrator. GC-Mass Spectrophotomer. Gas Chromatographs. Gralo Quallty Analyzer (for mOlsture, ash, protelo and 011 determlnatlons etc ), U V Vlslble Spectrophotometer wlth Klnetlc System, Infrared Spectrophotometer, Ultracentrlfuges, Electron Area Meter, Cllmate Control Greenhouse, Permanent Germ Plasm Storage, Camputer IBM-370-25 etc PROGRESS MADE Bean Phaseolus vulgarls L and cabbage BraSSlca oleracea var cap' tata L ~ere lnltlal1y lncluded ln the study, whl1e soybean Glyclne max L -I ----­ -8- (Merrll1) was lncluded durlng the year 1974 The maln lnsects under study are mexlcan bean beetle lncase of bean and soybean and cabbage looper and imported cabbage warm lncase of cabbage 1 wlll, however, restTlct my di5cussl0n prlmarily to the control of meXlcan bean beetle by reslstant varietles. An elght feet observatlonal row of each of the cult1vars was planted for study under fleld condltons of natural 1nsect populatlons A comprehenslve record of botan1cal characterlstlcs and reslstance of each of the cultlvars to mexican bean beetle was made as shown ln 'Key' for Entomologlcal and Botanlcal characterlstlcs on the followlng pages In addltlon, dlsease resistance ratlng5 were a150 taken as glven ln 'Key' (ltems 39~44) lt 1s a150 planned to study the followlng blochemlcal qual1ty characterlstlcs of selected llnes ffiOlsture, ash, total carbohydrates, dletary f1ber, 011, proteln. and amlno aCld proflle:- - Sorne 5,652 cult1Vars of beans were acqulred through the courtesy of Pl ant Introductlon Statlon, U S Department of Agrlculture, Washlngton State Universlty. Pullman, Washlngton and varlOUS seed companles Durlng tile year 1973. out of J.340 collectlons screened, 117 showed a follage damage of 0-10% Joder fleld cond1tlons of natural lnseet popu1atlons (Table 1) Whereas 4,140 cultlVars were screened ln 1974 out of Wll1Ch 144 showed a damage ratlng of 1(0-10% follage damage) The overall Hexlcan bean beetle damage was approxlmatel 20% greater durlng 1974 tilan ln 1973 1,338 cultlvars were screened dur1ng the year 1975 and 37 showed a follage damage of less than 10% Thus about 5% of tne total germ plasm screened have been se1ected for further detal1ed study. A no cholce feedlng preference test under controlled condltlons 15 being conducted on the selected cu1tlvars A dual crolee test on all selected ¡ -9- l<.EY ENTOMOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS BEANS 1974 1. SERIAL NUMBER 2. PLANT INTRODUCTION (P.I.) OR VARIETY: ce = COMMERCIAl CODE UNK :: UNKNOWN 3. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN* AFG = AFGAHANISTAN PAR == PARAGUAY AFR = ¡E!G :: ENGLAND AFRICA HK == = ¡AST PAKISTAN ARA EU == ~ERU == ARABIA e = THIOPfA ~ IS = HILIPINE ISLANDS ARG == ARGENTI NA RENCH CAMER. OL == OlAND ~~~ N= RANCE AIf€ = ASIA MINOR == ARIZONA =:: GEORGfA PP~ ~ ==== PPOURETRUTGOA l.¡.{. ICO I~~ ~ ~~t~~e~I~ONGO = ERMANY R = RUANDAA-URUNDA = REECE S T == SOUTH FRICA El = tlELIGIUM ~ = tATAI1UlA se = SCOTLAND Ol = OLIVIA CAMER ~ ON =:: ~AOINTDI S~ == SPAIN = RITICH =:: URAS 6 == SOUTH RHODESIA I~ = RAZIL == SWEDEN U = ULGARIA U~ :=::: NUNDGlAA RY := Sw 1T ZERLAND ___ . '-'u~ == URMA - I == RAN YR1A frAA == ~AlIFORNIA =:: TALY ~ == ENTRAL AMERICA == tHAlLAND CA ~ ~~~~ AN == ANZANIA eH == ANADA UR == URKEY == HILE == ENYA UGD == UGANDA rPN == ~HINA EBANON UKR == UKRAINE erlt! ~ = HANNEL ISLAND i = EXICO USA == UNITED ST. OF = OlUMBiA 1~ = AINE AM~RICA Cq = COSTA ¡{¡CA ND~ ~ORTH DAKOTA USR = UN. o~ SOy. ~OC. tS E =:: = CZECHOSLOV~K = EPAL REPUBLlC SOCIAUST I{EP. E = ~IEETW HERLANDS UTK == UNITED K. OF ~U~ = CUBA 'rHe = HAMPSHIRE G,8. & N ~;: 1 "" DErlllAPK = 'ICARAGUA = VE~ == VENEZULA E':::U ECUADOR ir'lX = EW ¡'JEX 1C O WG == WEST l:íERtlANY EaF == ~AST AFRICA OB = ~'ORWAY ~P. = WEST PAKISTAN ~';jy = GYPT YK == E~I YORK YUG == YUGOSLAVIA ÉLs = L SALVADOR ~AL == AlESTI NE ~BLANK REPRESENTS COMMERCIAL VARIETIES. -10- KEY q, MATURITY: E::: EARlY, M ::: MEDIUM AND L = lATE 5. HABIT OF GROWTH: B::: BUSH, R ::: RUNNER & P ::: POlE 6. VIGOR: 1::: LEAST TO 5 ::: MOST 7. UNIFORMITY: 1::: lEAST TO 5 = MOST 8. PLANT HEIGHT (CMS,) 9. RACEME LENGTH: 1::: 4) 2 = 4 TO 8, 3 = 8 TO 12, 4 = 12 TO 16, AND 5 ::: 16 CMS. 10. FOLIAGE. 1::: lEAST TO 5 ::: MOST 11. LEAF SIZE: 1::: 2.5, 2 = 2.5 ro 5, 3 ::: 5 TO 7.5, 4 = 7.5 ro ID, AND 5 ::: 10 CMS. 12. PETIOLE LENGTH: 1 = S, 2 = 5 TO 7.5, 3 = 7.5 TO lO, 4::: 10 ::: l2.5 AND 5 ::: l2.S CMS. 13, INTERNoDE LENGTH: 1 = 2.5, 2 ::: 2.5 TO 5, 3 ::: 5 TO ID, 4 ::: 10 TO 15, ANO 5 = 15 CMS. 14. BRANCHING: 1 = LEAST TO 5 ::: MOST 15. FLOWER COLOR: L::: LAVENDER~ W- ::: WHITE, y ::: YELLOW, PR ::: PURPLE AND PI ::: PINK 16. POD SET: 1 = LEAST TO 5 ::: MOST 17. POD LENGTH: 1::: 5, 2 ::: 5 TO 7.5, 3 = 7.5 TO lO, 4 ::: 10 TO 12.5 ANO 5 ::: 12.5 CMS. 18. Poo HIOTH: 1 = 0.5, 2 = 0.5 TO 1, 3 = 1 TO 1.5, 4 ::: 1.5 TO 2, AND 5 = 2 CMS. 19. POD BEAK: 1::: 0.5, 2 = 0.5 TO 1, 3 = 1 TO 1.5, 4 ::: 1.5 TO 2, ANO 5 ::: 2 CMS. 20. POD CONSTRICTION: 1::: LEAST TO 5 = MOST 21. POD COLOR: 1 = LIGHT GREEN, 2 = GREEN, 3 = DARK GREEN, 4 ::: YELLOW, ~ = SPLASH, AND 6 ::: PURPLE 22. Pon SHAPE (CROSS SECTION): 1::: ROUNO TO 5::: FLAT 23. POD CURVATURE 1 = STRAIGHT TO 5 ::: CURVED 24. Pon STRINGINESS 1::: STRINGLESS AND 2 ::: STRING 25. Pon Fl EER. 1 = LEAST TO 5 ::: ""IOST KEY -11- 26. SEED SIZE: 1 = LEAST TO 5 = LARGE 27. SEED SHAPE: T = TRU=NC ATE, P :: PLUMP J Ov = OVAL; F = FLAT; AND Us OBLONG 28. SEED COLOR: ~ == FlECKED~ B = MOTuIL =ED , e = STREAKED, D = BROWN, WHITE, = TAN, SP~ASH, H = RED, I = PURPLE¡ :: BLACK, :: GREEN, AND L = YEllOW. 29. MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE (NATURAL INFESTATION): 1 = LEAST TO 5 = MOST 30. LEAF HOPPER (NATURAL INFESTATION): 1 = LEAST TO 5 = MOST 31. PREVALENCE OF INSECT DAMAGE: NUMBER OF PlANTS PER CULTIVAR WITH MeXICAN BEAN BEETLE INFESTATlON/ NUMBER OF PlANTS PER CULTIVAR. 32. INTENSITY OF {NSECT DAMAGE ON LEAVES: NUMBER OF DAMAGED LEAVES (LEAVES WITH A MINlMUM OF ONE CENTIMETER SQUARE OF TISSUE DAMAGED) ,U RANDot4lY SElECTED LEA VES PER CULTIVA 33. PODS DAMAGED: 7t ~ g8T$o125%/25==lR78T ~02~5%,36==2BoT~o3ga%. = 6 TO 70%, 8 = TO 80%, 9 = 80 TO 90%, A~D 10 = 90 TO 100%. 34. lEAF HOPPER DAMAGE (VISUAL ESIlMATION OF HOPPER BURN ON lEAVES). SEE !)CALE 55. 35. MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE DAMAGE (VISUAL ESTJMATION OF LEAF AREA DAMAGED BY MEXICA~ BEAN BEETLE 33 ADULTS AND LARVAE) SEE SCALE • CO/tBINED DAMAGE RATING: THE ADDITION OF RATINGS FOR LEAF HOPPER AND MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE). 37. OVERALL RATI NG LEAF HOPPER: H. S. = H1 G HLY SUSCEPTI BlE, S = SUSCEPTIBLE M.~R. = ~lODERATELY RESISTANT • = RESISTANT H• • = HIGHLY RESISTANT 33. OVERALL RATING = MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE. SEE SCALE FOR 37. -T2- KEY DrSEASE RFSISlANCE: 39. RPHOAOSl EROOLIl AENuDs A~_~_y__~ 0S'-?5__~_~_ i_ F. 1 = HEALlHY (NO DISEASE) = SLIGHTLY DISEASED SOLAfH ~ = f'¡ODERATELY DISEASED = SEVERELY DISEASED = PLANT DEAD qO. ANTHRACNOSE COLLEClOTRICHUM = HEALTHY pons (NO DISEASE) LX ND EMUIHEANUM. = SLIGHTLY DISEASED = MODERATELY DISEASED = SEVERELY DISEASED = POOS RQTTING = NO DISEASE SYMPTOMS = FEW LEAF SPOTS = MODERATE NUMBER OF LEAF sp, = NUMEROUS LEAF SPOTS = SEVERE LEAF SPOTTING 42. BEAN MOSAIe VIRUS: = HEALTHY LEA VES (NO SYMPlOP ~ = SLIGHl OISEASE SYMPTOMS = I-IODERATE DISEASE SYMPTOr~s = NU~'EROUS LEAVES SHDWING - DI SEASE SYI1PTOM'i 5 = PLANT WITH SEVERE DISEASE 43. BLACK ROT 1 -------- 5 XANIHO!WNAS CAMPESTRIS 44. BLACK LEG 1 -------- 5 PrOM L¡ nGAM -13- TOTAL NW1BER OF BEAN CULTIVARS ACQUIRED, SCREENED AND SElECTED 1973 1° 1 (j- :: ~~ 74 , CULTIVARS SCREENED 2,340 4,140 . - , .,j,)~- CULTIVARS SELECTED FOR FURTHER STUDY ~ZZ lq4 77 '-'- -eTAl NUrlBER OF CULTIVARS L\CQUIRED 5,624 -14- cu1tlvars wl11 also be made A susceptlble varlety wl11 be lncluded a10ng wlth the selected reslstant cu1tlvar. It 1S posslble that a comblnatl0n of susceptlble wlth reslstant or moderately res1stant could be used as a cultural control method especlally ln k1tchen gardens or on sma11 farrns A partlal 11St of comparatlvely reslstant germ plasm of beans to Mexlcan bean beetle screened under fleld condltlons durlng 1973, 1974 and/or 1975 is glven in Tab1e 2. A heavy lnfestatl0n of Mexlcan bean beetles eXlsted durlng the years 1974 & 1975 The same fle1ds were used dUflng eaeh of the years for bean plantlngs Slxteen cultlvars showed less than 10% follage damage durlng two or three years of study A prellmlOary study was done to determlne the non-preference of Hexlcan bean beetles to 31 se1ected cultlvars wlth a d~nage ratlog of 1(0-10% follage damage) A randomlzed complete block deslgo wlth ten rep11catl0ns was used. Eaeh treabnent cons1sted of a leaf from 31 genotypes screened durlog 1975 The flrst mature leaf from the top of the fu11 grown plart WnS used Each leaf was placed ln a transparent plastle cup 2"xl" Slze contalolOg dlstl11ed water ThlS cup was placed ln another 5"x4" clear plastle cootalner wlth a perforated l1d Qne adult MeXlcan bean beetle was released on each leaf The leaf consumptlon was determlned wlth the help of a gnd after 24 hours of ~lex'can bean beetle feedlng Leaf damage (cm2¡24 hours) on each cultlVar 1s glven 10 Table 3 There was a slgnlflcant dlfference ln Mexlcan bear. beetle feedlng preference for varlOUS selected cultlvars The leaf consumptlon varled from 0-7 on2/24 hours Accordlng to Duncans' f1ultlple Range Test the flrst 13 llnes dld not dlffer slgnlflcant1y, whereas the last three cultlvars were most preferred A feedlng of 2 cms 2 of follage was consldered low Atleast TABLE 2. COMPARATIVELY RES 1 STANT GERM PI-ASM OF BEANS TO MEXI CAN aJ:MI BEETLE SCREENED UNDER FrELD CONDITIONS DURING 1973, 1974 AND/ OR 1975 (PARTIAL LIST) CULTIVAR DAMAGE RATlNG1 CULTIVAR DAMAGE RATING P. l. 151392 1 P.I. 290996 1 P. l. 152211 1 P.I. 299382 1 P.I. 174910 1 P.I. 308900 1 P.I. 183343 1 P.I. 309695* 1 P .1. 195350 1 P. l. 309706 1 ~. 1. 201331* 1 P.I. 309879 1 P.I. 201380 1 P. l. 310778 1 P.I. 206223* 1 P.I. 311824 1 P.I. 206979<> _J P. l. 311862 1 P.!. 207212 1 P, l. 319608 1 P.I. 209489 1 P, 1I 324600'" 1 P. 1. 20geOl <> 1 P.I, 326347* 1 P .1. 228558 1 P. l. 338972* 1 P. l. 250166* 1 P.1. 339423* 1 ~ P.I. 271501 1 P,I. 352753* 1 P. l. 281595* 1 P, 1. , 368061* .1 P. l. 281999* 1 CCOO 37* 1 ceDo 75* 1 lVISU4L EST¡MATION OF TOTAL LEAF DAMAGE ON A SCALE OF 1-10 AS FOLLOWS 1=0-10, 2=11-20, 3=21-30, 4=31-40, 5=41-50, 6=51-60, 7=61-70, 8=71-80, 9=81-90, 10=91-100%, *CULTlVARS SHOWltiG LESS THAN 10% FOLlf\.GE !)Al1AGE DURING TI~O OR THREE YEARS OF STUDY. -16- TABLE 3, ADULT MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE LEAF FEEDING PREFERENCE ON 31 BEAN CULTIVARSl (No CHOICE :ASIS) 1 S. No. CULTIVAR LEAl< DA1>1AGE S. No. CULTIVAR CMs¿/2LJ HRS. 1 CC0078 0.0 17 , 207211 , 2.1 2 CC0037 0.4 18 207186 2.1 3 306151 0.6 ~~ 1 352753 2.3 4 250166 0.9 , 306153 2.3 ;, 5 CC0075 1.0 21 i 310897 2.3 t 6 311862 1.4 2:: > 313608 2.4 7 311824 1.5 2 l 310695 2.4 / 8 299389 1.5 21 ,' 299386 2.6 9 313882 1.5 2 309698 ~-3.4 - 10 299383 1.7 2,, 309879 3.4 11 ce0036 1.7 2 361505 4.4 12 339491 1.8 2[ 313709 4.8 13 281999 1.8 2~ 361171 5.9 14 3263'47 1.9 30 247699 6.4 15 345577 2.0 31 361504 7.0 16 282108 2.1 - lALL CULTlVARS HAD A LEAF DM1AGE RATrNG OF HO 0% LEAF DAMAGE) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. -17- the flrst 13 11nes appear te be reslstant The experlment wll] be repeated with 4 Mexlcan bean beetles per leaf rather than one and 1eaf consumptlon wl11 be determlned wlth the help of an electronlc area meter Ihne of the 53 cultlvars os soybean screened durlng 1974 had a damage rating of 1(0-10% follage damage) and appear to be comparatlvely reslstant to Mexican bean beetle (Table 4) The Mexlcan beetle 1eaf damage was co~paratlvely less en seybean as cempared wlth en beans An effert was alse made to deterffilne the effect ef Mexlcan beet1e foliage damage on productlVlty and qual1ty of bean seed and the results are shown ln Tables 5 & 6 Slffiulated lnsect damage condltlons were created by rer.~ving 6 5. 13 O, 10 5, 26 O, 32 5, and 39 0% of plant follage Other treatments were natural Mexlcan bean beetle lnfestat1on, re1ease of 3 MeXlcan bean beetl es per p1 a nt, and 5 Hexl can bean beet 1e s per pI ant The experlments were conducted under ~11 re cages and a randomlZed block des 1 gn Wl th 4 "epheatlons was used The experments were repeated for .3 YPilrs UI100"'- fH!ld- --- ecnclltlons The results lndlcate that 7-10% of leaf damage does not affeet the productivlty slgn1flcantly, whereas reductlon ln plant praductlvlty due to , ratural lnseet-lnfestatl0n (11-20% follage damage) was 12%, and 3 MeXlcan beetl es (31-40% fa 11 age damage) and 6 ~'exl can beetl e (71-80% foll age damage) redúced 28 and 62% of plant productlvlty, respectlvely as co~pared wlth the control (no lnseet damage) There seeí1'S to be a dlrect relatlar,shlp between tl¡e foliage dal'lage and reáetlOn ln yleld In add1tl0l1, tllgher lnfestat10ns of Mexican beetle seems to reduce proteln and 011 content of bean seed Thus a vlsual leaf damage ratlng of l(less than 1GZ fo11age damage) can be safely used to characterlze a plant reslstant Slnce the productivlty and ql.ial1ty of the plant lS not affected slgnlflcant1y at tf¡lS le"e1 -18- TIJ3LE 4. MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE LEAF DM1AGE ON 53 CULTIVARS OF SOYBEANS SCREENED UNDER FIELD CONDTIONS DURING 1975 SOYBEAN DAMAGEl SOYBEAN DAMAGE CULTIVARS RATING CULTIVARS RATING MGG UNEST REDO fE CK lJKYO ~~~~~Y ELLOW }á~í 48~ ~9~~o 0890 1437, 2 l'!'u¡S, U2A ;1 ~ S~6~1ATl2ON0 , Ot5:!= =2A 0S.0C1A L~'8 OE5 01, ~~ 1300 .QASl FOL~OI/SB'= l=0=o 10 ro I 10 10 ~O} ,0 50, = .U1 ro 60~ 7= 60. 1 TO O, 8=/0.U1 TO 8 , 9= liO.01 ro 90, AND 10=::JO.0l TO 100%. r ._ . "'-"---'-~~~~--'-~-~", ¡ • _UIl.U - t; 'III,-U'" J, fFFECr OF HexlCMI [lEAN DCCTLI: DM1AGI: ON PRODucrlVI rv OF BEAN SEED .. t \ ~ r __ ele' $' • , "M,_'t_~". • --" YIELD/PLANT IN G, YEAR 1 YEAR II YEAR II 1 AVERAGE FOR 3 YEARS YIELD %DECREASE YIELD %DECREASE YIELD %DECREASE YIELD %DECREASE % OF LEAVES ~Q;¿EO ONTROl 92.4 21.5 18.6 44.2 6.5 I 91.5 1.2 19.7 8.~ 13.6 26.9 41.6 5.9 B.O 87.4 5.4 Il!.9 30.7 , 11.2 39.8 37.8 14.5 19.5 80.3 13.1 13.8 35,,8 10.8 41.9 34.9 21.0 , I ... 26.0 71.3 22.8 13.6 36.7 9.6 48.4 31.5 28.7 '•" 32.5 68.4 26.0 12.6 41.4 10.3 44.6 30.4 31.2 39.0 65.3 29.3 12.3 42.8 7.0 62.4 28.2 36.2 INSECT INFESTATION NATURAL INFESTATION 83,3 9,8 18.9 12.1 14.1 24.2 38.8 12.2 3 NBB/PLANT 76.9 16.8 10.4 51.6 7.5 59.7 31.6 28.5 6 ¡·1BB/PLpNT 9.1 57.7 6.4 65.6 7.7 61.7 LSD AT .05 5.7 2.1 1.9 3.3 tFFECT OF MEXICAN BEAN BEETLr DAMAGE ON QUALITY OF BEAN SEtD PROTEIN % OIL % YEAR 1 YEAR 11 YEAR 1I I AVERAGE YEAR 1 YEAR II YEAR II 1 AVERA , %~ ~~~Q~ÓES CONTROL 34.2 35.0 35.7 35.0 22.4 21.3 21.4 21.7 6.5 34.2 35.1 35.6 35.0 22.2 21.1 20.9 21.4 l3.0 33.6 34.8 35.2 34.5 22.7 20.6 20.9 21.4 19.5 33.8 34.6 34.4 34.3 22.7 20.7 20.9 21.4 26.0 33.4 34.2 34.5 33.9 22.4 20.7 20.9 l1.3 32.5 33.1 33.6 34.1 33.6 22.7 20.4 20.7 21.2 39.0 32.6 33.7 34.0 33.4 22.5 20.1 20.6 21.0 INSECT INfESTATlQN NATURAL INFESTATION 32.9 34.4 34.6 34.0 22.1 21.2 19.1 20.8 3 ¡I:BB/PLANT 33.0 33.9 33.4 33.4 21.2 20.1 19.2 20.1 6 ~:BB/PLANT 33.0 33.1 33.1 19.8 18.8 19.3 After a thorough screening of the aval1able germ plasm, studles on the nature and genetlcs of reslstance wlll be conducted Induced motants. wh1ch has the posslbl11ty of addlng reslstance wlthout glvlng up the deslrable characterlstlcs of a cornmerclal varlety. wll1 a1so be studled Any reslstant germ p1asm located wl11 be shared wlth otner lnterested sClentlsts One of the maln problems ln a well balanced reslstance program lnvolvlng SClentlsts fro~ varlous dlSClpllnes cou1d be of a human nature The team of scientlst must not on1y be we11 quallfled lO thelr respect,ve areas but a1so uoderstand, appreclate, and coopera te lO a11 phases of the work They should be cognlzant of the dlfflcultles and prob1ems lO other areas thatn the,r own A team splrlt and full cooperatlon among the research SClentlsts worklng as a team 1s very essentlal element ln the success of a research program There 15 a problem of handllng huge data on botanlcal, ento~~log1cal. pat~olog1cal, and nutrltlonal characterlstlcs on large number of cultlvars belng screened As of thlS year al1 fleld data are recorded on preprlnted sneets T~ese sheets are dlrectly used for punch cards When the data for the three years are punched on computer cards correlatlons among var10US , characterlstlcs and reslstanco to 10sect-pests and dlseases anong \arlOUS clIl t1Val s screened ~1111 be deternnned The Plant rntroductlo~ Accessl0ns 1n corta1n cases are qUlte reterozygous Secd fro, dlfferent plants ln súch cases 's harvested separately Eecause of 10'n' $l>pply of seeds. hand plantlngs are done WhlCh take conslderable time fofa} be a counted number of seeds could be put or a secd tape ourlng off season prl0r to plantlng and these seed tapes co"la be lald out 111 fleld at plantlng t'me ln,:ét lnfestatlons have not been a problem u,der fleld condltlons An early plantlng of an alternate row of a susceptlble val'1ety can help -22- lncrease lnseet lnfestatlons. Oeeaslonal replaeement of laboratory populatloos of lnsects wlth those 10 the fleld wl11 be deslrable SUM.'1ARV There wl11 be ao lntenslfled search for host plant reslstaoce to • lnseet-pests and dlseases 10 the future aod efforts wl11 be made to comblne the deslred genes for nutrltl0nal value and lnseet and dlsease reslstaoee to more than ooe ¡nseet or dlsease 10 a slngle varlety The developmeot of better and less tlme eonsumlng methods of screenlng germ plasm w1ll be needed The ehem1cal bas1s of res1stance and knowledge about the factor(s) that govern host speelf1c1ty 10 1nsect pest5 may a150 be very useful 10 controlllng 1nsect-pests V1rglola State College lS trylng to establ1sh a team approach to the prOblem of contro111ng lnsect-pests by geoet1e means Bean Phaseolus vulgarls L and cabbage BraSS1ca oleracea var capltata L germ plasm lS belog thoro~ghly screened for 1nsect-pests and dlseases, and nutr1tional qual1ty The bean germ plasm seems to have potentlal sources of reslstance to MeXlcan bean beetle Further detalled studles under control1ed condltl0ns are needed to select the mast valuable germ plasm literature Clted 1. 8ai1ey, S F 1941 Breedlng vegetables to lnsect attack Jour. Econ. Entomol. 34 352-358 2. 8eck. S D. 1965 Reslstance of plants to lnsects Ann Rev Entomo1 10 207-232. 3. Benepal. P S 1967 Nature & genetlcs of lnsect reslstance ln cucurblts Dlssertatlon. Kansas State Unlverslty, Manhattan. Kansas 4. Benepal. P S &C V Hall 1967 The genetlC basls of varletal reslstance of Cucurblta pepo l to squash bug Anasa trlstls DeGeer Proc Amer ~ Hort. Sel 90 301-303 5. Benepal. P S &C V Hall 1967 Blochemlcal Composltlon of plants of Cucurblta foetldlSS1ma HBK & cucumlS mela L as related to cucumber beetle feedlng Proc Amer Soc Horí SCl 91 353-360 6. Benepal. P.S & C V Hall 1967 Influence of mlnera1 nutrltlon of varletles of Cucurblta ~ l on the feedlng response of ~quash bug Anasa trlstls DeGeer Proc Amer Soc Hort SCle 90 304-312. 7. Benepa1, P S &e V Hall 1967 Blochemlca1 studles of plants of cucurblta ~ L varletles as re1ated to feedlng response of squash bug Anasa tnstls OeGeer Proc Amer Soc Ho~í SCl 9J 361 ~365 8. Benepal, P S &e V Hall 1967 Blochemlcal Composltlon of host plants of Brasslca oleracea var Capltata l as re1ated~ to r€Sl~tunce to ~chop1~sla ' nl Hubner & PlerlS rapae L Proc Amer Soc Hort Sel 91 325-329 9. Borner, C. 1921 Zur Hemlmatfrage der Rebalus (on the questlon of the ori91nal habltat of the Vlne louse) Zeltschr Angrew Ent Ser11n 8(1).163-177 • 10. Brett. CH. et al 1961 Reslsta~ce of squash varletles to the plcr1e worm and the value of reslstance to lnsectlclda1 control !!. Econ. Ent 54(6):1191-1197. 11. Chapman, Isaac 1826 Sorne observatlons on the hesslan fly, wrltten ln 1797. Mem Phl 1 Soc Prom ~ 5 143-53 12. Holcornh, R W. 1970 Insect control Alternatlves to the use of conventlonal pestlcldes SClence 168(3930) 456-458 13. llndley, G 1B31 A gUlde to the orchdrd and ~ltchen garden Longman, Rees. Drme, Brown & Green, London 14. Mangelsdorf, P e 1965 Genetlcs, Agrlculture and the World Food Problem -Pro-c. -Are-r -Ph-ll Soc 109(4) 242-248 . r -24- 15 McKe1vey, J J 1960 Food productlon year 2000 The entomo1oglsts respons lbll1 ty Bu1] Entornol Soc of Amerlca 15(4) 367-370 16 Metcalf, R l &W H luckmann (Eds) 1975 Introductlon to Insect Pest Managernent John Wlley &S ons, New York 17 Nath, P 1964 Breedlng lnseet reslstance In vegetable erops Indlan !L. Hort Se] 21 206-212 18. Natlonal Aeademy of SClences 1969 Inseet pest rnanagement & control Vol 3 5081 19. Palnter, R H , et al 1931 Reslstance of varletles of \~lnter wheat to . hessian f1y, PhYfoPhaga destructor (say) Kansas AgrlC Expt. Stat Tech Bul1 27 ó8 20. Palnter, R H 1951 Insect Reslstance In crop plants MacMl1lan Ca , New York ' 21. Painter, R H 1954 Sorne ecologlcal aspects af the reslstance of crap ¡ plants to lnsects J Econ Ent 47 1036-40 I 22. Palnter, R H 1967 P1ant reslstance to lnsects as app11ed to breedlng vegetab1e crops .:..cP~_XVII,-Int~ Hort CO"9 Vol !Ir 259-273 23. Pathak, M o 1970 Genetlcs of p1ants ln pest management In ccncepts of Pest management R L Rath & F E Gutherle (EDs) Proceedlngs of Conference held at ti C State l!nlverslty at Ra1elgh. N C 24 Snell1ng, R O 1941 Reslstance of plants to 1nsect attack Bot Revlew i 7 543-586 f 25. Sprague. G F & R O Ilahm 1971 Ueve10pment of crop reslstance to lnsects i Paper g1Ven, at the Heet 1 ngs J\rJer Assoc Adv Sel 31 p ¡ 26 Stoner, A K 1970 Breedlng for lnsect reslstance ln Vegetable Hort SC1 5(2) 76-79 i 1 t t 1 f 1 f ; ¡ L J TH8 CONTrOL OF BCAN INSCCTS IN Li\TIN AM8HICA Dr. Léonce BonnefLl This papel'." ~s ~nLented to • be a bé~ef overv~ew of the bean Lnsects pl'."oblem ~n Latl.n Amel'."ica vIl. th an emphas~s t on the nec-essl.ty to strengthen cultural and bl.ologlocal I controls. The protectl.ve role of toese strateg~es has , Lndeed ga~ned consl.derable ~,.,pol'."tance ~n lhese last few yeal'."g. It loS everybod)" s knowledge that because oE the advel'."se cffects on non-Lal'."get ol'."ganisms and lheir ~nsl.- dl.oUS cffect on the total -ecosystem. many pest~cl.de::, a¡;e now b;;1.ng phdseo out el'." are bCl.ng consl.del'."ed for phasl.ng out ln the countr~es whE're t'1ey are I~anufactured. Al though these cempounas cont~nue to be e anon, tlalathlon, 11ethoxychlor. (). There 15 tendency ta be overly alarmed by Lhe specLa­ ~ cular dam, age inflicted by the adults of these beetl~s to the bean follage although t:hf' damage caused by thelr l"rvae to the roots lS often even more lmportant. ~Ihl tefll.es (Aleurotnr~nus). vectors of the golden yo11011 rrosalc, ::!re rrone to develop reSl, te'"1c!> \.¡hen the -5- ~nseet~cldes appl~cations against the other bean pests are exceed~ngly frequent. They can then take up the status of primary pests. Cultural and b~olo91cal contro13 of bean ¡nseet peses Generally, the ~nsect:I.c.lde reeoOlmendatlons have noe var.led sign.lf.lcanl::ly ln the lasl:: few years largely because none of the ~nsecticldes used .ln the control oi the coroman bean in~ect pests has been phasod out or 12m~ted ~n .lts use. Th.ls.lo ~tself ls a favorable sltuat.lOn bJt the end results would be just as s~gn1[~­ cant, less costly and certa~nly casler on the environ­ ment .li the applicat.lon Has made mLoLmal. In particular, spray.lng should be propprly t.lfned. As a rule, 11:: 15 best to wa1t untLl the pooulat~on of a certaLn pese has dcveloped to the pOLnt chat lts .lmpact on the plant ls Injury Level. A good example 15 D1dbrot.lca whlch c 1\ 1 ,1t-lCtl"t._ft:H\ at ¡ !)01..1(..\ 01 COí4f'10n h .. ln lPhl ..~ olu ... VU111. ... !::. L) l,.tl Central .. -\rrL .... ~C:d LOCllLty Al tlluclc R'l"tall SUlt~bllltf for Spec~éS Llfe zona (m ) (mm ) bean prod\.,cC1.on encountered (Holdndge) ros rA h Te \ TurrJ.alba 600 3,500 Not sllltable r phascola" PrCIT'ontané rnOlS t f01Q~t 1,450 2,000 Prcrro .... L,::U:"D ""'i.01 S t íor .... C't 1,375 2,000 I. It1émcl'1,pbJ.­ SubLI~pLC11 ~~ty seo1..::., ~l-tcrrbg a­ het fore~t ~lln An .. onlo 800 1,500 ~ 1 racrn0t'1 j 5ubttoplcal ra~n , secla, ar'ltor rorast 100 1,000 Su~table ~ krae~~rl,~­ Troplcal dry for­ tor b ust, mOLSt prov­ l.nce trans..L tl.on AlaJuela 1,200 2,000 Ver,y SUl tab le I kraema~La ,~­ Subtroplcal humtd rator b, phaóeo la forest L,be"a 300 1,750 Vcry sUltable ¡. kraen2 na, .':!:- Premontanc mOlst [orest, basal be 1 t tt'ans u::l.on S ,n Is~dro 2,500 Very sultd.ble E krúemer1. 1 Trap LCcll mal s t del Gcner'Ü I forest C-:lrtago 2.JOO 2,500 SUltab le Ptcmouta"le m01St: I fu re~ t I 'la t ~alpú 900 1,300 ve ti) "Ull' ai.> L L 1 I".,1Cr>.,2 r .. , ,.- Troplc~l dr] for­ 1::1 c~tt mOlst rrovlnce Somo lO 750 1,250 SUl'Lab le E 1o fes pafo :>.J ~0'10C¡mH.:nto y erl rea en 1érmlnos generale" fu~ el reconoc;rHenfo de caz cQf""'bate luego hablaremos de IDs metodos de las plagas la determlnac 6n ha<;.1a dorde fuera pOSI control oosen adas termmando con una dIscusión b!e de su c!tstribuc!ón fa evaluc on de los da-ics cau ore ve eobre los trabalos que ~e están llevando a el sados por eUas y el íflventano de les Med os de com bo en el Ce'lfrO de Ensenanza e I ¡vest¡gacJon del IICA bii~e taliO fuen~ de mformaclO'1 que u* t¡zamos fue en Turfialba r01 co.nvers&tenes con ieenlcos oe ~get (las guber narrentales \f -port¡culares agen es de ¡:x enslon L¡n que 03 ob.ser 'aclones pe 50nales en el ccmpo y por PLAGAS IM?O~TA'HES DEL FRIJOL EN UItIll'\O la revlStQn de malerlal teCfl!CO ce d!vulgaclcn AMtRICA CENTRAL t~.e complace ür tas gra<:las en esta Opo"lUn¡dad a variOS 1ecf\lc:::s ql.e con Mucha ~entdc2a me prcpor De los 90 v mas 1<1~ectos qvt. alacan ai frqol en Z;:lI.:a'\aron datot. en proceso de recolecc on o ana]'$'s, la Amenc:) lo lI'1a 78 se encuentran con cn:Hla fre y ove no habwm .!Iido aun publica -10S cuenC!a en (en roamerlca y no mas de unos 15 de No se e~raba que es e eConOCI'Ilim o fuera ellos 'j{undlrse c::n slCOS e'L los de Clcltes ente Se ddn t!l me é":)::ICJ ") o a SeGur E Idl tll.cA!hefe;r (1) las C011 ".:Crocer los f!S"t..f"Q:~S ¿e~p;eg"H:¡c.~ pM;> >3,.....,...,l¡jr!as d "¡C"'e5 seca", I Celda hrTlla! el cleS3rrcll? de un.J ,.a sea por con" tCucI6n de U15tllv ... oneiS dedl<:ada:; a f-:J -,1",(lon t,..1~il de eSte II","~!O o rC"' ... cer. t, dones ~.", l' :;g¡:::4:;p:; "r':'' i Se ha eS'fJbleCldo que el outnerlo de hUl11ed¿,\c' s!orc~ de color {HT.iardj() las .tamas moduras cuyos "~" v 1emp~ra'llra durante ...,1 verano haren qtC: el rn<'pc granos han Sido reemplii7ados por fas c.J?fer¡as d~ !':; fY"-' fo salga de tos lugares dondo paso su e<:tado de le lr capullos "aclos artH€u::n l11é1n:h;l"s v Í'1up.)lran lo" ~r", 90 Tanto fas tan as como los adJl10s se 011mentan aguIeros por los cuales saheron les adullos ~ ¿el follale del f,,'ol pOI lo cala mfello' El 1el'do ve El desarrollo de l. poblaclOn de plCvdos .,1. ~f getal es ¿evorlldo en bo(ldas pA alela<: Cuando el mas relaCIonado con el eS1ado Je desarrollo de las ~~ daño esta muy avanz Ido solo ql..ledan parto:, de la vamas que con tus varIaCiones c]¡ma!¡cas ta Infesta ~~~ eploermlS superior y Id" nervaduras pnnclpales y Clon Ee rnanlflesta cada ai10 en la n'usma epoca y las las hOlas 10man enfot;Ccs un ¿¡<;ppclo esquclef ",amas son cevoradas tas o doradillas ;:tbar-:a vano~ ¡:¡secJos ca"'! odas ~ r la Eptlachna varlvcstns es un gOfl$0]O de forma coleooleros de la fiJl1l¡!¡a rhnsomelldae, de los gene ;,: hemlsfen« do color ama,dlo, do 1/4 a 1/3 de pul ros Ceratoma, Al1urcplnilS blemen1e las de mayor dlfuslon por lo rrenos en bIfurcadas cón puntas de color negro Son de forrra Co.sfa RlCil la claslflCoC!On completa y definitiva ro '" t o ... alada de color ama dio Se al ncnfan aCIIvaMente ha 5100 hecho aun En nuestro re:(orndo oor Ctmtro ~~ dura"d'~ unas 2 o 5 semanas y luego se conv!t'?r1en en ame/lca celec ')mos un gran l1J..,mcro de- HpO~ qvc pupa en 1a manera caractenstlCü de los toccJnP!ldo., estamos cla~¡l cardo generafmen e en el envcs d .... la hOla cel ffllOI o de la eáp-eoC! de Ol,)brotu:a que aparenlemenle se otra planta rC~Qedera la larva cementa su parle pos cncue¡""ra con 1T'¡:,'ror 1rCC-,C'l"lCIn t)oclmafH) c:." UJJ. sume ImporfanCH) OCt.s¡on.c'1 oanos. "'emelantc~'" Por lo gereral (4' \ el puesto que p ... e:!e Pegar a Impedir d cuhl\ o del fn flan mucho en colol ~ dlbUjo,,- mide 1/5 de p·.;lga-l¿¡ ¡ol hesta 1/4 MlJy a menudo toman una llctdud de repo l .i¡ Se debe hacer nc'ar (51 que '11,Jch·s veces a la so en el enves df'o las rOtaS y se dejan caer al suelo e~oecle A go!. !terra a una profund! fOS mdl\.ldualnente en Ctit;1 IOd0S lo" gr..,ncs de las dad do:> mas o menos 4 OUIQBdas \tomao;. y las larvas di cc .... C'Ho llar e COr1S n;yen c""ou El daño caus.aoo por la C~rotoma el fodale ~e 110s separados rrucntras qt..C €"'l el ca".o oe A aun pre .. enti) en fOI ma de huecos rna, o r"1enos redondos uakellm la" larvas son greganJ<:' $.t:'> de~arroflaf"l so Es mu¡ fac11 ct::!durdlr este aano con el de ia dora bre un numero 'Tienor de 9fil 10S I pupan en un (oU1) dllla (O¡abrctICa} aunque es1a ui1 ma eo:.rec1t: tiende Uo oe VoHOS cUl"1oarl¡mtcn1os a cerner el borde d'8 la!. ho 1~ o d peCIolo ¿¡¡gUHt.h El ataque r'el picudo crnplPza CO'1 la flcr"\Clon \.E'ces 5er"rancloJas de la rr'afA elel frqol y t>J t:1c1o b,;:..lcglCo del Insecto -;6 nesDrrolla paralela los adultos (le ... Oran r1 .. .'el as vecet; el lallo ~e mente al creotr ento efe la V(url~ íos adullos son las mali1; ¡o\.enes €,)q')ol'l:¡0rdQlps al atdque de bilele t"'l\J} pet'1Uei1os , mloen de ? 50 a 2 SO n nl s.on de nas y hongo .. Qfo( '1enro ca ...... t)r'os nelos blancos las depJí?dac1oncs de las vaoultas y doradtlla& El adulto se alnnenta el""! fol!1tls a loda ,Iase ros Helmthls, laphygma ProdenlJ, F<.Iiui Agrofls , pehgros [1 daño vana con las especIes ele un año al otro '" El mmador de l. hOla (ltrlomyxa sk) pertenece Algunas eSpeCieS se 110111an a corlúr las ¡:;!aI11ttas JI ~fden Olptera y a la familia Agromyzldle Sus lar nIvel de! suelo y COMen muy poco de ellas otr as ; mH1an 01 mesoderml5 de las hOI>:¡S Eslas larvas suben al foUa¡e y devoran ca<:.! toda la superficIe fo 13 ,Has en forma c,¡lndflca pupan en el sucio a po llar otras oermanecen en el suelo y comen las ral 'profllrd,,:tad fI adulto e< una mosca de coler ne ces , (on patas r 1argas) delgadas un,;¡ cabeza rn::s far El cldo blOIQglCO oependc dt. la c<"'peCH? Unas que ¿¡nena Las hembras ocaSionan un danc 11ml especIes se de~arrolbn en pOCi'S ~t>manas otras e 30 ñhr1enlando~e de las hOlas qUlerer' casI un ano Cen pocas v~n('lCtones ~I ñ'I',! El daf'O es mas lmpOllantc CU8t -:10 las plank.