Analysis of Policies Relevant to the Great Green Wall Initiative in Senegal Suggested citation Karambiri, M. 2022. Analysis of policies relevant to the Great Green Wall Initiative in Senegal. Bogor, Indonesia: Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and Nairobi: World Agroforestry (ICRAF). Produced by KANDS Collective hello@kandscollective.com Acknowledgements This work was carried out with support from the CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience, ClimBeR. We would like to thank the Belgium Federal Public Services (FPS) Foreign Knowledge series Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation and all funders who supported this research through their Contents contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund. Through the sub-grant, the Centre for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF) have supported ClimBeR through extensive stakeholder consultation on the four focus countries, Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia and Sudan. In addition to the focus countries, 1 National Development Policies 1 regional engagement and a series of virtual events and stakeholder interviews have been synthesised into the knowledge series. We would like to thank the time and 2 Land Restoration Policies 2 expertise from stakeholders for interviews, workshops, regional events and sharing their insights towards this important project. 3 Environmental Policies 3 ClimBeR 4 Agriculture and Food Systems Policies 5 ClimBeR seeks to address challenges to adaptation by small-holder farmers through science and innovation aimed at transforming the climate adaptation capacity of food, land, and water systems, working closely with partners at 5 Climate Change Policies 7 the local, national, regional, and global levels. ClimBeR focuses on generating knowledge to unlock public and private finance, foster climate- and peace-sensitive policies 6 Land Policies 9 and backstop the Great Green Wall Initiative (GGWI), Africa’s flagship programme to address climate change and desertification. 7 Other Relevant Policy Frameworks 10 https://www.cgiar.org/research/publication/ initiative-overview-climber-building-systemic- resilience-against-climate-variability-and- extremes/ iiv ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 1 Abbreviations National and acronyms 1Development Policies ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration NRM natural resources management EMERGING SENEGAL PLAN (2014-2035) NATIONAL GENDER EQUALITY AND EQUITY CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture PAGGWI Pan-African Great Green Wall Initiative STRATEGY (2005-2015) Development Programme The Emerging Senegal Plan (PSE) is the country’s PAF Forestry Action Plan overall social and economic development framework. Senegal’s National Gender Equality and Equity Strategy CNIS/GDT National Strategic Investment Framework PAP Priority Action Plan The vision of the PSE is “an emerging Senegal in (SNEEG) remains the national reference framework for Sustainable Land Management 2035 with a society based on solidarity and the rule intended to create the conditions for an integrated, PFS National Forest Policy COMNACC National Climate Change Committee of law”. This plan has 3 strategic areas: 1) Structural transversal and effective approach to gender equality PNAD National Programme of Action for transformation of the economy and growth, 2) Human and equity. Its main objectives are to create an ECOWAP Common Agricultural Policy Sustainable Development capital, social protection and sustainable development, institutional, socio-cultural, legal and economic ECOWAS Economic Community of West African and 3) Governance, institutions, peace and security. environment favourable to the achievement of gender PNAE Senegal’s Environmental Action Plan States PSE is implemented through five-year Priority Action equality in Senegal and to institutionalise gender in all PNDA National Programme for the Development Plans (PAPs). PAP 2019-2023 has a clear emphasis public institutions at both central and decentralised FENAB National Federation for Organic Agriculture of Agriculture on climate change and makes reference to the levels. GGW Great Green Wall Initiative achievement of Senegal’s Nationally Determined PNDE National Programme for the Development Contribution (NDC). It also places agriculture at SNEEG is articulated around four fundamental levers: GGWSSI Great Green Wall for the Sahel and Sahara of Livestock the centre of the country’s economic and social development. The “Green PSE” initiative included i. enhancing women’s social position and GHG greenhouse gas PNDE National Plan for Pastoral Development in the overall PSE constitutes the benchmark for strengthening their potential; ICAT Initiative for Climate Action Transparency PNFR National Rural Forestry Programme economic and social policy in the medium and long ii. promoting women’s economic power in rural and IDDRSI IGAD Drought Disaster Resilience and POAS planning and allocation plans term. It also defines the main development agenda. urban areas; Sustainability Initiative PRACAS iii. promoting the equitable exercise of women and Senegalese Agriculture Acceleration IFAD NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE men’s rights and duties, and strengthening women’s International Fund for Agricultural Programme Development DEVELOPMENT (2015) access and position in decision-making spheres; PSE Emerging Senegal Plan and ILRI International Livestock Research Institute RB-COSOP Results-Based Country Strategic The National Strategy for Sustainable Development iv. improving the impact of interventions in favour of LDN land degradation neutrality Opportunities Programmeme (SNDD) has committed Senegal to integrating all gender equality and equity. 