$ :oclo (le conllol eS el ml'!.'I\O Dala todas an hernas y salo en ctrcun!llanCfa~ espcclale" al li;S chlcnarnfas celOeldas. lpmb en como ... '1 rlsn un 01\ el pelIgroso Por!o genel al el daño 1ahojas son una plaga ce suma Irnporlancla en fades menos In pC"-1an e cuando el suelo es ferlll y tiene las reglOnes dc·nd-e se cultiva el frllOI ta Chld arrlta a ampfta c,n11rdcd de malena organl!:a la hume Júrde es de m eres piH tlC,J!ar un II1secto homoplc ;;;1 del suelo f(wOíece un creCimiento rapldo de las ro de la familia ClCüdalhd"p, del \;¡€nelo t:mpoilsC1 101 tü$ y previene el a1aque de los !11in.Jdore" Por lo general les snl1i:hO]dS chupan la: saVIa ta mosca blanca es on homop ero de la {amI de ias hOlas l-as cvale<; mues,r¿¡n una mul tl1ud de Aleymdulae. Cerno le Ind,ca el nombre su color punlas blancos peql€nOS Es mu ( posIble que en~ blanquecino pero no es una mosca El coler blan esta forma los Inseclos puedan mfhJlr SObfP el cesa la mosca blanca 'Se encvenf a en casI 10dos los me as se rcauce I 1.0 P(OdUCC10l de vaInas es caq lblcn1es No;) <'e sabe c:¡; cerleza I~ magnitud del nulo No ha I e\ ¡denCla que s,:,an lO ¡celados sl.bs ño que pueden C(d$IOnar poblaclo'lcs grandes ce lv'1cwS 10> Ir,)...) '1 b pia ... 10 '">vnque In stdo dr '""lO", ra :e msecto Por lo n'lenO$ ro fHOCíJre dailosfilJ do que E Sohm ¡l1'rCC1,J d1l1S asa y pO:Hblcmenle In s. "slbles Se debe recordar su") f mo~r00 que es ",ert'"'iaI rol'o flOr mdl de los 1cliJos en -el enves ·rar sJm,larmen.e t:n et frl/ol de la hOia lo Gue OC.1<:.101l8 el arruq"mlEmlo El chmche verde (Mezara \ltrldvla) y otr05 ho No se ha venficlc!o la ras n It¡on de virus p~r =,p'erostJe Ip mltms famllta PentütcmldJc se L cuei1 s3l!aho¡as n~ro es pos¡ble c.ue las t)laf\tas atilc'3das. In en el ..., 01 pero nunca en gf)n pume¡ o al Ir;u,d pOI esos H)<:.(,.c10$ SC'l!"l mas su::.ceDi btes ;. a1gl.rHiS 'e pulgones del ge'1ero Aph.... De md'1cra genelol en(ermedade~ cr!piogüm!eas os ¡n<':.ectos c.hupaoores nO amen an un IrQt¿ln1lento ta chlCharflJa pasa todo s u Ciclo blOlo'JlCO sobre pecm:J en planlaeH~('es comere ales donde se [leJen la mata de ffllol la duraclon de t..,::.Ie C do parect> cabo aplicaCiones para el control de 0111905 de ma vanar con lo" factores ambientales al Igual que ti! r Importa.,clB exprBSlon de JO$ Slntomas sIendo (:,,;0$ mas severo .. El gusano pelJ'Co {Eshgmcne o'lcra.ea) es un !e en lugares callcntes En luga es peco elevildo~ los )Ople:ro de la famtl!B Arcflldae r ... .?d!:' constllUlr m~('cjos s:)n muy ac1lVOS se reproaucen mas raplda i prob!pma muy ser e para tos. PlcdU(foreS de fn¡ol mente y como CQnseCIJenClil danan mas las ma1as de n 1recuertes ~as mre",'aCIOi1e~ fUt: let. y es tan \ o fr'lol ( que puede cle!1 Vlr (:0 nphJIt"lf'''¡.:'' 1te el follil¡e y En f'luc.,fr.J.l pan.ela .. o.1 vade un p Q5110 {Iel f fllo! I1')JY poco tos g\..simos del q nero rSfl!)mCl1e t,cns1!lu\ Lll corn u 1'\ l.l UIl !l1,>CC IQ lcPidop CIO qu:; pe¡ h..i1C;':-C i1 h !ti p1i"ga las Icf\.~s IT\ldcn en plcmcó o 5 Cln ~on {(lm1l1(1 CJcfÍlrcvlldae y ( f¡C'1 ero Last)e¡rCS-ll Segun I cotor cafe O negro COl hne3~ ama lde El ~ldulto luna 0.1 Dr D D"l'.IS {fe la LJ S Nadona' f'l.~eLm es P0:,I manposa qt.'C I.;ne 'as a!os an cnores bhf)CJ~ b e (¡Ve lo pspecle "Ce !"'lUCio a fe El l .... secto h ... ,,-¡do ob ¡unos p!.J""ltos negros} I..,s Bhs IrN~ln<; blvOCH-S "cr ..... lelo h¿:.,>ld e 1 {..¡ 301'\0 ct.: las MM('!; FSlan~os 8C lil hembra y anata"1¡udiis en el ")) enO t,Jaln _11 e el ¡,roceso d~ (le C'fHlIn Jr el LIcio blo109: ta steMbra del f fiel toS mL; a r-L'1lJdo dtaco:b co del para'..1 sobt e !J Co k. \" f.mo', N.o"o.. , .." • • OC,... " = y. o• /3 ti cuello oe las MadH' paraSlk(l as c:c enS? ... ~h1 ) > J. 4 --~-------,--~,~,----~-- ~ ~t,J;: "l-- "' ~. '~;J" í'Om,lclerdb1en¡e r'fe (.Ion de! 01110 pOI es10s ,(¡seclos vana mt..cho sob e :!~~ la prese"1cla de las lar\ as y pupas ,cn 10$ 1Cfldo.:. todo con d IIpo d{.. h !Jol (1 rrllol oe ma a en lo re 'no afecla el creCImIento de fa planla nI 1I1j?r1tere con 9,on d~ SrJnléJ ,4.j1i) rnos1ro b{1,íaídc arrugamIento y l:a prodUC(!Ot1 solo én oerlas cca~loncs lo planlo se QCCO amard!r..,rnrenlo el ffl¡o! de gUla soio revelo V¡"! pone amartlla I muere Y las vainas ya no maduran pUilcado blanco SlI1 nInguna defon'nüClon de las ho """) "' " 1"' COI""wnl(~at:lQn Pt.TsOH'll ~r'. lQ mo .. (a blar\ca (Aleyrodldac) era rruy ab..}""! dante El Cenlro NaCional de .AgronOm!il en SonIa Tecla esfa efectuardo ensayos pa("{J el con1tol de es te Insec10 fvml:jI(~n es'.) trabl\iJnoO sob e la posible .' fr¿>nsm!Slon de \ Ir vS por las chCnar(¡lo<;. iEmpoasca) ,r HAGAS OS,ERVADAS FN lOS PAISES DE AME1{ICA CENTRAL lu primero reg¡on VIS! eda en Guatemala fut' P.::trr"n"',os a 1 820 metros de altura s,e-ca y fna las expbtacloncs son baslanlp grandes y se obtlt~r'le('l dos (O echas al ano la pnrrera C~ la más dañada por 11.'>5 plaoas Et recol (do aue h c~mos per los paises ce 11ro arnenCeOQS luvo Jugar al fmal del penodo 1IU\ ,oso y e1 lIef'T'po ya estaba bastante seco Durante las ,lo,> Se eneontr6 doradIlla conchvetü~ chlcharntas ~manas que dLro el /la e 1'0\ 11.) <;010 un dla cerc'" la n o'tCJ blanca y pulgones los ~rn,omas del dano de fa frontera de Nlcaragl..1 / CO .. !3 RIca La sIembra "e manIfestaban muy levemente En Chlmaltenango ce postrera acababa de madurar en la mayoná ae los dai,o~ fuelon mucho mas Jlslble't esoeclalmen les 20nao::. o ya se h<1b16 cosechado No era la época te los cCüslont>do~ por chlchatntas y vaquItas En la -¡as indicada para cbservar la .. plt;.'Jas que atacan Eslac 60 Erpenmelllal de' IAN (Instituto Agropecu. ~I)nprano al friJol (gusanos c.ortadores pulgones mI 1\0 NaC!Ondl) hablan algunos ansa]os pura el con nadcres etc) De todos 'Todos la opmlOl1 unl!n¡rrH,: 1rol de vaoult3$ y de la doradilla f fS que la pnmera sIembra es la oue gc>nerii!mento ~lJ lre rrayores danos y la me;or ep~(a para esludH'H Se V1SItO despues k~ reglOr"I de Jvt!Üpa ~ y ;tles plagas sena en mayo o a mas tardar óbn\ la desolada Se cbse vorún pocos --, n¡olares -y se efec InformacIón s.obre la pnmera slembra .lue obtcruda fUMon dos coleCCIones a ailutos de 760 y 480 me a , a les de pubhca,¡ones o confactos con otros 1éc Iros El picudo (Apron) y la ch,ch.",t. (Empansca) tI!t:o~ f'Jeron I,)s E.spCCles pu~do' 11!'1anle,) A pesar del ca El p(1f1e~ pals Goe VIsitamos fue NlCtllJgua Fn ¡er el dano causado por Empoa'$cd; no fue tlplCO ta'S parcelas de 1n¡01 de Id ES1aclOn (xpenrncnta1 de la Ca!el~ del r'¡Unlsterto de Agru::ultura y Ganadena °"l""ontré .Jra mfesu;tclon n"'uy fuef1e de1 gu~at)o pe El) la Escuela dí.- f1";,,,r cultura de B( (cenas eran ludo {ESflg;,cnc), 1aTPblén de gusanos <.:ortadore't (Fel rnv'l ebunJanfes las vaqulla'" d)h:harnfa$ y moscas h,) de gusano de olgodon (1)1.b,m1j y mosca blanca b!¿¡nCo5 Se noto un achapOrrarnlenfc muy m1enSeO y (Aloyrodrdau) En JtnOlCPC (450 melros sob,o el ni UI1 amardl¿TPICI to ée lils hOlas I¡erras Alrededor vel del mf!r) coJ~cClonilmos cnlchatntM (Ef'Ilt'oasca) ckd lago Amoutl(¡11 se sICmbra oIgo de frl¡ol 1anto l.mol<~n en Mal.galoa { Jlnolcga (1 020 mOlro') (, do !nata Corno de guía taSe slernbl as parcoan bas u.s reglones sOn bastante l1uvlQt:.as I rn ,y pOl..O pob!a larlfe. sanas a pesor de qJC hablan pce. . enfes chicha !!d los Cul11VO.ll predomtnt.>n es ~o '1 le papa 1<35 nCI ! ntas No se observa eVldcnc a de dano r.:laas y el cafe les reglones frllOI .. ras de Nlca agua ~n de E~feh Matecalpa haCIa fa fron"era ton Hen ¡Jras Son reglOnes de elevactonf's me::l ;mas (! 020 [n Honduras con la \ a!¡osa ayuda de los técru f"" ros) o balas (S6G metro,) con 800 • I 000 de (OS d~ la Escuda Agrlco!a Panamencana J-le posIble 1'11'1 "lsllar laS zon¿¡!. de Da 1:' {820 mct o"') y El ParalSo rprae CipitacIón ta 51embra de pnmert') qJe se cose (780 me ros) Son reglones apMenlemcrte muy en tUrlO segl..o 1es ¡mútilO de la O€:fíle $,Jfre dprOp¡ac..a" pala el cultr\o del frijol (.n lcaJ¡dad ob rreen os de lac; plagas El fnfor se cultiva en escala co t.NviJmos. muchas ,,¡emb as cíe buen farra\o pero (la' y una buena palIe de la cos"'cha se c)' pon., pecos Ir ce 05 unIComtflle {'!Igunds ¡af!vllJS 1 cnlchd ,1 endlmlen e es ba. .. tan e t11,o ~ s.e hacL. uso de In rrllas les danos eran poco VISibles ..;:t !tldas (en E<;.teh los productores espolJ'crcan con ~= afien Metlhco) 1 En la rc.g1oo ce Slnil Ana en El ~ah.ad>')r eneol PrQvlslcnaimpnte se presenta el cuadro N? 'F una tnfes1aclon rnu( alta (....iO"'!' o P1as) de p!C.udo (obre la Itlcld~nc!a de 12 plaga\;. d~1 trl¡ol en les Cln ~Itln).. la;;, pl>3nlc{lones c"'Jüban en esfado mvy (O p¿II~CS ccnltoanléfll.:\)no:. Se pUL¿e con"'!,;; 21' que ~!Qrzado de madurer pero Sin t:>rnbo-rgo se POd'B los 5(1 lanow.l SOn la pllga nas freCIJCfl!( seguidos ]_e va, !l,ao numero eJC chlcha"'l" ~a ~;an,fcsla en lmpo "DO" por las vaqui'as y la mot.C6 b 1a'1ca CUADRO ,. I CENTRAL SEGUN .ft,-'¡ .. r erm~dlar¡o ¡ o par.·c!:: rref"cupar.,e por el ;, das de carác1er lo"nrltar El t¿VltJnc ue 1 $ explo rel cmt e'i 0 pLet,~o qUE' ".:.U Ilegoc.o f:C (¡MIta a com 3"lones es muy pequeno S0 ) ort"Jl:J. e<: d-:: i 14 ~1 p sr el orodvc o de '-ánOS. agrreullcres y a revender 1 20 manzanas .. Jo cen ganan:la Por ú ri) pel te el fl qol ler";: un penoe O vegeta • Una manZAna E98896 metr0 CU'l';lA 101\ 1 vo mUl cor o y el U::.O de pec:.l!CtOiS debe hacerse ~",. ~:- - ~ ~ a hempo y en concenlraCIOIlC'; exaclas Por consl efecto pal cee ser el producto por excelencIa pMa el ~gul~n1e el combate para ser eficaz y eLonon11c;.o re control de lo Epl(ac'ma ~q\Ju:rt! basJan'e conOClmle"1to y dlsciplma de parle Mc KelvclY CUCVilll y Cortes en 1946 rúco "l~del agncuhor rncnda on en MexlCo el DOT y el SHC como fO$ me ,.;v:. la SJtvac10n se cOMplica porque, debIdo a los ¡Ores produClo, en PI combo!e del p,eudo (Aplón (lOÓ ~1neS9OS caratlcnst¡C05 de: cul11vo el prLclo de los mlt1t) aplicados en forma de polvo rumedeclble en el : "granos está sute10 a mucha Huc1vdLlon El pr01uctor pellodo de flot(3clon (stos mIsmos 1e.cfllcos ctectua ~al no poder ronulr sobre el precIO de su producto en ron ensayos ~ubslgufenlcs utilizando ParattÓn DDT ; ... el mercado SIempre es rett""en:e e In lt. . rfe lo menos Mcloxlc1oro Clordano EPN Aldnn Dlcldrín y Ddan /poSlble en 'u explolaclón El DDT Y el Para!l6n rcsuliarol1 se, los produclos me, efIcaces Solo el productor en 91 an co:.cala ta~ne miNPS en J Gue'lara Calderon (6) propu Irb€:CIjCldas publh. . ados, el Dteldr n el 1ruodan y el Se.tm Es'e uf'¡Olo liser por la D1VISJúl1 tL InvC>ltJgaclorh.s En1.-,mol6g cas del t;cida poT 'Su grado de eflcacl11 muy conSl ... 1cnlc., su Oeparla "'1C'1to de Ag ¡cultura de los (slaacs Unidos ':x dad bo¡a pa,a los m.m,fe 0' y S~ prolongado y ef par~c d,J l'lfcnl"'e ,final dú la Pn"""'cra ASamblea 100 CU/lO~O H 2 HATAMIENTOS PARA LAS PRIN IPAlES PLAGAS DeL FRIJOL ti!) (}'t o. .. SvbSldl1::l,l Forma (íe .­ InsecticIdaS activa por acre .Ilc) y co liOUOl::> eq su b1o'ogla p re, no suce:d.... b miS .. ~ Hene ademas algunos oal05 ¡....er<;.cln!n m") con Su (.(0109 i' J p !nclpalmenle (,u~, rela , , UO!)! $ ((\n h pkl Itt '; 1,;:1 conslgu!ÚolL h 1'11 OTPOS WEDIOS DE COft',flTE ¡lOff 'Inr,) de w dano", ...... 5) fI corr,~ah de ce tJS plaq \<:, ha sIdo es udlado - '" Con pocas e.<.cepclOnes los fllIOI) 0:::. flU(' Vb!!o t..n numerO .... 0 Pil!St-$ eL.! I.nslan1C e).IIO los rrC5 no estdban bien CU!ddCC<;' Pecas L\p IOI3C one'" ildl"IJn1os lec 11(C'S IO'JI3rI ('1S <..0 fns \Jltlml<:' de usaron fcrt¡1¡Z3n1e la ... en1¡la cril do eLdo"-¡; c¿¡lId2ld (j)dus han pULSIO 1 c/¡SS ... o mas ampha [s da I :casO;> El dc~a rollo de las malas ¡lle bdS casI 11ilf''''dw 10 So n LI"')b1r<.jo que piHJ (1yudar eficazmente , el crecim,ento de las 1T'í1fa ... de r 1101 Es lnCH ~ 1. .... !C 1 i'lgrlcuhOJ en OdrnertCdro .:t~ requIIJ1C'1 me I que eslas condlclol,es ~"'n tl¡~dje<;. pilla d (,I;:Sillrol!o odos dí lucna COnlplelO< SLnCl110s efeCl¡VDS y I ce las pt~gas t cnfermc:daocs qú_ con'llbu}en a d;s II)! :'" <; I rnf'lUlf aun mas el rLndm110nlo Unas buenas f.- eL!: 6) Dlch0s (,iC!O/le" iebll.:. an COñs!!.llr en pracllcas ! cas cuhurales pUEden conh'¡bulf JeCI(i¡ddmCnle a 1,) rvl ur~11f>s o C'1 la aphc.1rl()¡; de productos qU! I pro ecclon cel CUItI\O nl(0<; re re'iulladc..> ¡¡i ...· Lí.,"lalC5 que fueran re Ademas de fa lucha pOl me,Jlos 11ccanlCOS y qUI emplt ¿¡dor; I oslenOl mentp por melodos b o!o ¡ miCOS aiguno$ de 105 pli.i ¡G'S del frqol ~Jffe~l la oC 91CO o po lo merOS una combl:1acJon de (Ion de clerlos QrgonlsnlOS p ,.,1105 Una moscd ¿e me1odos bIOlo;!ICOS. y qJI! 11COS fa fam¡ha Tac.hlnldac, Phoco,clJ danpl..: ras pOlle sus I nue\eclllos blanco$ sobre la IMva de a conchucl2. Con bas>;? a c .. 'JS condU.:dont.s me parece opor Ep,tou:Ána Por 10 genero! solo un') hfVd de la mos hJl o hile':f ¿¡fgun¿;.." s,ugerene¡as il pesar de la poca ca complc13 su desorrol'o El 0filcJO "b I u ü~1 I::.mo ~)'pCflLnCI1 q Ji? 1_119° er la I c:J on I es por eso baz.lante l",u!o L{a¡ o la 11tJSCd T,'~tnl 1) Por medio de lf'\'erCBr";l)IO de ¡nformi::c,ones cae (Paradores crHladllu!c) ove puede 5er utilizada y de eSlfcchd (oq 1.. :-acJon entre los \ ariOS organismos I, en Ul'l programa de <..ontrol t.,¡ologlcD (1 20 ca os a la !n1,(;;:,!IQac¡on dl,.\)lcra hace se un es 1 Ademas las br las y pUpJS de !a condwela !w tudlo Cl.ldlldo<;o da 18s- p!a)as que Indu}a claslf!ca I \.en eL alurelito a \arlOS In",ccfos. ¡:.iI_Jdloros Muy clon lu.'\onC'11lCa dl'"inbuL,on ocograflcd fluctuJc!O pc:::as cnf-ern10daüc.s bd{(fI h31laS t lft,c!on t.~je insecto ! ne:. 0Hui!le" d::: Ins pcbliJclones pivotas ho~ped .... ras y no se Carecen panHd 03 Inl ... , nOS I etc ::;'e SUqH;! e que "i' eslud!e un plan progresIvo y la lar 03 d~1 Aplon eS OiHoSltdOC ocr una avlspu se cenfle el mlSrriO d u'Ia 1:1!> Ih. . CICln que se encargue f)equena del genero Tnüspl tio 1 r: 1 ¡í'fclfnau,,-"'n (te ¡r,l,ar por la con nudad dt Ice. l"a )alo" de 1l1vcsl¡ exac ti acer:::a de 1<:1 ef(cac: o:!3' r.~!e-pafd"I(O - -- Q(!C¡O 1 - d0 :a O') 2 Klon-\ ~C.19Gf1;Z0CIO-n dL los datos­ la po.:,bd,..,lad de t"tthlar JcílL .... üd ... ..> resl'";. enlc:. y f In.:;I ncnte:'::L b pJ..)l CdClon de las resu!taJos .el pIcudo 1-\1-'1011 y la crw'ha ~t(} [miH)¿lr; a r J &1 to lO 2) Pueden orgal 12ars,e e'os ¡POS de iraL(jlo Uno , ves,tgado C'1 t'lf'XICO por el Dr J.)Se GJe\ al) C.:tfc~ cor e p!a .. o ql,S prcrOrCiOI1¿H¡J da os de neceqdod Tén (7) } es.e MétODO ce (O nOill_ es p:obc.c; rormaks ):) PI S ,..r"" p"-c c::. '-{e",l J$ .)lC"'\'J 1CO::: Per OIrO lacIo St.. e~tan desarrc,la'1do Vd rorma1es apareadas cen rt'Ia ln~ ~S ""rnliJ rJ :::;<:: rrc r L r _,-lu.!"",> re t;¡ tCltes ~ol')re ledo <:;1 !a chlcharr Q Ern !~ron h..J6'JOS LS!CII!CS pLfO -¡plJ d,JoS 1 le 'JC ce... ~ me P;:)1 <:a ;l,.<:r 0:::10 a este VldlTI0 prc,;úcto €;:-Iamcs en ti"es normales prcdU'SfOri hu~ JOS t. ..... Empoasca i)SO Odrc!" a~ (\... 1 k .. pllrltl.l he t c .. i e'3S 1 t..I llpo del da I o I! ¡';10 IH!P'PO e "t r os h.jsu::ndo en la colee (101 de f! tl ..... 1 vel iliSld j e e" denc <.15 de res síenClu De 'o QI.,fe l)reCl.oe $ ... p Jede C\A ,..tutr q JC. Cf'n 1, C"'I"'CfÜIl .... l (le c.ncc ... rDr tlJ'2""" es de res s,enc¡,;} 1) El CUI1110 cet Ir1jol en Ar '" !Cn Ce "llral (. \.. 1 cul ("Ll.. '"-€I Ira 1 1.. . .)slCr:o¡ r,enle par.) el dese oHo de va t!VO c:; ....! _!> c"') C'n reC>J !Iu eseal,) rl_Jac _5 r ~S!S tAlles 2) las CQrdlCIOre5 u plO Il (¡ün en.;:; ;:;:0 sün El 111,01 C''-, Lli ((; l(V() rjU:" e p C'~td ce'" "oCllldc:d desfc JOfvu1e:t a u 1 ferl~Jl' el o m 3Xlfl <,. el ~..., J JS '"" des ti))" ron 1.;1) rnl[1 mi) de !lem.JO do les ola.,j3s debl Ha:.. ,eXj)J8 InS d 11 t;C n I>JI, J _ oC:J I (j ... $ e ! os qv" Ir,..,I)iljamCS e 1 in (Ion claro na ce ,In do( p .... en I _1 (enrco",,-I~s lc1 1" 1 ¡\les lu el)) lunIJ1"'J !l)ap ~(,able o "010 de 3) S '1 err!::!rgc el {(lIO: e la 1){1 t. J.-. 1(,. el' P e., r_",,! .::"'r rU~)1 l0;, C!C;,\\¡f1COS (~ r. .. t"1d es I Ot.. al a \..ah ti3CrÓ11 ¿(JI pJcno c.ellfl(',Wi:..r « 110 I p·.,r _:':J L O •.n .. S tO laiY'G!(.n de co "Ii! Ib,}fr a1 ...... !:JCfo·. .... {!'n Q Ji.... prcdlJCCtc j cebl,. ser 'ilur1;: t("r l , I lT.0¡;:¡ d ... 1" Ce t l.UO I j{j calidad dI'" vil I fl.~ .... M,D rXPLORArORY TRIALS CoUect1011 O[ I mrOa~C'l The flrst phase oí my rese~\ch 011 Central American (.lcadcllld,C lnvolved bas~c ~nfornnL~on OH thClt taxonom~c p s~tlon, du;trlbutlon and blOnomlCS DurIng lile ehree yeats of Lesealch, collccllons were made repeatedly at a great dlvorslty oE slte~ rhe spec1mcns "ere ldent1fIed 1 \.Iith the aSsIstanee of Systematlsts of outstandlllg L v perlencc 111 that ,1 group of lnsects 1'he1r determll1.1l10nS lndl.c"ltcd Lhat sever.11 spectes t, of Empo~ occur :ln tho bean helds and on samé common wdd hosts, pos~ Sib!, wlth a prador"nance of ~ k\ aemO II and e lhese spec!.es _._~-_.- seun ta dl.strl.butc themselves l.n lacht.r close corre] 'ttton ..... 1 th thc t''._,8eo1a Ln lhe hurnld Na1y specl.mcns could not be named and WCtC 'lllll'ly ldcnLLflcu 'lS bclonglng Lo 1aq;o í speCies complexes collected rable 1 relates elcvatlon .Jnd r1.~nfall at s:l3tlon.., ne:arest tú tilo actual collcellon "te" peelíLc~ the Sultablllly of Llleso f>ltcs "'or bean culLure, .:ltld ~ndH. . tlc ... ... he 11ft. /onc ol UoldlHigc's ~('!olO~lcaj map nllS lat.,t lnformdLlon l~ 1,nlcnrlcd a ... '1 g::::-oss approxl.ma- tlon to actual nlOLstute lod"lCiltOl'" \.Jul.ch requl.re abundlnt and varu. .. d ..... tcOl."ologlcal records, WhlCh, un [or-tut11tcly , are not. '11\o.'9ys 'lval.lable on ¡ lccount of the ¡¡rolt dlvelslty oí lh" b1.0Cl1Pl1tC oí the "': ,- ,.,' t! ~~milEu;;;;xz.j:::ww.;. ... ~J.faal!Unu:;;,!u itSH('SkttJt'$/t!': ,¡!.t '4\;i~_,,_~UC;;:C.;:(~'t'ji.s:: '» ~f'~' .....' ±''' L~fe llLstory ,>tudy ol < lpllVL!.. plt hU' 1, .., Sl..COnd phdSL of lhe prOt1 III h.1. ;>ltllL le 1\ ¡ \VU L\\v'lC'/~~ ~_."-'-'-' ¡ " ~,300 < cters (1 19 8) l ,t ::nc populat1on \,¡ould be 11111(' '1n.d nol 1, rnt'\lutc oC >:"'p~C1L!> ,t • I I ~ ~~r~ trúquently cnec~Ld lar pu Jly '>"lt"i, \-¡ec<. ClLPO':>ltcd \ lth lK iOhl ln'SLc! {o11LC"llon <:»)on lL ~.¡as ;:;Slll>lJ.,lu'l~L \{ l.th"-l conULllOll<-' J.nd "n/ay [rom c..lH1V t\ 1 ~ ) I l..tlt. . nhou"-,c 30 M A11 lout <'tdt...~ \\;",11.. (.O\~l{ 1 \.Jllh I)crCLnlHb 1I1L "Pl"'( ln1r Q[ lile [ront Nas ltnca lüth plcAlglaos 'lnd the 10\vCl half \ as OCCUplLd by a ~Jeé,e of llgnt COl ton c10th ~pCCH."S were grovJTI 1n \lOOdLfi í] ltS ~O cm .... 40 t..-lfi 'X 15 cm ,.,¡h¡ch could he l.nt.roduccd Wl th1.n Lhe t.. 'lgCb tht ough lhc .:> 1 Leve RLcords W(~lC kapL oC the. LL'l¡H. . t 1turL lnd mOl.:;lulL \·nt1l1. . l1 l1!L .... crccn- housc wllh lhc lH lp oí .1 reLO dlnb uY[;lothLrmoglJ.¡>h j~CC HlSC thc sClc.:nhou::,-c ,,1.8 [¿¡ir!) tall, LIle h0l ,J.it tl...CUllul jL.t.)d II '1 nClghl \\ llt.h Lould noL ad- verscly a[[ccL t.llhcr p 1 '111: 01 ti t:;( l..lS r V0tl L.n tnb LhL lull n.. .n klng rae dallv brc.cLe ",111ft. j roO! Ltl nor1l1ca<>t to the souLl"vl...<::t, no harm- fuI effcct ~~& LVCl lccotdcJ 1n (\ct, Ip to a bLl!,hL o[ 1bout 5 meters, " 1 _ ..... r:---r- ~-~-",.",'r," ?,...•, .. ,;,,.¡( "",...,_.'"'_,.,..".. ...- ._.. ...............~ ~.~.~ __. ...v _• . .,..~. ... -,."I\,.._~.,.,.,~.+,.. ~"JiO(.t , .. 1. es» ¡ • «¡ji'M" ".... I 2 ~ f, rt.i-"- ~""\~ l:' lábie 2. SC1CClhou")c hUlIuu lLy 'lnd Lempol i':lturc rl.cord) l1h& 'lC 1 u i r 1<11 ba t I[!t"~ ":,"'.f- ;:<:,- Co,ta Rl.Cá, fOl thc penod Ju1)' 1966-June 1967 '.,j. ~ -,",Jf~ !e _ 1''( r .~ I .' .tlif' 0 ' 1 July 4-11, 1966 93/ 48% 30 e lSoe Ir ir 11-18, 1966 , 937 437 32°( 19'C r~;{\. . ,r -~'4. 1 31°e lsoe ,r - 18-25, 1966 94'1' 49 ' r 25-Aug 1, 1966 94 1 527 31°e IsDe ;: 4' 1 ·1 AVERAGES t OH. .)lJ! Y 1966 93 5 ' 49 3/ -,lOe 18 3°C ...,. . Aug. 1-8, 1966 95/ 47/., 31°C 17"e r 8-15, 1966 95/ I,t.! 31°( 19Oe ;• ~ 0 " 15-?? , 1966 947. 44/ 33' ( 19 e • i 22-29, 1966 957 47/ 31"e 17°C 29-Sept 5, 1966 94/~ 487 3l r, e 19"C 1 I l ¡ AVERAGLS FO'" AUGlJ::'1 1966 94 t,! ú6 01. JI 4"e 18 ¡oC •! Sept 5~12 , 1966 951 1.3'1. J2"C l8"e ,¡ 12-19, 1966 95/ 437 33"(, 17°(' 19-26, 1966 9/.7 42/, )20 e l8"e 26-0ct 3, 1966 95<"1 40/ 31"e 19Oe A\ EIillGES 'Ol' SI!'] 1966 ')6- ]'7 '1? Oí 32 0'-', 17 SAO Oct. 3-10, 1~6(¡ 9-' 33/ 3/lo( J' l8'e a 10-17 , J 966 95°0 L,37 3So t, 19 e 17-24, 1966 9úí l,O% 39°C ISce 24- 31, 1966 9',7 3m 38"c 19°C 31 í\ov 7, 1 ')\)6 95/ 501 30°C 18 C AYERAGI S lO', 0' 1 1%6 95 O: Ifl 410 36 6 l 18 4"C ~ '\ov. 7 -) 4, 1%6 91)"'1 1+4/ .>oo( 15"c llr-21 ) 1%(, 9.) ! 1+41 J l' ( ls'e 951 SOl 3() e 110 21-28, i%6 C 2S-lkc :; . 1966 %/ t, J I 30 'c ló)C "VERAGJ:, I Q', ¡lO\' 1:166 95 J 4 f t Sí 30 3)(. 15 sne "- .. , .. ~ f t.*w-. e z::w¡;~":"s,,.p1lj4 ;"'¡¿'.!7iSm?tl!J. ..\ t.~giA,*".t:':~-$~"!!.:t.j""':V¡'Wj.& ::.<2-~~':'--f<"~r~. 1"9 ~,J:::S .. :\&~.'í!S:"- , 1~- I /- 36°('; 14"C 6-13, ] 967 96"{. 3 \1 35< e 16°C 1l,.-20, i %7 97/ JOI 35°(' u 14 C 20-27, 1907 98/ 30 1t"C l/,oe 27-Apl 3, 1967 97% 321 36' e 15" e {, .t' EllttCES FOI' NA" 1907 9G 4'7 _~O Ú ~ 35 8 '¡ 14 6"e t\pr 3-10, 1%7 95/ 3&1 32~e lI:{'e 10-17 , 196/ 97/ t,3 I 36"e 18°e 17-24, 1%1 961.. 41/ ~7°e l8°e ¡ j " E'l..fJ"ES tOI{ APR 1967 Stb 0 ' 41 Ol . ,,5 Oo( 18 oOe 1 ¡ I f 25 1 1 ,f ! Table 2 (cooünucd) f Wu?k H\''\ll.dLty lLmpe.ratuLc • f'.la'lmum dl1ll.fmm Ha)nmum Nll11.mUm t Hay 1-7, 1967 97k. 36/ 37°C 16°(' 8-15, 1967 96¡~ 1,21 37"C 19"C r 15-'2, 1967 977., 39!' 37°C 17°C f 22-29, 1967 971 42/ 37c r 190C I 29-June 5, 1967 97/ lfl / 36°(' lSG e 1 l AVLRAGrS 101, NA\ 1967 961/, 3') 87. 36 S'e, 178°C June 5-12 , J 967 96j~ 37/ 36'(, 18°" 12-19, 1967 97/., 407 3S"C 19°e 1 L 28-July 4, 1967 95? 44/ 3SoC 18°e ,I AVERAGE S rOR JU'W 1967 96 37 41 37. 37 3"c 183°C I 11:1.._2 ______ I 1 l the temperature ,ns:tde '-nd otlts,de the sLreenhouse dlf[ered by only 1 or 2 degrees. The roof and the sldes dld flodlfy normal rad~atlon, ho\Vevcr, 1, W'lth the result that thL plants \V'.le abnormally elongatLd, allhough they 1 I d,d not appcar chlorot:tc or adverh''¡y alfecLed 111 any other \;:lY 1 ¡ BUlld:tng and plant box!.s wuc kept reguJarly spr"'}I>d "1-th 'ledlon ¡ to prevent estabhshmcnt o[ phytopln6ous ffiLteh 1he colonias oE lcaf­ -" hoppers ,,,ere oftcn l.TIvaded by horde::. of a small blnck-he1.ded ant, Tapwoma melanocephalum rab , w¡lleh rcaddy devoUlpú Lhe small nymph~ The benches sUpporcing the cages had to be kept sprqyed \nLh a perslstent lnsechCl.de, most conlFonly Aldrl.n At on<. ture, anthracnesl.s <5:.9J.- letotnchum llndcnmthLanum Sacc and M1gn ) becamc a SLneus problem on our common bean plantlngs (Phascolus. vulgan.,_ L ) but wa" "LIccc""fully Lradlcated then:.aíter by fumigatlon o[ the sol1 \"th methyl brolUlde In lor to fllhng the trough~.L_ In addlLlon, to prcvcnt thc buLldup o[ any pathogen, thc s011 at thc Lnd o[ L.lch gro\vl.ng cycle t.¡n5- re:pllccd itllncu [lom ehe U11lteu St.,ll<. IlclntLmcnt o( Agne,,! tUl.:! Cll lleU'''11lc, r1llylmJ lhe varl.ety pl.ovcJ 1:.,Ull1.blL and ldlLe qUlnLlLl.C'3 of ':>ccd .... could he pur- 1 <::hascd [roro eorruuL 1 el1.l hou<¡l. ~ oC CO\vPC 1 o[ 1 "'ltll lhln, htJL un .. i fortun"ltely uflldcnll[l.cd "lr1.ct)' W( 1 e lV.:lllab le 'lt lile j urrla.lba Ccntcr in ample lL.rc ..,o,,,n Thc cages l-.crc ~lmplc cyll.ndel" oí H1Clt ¡)l.:1<:;llC <"'hcctlne al ",uch "1 dl- ameter chat chey could be ~nserlC!C1 lnlo lhe SOL 1 01' en thCI1 poI s 30 cm ln dl.D.metcr rhe "I'¡,cr cnd of the C'lgL was closed 'nth [Ule nylon t f' gauze l1cld 1.n p I.lce by a ) ubbcr band Hhen the p lane lnd l( achcd the ¡ desl.red age, [emule lcafhoppc..rs knO\?fl to be oVlpo..C!rL cut ll1l0 "'t..('tlon~ "lnd clLat,-J In hol lacLo- phcnol ac'-oldlng lO the m"lhod pel [,-,-tl.-d hy O V Ca' 1son ~nd t T lllbbs (1962) lhL Lbgs \;/Cl.C counll d ano avel 'l6cd [or cJ.cn plant sectl.Ou. A SLn1.1cll pl..OCe:dUll. . \va .... lls<....d fOl tl.:r.1 be tn, but only oí one 1.gc, udmely ¡he rcsulls art. r{.ptcscnL;:;d br.:lphl<"111y tl1 1 lb 24 1.nd sum- mauzed b.,!ow in Tlblc 3 TabIe J }JuT'lhc.r oí cgg<. pCl ~lLtl.Ol1 oC CO\1pCa (V1Glll -'='----~<...nG"t ... ) Jnd 11m1. he m (!~l~-?_~}~ lnnip(,~ .L~~bL'ln J 5 d,¡y 15 d 'YS 1 Sterr bt).10\v ~lmplQ l<-aves 1 O O O 2 PetlO](,~ o; <;urp]c le \Ves '2 ;:1 4 4 3 flrrl lnLc 1 nade 3I 3 O O 1, Pctlolc o[ fu sl trl.[olt ltc 31 20 4 5 <)(>cOltd 'UILt. rnodc 6 O O - i 6.- Pl..tlolc of <;t..cond trl ióT.t-l tL 3 21 9 1• 7 N< Ul '1n 1c~ncl oí (Lr t lufolJ lLI.- 6 8 T1l.1 .. J l.nlC1HOde O 9 P"UolL oE tlllld tl1[OJ"t0 38 1 10 !-OD lh 111tLlllock. O , 11 Petw 1.... o[ fourLb tnCohett" 3 12. Tt...1.U'J na 1 hlO\ lh 29 í ¡ i"1 ,.c;ut ')1.,) ry \ I 2 hO L-gS \-as deterrnln<.d by ma1ntalUl.ng the lnsects on exc1sed petloles wltlnn 3 5 '{ 3 5 x :> 5 CM clear polystyrene plast:ec bo,,"es A l.ltetal aperture O S cm ln dlClrn "as ptovlded for the lntroductlon o[ the test :ensect Thc planL matenal .as rel1e~ed every 2~ LO 3 days and lhe ca!;", cleancd o[ honcydeH Eggs 'ere counted 1:1 petIoles cle,ueo 1n hOl l1ctophenol at each penod of p(.tlole ch'lnge unell th,- ["mal<- dlCd TIlC tl.me lapse between consecut1ve petl.o le changt...s w'l"'l pH. . c~se ly n ... colded so that the OVl.- pOS.ltlon r'ltc pel 2l t hour<; could bL e tlcUJ.ltLd In orUl...l to d<..lt.tunnc \ ll(. ... lhl...~J Lit\.... lypl.. oí foad nllght have dIl lJl:- nuence on el.ther t11,- toeal "ulnb, l o( "ggs dCposlted or th" auratlo. oi ¡ : f 3i cgg depO<lOI1, lile dULL ItL,u'iLLI10U,"> hq<;t pl"lnt..., w01c.. .;,cqucntl 1u 1i.lHb Total egg~ 1d.~d pe r [enllle 159 23 115 97 32 43 7"- 97 64 91 61 12 ------------------~_ .•... _----- 1 I t , OV1.pOsltl.On C3.~ce; -lnd Lbc ptL ene,- ol fU'111es to cont-lülh.d t..on(hll.On~ of a growth eh 111bcr 1hc. ti \ u .. did 1101\1 oí cllLlbcncc ,.JelL nOlLd ~'l""ld tn~ ílxst l.n>;.l H 1 j11t) 1 ,elC L~, C'VLU 'ltÍl 1 ilnL L111l1... J 't>-;lall brusll (\lLttcd In d, le 1 j, ,1 \ llL') •• !, i f L ..-! .~.~.. ~~, .y¡.:. ,, :' .,} -"'" 32 ij>.;¡ :;... ,;1.'".,- .:,:: v· ,, " 4 " ," , A11 c"c~s('d ¡",u01LS frOl" a11 C'lges "ere p'OCL'SLd at each change .. ! . t t had not bccn ob':ot.-Lved Lopulatlng HLIC, ncverthclc..&~~) dLpo.'>lltng t.ggs ! In oldcl to L<>t'lbl1 sh \Jhcthcl or nol vlr)jln [(:'1111L::' depObl.lcd ¡ ,I Vlable cb';s, fLflh 1.11 t1.r nymphs ,'ere col1.ect<-d ltom one of Lhe lcaf- 1 hopper colon~c, 011 common bean 'lnd 1.ntroduced lndl v1.uually lnto cages ¡ female'" m1.1nl:1ineU (ncJf:,Ld throtl&,h 4 changt.h 01 petlolcb, (1 e .a.bout , 1 I 12 days) Lhc pI.. tIoles 'lt caeh eh ln~é \'lcre cle ..l r<.d Ul lactophenol and 1• I lhe nlll1bcr~ ot Ct>gb ",h1el! ,,,elC countcd (rom 20 sll!:.. .. h • I ¡ • •• rel':''11es \ü_ L. tI'L pL)ced on pottcd young bean plant~ wlnch were free 1 I oí lnfeslltlon Jhey \.Jcrc allowLd tn st'1y 6 d1.ys tnd \.Jere. then Ltber- 1 iltcd 11, j)! l11L<:<, 110\" \I/tthout e 1ges, \o.cr0 lnLroduccd 111 controllcd ¡ !• enVlronml nl el" n1)L rs and obsC'rvC'u tor emergencc o[ nymph~ (J ~g 16) II \1\,c1 7 u ,y , 'lnu ,"tel ,[ter 10 d"ys, 3 pl'nL~ «ere sLlected at random, 1.ncl lh, '~Lcl1.on" procLssLd 1..11 l'lctophcnol lnd <;~1.tchcd for deve lop lPg l ggs lite t...);b<;; [rom LhL Vl.rgln Cemale,s sho\<.e.d no def~nl.te I deve lOp '"¡llti h ta dLe 'lJLd i t j. J > ,. I 33 T'lblc 5 OVlp ..1 ~ltlon bJ Vllp'lH fuultcs Femalé numbc.. r Pcnods dunnb "hH.h egg' \Vere Lountcd (3 days) 1 2 3 4 1 O O O 6 2 O O O O • 3 O O 7 7 I 4 2 7 - , _a 5 5 7 -~ a 6 O 5 _el -"- 7 7 9 ~ _" 8 O O 8 4 11 9 O O 3 9 10 O O 8 4 11 O 5 O O 12 O O 4 1 13 6 11 O O 14 O O .3 Ó ¡ _5 O O O O 16 O O 6 O 17 O O 9 6 lB O O 7 8 19 O O O O --"---"------ I a I gg count omi tlcd by e Lror I I I 1 j, Nympb,ll Dc vdopment Al! ny-npbs born ~n lÍle COUl se o[ Ol1e d"ty ",eLC p,olllptiy ttansferred to reanng cages 3 5 " 3 5 .... 3 <; cm lnngul p inb llC ho' L' ,ktenaned Ily the nwnber of LAUVl.aL. rh(., ~hed slu.ns WLrÚ cQunlcd 'l.t C.:1L:l ob-;<...rvatlon and L"lch addltLonal onc f'lCant the pass.:tge írom one l.t1 ... taL Lo Lile nc,t (up to a rna"'{lmUJ"l o[ 4),. "ll \V'hlCh tlr1e thc: adult enclged l.he d."1~'" \oJete ~_ dLVl.dcd 11.tO t.\ o halves 01 12 hours eUt..h, tbL moulLl.m;s: (~í uny) oc'" cun~ng dta lng t'le rughL 01 calIy ll:ornlng 1 ~l hng nlto lile ["'l lldlf and tl'lose oCCUrrl_ll<,- dU110g lne day lnto t 1l'- <:'lcond ln]f lhc time of eF'2rgc.nce oí lile ldu lt 'W'1S rel.ordcd rrnd thc SLX de-tCl nlIl\."d A11 LhrLC lChLmlLS \~cl'e tL1.cd '15 lood <;ub:::.Lr ttL"i 'llo~tlJ to ¿cteru1l.ne "hether thcy ,"ouId r'¡ CbCI,L any plolJJ.cms ",id could De "fe 1y lncluded obtalnc.d "lnd lhey arL ,"Xpi cso:;cd both '1$ lndlv~dudl Ll1~talS and total ave rage lLngth of thc ti\.- ve lopnc nt cyc le 1hL gl\;en data represent average,,> oven 38, 42) ..1nd 31 Spt-C.l TIlt.¡1S rd Lscd re spcc tI. ve ly [o!' a t lcast 10 consecut:~VL gc.ncrdLlon~ Del CO'i'ü''¡Qn bLan, l1.Í'a bC.:ln.) ano co\.¡pea , 1 1 35 lhl ¡ Ir't... 2 51 1 84 2 04 2 39 3 85 12 60 Vlgna SUiC:llQ 1.." J JI 2 13 2 37 2 53 J B4 14 19 .l1eans 2 67 1 95 2 13 2 32 3 77 12 84 l. I z,ex RaLlO A..,ong Lhe 111 ~ndlvldu,ls wl1l.ch SUlLLssfully COlllplctLd theH l develojr!1cnL 011 lhe Lince legunu.nous hosts .. Lhl.. ",:>cxc....., \,jI rt Laune! lo be i dlstnbulcd " tollO\,,~ -1 rabie 7 Se", 1 '1tJ o of [h.:tseoln le 111..d on tlu "c le¡;ununous ho"1 ts I Hale remale PlanL ho'L fLhla lc...s Hales To t d, sc" raLlO I PhaseoJu, '\ Uh;rJ.lLS 18 20 JB 1 07 I Phaseolu~, lun·!.~._~ 20 22 lt2 1 ,-O Vlgna 15 16 31 1 12 TOfALS 53 J8 111 1 09 I Thc Q'l.er 111 sex 1 'ltlO w.lS Lhus [ound to be 1 09, l.nd~catlng u Ve.1Y ! t i sllght plcdoml narH. .. c of l1ale bl.l'tns l' I r ~ 36 Tl-¡e llfe-bpan oí lnscm~n1t\d [(unle", oC ¡ jlh<1<,co 1 l h" 1 ... f'v:11ualed on ,11 tnree subs trate tYI"" rhe obsclvallon (.1';(,,<; aLt<1ch"",d to watcr- plcks LO the usual manner "'etc o( <;crvLd "11. lh lhe "mgs glued to tile sugalY ",,-udale, tlYU1g lO [ru, 1 hemselves 1he C-pt..Llmen'i found dcad, l.rnmob'tll¿cd by honcydc..\I) ,tele' th<"Ll dC'd rlom thc c0""1?utat1ons Table 8 summanzes longevlty lI, tae' aH t,'lgcd on 37 ¡ -.ated females rcarcd on corumon bcao, 38 on 11TIl3 be'1n, '1nd 34 on co\.rpea longevlty ol mat~d [emale;, o[ r I'lnseoh on LInce legumulOus hosts -- - ----- Uost plants Avcrigc numbcl oC days l1vcd ,- 76 7b i I P"seolus 1unatus 62 89 I ~ StnCnS1S 61 b2 O' cr"lll mean longcv, ty 67 16 l i ~ r Another adaptatlon oC O'\-"cc[[e'~ Lccnn'que was Ls"d '" that test I It c:onSl<.,Led l-Sbent~ally ln mlll.ntaJ.nlng approprlate sccLlons oí plant t L­ ¡, Ít , ¡ ir piastlc V. . ar pLtlole,> \Vere u,ed ""lh the cenlt'll pello!u!e aLtdchcd lhe C)e.ctl.on~ m(!'1bULcd Lotally .bout 8 cm "loa LIte cuL (nu \1"1 .... lITIJ1H_tM. .. d tn a 3% sucrose o.,.olullon cont tUteu In a (]orJ<.>l '<; ,nlclpLck ¡he ob- servatl-on cagc \vd ... 1. pl"l ... t~c SIl'1pbo" 4 5 x 5 ) :x 1 S cm) <-ld ... pe:d on a plect. of plUSL1C lublng O 9 cm 10 d1 \mClLl J lhouL 'f. ... hl lontn lhrnst l.nto the neopren<- cap oC the .;aterpich slde w1th an addl.tl0I11.1 L1rcul'u:' ha h.. [01 tn ... lnllOdul....tlon oL tí.-~L 1n- Aftar lt \o.3c;; found thal c:;;cvel'11 lCbl 1I1b(!cl,,> \d to the tubing thlu,t lnto the \Vaterplck, the In<-cc 01. lub.rlf, "", made , to fl.t tlghLl:y l.nto 1. lound opcnlng provHh.d on one h'l1 [ Ol thl sn1.pho ...... 1 13), cllJncd o[ ¡ 1 r ¡nck small glass tubo '1.nd rcturncd lo lhe cagL 110\01 clc'1n ( lC'anl.llf; Di Lhe I I ooservallOU cagLs dnd rencwal oC thc p lant m.'1tLll d \ (?"C pCl fotncd LO- gcther s1des oE r~ne 5.:1r'ln scrLCnlt1g '1nd él cap of pl't,~tl,t.. Ll]m rhe front t, servad as an obscrvdt~on WL'1do\v I thc ] o el \,¡,J.S lur:nui,hcd \-nth black 1• cloth lo be used as ., slceve • To faC1ILtaLc lccaplurc, 1. btl.ghL l.lLht so urce \,,'1<" SOf1L lltl1CS ¡• I lt mal.ntaulLd 0PI'OSLtL Lile LnnsparLllt top Wht.H tbt.' h\d lo he countcu, (he petl.olcs, ber01L cleanng 1n hot laclophC'lIoJ, \ en tdcIILlítcd wlth labels of bond papel serung w1th No 10 gaugc LWlng Un, 1<1 In the cour!>c: of thc lcseatch, ffi'ltln!:, p llr<. . \.¡crt- 01 tLn ob!3l.!'vcd ln the scrcenhouse .11d 111 the laboratory le hecanH' plomplly cVldclll chat copulat1on '\\.1'1.., m01.L rrequent '1n Lhe carly mOL n l..ng hOHl <; Sorne rn'lllngs dld occur lite In lile (010noon, ver\!' few \Verc obscrvcd ln thc t[tctnoon and none Ul thL cvcnJ.ng lo dclclmU1L. whcthcl COpUl'ltlon would Ot,tur dur:tng the 111, lit, Vll:>lt ... t.Jete ocv1 .... tonally mlde to thL l1.bor ltOly, though not as tL1,ul"ly 1nd frcqucntly "lS dUtln!, the dl',llme lhe l~ghts WCl.e not r,'>JllLhe.,d on dnd 1l1Spcctlon wa~ C1.11.1Cd out vHLh a flash- hght. The lnsects "'ere [ound to be extrc..m"ly 'lulcl Jl1d llnctlvc In 4 éontrad1StlnctlOn to the gleat noblluy ,nd rcsLl Lh, t J 39 tl lt'llH, e'l} l In l1u t..ulnhol1 Í. dlHl lntlochHtd indlvldudJy 111 00- servatlOn cages, :3 5 "' 3 :; " 3 5 cm, wlth I C.ln p<.LlUlt, lS Lood Rccords "ere kept o[ che tU1C OL eme geneé of boLh "e"el> 'nd 01. Lile time that m..1.1es wcr<. .. tnLloduccd l.nto lhe. C1.go.., o[ lhe Vl.lbLll (( r 1 h h, \vll u_h w(..rc numbcred T\10 mlles '\ven. .. provldLd for cach fUll11L , , Observatlons \IlCl.C made 1l hourly lnU 1. va l~ [ton 'lhout 5 30 t m to 6 00 p m Thl... tl.mc and duration oí COPUll wcn.. . lLeonl, ti j hey 'lU,,, summarvc;d 1n 11h tL G 9, 10 and 11 males here promptly lcmovl.d and thc 1.nSClnln1.lld ftnltlt .... \ f.. re tC'ttu'H.. d Lncnscd) ull(h. t the <;.,'lme l.dtnllfYlllb numbcl, 10t lud} oi OVlpO~ltlOIl 3.nd longcv1ty As mLnt~ol1cd carilar, lhc iood \';'1'. lC'lH. .. \lLd ahout t.VCly ~ 3 days, at wlneh t1me the eage "as cleanLd of hOI1c.vJl-w wtth 1 ~\ ab oi eotton dl.pp<'d Ul J, stl.lled wáler t, ! Alt110ugh 110 pat l~cul "lr ly long lH~IC. was <:;t'cnl 'hatclu. . ng mat.lng be'" haVlOr, mlny o[ the CH.nts reportLd by workus bULh as O V Carlson I (1967) ¡,CrL notLd, L g lnCle~se l.n actLvl.Ly, pteCnlng, palalle1 pOSltHH11llt1' uf L1L- tltites" C;~ Lft clrcl"lng Cndlt1& l11 thC' lntcrlo<..kll1g oí lnlcllockLIJ ¡nlL 'lnd femalL. rcacLcd 1n unl.son to 1 brlsk dlc;tl. lb tll\.Í-~ lB th( cnV12cp-¡{..nL !:::>uch 1.. ... o:,lu. . Ct U1 thc substrata, 1 sudden <..htn!~0 in 111um'lnatlon, Qtlong n01SCS, ilnd mOVeMt nts Ol ~ut'- roum.hng pcr!:'ou<:;: or obJL.c.ts Che In 1 tl ng coup 11- \t/ou ld mOVL 'U1 harmonlous COOrdl"1.iltlon "lod, '5 a rule, hould noL &C'paratc, execpt perhaps, ~f thef had bccn copul.J.llng [or con"'ldL,,'1blc tlme PalrS dccLdcnta11y "hdkcn off fol11bC thoppcd cnlo lhL hotLom of lhe.. C'l6e 01 onto Lhe <;,011 and I J i.';f1 ~:,. ~. .. . p,t'~ 4\' :..: ~-E.!-' rabie 9 Tl.me lt1d dur.:tt~on oE m1.l1.uf;, o[ I phl"Lo11 on conWlon bca.n ~r~ (Ph/l colub vU)¡;'1n,) ,' h"r , __ J~ Beglnnlng obq~rv~d 1Cr.nllHlllon obsC'rved rotd1 dUr'1tlon _1;' "_ < ,. 'lt II (hours) H ~_ ,¡¡;' (',( ,- ? 7 30 .:t .. m 9 00 a In 1 h.. r 30 run , 7 10 10 15 " 3 05 .. 6 35 .". S 00 " 1 .". 25 .... 6 30 7 /,0 " 1 .. 10 , < " r 12 45 p ni 2 15 " 1 6 35 a 9 00 " 2 .... 30 . 25 ... 1'1 1- 4 JO p m 6 30 P nI 2 00 " -, 7 45 .:t .. m 9 l~5 '1 In 2 . 6 00 8 1,0 " 2 ... 00 .. 40 .. 5 45 " 8 1 S " 2 " JO .. 9 20 " 10 00 " O " /,0 " 5 45 .. 7 40 " 1 " 55 " 6 00 .... 8 50 " 2 " 50 " S 45 8 20 " 2 " 35 .. 8 JO .". 10 JO " 2 " 00 .. 5 JO .. 7 30 " 2 .". 00 " 8 00 " 1 30 .. 6 30 6 00 .". 8 00 .... 2 " 00 " 7 00 9 10 ? " 10 • " I i 6 00 ".. 7 45 ".. 1 " 1,5 .. 1 I• 8 00 10 15 2 15 f ¡ " " • (, 10 " 8 20 " -- 1 50 " la 30 " -- " '[ 20 l. -- ------ I 810 " " 7 15 " 9 30 " 2 " 15 " 6 00 " 7 45 " 1 " /,5 " (, 00 " S JO " 2 " JO " I 9 JO " 10 50 1 " 20 .... " 6 30 " 8 10 " 1 " 40 ! 6 00 ".. 8 30 " 15 10 30 .. 2 .. JO " 8 2 " 15 lO 6 00 " 8 40 " 2 " 40 11 6 00 " 7 25 " l " 2;' " 10 JO " 12 05 P m t " 35 " 11 6 30 .". 8 10 a .. PI 1 40 11 II• 5 45 7 JO .. 1 ".. 4') " I 7 'JO " 3 00 O lO " I 6 00 " 8 !,O .. 2. " 40 " • I lotÜ tln¡c 66 " OS I " Num\)(!r o[ p:.tlrs 37 \1(' ln nnll ng uut"JLlOn 2 hr 20 mln I ¡I { I 1 ! • -.! ¡• t I, r 41 rabIe 10. Tl1UL. '1nd dUr"ltloll o[ rnallllg oí r ~hl.l-l)tol'l on lunll be 111 (Ph~seo lu:> lun"tus) neglnnlng observed lerm1.natlon ob ClVLJ loL II dut lt~on ..- r ¡~ at at (hours) 't ,, 6 30 a m ;. 9 00 a m 2 hr 30 fiu.n f 5 10 n 7 20 " 2 " 10 , !,\ " 5 25 " 7 '15 .". 2 " 20 " • 6 00 .". 8 00 2 " 00 .. ¡ 5 35 .. 6 45 " 1 " 10 " , 5 20 .. 7 !f5 ~ " 2 " 25 " 5 30 .. 7 l,5 " 2 " 15 " 5 30 6 l,O " 1 " lO " 7 00 " a 9 00 " 2 " 00 "a 6 15 .n. 7 20 " 1 " 05 " 9 30 10 l,O " 1 " 10 " S 30 .". S 00 " 2 " .)0 " 6 00 .. 7 1+0 " 1 " 40 " 7 15 8 15 " 1 " 00 " 7 00 n 8 JO " 1 " 30 " ~ 6 00 n.. 8 40 " 1. " 40 " 5 45 8 00 " 2 f. " 15 " 7 30 .... 8 50 n 1 " lO " f 5 30 .. 7 30 .. 2 " 00 " -1 5 15 7 JQ " 2 " 15 " 340 p m 4 ',5 p m 1 " 05 " i 9 00 " .. n. 11 00 ~ In 2 " 00 " 1 20 b 35 " 1 " 15 " 5 15 " 8 00 " 2 " 45 .. S 20 .... 8 00 " 2 " 40 " 5 1+5 .. 7 15 " 1 " 10 " 10 45 .. 12 45 P 111 2 " 00 " 5 15 ¡' 945 .. 6 45 " .. 11 00 .. m 1 " 30 " 1 " 15 " 5 15 7 15 " 1. " 00 " 5 20 7 00 .". 7 00 " 1 " 40 " .. 8 JO " 1 " 30 " 8 00 9 '_}J- " 1 " 25 " 5 15 n 7 JO " 2 " 15 " 1 30 p",rt 2 JO P í'1 1 on " 00 " 6 a .. m 7 1+5 ~ M 1 .. 45 " 7 O:J 8 JO " 1 " JO .. 1 00 p.m 2 10 p 11 1 n 30 " 42 ,able 10 (conL LllUC.d) Begl~~lng obscrved Tcrmlnatlo, obscrved Total dur'ttlon at ate (hour8 ) 5 30 a .. m 6 30 n m 1 hr 00 mlO 7 00 8 30 " 1 " 30 " 6 00 .. 7 30 " 1 " 30 " 6 45 ".. 8 50 " 2 " 05 " 5 30 7 30 " 2 " 00 " -------- 10t<11 tlmc 71 " 35 " Number oC p.,Ueq 43 Mean matlng dur'lllOn 2 hr 05 filn ""- A":":';:::~ .... ;:rU>:- 1"" ~~ ;" ;~f' 4' ~;i ~ ~i 1 .h 1<. 11. lltn\. IIld durtllo" 01 mlllilF of l~.~~ 011 COi" I)C 1 (V 1. 1)1) 1 ~.nt n~) __· ____· __. _._ _~ _0. __C .~_~. ._-_.-~._-_._--- BeglnnLng ob,ervcd Termln.atlon observcd rotal duc:ttlon al at (hours) _ b -~._-~._-~~-~.~. ~ 7 00 1. m a 9 15 1. m ~1 2 hr 15 mina .} 9 25 " 12 00 " 7 " 35 " r 7 00 " a 9 4, " 2 " 45 " a ,t- 10 00 " 11 40 " 1 " 40 " 8 35 " 10 JO " 1 " 55 " 6 la ",. 8 00 " 1 " 50 a " 6 15 .. 00 " 1 " 45 .. , 7 00 ~a 8 25 .. 1 . r 7 10 " a 9 45 .. 2 ... 25 " a , 35 .. a 9 20 ".. 11 15 " 1 .. 55 .. l o ~ vId ,) 11 ~~ t --~----~._-~--- t Age oi f"p>ale A,<;c of ".,les 11me l'1psL bc- Agl. of [( ! ¡l ¡ L AgC' o[ n'aIL~ at exposuu! at <"pasure t1t.cen L>.pOsurc al malLnb al í'IlJ.tlng to _les to female and mdtlng f I 2 O 7 9 7 t () O 12 12 12 ~ ¡ O O 7 7 7 • 5 O 6 J 1 6 6 35 12 18 47 O O (, Ó 6 1 1 3 4 4 5 6 3 8 9 O 14 G 6 20 6 O 3 9 3 2, 9 4 6 13 5 7 1 6 8 3 21 7 JO 28 6 O 5 11 5 1 O 5 8 5 2 O -' 1, 2, 4 5 2 6 7 2 O 7 9 7 1 1 8 ') ') 1 1 8 ') 9 6 1 5 J 1 6 1 1 9 lO 10 6 O 6 12 (, O 11 5 5 16 1 21 10 11 JI S O 4 l' 4 :2 O 7 9 7 2 O 5 7 5 2 5 12 14 17 9 7 O ') 7 2 4 4 h 8 4 8 2 h 10 O 10 27 27 37 O 8 12 U 20 O O 9 ') 9 -- ~~---- -----~-~ --~---~-- u\ dr} \ e~th .... , lhe sL-conJ l~ c.slabl1",hcd 1n L.:ll.ly AUt,u'il 'lnd 15 ffilturc In Novemher, "hL.n LhL sccond r'l1ny ~C1.son 1<., OVC:t I mpO.:l,,>cín leaih0ppers bUlld up dutl.og thL í:tlst crop ilnd lt<:ms[t-l. Ln grc.1.l lHlmbLr:::. to tite <:;cc- onu" JC'OpUdL/l.1H", or l.nn~111.11tlnb ..111 productl.on of Lom:ncrclll bLlns ~lost oElen, the p11ntanons \,~ll not [a~1 .1ltogt..thel bUL \'LII be dLversely lT'nen brin!; about " prO[USlon o[ a'ül13.r} brllncln'1g "hlel l,"gely comp"nsates for tnL 1.Ltcstcd tcrunnal C'longatlon Ir the lnfLst~llon plrsLsts, stunt1.n¡, oE 11"" glo"'th, tCllnkllng 1nd rougltcnlng o[ tI\< foil.abe \nl1 devclop "etCl ',010. ... lIme, lhe follag1' \",-11 st"llt lo Vl.1l0\< In the , 1 In tlw i 'lll1Cr Str111gLly, Lhe: othLt dam3.t,L CApce s'->l.on~, Lhough oi grcdtcI phVSlolú¡jlcnl consequcncL J ofcen e cape nolleL or au:! not as- 1 soc~átcd \.1.tn tne jHLbCnCc o[ tllt.. 1.1\,;,ccts In th" dl edS where h t scnt1il]]Y Lile ",amQ tS [or kraLffi<"'[l) ulld \'¡1>:; fTl.ven. ,-\1<"11 lt:. . sscr consl.dera- I t10n. Pte pl"'lnt rC;1ctlon Lo le"11hoppcr att'lch. was ObSL1Ve.d to vary l.n dlfíCTL!1t l) pc~ oC lc&unüs (on>"on bc~n (l?hoseolus vulgans L ) showed hrp1.t o.,CD<:iltlVlt} Lo lIle ln.::;cct \lt~lCk,. rC'1cted vlllh abundant a.l'n11ary gro\~th) Lncour.Jblll~ [uI"thcr proll[l.lJ.tl.on oí che pcst, and succuPlbLd I J rapldly to Ü~ danldgc In the sCleenhouse, thc cageo had to be ,nfeóted "1.th relatlvc1y fel, 1l1bects "O that thc abundant pro<,eny \Jould f~nd food enough to complete l.tb dLvclopment fostered numcrlcal lncn.. . .3.~e to '1 much les ser Ci\.tent Ir ehe :wvadlng populanon l~ stlong, Le 1<111 scldolll bUCCLCd 1n klllLl1g the 1'1anls, ~nstead~ thLCl.C' o[ ~l.c'ckl1~d"e ,hgs ~, 18 and 19) showcd .a p"lltcln wh-lCh rU::d] 15 hOppclbuln~ J c", 1 mll}l,~na.l clryl.ng up of 1 yellonn¡, [n contrast to the damagL tníl1cted by 1_ l<:~~ (Flg 1 i tcnd to the.. enlice m>l::-¡'lnal a~ed of thc lea( (<'lg 19, uppcr 3 lcaves) I unless nLCrOS1" sct.s 1n, completely dLstrOylng the lL"lf (1'18 18, upper 1 left corné 1) 1 ~g 18 shm.Js l.n a clock~,,~se ordel., the progrebs~ve 1 ! changLs v.h~cn took pllCC ~n thL bt-an leat as a lc"'ull of d&IT'.agc by r: phaseol1., rhe.. hL llt.hy 1L"[ Occ:up)lng the center o( Lhe lllustr..ttlon 1 j ¡ 4H t10tH tite pltU.dllll., OU<.,tlvatlon ... ulltl L\.plúllt0ly (,1 tI:-l It WLj uh- V10US that the Llerl!.ng and OVlpOblttOn o[!, plnocol t WLle hr [rom being l.nd,SCnmlnate and th~t the qUdlLty and type o[ lhe suhstrate had to be takcn 1nto account lí the b1010g1cal prOCCl>hCS oí Lhe. léafhoppcr w<..re to be asst.qqcd ,nth ome dcgrLe of pte.C1S10lt l'he obSCrV'ltlons anrl tnals Cllrrlcrl ouL tndlc ¡Lul plauliy rhat!. phdscub dL'plays dLfferLnt late.s of OVlpO~l t¡on dnrl longeV1ty on dl.ffercnt host p 1.mLl> One plm'L SPCC1L" wlll lObL0' lhL tCptOductlon and lengthen the h[e of the lnsect 'lnd othLrs ¡HU prove Lo be lcss favorable qubstr'lteb None oí the thUL lq,ulld..q 1nclndL.J LI. thé lé"ts < ~ lnterfelel¡ dlastlcally eooogh '11th Lite. b1010¡,y o[ th, 1,- 1-fhopper to suggest poLI nt l.nh1bltory qu ll1nes, Lhough 1."htOLLOl' may occur 1.11 GthCT stl "'lUlO; attractlVl.nLSS of '-O\.JpC'1 to lc'lfhappcro:, In li'll [l.cld 1<" ovetCOIUC l.n conI1nCHLnl 1 t ,",ouid be oí hrcat l.n"clc-.,l lO J" l0111l:llo Wh1.l p]dnt qnall.'t~ 1'-> thc ha'i1.b [01 the lnbects llualcu JLLLplJ.llLl j ""' ~ ~ , ' ~ , , ¡ \PI RHU l'lt~on and lt~ duratlon a11l01lp' fLmal('s rC!:1tllct.lS.d to comnon beal1 pl1.nt~ of prc-bloom .:1nd po~t-hloom ílü.tUllly 1.tHl lo observe \Jhcther fh:enced) l[ OVlposltlng [emales "",re transierrLd ,,[tel JO day" on pet101es of po<'t-bloom plants to thc pútlo1c::. o[ pu:!-hloom plant& }latLrl 'll~ .:tnd rncthods Grccnl'ousc pld.nt~llg<:. of conllnon bean were tlmcd to~ prov.J.d~ ahunnU1lt planlS o[ ¡He-blooM nnd posL-blOOl1 maturlty durlng the COUlse oí che e,;pCllT'l\..nt (f igS l/lo 1.ntl 15) ¡'rlcnmeyel n'l~l.s (SOO ce), fd lcd "ah 37. ~ucros" solútlon, vere fttted • tti> cork sLopp,-r~ in .. hleh 4 101es \;Cl(. pel foraLed Four leaves cllppcd hom the metll.all portl.on of mtlLurc planto, about 30 days from plantln6, Id.. ("L cnutlously lntroduccu Lhrough thL hale.s la the stoppers 1 ana the cut emb o[ thc peLloles bltnLl..cs 3 5 x 3 5 },. 3 5 cm \üth t\nce noles, one. shghtl) lar"Lr thJ.ll un average pet::l.Ole (about 4 I'rll 1n du.,,), ~ &Lcond on lhc "ppos1lc side "ade enough to reCei\l" a oí the h1l1"cd hdlf of tb" snapbo" ~boul 5 nm 1'1 d,am ~""'.P' I~'fs., 51 \ ~ ¡_~'.<' ~~-- ~ "~. ' Jtthen cuuttou..,ly pu--.hcd JCtOSS lne scctlon o[ lub1l1g, lhe (lt.-t Llld lmm<. rbt.d ~")"" n a flonsl 's ,;/atLrplck f111ed ,nth a 3'7, suerose solullon (rlg 22) · '" Before the c',1''-'' "}cre closed, cotlon "as gently caalked around Lhe i¡l • i; penolc al lhe apCllures to puwent escape of thc female and protcct the -:;:." • f plant part 'lgaLnsl raptare or bruLses xt Has soon seen preferable to , hxst \vU1P tlw petloles ln \vettc,od cotton plJOr (o thclr lnserl1QU Ul the snapbo~es at a hClght correspon(hng lo lhe UppCl hale, per[ecllng the caulklng lat.Cl wlth a pOl.ntcd lnstrument. le W1.<; caS1.e:t ana less hazardoUh to ln"tall lhe cottan plug alO\lnU the bahe oE the p0tlolc in the seetlon oí p 1 ~stl e tublng fllc cages '-l"re then rc~dy to l"CC1VC lhe females wlneh w"re lnllouuccd through lhe latel'"l hole, WhlCh wab closed \.11th co t lon r lug 1, lected to "upply the OV1.posllLon cages 111 lite follo\.Jul[j fl.:lnnCl Ap- proxllnat~l) 160 lc1Vc" [10111 P'L-bloo 1 planl' (21 d'y" from phntu;,J, 0' from post-bloolr pl'1nts (39 thys tlom plant1.nb), t L1C cllPpLd <:10 e to the1.r JunCLlon h'1.lh lhe "'fcm, placed lO stand 1.11 'v.;:ttCt) .:lnd ptomptly taken Lo a cool llld \.¡cll llluffil.11.'ltcd room on tJooucn flarle::. lo 1.1l l.nto tht. pans ¡nd lo <"01 e up [lu<'h \'1 th thL con'" talners br.lffi .lile pans were f1.11ed \11.th \.;ulel so lnJt the leaves' petlOlcó '.ouId be umnersed "h1.1e the blades rested tlat on tne scrcen suriace At thc tlnl( of [O]LlgC lt.n0\;11.1 mJ q;g count) lhc petto]c,,:> wcre cllpped .lt tne uppLr ~lIrrdCC o( the ~dbC, pul1cd g(>ntly 2 to 3 CM out Pul 11 19 ouL '-1H. .. pcLIOlc a ShOl t du;tancc \~as Dr..CL "'",>ary bccHl0n penod, (3) ¡ 1 dillly OV1POSl tlon tate, (4) oveldll rate of OVlI'O".tlon íot the total !, ¡ ! } the numbcl 01. egg.:; depOqtlt-;,d ln the lntclV'll o[ t.wo conSLcut~ve leaf changcs by tiJa numbLt' ol hours lhaL LutCIVDl 1'l..,cLd lnd multlplyl.ng the quotlcnl by 24 of female':> dllve dUllng tllC; ~ntLrv II heulC.. . LonsHh.. u}d the d'tj'" oC peLlol. lenevnl WP1( Um¡H.:rf'd lt lll<;L hy Lhe lcl1.ll.VLly large 1 l .:;ample Sl/e, bul hecúrnc i!lOlC /~_._.- '51 ~2 r.L V 54/, 33 --A- ~-' nC nA = Al) \C tJ)C 26 76 = ------ 1 21 '/5 2 s 2 ¡, + "B ne t",,"...j->.tended The numbel o[ Jow values ~s re]a- tlvely small An lnCrC1.t'e ln r lte l.b vl.slLle '1fLCl 30 d'lys) follo\.J1ng ::oe transfer írom post-bloom to ¡;rc-bloom hg 28 (h c 1l ""-Il!:..J..) lhe 11U:" f111 1long a JI11<' wil1ch ap- orOX1m1tes a level oC about 2 and ar" thcre[ote ,llghlly 104e\ than 1n the precedlng tlcatments There Cdn al,o be onscrv. . d 1 grc1ter numbel of 10\1 vilues hcl\.¡ccn O tnd 1 , lhe longc\' lt)-4'eans 'o/ere -comp ln. . J b~vlng the fol- 10t 1116 t valuctl AH 1 43, Ac o 27 RLfu nng y to gro\.} 111 the bcrecn- ,, housc -¡nd plouuccd [ol1~gc 1<1 ad('qu~le quanllty o[ um[ollll matUllty for " lmple-ml..ntlng lhc sl.mulC'lnc.ous LrcatmcnLs Pl~nt ln'ltCll'1l o[ 10terrnedLdte 'be (30 dclyq ftom planLLng) lVas used ln .:1l1 l.J.hCS "lnu lite rnc.dl1n porL1.ons of pl1.ntb c .... clu.,l.vcly utLll.tcd, fercllLnl levL 15 of phys 1 o loglca 1 ~c en ll) rn lile' pIdo l, ~, ~ [[ce Lcd by Vl.dcU 111 1.11 tlealnLnt& Percoles and lhe ,tL1Lhc.d mLd1ll1 petlolule, ""ere uscd 1n thc tests Thc..se pct~olc!:. v.C1C placed in [lor1.st·s wai:I...rpl.C. .. l(~, t'H:~ lo\"er cut end lnl.ilK.rbcd in 3/ ~ucrosc solut~on lhcsc , .. all.. lP1Cks,. ln turn, were attac.ll"d (l~ 1 n I "pe, tml nl 1) by Ivay o[ a small scctl.on o[ pla"tLc tub'lng to lhL ft.I...dlng ano 0V1.pOSl.tl.on c1.ges, HhlCh \'Lre clear plastlc sn..1pbo' es 5 '\. 5 .... 5 cm jhLSe: snapboxe.s \¡I.-re pcrfotated In the center oí lhC' bo~to,ll 'id" so th II LlH' O 7 cm ho h. \ ouid be equal1y dLVldcd bet\.lccn lht.. lt.JO Ílll1g<-d halvcb, the sccond hole 'ils bOled on one oí the ;\PP'O'LIIIJLLly 500 [,[th ulsLdr 1ca[noppc, oynp"ls WLrC collccted fro,., ,,>clcl.nhou;c (,..olon1.cs \vhlCh had bLcn "U.:.tlntal.lH...d suc(.c.s~fully ror 6J about 10 h' 11<.. t lt lOI1~ 1l1.1f thc I1lomhLr of imU'ltulL ln""cCl ... W~ lt. t tkCll from COl!'J11011 bcan ,nd ha 1f El 0"11 co"pca rhf' ln.:;;('ctb [10m each source »ere placed tn geparate btccdtng c1ge,>. "he ..: (ach group was gro'm lO tbe adult .... t'1f,<. lnd pcrnuttcd to mute 1n comnoll Indl\JHJual rema]c leafhoppcrs 'ele r<,moved [10m thc blcLCbng cages to the P) 11u! pctl.oles and the ... ucrosc solutJ.on '",'ere rene\oled cvcry 21,2 to 3 days and the cagos clcaned to remove honeydew al cach tune- of change The: plove was apphcd al [OUt diLcrent ages al tile test l",ccts to deu. . ct the posslble efrcLt oC ,ge al d ,I~o lo brlng Out mono Sll1kJ.llgl} lhe effeet of re .. vcrtlnr, [roln lh(. (ApLl~mCnL.l] ho<;.t ¡)]<1nL, back lo lhe re'1r~ng host plant The: ages cho-..e:n \. .. crc 15, 45, 75, ",d 120 da}s [rom mallng The cal- eulalLU l 'H<' L ,eola, USl.nt, common be"n (Ph'lsc>elus Vlll¡pt lS) ánd cm'pea (~~ SLnCn~l.S) \ anuble <;tudenl-t. CdlClllated at day ).~ " , 15 45 75 120 - Reanng hosl pl1nt 1 48 O 24 O 29 O 26 Expcn'1lental ho~l pianl 1009" 15 40 ' 21 60 'x 13 59" Intcr1.ClIOn bcl\\(..LIl 1 <- '1f1.ng antl < "pc llmLnla 1 host p Iant 1 17 O 21 O 38 O 19 Rc\cr~ll on [rom CYpC"l tntenta! lo reanng host piunt O 21 O 12 5 04 ('le 6 31 I respC'ctlvcly, 2 16 1nd 2 77 ThL t values ler thc r, H lng host pIant 1 Luled .,1 tOgllhcL Lo shO\; ql.,nllLC'lnCC, Hln!L lltose o[ the expenmental llOst pL.mL W.l e VCty lngh1y slgnlfJc1nt lhe lntcl..1ctlon was,. 1.11 no case, sl.~nl.f1.c,Jnt .1nd thc JeVel'llOn to lhc LcHlng hO'3r from the cxperl.- nent1.1 llflSt proved illghly ~ogru.[LC.:1nt follo\"ll1b thc leve4s~on) \vhl.ch was I:a~ncd fOl dUl .non oí OVlpos~tLOn in the S treatmcnts, the LabulaLed j 65 ,,;;1_, r' J "dues .,t Lh" 57 ~nd 11. levels are glvell 101 181 (el In the tab le) nnd 48 ,,!:§' f~. (extrapolH'll 1.rlpllluue lhe conUllon fC'1tlllC L5 1 bladual d01" \11rd trcnd be 411 1.111l1'l1 dlOf' (mOte or less pronounccd, e g ln P -+ V and P -Jo P), no slw.rp dlOp a~ ln V -+ V; or a rlSC as lJl V ...... P che pol.nts are clustcrcd flom O to 40 days and s¡nc,d Llun1y (rom 40 to a httle ovC'r 145 d,ys 1he level of egg dC.r>O~llton 1<:: ,gem:. . 1.1.11y 10\/ \V'Lth 1. m1.Xlmum of 'lbout 4 ~.11 (V ~. P) Thc C1USLCl.l.llb 01 l'llhcr lllodct"'ttLly ingh OVl- poSU:!.on rJ.t:L"i. bct\"een O and 40 d1.yomc Contcd ¡'''yond 140 d li', 'llthottgh at vely low leve 1 <; J2 (1' ... P) lh(> pOln~& "llL "llmotclcd hL-l\~t.f...n O and a lltllc.. OVl.r 40 <.1.:1'1'::: 'lnd ~hm.¡ a vcry btLe-p deC1C'1<;C [rol1 OVLr 14 dO\!I1 Lo nC'al O 1 ti, 34 (1'''' V ""'-l2. 1 he <",l)\C t Cl"Hl k tU le p.1tlCl n 1.& aga1.l1 fou1i.d as ltl r -t V Hl LIte [1rst 1) lI:l o[ Lhe ll.HVL OVlpo"ü,on drops to O from near 40 tú ne.:lt' 80 days 3nd p1-cks up (10m lhc.re, mal.ntadll.ng Ltself Ul the V1C1tllty aL ~ 2 oVLrnll l~lL lile dU¡atlon o[ thc OVlpos!.t~on per.lcd lb extended bc)ond 140 d~ys IJ 1 [[LLl of HIle 'lnd ¡ LunlL 1\6'- on llUHnlon o[ Prematlng A mulllrlc regless10n ~n"lyslh ¡"de o[ lhe ma.k dild fcmale matlng data ln flble 12 re&ulted 1n the fo11o,"ng analysl.s of vanance Table 15 :'Latlstlcal analysls ¡ ffeLl o[ rn11e and fcm,le ages on the: dUl.atloll oC prcrnallng Souree of v lll'ltlon d [ ::, S Regresslon 3 re "k! le age l 178 60 178 60 10 05 '" ., Hale agL l 52 88 52 88 2 97 -, lnteracl~on 1 O 35 o 35 o 02 Frror 32 568 92 1771 SLgnlfLeant al 1/ leve! oC probabllLty rnL ¡ valuc fOl thL "f[Let of fennle abe. l.' Inghly slgnlfleant, the labuldtcd valt,c dt the 17 lLv ... l bClng 7 50 lnLet 1Cllon bel"<..en the a<¡cs o[ thL sc,e& boLIl f,.u1ed to sho" Hgrhfl- C<1nct... cvcn '1 t thc 54 leve 1 fhe t,¡'ulatcd valuc at thal level H 4 15 • • " lA ¡, 1, III ,,( lJ\S [ON ¡\ND (ONC LtJS ION T!lL tesult~ 01 the Lypcnmenls nnd lhe aa tly"'S of thLH dala a10ng \nth the prellml!lary ooservatlons lcad to el fetv ,'ather \lcll-supportcd concluS1ol1~ 'md ~lso rnget lLJ.on (lJ.d BOL [estC:l cbg dCpO<'lLlon bul could ar,(;}urc <;utV~V'11 a rathcl long tllni... 'l[tCl 0VlpOSl tlon had ccased 3 Lhe CtJnunon ht '1n \¡ ,,1 c;l dl.StH1cL 1)' f"1vor'li le eEfcct on egg pro­ dU<.llOIl, dlll.1L..10n o[ OVlpO:':.l.tlOll, OVlposlt1.0n late) ar.d b fc­ 'pan I H id Oh"'Cl\.i1llon!!o lLl..n(olcc thcsc. f1.nd~ngs 1 arge IlUmbCl("< o[ nyrnt>h<; HHl '1dull& are cont'lon tn bc.an flClds ____= =..., ...." "'_.. ."..~ .. ...,¡;q ... • Ja .i7;; 75 Haid ly '!ny 1 nfLS tatLon oecurs on eQ\'pLil. p hnan¡,~ lhe. fIel that eowpcd docs not harbor leafhoppers under üeld cond1tLons ~s piObábly ~nd1eat~ve that ~t laeks sorne alLraetant Th~" LS [urther corroborated by the faec that lh:!.>. 'pceJes allowb surv1val and multipheatl.on of lcafhoppLls under eond,tlons of confl.ncf'1.cnt In other \vord&:J co\vpea does not scem to c.ontal.U any detcrrC!llt lo leafhoppar 'lit Vl val 4 ... L ph'1seol"l 1.S ablc to surv~vc. on a clth"r dlVCr':>~ll{'d <.,C'll.CS oC host plants The ca"" o[ cO"1,ea whleh 1.$ a mediOCte to poor ho,t lor the leafhopper, 1n the [1.cld 1$ pu¿zl1ng lull bustaln thC! ~nseet whcn tl C! latte, 18 conÍlnc:d on lt but wlll fiOl:: favor llS lonhevLt} nor LtS (gg produetlon Ll SI.-cmb 1og1eal thdt the rcason may 11e In th<- 'I'!'lb ty 01 ~bund meL oE some spec~he food e lcm<..uts 1nat nut rlcnts may be 1:trUllng " ".ggested by the observatlon thut 1c<¡fhoppf'rs nny SUrVlvC on nutrullcnt obt'1~ncd by [l.c:d~ng OH Lile ~3p of d 1m 1ged p Llnt!->} praetlcally deVOld oC grecn tlSSUL~ Undee th(!~L CllcumslancCs rhe [c'!lales do not OV1pOSlt and 1L 1.5 susp<-ctLd th"t th", eggs do "ol succcssfully n!'lture thc lnterrupt~on, even l.n C'Xtlt..01C bltU.:1L.ton<:;, dOLb not reach the eOldLtlon of Oosorption, Lhe f0111e1e ce11s ceasing to participate in egg form~t1.ou ~nd lhe oocyte dying and belng reabsorbed Th~s sc,-ms to be lndlcated uy lhe stnklngly 76 , ' f 15t rl ~ump tlon O[ OVlpOSl tlon in fcm"1.1c!:o .,lll.[lcd from .J. d(flClcnt to 1.11 adcquatc host plant OOI.;cnc..,l.'> 1.nd vl.lcllo- gcneSl<; would dlaln heavlly on Lile [uTIllc leafhot)pCLS' l('scrves o[ prolClns, nuclclc aCld~, llplds, and glycogcn hcl' luusll ",ent '.otlld depend upon the qua llly o[ lhe [ood SOtl, ce 5 Hat1ng 15 largely governed by lhe are o[ Lile [ema le lca[hoPI)L! fhe maleo are ready to eopul..ltL "15 eH ly h 2 ,hy, J[lL' I ~ thcy nave rcach0c1 the adult sLlge lhc len 11('<; h lV(' to go through a per10d of maluratwn o[ "1L h %l ¡, el lyS Intel- acllon bel,..¡een the ::.c'\.es was [ound lo be LI1S16Iu.flcant, malLe., and [cm-¡lcs Tfl8Llng success[ully dt a11 agc. .... 1.nd t,lvlng rl'SL to n}mphs \."lll.ch dc.vclop normally ">1.llCc.. liH' l1lc.llc~ can m1.tc ::,cvctal tUles, lhcy Cdn 111SLnn- nate [cm..¡lcs not only o[ LhclL own gCllLral1.0n bl.lL o[ 1.ny o[ Lhe ovcrlapplll& bLnclltlcns ln Lhe bean C1Lld, d fdLLoL o[ gl~dt l.Jllpo .. L tilLe' Ul LhL mallltcn"lnCC lne! 1I1CICU,;;P ol le lJhoppcr 1 ,1 6. lJl1(h r the Cllll1UllC, vLgcLatlon.11, anu agrlLulLllrul condltlons 1 pu. Vílll.11}-, Ul CosLa Rlca lno Llnoughout Ce.ntl.:11 Arncrlcu, 11,101 Ll ph¡'>Loli Oman) LhclCfolC, qlnLe !:ouccessfully SürVlves anu lCplOduccc:; ln lal":,L nllmbcr..... As long as such crops a!:o comnon bl...:1uc:; 1nd 11111'1 beans ate. cultlvated 111 sJTla11 home gJr- den", the da11age b} tile 1n5eLt w~ll be 1mportant but not pro- hl.b.LtlVC lhc s1tuatlon can change drastlcally lf large-scalc 77 P 1.lnt U dc El Salvador • .1 2 factores entre ellos se puede menCionar los dafios ocasiOnado!.> por las pIa- gas, Siendo en nl.c~tro medIO la pI' mClp".! ::!ulante la éjJoca lluviOsa, el PI- cudo da la Vama del Frijol AplOn RodmaOl Wagn, el cual en algunas zonas írljoleras OCaSiO'la hasta un 940/0 de :laño. mfluycndo :l.llectanH~nte en la -- prodUCCión del culttvo. En Vista de la ¡m?ortancla del cultlvo.Je frIJol. C0'110 fuente da protemas - y vitamInas en la dicta ahmentlcla de.! ¡;lUeblo salvadoreño y por Id un;:>or-- tancla que la plaga representa como un factor que InCide directamente en - la prodUCCión, dc.sde.al año de 1966 para tratar d" buscar una solUCión m- tegrada al problema, se comen7arona efectuar una serle::le trabaJOS, e'1-- tre ellos, la Evaluacl6n de ValwJades de Frijol por su reSistencia al daño ocaSiOnado por Aj?lOn godmant • REVISION D8 LlTJ:RA TURA Los MecarHSffiOS de reslstenCIa Palnter (1941), anall7ando la res~stenc,a de las plantas d.,¡los Insectos, encontró que es muy útil dlVldlr el fenóme- no ':le r-eSlstcncla etl tr&s C0l11:>onentl.S o mecanísmos Estos tres mccanlsn~os s," enuncian en el :hagraln" slgulCnte PNTIBIOSIS Para OVlp051cl.)n Zf",cto ,d,erso de la allffiLnto o ab,,! ,-______- ,,,lanL.:1 bobre la blO-- go. 10gí< ..:tal Insecto. TO L,:::Rf NeIA R0paraClón de t~J1J0S, recup.;:raClón o habll1.da.:i para sotloltar l:lf\..qtaCtÓtl J.J lnsectos /3 PreferenCIa Se usa para defInIr el grupo da características de las -- plantas y res.;>ucstas de los Lnsecto~ qUroxlmadamente Igual a aque- na. que :laña un hu,:slnld SUscGptlble (patnter 1951 l. La toleranCIa es telvez 01 nl~canísmo menos estilble en relaCión con la ro- slstcncl¿:>, y parece 5~r el más afecta 10 por las con:llc 10 lOS del ambiente. que acl-.:hn ell la plaNa._ Caus?s ::le la r<.Slr,tencl;l Muy llnportanles conceptos se discuten en el -- , Ei!t"': . _/ 4 libro de Parntcr (1951)<:.n relaClón CO'l c<¡ce tcma. Dlversos lnvcstlgadole1l ~.:;,t a menu d o encuentran cOrlclactOnes entr(! carcctcr -lstlcas m-orfologlcas, -- ~ sustancias qulnl1C<1.S, o con::hc tOne S [¡SlológIcas dc las plantas, cuando al"a- it~- ~. hzan los datos obtcnldoG 0n com¡:nraclones hechas, con un gru,;.>o reduCIdo ldilf ~~ de varle~1.des, sln embargo, cuando 'le t.,..studla uno. coLecCIón grl"l3.e de va ~li ~ rle::3ades, las corrc:laCloncs no slempr~ "300 \oBrdade13S. ~~; .~ Antes dd tomar cu~lquler conclllsión hobrc la callsa Je leS1.stc.nCla es nece .>r~ ~­ "&' t sarlo tomar en cuenta gIan número de f:lctores. Hay hes puntos .:lc <-Vide!!. c~ ~. ela que deben ll1Vestlgarse totalmente, ¡;stos son dlscutl.:10S por Pamti'll - ta causa de reSistencia y la ÍlslOlogra o el comportamIento dol Insecto i Z - Democtrar la completa aSocmclón entIa la causa aSIgnada y - algún ractor g¡;n':tlco, ~l Cs que este fdclor ocurre, determll1a~ do e~to IJor mellO de la segleuaClón obtenIda, .:le cruoar en,re varlc:ia:les reslstentes y suscci?tlblos. 3. - Alta corro1ac16n cstadlstlca entre la causa a5¡ga>:l" y la re5I5-- te nCHl. Wlú"aIJ (1953) deflúc la reSlslenCia do campo, como el glado ::le resIst2Pcla sufiCIentemente granJe pala no p()lmltlr a las plantas suÍ! Ir S,,1105 Jafío'i, qUe hagan bdJar sus lCtl::I1P"llentos SeleCCión de valleJades J~ frijol resistente'3 al PH:U::!O dd ejote Md.. elve} et al, reportan (n 1951 algunas obS"nL'CICl1eShochas On un grupo de var.cJ::í. des reslsh::ntLs al PICUjO JSn, escogu3ndose este lugar, por ser plOplO para una -- bu"na l-vé'luaclón Jel materlal. :icbdo al gl1l.n pOI cGntaje de laño de picuJo en las vainas. El pllmor p:.lSO a s¡>eu,r fuló el de lOtro:L1Clr al país 2. 004 vane::hdes d~ Ir1 • Jol, proceJentes de l? coleCCión Mundlúl jet U S D A El trabajo se comenzó -::n Agosto de 1966, s.embránJose surcos de 2 metros de largo por cada varlc:12.d ya una JIstanCli.\ de 0.60 cms uno del otro, se fertiliZÓ con fórmula 20-20- O" ra7ón J~ 3 qQ.!M.r. La \-valuación ::lvl nntelli.11 se !le, ó a c2bo 15 Jíi.\S i.\ntes y ,[ fmal ;le su CI- elo '\cgt...tatl\, o. La pI. unera 0valuaclón 5':! hl-¿o f.-n Ch~11 v~ut1as por vnrleJ.aa, tornndo en -- cuenta untcaOlenh. . el laño <3UperflCJal J\...- \. . stan, 1...i scgund"l s,- cfi:!'ctuó;;l -- ./6 f1nal .:lel clclo vegetativo, contan3.o .:le cada un::;, .:le las cien vainas. el oÚ ...... mero total d.:l semIllas yel n.lmCro .:l" estas, daí"¿> las por el pICU:10, para a91 sacar un porcentaje :le :laño y :let.:lrmlnar SI estas eran lomunes. reSIE. tantes, tolerantes o suscepttbles a la pl>.ga. TambIén se efectuaron r~cuen tos de plCU:lO por var",±ld pal'a i por éstos en las hOJas, Para jatermmal' la reSlstcncla jo las vtaredadéls, en la p:",mera Q\eJuac¡oo, se tomS la siguIente escala Inmune O 9'0 :le daño "ltamonte re s lstente laa 5% .:le :laño ReSistente 5 a 10% jo :laño Sucepttble 10 6 más RESJLTAOOS Como resulla:lo$ Je esto tH\ba)o, so obtuvo lo siguiente 1.- De las 2004 vartc:la:les sembra:las para la prtmera evaluacl6'1, se sel.,¡cclOnaron 149 vane:la:lcS que aparel~temente [etelon alta mente resistentes al P1C"jO je la vaina y 51 varle:la:las re:315-- tentes. 2 - En la segun'i~ e,alUaC1Ó'l Si! seleCCionaron 18 varle::lades que se mostraro'1 alcamcntl.! res steotes y 73 reslsteot\..s, Obt-3111JaS de las 200 vanaJ:od0s sel.ecCll)n2 1:1" nnrE..llOrm.oote (Vor Tabla 1) 3.- De la 3a. ~valUaC1Ó'1 de las vttll~.iaJL.S 1leva:hs a cabo el 30-Xr- 68, se obtu\o como rosultaJo 9 Vdt'l .... b..des "Uan1el1t.::. rCslsten ... - tes y 2 reslst,entes 4 - En .Agosto j::!l 69, se ~valud.ron nU0\."\menl~ las onCe varl~J.\jes obten.lenlos," d nHsmo r\lsulta 'to ?Ilt':'rlor (VLr Tabla 3} CONCLJSI01\!J:S ./7 1.- Se obtuvIeron 9 var¡ejajes ie !lIJol con alt" res¡stenCli' de cam;w, y :1::>s rCslstentes al :laño oca"ltona:lo por el Aplon g-:>l man! Z - TaJas la~ varHlJa:!es obten¡:las son [oto;:¡erlOdlcas y 60 pueden 6<.lmbrar untcamente en Agosto y DIcIembre. 3 - Ss necefiarlO hacer UIla eveluaClón Jel materIal crIollo, en bus ca je Hlswt3ncm al plCU:iO de. la vawa del friJol. BIBLIOCLH,FIJ ~ 1.- GU;:;VARA e JOS':::. El de~art olIo y us") de vartedades de frtJol reSI.!!. "..,L tentas a c¡;:;ltas plagas je las legumInosas TeSIS P.H D. sobre -":t" gu o revista Cl)aptngo lv'éxICO, No. B. 62-63, 65 Y 66, 61 P.1957. 2.- GU;;:;YIIRA C JOS;:;. El combate jal ;:>ICUJO Jel "'Jote, medIante la COfTl binaCIón j;:; v'lrl{.Jades res¡sh,nU¡s e lOsectlcLdas Agricultura réc ntca en MéXICO. (12) 17-19, 1961 - 1962 - 3.- GUEVJ\Ri\ C JOS8. Et al. Selecclóll ja "anedades .:le frIjol resisten­ tes al ,)ICUJO ;:101 ejote, Agricultura T;3cnlca Máxlco (12) 17-19. 1961-1962. 4.-, McKELY8Y, J J -:.3t ah BlOlogíz y control-J¿ los plC"-:1cS ::le1 g5"~ Apt'1n quo at¿:can al f1. lJol en 1'¿6 ..- dcc OflC1nn. Je :;studlOS -=-':soe ... Clales S A G. MéXICO, Folkto T.:icrlCo No 842(>, 1951. 5.- PlIINTSR,R H Insect reslstence lOcro;,:> ?lants Macamtllan, Naw­ York 520 p. 1951. 6.- RAMIREZ e MARCOS St el SuC0?ttl)1!daJ:le algunas vanedadcs - :1.- friJol, al ,¡cujo :id .... Jota. en 12' M¿<;e Central Agrtcultura.­ Técnica an lVlé>'ICO (7) 6 37-38, 1958-1959 J8MC/dt I'~~ '-_:':-:"'~~~:::::::::~':":':;;~;~'-"::.~:::~~::=:':_':_~'~"'~:":.- 13 (Hondura! g12) 56 (MéxICo lU}Jj 58 Wtxlco 1122) ro (IIe"":,, 11351 lJ2 ("ft,,,O 115JI 63 IM&Alco 12251 fili {MoXlto /Ul} J4 (Mó'Jeo 12901 79 Wi,co 13261 gr Wtmo l'liJ3J 100 (N".rerl'JD 1499) /03 (fllcefll!Ju8 (495) 105 (t',ClJr"'Ju, /4931 132 {C;;II8t1O 1136J /36 (nasa de c;;s/tllo ¡¡Ui) 156 (Mh,c" 141J-951938} 161 IMeAleD 1342J 174 (MJx/ctJ 14 tOI ------------------..... _-------- .... -------------- .... _----------------------- fhllLA :1.. VuJtti.lJt:. atumcote te'",1 ft~Jtu y fe" l.t nte!> 31,l1CUt'o .Ie: l~ VáUhl. N~ Entrada Nombre·-Vi.lflcdud 010 Daflo AR S R 13 972 Honduras 275 + 56 1 í09 Vlé> ICO 40 + 58 1122 Mtx,co 95 + 60 1135 MéYICO 115 -1- 62 1153 Méx'co 20 -1- 133 1225 r..1lxlco 30 + 1243 MéxH,'O 50 + 66 74 1290 'VIéA 'ca 35 ++ 79 1326 !'léxIco 20 50 90 1403 f!tICXICO + 100 1488 Nlcar~gua 410 -1- 690 + 103 14q5 NICardgua 14r9 Ntcrr~ lgua 890 -+- 105 (Testigo) -1- 132 1736 C~'¡arIO 570 138 175b Po~ de Castilla 530 -+ -l- 156 93 -( 8 ) MJl'ICO 150--907 480 167 1142 t,le¡wo í Bu 50 + 65 174 1410 ~1()l'JCO + 50 154 54-74G +- t 'f.llu .. non fin,!.l di. "...Jll"t"."f,,$, de (t ) JI el U ti.- t-,,!