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into LOASP Senegal’s Agro-Silvo-Pastoral Orientation RC Resistance Committees its PSE monitoring system. SNDD integrates all SNEEG aims to reduce women’s poverty in rural areas, Law REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation PSE dimensions and Act III of the decentralisation while enhancing their role and capacity for action. LPDSE Sectoral Policy Letter for Energy and Forest Degradation document. Its vision is that, by 2020, the institutional, It also works towards inclusive and efficient rural Development economic and social actors adopt all sustainable women’s roles in agricultural and food systems. SNEEG RPGD Range and Pasture General Directorate development principles and reflect this paradigm in acknowledges women’ weak economic power and the LPSDPA Sectoral Policy Letter for Fishery SDG Sustainable Development Goal their actions. Six strategic domains, including domain growing feminisation of poverty, and thus suggests the Development 2 which looks at the “promotion of production methods following: SLM sustainable land management LPSEDD Sectoral Policy Letter for the Environmental and sustainable consumption”, offer anchoring actions Sector and Sustainable Development SNDD National Strategy for Sustainable which contribute to greening the economy. These • widen the field of women’s economic intervention; Development actions revolve around technological changes in LPSERN Sectoral Policy Letter for Environment and productive activities and consumption behaviour. • get men and other family members to take an Natural Resources SNEEG National Gender Equality and Equity active part in household management and to share Strategy SNDD is accompanied by a National Programme responsibilities; LTS Long-term, Low-Carbon Development Strategy SNSAR Senegal’s National Food Security and of Action for Sustainable Development (PNAD). • increase women’ investment capacity and equal Resilience Strategy One of its specific objectives is to promote the green access to the labour market; and M&E monitoring and evaluation economy through the creation and implementation UNEP United Nations Environment Programme of a sustainable climate and development fund. This • ensure that the differentiated needs of women and MEDD Ministry of Environment and Sustainable fund will serve to promote green jobs’ creation. The men are taken into account at the macro-, meso- Development UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change fund will be linked to Senegal’s Climate Change and micro-economic levels. NAIP National Agricultural Investment Plans Strategy and Action Plan, its Biological Diversity VDC Village Development Committees Conservation Action Plan, as well as its action plan to The National Gender Equality and Equity Strategy, NAP National Agricultural Policy combat desertification. It will also help achieve the 2016-2026 is the latest strategy that serves as a basis WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary NAPA National Adaptation Action Plan Union SDGs, transform the land use sector and vulnerable for guiding gender issue integration in the country’s communities to adapt to climate uncertainties. This development priorities. NDC Nationally Determined Contribution fund will operate through national, bilateral and multilateral contributions. 2 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 33 2Land Restoration 3 Environmental Policies Policies In Senegal, land degradation is estimated at 34% NATIONAL STRATEGIC INVESTMENT (or 6,860,900 ha) of the national territorial land. To FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN, actors to set out a vision: “By 2025, environmental compensate for land degradation losses from 2020 MANAGEMENT (2014) 1997 management and green governance are the onwards and to reach land degradation neutrality foundation of an emerging Senegal, for inclusive (LDN) by 2035, the country envisions sustained The National Strategic Investment Framework for Senegal’s Environmental Action Plan (PNAE) is and sustainable socio-economic development”. annual restoration of 480,263 ha, representing an Sustainable Land Management (CNIS/GDT) aims to the benchmark and federating framework for The overall objective is divided into two specific annual growth of 7%. The following measures are reconcile economic and social development through the country’s environmental management and objectives: 1) Reduce environmental degradation, retained for LDN: a series of programmes for the implementation of environmental interventions, based on the its agro-silvo-pastoral activities under the supervision adverse effects of climate change and loss of commitments to the Rio 1992 summit. PNAE i. Agronomic development through crop rotation, of the ministers of agriculture and the environment. biodiversity; 2) Integrate the principles of sustainable provides strategic frameworks for the identification low pressure micro-irrigation, mulching, CNIS/GDT is now the benchmark for investments development into public policies, management of of environmental priorities and the base for effective sustainable agriculture with few external inputs, in SLM interventions. Its vision is that, by 2026, the the living environment, promotion of livelihoods, natural resource and environmental planning and organic amendment; political, legal, institutional, technical and financial resilience of vulnerable groups and modes of management. PNAE aims to reconcile the increase production and consumption. ii. Structural measures using stone barriers, water environment will support the country to sustainably