('UlH cl~ on pú al ArlOU 1cdn lltlt (Was~} TIII!LA 3 r,f!. Nº- Nº Dpi'j,}s % Vd'náS 0/0 Da'íos Entrada P,cu '''= 11 OP 30 h:J1 ¡)¿¡p"das S~nlIU~ fR R S ...... ---d'i- ------ ------- ---------------_.-._- -------------~-----~-- 56 9 f26 471 202 + 58 16 104 1600 J 21 4- 62 15 134 43(3 OB7 4- 63 15 81 1467 742 + 66 15 90 (352 313 + 74 11 116 1200 146 +- 79 11 68 1578 486 + 90 17 171 5272 742 154 14 94 542 130 .1- 167 18 87 594 1 31 +- 174 11 0-1 524 159 1- 105(T) 20 151 &925 ".3 25 4- SÁ1(T] 15 1d? q348 8407 1- .;9 ------~------------------------------~------------ ~dr Dí;, 00 {('I!M Ihbtt • i~O<;KH10 tHa'! ¡¡(", Cn'or C:.ddiu L--,U¡ltb VarmJ.d t;l\:lOlI OQ' tICf;)! He }lo Vall¡:U M UJún.7 ,o~r'l.h;t UOt flo t.lU" 45 Y ludio 65 di" $('fw1fa ------~------------~----------------~-----------~-~-------~~-- 56 1109 Méx 33 M G A 73 81 P-M-B XX 58 1122 Mex 40 B G A 76 00 A-P-B XXX .€2 1153 Méx 41 M G A OS 9¡l P-M-B XXX ro 1225 Méx 33 ~1 G A 7a 85 N-P-B xx 66 1243 Méx 24 M G A 63 72 PI,' ti XX 74 1'29Q Méx 33 ~1 G AM 74 85 ~J-M-B XX 79 1326 Mé..c 41 B G A 80 91 P-M-B XXX 91) 1403 Móx 32 11 G A 7'i 83 Bu-G-B XXX 154 7-4-9 41 M SG B 71 76 N-M-N XXX 167 1342 Mllx 33 B G A 74 86 Bd-M-B XXX lG6 174 1410 Méx 32 B G A 70 81 Ba-M-B XX -------.---- ----._-~-------------~_.-_.-~-...-----------~- ". M",.., l' J CquulU ~ nrdlJOU: \,IIlTU I ILS ON Br:AllS IN r\l!:. WfSTfRN II! MISPHLRI:. Loul-. ... H Russ ... ll, Cooperating Scientist Systematic lntomolory Laboratory, IIIlIII, Ar,r Res Serv. USlJA. Bcltsville, M,ryland 20705 , l'rescntcd -¡t l'or! ,ha!, 01 Ik m l'roduction CIA!, L.:lli, ColOlnld" 1-3 lJecember 1975 ~-fE 4 ,~ 2 .~,. t. t A "'; , '1\ hispida, in the hmeri",s lhey "re 13e,"is1a tab..tLi «(,ennadius), Bcmisill. i, ,:; ~b~l¿l.lonca (l1ctldcm"n) anu lrhl"uroue., v-¡ponriorum (I,e<,lwQod) Of thc5C, >;' on1y Bemisi.!1. ..t:.,b1.':'l 1s t.nowl\ to be ., vector of he1n disc·!ses It tr'lt>s- I.,: mits 1,olden mosaic, ye110w mosaic, mottled nd •. lIl mcrit dlscussio 1 because they li"e on bC1nQ , 'lcribcd in 1899 lt is now , scrlous pest 00 5 contincnts lt iq a vector of tl1sea<;1.<:i of bettls. CaC;S1V'l, cotton, tohacco '1nd ffi'1ny othcr l'bnts tt '1150 inJurLs planls by fecoinr, '1nd by eycrctJ.ng honey-dcw - It livcs on numC'rou,> "lid plants from ",¡"eh it rein[e<¡ts eultivatLd erops lhe specJ.es has been d,,- seribed under 11 spec1fic names rllat are reeo¡;nized as 'lj'nonyms of _t::'~aci. lhmc.q of rael s oC I;.nh,c1, sULh '15 those l'roposeu by lh,d (1971), in M)' opinion, repn scnt only bJ.otyp":, findi'lps are COIlOC1",CU on the [011ow111r, l'¡¡r,e~ On1y one o[ the authors Thc lHe c)'ele of l1b,::i v,n:1es considcrably 111d 1<; corrclated with c1im1tic ano vcr,ct1tive eonditioos ln groupn on tiH" lo\v(, r I)urf.:lce of thc upper 1nd nC'4.¡cr lc'1v! '7 In heav)' •, ¡,,~, infestatioo&, el rs a1&0 rny be [ouno on the uppcr sur[ 1('L oC l",ves "nd ':t>' ?~ ~ on stens The ,oult fe,"ale penctr-,tcs the el'idcr'lilS ,nd mesol'hyll oE the -:?" ! -- j le'uf witb hcr OVirO<.lt01 .ntl embed~ ti" ti" oí lhe pt.dicel of tite <'1'8 in 111\1, tlle <'pgs are f~rmly ,""hored in the lc"f ,nd as long as the lcaves ,re alive Ir the l"aves die, how- ever, the eggs a1so die unlcss the incuoation period 1s nc,rly complete In r:his case, surviv,l i5 possiblc [ggs .. re hid by m'lted f(.'males "hich produce bolh 11'11'-'5 :md fcmale'! 'lml by virrin fe,nlcs whos( ef,¡;S rive rise to m-des on1y. Cost'! and Ilcnnett (1950) determined th1.t in Ilrazil, in <'Ull'mer, on var:l.ous plnnts. taba c.!. required 21 to 24 days to dc.velop frolll the e¡,g to the adulto In Puerto Rico, llJ.rd (1957) found th lt 20 .hys were required , for e,wmp1es of t,b<:1ci edged on J, troph, ¡;ossYJ.'_L~olh to complete the life cyc1c. Nene. (1972), who worle.! with t1.baci <1<; a pest of pulsc erop" in India. ind:l.catcd th~t lhc_eomplete life eyelc of tab1cl 00_ l-trd he1lls, _ ~ng henn» and soy be1ns, requ~red 13 to 24 day., from lhrch through No- vember and 72 ti"ys D<.ee¡nbcr through J,"u~ry Nene noted lh'1t adult", deelined on 1l\1tllre erop" oí the hC'lns in October whcn adults stnrted to move. fron thClll to crucifers, lentils. peas "lnd other vcvet<:1!,les fhe adult .. rem:l1ncd 1Ct.1VC but clevelopment was greatly rcducctl frol'! Nov<..mber through llarch. In' lale rebru1ry antl !larch, adults moved baek to urd, reung, <;oy beans, sw(.c.t potato, etc , antl multiplicd more r1p1dly 1'1 the wcather becnrne warmcr. Jlu~al11 nnd freh-m (1933) studied rhe b1010gy -of- -t1.h1ci, under the synonymou,> mme .!I"..!',!: 119 over '1 perlad of lB days Tile average numbar of er,rs 11~cl durlnr ;:¡ 24 hour perlad 14''> 6 one yenr, 8 anotller y""r "nd the mlximtlm ntlmber wns 16 lhe,;e workers ob<;erved that I m'lximum oviposition oecurreo lt tcmperaturc"i abovL 2~5 de!,recs e nno that oviposition stoppcd when the ür temperaturc (dI bela", 2/, ocgrC'e'l !lu"ain ,nd lrehan g~vc thl' deve10pmc!lt period", of !.:'..b1ci a<; íollows , oviposition period 2 to 18 d~ys, ineub~tion periad 3 to 33 d,}", 3 to 5 rlays April to Scptembcr, 5 to 17 d.lys Oc tober amI Noven!>cr, 7 to 16 days Fcbruar} and /tare/¡, 33 oays in Dcccmber and J~!lu,ry, the [1r<;t 3 im"ature stage" CQl1bill{,~ 9 to 11, d 1} ~ I\pril through S<-ptcmlJer, 17 to 73 day'> dUl inr the rellUlinuer of the ya lt ,nd in , single lnstance the time "as Hl er lherL "-ere 1bout 12 p,cn"r1tio!l" in the eour~e of a ye'!r but .,inee 11 {' hrnod ovetlappcd, pr1ctiL111> 111 <,t1fc<,; wpre prLsent at n 11 t:lln"" l11,-y <;twlttU tilat temperatura t.ras lhe contt"olling f'1.ctor l.n the dcvelopment of !2..b'lci_ lIus'lln ami Trclnn fauno tlnt the vJrietles of catto" 'vith which they "orked "'ere 1hout equnlly ucccptablc to the whitcfly but at different sca~ons oí the YC3y th,t th, pl"nt~ '" lt !'Iol c'l",lly infcSl<:''¡ durinr caLh bC1Vily inf, 'I L ' ,1 lb \tl othcr,> for -¡ celt.Jin bt ,¡ l in Lhe devclopm< lt of it" host i f..LAIVV" f v~ ~ o.M c..J2. ~ cW (j /f , 5 Avidov (1956) ",1d~ 10 c~Lelltot, 'leL lilcd Sl'l(.Iy of lh, biolopy t-..haci on el ¡, pI 'lnl in lvr ILl 111" evpLr~",ents "LrL clrried out open alr cond:aiolls ln the lobor'tory for more th1n 2 yC1rQ -¡nd 25 continuou, rencr..,tions Observations and surveys also were in the fle1d Avidoll' [o"nu tll1t Hlu1 ts of 1...,I",,,i Wele '"tive soon .ft, r lme r- gcnce and th3t in ~\lm",er thcy m,tcd withln 1 to 8 haur", "hile in the i: Sl'rinr, and f.11 thcy ""tul 1 to J "fter Cf ¡ d.L1thLr, scttlcd , pene-mently, in'iLrt,d their stylets .. nd be¡;1n to feed Firml} anehored to rhe l(.af, thcy "cre !lot gre~tlj .ff ... ctul bv extreme we"thLl~ conditions or by rc11nve humicll ty ,~ lon¡; as the le¡¡ves ""re turgid The duratian of thc uLveloprlent 1:~f'CS of s....lb0c:i for L.eh month of thc year iq given in the' [ol1o",lng table by AviJov tHln v-" {,\\,,) n! nI! t,1\rl)\\IJ,\t "r"f'" 1', nt! l'Htl\UU \\HITE fl\ \\j ~'} ~L lO \t ftltrul.lv lt3, 0- "').1 1 -(O to-·H \rlld, 1 .. ;!'l- l) ti Al nI tI t < (( O 1 -( J)'-2.1 (1,11\ I I \ {}- 7 Q-l'i J < ., Junt. f .. ,-- ( I <- ¡ ,- 9--1 t L- t ... Juh 1;0 .- " ~ i- 11 11--1'\ A1I".11',t (11) -3, 1-- > )-'1 n-17 Sl..ptcmhó'r 'l1¡ I .- i-11 1\- O , Ortoh('f S! ,- 8 " 0"~10 - '\ l\:o\.cnll u ')06 <>-" S ... ··) } 15-t6 '1_ .t Dt(cmh('!" If) S 1-'-(,0 1~ -/5 -----~------ ---- -------- 1¡3 ( J , L '- l As .::l'hown, the life eyelc w,~ qbortest, 13 to 17 dJyq, ~n Au<;usl, ",hen the me ln tempera tun. "'as highcs t, 26 5 t1e¡,rees G At th'lt time the prc-oviposJ.tion pI rw,) '" 1<; 2 to 3 clays, the C'fg "t'lIoL /, to 8 íhys and the larv,l ~t"¡,es 7-11 dnvs Tile lOn¡;eSl tot11 devclopmcnt p<,riod w"s 55 to 75 u1y& in lke, m'lf~r "hen the mean tempera tu re "'a" 16 5 dcrrees e The leogth of the pr('ovipoqition "nu ~gg st Ita .jI l\.""\t-mlJ1 r () tI I~ "t<' "11 JI '10 1; -Dt-.('-m-bu- ----l_o, ._---g --_H._ O_ \.1 12 513 ~ •. , The minimllln Ion¡ ('vit)' of f"nnle" .. .15 23 days 'lnd o[ m. . les was 3 days in SeptLmber whcn thc menn tLmpcr .. turt. W'l$ 25 4 degre",> e 111 e mu:imum lonr;lvity of fcmü'-s "'15 78 d1Y~ .. hile m"l"s 1Iv,," only S4 ,bys in DeccmbLr 1 hen thc el( 111 tLmpLra ture W3'i 16 5 defL C!es (. AviveraL"''' below 60 pLrcent, fL"llC'l stopped ovipo'litln¡ 11ltl !non)' dlcd prem-¡turcly nlvclopmcnt ce1.,, In O~i.Utrula {IJt '/1m (1,' \(lr-) -- (ddH} (.?n(t 'fM) (dI)') ~_ .. ---- -----_.-.- 1st '\0' 1 -'m, 11 O,t ZQ-~ IV II ¡, lt'll~ l)re Itl) " ,,1 Nnv 2\- i eh SI 1t~ ftb 10 \pr !I ¡ ¡ eh "-1\11r • "1 4th AI)f (¡.- \11\ ¡ 11 ;\pr "O~May l' ., <:th i'>hy 7 --M ty ¡¡ 20 ~hy 2t~JHne 6 n 6th M:l\ ¿O-JUllt 1" 11 Junc 15-Jnl) J IS tih June ¡.--Jul\ 1< Zl July , 5-Jul\ '1 l° sth Julv J~-Juh H 11 jul) 2 i- \Uf{ 8 18 Qth AH!! 1 ~t\UC lQ Au. It-A!IJ,:!: 30 ¡. 10ih \ug '2 - "'q t S ¡¡ Scpt 6-~('rl 2' 22 11th (,"1 t lÓ _·<~f!t " ¡¡ Sept 28 --Oct 10 27 Pth 0<1 "-Oct Q 2' "-,----- .. __ ... _._----- --} Although Avidov did not vork wilh talJ'lci on beuns, he reported thc 1- ~~nensi~ TllL ob~crV<1tioIlS of the ~evcr'll IJorkcrs c~ted sbo" tlnt tile dura- tion of the life eyelc o[ ta~,_cl 1s fallcly 5:Lm~lJr :m toe countr1..ico : -.' and 1 from Gu~ ler.11!1 The speciLb has not becn rcco~ded as 11 vector oE dny dise~sc ;:/ lJ.fe cyele of ~cacia.!:. has not been studied in tho Unitcd St.,t"." 111d it also occurs in Mcxico, Central Amc..rica 1nspo t v i rus [rom J.ní Le ted to heal thy soy I>ean plan ts ",ith t"'o speCH'" However, Hildebrand (1959) reported th.,t ,butilouea "'as a vector oí S\oybc·m planes w1th thi" .leyrodid 1hc habits clld lnology of v¡¡porariorum ha ve heen 1nv('" tir,ted by scver'\l !'cr«ons ~neluding }\orrill (1903, 1905), lklrglcwc'> (1915), C1rm"n "nd Jewett (1922) ,nd Weber (1931) Their <;tudie~ were conducted ~n grcenhouse~ on V']X10US plants ~lorrill (1903, 1905) .. tated th,t the lneub"ltion period of the ,-gg "as 10 to 12 dáyS, the filst l~rval sta!',- 5 lo 7 (hys, th<- second ,nd third st1re'l e1eh 4 to 6 d~ys, the fourth st'1ge 13 to 16 d1yS, and the .,dul ts 23 ;!nd 36 days in the cases tha t "ere ob'ierved "orri11 indi- eated th,t tlH' cnUre life sran of Y."l'0r.rl.orum IISU.,Uy "as ncar1y 5 wcek, Garll1'l11 :1nd Je",c.tt (1922) fo"nd that the egp, st1!,e oí Y."l'0r1riorum lusted 6 to J3 dly¡¡, tI e flr<;t a'"ld second larv.l sta¡(.~ 2 to 8 d¡¡ys, lhé third sta"" 2 to 6 d'1)", ·md the fourth stage 6 lo 13 days Theqe "uthor& did not give the l~fc sp·m of adul ts The longest life cyc1c. they 010- qerved ~as 46 for lh<.. flrst st1rc Iun"L, 11, to 22 d'}b for the second ~t'ge, 5 to 36 days for the third st're and 21 to 59 days for rhe fourth stage "eber (1931) pointcd out that the 14 lo 22 days given II U1.r,::,rcaveQ 1<; thc dUl ilion oC thc ~)t ( ... ond nt ,"" 4< :JI!i. ceascd in the second 1m! third "tace larvae and j \\ eh);'> l",ber indicated -Je :::¡,<- ~ that temperature and rc,ltive. humidity wcre 1mport,nt factors in the liíe ~,-~- ~' and Tlortal1ty oí the various stace~ of the grecllhou<;e "hltefly Pupac of the 5 "pecies that 1 have discllssed can be 'lCparaled into , 3 recognizable r,roups on the bnsi" Ol Lhe!r appear"mee on their host plants. Larva" o[ th(' 3 f'roups also are somct1mc~ di'lLinr;uish"lble, bul: mo,,!: adults are nol: It 'lhould be remembered t11"1t lhe cl1'1rneter- istics that ,li~tinl'ulSh lile 3 groups lIwy llot sep"!:,,tc th<-", from otile!: spccics that M"y evcntually be found on beanq Tetralcurodc'l ~c"'c~ repre'lents one grou!, The pupne of this specics are bl ~c1" convc'{ don,ally ",ith <1 dcpre'lsed line around the The hody i' ('"eJ..c] u] by "1 ",hite, sli¡:;htly Uocculent. ,-,,:>.-y <¡ecrction th1t c}tenos outwtrd flom the ffill:pin P('l:ícct speei- nens 111lve a little', hitL "'a'. on the dorsum, but thi~ frequent1y 1s de- stro}l.d. The color, tile corw€"ity of the body ,nd the n~ture oí the .. =y ~ecrction of U" inqcct "re cntirely dl.stinct írom the other "pecies tre;:¡tcd here Th" Jarvne 11so ire blacL '1na convex dors1llly <;lide oC -T-eLn-l--eurode" 1-c-K--l'-le- -- ---~- Betu,,:! '. t"b lei nnd llCl1'isl.' l:'Jber.culnta rcpre~cnt anotilar group ';I,eso spccic" are colorles~ or verl pale yellowish or ¡-recn1,,\¡, ártd thelr 12 tM' or <;lirht- ly yellowish or rrccn~Gh the third r,roup lhcse <¡pccies are 1ctu'111y or nC'1rly fJ ,e dorsUrf;JLe of the leaf 1hesc spcc1es are sublelliptic11 ~n olltline .1lte body is colorles';. o, ¡nle ) elloc¡i<;¡',- or abll.tilon_L_"- M'} be hrown 1n the meúi ~l.E0r."!l."-!~1Ill. The illustrat~on oí 1etrl1Lurodcs acaci~c serv~s only to show dif­ ferenccs bctween this alld the othcr ~pecies discusscd Itere , I I t I -1 Tctr,lcurcde r ac,cide, a[ter Qwlintancc , 15 1¡ l. 8 ( " / ("" 1 ~j ~ I (.-J ( -1 ~I ((~~(\~ " , 9 ,1 1 ¡ tw", ... -11-1 uJ \1 ¡ '''(<' h't1Ul l"} IOt!O!t ('I) [n/lrk" (10) (rllh I ('Ildl (II) toblHCO Pcmi~b tab1ci, aftcr HOllnd i 16 . • ~<{'t\'·'" '" 1'l "If' . " " ~ • l' h .- • -\ ., ; \ (\ r n '1 • \' ! • • " " t) ~ ~ , • .- I .~ : \ ,o () • , ¡. • ~t r •" .. u • -~1- ,- - . \ • \, ~ , / - I /' o "- -r--... ",-- -~ --/ ( --.--{"" .- · ,r ) f(7 ~l) • , r"'--", , J) \ \ ; ? •• ? -"-4, o • -! ." ,, ~ -... -" .-..~.. . • /9\ "f' /rO '., "q • / " " <. \tI < , ,/lJ " ,r ? < ,e ?, , (, " "" S\ ': •" , , ,'­: ", ;¡\ ;",, ,-" :¡ ~ , '(, " •" \ q QQ • , •• • o" c " " • " o ; " o <- < t ''''-Ji .. I 1 '-\...,. \. , , , , , , , , U ,,, (JI I td , , , " <1, ' " " ,. 111! , f ,,, 1 1 r r¡ ! Itl t '" /1 ((11 ( 'lIlf , , ( '" ,, 1 \ ¡ I /) , " , , 1 ," ",1, 1 ,,1 ' 1~' r 11 , ,¡ ( ' ,IH ",. , " ,, :.1 ¡ 1 " , , 1 n f 1 t III ') 1', 1 1, , 1 " 1'11 ¡J '11 irl'! I 11!l "I , ! I 11' "11 j¡ rn " , \¡ 1 ,\ 11 " " ,¡ , )l ¡ f , , j I " 11: ¡ .... I ¡II .... \ I 1" 1, (11(01 , r 1 ( ¡!!h 1\ JI n!l! lq '" 11t h J" " ., \\¡.,t 1 1 .... , 111 h " " '" 17 < e ,( --, -' ( ------ ---, , t\ ~ I, \~ ~3 e v'" ~1 <~, 1 ./ -'" .::;;;.Y" ,1, ,~ ~- 'N~\ .'." , .\ , ~ \\ 1 I f) ., " /1 ;: o . \. .. \ \ 1 r J f " '. \ \ '-1 I '-.,-L- 1 lo \ .1 I I • \ • ~• .,....,,... • , ,, 19\ " .> \ --1~ \/ (, ( \ I J l' (IIr J ...... ,JI! ! I ¡I'IIII h J. 11 fr 111 In HI¡ I 11, h ¡In ¡( I " , 1/1'I1 /r /H l' I '1 1( ' f 11 IJII I!! "d ! 111) 1 lid 111 I h. J! 11111 11111 I I! (1 '111 ni J 1I , 1 ... 11 11 JI "",1",. f r I !lIt f I JI """"" I .', I 1 f r 111 ( I tf I 1, Ir' 1111 11 1 I ¡ J 111 ti (1 "1 \ I r \ ji 11 h IIJ 11 I 1I 1,l1l .o "II \\11" r1 11 I 11 iI " 1 d11" f I1I "H "I I"! I" II 1" 1I " "" '" f 111 11 11 IJI I 111 IJlI 1I1 II l!1I 1 J 1I 11111/11111 ( 11 J ti .. lH Tho follOlnn¡; key, combincd ,;ith the illustrat10ns, ¡,hould be of he1p in S"P'H1 Un~ tlH' 5 spccü.~ 1 PUp1C darle hro"" or bl1ck, m1rr1n with stron!; teoth, w011 dc- fincd ridí{cs p.- OVo:t<1 J lr{'ulum n1.t'rowly curvcu '1Tound por;;terlor lOnrgln, pupac O 75 to l mm lonr ,nd O 60 to O 75 mm I wide -Uc-,.-,iq-b -tu-btx-c-ul-" t-, llon., mHginal crenulations n;u:- row, 1bout 30 in 100 JJ. pu¡we usu,,11y O 60 to O 90 llinute poreq dl~t,d of suhm1rgin,l papillae, pRpilbe n,'r- rower lnd stl1:'t'per nt apcx, m'1r~tinll crcnul'ltionq widcr, ,uout II ln LOO u, I'Up1C u~u,lly O 75 to 1 10 mm Ion)' ,nd (l 5 Res St, Rehovot 1956 Scr , No 153-r: 25-/¡l 81rd, J 1957 Un~v. Puerto Rico Arf L"p Sta Tcch, PÍ/l"r 22, 35 pp , 111u9 1971 Hhitefly transmittcd Vil:U9CS in Puerto Rico Unlv Puerto Rico Jour ALr 55 ~61-467, 111u5 Coqta, h S ,nd l H !lennL.tt 1950 Whitc,f] y-tnns"li tl"l maga le ~ oi Luph¡\rbi1 prullifolia Pbytopatho,l o"y I¡O 266-283, i11us Dys"lrt, R J '!nd D ti Clnmbcrl "in 1960 S tnd le> OH tr'1nQmlss ion of tobacco rin¡:pL.cts PI 11\ t DisC1°C Rptr 44{L2) 952-954 111u5 1961 Blnlopy oE lhe b'1nded-\Jinf' "hiLefJy, trbletlTodes Unpub1ishcd the''!,,; Carman, H ,nd li lt JL\. . ett 1922 Tne "hite flies of hothouses kcntucky l\rr 1, r Sta llull 24J 77-111, 111u5 Ilart>renes, ¡; 1915 1h, 1He-histolY and hab1ts of the rrecnhou% Ann App1 Uiol .. 1 (3+',) 303-33/,. ü] us Ilildd>rand L ,.! i,it,{!y, tri,lcurodcs ,b'ltl1oncl, ,n 1n­ I seLt vector of Heetpot,to feathu:y nottl" 1n ~hryl,nd Plant DirL,<;e q~tr 41(7) 712-714 19~O lIle fCllhLtV nottlc virus compll~ ()l rWLctpotaln Ph)top,thology 50(10) 751-757. 111us ~: Ir 21 ~: ~ t?lIulJain. M. A. tnd K N 1 n~h~n 1933 ()hu'rv'1ti"n~ on tlle 11fc-h1' tory, 1.ijf';.¡" hiouomtes "nd control of Lhe white-fly o[ eotton (lJcmish .B.og<;ypi- "~::. J¡r P..!'rda tl. & L.) lndinn Journ. Agr. Re~ 3(pt 5) 701-753, 111u5 ~ lJ!tL"ird. E. F ..n d R. C Dickson 1959 Tnsee t tr~nsmi <;<;10n of th" lcnf- , " , ." ~ erumple ei catton. Phylopath [,9 324-327 , ..$ .~ , (> ,·!~rríll. A. \~. 1903 lhe r,rccnhouse a1eyrodt.~ (A v lponriorum Hes tw ) ,r ano tlle strawb(.rry aleyrodcs (A paek.rdi N;irrill) a atudy of the • 1nsccts nnd t\¡('l.f trc,tmt.nt 11 \teh Exp St~. 111&" A¡ r Coller,c feeh. null 1, 66 pp illus 1905 lile grt Lnhouqc white fly lJ S DLp t Agrfu Sur Imtomo1 C,irenlnr '>7 1-9, illuq ,< - Hound. L. A. 1%3 nadiu",) (llorloptrrn Aleyrodidne) l'roc Roy Entonol Soc Landon (Ser A) J8 (r ts 10-17) 171-11\0, ilJus Nene" Y. L. 1972 A survey of viral di,caseb of pulse ero}).:; 1n Uttar ~ PradcJk G JI P~nt Univ Agr~ 1. Tceh RL9 Bu 11 f. , 191 PI' , :lllus. ilUllJ.ntance, A L. 1900 Contributions tow,ru ., 1nonorraph of the Amen.- can Aleyrodier 28, Russc11. L. ti. 1948 lhe ! oreh ,unerican species of "hitcflic<; of the genus TrJ. .,1 el' rod es u S Dept "r,i*" }!1<;c Pub 615, 85 pp , il1us Weber. 11. 1931. 4bens\ cisc uud umwcl tbc?iclnmrcn von 1 ri ,lcurodcs vapor-¡riorum (WL r lI;ood) (llamo!, tL ra -AlcuroJ in.,) Iclt<;chr f Horphol .. u. Oko101 h d, r 11<.1:e 23 S7~-753, 111us \'¡olf. F. A •• W I! \~ntcomb anu H e Hooney 1949 Lc,f-curl of to- baCCD in Venezuela Journ Ll-is~a Hitehcll Seico Soe 65 (1) 38- 47. l11u"I. i I Vol lB [1"(' 3 (f" PIlAtO THORI-OC SUl U~E. M¡I>,IUT( 5t r" I C,tH lt ",r , Ir; t ,1! '-'\1 pi J1 I '{ ~ j "' ~~ l¡;: ,; ;f.. -- •¡p ,?'¡ BreedLng for resLstance to Empoasca ,'h,'ifr ñ'- '" ~ »*,... A V Schoonhoven }r.:. CIAT, November 1975 ~"-!l ~ w1: 4 ~ c.. . 1.- Introduct~on .;!;:' "~ . Res~stance to Lnsects ~n plants LS def~ned by pa~nter .~ L {l951} as the her~table characterLstLe ol:' a var~ety ni plant spec1es to produce a larger erop of a beLtcr qualJ.ty than oth. . <)t- varieL~es at the same level oE ~nsect populat~on. Ln th~s def~nl.Ll.on res~stance l.S 11.1'nted to dl.fft-rences • w~thl.n a p]anL specLes. Dl.fference 1n l.nsecL aLtack amonq s~ee, fall l.n thc category oE n05t-planl "lf?leet1on 'rhe defl.n~tl.on a150 says that lhe cl\aracter~stJ.c 1S 1nherJ.L"ed froro parent~ offsprl.ng. JI.pparent resl.stance Play a150 be due Lo for l.nsl~, a [ert~ll.zer response or escape from a ttack and are e~ ;:n, pI" oE non~nherLted resLsLance. "es~c;t.anL plant varl.et l.es have ¡,lany advantage5 ovcr cr- whl.ch are not res~slant Insects are controJJed Wl.thout ~~L vent1.on 1n other specHls, t 11ere LS no pollutl.on and once t"~ I costs w'nch 15 of spcc1.al l.mportance to 10\>1 l.ncome produce>. - .-, ~ 2 " , ~ Sorne of the d1.sadvantages oí res1.stance are the tune and , cost Lnvolved to develop a res1.stant varLety, WhLCh LS however much cheaper than the cost of Lhe development of an Lnsect1.Clde Very few examples are known where res loS Lance to an lnsect has , " broken down Th1.S 1.5 1.n contrast to pathology, whel.e new races often are formed as rap1.dly as ne'" reslstant varl.etl.es are produced In parthenogenet1.c reprOdllCl.ng l.nsects sorne examples are known of lost resl.stance. 2 - RcsLstance Hc;chanl.sms 7 Res1.stance, as observed Ln Lhe fleld was dl.vl.dcd by Pal.nte r (1951) l.nto Lhree mechanAsms ba,>ed on lnsccL-host-plant Lnter- actlon. ~!osLly a comJnnatLon of tlw-:;c ] p\CChanlsms 1.5 present 1: Ln reSl.stancc lnese are a.- Non-preference a var:tety JS 1ess prcfE'rred tban another val: l.("ty for ov 1.pOSl tlon, fs('(hng or f?hel ter. I b - 1\ntl.biosl.b a varl.eLy has an adverse effecL 0n Lhe b:tology of the lnscct rhlS 1.S proua' )ly Lhe least des1.rable forro I o[ reS1.stance as lt places a selectl.on prcssure on the 1.l1secLs e - lo l( 1 ()n< l rhl.S 1.::; 1.-hc nln 11 Ly al a plnnL var,LL I.y Lo repa~r, I recover or w1.thstand 1nsect attacJc rh1S lS the most [avor- ab1e an<1 natural form oE reslstance 1.n my op1n10n, as l.t does noL croate sclecLlve [orces to break resl.stance. Plant5 and ~nsects ~n the~r ~ndLv~dual struggle for surv:Lval have found a status ~n wh~ch no evolnt~onary forces to break thLS status are present It also permLts contLnuous Lnsect populat1ons as hosts for parasltes and predators It re- qULres however tra1nLng of the crop grower to conv~nce hLm that no econom1C losses w111 result, wlthln certaln 11mlts (the econom1C threshold populatlon), desplte the presence of lnsects. 3.- Llterature on resLstance 1n bcans to E. hraemerL In tho lLterature, eg Gut1errez ct.al. (197S),E. kraemerl 1S reported as Lhe prlnclpal bean pest ln LaLln Amcrlca lt does noL transmlt vrru<¡ dlseases but "Lt J.S suspected Lllat~Lt- Lnduc('s growLh reglllaLlng substances ln Lhe plant tlsS11e. The wlde dLsLrLbut.Lon of the leafhopper dnd ltO Ingh populatLon numbers, ,e specl.ally l.n dry sea son cond~t~ons, contrlbute to ltS ~mportal1ce 1':0 llterature on ]C. kracn'erl ~s l:tllUl ('d, wh~le most research h" s heen done on!2. fallilc i he two spec1es were sepa- rated Ln J 9'.>7 by HOJS und Hoore and L fabao sc..el11S to be lLm1ted to tho USA <,lnle E kraemerl LS reported fror'1 FIorlda, Latln Amerl.ca and Lhe Car:tbcan L. kraemerl docs not transm:tt VLrus 4 chseases J.n heans The only leafhopper hnmm to transm~t Vl.rus diseases ~n beans ~n Amer~ca 1S the beet 1eafhopper C~rcul~fer ("'EutctL1X) Lencllus, wh~ch transm1ts curly Lop Resl.stant varl.eL~es to the hect leafhopper ll.ke Idal10 Refugee (reported res1stant Lo rr ~abae) Durpee Str~ngless C1.0enpod and Landreth strl.ngless Greenpod do also have rcduced v~~us J.nc1dence. (Dallock,1946). Cha1fant (1965) tested 28 varl.etl.cs (or leafhopper (E. fa')oe) rcsl.sLance He [ound a hl.ghly Sl.gnl.[1cant pos1t1ve cor- relat~on (r "" O (4) between 1n5(>01. counls and damage scores. The number OL nymphs per l€'aL rangE'd from O 15 (on fopcrop) to 2.21 (on Wh1Lc naIf Runner), \¡lule tlle daJl,age on a 0-10 scale rangtd from O '1 (e 14) Lo 3 5 for 110\ nl \'ICtc tesLed, ano as tbe levels o[ r(>S1.stancc fountl were not 111.gh eno\1g11, res1.slance SOUTCC" mentl.oncd 1.n- t},e 11.terature were tested, [01101,ea by the scrccn1.ng of Lhe elA I 'S gerIT'plasm bank (ahout ['00[1 1 uve been scrccned, wl11.ch 1.5 Lhc ava1.1able 7 part}. Unt1l now we have not cncountcred levels o[ resl.stance hl.g'h enough to ensure good yl.elds under h1gh leafhopper popu- lations. So~e attenL10n 1S pal.d to levels oí res1stance 1n otber crossable spec1es w1th Eh. vulgarl.s, ll.ke Ph. COCCl.neus. However the mal.n emphasl.s 15 placed on a large hybr1d1zat1.0n program w1.tl1l.n Ph yulgar1s to ra1se the level of res1stance, or to combl.nc d1fferent reSl.stance mechanl.sms to ral.se rel.st- ance in thl.S way After screen1.ng the aval.lable l11aterl.al l.n the gcrmplasm baUK of ~IhT, 395 entrl.es were selected for advanced testl.ng. These entr1es wl.ll be planted l.n repl1.cated plots.tc sccre--- damage, 1n the form of hopperburn and to make nymphal counts and instar dl.sLr1.but1on of the nymphs, Wh1Ch wc hope w1.11 1ndl.cate antl.bl.os1.S type of Jes~stance. Unt1l now, fl.cld tolerance was tbe ma1.n typc of resl.stance selected foro Sorne materl.als. re- ported res, l.slant, Ivere not classl.ÍJ. ed among the most resl.stant entrl.Cs. Nechan~sns of reSl.stance Ll.nes selccted for reS1.stance 1n thc rl.cld dl.d show average 1eafhoppcr P0I '>lat1.ons In delal.lad laboraLory Lests wl.th few var1eLl.es I_c fO\lnd a s1gnl.fl.cant OVl.posl.tl.cmal non-preference in ICl\-,}'ul., a b lad seeded varl.cLy bCl.ng lE'ast preferrcd But 8 plac~ng the var~et~es ~nd~v~dually, ~n cages w~thout cho~ce. no d~fferenccs were found ~n ov~pos~t~on rata, ~nd~cat~ng a low l· level of non-prcference. rhe non-preference \-las as well for r ov:tpos~t~on as for feed:tng when tested wJ.th males only Ant~- bl.os~s :tn thesc select:tons and ~n 54 add~L:!_onal ones tested, was not found. rhe level of res:tstance found so tar J.S suffLc:tent :tn the wct scason, when leafl'opper populatLons are generally low. ¡, , Select:ton 73 Vul 3624 y~clded equal w~th and v':tthout Lnsect- iCl.t'ial protecl~on, but Ln the dry soason under h~gh populat~on pressure the y~cld :tncreased 4 2 [old followLng protect~on l'h~s clear1}' LndLcalecl that res~sLance :u, prcsent, espec:tally w,1en data 1'Irp com]J3rcrl wLth susccptl.blf' 1~nes, wh~ch gave a :3 and 36 f0lc1 }Leld ~ncrcas('s :tn the wpt and dry season, respec- t:tvely [he 36 fold yl.eld l.ncrease "as ohLa~ned wl.th the most popular Colombl.an var~cly, lll.acol-CalHoa 5.- FutULC lpsLarch • ance (comlnnl.ng abl.ll.ty) Ind1.vl.dllal plants, se lected ~n thc FZ w:tll be LrnscLd ano Lested aq;:l1.n \J:tLh tlus recurrent selec- I• 9 t~on proccdure we hope to rakse the level oE res1stance suf- f1..c1ently Also crosses are be1ng made bctween the 14 select10ns and a suscept1ble var1ety to test 1nher1tance of res1stance and detect d1fferent genes for reskstance. StU01CS are underway to ref1ne screen1ng procedures both to better screen 1nd1vkdual planta 1n segregat1ng populat1ons and to make the evaluat10n scale suff1c1cntly sens1t1ve to detect small d1fferences 1n levels oE res.lstancc. iV'hen the level of Empoasca res1stance can be ra1sed suff.lc1ently by hybr.ld1zatl.on and select~on, nlore Cf'lphaS1S Inl1 be placed on s1nl1lar programs for leaf fces~stancc of bunch hean var~et~es to Lhe potato 1eanl0pper and relat~onsh~p between lCslstance and chem~cal conlrol S I:con. Entomo1 58. 681-682 2 - GuLlr P. ll. 3951. Insect H'Oslstance 311 crop p1anls. Unl.V Press o f ¡,ansas op 520. 6.- Ross It. 11. and 'r L Moore, 1957 Ne\~ speClCS ~n the Cmpoasca con'pIel{ (Hunlptcra. C~eadcllldae) Ann. Lntomol Soc Amer 50· 118-122 7.- Hol[pnllarqcr, D and J P <']C'C "man, 1<)61 P1ant eharaeter- potaLa 1cathoppcr nympha 1 ~nfc< LJtl.on ,J Ceon 1 nLomo!. 54 705-707 10 8.- Wolfenbarger, D. and J P S1eesman 1961 Rcs~stance ~n CDrnmon bcan l~ncs to the patato 1eafhoppcr. J Econ enLamo1. 54- 846-849 9 - 1961 Res~sLancc to the potato lcafhoppcr ~n L~ma bean l~nes, ~nterspec~f~c Phaseolus CrOSSE'b, Phascolus spp , the cowpea • and thc bonav~sL bcan. T Leon. rntomol. 54: 1077-1079• • 12 "'''''y secration i" eolarl" ~, ver y thin llld u5\1111y iq Ipp1r"nt on1y und .. r nngnif iea tl.on it tcnds to t.1pcr toward tlle posterior end ane! to be slightly n1rrO,.er tl1ere than ¡It thc anterior end The dorsal surf1ce 15 flat or vory slightly caOVCl< Tho l,rv'l(' of thesc 2 &pccic<¡ ,re colorles~ or sli¡;ht- 1y yc11owl.sh 01." rrccn1~h the third gro u!, 1hese "peLies are ,ctu111y or nC1rly fl,t dorsally and bear conspicuo\l" w"y ,ccrcation, Llas~y, colorle~ roo of W,l< ,rise from tite bady, toere- i" 1 tlan layer of similar" 1\. on the clor'3um, and III mature pupae a vertie'll p,li:n,k of tlUl1, translllccnt WU( t.xtCl1ds fram the bady m1rvin to the surfJ' {. oC the lcnf I or -,butilonl..3. tn'\y he hrm.. '.1 1 1n tite median 'lre., of the dorslln Larvc,,' of thc,>e sp~cJ-cs ,,1so ~rc subclliptieal in out1ine and can l3ametime> > be separatcd fro," Deml.'>i'!. by chelr <¡hape "ccurate deterl1l10'ltl0l1'> of the spccics di&cusscd hLrL c'In be m'lde on1y [rom \oIe11 prep, arcd, slidc nountut spec!m"ns rodes ]"dCla.~ n us t he bleached, wlule the other <;peeiLs "hould be s t'll.ncd sivc vlri1tlon in >omc structurco:; .Jnd;tn such C"l5(H:;'l L:...p(riC'lHl? 1s 'Ul "lGsct ln dl.tcrm1ntnr thn inc;cc..tb Varl'ltlon in structur,,'> frcquently C'ln 1" conLi lLcd "lth the phy<,iCJl propcltlc<; of rile.. l,)f on ,,,hieh thL J I g, 13 ln~ccts dcvclopcd '>"eh V1ri1tltlll 15 • "ident in tila illu~lrations of !!;mis:la _~~~c..~, Tr.1S'_Lcl,_roj_0. ..!.b."_t})on"2 1nd Tria lpn!OI~c,> v1J'0r.?ri.~!.\lm TIte illustrat10n of 1etr,lLurodcs acaci~ serves only to show 1', m) l"'} \OU(lll {fJ) lJ lrr,~ '{ (1(11' (lit, I rt/l1 (II) l()bl\{CO Hi..mi",ia tnb'tci, "1fter Nound _.. -- ... _.. ----- , - • • •• •• e , • - ~ < -_:: <- \ !. = • - , ~ , - -, , - o , • • ~ < < • • ,o o -. , t " -", ;: · '"" , ') >, 1 ", , -, '1 ,= • -, ," W '} ~ ::::-:: .... - 1. < = ;;; ~ 3 ~ -- ) J ~ < ~, l '.) ~- · = ::- - - - =- :: -::'¡=--r '.::_---:;:w;: -:.::: ~ .. '1 .J lfr1. ~~ ..t ~"~.""'.II.,. .~. ......~.• .,• . .,. .....,• • '. ..".." • •••••,•. ,. ............0 ..". ......'• •••0 .". ......................................•,• . ..................................................................................... ....... 17 -,,1,I .---" , :z _-,,_1_~ ....\ - - ...... - • ,-N \ " ) I I JI ft •I ( I I f.) I l· I ~ \ .. .., • I \ 3 • -- ---'-OI \ • ¡- • / -j ¡q\ --b " ~ ( '¡ , T\ \/ \/ J.V \ (/ f -' - , I ; 1111 lit 1. ..... JI I ¡ I I I J I I I I ; t 11 10 ;¡ ilJ III HII I lh h Ii ,1 d tllh ;111 111 I ¡ ¡ !! (f :1111 !;¡ 11111111 llIl 1 !t 1 1) 1111!1\ ¡f ¡ 1 LI!,fr!1! 11 I d J \1 ¡f 111\¡!I (¡ ¡ Ibl Il Ir In I In Jlh IJ JI! d I UjI. ti JI q 11' ji q! 1 H 11 1 I tI ¡tll t\) 1111 1 111 \t1;1) d j H tlll J.\I H I 18 lile f"l1O\nn!~ k<,y, COl1bincu ",1th the i11ustrations, "huuld he uf he11' in "c.pa r~ t1n", the S &l'ce1u, Plc1se rcfer to tbe 11lu_trationa 1 Pupac dark brol,n or bl -;ek, marg!n ",ith stron?, te"th, ",e11 dc- finC'd ridpe,> ('.. hody outllne .UU! 11.ptic11 1 4 1 I , I I j ; -j 1:' l ,, ' - l. Witlest p"lrt or v1<;iform orifice "16 wiue or .. 111 htly ,<1<1er than l"nrth of the c"1ud~l forrow. with ., m,d11n tootn at d15t,,1 cnd of v"lSiform orífice anu 05u,,11y ... ith 1 to 3 teeth 1t ,,,t,,r10r end of caud,l furrow. operculum braadly cllrv('d arounu porterior m1rgin, pupae O 60 to o 35 mm lonr ... nd O "S to O (,O mm wide IHdest p"rt of v,siform orifice about one-third les .. than lenr,th of ",,,d,,l furrow, wlthout ., medi,n Loorh ,e di<;t~l end of v,<;~form orifice or at anterior end of ",u,h.l furrow, but "ith 1 or more'tr1nsvLr<;c 1il1('<; in these , re,,,. open:ulum n"rro",ly curved ,roune! po" terior margin, pupae 0.75 to 1 mm lonr ,nrl O 60 to O 75 mm wide llemi"i. tubtrculat, Ilondar ---~-- -~._-- 4 }l1nu te prncs 11l('~.,,1 of ,ubm IlT Ir"1 ¡"p111,e, p,pi11 ,e brondly curved 1t ape', m~rainal crenulations nar- row, abollt 30 in 100 J.l. PUP'E' llsuaUy O 60 to O 90 llinut;e pores di,t,d of subnnrgin,l papillae, I'apilhc n1r- r01-.~er 'lod sln't"per at apc,<, m"1r{,lull crcnul'1tionc; widLr, ,bout 11 in too u, pUp1C ",u"llly O 75 to 1 10 mm loo)' ,na O 511 to Il 75 "'1'1 widc 2n [(eferel" LS ."--~._-- --- Avidov, 7.. 1956 lliono,.,icb of the totncLO whitdIy (I\Ctnj~2 t.:Jb"lcl Gennad ) in lsnel Aí'rh. Res 5t, Rehovot 1956 Ser, No 1111' Sta Tr..ch. PÍ{It.r 22, 35 pr , l11us 1971 WhitefIy tt 'lnstnittL'd virusc~ in Puerto RIco Univ Puerto Rico Jour Al,r 55 461-467, illus CO'lta, A S 1ml L H llennetl 1950 white'f1y-tr1nsmittul moquic ~ of Luph¡\rbl" prunifoliu Phy topa thol,o l'Y 1,0 266-283, 111u5 Dys,rt, R J ,nd II W Ch1n,berlnin 1960 Stlld!"" on tr"I\smisslon I of Lobllcco rin,; rot virus on so)be,,, ánd \Jccd suspt.cts PI "m t 1 ! llise"l~" R1nr 44 (17) 952-954, 111u5. __. J 1961 !liolol'l' of the b:lnoed-winr, "hitefly, trh1euroues Unpub lisheu tlle" 1 <; Garm'ln, H 'lnd II 11 Jel.ctt 1922 lne "hite fll.es of hothouses hentucky Arr r,p ~tD Uull 241 77-111, l11u5 l!~rbte1\CS, 1: 1915 11" 11[,-1I1stor, and halnts of the f~reenhoL'H" Ano Appl lliol 1(3+4) 303-334, iIlus ,. llildLhrnnd L H lY59 ~Il i te f1 y, tri" 1curou<'b "lbu til nne l. :In in- " j sect vector oi 'cctpot'lto fe:atlH. . ry mottle l.n l-hryl'uuJ Plaot ., • ! ,~ ,1 '%0 1'1(."1 ft lthLly rottlt.. vIrus conplex 01 "'Wl,ctPOl'llo < ~ :i PI)} tOP'lLllOlo¡;y 50 f lO) 751-757. illus ~ ~tl {< > ~ 1" .l "" 2l M. 11 IIld K N 1r el1'l11 1933 Oh C'rv,tiOllb un tite l1f,,-h1- tory. bionumics ¡¡nd control uf Lhe white-fly of cotton (ULrnisi, .80~.,ypi- Jndi10 Journ. Agr. Re~ 3(pt 5) 701-753, 111us E. F and R e Dickson 1959 Inse.ct transmis<¡ion of the lenf- JW 1;, ccumple of cotton l'hytopath 49 324-327 ,~ ,~-" ~,j~rrill, A H 1903 lhe. rrC'cnhousc ¡¡lcyrodes (A v1ponriorum llesI:W ) ~~n , nnu tlle stt1wherry 11eyrodes (A pacbnli H, anill) a study of the insects nnd th"1r trc1tm<.nt l!1 tch Exp Sta. M,S... Agr College rech. 1Iu11 1, 66 pp iJ lus ~ 1905 lile gr, Lnhouse whi tL fl Y lJ S Dcpt Agrl'o Bur J:,ntolIlol Circubr 57 1-9. l11u,> Mound, L A 1963 nadlu«) (lIOTi10ptí'ra Alcyrodid;¡e) Proc Roy Entono1 Soc Lonuon ('>cl" !I) 38 (p~ 10-11) 17l-UlO, ilJus , . Nene, Y. L. 1972 A ~urvey of viral di,eas~s oí pulse crop~ ln Utt~r Prildc~k (' JI P,nt lmiv & Tcch lluH 4,191pp, 111u5 Qual.ntance. A 1900 Contributions tow'1rd n monogl"aph of rhe Amcr1- can Alcyrodid11O u S Dcpt ACric. Dlv rnto'TIol lcch ~el" 28. 64 pp , i11 uS' Russcll, L l! 19/¡S lh(' l!orth t.mcriCilO species uf "hitcflic~ of the gen"" Tri.lc\\rodes u S Dcpt Agl:h, tl1~c Pub 635. 85 pp • illus 1931 LLbcn!:>ucisc und umvcJtbL7iehunren '\on lr:f,lcurodcs v~l'0r, riOl un (\" ~ l""od) (lIomoptLra-Alcurod in') Icitschr f Pol"phol " O" kol0! 1<- ,kr liLrc 23 57:;'-753. il1us \?olf, ~ A. W 11 \~u tcomb "nd ¡, e NOQoey 1949 Lenf-curl oí t6- bacco 'in Venezuela Journ r;li~~, Hitch.ül SeiCO Soc 6S (1) 33- ¡ I !, I IS !,,~ 3 I ANTU;:'OQ t-lAR(;U.Al S(T,lI,. MI""UT[ ~t TA I ¡ ¡ l.: ; \,1 , ¡. " Ir 1! PUl' Breedl.ng for reSl.stance to Empoasca krael'1erl. • A v. Schoonhoven elAT. November 1975. 1. - Introductl.on Resl.stance to l.nsecLs l.n plants 1.8 def1.ned by Pal.nLer (1951) as the herl.table characterl.stl.c of a varlety of planL speCles to produce a larger erop of a beLtor qUallty than oth, variel1.es at the same level of l.nscct populatl.on. [n thl.S defl.nl.l10n rOB1Btancc l.8 IU11tcd to dlfferenc0~ wl.tlll.n a planL specles. D1.fferonco 1.n J.nsecL attack among 51:">- fa11 1.n lhe eatcsory of host-planL selectl.on rhe def1nltl.On a1so says that Lhe cnaracter1.5tl.C 1.S lnhor1Led froID parenLs offsprlng Apparent ret31stance May also be due to for l.psLa of nonlnher1.ted reS1.stancc. , \{e81.slanl plant var1eL:Lcs have many advantages over th "h1.C;' are not res1.slant Inseets are controlJed w~thout 1n vent~on 1.n other spee1-es, t'lcre :LS no pollut10n and once tl'( rcsl.sLant v¡u:LC'Ly J.., d.:..vclopcd, l.t can 11(' llsr,l w1.LhouL c> tr7 costs wh1.eh 1.S of spcc1al l.mportancc to low lncome prod~cc_ I f 2 1 Sorne of the d~sadvantages of res~stance are the t~me and cost ~nvolved to deve10p a res~stant var~ety, WhkCh ~s however much cheaper than the cost oi lhe dcve10pmcnt of an 1nsect~Cl.de Very [ew examples are known where re'3~sl.-ance to an ~nsect has broken 00wn. ThLS LS Ln contrast to pathology, where new races often are formed as rapLdly as new reS~'3tant varLetLes are produced. In parthenQgenet~c rcproduC1.ng Lnsects sorne examples are known of lost resLstancc 2 - Res~stance HechanLsms Res1.stancc, as observed Ln the fLeld was d1.VLded by Pa1.il1.C- (1951) 1.nto three mechan~sms based on ~nsect-host-p1anl 1.m:er- actl.on lIostly a combl.natl.on o[ the';l' 3 ~)(~chanl.srns ~s present ~n re.bJ.slancc rhcsc aloe a - i'ty l.S less prefelored than another varl.ety for OVl.posl.tl.on, feC'chng or shelter b - l\ntJ.biOSl.b a v¡ll.l.ety has an adverse effecl.- on t.he bJ.olog¡ o[ tne J.Tlseot I'hL'5 1.S proba'.üy l.-he lCdst desl.rable forro of res~stance as l.t placcs a sclect~o!l pressure on the Ulbec 1 S o - ¡ o le \ (ln< e ehlS ~s l.-1Io n AmCrl-<..il Latl-na, CIA'f, Serl.e LS-19, Nov. 1975 pp 13. I 3.- 11a110c1<:: H C 1946 Heet 1eafhopper ,eJccLl-on of bean ~ar1.c.Ll.C5 and l.Ls Lclatl.on Lo curly top J I:con I 1 CntomoI~39 31.9-325 l 4. - llcrarlanc J S and G ~1 Reernon 1943 Le a fhopper res1sta'1Ce <'Illlong the bean varlC'tl-C5. ,T. ¡'con LnLoMol 36 639 I 5.- Pa1.ntcr!' II 1951 Insect 1-eS1.sU':ll1CC '1\ erop plants. Un].v 1, Press oE hansas pp 520 6 - Ros~ q.!l anél '1' L hO'Jre, 1957 Net\' SpCCl.CS l.n Lhe rmpoasca [abae eomplex (hLI'1l.ptcra, Cl-cadc11 ülae) Ann. i,~ í LnLomol Soc An(.r 50 118-122 , • 7 - !lo 1 (""nbarqcr , D and J P. S]C(S!\1éln, 1961 Plant character- 1 Ll.rs o f Pha~<..ol .. <, ~!.Jg,rLs ilS50Cl.aLo(l wl.th potaLo 101' fhopper ll}'mpl'<> 1 l-n [csLatl-on ,) Econ 1~Lomo1. 54 705-707 , , 10 B.- Wolfenbarger, D and J. P. Sleesman J961. Rcs~stance ~n cornmon bcan l~nes to the potato leafhopper. J. Econ. enlomo1. 54 846-849 9 - 1961. Res~sLance to the pota to leafhopper ~n L~ma bean l~nes, 1nterspec1f1c Phaseo1us crossE'S, l'haseolus spp., tlle cO~\'Pea • anc1 the bonav~sL bean .J. Ccon J ntomol. 54: lOn-1079 lilE I11PORTANCE OF EMPOASCA SPECIES AS BEAN PESTS, TYPES OF INJURY, THEIR BIOLOGY ANO CONTROL Floyd F Sm1th u S Department of Agr1culture Agr1cultural Research Center Ornamental s Laboratory Beltsvllle, Maryland 20705 from a taxonornlC standpolnt, the genus Empoasca lS large and d1fflcult More than 300 speCles have be en descrlbed They are dlstrlbuted through­ out the world and range from Arctlc reglons to the Troplcs It seems appareot that many more new spec1es remaln to be 1dent1f1ed and descrlbed Identlflcatlon 15 dlfflcult becau5e speclflC character1stlcs for dlffer­ entlatlng 5pecles are based on the lnternal male geoltalla that are re­ vealed only by c1earlng the lnsect 10 heated, caust1c potash (KOH) solution, dlssectlng 10 glycerlne, and examlnlng them under hlgh magnl­ flcation (Lang11tz 1964) To pos1t1vely ldent1fy ao Empoa5ca female, it 15 necessary to rear her progeny under lsolat10n and to exam1ne the male offsprlng. 01strihutlo0 of a glven specles of Empoasca lS genera11y conf1ned to one -reglon although 1t may be wldespread 1n a contlnental area For examp1e, the patato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (HarrlS), 15 w1dely dlstrlbuted ,n the eastern half of the Un1ted States and parts of eanada but does not occur in South Amerlca as once reported (Langlltz 1964) The southern garden leafhopper (E solana DeLong) 15 generally dlstr1buted throughout the Un1ted Sta tes but has not been reported from the Troplcs The eco­ noml ca 11y important 1e afhopper (Empoasca. ,kraemerl Ross and Moore) 1S kno~m from Flonda, Puerto R1CO, Mex1co and 1nterVenlng Central Amencan countries to Peru In El Salvador, 1t was apparently the domlnant spe­ eles in a complex ~lth three other spec1es of Empoasca Rany speC1es of Emloasca ln temperate reg10ns llve throughout the year in the same genera area, the w1nter 1S passed as hlbernatlng adu1ts or as eggs ln plant tlssue However, the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae, does llot surV1Ve 1 n col der reg100s but W1 nters on ly 1 n the warmer GUlf States and Mlgrates northward each spr1ng From two to three generat10ns develop 00 crops dunllg the SUrmler growing season The female lnsert5 two or three eggs per day 1nto the velns or petloles of leaves on the underslde. Eggs hatch ln about 10 days. and wlngless Ilymphs lncrease rapldly io Slze and molt 5 tlmes when they becorne adults ln about two weeks. Populat10ns are hlghest from June to September after WhlCh they dechne and d1sappear l'llth freezlng weather Types of Feed1ng InJury by EOlpOaSCi¡ The specles of EmtoaSca may be dlvlded lnto tIlO groups accordlng to the1r feedl ng habl tsl) Those tl-Jat feed on the spongy mesophyll and pa 11- sade tlssue cause the eell wal1s to be torn, the eells emptled of the1r contents, and def1nlte stlpp11ng on the upper surface Of 5 specles studled, each caused a stlppllng dlst1net for the specles Also, these mesophyll-feedlng specles eÁcreted dark fecal deposlts charactenstlC for each speCles, whereas tile phloem-feedlng non-st1ppllng speCles ex­ creted clear droplets (Sm1th and Poos 1931} (2) Those specles that feed on the phloem and other vascular t15sue deposlt sheath ~laienal that 1 nterferes 1'11 th trans 1 oeatl on 1'1111 eh ¡'esu 1t s 111 accuf'1ul atl on of car­ bohydrates and 1 n the develojMent of secondary S}'l'lptoms of ye 11 OWl ng, reddenlng, dlstortlon, and death of leaves Wlltlng and dealh fo11ol'l when xy1em tlssue lS plugged and dlsorganlzed by the feedlng 1eafhoppers ($mlth ami Poos 1931) Sllnth {1933} showed that sheath matenal lO the feedlog tracks ln Empoasca faba~ could be dlfferentlated from plant ma- tenal by color reactloflS that mdlcated lt \.¡as prOte1flaCeOUS Johnson (1934, 1938) was ab1e to reproduce the synlptoms of leafhopper feedlng lO clover and alfalfa by mechanlcally severlng phloem and xylem tlssue 10 the vascular bundles ano concluded that carbohydrate accumulatlon and charactenstlc synlptoms of the affected host were dlle 1.0 cl09g1n9 of the food-conductlng e lements and lmproper trans loca tl on Medler (194l) ln h1sto10g1cal studles on feedlng puncture~ by E fabae noted hypertrophy ot affected ce 11 s characte>'lZed by nuclear enhrgelnent and proml nent satranUl-sta 1' ]1 no nuc1 eo 11 He _1 nteroreted these local changes as eVldel1ce cf the lns!'ct's to'ocogemclty as -the -cause of- pM-" -- mary synlptoms External symptolns of ch1orosls and reddemng as noted by prevlOus vwrkers were ascrl bed to 1 nterference \\11th trans 1o catl 011 and consldered to be secondal y symptoms (Cartel' 1962) The nature of the toxlcogemc1ty by E fabao has not boen ldentlfled Ho./ever, Herford (l935} reported that ESo1ana OeLong, \':111Ch 11ke fabae feeds 111 the phloem tlssue and causes hopper burn, 1t1Jects tlle enzyme d18stase whl1e feedlng ThlS enzyme 15 capable of lnvertlng SLcrose Cro~~age by EApoasca Leafhoppers The potato leafhoppel', E'llpoascc fabae (Harns), 15 the most seno'ls pest of potatoes 10 the easte"n Un¡ ted Sta tes and 1$ rnown to feed on more than 100 eultlvated crops and vl11d plants TI'E lnsect ovennnters 111 Flonda and other Culf States Ilhere lt breeds on alfalfa, beans and weeds It ml grates nortm/ilrd 1n the spnng,feed 1 ng on yOU'1g l~aves of oak> hl ckory and other forest ti ees It a¡,pears' suddenly 1n t',dY or June on beans, clo­ ver, alfalfa, and young shoots of app1e 1I1~ple 2nd nany fon.st tree~ 2 r'i~'~ t~ ~" later, lt attacks pota toes when sugar content becomes hlgher Popula- 1r~. tlons can reach 12 to 25 m11110n leafhoppers per hectare InJured ~~~ leaves on beans, apples and forest trees are stunted, dlqarfed, cnnkled j'P' and curled 00 alfalfa, leaves become yellowed and, 00 clovE'r, leaves ~, bec~e reddened Nymphs cause more damage than adults :li7 ~' The potato leafhopper feeds on the velns on the underSlde of leaves Ii lii On pota toes, where the 1 nJury 1 s ca 11 ed "hopper-burn," the fus t symp- .~ tom 15 a brown, tnangu1ar patch at the t1P of the leaf, fo11o~'ed by ~ 51ffillar patches at the end of each lateral ve101et Ent1re margln5 be- ~ come brown aod turn lnward unt11 on1y a smal1 area of green rema1ns ~ a]ong the mldveln Yleld of pota toes lS great1y reduced ;S ~ Empoasca kraemer¡ (Ross and ~'oore), another phloem fepder, was descr1bed T 5' from beans 1n N1caragua and has been reported from Co1umb1a, Cuba, Hon­ f1~ duras, Nexlco, Panama, Puerto R1CO and Flonda We found 1t to be the 'i:' """ most abundant specles on beans ln El Salvador Lang11tz (1964) reported lt from Peru on cotton, potatoes, sweet potatoes, barley, beans, corn, Panlcum sp , peanuts, Rlclnus communlS, Vl~ SlnenSlS, and tobacco Accordl0g to Langlltz (1964), the ear1le"rreport that E fabae (Harns) occurred ln Peru was an error The speCles 1nvolved V1as actually Empoasca kraemerl Uf the 15 speCl€S of Empoasca reported by laogl1tz from Peru, 11 specles are descrlbed as new Although Langl1tz llsted 10 specles fram eCOnomlC crops ln Peru, he dld not relate the nature of thelr 1nJury H1S blbllography 1neludes reference to a nLmber of taxo­ l10mlC papers WhlCh should be va1uable as reference materlal _ According to my observatlons lO El Salvador, Empoasca ~raemerl ln asso­ c1atlon w1th three ather'speC1es, E prona, E aratar, and E ~, was most abundant on bean crops durlng t~ dry season CurTlng and chlorosls of bean 1eaves and stuntlng of growth \1aS typ1cal of that caused by Empoasca fabae In tlle Sudan, E hbyca de BergevlO, a phloem feeder, caused severe hopper-burn lnJury on cotton Cotton­ growmg 10 Luzon \las prevented because of f flavesceos Fab that caused \~lltlng and drylng of leaves In Ha\~all, f solana causes severe hopper­ burn 1nJury on lettuce and celtuce (Carter 1 Among the mesophyll-feedlng specles of Empoasca, severa1 od::ur ln the Un1ted States as maJor pests of vegetable crops The lntermountaln leafhopper E fllamenta DeLong occurs at hlgh a1tltudes ln and reglOns where ralnfal1 15 under 25 cm ¡¡nd 15 a pest of beans, sugar beets and pota toes The \lestern patato leafhopper, f ab,:upta De Long, and the élnd leafhopper, E anda DeLong,occur at 101'1 a1tltudes and 10w l'elatlVe hu­ m1dlty from Texas to Oregon and cause extenslve stlppllng of fol1age on bean and potato Tile apple leafhopper, f ma11gna (l~alsh) causes ex ten­ Slve stlppllng lnJury on apple follage ln the eastern Unlted States (Metcalf 1962) The cotton leafhopper, Empoasca devastans Dlstant, 15 the prlnclpal pest of cotton ln Indla and also breeds on other crops (Nlelson 1968) 3 Dlsease Transm1ss1on by EmpQasca The papaya 1e a fhopper, Ernpoasca papayae Oman, was f1 rst suspected 1n 1938 as a vector of bUl1chytop virus 111 papaya 1n Puerto R1CO Adsuar (1945) reported the successful tran,m1SS1011 of th1s d1sease 111 Puerto R1CO The symptoms of the d1sease were expressed 111 71 of 90 trees 111 about 1-1/2 months after 1noculatlOn Se111 and Adsuar (1947) found that males as well as females transm1tted the d1sease B1rd and Adsuar (1952) found add1t10nal lnformatlon on the nature of the V1rus ThlS leafhopper 15 the only knowl1 vector of bunchytop V1rus of papaya The cotton 1eafhopper, Empoasca devastans D1stant, 15 the prlnClpal pest of cotton 111 Indla and also breeds on hollyhock, castor plant, eggplant, patato and okra Th1S specles \'laS reported as a vector of llttle leaf of eggplant (Thomas and Knshnasl/aml 1939) lIoweve\', only one of 9 plant5 tested became lnfected and there are no later records conflrmlng transmlss10n It 1S unl1kely lhat thlS speC1es \1111 become lmportant (Nlelson 1968) as a vector a1thougll lts damage by dlrect feedlng 15 of great econom1C lmportance Control of Empoasca -," 1 :Ii P1ant reslstance In studles on rCslstant and susceptlble potatoes, ~ .~ vanetal dlfferences ln react10n to feedln9 by E fabae may lnvo1ve both 1 morphologlcal and P'¡yslo10g1cal charnctenstlcs- The reslstant vanety, Sequo1a, compared to-the susceptIble Cobbler, has tn1cker-wal1ed - -- ~ colle~ , chyma and lts phloem 15 more extenslVe and 15 at a greater dlstance from the 10~ler epldermlS and thereby less accesslole to the leafhoppers (Peterson and Granovsky 1950) Sleesman (1940) ln testswlth 12 specles of Solanum found that four specles ~:ere hlghly reslstant or lmmune In tests comparlng 27 varletles of snap beans and lIma b~ans for reslstance to E fabae, Mc Farlane and Rlerlan (1943) found that early maturlng varletles l/ere generally more suscept,ble than late maturlng varletles 1 have made 11mlted obsel vatlons on beans from the world collectlon that Ing. Betnado PatlnlO has gro,m ]n El Salvador for test1ng suscept1blllty and reslstance to both golde'l rnosalclnfectlOn and Empoasca lnJury Be- cause of the great dlfferences ao'ong lndlvldual plants in the same 110es, lt appeared tllat selectlOns fo" reslstance wou1d be successful It was noted that at least some res1stant plants 11'1 these plots had exceSSlVe numbers of hooked, splny halrs en th.e leaves and stems In earller stud- les, \Ie have found that many leafhopper nymohs become lmpaled on ha1rs of th15 type and that populat10ns dld not lnClease , 4 ehemlcal control In the Unlted States, control of E fabae 1$ essentlal in the successful culture of potatoes, beans, alfalfa, clover and many other crops lncludlng ornamentals such as dahlla, mangold, 1upwe and tree seedllngs Insectlclde app1lcatlons (DDT dusts and sprays) to alfalfa resulted ln 300% yleld lncrease, to beans 80% y1e1d locrease (Carter 1962) 5011 systemlcs (thlmet and dlsu1foton) on beans and tree seedllngs have been hlghly effectlve ln protectlng the crops for a full grmllng season ln our tests at Beltsvl11e, Maryland Current reglstered pestlcldes for 1eafhopper and NeXlcan bean beet1e con­ trol on beans ln New York State and the U S are cal baryl 80 HP (1 12 kg), dlmethoate 2 67 EC ( 28- 56 kg), parathl0n 8 Ee (56 kg), Guthl0n 25 Ee ( 56 kg), a11 as fol1age sprays per hectare, also Olsulfoton granules as a system1c ln the 5011 at plantlng tlme In El Salvador expenments ln1t1ated ln cooperatlOn vllth 1ng JoseI rlancla (now at the Unlverslty of El Salvador), both sOll systemlCS and fol1age sprays were h1ghly effectlVe agalnst Empoasca kraemen and assoclated spe­ eles on beans In later tests, one to three appl1catlons of Azodrln fol1age spray provlded excellent control and lncreased yleld of beans , 5 llterature Cl ted Adsuar, J 1946 Transm1ss1on of papaya bunchytop by a leafhopper of the genus Empoasca SC1ence N S 103 316 Blrd, J ,and J Adsuar 1952 Vlral nature of papaya bunchytop Puerto R1CO Unlvers1ty Jour Agr 36 5-11 Cartero Walter 1962 Insects 1n relatlon to p1ant dlsease John ¡.h1 ey and Sons New York 705 pp Herford, G V B 1935 Stud1es on the secretlon of dlastase and lnver­ tase by Emp~ solana Delong (Rhynchota Homoptera, Jassldae Ann Appl Bl01 22 301-306 Johnson, H W 1934 Nature of lnJury to forage legumes by the patato leafhopper J Agr Research 49 379-406 Johnson, H W 1938 Further determlnatl0n of the carbohydrate-nltrogen re1atlonshlp and carotene ln leafhopper - yel10wed and green alfalfa Phytopathology 28 273-277 Lang11tz, H O 1964 The economlC specles of Empoasca ln the Coastal and Slerra reglOns of Peru Revlsta Peruana de Il1tomologla 7{J.L I 54-70 ~- McFarlane, J S, and G H Rleman 1943 Leafhopper reslstance among 1 the bean varletles J Econ Entorno1 36 639 Medler, J T 1941 The nature of lnJury to alfalfa caused by Empoasca fabae (Harrls) Ann Entomo1 Soc Am 34 439-450 1 Metca1f, eL, W P Fllnt, and R l Metcalf 1962 Destructlve and l useful lIlsects, thel r habl ts and control McGrall-Hlll Bool< Company, 11 Y. 4th Ed 1087 pp hlelson, M W 1968 The leafhopper vectors of phytopathogenlc Vlruses (Ho~optera, Clcade111dae) taxonorny, bl010gy and Vlrus tranSffilss10n Tech Bul 1382 ARS USDA Peterson, G S, and A A Granovsky 1950 Feedlng effects of Empoasca fabae on a reslstant and susceptlble var1ety of potato Am Potato J 27 366-371 6 i Llterature Clted (cont ) Seln, F , Jr , and J Adsuar 1947 Transmlsslon of the bunchytop r dlsease of papaya (Carlca papaya L ) by the 1eafhopper Empoasca papayae aman SClence N S 106 130 Sleesman, J P 1940 Reslstaoce 10 Wl1d pota toes to attack by the potato leafhopper and the po tato f1ea beetle Am Patato J 17 9-12 Smlth, F F 1933 The nature of the sheath materla1 ln the feedlng punctures produced by the potato 1eafhopper and the three-cornered 1eafhopper J Agr Research 47 475-485 Smlth, F F, and F W Poos 1931 The feedlng hablts of sorne leaf­ hoppers of the genus Empoasca J Agr Research 43 267-286 Thomas, K M, and e s Kn shnaswaml 1939 L1 ttl e leaf - a traos- mlsSlb1e dlsease of bnnJal Indlan Acad SCl Proc Sec B 10 201-212 7 Transmisión del Mosa~co Dorado de la Hab~chuela (Pha~eolu> vulgar~s) en Puerco R~co por Vedl.os hecán~cos Julio Blrd, Rl.ta Rodríguez, Amell.a C. Monllor y Josefl.na Sánchez1 La haba ll.ma (Phaseolus lnnatus) es la hospedera prl.marl.~ del agente que causa el moSiUCO dorado de la habl.chuela C~ vulgans) en Puerto Rl.CO Este mOSa1CO se propaga con extrema facl.l~dad de plantas enfermas a plantas sanas de las antedl.chas espCCl.es a través de la mosca blanca Bcnl.sl.a tab~cl. Genn. Los resultados obtenl.dos en Puerto Rl.CO en la transml.sl6n de este mosaico por medl.o de la t{.cnl.ca de He~ners .§.!:. al utl.l~zando l.n6culo proce- dente de ~. luna tus no fueron muy halagadores (menos de 18% l.nfecc1.6n) Por el contrarLO la proporc1.6n de plantas enferras a sanas au~ent6 hasta un 25% cuando se utl.llz6 sav~a S1n dl.lu1r de las varl.edades D~ablo y Top Crop , Estos últimos resultados se obtuvleron, desde luego, durante la época de verano cuando las temperaturas dJ.urnas en el l.I'vernácu1o fluctuaron entre los 21" Y 35"C. Se lograxon resultados de has ta 100% de l.nfecc:L6n c4and¡:;-- _.- - se empleó 1nócu1o procedente de plantas de hab~chuela Top Crop y Dl.ablo El proceso usado en la preparac1.6n de d1cho 1nóculo fue el sJ.guJ.ente Se escogió follaje tJ.erno con MosaJ.ca bl.en defJ.nJ.do de plantas recJ.én l.nfec- tadas (14-21 días después de haber sl.do J.noculadas) Para la macerac~6n se usaron morteros y trlturadores congelados La trJ.turacl.ón se hJ.zo en presencia de una saluc1.6n al1'Ol t1guadora fria de fosfato potásJ.co (O 1 H KZllP04. l'H 7.0) a raz6n de 1 g de ha Jas t1ernas por 4 rll. de solucJ.6n amor- tiguadora. La pulpa resultante fue expr1~1da a través de gasa estérJ.l Después de .nñadl.r 1 g de carborundum (',-600) por cada 100 !'11 el l.n6culo se ~I F1topat61ogo, Ayudante de Invest~gacl.ones, Ba~terl61ogo AuxJ.ll.ar y Bi61ogo A~~~ll.ar, respectlva~ente, EstacJ.6n L,perlwental Ag11cola, UnLver­ s1dad de Puerto RLCO, R~c1nto UnLversLt8l10 de '~)aguez, Río PLedras, Puerto R:LCo.- • 2. virtL6 en una vasLJa de crLstal rodeada por cubos de hJelo La saVLa así diluída fue usada dnectamente para ~nocular Se c.mplearon para este pro- p6s~to recortes de gasa, hLsopos de algod6n o p~ncel de a~re En el caso del p1llcel de a~re el ~n6culo se co16 a través de una capa f~na de algod6n para eV1tar la obstruccL6n del p~ncel por fragmentos de teJLdo vegetal Para efectuar la ~noculac~6n por este ned~o, la pres~6n fue manten~da a 80 lb por pulgada cuadrada y el p~stero (boqtnUa) se ab~~6 1 1/2 vueltas Las plantas fueron ~noculadas en la etapa de hOJa prLmar~a, esto es, antes de que afloraran las prLmeras tr~folLadas Por med~o de este método se con- S1gU16 hasta un 100% de ~nfeccL6n La ~noculacL6n con el pLncel de aLre es rápLda y permLte el maneJo-tratamLenlo de grandes poblacLones en muy poco ~ t1empo. Desde luego que el consumo de ~n6culo es mayor que el que se ut~- liza por otros métodos pero no tanto cono para que se descarte éste a favor del m(;todo de ~noculac~6n a Plano el cual resulta ser muy ted~oso Es curLOSO notar que dos de estos agenles rugaceos se comportan de manera slJ:1Llar en lo referenle a su actn,~dad ~nfecc~osa sobre el huesped prLmar10 al Lnocular por med~os mecán~cos Al ~nocular mecán~camente con sus respect~vos v~rus se logra un baJO índLce de Lnfecc~6n tanto en el caso de Euphorb~a prunLfolLa COPlO en el de Phaseolus lun,tus No sucede así cuando se efectua la LnoculacL6n a través del vector natural ~ e , la mOSLa blnnca R. tabac~ S~n embargo, c~ertas otras espc.cJes como por ejemplo la 11abl..chuel8, en cuanto al r->osa1CO dorado y Dalura stramon~um en cuanto al rnosa1co de E prunL[olla, son cAcelentcs cuéspedLs y fue~tes de los refe- r1dos V1rus. Es de potar que esta actLvLdad L~feccLosa s6lo se observa en ciertos y det(.rn~nados huéspedes como los) e Cl tados Es mu) probable que r • 3 lo m1smo suceda con otros V1rus rugáceos que han demostrado ser altamente rcfractar10S a la trans'~1sl.6n por medl.os mecánl.cos Sabemos ya que con el V1rus de RhynchOS1a m1n1ma la saVl.a pr0cedente de plantas de tabaco infectadas es más 1nfecc10sa a la habl.chue1a que la que procede del hues- ped pnmar10 Rhynchosla rn~ E& muy posl.b1e que este fen6meno sea deb1do a la presenc1a de. subst:anclas l.nact1vantes que surgell en la saVl.a como resultado de la trl.turac16n de los te)1dos de C1ertas y determ1nadas plantas huéspedes • :r TO,\ Al<. Hej AS TI ~~rJ AS lIBli.llR \-IOJf:;S DE AGUR D~ PLA "1~, IHtélApi'S 1:: IJ EX e ES o (SA C (,J !)lE ~¡¡O L!l5 Iif\RIED~ D Tl>P.c~op !>RI/;;CI! ME f)r~) 1'f-:ttDIRS "~Sf'UIi"5 p~ 1 N aCULA e 10tJ No U~f\R f lUt,nTJí ,,"Tt tRlrJRllR ~tJ fRIO co IJ 1t J ~TPJl'le tJ1'llS co ¡.), HA nos l' l-Io.lA$CM()JADf'~ '1 E¡J 1';¡(;~tIJCjI'l t>E O. i M PESIlII. t>1 '" 11 E VÓ K;¡.H POi J pH '+ (fRI A) f' ROPO 1:. <:.10 IV LJ. (: e 1'()R, C'l .. FI G~IIMO ~¡;; TE.¡ t:l¡(> fOL\!\1\ \-JTS 'O\FEREtJCIA EI-lTRr PESO HOJAS S&C/i<; y 't<\OjFlllA~ SE R~SlA CE." SE ~)LVMEr.t PE 50ll1CíÓ N FlMORi,,(JRílOI'!~ FllR.lWl:~ PE. Gf¡!>R l:~tEl/: f1 ¡:, Illl! R" E \>EW¡PO I>t \iIlSlj A ¡;rJ EJEMPl.O: pESO lloJIlS SCCAS~ IQ G'R,I\MOS f>ftilo DE HU:'lO 5. AdA!>" I G IUtl'\O \jI: CIlRl30Rv¡.¡tJM""\lO R. pl2Go \lo.lAS MCúAD~S-\3 Gr<-A ~> CIIM ¡OOCc bE t>IFERC¡,¡C¡¡:\ 3GRAM()S {t.¡O(.IILo r VOWlI'\E tJ S okV CiD N Fl MO IU'IG V rlC>O RI1 R ltiJl\l>IRf.E 'j)\lRAW'I't TR.lfV RqC1Ó~1,J - \OX '1--3 ::: '31cc : Claeaifioatien oí atraina oí Bean cornmon mosaie v~rUB and genetio 1nt,~ raet10n between these atraine and PháseeluB vulgarLS L. , Introduotion The geed borne and aphid transmitted Bean oorumen mosaie vLrue (nCMV) le , oonfinad to be ana hut world-wLde in distribution It Le the inoitant oí "oolllll'on mosaio" and "black reet diaeaee", the nature and severity oí the ~ symptoms greatly dependLng on var1ety, virus straLn and oond~tione. So far, host gonetlca eonoerned ~n reaiatance to d~fferent atraina oí :Bel1\' le not ",e11 understood, while genetioB of plant VLrusee in general le etUI in 1 ts infe.ncy. I Some 18 atraine of BCMV haya be en reported; but most oí thero have been , desoribed on unre11abla grounde. In this atudy 1 hava triad te ~mprove the knowledge of the hoat-virua relationship by 1) analys~ng tpe reaetion typea of beana aíter inoculation w1th airrezent atra~n8; 2) grouping tha varietiea aoaord~ng to their reaistance epactrum with the Dutah etraina, 3) olaea2fying the etraina ~Bacrlbed so far en the baaia of their reaatian on baan different~alal and 4) studying inheritanoe-of resistanoe by maane-o! var~OU8 OXOS8e~. • Analyeia oí host reaot~on The hOBt reaet~ona of bee.n planta on inooulat1.0li ara shewn l.n tabla 1. Table 1 A varlety w2th necr06LS gena 1 rece882Ve ~ay produce m08a~c w2th aome atraina. Planta w2th gene 1 dom1.nant may produoe neor08~8 but nevar moaaie. Plante .ftn reCeBS~Ye necroa28 gene may have no symptoIDa at all aíter lnocn1stion, or only a looal defenoa reaot~on, or oJatomio moaa2o, Bometimas Dosblned wltb a local detance reaction, depend~ng on v~rua atra~n and ~ariety. The Somot1mea fourd Buperfic~nl pnrenchJIDs QLsoOlorat20n on tha upper B~faee oí the ~noc~lated leayas le 1pd1oated ae local daíenoe r.:aotion. 1 considor planta W2tl-> onlJ local eymptome and no Bystemio 'Virus ep",-ead as :rB13Lflt ro,nsto.ncc noehanLsm oí P. vul¿ul!o bo lJOltV !no bt'.lI"d un n.U J.of.l.ob 4 Lypoa pi 101100, \Ia tl.1."billau:l.llhod 1\\1 '\I.ron~ n!'tllle thun tho "a" coue'). TherlJ aro 01,111 o. 1'0\1 (lUoo~J.ono'lcft 101. l.llJ1,anco 1.1, 1.(1 noL yet ~ clf'rr H 11{ che l'1.rn.1J 01 Gtrluno Fler1.d.a amI ¡IL6. Ol' lfl-15 ('nd lIL2, er 1113 o.nl m,5 (hffor 1.11 t]¡elr abllity to l.nducc nOCl.OI11.0, w111.la hn.v1ng tho 60.'19 p¡dhoC(>IHOlt;) Con09. Othor vu.u:! (;onOIJ mu~t be l.nvolved. DeOIll.!;o 1,1100P uno.n~worod C].uestLollS 1 hopo i o J¡~vo contr'l.buted to El. floro ¡¡frlc' ent bn.cd1.!l{} ror resloto.noe to J3GIIV o.n,l 1.0 El. bettar underatcnnl' of tbo l.Glt:'tlon lotveen host rCHl1.otance and VlrU3 p~t}¡Dc;en1.Cl. ty l.n CO'1el'cl Octobel, 191'). j:!.1 (11",~iticnLh:", t)f st.rnitls of U"1111 con,"!on mOlHlic: vtruliI .!!.!ld-9~_neLlo_~nterllotion be!..",,,,.,,, t:.heGe SLl:p.l.o'.! !lnd Phaseolus vulgar,ls L E DRIJrHOUT Institute for Horticultural Plant Brecd~ng (IVT) , Wagen:wgen, The Netherlands Summilry The present study was meant to ~nvesl~gate the genet~c relat~onshlp between PI vulgaris and BCMV wllh the a~m of giv~ng programs ror breeding beans reslslanl to BCMV a soundcr hasls l\ second alm was lO obLaln genotypcs w~th mosalc-reslstance and necrosLs-res~slance to a11 stra~ns of the vlrus, as prol~minary trlals revealea lhill such varletles ~ were not yot aV81lable , rlrst lhe host reaetlon was anillysed dnd elaSS1[led Then sorne hundrcds of var le t].es al'd othu aCCCS'Hons wcre lested wlth SlX Sil :uns l3ased on tbe lest results, lile Pililseolus gcnot}pes eoula be dlvlded ]nto ('leven groups, eaeh wlth a dLífclcnL r~slstJnce-Speellum Two groups are lcprescnled by pp IV1 bl~c~1~g ltne conferrlng reSJstance to al1 stralns WLth tllese llnos lhe secand Blm of lhe sludy was attalned .11th r~prcsenlatlves of eaeh of eleven varlety groups LwcntY-[l.ve \ lrus str¿uns and lsolates (nlllo f10m ths Nether- lilnds nl~ 111,r1C0n from obraBd) wcr0 dl[[CrCl,LJoLea ond classi- pathO')ClllCl Ly !;l~ectrllm, the othor l\¡elve had lo be consldered as ldc~tical wllll one of thc len Crosses were mode betwcen dlfferentials of each hosL group. PI and r 2 o[ the eros ses were tested w1th representatives of cach stra~n class to analysc the mode of ~nhcrltance and the number oE gones ~nvolved From th~s study it has bacorne clear that Lha reSl.stance mecham.sm of P vulgar1s te BCNV consl.sts of at least four dl.ffcr.mt types of genes vie d~st~ngulshed a gene "s", of wh~ch tho reCCSSlve alIeles are necessary Lo obta1n res1stance. genes al te a 4 , of Wh1Ch tha receSS1ve alleles forro a gene­ for-gene reIot1onship wlth four pothoqanlc1ty genes of tha stra1!1S oí BCNV, a gene "bu o[ whl.ch tho recessive alleles coniel rcslstance Lo all known strol.ns of 8C~lV, and o nccrOSl.S gene "J", provcntl.ng mOSéUC, bu t governl.ng tilo dcvclopmen t of necrosis, ofLer l.nfecLl.on wlth a slral.n havlng Lile al.nI) ty to ¡nduce necrci~a s ¡~hcthe~ local or-~~[fys lcanc nccrosl.S arlses-, -cleli'anas on Wh1Ch alleles o[ "s" and "a" are prrscnt In lIle gene-for-gene rolatlonshlp bclween host and virus 'J':...,e r lhe lOSblbl11ty al devclopmcnl oC nO\1 stral.ns and their .l.n[ luc.lce on tile present rosl. s lance ·..;ore c1J.scussed December 1975 SIne r biJ1J i.,. ¿iñi.fN 'iN ~ 1. Rel?ctl.on t.'Pell I?nd pl:'1.11cl.pal sYl:.ptoms after l.noculaholl "l.th ECHV re~ct:"D1.1 ?.u ... :c::eSS1.ve recrOSl.S sene 3usceptJ..:Jle a3 :1csa.:.c, "'..:.;.et .... c!." Sn O:r" r':Jt \/l.1ill local defence ~n ~ecxos~& test Ro 1: or I'l !l.tsceptl.b le bJ.