in farmland essential for agricultural development as management and conservation, anti-salt dikes; reverse land degradation in all ecosystems for well as natural resource and environmental planning. sustainable growth and populations’ well-being. In the same vein, the Sectoral letter for the It thus arises as a strategic orientation making it iii. Governance measures through creation of One of the five CNIS/GDT strategic areas intends Environmental Sector and Sustainable Development possible to reverse existing negative trends. (marine) protected areas, fallowing, forest to scale up SLM activities through five national (LPSEDD 2016-2020) sets out a vision to “improve management, and programmes, which aim towards 1) integrated environmental and natural resource management The measures revolve around 7 major areas: 1) through the mainstreaming of sustainable iv. Reforestation/vegetation through recovery of water resource management; 2) restoration and soil poverty eradication; 2) population policy and development principles into policies and saline land, fixation of dunes by reforestation, improvement; 3) waste management and pastures; 4) environmental management; 3) women, youth and strengthening the resilience of populations to climate restoration of mangroves, and Assisted Natural saline land recovery and valorisation, and 5) forestry the environment; 4) health and the environment change”. Regeneration (ANR). development through community forest management (fight against pollution to combat water-born and dissemination of forest management plans. diseases and the use of pesticides in the agricultural Specific sectoral provisions offer more guidance Three regions have been proposed for the sector); 5) environmental information, education and through policies, strategies, laws, codes and implementation of an LDN action plan. These are the Senegal’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC, communication; and 6) decentralised environmental decrees. In the forestry sector, these include inter regions of Thiès, Louga and Kolda, which are known 2020) sets clear land restoration targets, namely management and financing of local initiatives. alia: for their highwater erosion, changes in land use and to increase reforested/restored land area with degradation of vegetation, a steadily increasing approximately 1,297 ha of mangroves and 21,000 population, mining operations, and the advancement ha of various plantations annually, and to reduce the SECTORAL LETTER FOR ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, 2016-2021 NATIONAL FOREST POLICY (PFS), 2005-2025 of agricultural land use, which is a source of area burned due to controlled fires. The objective is numerous cases of soil degradation. LDN is assessed to reforest/recover 500,000 ha of forests and 4,000 Senegal’s National Forest Policy (PFS) translates through the land area brought under restoration, as ha of mangroves per year. The Sectoral Letter for Environment and Natural its commitment to integrate the forestry sector well as the land productivity and soil carbon content. Resources (LPSERN) supports PNAE. Following into national planning for sustainable rural A national LDN committee was set up to oversee the participatory evaluation of the first LPSERN development. PFS is rooted in the National Rural the LDN target identification and implementation (2009-2015), major problems were identified. Forestry Programme (PNFR). PFS is structured strategy. Various policy frameworks are expected These included coastal erosion, climate change around five strategic domains, such as planning and to contribute to LDN including the measures and effects, irregular availability (time/space) of water management of natural resources and development strategies of the Emerging Senegal Plan and the resources, land degradation, reduction of forests of urban and private forestry. To address food and National Strategic Investment Framework for including reduced wild plant and animal resources, nutritional insecurity, PFS suggests the rehabilitation Sustainable Land Management, 2014. degradation of wildlife habitats and declined and management of projects relating to palm numbers of certain species. trees, resins, gums, etc. For more productive and sustainable agriculture, forestry and fisheries, PFS The 2016-2021 LPSERN has the following overall indicates improved management of forest resources, objective: “Combating environmental degradation, water and soil conservation/protection, development promoting the principles of sustainable development of silvo-pastoral resources and water control, and and reducing the vulnerability of populations to conservation of biodiversity. climate change”. This has enabled environmental 4 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 55 The planned programmes or projects contribute up of 80 articles divided into 4 sections entitled: to develop agroforestry, use of local fertilising On the development of forests; Repression of species into agrarian systems, development of offenses; Water, forestry and hunting agents, and technologies for the organic enrichment of soils Final provisions. The first title has two chapters 4OvAergvriiecwulturThe GGW intervention zones in Sudan are located ien six s tates thant are hdighly affFectedo by droughdt and desertification and where the livelihoods of local (composting, organic manure, fragmented twigs, devoted to use and exploitation rights. The second assisted regeneration), production of seedlings in title determines the procedures for research and of thSey Gsrteeatm s Pocommunities need to be improved. The states are North Darfur, North Kordofan, Kassala, River Nile, Nortlherin Stcate anid Keindividual, village