¡ G.;"'s1ie::::ll.c rec=os:...::;~ \ ne-z"'e:r Sr , 0= not w4tr loc~l ve~!l necr::s'l.S Table 2 Var~e~y groups w~th d~ffelent res~stance-spectra fourd by test~ng Verlet~ group ~nd re2rese~~atlves L5ed as d~!fercrtlals VLrus slraln ~ Ll 'L6 ~,L2 NL3 "L5 L4 1 Do..:]:)le \.hl.te I s~-~- Grecn Re:ugee, COM."",:on Reo .lex~can + + + + + + 2 I"lu'1a, Puregold ¡'¡ax + + + + + 3 Redlar¡ds Gree'11eaf B, Great ~'orther!1 123 I Gt.59 + + + + 4 'llchel~ te I Sanllac, P~nto 111, Red ¡ ,ex~can 34, GN15 + + + I 5 Great Northern 31, Red Nex~can 35, LO'1rOe, GN16 + 6 IVT72 14 7 Jub~la +n +n +n +n 8 Toperop, Il1'proved Tendergreen +n +n +n 9 T .ldusa +n +n 10 Anal"1da +n 11 IVT7233 , += S0sce2tlble, s15tem~c nosa~c, +0= s..:sccptlble, syste~lc necrOS1S, I -'" res~star¡t, no s~ sterrlC syl"lptO"1S, v,1rus spread not recovered by lndexlng ._-- --~ , ' St.r1ft-n cWS I ¡ n ,, nI I " IV lo I " V b a VI lo VII I I ! I hcst;.- I I "yoc ,,"erto O:osta "e..", I I '11' _c:i- I ..est- Ic.e..'"w:' Col"..,., I W-15 ;Ilru. .. ....l chc- l,. Jolan- 'U-'ti- e"f\ 31 ! - + + Red ~""" 35 I • + .. ! ! 6 I\'1' 7214 ---- --- - 1 I . , J' _____ j~ ______ L __________ ~---L-- ---.---T------ r--:--J~l: l''. '-1!"":'f ' 1: I : I +"1 ....... ,¡ .... ¡, ... ., I +n ffi' I I ¡ ti '!t:~:') ~~3 ...... " ... ~ ! _ i, ~ +n I L""V!:'O'JOC ""e",cC,t"I'JrC!el1 ,- 3 :; J ! ....... ....- ~- ~ +1"' ¡"'''l I , '¡..lc..1.Sa i ." +n I 10 Á~ I ~ U n ..... 723) '. I . , ~ I -+ '>;;' S..lSCC"'.:itible SVStc:"l.4 e l""Osa.l.C +n =:: s\JSC'e'?~le S\. s'tC"UC ~_s - • ... ::: to ' e.r. ..". lt S"/s ....e ruc S)""iJ ...Q 'r'S l'I\l ~ absc..,!. o" very weM systc. ." J.c \,"!r..s ~:c<:ld rcro,:c:'~e ,b-" WCY...1.1"o 1 ... ~ t"C'>1.S .•. an.. ro Sy5te"',ic ..".. )--:ltcr"S S' .. ...a"'I-C v.!t"US ~ ~_ reo:r>e..~ l:u lJ"(.._'\.lng I L =: R')S" 91"O ..". PS l t.o {) COl"t.:u.n "J)Q""-ncCl:'O:3.lS di.f!el"P_"'tlals q"Out"'G'; te 11 "'''lCCI'O:>it'' Ci!l'(...-c:-tials .2.. • Pu!lllS)C(j c!ata of Gxrr.s ct al (970) prcr,¡iG ... oMl! clasS-!. .. Cl'!:.iO')I, o! t.he!"c st!"a.inS --- .1 =- "'i..~...J'/ r.-,. A f'"",",,..r ., ~ .... 1=0.. ..-. ..... ~ _____ 1~;. ¡ Taule 1 . ;'lodelt of a gene-for-gene relationshl.p after Person in whl.ch ene gene for d~=ferential resistance together wl.th gene s rnay give res1stance to more than ene stral.n :)_'::erentlal Straln group I II III IV V VI VII .... ar ... ety Vl.rus stralns ::'"L 1 NL7 NL8 'IL6 or NL2 or '-'L5 or "L4 FIo!:' ',i-15 "L3 P ge'1es Po PI 1'3 ?lP2 PIP3 1'11'21'3 PI1'2P4 r genes D!éX1CO, BraZll, Colombla y Venezuela En Costa Rlca aparece en las zonas subtropl- ca 1e s y montano baJo, no aparece en zonas secas y muy cá11dos como 1a zona troplca 1 (Cuadro 2) Poslb1emente esto se deba a que la alta temperatura que predomlna en esa zona lnterflere con el CreClfil1ento y la esporu1aclón del hongo (17) En estudlOS conducldos por Vl11ao (20), en Costa Rlca se deter- mlnó que en ese país predoonnan las razas alfa beta y gama Las razas alfa y gama fueron las de más ampha dlstrlbuC1Ón Ollen et!!l (16) deternllnó 7 razas de C 11nde~uthlanum en Brazl1 Vlllao (20) lnoculó 450 lnlroducclones con las razas alfa, beta, gama y delta, y encontró varlas reslstentes a las cuatro rilzas 011erl et al (16) encontró que Corne1! 49-242 es resIstente a las 7 razas del hongo observadas en Brazl1 En t1éxlCO eXlsten 6 o más cU1tl- vares reslstentes a la antracnoSls Hace algunos años 1a Antracnos 1 s era una enfermedad de gran mportanc 1a econoollca E'n los [CUU En aquella época la mayoría de la semll1a dE' frlJo1 que se utl11zaba E'1l ese país era produclda en el Este y ('1 Sur, en donde las con- dlClones son ldenle, para el de,arrol10 de la antraenOS1S Hoy la antracnOS1S no es una enff'llIledad de 1I11portancla en 10<; LEUU, ya que en ese país se utlllza sennlla lIbre de ilntracnOslS y vanedades reslstentes ~hasparrl!, La Cha-;parrla es causada por Thanatpphol us_ cucumerls_ (Frank Donk= Esta enfelmedad está ampllamente dlS- tnbuida en 10<; hÓPICO, illlenCilno<; y causa los mayores danos en cllmas cál1dos } h(Í:lH.'sarrol 1c es al "'.Q- dedal" de 20C Su dlstnbuclón hmltada en cuanto a c11ma, poslblemente se deba a la temperatura y en menor grado a la preclpltaclón 110 eXlste lnforma- Clón respecto a fuentes de reslstencla CONCLUSlorlES DERIVADl\S DE LOS ESTUDIOS ECOLOGICOS A contlnuaClón trataré de enumal'ar algunas de las conclUSlOnes obtenldas en los est ¡dIOS ecológlcos reallzados en Costa Rlca y Centro Amel'lca 1 LOS mapas ecológlcos son un lnstl"Umento valloso para el estudlo de las enfermedades del frlJol con respecto al cl1ma 2 EX1St n ~ran varlaclón en la dlstrlbuc16n de las prlnclpales enfermedades del frlJol en cuanto al c11ma 3 tluchas enfe .• nedades no se presentan en Clertos cllmas 6 4 El slstema pernllte predeclr la presencla o ausenCla de Clertas enferme­ dades en clertos cllmas 5. El slstema permlte determlnar zonas proplClas para el CultlVO del frlJo1. aS1 como tamblén aquellas que no lo son debldo a la lncldencla de clertas enfermedades LITERATURA CITADA l. Adams, P. B et al Resistance of Phaseolus spec~es to Sclerot1n1a sclerotiorum Bean Impr Coop Ann Rept 16 8-9 1973 2. Andersan, F. N et al Tolerance to white mola in Phaseo1us vu1garis d~ edible bean types Plant Dis Reptr SS 782-784 1973 3. Augustin, E y Costa, J G e Da Levantamento de rafas f1s101ógicas de (Urornyces l'haseo11 typ1ca) no Rlo Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina ern 1968 e 1969 Pesquisa Agropecuaria Bras~1e1ra Serie Agronomía 6'109-113 1971 4. Bocaneg¡ra, S y E Echandi Cultivo de las menestras en el Perú Ministerio de Agncu1tura y H~sl.ón Agrícola de la UnJ.vers1dad de Carolina del l~orte, Lima 1969 47 p 5. Brock, JI D Res1stanee to angular leaf spot among var1et1es of beans J. Aust. Inst Agrie Sci 17 25-30 1951 ~. Centro ~e10qa1 de ~gricultura-Tropieal - Bean prouuct10n systems Series :FE-N!?S, Hay, 1975 7 Cris~in. A and Dango, S New phys1ologic races of bean rust, Uromyces phase,,11 typ1ca, from lIex1Co P1ant D1seabe Reporter 46 411-413 1962 8 Cr:i"pl.D. A Ortega, A y Gallegos, C Enfermedades y plagas del frijol en llwco. ll'st:ttuto nac10n1 prinCipiO cláSICO dt. qu. .. (..1 dcslrruJlo de una enft'rmcJad cstí de t<-rmlnado ror la presencia del rató"eno, de un 9' ncupo susccpttblf 1 65tc y d~ un3 condlcI6n ~n~icntal det~rmtn~da Que favorezca (onoe\..- mos (lIe ~, frl,nl __ t; cllltivnt!c "H l\n~rlc¡]- Latllld tJ,,_s h.'> lI.Jo" mu(..hüs Siglos. - 2 - baJo cond¡c¡oni:'» (..cológlc..ls SUrniifl".cnte dlvt.:r .... tiS, dl lo ,-ull clltrc otras cosas, ha resultado la selección y d(!s;¡rrollo de. un1 cl\orolC varlcdld de genotipos cultlvauos, con c¿Jr.Jcterísttcas tambJ(n ;1l1y hfcn.lll...,s r~ dlstrtnucltin ,1\ unl loe 111 Jlu o ft ljlón 1 ('t r 1, 1 I úio 1 11 olri.1 enfCfllcd1d("() qw ¡')ro~uc. nI con nucha ffecucnCHl flO pC'rml te pr~"Cjsar ccr¡ ~ ~ al"un" cert"?1 1<.1 "iLntldld Cierta nctodoloqÍa C5pC"CI fl C1, no 5tCmprL 11 "'IC.oOC0 dp üJgUilO'\ d(: nUt.!>tro~ ¡flve ... tJqadnrl ~ [ncor - ¡(¡¿rica LatiD 1 ilplrt..CLO OUllcrosa') l/POCIOnes il cnf('nn:!dld...,~ vír-:dcs con 5'1 10 una dt"Scrq'cfón de Su,> ::.íntoflas, lo cual no no'" p'Lrrlltl- C0'10CLr Iv e Importnnct - ellos causan, h1ce posible yl ten(>r un panorama más precIso de su Itlentl dad y distribución ~n AmCrlca latina [o el Cuadro I oparecen los prlo- clpales VI ru, Identificados en diversos países", .\le- Ja reglón , ~ , El VirUS del !llOSaICO común Se encLentf1 distribuido por toda Al11<'irl- ca latIna la v¡,¡rllbtlldad del VirUS (>$ notoria, yl <]UL tunto en Centro América como. n Sur América se hiln aislado nuocrO;lS variante, o rans del VIrus, que h,n SIUO ,d~nt,f,cada" principalmente <'11 base a la r<'ac- clón de variedades dlferencI11es de frijol la unlforoll71clón de Crlte- nos para la IdentIficaCión de razas del virus en Arn(rlcl latina ps un aspecto de SI fl:!U hr I mpnrtnnc I a no só I a pn ra propó<; !tos de' di agnós t I ca SIOO también paro 1, "tIIIZoC¡Ón de genotipos r(!SI5t~ntLS f1 VI rus del SIdo descrl to (fl 11 IIr!:;cntlna, Ch. le, ilnlS' l. Colonbla, l1{xlco y lo~ 1:5- tildos t'n Idos BaJo Li 11 'Ilbr, ¡)<. VI ru~ del nlOsa.ca rU\Josa se ha InC luíd .... un '}rupo le vIrus -:ercanan .. ntc rctac.lonldos, o raz.us de un mismo I rus, h~11ados hilsta el "lOmento en CLfltfo ilmérlca yen el sur de los Í>t.:Jos Unidos rl mosaico sun.fIo ha Sido Idcl1tlflcildo en Iléxlco y CO,tcl f..lca, al Iquill quc en los l s tilnos Un I Jos, t.l I¡x:>lendo ama ni Jo ún I caflcn L::! Cn _$ toCi dos úl t 1- nu:.plísL ... - ~ - Vlru~, descritas Ln el CarllL, C,-ntro {\m¿rlca, llr.sll, Coloo!lI' y Vene?u.':'.. la Igualmente, !>;)Jo la denoollnilc,ón de vIrus de In cloro~,s InfecCIosa de las malvac~as y virus d~1 nosalCo d~ las euforblaceas se ha agruparlo un eomnl"Jo de VIIUS Gr¡qln'lJll'Cnte Ident,flcados coro pat,ó Sf.-flOS en plan- tas de 115 hlnllllS Il.ln"OnadlS. pero que tdml"én lofcet,n el frIjol en las oll,mas n:glonc~ que 01 mosalro dorado lXlstC'rl "Iros virus del fr¡- I Jol de una dlstr,bue,6n 1up pilrcclera en LSlC nlOl'lColO spr más loeall¿ad, Por ejemplo, únlca,wntc en V"f'czuela se ha ,nformado dL la pre,ene,,, del virus del rrosa,co de la alfalfa y del ViruS de la nn!leha anular del t1ba- co, en (3rnsl1~ ú01 vIrus d<.,..l rnosalco necrót¡co I dí'1 IIvlra-cabLea'; affUOS ('tobacco si r('al ,) - -~ --1i H PORTAliC 1" D[ lOS V I RUS DEL FR I JOL Dc lo.:: VI ru~ 1ctualtnE'!ntC" conocIdos, es obViO qllQ 0t df't mosaico COfrúr es el OU": lJOS(,l. un,,! distribuCión tjLográflca más 1f1.plltl, 10 cual pOSlblLflK'íl_ te ~e1 ckJJldo en IJ1rtc a Sll tr03nSrrl:l51blI ld{ld por sCfillllJ y por Clert")<; e~- (1110 de d¡strlbuClón y ad.;¡pt¿'lclón CCOIÓSICil POI otra D.3rte, la tmportan- Cid ecor6m!ca y 9r1oo de d¡::LI1HFlctÓn local del vlrur está íntlmancntc 11- gad2 ¡] lo. f1cnolq)[J$ de frijol uttl IZ<1do-; prcfer<..-otern.. lit\.- (1) la rcqtón [n - 7 - LOS IIISCCTOS eOl1o VECTORES OC V I RUS DEL FR I JOl [1 papel de notarla ImportancIa desemveñado por los Insectos en la dIsemInaCión dI los virUS del frIjol babfil Sido sf'ñ<11ado, anteriormente 1'0demO'i apreciar chrdmente, de lo anteriormente deSCrito, la eXistenCia de tres'gr'nd,s Urupos dE> VirUS, de acuerdo di tIno de vector que poseen , Estos son Jos transmitidos por áfldos, por col<.,ópteros y por mo~cas bla!!. cas los transmItIdos por áfldos, Hyzus =.;..:::c.:..'=:, p rI nc I pa I ren te. comp re!!. den los VirUS d,-I mosaico común. mosaIco amanllo y mosaIco de la alfal- fa los trnnsn" t "Jos por Coleópteros, otros, Incluyen ,,1 Drupa d~1 mosaIco ru¡¡oso, 111OSi:1tCO sureño y motf'ado ama rtllo. la mosca blanca .ll_ernlsla tabacl rranSfi'lte el cOffi¡1leJo de virus del -mosaico dorado, y 10$ dc la-clorOSIS InfeCCiosa de 1'5 101lvac('as y el mo- salco de las cuforbláeeas Mientras que la distrIbUCión ecológIca de los áfldos es Más lmpl!""l, los col"ópteros y particularmente 1<15 moscas blan- cas y Sus res~ectlvos vIrus parecen estar cIrcunscrItos prIncipalmente a las áreas sub tropicales y tropIcales oel continente lmerlcano OBSERVACloncs SOhPE El COtlTROL DE LAS UH'ER~\[DADES VIRALES DEL FPdJOl fU f,M[RIC/\ lI\TI¡¡A Conociendo il ¡¡rundes rasnos la naturaleza, Identidad e ImportanCia de los problcmls v.róles en frijol en América latina, es adecuado ha~er al gunas'conslderaClones generales sobre el aspecto del control de tales en- La utll .zaclón de 5em. lla sana es una de las med.das más scn- I - 8 - clllas y fáciles de Implementar, pero a la que todavía no se le ha dado en nuestros parse'S- In Importancia que. p\Cn"ce Las ventajas de la utll~ zaclón de este tipO de semilla son ampliamente conocIdas, en 10 relat,- va a VirUS, daría una solUCión adecuada p"a el problcI"B, del mo~alCO co rnún 1:5 un hecho estableCido ()ue la rayoría de 1;)5 vdrlcdades susceptl. . bIes a este vIrus utilizadas en nUdstros parS~5. ID transmiten él travls de sus semillas en porcentajes notableMente elevados El Inóculo prlm~ rlo proviene casI en su totalidad d .. semillas contaminadas Consecuen- temente, el uso ñ .. semilla sana s .. ría de gran utilidad práctica '1 ! él uso dL aenotlpos reSistentes, por otra parte, constituye la me- dlda más efectiVo y econó""c; de control (!L patóg0nos, Incluyendo los VI rus mosaico ruqoso, qUe podrían utilizarSe en los programas de !l1<' Joramle¡¡to la búsqueda <1,> m¡¡terla1cs resIstentes al complejO de VIrus trJnsmltldos por IlX)scas Ui¿¡nCdS rt.qtu('J( atención (.':;peclal, no <-:<"ilo por 11 ~Ilport¿¡n- ela del proDl00kl, sIno por la complejidad de la ndtllralc¿a Viral del mis El aspecto ecolóqlCO 1\1 reCibido en genenl poca atenctón en nucs- tro<; trab"Jos Un C0nOClmtento ldccuado de li15 conJlctones ccológlcils queridas p"n la sobrevlvencla y d,s('fll¡naCIÓn de los Vlru> y sus vectores poorrl darnos no sólo un I1k:!Jor C0nOCtrnl<..nto di" Id...) t n ft.rrnedades VI rales, Sino tilfrb,,'n Infor,olclón rplcvnntc al dcsnrrollo de ~todos 11115 ,decuados ¡ para su COn t ro 1 LITCPATURA CITADA 1 Alvarez, A M y Zlver, M A [1 "stralo" N Y 15 úel mosaiCO común del frijol en Chile Aqrlcultura Técnica (Chile) 25 171-172 1965 2 B.rd, J, Pérez, J E, Alconere, R, Valtll, N G, Y Maléndez, P L A whltefly transmltted goldcn-yellQ\'¡ IllOsalc VirUS of Phaseolus lunatu,",,- In Puerto RICO Journal of A9rlculture q,f the Unlverslty of PULrto RIco 61 64-71, 1972 3 Costa. A S • I'ltaJlma. [ \.¡ , Hlyasaka, S , Y flimeléa, L [) ~\olést1lllsroJus vul1fected cells, tho l:lZ,pllol Jllcll.ClOl"C te d 1.0 h~"l a tubular oI' .. erol1 al,,,,pe (pl.nwheels), .hilo ltl tho c').~ of Uf!''', th('LC lal'ollac. t.erd te ac®:¡te ~n the iol'u of tbck fla-t > lates (..l-.2). A pnrhcul¡.rlj. severo Dt.ó- i'ln oC 11(:" '1' V ('"Pl.rUclC'll.o..'-') as a.ble ~o ;Induce l'M tlla l.nfectcc. ce: lO, 1)(' jld{..C) tho --in,heelo, t1:o fel fid,t ... ofl ct Ft..nlHfJ1(tU!; ",,,0:1:'1'1 • ., T,renLl" 'io:dved f!ol;' tl.e Oolg~ bocles (10). Jloth DC,V .na li'JTV f t t cl.:r (.:n be o.etec ~ed in +,10 ey 'cpl..\"M of lnfec+('d celIa, e:th<"l 10rn 1rC all"Lregates ol' aorocl"ted 1..0 t'JC l¡¡rrellar l.llclUuJ.ons (~§.). 1": Ci ':'1''11 e "1 (c:. r c.;OU+hPl lC-Ul .... (;".¡ \.JC .lrU:: (5'21'r : s ..... V lS a vel~ u*able, l.rOHt.trl.C vrrJ-.s Gii 30nol ),n 01-;;;;-; ,11 • Vl.rlOI'J wel.e detocted l.n tl 1.n ~ectlons oí' lllfectod cel1'1, fonnn¡; duoCI ete ..\cere¡pte!J, jn tho rt.eleus, el to­ cla!"!:', "Id v 10té,groGÜer of "u'u.s p ... :l tlclce WBP~ <>~ crvcd ]l:I trc nncleua nnd cy to;l Virllo p" rt1.cle:s ombedded 1.n He opll 1{0). TIB~UOS Infected by 2 Gtr.ll1s of BRIN, rerpeotively Al alld A;>, liere eoll'pru ed in lhe e] ce tron rncroscope. Ce 11 ehd.l1ges l.nG.t1ced by "train A¡ was simIa:- te thd cauaed b" BLPlrv llnd SEr V (lurde viruo erystlllo nnd a crybtulllne lnelu610n of unYno~n n'ture), whCtcas infeetlon by S tralll A2 receo;bl ('d tha t of BPI'V n"d CPMV (Vl.llOnS In thc vucuola a-.d ves~als, :fnrouE lncluslons III I he cytapIn~m, ¡.rcIlfer .tlon of e.) to­ p1asclIo vC~l('leG). Outgro¡. th 'of the cel1 1311, con ,'u'lln::; tubt.les wl.th VlrUO r .rhcler:;, olrnll-.r to that de_er1.bed in bPI'V-mfeeted celJG, WlS ob~ervod onl,) ldth streun Al (21). Benn tlUMyOllndOtl VIrus (B\V), ThjG ls n.n Isometrie viruL (,E2..30nm in dlam. feune:. in Central Amorio ••• Blectron co le e" '1.11'1 ·t_Otl of P V-l~ectod t)~ ~o' r~v~al01 JLrlOnl in tlo vlcJale, and ac~"~ion.lly J.n th'J el' opll "'1, form~11tl di 10r{!te a.eGroó tt\1::J n t"ll tIlo )] l'3tld. Cj. to­ plUGP ~c arec.lD r.lch in ve'-'l.clfl '1 ff.3rC cOílllionl.f Ob::lOl vutl. In 1 fe,. ct""'e:s, \"irion'l l(CJ not lc(~ll H"ltl.l.l1 Ithc y,.,fl el'l (22). Boa.n red knot f'íT'11 Cl(hiJ.t..&.on 13 l.l.u ...... r-'Í 11J thn 'B1. ...". '-11i..1n tob.J.cco r;"rlak virun, an l~o"t"',C JI!"! oC c •• 30nm 1"1 ila~):)tc~, <111<1 r oluled in t1¡o NCG'tl" crclt ,lIL/l.'tllru G;¿m", (15.g¿,24), Ill ' h tJ'lp rtLte ¿cllone (22,). Cue...ml1'_r ,,0 ue Vlru> (e 1/2: A C'''e of Ci,,11 ~,l:f"ctlell of 1l0.lJl bJ CdV w 1> r<"llor t d Ll tilo '\1I...<"r St::l.te, Brcl.;nl (2r). e,'" h Ü';O a Vlr..ID ntn trIpal tl te 5vllO fe b). - BC'1.n (,O lriro 1 lil o .... liC 1 "Uf' (nrn j V-): :3G'\lV 18 J. W'l i icfl ..~ t,.....l 1 I ~ t Le l 1"1. ..... .tw (ID PCCf' 11 Ir ..> 1.. '1) 1(_1 L' l,t pI) lV-p L:t,..L[ 1 ... '-< 'J..t't.. u' J ..~. u.lll, .E..!.15nrn l.n ,1.l.'1,c L r, tlZll111 .. O(cJ.lr~nlj' a.., dl.I"t.r .... (~). Ti +,lJ.rl r' ~t~Ollq, fl.r..wllke !l"l.,..t.lcle2 '1'3 __ ('crJ,. ... j 1 11.f O](\n 1."1 t Lt. 1 1 t)VI) tU')I,.. , \IJ~ thi'J n(l()ln fur!.1.rQ e) ¡rlll _' 1')1 LQ.) Dr ~ ltlC eh ¿,e 111 t le 1.1¡10tvll.1r;t IllOlel101oo;) 1'1 l-"1h.\c..o1 "Jo íT-1. 1fect ... on ¡..~.. . _ ~lclJ.l ... rl ~'1 1.1,.0 1,\11u11 ( !j~ crl (3'1). In nr.! 11, t D oi-\¡r'I'rt rllltC.Pl.y-t ... ...L 1 'il.Lte 1 V) r.l e ... t.ffcct f~cld bt_u.r'1, r<...3 .... ec+] ¡clJ 11rf"l(':'l'JWJ e ~lorJ.Ji:J of I "ll¡r.. ... cca, ., ~ duci1[; t..llc:.rf mo .... ¡,..lC, a11 E'li'lorbJ.l ""'lQ",UlC, !.f 11Ch c::~u_ 03 1 .... Lf curl fl,o 10 O!"¡ 'l.tl.On rt. l ;..u.dl.'1g tho "T' rt1h,)loJf 'Sr + 1(' ,'" "f.J..r..l3t-:; .J..'1 .:.. .-l.~ll.ble J~t C~.,¿) fq~~!l irl -~ l"' U~T)LlJ vI r _ ..J TI.3:"lfl n C!"t.+J..l.. '10 ...... 110 ~lr!.H fl' , B l Y rrobl'ly 101011 ..... to tl.l.u -l..:)-:J.1to "J.t:>o'jt'Jd I¡.,llt \Jru ót.Jlt~ ..1.L. I+,- ! 1.(' to r¡~31 ,,_3 '10~ lIl/C#]tlb.LtcrlJot Vl.rUU p...LrticlL.3 oC,-,ur .,it.1F' ..l ht.. ':..ndopl i .... m e 1 fIle llluJn o.i lnf'.3c-ted c~ 11 • I~ dCJ.l.JO, ..1[::.")"""'t'hou..s tLJ.:J'1, U \.111'.., cc~u 11 t1l!\ cJtno _81.1 of t. e ll}fnctcl ccl]r el!). A. ro ... ~ll] J rl.,1 1, l--U ) ..... qccl ........ ec1 I{ltrl ll¡t')S 1.1.0 ,1ni bll...,túr: In bOHl leaI ;-:-;-le , COllr-C' 1 lt. ID1d..lIl, N1gcrJ"1., rhu.bdovl.rusl1.h..~ .:: lrtlcl-.s ,.s"t'e fo '1111.1 t'1S' ... lfllcl..:n.:r bl"'n.oe oí" cells from le:lven ~h:)¡"nb l¡O:J"1..l.C "l...ld bllfJt('l' Be id~, t 1l ......'1 .l_r''tlt.l :J, pln '1hoe1 lnclu JJ.ons, t,) J,Jl.c ...... l of' lnf'oct1ol.1 bj lOr""~ '\..l.rd. •1 S'l ... e.;-o .. 1 .... 0 10tlced (...12). l- Jhrrl~t.'l, l'.D" F~'lCI', T" Gi bbb, -\.J • ,Ho 1linCa, 11., ShephorJ, !l.J " V'l1'3nta, V. &- felto::-,C.1971. Virolo!,! ~5,356. ~. ll:::-:md",-,J. &. Q.llntl,L.195J.Uaturwlar,. ~Z.588. ..l. Ed. .. ::¡,rd3 <:m , J fl.191Z.FIIl ti ,rlc.~xpt.Sto.""onog.'3er.,3)3p • A.. C'lmareo,I.J.:f\"Klt¡Jl'1:1.,~." te Conta,A.S.1968.Br.l" ulha 27,409. 5.. Bd .. aru~on,J R.1966.~rn J Bot. 53,359. i· Inol.\> e, T .1973.Uo,; lku Yenkyu 54,155. i: lTemt:r1.ub,l'. & '1..l.,etll.,II" J.1966.V1r010¡;y 28,?90. l(ll1lCl.,T.,¡TonJ.a.,Y .t M tl'lul.,C.19G9.Ph¿top'ltholoe;y 59,139 2· Bos,L.1970.J!>th.J .Pl.P .th. 76,8, 10. Kit3.Ji~a,E .1. t. Co;¡t-l,A.S.1974.Br.l¡,an';13. 33. 'LI. .!l. Pr~co, ,f.C., \f111 i9.!l'o, R.C. (,., iyckoff ,;l ••• 0. 1946.,\rc" 'J. I'loch,,,,,. 9, 175 • E· Edm. . rd'1o·l,J.R.,fllrclfllll,D E, e.. Chrud.l.c,R 0.196('.c m.J l'ot.44,821. l.1. De ';oetIIC" P,66p. SemancJ.k,J .S .197? De 'c.r lpt. 1'l"m' ViruJ 113 n~ 108. K1m,K.S, ~ Fulto~,J.P_197l.VJ.rolouJ 43,329- Kl.ID,K.':. Il. "'~lto"J.P.19T'.Vi1'oloQ 49,112. O~raz,R.l972.~~Llnlo:l. ~',249. KH:J.J1VJ.,r:.~ ,':','>cOI1,II..,<'o&\cz,R. &: (hIJa ,G.1974.TuLt:lalba :::4,391. G:llvez,G. !, V1t 'Jl~.1,¡:;.;:. U pu' llchad "I!\ta. !l.lt ..j ll"l,'~ 1r.,1 thello,J <.,Cn.m.lrgo,I.J.J1., SlJ .l,D.l/. &; Olhei..:''l,A.R. 1966. Dra~.1\ LJ. 21,1. -ª. <;hep'1.ord,R.J.1975.Prn. 3rd Illt.Conf.V~rol"c:; (,1-::'0) r 92. 1.2. L'l.oteT,'l..I'.1::15.I'roc.l1'o. lni Co,¡f.Vll010& (S-?).p.2? ?6. Sllb101:'(\ c.Jü,;cu c1th",!' by Il',} cOl'lasma- (11.0) 01' b;; rlcY"cLtsl.a.-lJ.ke Or".1l110mO ('1LO). In tho lahn ~m()ricv.n coulItrl.co 'm lncre"~lnc nunb,,1:' of ,1Ul.t d:wou"oS hnve buen as ocutcd Alth 11001 PLO, .:tr.d noot of t'>u,c 'ñorC ::th<"2d" S~Udlcd lO t 1,c eloct1:'or mlCrO~Ooro, rneJ.JlnG thl 'iOl.!:holoc;,y, intr c\')llulur localll:¿tlcn, 'nI o.} lopath\c cffcct" of the .~t\lOb('n. Such lnV€J~tl¡:;!J.­ tionr lft-trW.l'l ,rrd n ... ble íhGe~ e of r1U1', c1--:;r- l torl"'cl b¡ 1<._f ~o .... ld.l'lC, ,t tri ]), lta ú..:i1. - r~ll·\l. .' 1Út !¡r....,C'ntl.l\ ' .... lr'I..'"'T'O(' r~CIOC "LO occI..rrcd III 'C~Jc1(" ,~ eN t d .ot" r1 .... 'rJoocsrr3.t3. ltl p'¡l<..cr.: 1 l~ncbJ¡¡¡a cell". fj,J(.."'IJ,"Co...lC l'ltoon tW}tln,~ '1 0nt m1úh1 1. . 0 BLO (,2), OlDr:¡[lt..... ..... col1C"ctC1 t rtv'rto P1CO. Co""'n "',¡. rt 'L>PHt 1 I"l C", v\tl J r-eC;ll.l'dcd d \ "ll .. Ct frcT1 nV'co;l" (1.. .. , ;:;'I"\d (;'X'ct.rcd ...... C'l JfL¡ol n.:t {D tc.{,:,üt} \ r "1) ~1 {'~tlll'" ... t up1)o't'n lCCr¡,t, duo. tr t}t, c~ "1{. . ~ 1 .... lJ..c l¡C:j(,...~i rOL n (if tl( CLJ..1 11 'o,.r leen dC",C::l'~) 1 1"1 H VI ....... 1 t_n /1 eTlC lh cüuntr..l..( .... , '11'lC f 1 ct.l"'Ollti'mlcru{."'<..o~~c('!l 1J( _]f>t1 the ,p'=':':-OClltlor of 11.1 ....... pl"''''r ¡ '\12th t '1C dlsr.".,(' (1,Q) '\ 10 lIT' ,)f t. 1 ,,!\r l. 11 1l ......1 71 ' <.._\ 1" ce , "(J<... tcd ,¡t11 IILO _. 1 r CUila 1 t lon fC'- .. mé. ~ 1 el :_1" 11 'I\::r .... C2U1.:l, ""C:t:1C'O YCltotflJ" , rC'Ic.e, n 4 2tC '.t<-t brucr ,-.)f p 1CflS J.n '(,vord.! o)"''') ¡¡¡(n~ .... 111 'lt ~f-1-t'''''l.i le (' 111G l , L""C ..l tl not.'l.S- C'1."" lJ. oC~Lh..'\r¡tJri ), 1.~1 - { Un ::aQ , ,u J 'lLtc C!.D '0flVsra 1 lc..,u 1'11)- le c~~op..; of the CQ11octl0l1 0:1' IPI, J. o. t:lo, SP, (1uch :.1" ~, ohm ntro¡>uvnureua, Cr,)t).ltl~l"" ,junce"]., C. ¡,,,-ul :mca, DOlI::.o1.,Lwn - ..... ..ll'tl rlycl.tli) ti' ... , \'\.-!'l.. fOt....lj Cxht'lt ... n..; J?J.rJl.l:cl.'..lt1.0U ::...ni 11ttl'" le .. f f'.; 11J.-'~("rJ..,h. Elcotron micr.J co¡-.. r-::!I J1. ...... 1 c()n;t ... ",..L~;tl.i t110 OCCU-l"HCG ')f t 10 l.n t1.t.. uJ.\l te tnh~~ oC 4.4ffcc' c1 11.ln~a:: (1(;). In Brr,·f, j lo, 1 ,~Cfl ot 1 rOO!r of bc .... n, trnn)l lL'Jlbll;:'>; , .... gr ftln¡J, 1.¡..1- ::11'1u fo.no. l-l.3oc5_ 4 "l1 .f ... th tiLO (11). In "PUf'l ~o lt.l.CO, 1,1 :r.,t ::n o-eh 2! ¿.(lB) O'} :)l"'vcd ! LO 3 11 t1 1,1 }.'lloe:r-rf plJ(..-."'on , ... 1 (CJ.J í.J1J,J C~J,j."11"") lw:::...thlll.tC1.lC'1' lrovlH J ..1 ~)t{)'í,-. (J) Fcrf tl 1"'> -V .... lyl"l,~I.V. t... nd.!CJ.IClC, f,.19CJ. 1'.)1' ~~l ,., ".J..3. 3,39. (2) Y1 ....... J .. 1 :l,' l~ tT'l\uclc,I. oS i'crl\-nrln"'-V--Jl>lJ,f ".1975. T'~ to>,J. t wlo!>.! (J, .76. (J) E~r.)!"l:f¡ ,t:.1i'l 1,1\~ ,!¡;). .... ,...-'-.rv cl,f ,fL"d,J ,¡toodblJ·.¡,P .. 1971 .. :'lvt0.tht­ t 1010:.-,/ ( 1 ~ISl. tl"r"!l •••- 'hl 1,C J914 P'l,) b;':lt'J.. "ü. 81~111 '\~r ourJ (...11,1\, '>.,~ LC-P 1.1 .. C,n ,.7hrJ, ... l lJ..Ll,J.1'772 P\,iC,..l ..... tl >Iu&, 64,,581: 1\-:111 • ' v-' J ,J r.l;:73.J P" tor ., 010';; (3,40). "')¡¡l;;.P •• lr;71.. 1") _l i 1)1 t) ..... yrt.57 , 33J ILt1.,¡ ~"l,'; :; ro..;+ .... , l ~.197:: Bl'lCj,.lL~3 11.. 7; .. y~& J! ,_,~ ~ p ~ ~ tI' :. 1J70 C~en Cul t 2?,3~1 \10)~Á!.J.Jl:-..l,1 o .. ' ~lllL,"' ~ l' Ca ~..l, '.:;.197'1 C~CH C .... lt .. 2.~.851'). {J: t,l11J',1 ("l Ce) Ll, ... 11],1. Clcn CulJ-.::3,·"A5 1;:' 1 "1)\ l,! t" l~l l 1 ... {'" i1 '..,. .:l '>"l ':)J.~" J, ,r- lh-f'.Z ~ T.~) ... ,J li.1914.-:.} Jll~t ... nJ.r....l.tl,:::3 .. 1 Kl.\J "', .y Ce >"-, " 19Ce.Rr~,-, nt~a ~( veVTI <~ 1: COr. . f~. .. , \ .19 .... ~ TI;- !,-,s.n~ 1..J. !4,ITI ~l !' l'1iJ. lid." 1"" , t' r~o .. :) , l.i, Y.... )~DI~_2l \n e r< ..... .0,-..~ O1( burOo (" .. r" ".._. l-'"> ..,.¡" IOt !J.\'" . C!l)Jt_4-J. .... .l-"l)\ ,CUlt!'"t.!il.-' F ,C0~·.l-,C :'., ''l'"tJ.>,l l \ ,''''1.11Jo,I.T .. &: T;J t, ~ 1~l71; T"'!tol tol031...l 9,5C. (:8) ~"l-..J.~ :J ,.-.l't ,Hi.::'...L.'" t,if ,v 1 ! u:r'..t,\ ,ljird,J. l J, 11, T C.l~14. Pl'.,ffUI) .. t.~101o""", (1,5[°. é," "',' Breedlng Dry Edlble Beans (~haseolus vulg.ar_l.? l ) for Tolerance to ~anthom0!1a~ Bacterlal Bllghts A W Saettler, Research P1ant Pathologlst, Bean Dlsease lnvestlgatlons, Agrlcultural Research SerVlce, U S Department of Agrlculture, Mlchlgan State Umverslty East lanslng, U S A Seed-transmltted bacterla1 dlseases contlnue to be senous produetlon- 11mltlng factors for dry beans ln many areas of Latln Amerlca, as weil as m the hunlld Great laves reglOns of the U S and Canada EspeClo 11y lmportant are the d 1 Sf'ases me 1 ted by Xanthoil1onas. Eb.ase_oll (con]non bhght = ~), ~ jlhase_ol.l var f.uscans (fuscous bllght = Xp_f}, and ! !!.~nlcola (troplcal halo bllght = Xv) ror purposes of sllllp11Clty and to avold confuslon, ~ as mentloned 10 thlS paper lneludes Xv, Tlle 1974 8th Edltlon of Bergey's Manual deslgnates ~B, !Ef, and Xv as nomenspec1es of ~ ~all1pestrls Prlll1a!Y sources of lnfectlofl lO Xanthomonas bllghts lnclude lnternally- and externally-contanllnated seed aod ovenllntered lnoculul1l 10 the fl€ld Subsequent dlsease develop11ent and secondary spread are favored by hUmld or \~et, and Viarm weather condltlooS Leaf and pod lnfectlon can occur through natural openlngs such as stomata and hydathodes, or through rlounds eaused by lnsects, blOlJ1ng 5011 partlcles, machlnery, or aOll1lals wc1 Udl 09 man Internal lnfectlon of developHlg bean seed most coml1lonly results from a SySt€l>11C 1OvaSlOn of the vascular elelllents of the upper pod suture • * , : j • - 2 - , l' A1though practl ca 1 short-term control of the Xantholllonas dI seases '} 15 posslble through the use of dlsease-free seed, crop rotatlon, and posslbJy chel1l1cal sprays, long-term control depends on the development of dlsease-reslstant or tolerant cultlvars It has only happened In the past 10 to 15 years that maJor programs of breedlng Xa2:lthomonas tolerance 1nto dry edlble bean types have been lnltlated Programs of th15 type are located at the Unlverslty of Nebra5ka (O P Coyne and M L Schuster), Mlchlgan State Unlverslty - USDA (M W Adams and A W Saettler), Puerto RICO - USDA (G F Freytag and N G Vaklll l, Canada (J W Aylesworth and J H Haas), CIAT (G H Bravo and G E Galvez), and Cornell Umverslty (D H Wallace and R E Wllklnson) There may be other breedlng programs In addltl0n to these wlth WhlCh the author 15 unacqualnted The Xantholllonas dlseases of bean result froln an lntncate mteractlon of pathogen, host, and enVlronment Among the lntrlcaC18S of thlS lnter- actlOn are pathogetncyanatlon, developr,1ental stage !:Jf host, method and slte of 1l1oculatlOn, and method o( eyaluatlng the dlsease reactlOn 1 Pathoqenlc Varlatlon T~e presence of pathogenlc varlatlon ln X phaseoll was lnltlally suggested ln 1956 by Sf'lale and Worley (11) who detected pathogenlc dlfferences ln lnd.vldual co10n1es of stock ~ cultures A yeal later, Corey and Starr (3) lsolated from a stock !IL lso1ate four colonlal f'lutants \,I11Ch dlffered ln pathogenlClty, pathogenlc1ty, 1n tenllS of , leslOn Ilumber and 517e Ivas dlrectly proportlonal to the amount of eAtracellular polysacchorlde produced In llquld medlum Nellhel' of - 3 - these papers actually reported comparat1ve vlrulence of several dlfferent lso1ates, but only of SUb-lsolate5 wlthln a stock culture Deflnltlve eVldence that varlatlon 15 present ln KQ lsolates from varlOUS geographlcal areas was presented by Schuster and co-workers 10 Nebraska (8,9,10) KQ lso1atlons from seed of Colomblan (lsolates e6 and C7) and Ugandan (lso1ate U2) dry beao cultlVars were more v1ruleot on the 'tolerant' bean selectlon, Great Northern (GN) Nebr #1 sel 27 than was the standard Nebr KQ S lsolate The authors suggested that, 1n Vlew of the hlgh vlrulence of certalo ~ ls01ates, pathogenlc varlatlon may be an lIuportant factor ln the development of tolerant vanetles Ekpo and Saettler (5,7) conflrmed the eXlstence of pathogenlc varlatlon ln ~ and extended the eXlstence of such varlatlon to !Qf as \~el1 One of the Mlchlgan KQ lsolates (~ 15) WhlCh they tested was somev;hat more V1rU 1e nt on GN Tara, Ju 1e s, and Nebl" 111 se i 27 than wel"e the C6 and C7 lsolates mentlOned prevlously, Xp lsolate U-2 was also confl rmed to be qu 1t e V1 ru 1e nt on GN Nebr #1 se 1 27 In general, Ekpo and Saett1er found that .x.Qf. 1solates were sOlllewhat more vlrulent on the bean varletles tested than were ~ lsolates For example, Xpf lsalates 16 and 19 from t'llClngan, 844 from Guatemala (vla Nebr ) and CIAT A from ColombIa (vla Nebr ) lilclted severely susceptlble dlsease reactl0ns on GN Nebr #1 sel 27 Only 2 of 8 Xp lsolates lnclted a S1mllar reactlon In addltlon, although all elght of the KQ lsolates lnClted a tolerant ar Sllghtly susceptlble reactlon ln PI 207262, four of the ~ 1solates lnclted a moderately- or severely-susceptlble l"eactlon on thl! llne These authors also pOlnt out that extremes of pathogenlc varlatlon ln ~ and KEf could well be greater toan that reported There 15 controversy regardlng the taxonomlC dlfferentlatlon of ~ from Xpf on the basls that KEf produces a brown, soluble p1gment ln certaln culture medla whlle ~ does not (1,2,4,9) ThlS controversy, ln turn, 15 assoclated wlth confllct1ng reports that KEf 15 more vlrulent (6,7,12) or not more vlrulent (13) than ~ BrO\1n plgment praductlan 15 stable for Xpf and can be used to separate lt fram ~ (1) However, separatlan of such closely-related pathogens as ~ and KEf on th1S baS1s 15 unnecessary, and separatlon on the ba51S of pathogenlc varlat10n 15 ¡llVa lld Wha t 1 S 1mportant, then, 1S to rea 11 ze tha t there 1 s extreme varlatlon ln pathagenlc potentfal of these organlsms, and that understandlng th1S vanatlon 15 cruclal to the development of w1dely-adapted Xanthomonas toJerant bean cultlvars L1terature Clted 1 Basu. P K 1974 Glucose 1nh1blt10n of the characterlstlc melanold plgment of ~_nthom~~ Ehaseol1 var fuscans Can Jour Bot Bat 52 2203-2206 2 Basu, P K, and V R Wallen 1967 Factors affectlng vlrulence and plgwent productlon of Xanthon~nas ph~seo11 var Can Jour Bot 45 2367-2374 3 Corey, R Reece, and Mortlmer P Starr 1957 C01011y types af xan_thQo~on~ jJhaseo11 Jour Bact 74 137-140 4 Oye, D W 1962 The madequacy of the usual deternnnatlve tests for the ldentlflcatlon of Xan1;hom(Jna~ spp N Z Jour SC1 5(4) 393-416 - 5 - 5 Ekpo, Ephra 1m J A 1975 Pathagenl c vana t lOn 1 n camman (Xanthomanas phaseo 11) and fuscaus (Xantholllonas ~seo 11 var fuscans) bacterla1 b11ghts of bean (Phaseo1us vu1garls L ) Ph O Thesls, Nlchlgan State Unlvers1ty, East Lanslng 127 pp 6 Sabet, K A 1959 Studles ln the bacterla1 dlseases af sudan craps III On the occurrence, host range and taxonamy af the bacterla caUSlng leaf bl1ght dlseases of certaln legunnnous p1ants Ann Appl 8101 47(2) 318-331 7. Saett1er, A W, and E J A Ekpo 1975 Pathagel11c varlatlOn ln Xanthomonas phaseol1 and! phase011 var fuscans Ann Rept Bean Imp Coop 18 67-70 8 Schuster, M L , and D P Coyne 1971 New vlru1ent stralns of ~thomonas phaseol1 Plant 01S Reptr 55 505-506 9 Schuster. f.1 L, and O P COjlrJ(! 1975 Genetlc varlatlOn ln bean bacterlal pathogens Euphytlca 24 143-147 10 Schuster, r~ L, O P Coyne, and Betty Haff 1973 ComparatlVe v1ru1ence of Xanthomonas phaseo11 stralnS from Uganda, Colombla, and Nebraska Plant D1S Reptr 57 74-75 11 Sma1e, 3 C, and J F Wor1ey 1956 Eva1uatlon of 2,3,5-trlphenyl tetrazol1um ch10rlde for obtalnlng pathogenlc types from stock cultures of halo b119ht and co"m\On bhght orgamsms Plant D1S Reptr 40 628 12. Sutton, M !l , and V R Hallen 1970 Epldem101oglca1 and eco1og1ca1 relatlons of Xanthomonas phasea1l and! EJ1_a~o11 var fUscans on beans 10 southwestern Gntarlo, 1961-1968 Can Jour Bot 48 1329-1334 - 6 - 13. Watson, D R W 1970 Sean common bllght and fuscous bl1ght ln Ne\1 Zealand. Plant D1S Reptr 54 l068-l972 2. Developmental Stage of Host That bean leaves of dlfferent ages are not equal1y susceptlble to !p. lnfectlon has been known for some tlme Goss reported that as 1eaf age lncreased, ~ susceptlbll1ty a1so increased (17) On the other hand, Pate1 anó Walker noted that the youngest rather than the oldest leaves ~/ere the most susceptible (19) Both of these studles were made with plants ln the vegetatlVe stage of development, however, and did not slmulate a natural fleld sltuatlon of ~ dlsease development In the field, the Xanthomonas dlseases become most vls1ble at or Just fo11o\1lng the blossg.~stag~L generally, sympt0..ms are o~~erved ln1~_lal1y __ on the lower, older leaves Secondary spread of the pathogen occurs most rapldly after thl s t ¡me The lmportance of eva luatl ng breedl ng maten a 1 lO various stages of development was emphaslzed by Coyne et ~ who determlned that p1ants of both susceptlble and 'tolerant' llnes were lllore susceptlble to !p. when ln a reproductiVe stage of developh¡ent (14,15, 16)_ Increased susceptlblllty to KE and Xpf when plants are ln reproductlve as compared to vegetatlve stage of deve10pment was recently reported to be a cammon pheno~enon by Saettler and Ekpo (7) There was a strong suggestlon of hlgher vlrulence of ~ lsolates to reproductlve rather than to vegetatlve plants as compared to the KE isolates In sorne lso1atel hest cOlllbl na tl OOS, however, the oppOS 1 te phenomenon resu 1t ed whereby vegetatlve plants were more ~usceptlble to 21 8 are classlfled as SU5ceptlble The actual 'cut-off' va lile between to 1e raot and suscept 1 b1 e varleS from test to test, and 1 s deterf'lned by companng the dlsease ratlngs of numerous susceptlble and tolerant checks 10 the Nursery A standardlzed b11ght ratlng scale should be developed and utl1lzed umfor.nl} by those lnvolved 10 screemng for ~R and !Pi. toleranee In the fleld At the same tl,'w,n,ethods of lnoculatlOn should be standardlzed II as üuch as posslble s~ that a partlcular bl'ght ratlng wl11 mean the ,! sarne thlng to breeaers aod pathologlsts al1ke around the world I'~ , - 13 - Ofie posslble compllcatlOn relatlVe to bllght rat1ng scales 15 that absence of vlsual dlsease symptoms 10 lnoculated t15sues (or tlssues lnfected fram secondary spread) does not guarantee ab5ence of ~ or Xpf lndeed, severa] workers have shown that symptomless tlssue of tolerant (5,16.31,32) or susceptlble (5,33) bean cu1tlvars can cantalO detectable levels of ~ or Xpf lt 15 suggested that addltlonal research studles be lnltlated on the epl- and endo-phytlc phases af ~ and !PI relatlve to tolerant and susceptlble cultlvars Tlssue from fleld-tolerant llnes shauld perlOdlca lly be assayed to guarantee absence of Xanthonl()nas pathogens L 1t erature el ted ,1. Alllngton, Wl11lam B , and D W Chamber1aln 1949 Trends ln the populatlon of pathogenlc bdcter¡a wlthln leaf tlssues of susceptlble and lffimune plant specles Phytopathology 39 656-660 12_ Scharen, Albert l 1959 ComparatlVe popülatlOn trends of Xanthomonas phaseoh ln susceptlble, fleld tolerant, and reslstant hosts Phytopathology 49 425-428 )3 Thomas, W O , -.Ir , and R W Graham 1%2 Bactena ln apparellt1y hea1thy pluta beans Phytopathology 42 214 5 A Cooperatlve Approach for Screenlng Phaseolus vulgar15 L gennlplasm for Xanthomonas tolerance A Imtlal ASSU!I1jJ.tlOns 1 StandardlZed method of lnoculum preparatlQn, 1l1cludlng quant 1 ty (concentra t 1On) a nd qua 11 ty (pa thotypes to be used) - 14 - 2 StanrlardlZed method and tlllle of lrocu1atlon uSlng the water-soaklng technlque (dlrect lnoculatlon of test plants. or use of 'spreader rows' for secondary spread) 3 Incluslon of at least two susceptlble and two tolerant check vanetles 4 Standardlzed method of evaluatlng dlsease reactlons B. Proposed Procedures 1 Xanthomonas Bllght Nl.lrserles would be conducted ln the fleld by lnterested programs uSlng the aboye assumptlons In the lnterest of phytosanltary conslderatlons, lt lS suggested that lnltlally, on1y lndlgenous ~. and ~-2f lsolates be used for artlflclal lrlocu1atlons ln the fleld 2 Contlnuous, and expanded efforts, should be made by each program to ldentlfy new sources of bllght to1erance Slnce transgress 1 ve segregat lOn 1 s now 1ng those ~n artl­ f]c~al ?lant culture Prcblems of dlsease control are ln d1rect 21 proport~on to the case WJ th Whlch a pat}¡ogcn can tranqfer from one crop to anClther, 01ther ..... n space or tlffie Un1.rorJ1nly of crop germ- 22 plesm favors lnoclllum bUlldup and pcrhaps pcrpetU"lt10n of the patho- gens In a re.cent re""'ort on IlGenet1.c \rulpcrab~l:L ty of ¡ l.3'Jor Crops, 'l 23 lt lS r-eported that bean lfl U S A have a narro,., qer<>npla,sm base {?.,o tVpBS, tl';e rhehl.oan navy bean and trc: Plnto account f')r 60% of ~ all d~' beans gLo.n ln U S A ~o plnto v~rs --PInto 111 and 114-- account for i"lmoGt a11 the acreage oí p .... ntl's )\J 1 four navy bean 2.5 1 vars opr!.ve over 90'\ of th~~r gerrnpla'C"fll fram the var.letv Ihchel1te j 1 It 15 clear that much of the ed1ble dry bean acreaae ln U S A re5ts opon a dangerously small germplasm base Th~s lS true for the navy 2 bean The sltuatlon lS less crlt1cal for the Plnto class because tne productlon lS d~spersed ln several dlfferent states, whereas the 3 ¡¡avy beans are produced ln a slngle concentrated reg~on ~n ~ach1gan Rost of the dry beans are susceptlble to common and fuscous 4 hacterlal bllghts 5 To control d1seases, one has three courses to follow (1) One may seek means to reduce the severlty of dlsease, once a plant or crop lS 1nfected 7 (2) One may seek methods or ways to prevent ~nfect~on, once 8 the patllogen has reached the surface of the host plant, or 9 (3) One may seek to prevent any contact between pathogen or p1ant host 10 1here are seveT~1 explanatlons why the Lhlrd approach ~s the 11 =st des~rable, and' 1t can be accompl~shed by lnterfer1ng w1th the "ormal mechanlsms of the pathogen for overcom1ng lts env1ronrnental 12 .hscont1nu1 t~es Thc transfer mechanlsms that pathogens have adopted are related to the types of d1scontlnu1t~es that they face 13 These fa11 lntº t\'.o_ c_ategorles--spat~al_and_t.emporaL (tlme) 14 Spatlal transfer 15 from ane crop to another d1stant but contem­ porary crop rutgus and v~ral patpogens are notably successful at lS t..'11S type of dlSSCTn1natlon However, ln these two groups sorne lmportant pathoqC'ns have solved thelr problcms by temporal rather lB than spatlal sprcad Ncmatoñes are of ] l.ruted mobl11 ty at best, and host flnd~ng ~s normally by pers1stence ln 5011 17 Plant-pathogenlc bacterla, as opposed to anlmal pathogens, are 18 _ also '1la~nly \ 1 thout any speclal adaptatlon to spatlal d~spersal. although there are llnportant exceptl0ns 19 A suff~Clent amount of lnocLlurn must be ab]e te surV1Ve the 20 off-seasons ln arder te le-establlsh the pathogen when favorable condltlons are aga1n presented It would be prcsU0ed that obllgate 21 paras1 tes (those th?t requ~re a 11 v~ng host to grow) are more hand~­ capped by d~sco..,t1nuous growth The md~n effect of grm.th stoppage 22 oí t'1e pathogenl.c bactcrla 15 the decre1.se ln tl¡e amount of potentl.a lPOCJlum (The t C"rm 1110culum refers to baclerla lh"Jt, when placed 23 ln sUltable contact \.,l.th the host plant, cause dlscase ) 1 Thc ~elall\~ quccess O~ fa11ure o[ a plunt pathogenlc bacterl~~ 24/ depende; on t,e aíloUnt of lnoculum In the case of bactcrlal plant 25 Q1SeaSes, the bacterlal cells tllemselvcs are the_ _ln_oc_ul_um_ Pathogens, L-________________________- =~ =__ ___~ ) "l'\P ':''''S BtJ;m 1\ {nnf nll 11 v.lth 1111 h tt }I l\ 1 111 111 In'll Ihu' Al1d lne! f) pln/-, 1.. i \IH \ '1! I tlll,...th Ilf tUI. l Llrl pOli! l\ I1IJ 111(, tll,ht Jumtl m'1!r n ¡ ;. 3 ; 1 such as bacterla, whleh have a short dlsease cyele, ean be expected to develop more rapldly toward epldemlc proportlons because of the 2 rapld lnoeulum bUl1dup from a small amount of survlvlng pr1mary lnoculum 3 A pOlnt at thlS tlme concerns the mlnl~um amount of lnoculum 4 necessary to lnltlate dlseaSe Large amounts of prlmary ~~oculum are of llttle or no value lf successful transmlsslon to a susceptlble 5 host plant does not take place Thereforc, lt 15 suggested that the so~, ~!,l t, and .transnUSSlon of the ¡->El.mary l1\OC'l1lll'\ luto ncw crops S should also be consldered ThlS trolka 18 requlrea for dlsease to occur, for survlval, and for contlnulty of the bacterlal speCles 1 Knowledge of these factors could be l~portant 1n control by estab­ l.lshment of a U curta1n*' between ~ and the pr~mary ~~ phase 8 of the pathogenlc bacterlUM Control mlght be a slmpler and cheaper tas~ ln the prlmary ~oculum phase than secondary lnoculum phase 9 The populatlon leveIs are usually at thelr Iowest pOlnt durlng off­ seasons and more SUScéptlble (and amenable) to control Plant para- 10 sltlC bacterllth of the host There are milny lntermedlates 15 bet"een thls and Lhe other extre'l1e of ·capn.cl0us (clnngcable, flckle dl.spersal;' WhlCh ~s occaslonal and, alt1lough lt may spread an organ- 16 l.'3M!, ts not ncce~sary far lt to surVl..ve Beca\.J.sc.1t must operate at greater rangcs than l.'l1peratlve dl.spcrsal ano necd not succeed, l.t ~s 17 less frequent and can use less effl.cl.ent methods l'ut the area, tupe. and nu.tnber of bacterla are so enormous that eJ'entually 1.t \41.11 18 be ~ucce5sful--th~s :lS the qame of chance¡ on the other hand, the l.mperatl.ve dl.spersal 18 a game of ~kl.ll 19 !,he .1cng€Vl ty of the prl ':1':ary 1noculum .~s an H"portant feature in 10 the s ..... C"c(''S.s of bacterJ..al patr'\ogens and c..enends upon J..ts ab1.1lti,1 to esc?pe or endure adverEe env1.yohmental condltlonc; C¡urvival may 21 aepe-nd uron extcrnal (physl.cal i3l""d bl.ologlcal enVJ ronment} !ac.tors as well 2S thc loternal ~aYe-up and f0~ oE the c~marv 1.noc,:!l uro of 22 the pathogen The combl.natlon of these factors afíecls the mlnl.murn conc€:,tratl.on of pl1.tTIary l.poculJ.M necess:arj for lP1tl.at10n of a 23 d1seasc upon re-e'3tabl~s~'T!ent of favorable l.nfectlon cona .... tlons 24 rrheq~ are soPle of the pOl.nls that r~eed to be cons,1dered ln sur- vlval 11"~L.han1<;ms o[ plant patpogen~c bacterla SJnce lhere are about 25 200 dJ.ffcrent rfspecl(~s var~atl.ons lD modes of surv.lval are destl.ned 1 to occur Dlfferent speCles l11ustrate dlfferent types and establ~sh bas~c concepts The bacter~a1 phytopathogens occur ln four fam~lles a ( 1) ln two orders ( ) • and are represented by only 5 Or 6 genera Pseudomonas (90 spp ), 3 Xanthomonas (120 spp ). Ennnla (and PectobacterlU¡n) (17 spp ), Corynebacterlum (12 spp ) and Agrobacterlum (7 spp ) •r t Plant pathogenlc bacterla are aeroblC non-spore formlng rods s All except ~9rynebacterlum are Gram-negatlve, most are motlle wlth elther polar or perltrlchous flagella, but a few are non-motlle 6 (atnchous) 1 Sorne bacterlal dlseases are locally or gcnerally of great eco­ nomlc lmportance Por example, Pseudomonas pha~eollcola (halo bllght 8 of bean) , Ps syrlnge (brown spot of beans and many other crops), ¡¡ Xanthomonas phaseoll (common bllght of beans), ~ ~ fuscans (fuscous 9 bllght of beans) ~ (bllght and canker of beans and cowpeas , • Corynebacterlum f1accumfaclens (bacterla1 wllt of beans). Ps 10 solanacerum bacterlal wllt of 200 speCles of musaceous and solanaceou pl~~ts. lncludlng the bean, ~ savaStonol (ollve knot) 11 Wellman (1972) llsts many bacterlal dlseases fcund ln the Troplc .1. uch are cau~ed by ~~:,:,udomonas and xanthomonas "'p<,cles In fact, the flrst bacterlal dlsease 10 the world was descrlbed J,n the troplcs (1869) about 20 years BUgl1-1 '3uQarcane gurunng caused by !_ vascu10rum WellMan (1972) refers to 20 bacterlal palhogens (ln 14. 6 genera) lP Troplcal k~erlca (Neotroplcs) that are falrly cornmon CaUses of plant dlseases Presumably, these dlseas<, syndromes could dlfferentlally affect the 5urvlvalabll~ty of the pathogens. dlreet1y or 1ndlrect1y 16 In bact0r~al d~sease, pr~mary ~noculum 50urces are the var.lOllS 17 surV1val nechaolsms adopted by the pathogens durlng dormancy lmposed b) the r¡ro,,,rh perldlclty of the rost plant, or u"1favorable perlods for lnfectlon and devclopment wlnter ln the temperate zones 01 the ~ ~E~ods ln the 19 JusI- as studles of dlspcrsal are lmportant Hl the control of 20 d1sea~es, so, ~f of sLrvlval oí patpogenq lS to be reduced, .l.t ~') ~-¡portant to unnerstand the meci-)ar~sms of surv.Lval The 21 a1fflcult~es may, of courss l be greater ln sorné survlval sltes than otl¡ers 22 Ilecha") SIlS of surVl \ ala!:nll ty can be prescnt<'Cl by use of dlf­ :er0 23 "1t approaches PJ ant parasl.t~c baclerl.a do not form rest1-ng spores al"" .:ltrllctUl' 0S comI"'arable to othcr patl¡o(]cns (nc'i'atodps or 24 fungl) ant.; rer"uu. 1 dormant durlt'g the qUlescent per1.od 1.n aSSOclatl.Cn W1t, anl~ate or age,c1es, such as 25 5 1 1 seeds 2 ¡::!ant res~dues 2 3 ~renn~al plant hosts o>: parts thereof 4 .l,11"'~.c:.!2. 3 5 eE~Ehytes 6 so~l and other non-host mater~als 4 Pathoqen longev~ty w~ll be referred to under natural and art~f~c~al 5 envl.ronmental cond~ tlons S Pathalag~sts have devated much tlme and effart to the growth stage of the ll.fe cycle It ~s thlS perlod that effects of bacterla 7 growtll are most notlceable leaf spots, bl1.ghts, w~l ts, ga115 and other symptom~ that rE'sult ln plant ~cs Knowl<'flgc of the llfe 8 cyeles and survlval may prov~de ~mproved control nleaSures Presurn­ ably, the vulnerable per~od for bacterla ~s canunonly dur~ng low pop- 9 ulat:um levels One should attack the pathagen durlng th,S per~od Th~s perl.ad 1.5 usually between seasons al' "ct and dry perlads (1.n 10 the tmp1cs) Reference lS made here ta Pl'l.rnary Inoeulum ~l.mary 1noculum survival 1S from season to season ~econdary lnoculum 11 surv~val refers to sU>:V1val for m1nutes-days (short term) 12 'l1ITe 11fe cycle of a plant pathogcn~c bacterlum can be dl.Vlded l.nto t'lree. J2!1~ i2."'l:h2J1e~, saprophy_t1c, and s,",~val phases 13 Leben mas added a faurth, "resl.dent. to l.l1clude all Lypes of aS50- clatl.ln>ity t 13 the <;oil Survival t1me would depend on the rate of decay of the plant tissues Interactions b-ecween bacLen.aJ. spec1ch C"ln ~llfluence po pula- H tl.on bui1dup and consequently surv1val Prior 1noeul al10n w1th aV1ru- lent mutant~ may protect aga1nst virulent pathogens (Goodman) 15 Thus survivatn11ty oí active cells is apt to be of short durat10n 1, Bacterk"> mlshed from an active les ion 0'1 1011age proh1bly wou1d d1e qUl.d.ly due to uesLccanon and UY lrradH1tlon 11115 relat10n<;h1p abaul 17 npp1y to epiphytLc bacteria but th~s would depend 011 "pecles and dry~ng condltl0nQ rathagenlc bacter1a mlgratlnp from act1ve lcalons on leaf la or reot becorne 1nactlve :Hl the soil, by aud lurge bLeause of lack of enerJ!) sources.U11d unfat,orable condltlons 5hou1d energy source become 19 a\s1.1able other orgatnsms "ould be better ab1e to use 1.t, because plant patho¡;ens are E2J:. nc.trltlonall} versat1Jt:!. and 1e,s act1ve bl0chem~cally ~o Olisagln and Grogan, Sands aIla Schro th) Thus lt seems b.kely that un- less a suitable nlche could be found oUlckly, mlgratlng bacterla to soi 21 v ould ""plre 1'1 '1 short tlme There are a fe. .. excepl10ns and these wil be ~ent10ned 1atel 'l this ,'Olttl, tt mirht be st1ted lh'1t "Hh r(,sflcl'l tu the subJecL lJ of sJrv1.val of rl11t palhoren1.L b,c<.en.u, surprisingly liltle vork has beea done on tlas lh'rt o[ the l1.fe c:;cl<. Thrce 'L"",e"orl s of fact and speculation concern1op surviv"ll cun 25 be c01sidercd I 7 .------~------~-------- ----- ~--------, 1 (1) Long-ten\\ sUTv~val of pathogens in na ture takes place only ~n assoc:iation t'ith liv~ng or dead plnnt tisslIe This 15 a "cr~t~eal 2 trait'~ (Alexancler, 1971) that a110'W6 pathogens to surv!ve 1n the faee O recurrent or oceasional stresses 3 (2) Long-term 'ilurvival ls not likely to talee place unless bacteria 4 eells are ~n aggregates or unless they are in associatl0n with living plant tissues in "protec ted positions" 5 ,- (3) Pathogens in a state of reduced metabolism are more llkely to 6 survlve than are actlve ce lIs 7 HYPOBIOSIS 8 Bacterial ~ells ln a state oi redueed melabol1sm 1re deslgnated hypobiotic cell~ In the hypobiotic sta te, microorgdnlQ m'il may live Ion 11 perl0ds wlthout ,d are more likely to surv~ve the eh J.ca1 and phys1cal stress es that meite death tllan when metabol~c act1vi 10 ty is h1gh. ~bl0sis can be ~nduced ehperlmcntall) by loss of water, low tel'\perature, increaslng salt coneentrat~on, "nd a ntllnbcr of ot'ler 11 meane. 12 It seeros reasonable to assume tllat pathogcos survlving ror long perioda are ln a h}pobiotle co,dition, hav~ng aSSllrne.d this state. as a 13 result of the natural processes t:aking place "üh the aglIDg of dlseased tissues Hypobloti e ce lIs would be the s,lrv~vors ln dry lcaf, stem, an 14 root les10ns of annual plants_ ____ ~tJley ",ould -¡;eprcsenl ., small 1'Olllon of the oaSses of b'lcterlal cel1<, that at one tlm" wcrc allve ''WUh~n the 15 1es10n. llypo!notlc cells are, of course, qt lte. dlffeu:mt hom actively metobol1zJ.ng one and deserve ¡pore study 16 For exal11ple, Ps .?eruglnosa eells ,-,ere mole sens~t1ve lo drylng in 11 the eYpOnLntl'll "lot.'th phase than when cells .. ere 7 da\s old Also l\or'1lau''- et al (1971) found the morpholopy of r~ l'hnseol~ca (halo b11gh lB of bean) eells .. as dl.fferenl 1.0 the 1e810n center lban aL Lhe leaLon edge"', "here th" hacteria were younger (ce11 Sl.Ze and plamysl.s edge) Sorne bacter1al pathogens can sur.l.ve for wany )~ars ln dlseased 20 plant tls~ues that are dry The survlvlng cclls 1n tite tlssues, ~n additlon to bel.llg 1n a hypob"-ot~c state, probably "re rrotected ln vary 21 lng (legre"", b} the s, rroundmg "'asses of ;:Icad baLtexlal and pla'1t cells n'ld by products of tite palhoge,-host interaet:LOn (On the other hand, 2~ Ps ~c:ia dled :m rlry and br1ttl" onlon leaves, tlns mal be an except tían (Kawamoto nnd 'o r heer, 1972) SLIDE Tbe bean p,tho,cns! Ebdseol1, X ~ var fuscons, Ps phaseollco n, 25 Ps. syr1ngae ann CorynebactereumiLacc umL'ciens as w('ll as soybean b11g lt and pUSL1!lc. "ere found ta be favored ",hen wfected bean re<¡tdue<¡ were ~-B g n 30' in,.. 0110:11 \1. 1 11\ ~ f 1 tt I n ti} in ,J Iha nn ..... t n i t, (1 \ I I 1 \ ¡" (1 ( , !i¡ 1I1( l1f"h! hand r.ntgln'l 1 I ." 1 , 1 1 fl!ainta~ned on the so~l surface cornpared to incorporation 8" ~n so~l This indicates that bacteria survive in dry planr parls Companion 2 stu, dies were run in the" greenhouse in which these bean and SO) bean bac­ tedal pathogens in infested tissues survived in dried soil (O 95% WHC) 3 an~lsoon dtad in moisr soll (30r.wHe), tllese were ma1nta~ned at tempera- tures ranglng ftom 80-120°F (2S-3S0C) This work at Nebr , U S A wa 4 confirmad [or! malvac~~ (cotton blight) in Sudan (Afr~ca) and Tang anyika to sorne degree In arid climate of Sudan ínfested debris is a 5 threat to the next cotton crop In Tanganyika .... here the rainfall is considerably higher than :en the Sudan,! malvacearum barely eurvived 11 bet"cen eotton erope on the sOll surface Bacter:vü srot o~ tomato (! "eaieatoria) wh~ch overwintered in tomato snd debns 1n Nebr , U S A 7 was introduced 1n transplants grown in southern U S A 8 ! oryzae can easily survive in dried rice straw but survives only 1-2 month'l "Ilen the r~ce straw 18 plowed in the so~l In the Phil1ppin a, 9 X oryza", was not reeovered from rice stuhble 18 days after the "l' ralnfall ar.eas ln U S A ) ¡purposc 15 to forro deve10pment of bacterlal Lllghts sed anthracnose so 20 tnat trace lrfectlo~S Di tnese diseases are readl1y detected In late 1950's éipd earlv 1960 t s Bcreages for ce.rtifJ..c.at1.on ln t';ew South Wales :n Iland Vietona deél:tded bccpuse of the :tt'creaslng costs and the consider­ abl-e rlsk of wet weather at harvest (Ballant}~l", ] 9'4) 22 ! rhe creer cli,rate o[ North Qucen lana (<\ustr111a) .. as lese favor- 23 "t.1e for rrodLct:ton of Ingh gerninatlug seed oi ,;ome bean varlet1es I (sU:lngles~) tllan the nH,"st€r cl1nates oC \!ew South Wales In 1967, 24 IOc.eenslat d Dcp'lrtrncnt Df Prunary lndustrles a1so requJ.red that equip­ lrrent uc;ec ttyt"' pldnll.ng~ har\.esting, and clean1.ng hean seed be cleaned :251 and c~~:tnfcctcd ~~'~th elt'ter a mixture Di cetrlmlde and C~.'~~~.change wlthout proper precautlons Seed in- 18 creases of such ~eed perhaps should be done ID lhe greenhouse on :tndl.- v~dLal ulant bas1s 19 Plant pat:asitlc bacteria may reside :m oon-host materials, such as 20 s011 It behooves liS to dlffercnt~ate bctween surv1val l.n l.nfested pla'1t rendues and :m 5021 A case lO po:tnt :lS tite aqsumpt:ton that 21 .l rl)ascol1_ sUTvlved l.n the Ifso~l" with the e).act ~noculum source not ascerta1ued Slnce than we have found that the pure cultures of bean 22 D¿;ctt.lla do 10t surv~vc in or ro the soil) as sltch Plant palaslt1C b,cterl.a can be categorlzed Loto three groups base o,. survl.vü 1" S<'- 1 (huddco1¡agen. 1965) 1 ! 2S '-----------_._------~--- 11 1 Most plant parasitie bacter~a belong to the group tbat so11 phase ls a rapidly deerea81ng one 1 men­ tioned the bean bacteria as belonging in th~s category Citrus eanker (! Eitri) of oranges etc • i8 another 3 example ~n FlorIda, U S A Japanese elalm otherwise But che fact that citrus canker vas eradlcated in citrus " areas of che U S A by systematie destructl0n of dlseas­ ed grave and nursery trees and sanitation would ~ndlcate s that X cieri lB poor B011 organisms Cltrus canker occurs sporadically ~n Troplcal Amerlea but campa red to G Ps solanaeearum is oi little importance '1 PB solanaeearum, which attacks about 200 plant apecies including beans, ls probably indigenous to the 8 tropics eHellman P177. 1972} Accordlng to Wellman (1972) once Ps solanacearum beeomes established in a s reglan it becomes a peEnanent resldent ln the soil Yellman and let me quote, wrote "ThlS 1 have found ls 10 also true of so-called bacterial bllght (Xanthomonos phaseoli) on bean and the sorghum bacterla1 stripe 11 (l:~~'u_domonos andropogon.) 1 do not have the referenees on bean bl1ght but it is an interestlng phase to lnvestl 12 gate surv~val ln the soil" End of quote 13 As mentl0ned before, ODe must dlfferentÁate between soil and Ánfested debrrs lD -ur on the <;011 Fs !>olana­ 14 eearum 'lnd crovn gal1 (Agrobacter1.I1I;. turne{aclens) may ove Lllelr long term oceurrence ln tlle sOll becau5e the, 15 may be host dependent vith their populatlono in tlle S011 increaalng or graduall, decreaslng accordlng to cropplng 16 practices ~evertheless, these 2 bacterlal speeles are the onl} ones that approach the true sOll-borne cate­ 11 gory A common e~planatl0n fOE poor survlvalabl1lty of plant pathogenie bacterla ln S011 15 lnhlb~tl0n of U! antagonlst~c mlcroflora, manv actinonycetes. bact~rla, furgl are antagonlst~c for plant pathogen~c bacter1a 20 BacterlophalB unllkelj affeet bacte11al ecology, A~derson ( ) reported that under favorable In vitri condltlons the lowest inItial concentration of a Vlru­ lent phBze requlred to eliminate a .1n~le cell was ln 22 the viClnitv of 10 7 partlcles/ml (,10,5e 0948) found tpat pIant 2n athogen bacterla (~ ~11ng1~) have rarely 23 8hceeded 10 phaze ?articles/ml of so11 su~penSl0n Since th~s )leld 18 equlvalent to the lyBIS of only 2 or 24 1 bacterlal ~ells it lB clear chat the 1nltlal concen­ trall0n oC 'phaze i5 vely low and chance of absorption anta cells oCLurrlng, very remote Sutton and hallen t 1 f • I 1\ 11 j", •• JI , , • I I ¡ ! j 11 ¡ \ IU lb r j I r .... n n1ft 1., ItI p 1 ( ) found s1milar comparisons for X phaseol1 of bean a EPIPllYTES Evidence ls accumulating that plant organs sustain a 3 eharacteristle epiphyte bacter1al flora These have been found on roots, buds, and leaves An interesting repart ~ was that of llagedorn, et al (1972) who recave red the bean ,• brown spot bacten.um (~ syringie) throughout the year s on leaf surfaces of healthy vetch (V1c1a villusa), and assoc1sted natural outbreaks of brown apot with these 6 weed ep1phytes Haas ( ) found under artif1cial 1noculations! ~ ~ fuscans surv1ved on sur faces of beaa primary leaves but dlsappeared quickly from unf­ foliate leaves Other workers have found s1milar ,1 8 relations w1th bacteria on other erops, soybpans, apple, , cherry, citrus, pears 9 eertain plant pathogen bacteria sur~Jve on roor sur­ ID faces such as ! tobaei snd P angolatu on roots of wheat, vetch and weeds ! phaseolicala aud! E var ~enlse 11 were found not to overwinter On wheat roots Stanch and Las1k found that ! E fuseans colon1z1ng besn rooES 12 up to 2 weeks and then disappeared lhese aLe a few •• e~a~ples of ep1phytes surviv1ng on surfaees of pIant parts. Ye have found that ! E and Cfa overwlnter l.uslde \ileeds, ¡l-1gweed and goosefoot- and eoul·d·-be ~"1 ,01'1- - 14 ed 1D bean blight Dud wlIt epldem101agy Weeds have beeo shown to be 1nvolved in manj other plant dlseases 15 l'iSECTS 16 A few planE pathogen bacterla have adopted a special- 1zed meaos of survival and perslst ln a character1st1c 11 manner A cldss1c example is Stevarts w1lt t~at surVlV­ es in the corn flea beetle They were able Lo forecast le t~e pravalenee of th1S dlsease and weather Londit10ns The cucurb1t w11t bacterlum, E tracha1phila, 18 com­ 19 pletely dependc~t on striped and 12 spotted cucumber beetles (Acalymma v1ttatum) for lts survlval between 20 season. Other example. of lnseet survlval aod d1sper­ sal of plsnt pachogen bacteria are ollve knnt, patato 2.1 blaekJeg, and eertaln diseases lnclted by Nycoplasmas, r1ckettsla-like baeterla (Pierees' disaase oí grapes, 22 almond scorch aud leafhoppers) Parenp1al pIants can ace as woody protected place s for bacterla, f1re blight 23 of Posaceae, ~ ]uglandls (Pollen) K reorl prunum, A eltrl, ~ p"'runl, holdover canyerS or bllghted tW1gs 24 TLO alfalfa pathogen~,! alfalfa and e 10S1dlosufm 25 can re~aln 1n the perennial crop from seaSDn to season - , 'l'~ Ill,.lrnitUlili\\llhil..,fltlH¡ThIIlJh,¡lín Hi'(tHJtVVJII .. wH11i\ :1t,.11IIIl HiH 1m •• '1 ';' 13 1 Bacterial ring rot of po tato (e s ) sIso ~s perpetuated in tubers and there are many oTh;r sueh diseases, orna- 2 mentaIs, flowers (calla l~ly, hyae~nth, nursery stocks, etc) Preseume many tropical dfseases are perpetuated 3 in perennial plants or parts • 1 would like to baek-track for a moment concern~ng bacter~a sud 5011 as s site of survival In Wellman's 5 book on "Tropical American PIant Diseases" are meationed cettain points that may have a bear~ng on so~l surv1val, 6 "Cruda observat~ons give evidence thar so~l bacter~a ~n tbe moist, warm tr~~cs are very muen ~ore numerous thau 7 ~n the cool, dry-p·ar-tti"of the temperate zone Tha organ ie .atter, though ~roduced in great quantit1es, is 8 decayed at a high rate" 11 Another eV1dence of great hacter1aI effects on trop! cal 80ils 18 the occurrence of w1dely encountered 10 laterite format1ons Ihase 80118 are red and not eas~Iy cult~vated for profit (large amounts A13 and Fe2) II These are left from effects of ~ntansi"a bacter~al act10n along w1th ra1ns aud warmth Later1te must be 12 dl.sturbed as l:lttl. as possible in cultural procesaes, cover crops and mulches Th_is_._lf ll.ke m1nlmum tlllage 13 could affect surv~valin residues on so11 surfaces 14 The bacterial content of troplcal so.d.s can be 01' ~s. ln plaol pathoIogy There:ls speculat10n that bac- 15 ter:lal popuIat:Lons have types thal depend on fungus h¡phae ln S011 tor ex~steoce Perhaps these bacteria a fillht afEeLt plaot palhogen bacter~a Or posslbly, the trop1cal 5011& m~ght favor tremendous bUlldup of pIant D parasit~c bacterla' Wellman d.d state that ooce common bllghl of beqn, (aud browo lOt (1'5 sOla.!!."."_",arum)), for lB e,{Bm!,!e, beroma estab11shed:Lt becomes B permanent reS1- dent of the SOlJ 19 Bean halo hllght, a serious dlsease, lS probably H in all bean grow~ng areas of the Nev Troplcs (Troplcal American) except, perhaps where ~t 18 very dry 21 neso fleIds of manv cOhntries '0 Troplcal Amerlea D are baverely attac~ed by common bllg1¡t (~R ) The d1sease often becomes lntens1f ed 1n severity 1n a D fev years In el Salvador, startiog w1th a few plants 10 a fiuld affaeted, 10 3 years tlme the erop vas M practlcally destroyed ~y this bllght AtLemptB to change the rultural pract1ces oí che farmers were not • suceessful The farmer~ 1Dslsted on keep~ng the klUd , 1 I 1 of ,beans tbey have eaten for generat10ns aud any sort of crop dlsease control was res~sted The v~11age had to : move to another side of the volcanlc slope S1m~lar problems had been present in tha U S A But d1sease- 3 free seed acceptance w~II be a probIem in case res1stanc 1S Btrong r~eld demonstrations do help 1n "educating" 4 the growers, th~s ls based on petsonal experlence 5 CONCLUSION 6 The thrust of these comments has beeo Lo enphasize that pIant pathogenic bacteria are poorly adapted for 7 survival ~n nature away froro plant tissues They surv~ve off-season in aggregates 1n assoc~atl0n w1th 9 infected dry plant t1ssues ar as individuals in proteet­ ed places associated with healtby pIant or plant part 9 (residenC) Survlvlng cells are possibly in a dormant or hypob1otic state rather chan in Bn actlve condition 10 mast often studied in the laboratory n In nature, the pathogen~c p_~ase of the l~ie cyele probably conlributes most of the cells that carry the lZ bactcr~a through adverse periods The eontribut~on of the resident.phasC' (bacteria in or 0'1 healthy plants 13 al: plant parts)-·w.aj \ ¡Oh HortiLulture Held Llboralory Urbana, lllinoi!> 61ROl lntroductioll Pl11lt pdthologist~ dllU ~oybe \tI breLUCrl, have become increasingly 'are ..... !thia the p ,~t two ye,lrl, that th. .. bingle O1o<;l important factor in the 50- tlled "yield harrier" in soybean product~ol1 i5 a pathological one The organisms , gren.te!>t economlc import mee L8U'''' dlseasLs of the roots, atems alld aeeds Host : the important pathogens are seed-borne Only wi thin the lapedL& oC b U'teri'l, aboul lO ¡,enera of nematodLb. and about ; viruses r<'portctl Ils<,oLi"Leu ",{th SO)bL'lnb (14, 19, 20, 2]) AbulIt 100 micro- 'ganisms are as"oci,tLd w\tl! lile ,ceda (20, 21) In, ¡"ccnt ~tudy on Lile mlcro- cara associ'lted with surEace ~lLtil !/ed sOJlbc:m ... ""Ld& grown in Lthiopill, Mengistu ;) reported 20 gener1 of tungl 1& new records tOl I.h~ worl J Tbe soybean st"Ld CO.1t i, lhL tissue mo_t frcqu<-ntly coloni¿ed Histopatho1ogi- 11 <¡tudies llave 5ho,,'1\ th<:> [01 tf'",ing mlLroorg~nlsmb Loloni¿c the "hollr-glass" ce11 ¡yer of the SO} beon "eul eo lt, which 1b "tárdl-l irh (16, (8) .!>3cillu,;. subti.lis ;. R FOOT, UIlIt., perbonJl cnmmuntL1Elon) ~(.rco_~".!.-a. kj.!c~,-0!..!:..i (6), Colletotrichum 'Ta'(1~ var trullCdl2'1l1 (16) !l]._uz.0rt~ l'!.'.'!'>~~lo~ Vil ~l~ (6), ano Peronospora mqnurica (4) II Ipp""S lb lt Lhe dVHJ orhaniL Lb,.,u" 01 lhe ,,"oybNln seed coat in sLapport 1l1"lny typús ()f microorr ln~t,ms Ilia.:e.orth~ E!:..15<,olol_l'...'! v Ir ?_oJ2' (P!t'2!'~2.!2. bOj".."), cdusal .lgenl oE the pod ,,1 stem blight dlse"<,,,, ''O'b found üttcllltlly bc('d-boTne IntOng "Ix variel1es from lx St8.t:es in lh" (/!:> , IndIa, anu Lthiopid (3,5,7,8, ll, 15, 22) 1he per­ mta¡;e occurrenc" vlrietl wtUI h,\lve<,t yO:ll , loc~tion and varl,ety (3, 7, 8, 22) len t">e l'ercentd¡.:.e OLLUrLuh o ,lpproac1H,,-1 25 perLent or mon In any one seed let, 1 y!lro gtiH11lltlútl{,)11 \!iJ flcld .. mLlgLIH.C' .J(,.1L. rCCtH2d (3. 7, Rf JJ 112 22) Bes!.!e. . ["<" orgmlsl'l'> lhlcd Ib,'ve, oLbll sLed-bOlllc_ (ungi studio" wcre irergillus ¡1'l\'!.~ (1), _\ ;n~!.L~.'.l.." (2), Hld fl1cco¿homina pJ\.l~eo]l\'-'- (lJ) !'estalotia ). 'm,", Thidav\ly md Qll,11it ltívE'ly m""I¡' lltltlvaTs, 'md loc,- lon ... (2, '. 7), plJllll\¡, dltL (ll) nLE:.u, uhl B t,Uh 1 ttr t974 Ot.I..Urnnlu.'" \)l DL.lpOllhl phl&tolo1.um V.lt ~Ol H. (Phol!lúp'->.l,;> t,p ) in. V"lriOUh soybeao ·,.,dh,l ... 1'1 mL Di ... Ni'plr r,S 11I~l/b 4 Hi Idcbr InJ. \ A IIId 1 l,v' ,,()( h 19';1 ¡\ ~1",ly ,,1 ~ybl'-m" lnfcLLlon by .10\my mll,k~ 01 <:.o}bt-m \\tth ~pLl...ill ll{lltlle\.. lo <:'ymplomoLogy, ((onomic ,,1g,,1I1< mI' Hltl CL'nt ro l "'í.. t Agl J1 50j)~}fh Hct\bl'S.tu, t\ 1<17 r ) "L{',t-hDrn:.. ..... ndc\.üotg \tn .... n\::, of S,t).yhl u'\ prow.. .., in llhiopi¡ l.nd l.~mb 11 \l~t111t\l uf !:lu. . d-búrHt.' mJLltJor~\nf~l'lb 1n 1111n015 ~I ()(. 1heslb i I'nhcr'.ty uf IIIIIlO-[",U'hll11 _0¿ PI' b I t .... IS,,'" n I n !l llld,,!, t '1 A 1111" lItd 1\ ~lIH 1 dr l')7o, IOL,Uotl oi f'}"l"LI (mu l,1 1'1 lp('l thL ph t l('1lo1UM v u C;Ojlt 1.nd {L 1 t ObPlH 1 kiktll h11 In "'('V~l ¡tu "'L ctl I 1 Itl 1 lJ I , kt pi 1 S 9 I 1- ¡ 9 7 Nith"l .... \nt, f f- , L' n Dhuq..,1 t mti fi t.¡)lH lllt 197~! inlC'fl111 (,.eed- bCqlll n¡lUf" ~'l (1 ltlotillll .,{ Icrt1l\'ritll' Hld Pht1inopbl& ~p '1nd thelr effeLts ":\ll ",~bl 111 ~\.t.d qUilit) l01tl..llt.d to rt'id l1Hf'tutl t,cLd-borllC' nature of rH\pOrlht phl';l\)loIUffi V1J '-,.,,)! 1.!.. (Phomop,l-." "'p ) 'lnd lht."'lX c[fectb on hoybean ~eeu 'l,nllt)" I'hyloplLhc,tohV b_ 1261-1.'61 S \hhoboll, I (l D Ilhln! t1 ,"J I 1\ '>Íl1l1 \JI 1!J7) "ud t(.mpcrdture~ m ..l 1fll1t.ul,llon tLthnlqttt.'3 iltll l.nH. . r¡'LlHt me! ttl t oflllon of ::,clcrotinia ~(lLrof.ol1un lrtn ... uvnLlll tL)líLf tld to 11. ld -"011 tln1pCr\turtt., and inocula- t\on h"o(h1t.."lll'-. '1tft.Lt l.mll~llht' 11H1 n IbOl1rlt)[l I.,t nI Jpl"lrtiu. . phl..,<..olorum var .... \.'111. fh')1t'\ ~(,\llm Tly .... oplth "'\f.c.d \p\,1 )0 t79-la> 9 ,11. h\--! 'U 1 lnd J h ,11\1111r 1971 t\m (\)1 .... U)UC Hl '-,ttJ bt.lrí1ndLion iuh lblt L J b} l'~\U'¡t\lih'lh ~lY~lth. . l l'hylopltih.dtH..,y 61 1 390-1J93 10 t"h.hoI,-¡ott, 1 mJ t 1¡ '>llH t1.11 1971 1111 lhvl1 lo ,,,lcoh and l'ebtalotia bp 11"lt. nt 111\ "'('u\bornt~ in .,OybL m I'J 11\1 lJi~ RCl'lr ';'i 911-912 3 11. N1<:1lO1son, F. anJ J B Sinc1air 1973 I f[cct of plll1tJng daLe, <¡torage coudition~. 3nd ~eLlJ-bOlne fung! on !.oyL"an ~~ed quality PIunt Dls. Reptr. 57 770-774 12 Nlchoh.on, J r • J B ;'in<.lair. and L h lo~]¡i 1973 Seed-borne Pseudomonas gl)c1"e.1 and lungi aff ... Lt SO) be,," secd in lndia PIant Dis ~eptr 57- 531-533 13 Nlehol!."n, J F, J B "'inclair, dnd T t- WhtLe 1974 Survival and entr}' of P"l.ndamo"J¡' glYCllll a into soylll.-an "ceo Phytop1th Z 78 357-364 14 NóbcJ, H • "ud N J Richa,dboIl 1968 Aa annoL1t<.d li!.t of '.eed-borne dlse"lses. l.otnnlom,cdlth Nyeal Irst, Kew. ~urrcy. tngldnd 191 pp l'rasartsce, r , F D Tenne, H B I1y1S, H A 1 lJi <" Jnd B Sinelalr 1975. kcJm:tJon of lntcrndU)' seLuborne D1aporLhe ph I~LolortJm Vdr sojae by fungicide spr.y" Pl H1L D1" }l<,P! r 59 20-18 16. S ... llneider. R \~ ,O D Dh!n! I~. J l' Nkhol<,ol1. mó J Il "inda!r 1974 Cotlelotrirhum trtlllL,tum bOlll~ wHhin th" <,cC-dLOlt of l>oybLdn Phytopathology 64 154-155. 17. <;duh. . idLr, R \~ ,1' N lhlplly,l, anrl J Jl 'dncJ lir 197J Fungi assoc!ated ",lth soybean ~L,-,I from ln<1i.1 Indian Phyl<'p llh ?4 792-794 18. S lnclair, J B 1974 1h L' role of the '!\-ea LO'lt In tllae,H," control of soybcans 1'roe. 9th Ann 11Un01" ~ojbean Conl 22 f tUnol:, (rop Improvement Asan , Urbana 19 51'"\<.1a1.-, J B \975 1 [T1.el of'seed-bornc l)jcl~rl'l ln ""ybCdl1 on germllHttion sud emelgence p J 15-137 J 11 llitó lIId J; H H U1l01 &ch (eu& ) lrupical disease..:; of ll~í,tl1'l(,b At.adcmH. .. PrLClS J llH NI...w lO} k 20, Sine!a!!:. J B • lnd O D Dh 111gr t 197'i An HUIOt ltLJ blblwbnlphy oí soy- bean ,jl~{,!'bt.t, 1 ~l ~()\ Publ r-." 7 Univ ¡ 1111)011, PI!. ~!7, Urbana 21 S in" 1 '111 , ¡ 1\ lnd '1 L "hurllLf( (ed" ) t97:, A L 01 lplcluJ ium of soybean di""""es \f1L r 1'11\ topal hLll 00C , SL P~ult Hlnne!>ota 80 p 22. TCllOe., 1- D,' r Pr..l..,artt:¡t'!e, L. L "'íJ.c1i ldo, ...l tld J II &lncl lit 1974 Var1atJ,.,lh In ~~ rmluill.On índ ':"LLd-borlH p,lhog.cns dmong ~\)ybe ltl &el..d-lots fr~", thr~ .. legiol1~ 1.1 II \ H1C' 1" Plant !llS Reptr SS .. 11-'.13 ~:J. ..'hite, 1 e ¡. Nldh,lsoll, mJ J H <;111) J"lr ¡ <) 7 ) llfL',t of so11 lt!:t'1pcr..ltu (.. llltl P"'(U¡JtHU('Jt\l ... f-,tyí..ilkl on tm('tguHe ¡nd hlowth ü! ~oyb~.ln ~t.Ldlln!.<; 1'11\ t ~lp lth(\!uf.!,V l) 96-1t)7 UII N IlAI lllN [ROl (l[ ,,11 Il-J\tlRNI 1''\ 11IO( I N<' 1t i <'OY JII AN by J~n,,~, U <; [ncl 111 l' J mt r ltholol\Y ti, p" tme nl lInlv"r~!ty "f 1111,1<'[' [Ole non lLullla-L 1 ¡.ld 1 ,holdtory III b ~II l, U 11 no l" b UI!)1 I!\trodmtion A re,. \L1r,> ,'So th1, topi. WQulú b ... lontined to the u"e of comp<.lunJs -¡;;-t-¡;;-[onn 01 du.,t" wett.3bl. pow""",!, "lurry, <.lr in-the-furrow treat­ ments appllt'u tn }-.('C'\h" lhr. lppl )~dl ton oi tOlll_ lt ltiLo:,. U1d lullhlütlLb to hOjbean seeds i'$ re,tridu! ¡ [ lit" ... ".1< mllSr ,11«" he' Ino, ul.lled ",ah Rhizobinm laponLcum Ah.o, 9l1»'b\.1n ,Nt..ldt<;nt '0 lhll plll1ting j"dllftLlIll Illela hwC' b«;m sorne inter- <'stl,,!? &>vC'lopmenl'> in lhe d'LmlL11 Loutlol oí M eel-bonll. p1thogen~ in soybean ~,-I'4I~lr~.!!tm'.'.'t:..l''..l.!~L~ 1'.1~I\_L_~ lhl n' oc< t numb' I o[ sludle~ on the u"e9 of v..!r1alb 'LLd-ll p .tment ,olllpound .. on ""yb" UI su ti" (~?) II has becn considered thal liutle blfit'fJt ,,'uid be gI1"<..tlhted ""e of !lt'rlury In gCULrll, poor quality ~eLth (701: g"lmi1l1t~on or le<" II 2'; r, lo" S(<\lt of thiJbclId..!zolf' (r1l7) , 'K,thyl 2-ben¿iml.dCl701acarbam 'te {HUel, ""ti pe, iclltln lulo dOlln.lllt boybl.!1\ <,eul '>,,,,Ib lr"1ud ",th flBC + DUl ,Illd lB! -l' IlU! ¡"el lL", l!1tC'rl1 \ll}--I>or", fun!,1 C'ld«:. 01 1.1.(.\ .... tít ltíd \ lt h !)(N ltOllC OLM appl tn.~d to havl, BO"'1t:\ mtJt \H1 B-"l 1 pnY[H.:rt 1", b :.\P.Eli.!.l~~t_,,-,,- o..!.Illl1b.1"c!.'" 11\ l.!!"---.!.!'l.:!. (lile of lltL lmpol Vll1L flt. . torll afkctil\!, bo)bcan :SCLÚ <.¡ullrev 1'" thl 1mount of inlLltll1h ~f'(d-bolne miL~(lOrg':Ullhm& (1, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, lO, ti, lS, 19, 2/;) DWE.DItl" El,-,,_~1E''-!'''. v,r 22.1.1L (l'homopsis sp ) (13) 1.., onu oll thl' .o'-'l f,pqm'ntly r""nd fllngi 1bS,"i1t,'d wHIt poor s«ed qualiLy (1, 3 5,6,9,10,11,14, 1::; 17 1'1,2',) '-.e,-,Is lnlccled with thü, fuugus rarely ge""l'i- H'lte Thc (KCUrrPIHL 01 llu .... iUll~u'-) ~111d OU101 rt1nb:t~lnLlenSLb whuJ h-lrVesl i~ de- lay. d (l. S, ll, J 9) 2 The folial "I'pliL.lt!on of bLuomyl ,1I1d olhe! 1 "1I6101dL& 011 soyb .. ~n p1 anta significilntly rcduc\..q thL 1mount of 1nl cm 111 y ~'LI.l-hornl l2. P.!'''¡-''-'col~ var sojde and othcr fung! (l. 5.7, S, ID, lJ, tI.l, l'l, 22) ~nd pnt1111y ('antrala the incidence af "",'d-bornL fungl and dccreabe in ¡..",,:mlnatlon ''<50L13t"d ",1th debycd harvest (l. 1\, n, 19) 'lome of Lh(' I un¡.,lLldLs L111t hav. bLLn found effectivl.' ,re oL'h'Ulvl, thlc'ph!lllIL-mclhyl, thl 11",,<1"01<>, lh1orolha1onil. aud manLozeb (l, 5,7, h, lO, lS, 19 22) llllk\IURr t 1I1D 1 <111", H \ " h roor, ",d j II "111C1 u, 1976 1 ULLL of benomyl apr.,.on Illt\..ln,lly-born. f un,: l "ntl I'e 1 101" 1I lon aL delay' d-¡''lrVe9Led soybean &LLd" I'hylO1'111> I (in pI< s) 1 é.lU~. HA, ~ !{ }OOI. "O" J II '.ll1C 1.11 1 1976 NnvpmLll1 oí sybtemic fungJ...l.Jcs In tlichloronl<'thltH in ÚOIIIIlllI boybc 1!l~ ~e('d" '\lId lltLlr <'Hect 011 inter!\JlIl'lill In ,ovh, 111 J 11l1l I1j, IhpL. ')~ 760-7&3 (\ rlliq ~l A ~tH.hldt),l 1'1131rt~tl 1IHI B I..,.bullir 1974 n"'lllllt..tHL 01 1111Pt)! tht pI! ¡..,.t-011.)tum \ il "'~'J H (I'hL1LUop&1 ~p) in variouq .,"yb.:!lll,,,dlo! JI,,"lH, I{cplr 51> 1/l··I/!> 7 ¡ .lll..,. '1 A ; ti '-t llh 1 11 1 197, f.íuv~ mt..nt 01 mi- t hyl 2-bc-ll/imida7oJ c- ~ dtb..un \tl '\ nlCl IppllC Ilion 01 bcnomyl l'hylopathology óS (ill pr .... , s) , ~ 1111s, N A ,\Id b '11,,1 "' 1'116 1 rrul 01 ¡',nomyl lidd ~prays on 111t utIJ\-Lotlh Il.llht Itlm¡HltftHl .)!lJ llllt...,I¡..(n\.l ot l1tc-hlrvl":.tLd l'.Ioybean bt.LU", Philnpltholút.,y It{ (tU t1tl ~'-¡) IJ f-,\\inni t, t lnd 1 t... .... prJtl\ \.1 1971, 111\d L'1 fllll¡,leühl "ed lrC'lntLllt 4..1 U ... i!h-fli-nL~ pj Ili 1¡'I\..\l t In -Inh f... .. ! d "lbe "" l'h)lOP'lhulo!,y (jI, StlO (Ab.,lr) 10 1'","; n, 1'': l\ I l1,.. 111\.1 h B l .JrVí r I \)7 ~ f t t..~ l ~ Llf {IIHglt Hkb t ..m d p~tlt~J(..\ 11!5 tlll \'1\.. Id", n[ .... ('\hL 111,:> 1 ! In! ]h.... ht pL I ')q i tlt~7...!'H 11 Jl} h. '1 Il H \ 11 J h JI ~Jllrl li,. mt! e 11 1\lld",,~ 1Q¡¡' liJect of funflt {d" ",¡n t .... 1..-'11 lI11\.lrtllij. ..... ltd-hlHllt nl'1pÜllht. phl~to¡orUin Vlr bojae (PIUOlt1pslc: ..,p) Aml! t'h\lOP lthnJ '.Ot ~mH.. . ll tdt-Nt.m.ltiLidC' leht ':J t Rl.sultb <:>f 1~75, H (in pr",,) 12 },("{ 11Jlbt H tq¡ll ..... ú\b __ ll Ml..d U.1t mJ tia lt.llttnn ot s-<.('d LXUuttC lo Il\.lht su .... l.tptlbi 1 'tj Ph\IOpHhotü) V ()/, 141l-14 tlJ 13 I\metz, K. e 1/ IUell, '11,,1 \ r <"chmitthellnu 197f, lsol"tion of ¡,cedoorue Di,porthc I'h3~"olorum and Phom0l'si" from imm~tt1rc soybeqn planta Plant Dls Reptr 58 97B-QS2 14 'jell¡,lstu, A • H A ¡ lIb, D J RQy¡,e. "mI ¡ II '>indair 1975 Soybean (Clycine mi'., 'Be,,~on', 'Amsoy 71 '), pre- llld po"t-ll'lclgellLc dmnping off. V1riOOS ¡,eed- aud soU-borne org,.mismq Amúr Pbytop.lthol !:loe Fungic1de /lnd l'en"ti"id" TLSt'3, RL&ults of 1974, JO 148-149 15 HLngbtu. A ,H A rJ ti .. , ami J B <"lncl111 jq76 Ivaluatton of secd trCdt:!.?nt comp11h 1 lir 197/. <'OybL m « JyLilll' m'lX, 'rutler 71 '), prc- and p\.",>o.,t-f'mLrgLllt.e d ul1plng-ol.f, v \rloub hLCd- and sD~l-bornc organisms Amel PhytOPdLlw! '>OL ~ungic1dl- dad NU1l1tic1t1c lc"Lb, kC'bul LS of 1973, 29 14ú-lft7 18 Pl'lSartSte, (' , ¡. O len" .. , M II JJy''S, H A Illi<¡, and J B Sinelair •¡ 1975. Red,,, t ! Otl of in l,_ rn 11 I Y ;,ecu born, Di 11'0 rt In phdseo1orum val' soj ae I by ftllllgiddL hpr lyS Pldlll 1)1s Rq,tr ';9 '0-23 I ,, 19 Ro%. I P 1975 1 f[",et of ,'Ve' h, dJ [rri¡ lLion, 1nd 1" nomyl ~prdys on tatt~-St., l .... OIl fed:f'1r di..,tft..,e~ <3-{. .. cd lnfel.tlon, '1nd yiL1dh of hoybl.'Hl Plant Di<. 1i!.<.ptr SQ 809-8 t.l..,,- f) J • '1 A Illlb, llld 1 Il :OincLllt 197', NOVlInl'lll of p€'1l1cillin u inh dlthl(Jlomt:tlll11t PhvtOPltholot,y (t5 in prebs 19í ~ "-.v t CffiH. .. J unglí..-ldc.... \b ":.Lcd t H," ttmt.nL <:; p 252-261 udl"n t HhJ 1 P VLrml. (Cd~),tlltICnl trenus in plllnl ¡v Dl..pt i tlChnow UI11vl'r"ity. lndll 1nd O II Plnng'" 1975 An Jllnotaled bibliography of IN, ~()i Pubi No 7 Univ of 11111loi~ I'res», Urbana , 111<1 H ~hUI ti, ff (cds) 197'. ,\ ctlmpendium o( hoybean ph)tút)lthol SOl.-, ~l l'tut~ HltllH'&old 80 P lll .... Ht~I...i.. \ ~llCh\Jt" tnd J B ,",tllLlur 1974 t nu n lt t011 md ..... t l dbnrnL p llho¡ en":. ma11\P boyl)( 111 ... eLd lots ton ... In IlltnOl~ ?1'11t lit.o., h.lptr ')3. 411- /.1} V 'IJ I k, md 1: lIJ I I I 9/') ~l ",<1 lo .. ~ uf ~O}¡''''l!l ,Ultt. ¡J,Ll.ntl~ úrl oybean I'roduction io; .1 l>1t1\010g1ca1 onc lile organismq of greatest econOtlll impoltaní...e cause diseascs 01 tite roots, ~lpmb anu &ccd'3 Most of the important p1thogcns "e .etcd-horne Ooly ... ithln the 1 ¡el ycar has the ef­ fect of seed-borlH' mhroor¡,anibms on <.eLd qllaJity, ~ef'JJ lnb vigor and yieldq been undcrstood. Nlcroorgantsm';.. ~"d vjru,c~ 'bsociatod \dlh q,,}be1n heed" lhere drc about lOO gell"ra of fungi, nllle spLe lE,,, of bactcn'1, ,bollL 30 ¡¡LnUa of nC!lnatotles, and about lS vlrust's reporteu 'ls¡,oci,ted wtth "oybe.,n~ (13, l7, 18, 19) About 100 l'licroorganisms 'lr€' ",socidt,,1 .'Hh the sLetl, OH) In '1 reCl!nt study on the micro- flora as~ocl~ted "ith "urfaLe slerilized soybe1n sLeds grown 1.n Lthiopia, Hengistu (11) repolted 20 g( nera of Pungi ,& new reLord_ for LhL world Tite soybl'an bL"d coaL ls Lhe tissue mo¡,L t, t qm nt ly coloni7ed Uistopatho- 10giea1 s::udies h1ve ,hol"" the following l'licroorglllisms coloai/e Lh .. "hour-glsbs" c.e.ll la)ut' of tn.e bi.\ybeun súeü-cont, \,h.h. . n 1"3 ~Lall \.-rit.ll (16) ~-Bd.clll.. . ~ S<..I_!?t±*.:; (S R Foor, ume, rOlbona] COflli'lut>icdlH)o), CerS2.''..e2_1" k1kucl~i2_ (8), Colletotrlchul1l dennLi\lffi 'al' !runcalt~ (16), Di~!?2_rlbL r.t-'-0_coloruM V1.r b.."..Loe (8), ond Peronos?ora oanslmrlca (6) lt appe1rs that tila de1.u 0rgdnl, """'t<' ol tho soyb.:.an """d coat can support tndll} t\pt .... of mlLlooLr:dn.1Sm~ !--frí?ct of seet¡-¡'tJn-'-~_2't.c.'0y.1JL'-"-~'l'_' on ¡'lel,! IlJ Itlt>¡"-"ro,,m seeas cf the cu..!tiv.lls Amso,} , BLc!:o.on, Hdyn(:;., \\llll.arc;~ "mu \~lll ... \>Jert.. pl'1nted in smalt field plots under irrigdted LondltiOllS nc-lt lla\Ís, e 11 HoraLl in 1974 Se"d" from thlS pllnting ami. rlll"ois·g1u'~1 ¡,u'us of lhe "1.tne' cultl\fars "ere planted in a rahd"'ln.ed, rLpllc.!Led fiCtlJ plat -le lhe UniverSLty of 111100" 111 1975 There ~a~ borne J'df"HuIon .1ft plant ikighl ~n..J t}!UI!:::' b r"L'it"-'d. bLt pl.3.pt~ of all culti­ "ars (ro"! seeds I'fouULeu in ( tlife, ,1.., )ie'ded hLltcr thm thO~L f,om rll~nois- gro\ n seuls Bioa~t.¡.:lys "'tho,~ed ti dt sLul gro",,"n iu r atifolniü h1.d d gre'1tly re- dULea rnll.-fOflord t\ichol-...on t.l 11 (1::) ... !towcJ ttl1:t there k tú t bls;niflt" ¡ni "n.dut...tion in yield of ~ovb(..ún p11uU,. ~t(H.ln frnm o,euJ":. trtit lí'L·t1lv Ith'Utlltcd wlth .:l su ..... pLngion of ~s!!lllb_ buh.l.lJJ.::. by V)~"\U,, 1"llItl Illon lnd!rt-ct evldLnt.C> of tht efft...ct oC L,Lt...J-borrH. . mlLroorg':mi";.ms OH yield was pre"ntu! by PraS1rl'''' el 11 (14) lhey ,howcd lh't lhL 500·~('cd weiLht fram ~OybLqn rtants "'pr'1jt.d \ ilh L. .. norvi .. thl0ph ... tn'\tl,.-m<-lh)1~ clliorothoton"t\. lhia­ uend4z{' le. or tlllnt h + 1 "hll \ i;... <:; 1 C;¡ j f 1. 111 t j Y [¡ irtlt.) t 11\1l th lL ! ron nOll'"'pr lyea p111lts Ros~ (15) lounJ llnt ylt.. itl<; frllrl htnoi'i} i-bpt ly\ d pl..lnl undcr irrlgation lo.Lre ~iS¡.11fiL1ntly Idght..l thlt1 non<:.pldveu pl'HHh HOltl eL al (7) rcpo"(ted that 2 yicld~ uf thrt.c cultlvdr" of ~(Jvbedn IVeré blAlltfi, H1t[y ine Lt. '''Ld when sprayed ",ith b,'oomyl, ti iphenyltln hydnnide or thiabt>nú1/o!t' dlld yielús of two other cultivar.. were incn %ed sifnlU~antly when ~prdyed wlth benomyl Yield io- crea~es were uue lO bC'Ld wel~hl lltht.\r lhdn bét.J llumb0r Lffect on in vil ro F,t.'rnliu \ti0.l.'..t. (t"ld "margenea "ntl ,cedlln!; vigor Soy- bean seeu" lnocu11tcd w1th al! lbClhte of AspeIJ:l!.l<'!': fl1v,.!.'? had a lower germi­ natian than llonlnocul,led '-"tÚ, (3) A~P9_lJ:..!.lJ~':!. "le []_,,~.~~ HÚUCCÚ the gernlna- tion üf lnolullltLJ :'<.<<1" anll e ,used a " .. edlin" bLigltt (4) !llaporthe l',haseolorum var bOj.!l (!:l!2"'.':-:1'512 SPl' ) (10), l..au¡,al agent of poú 111d sLem bllght (18, 19), was fouad to bE' lnterually becJ-horne ~mons a11 ~ultiv~rs in thc \l <; wllh tite peru!Otage OCCUrtCllCt' varvlnf with harvl'st yC'ar, geogr~phl<.al location, aud cultivar (2, 5, 7. Jb, lQ, 20) Iow rateq of gcrrnll,~Liou wert' dssociaLed wlth 111gh peTcentage" oí Q p!.'.a_~~oJorum var '3ojae-lnfe1 t .. d ¡,ecd& (1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15. 20, 22) ¡,hen Lile occurrcnce of lhi1 1J ty to .!:.YlJlium spp (9) low tcmpl'ratUl:cs can predlspobe soybe1n "ccds dnd &ceJUnr& LO infectlon bj lY.!llJ.lt."! <'pp (21) llaciUus sublllb e.m n.duce in VJlIO f'e,ml\llllOn, LUltrgellcL 111d yields (per'lonal commWiTc!ltiens, 20) High soj1 tempurmln .tlon mJ inf«.t1.ol1 with Diqporth1 ph"1'>"oJorum v"1r <'OJ"8 and otber nth.rooq;ani "'1S Phytopálhalogy 6.:t _ ~021- to~j 2 Chamherlaill, U lo; , al1d r (ran '>t.GeI prúdueeel in III ino1 s Plaut' .H& RLptr 58 50-54 3 Oh!"gr" O J) • J F Nichol&on, -¡ud J B ~ltH lalr 1973 lnfluence of temperoybc1ll ,>e<'u Plant Ois Reptr 57 185-187 4 rUi¡,. HA, '1 II 11 ya,. mJ J 1l <;ind1ir 1974 Flfect ot cultivar "l."d growing [('1':10n on inL<.lllally ,<"euhorll<' fun!'.l mú A"per¡,ilJus melleus pathobeniclty In ooyh<'ln Plant D1s ,(eptr 5f\ .1.12-334 5 flllb, '1 \, l ~',dlhlo, l l'L.tq~rts{'c, ,lila JI ~11lcl31r 1974 üc~urrtnce of Pi lporLltt. ph~St'?olortln V,t t;joJ l( (Photnopsl"::. ~pp ) in varioub soybeln bLLdJot. PldOL U!~ kept. SM 173-176 6 Hlldt'bnnd,'\ \ md ¡ \" "och 1951 1\ .,llIdy ,,[ ~y.,temlc infectlon by dtt..m¡ f!'11Jl..w 01 --.ovbt. \1\ \ lLh bJH (,111 ll.[('t< IH l {O ymptumol()~.yJ c:{onomic sigtlific11\<.e am\ control ",1 Agr 31 50';-518 7 Ho,", N L , ¡. l\ LeL, ami R B (;drVCl 197~ Lff{'~ls of fungl.cide. and p" tbogells on Ji. hit, o[ boyb. 1!lS Pl"lnt Di., K(ptr ')9 724-728 3 B lIyas, '1 B, O D Dhingra, H A Ll1i_, md J B SineIair 1975 Lo- catian of PlyCeUUl1 of Diaporthe ph..l;,ca101Un\ vur boja" onu CereQ&pora kikuchii in soybe1n seed P1ant Dis Reptr 59 17-19 9 1.eeHllg, B L 1Q74 ~oybean seéd rot ,md the ralation of seed e'<:udate to host sUbceptibllity Phytapatllology 64 1445-1447 10 "!'leC;:, ... ,(' I'¡ r llet t, ,,,tU A ~dlmttthenner 1974 Isalation of ;,eedborne [) l1porthe phabeo 1o rum md Phomop~i;, from !nunature soybean plants .1ant Dis Reptl 58 97q-982 11 Menghtu, A 1975 '>cLlI-uorne mierooqpnismb of so,bean grown in Ethiopia and cheillical control of secd-borne 0\1croorgdOi&ms io I111n01s M Se Theais, University o( [11inois, Urban~ 92 pp 12. "iLllOlson, J F, J B Sincl..lir, and J e Whit... 1913 &urviva1 and entry oí p~(!Ud01l0n8q ~l \Cine.1 il1to soybe~u seed (Golrected to re~d Bacillus subtilis 1 l'hytop ,th ¿ 713 357-364 13. Nobal, M • ano H RiLh'lldson 1968 An .1nnotatad libe of beed-borne diseases lOlllmonwealth H,u,l Insr. ,,"'W, ~nrrey, Lngland 191 pp 14. PrasartbeL, e • F D leune N R Jlya!o, ti A. PlUs, aud J II Sinela!r 1975 RuluLtJon of inteCJ1..l11y <,ec.dborne Di"lporthe phabeolarum var sojao by funglciue "pr,ty!> Plallt Dis RLptr 59 20-23 15. Ross, J P 1975 !:'{eet of oVLr!1t. . ad irr1g~ttol lltd benomyl on late-~eason foH 'l' di"""q(>s. ~,-ed infeLlion_ __ '.'-ud yields oí ,:oybean Plant Dis Reptr 59 809-813 16 <;dn.Lid"" R I? o D Dhingrl, J la, hols"n, IInd J II Sinclair 1974 Colletélt dehuf t t unLatum bOl ne t~it hin t he ", L'le O'U o [soybcrtn Phytopa thology ú" 154-155 11 Sincliu ~ .J B 1975 IlfLct of ~("tI-borll! hch.lcr 13 in sOybC'111l on germina- tian anJ Lmer~(nLe p lJ~-J17 l!l J llj ni ~nJ" H lramor&ch ("ds ) fropical disLa.e~ cf lLgu.cs Acudt..clIc Pr"~,,, Ine NéW York 18 'H'hlair, J'!l. lIlel O D ¡)11111 gr.c\ 1975 An mnolat"d biblio¡;rl1l'hy of soy- .. bean (liSl l!:!C; IN ["'>0') I'ul) 1 ho 7 1I1Iiv 11111101 J'LB&b, Ur.b~t'l 19 "'111l.111t'. II ."" '1 SI! Ittl0ff «ds) 1975 A ,ompendium of soybean discas~s Are'" PhytoPclthot '-)OC <.,t. P H,d I "linllt.. t.,oLa HO p 20 lenn~, F 1) l l. Pra.:;'11 ... hl e (. fhrh ,do, ,,,el I B ~H,cl lit 1974 Varia- tton 111 .;crrinalioll 11ld sf'edborUL p'\thoge .. " ':1\non1: "'oybcan be ... d lot" from tl,r.ee rLgio~~ 11' 111111015 ~1111t Ol~ Heplr í~ 1'¡1-~1 ) 21 ¡bomas, LA, V L "11 11er, lId R IU 11 J 975 St..lnd lo;;;, of soybean fron pre-emergenLi' d"", plnp-otf ~!ld low-tempet: \tU10 inh:tblUon Plant Dis ~cptr 59 293-296 ~ 1hlco,,> J R, F A 1 'Ivi<>lette, and " ,\t.ltOl4 1974 Deterioratlon of ""}be,,n bLed qUllily a<;50tlJlLd w1t1! dela\ed harv"<::l Plant Dis Reptr SS l3o- 133 lDENTIrlCt,TION OF LrGUMI: VIRUSr:S 1ll TPI: FII:LD llY SJ:ROLOGY Sue A Tolin Associate Professor of Plant P<1tho10gy, Dcpartll'cnt of P11nt Pathology and 1'hY8io10gy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universlty, Blilcksburg, Virginia, 24061 \ Natural lnf"ction of lcgumes by viruses 15 comrnon throughout the world Identificat10n oí the causal virus Is accompllshcd by " llumlH.r of lechniques varying in sensitivity, speclficity and/or reliilbility, ab weH as in lhe ease ",1tll whlch they can be performed UnIess field-collected tissue can be used directly for the identificat1an tests, transnisslon of the virus ta other host8 !'y Ilil.-ans of rubbing extracted sup onte lc~ves o): by thl! use ~f oio1ogical vectors i5 neccasary This step may eliminate ene ey more oí a complex of viruSLs c.1using th" dlscase Test ing f icld-grown plont" for virus infec:tion muy .lIso bLcollle importdnt in indc>.ing sccd stocks for lhe prebence of eeedborno virusLs lnocullltion or virus ta a number of diífercüti1l1 01: d1agnostic host species Ilnd observation of the response may erable identificaticn of the virus, but slight clnnges in p11th intLrprel3tion oE che reaétion Ideally. all host nnt~bens are removed froIU the V1.rus by pUJafic3tion prior to lljeclion iol.o th"-labúU A number oE techniquea for perfonning 5"ro10g1c31 testa w1th plnal viruses have be~n , rccently summarized by ba11 (1974) Sorne of th" tests wh~ch car be perforoLd Fuccessfu1ly with field-gro\>ln titisue inelude 1) the Oucllterlo"y doub1L dif fUbion lebt in agar. 2) tl,e Sit gie or radial dUfusian in agar, 3) florculatlo., or agglutination of a solid matriJ{ onto w¡n.eh specific antioodies are adsoru, d, 4) l'rcd pitln tests in a liquid med:wffi, particlIlarly if analyzcd by SUC10bL JLnsity [\ra(hent CLntrlíugation, and 5) observation Cln the e1ectron rd.cro¡,co¡_e of antibody bound to virus part¡cles in a leaf ilip pre;>aratwn \ lebt "elected fer field diagnosis should be rap1d, simple Bid reliablL. and siould rcqu1re ¿¡ IDln:1mU!ll of fac11ities, time aud eq .. Jip lhcr t -3- ," , Of the tests mentionad. the latter two require 8n ultracentrifuga or Bn elec.tron mic.roscopc. and thus thcir use On a routino babis may bo l1nutcd Their spccific.1ty, hO\;cvcr. ls very high sinca in both cases the virus - antibody complcx ls obbclved dir~ctly Most legume viruses attain a suf- fic.iently h1gh concentration in tissuc to anable the Jctection oí viru:, from clan.ficd s,p by photomctric scanning of ccntrifugcu sueros e dcnsity gradicnt columna J:lccl1:on microscopy 18 useful prlL",r11y with rod-shapcd viruses 1"hc latcx floecu1ation tc.sts has been uscd recelltly by Barnett and Gibsan (1975) wah clover yo1101-1 voin virus and otlHcr clover viruse" 1111$ test la very sensit~ve for detecting low concentration" of virus. bUl: itb specificity ls subject to a numhcr of faetors. such as temperature. genotype (Jf host, enVlrO!lll1Ult oi hObt growth, antigen antibody ratio. 6crum v •. lriability. ",nd the need fol' a high-titered seruro (1 2000 or abovc) Thus. "l1 tl10ugh the test shows potontial for inde,.ing barley secos for bar1ey strip" m06aic virus (BSHV) R1ehter and Proll (1975) lvL.LN , -4- -~ ~ " - ! ,;uscd r~dial i~~unodiffu9ion for quantitative determinatlon aud Mass testing of eucumber !llosaie virus from several naturally infested hosts Although use of this technique has not yet becn reported with legume viru~es, bean pod mottlc virus has becn dctcctLd fLom soybeans by the radial :lml1unodiífusian methad (Talin, unpublished) 1hi5 test has tho advantage o[ accommodatin¡, a lurge number uf sampIcs oin,ullaneously aud thus 1s quite uscful ter indcxing Rather large quentitie" of antiserum may be needed, sine" il is ineorporated into tho asar in amounts dopLnding on its titer The sensit:lvl.ty l.S very high SlllCk snd Sh~pherd (1'175) de~ected about 1 ~g lJSHV/ml, approximately a 1{)-fold greater sensitiviLy than conventional double d1.ffubion tests The Vl.ru," concentration in field-glown legume tissue ls usually fer greater than the min1mn~ level of d"tection Inability to detect virus May be related more to :bproper ploportions o[ 1ntibody to antigen l.athcr th1n to insuf- ficient v1rt.s An e~uaily saLisfactory rrethod for detecLing virus from crude Sdp, clarified extract, s or purificd preparations ls the Ouchterlony agar double-diffusion teSt Antiscrum and virus are added to wellb punched in agar ",hich la plac<..d in plast1c l'elri dishc.s or on glass slidLs Tlle wells are arrangcd BO lh~t lhe serum is in a centor ",,,11 surroundcd by peripheral wells containing thl 'l"lt1.gen Antibod1es and virus both diffuse into the agar and preciJlitin ZOllLS dcvl..1op where they meot Tlle ratio Ol antigen Lo antl.- body mu.!: be sueh tlnt the preelpltl.n band [OTITIS betwecn the ""lIs rathet t"all "ithí., elth"r ,,<.11 Sera ti .lt reaet 511ghtly w:lth prOlel.n5 from healthy plm'ts as we11 as \/} th virus C'1' be used S1nee thc..ir pleC.lpllan line» raLely coincide Controlo o[ he..llthy s '1' and nOl~al scrum should always be included 1 1:0 show -tl¡" localion o[ any non-spceH le b ,pds A ¡ioSLtivc co.ltrol known to - I i CV\\.t.x;/..N~N \.y~. .~ <:»- 1.. I'\N>YU ... 1:.lJr , .. -5- r and concentration of ogar. the preservative, the ionie constituency of the e, medium,"-and other additivcs to give conditions suitable for the devclopment vf specific precipitin bands Cor most legurne vlruses 'rhe r""",iuder of this Inescntation will be dC!voted to 11 discussion of ~he agar doublc-difrusion procedure for the diagno&is of both apllerieal and rod-ahaped lcgume virUSLS Huch of this inforrwtion is babLd on eyperimcntal data fr¡¡¡¡¡ the author' s laboratory using sap extracted from grecnhousc aud f~eld ~DWn lagnmes. as well as purified virus preparatlons No attempt is roade. to providc a cornprehensivc review oí other \l!-lV forro ~.l1pt) c<1psids upon inícction 'lhLy are ensily purif~ed. are good ant:igcns in 11bbilS, ".1d -produce strong precipitin bands in gels \", ''''''1'-' (rSV) rhe cap"ids of thes!! Vil uses are scnsitive to salt, detergents, ilnd a number of otheL agcnt.s 11"IS lhey "'rl. ,,[ten dif(j,cult to purify evl.!\ though t:hey reaeh rather high concentr.Jtion& in hOG!: tissues TIIoy are poor nntlgen" and are genera11y thought to dis.,oeiate :m rabbits unless st"bllized by prettcatment ",ith formaldchyde (Fraucki t.tnd J!ubili, 1972) The tlter oí the antiserum produced 18 rarely high The Lype of agar, ion1e conditions, and ratio of autigcn to antibody are a11 critical to the formation of a prccipitin b"nd distinguishablc fram thl. hea1thy sap aud norMal &erulll controls Some s tlilins are more stablo than othera aml can be detected reudily fro.u crudo sap us~ng the double-d if fusion me thod Once condítions are est"bU .. hed for ., ,, . lLlLIN i..j , " •.¡ t .,, ' -9- k"..;.- e, ' f .' predpitation of the sarum proteins by SUS and was noL ral;table , Provvidenti and Schrocder (1972) identified BYHV with SDS in ge1s, but / later Provvidenti and Hunter (1975) treated extracta with SDS prior ta adding th"", to tha walls ,Jone" (personal commum.catian) modUied tne. procedure.s of Tolin aud Roane (1975) by using O 1M Tris-IIGl, pH 9 buffer in the agar madillm, ano has "ucce..'Ysfully indexad hundrcds of natural1.y / / infectad red clovcr snmplca for BYMV It 18 apparent that the agar doub1e-diffusion test ia useful for identification oC apllariaal and rod-shdped legume viruses Condl.tions of the medium can be modified for aach case to maka the test re11able The , proper concentration of the nntigen and antibody is ess(.nllal 1-l1th roda about O 05m1 of ulldiluled serum :l.S used per 5 mn w('11 Gurrounded by 6-8 periphera1 antigen weH .. \-11th spheres the same volumú oC se.rum is added, Sal' ">.tracted by grinding iu a mortar ¡¡ud ¡;eBtle "ith a sm¡¡ll Sf'lount of water or buffer, or expressed directly from lcaves 18 usad The concentration of virus in field- grown legumes ehould be sufficient to g1ve a positive reuction if the nntlbody concelllralioll le correct S~IV, PNV and llPNV have been detected from f1eld-grown SO} be In le IV e;, picked at intcrv lIs throu¡;h lh ... sca:,on to mdturity The ag,r doublc.-diffusion tC'st ib simple and req\.llres no elabora te equip- ment other l:l un " me.:",,,, to !'lelt lhe agar and suction to remove Lh ... p1Ugb oí agar frrr.a rhe wells Ir 15 readily adaptad to field conaillans and offera perhaps tlle bese method for idc.ntify1ng legu"lle viru,;,-" in tlle fic.ld d , , \ 1 -, i.' ¡, l REFEi\LNCCS ,\; , 1, " ,¡ll:l1, E M. 1974 SeroloGlcal Tests for che Idcntlflcatlon of Plane virusits Amer Phytop¡lth Soc 31 P Barnett, O W .ud P R Glbson 1975 1dcntlfleatlon Dad plcvolaDcc of whitc clovar Vlruses and the reslstanee of Trifolium speCles to these virus". eror Sel 15 32-36 Cho, C T. snd K K FU'G 1974 Non-imn,unological preCL(ntatlon of serUm by sodium dodccyl sulfate in agar d.Husicn Appl Mlcr 28 557-560 Frsncki, 11 1 B and N Babí 1i 1972 Stahllization of capsld struct~re and f5\hanCemcnL of ltr,<¡1l1nogcn(c.ty of cueumbcr mosale Vlrua (Q stnnn) by r"rmn ldehyd<. Vlrology 35 87-93 Gooding, e v • Jr nnd W I~ Hlng 1970 patato virus Y and tobacco etch VirUS uSlng J.mmunoúlffuS10ll pliltes cont6ining ,B cdlum dodecyl sulfate Phytopatnology 60 1293 (Abstl) Hamil ton, R 1 1965 Serodlugnosis of barley stripe mosalC faeilltaLed by ueteq,enL rhytopatholagy S4 1290-1291 Langenberg,;¡ G nnd L M Boil 1972 li1gh pll-arnnoulB agar ltllmunod1ffuslon for plnnt VirUBCq Phylop1thology 62 1214-1217 Matthcws, R F 1970 Plant V.rolagy AClldcmlC Presa 778 p Noordam, D 1973 Ident1Ílcatlan of P1ant Vn"uses Methods and cxpcr !tne n t s Centre Agrlc Publ Doc, l,,1n['cn1ngcn 207 p PalMer, EL, Il 1 )!arlln, J C l11erholzcl., sud D W Zleg1er 1971 NonspcciflC prcclpitstlon of serum protel"s by sodium laury1 sulfate tn agar di r Cu9ion nnd lmmunoelectrophorcills Rppl M.er 21 90) .. 906 Provvidenti, R and W y Sehroeder 1972 Natural oceurrence of bean yello;, mOSSle virus in Ploboscidca 1ussicl11 P1ant Dis Reptr 56 548-550 l'rovvldenti, R and J ¡; HUllter 1975 Bean yellow mOS81C Virus lnfectlon in rladrnstl' lutca, Dn ornamental lcguffiLnous trees PIant D1S Reptr 59 86-87 l'urcifull, D E and R J 5hcpherd 1964 PrLparat.on of the protcln fra¡;mcnts of severa1 rod-shaped plant Viruses and thelr use in agar-gel difíuSlon tests Phytopathology 54 1102 1108 l'urciful, D C and G V Gooding. Jr 1970 lronunodlffuSlon tests for ~ potsto Y aud tobacco etch Viruses Phytopatho 1 ogy 60 1036-1039 Richter, J an~ e rroll 1975 Straln diffcrcntlatlon. dctcrmlnation of conc:entrat~on) and mnss lcsting for cUCLmbcr mosaic Vl.ru.s by seroloStes1 mcans Prac lne Congr Vu 3 272. (Abstr C449) ShepBrd. J F aad G A Secor 1969 Datection of patato VIrus X In infeetcd plant tiasue by radial Bnd double-diffuaion testa in agar Phytopathology 59 1838-1844 "­ Shepard, J F, G A Secor, and D E Purclfu11 1974 Irnmunochemlca1 cross-reBctivity bctwecn the dlSSocHlted capsld pratt.lns of PVY group plnnt vi rusea Vlrolop,y 58 464-475 Shepllrd, J F and R G Grogal\ 1967 Serodiagnosia oE Westarn cclcry masa!e virus by double-dlffusion tests In agar Phytopathology 57 1136-1137 Slack, S A snd R J Shepherd 1975 Serologlcal dctcetlon of secd-bornc barley .trlpe wasDlc virus by a slmp11fled radlsl-diffusion technique PhytopaU,ology 65 948-955 Tolin, Sue A and e W Roane 1975 Identlfl.cation and dlsLrlbution of 50ybe8n viruses in Virginla Proe Amer Phytopath Soc 2 (ln presa) (Abstr Potomnc D1V ) Uyemoto, J K, R Provvldentl and W T Sehroeder 1972 Scrologl.cal relationslnp nnd detLetion of bean common 8nd benn yellow mosate viruscs in ag'r gel Ann appl Biol 71 235-242 van Regcnmorte 1, M 11 V 1966 Plant V1XUS serology Adv Vl.r Res 12 207-271 , i ~ ¡ i i