and community nurseries. With observation, actions and prosecutions, transactions, hartosum State. regard to poverty reduction, PFS intends to improve seizures and confiscations, as well as the penalties the production of wood and non-wood products, applicable to the various offences. The last, presents Green Wall increase the income derived from these products the role, protection, obligations and powers of the for the populations, establish a participatory forest police. development model, and build stakeholder capacity. AThe cogntineentanl polcicy fyrame wiornk aff ecting vulnerable to food and nutritional insecurity have agriculture and food systems is governed by the easy and sustainable access to sufficient, healthy To improve the resilience of livelihoods to threats SENEGAL’S DRAFT ACTION PLAN FOR and crises impacting agriculture, nutrition and food FINANCING THE GREAT GREEN WALL, 2012- SComuprehdensiave Anfrica Agriculture Development and nutritious food with strong capacities for Programme (CAADP), adopted in 2003 by the Heads resilience to horizon 2035”. Within the framework security, PFS envisages the Groundnut Basin Land 2016 Management and Restoration Project. Tohf eS tNaateti oonf athl eO Affficriec aonf tUhnei oGnr.e Aatt Gthree ereng Wioanlal l level, of strategic area 2, “Strengthening the physical and The main objective of this plan is to contribute to the (tNhiOs pGrGogWra) mwmase cisre iamtepdle imn e2n0t1e6d bbyy Cthoeu Enccoiln oofm ic economic accessibility of vulnerable populations FOREST CODE, 2018 fight against desertification and the development MCoinmismteurnsi tDye ocfr eWee Nsto A 3f6ri caannd Swtaaste asc’ t(iEvCatOeWd iAnS J)u ly to a diversified, healthy and nutritious diet”, one of of the Sahara-Sahelian zones through sustainable 2C0o2m1m ino na cAcgorridcaunltcuera wl Pitohl iMcyin (iEsCteOriWal ADPe)c. rTehei sN o 6, the priority actions is “to develop and implement a Senegal’s Forest Code (Forest Code Application management of natural resources and the fight dpeoclilcayr,e add boyp ttehde iMn i2n0is0t5e,r hoaf sA tghreic ouvlteurraell aonbdje Fcotrievest s. policy of diversification of integrated food production Decree, 2019) defines the methods for managing against poverty. Tohf ecsoen tarcibtiuotninsg w ienr ea sliunset awinitahb tlhee m reacnonmerm toe nthdea tions of (agricultural, livestock, fishing, agroforestry, agro- forest resources. It encourages community and mpoupltuiplaleti oenvsa’l ufoaotido nnse tehdast, weecroen coamrricie adn odu sto inc iwalh ich it food products)”. SNSAR is structured around the private forestry. It also supports decentralised LAW NO. 2001-01 OF JANUARY 15, 2001 wdeavse dloepemmeendt naencde pssoavreyr ttyo rsetdreuncgtitohne nin t hmee cmabpearc ities following main strategic orientations: sustainably forest management by offering the possibility for ostfa tthees ,i nasst wituetlilo ansa al dadndre ossrginagn iiznaetqiounaalilt isetsru bcetutwreese onf increasing food availability; improving physical and decentralised authorities to get a management This relates to the environmental code as well as its ttehrer iGtorreieast ,G zroeneens Wanadll c(GouGnWtri)e isn.i tiative and GGW financial accessibility of populations to diversified concession of a state forest free of charge for local implementing decree. It defines the principles of national structures of the participating countries. and healthy food products; improving nutritional development according to a management plan environmental assessment, the technical committee’s The Global Alliance for Resilience in the Sahel and status of the population, particularly women, elaborated by the forest service. It also grants local operating procedures and participation in public West Africa (AGIR) is an initiative of ECOWAS, children aged 0 to 5 and the elderly; strengthening authorities a rebate of part of the resources of consultations, the environmental standards to be UEMOA, CILSS and OECD whose objective is to the resilience of vulnerable populations through the National Forest Fund, resulting from royalties complied with in terms of industrial atmospheric reduce food and nutrition vulnerability by providing sustainable projects and programmes; strengthening and felling auctions. The law also recognises emissions, vehicle exhaust gases and effluent technical, material and financial support for the food security coordination and governance at the private ownership of forest plantations created by discharge, and consumption of substances that implementation of Sahelian and West African SECNSA level, and strengthening institutional and individuals, but without granting them ownership deplete the ozone layer, in addition to the creation of policies. Within 20 years, it aims to achieve the “Zero technical mechanisms for rapid response to food of the land which is still held by the state (as per marine protected areas. Hunger” objective, i.e. eradication of hunger and crises. the National Domain Law of 1964). In addition, the malnutrition and, in the short term, strengthening of code makes rational forest plantation management Other provisions include: resilience of vulnerable households and communities and reforestation mandatory. This latest forest code • Protected Areas Management Strategy (2011) in the Sahel and West Africa to future shocks. AGIR’s AGRO-SILVO-PASTORAL ORIENTATION LAW, sought to break away from the constraining nature • objective is to assist countries in implementing their 2004-2024 National Action Plan to Combat Desertification of the previous codes: the 1974 revision aimed to National Agricultural Policies (NAPs) and National Agricultural Investment Plans (NAIPs). Senegal’s Agro-Silvo-Pastoral Orientation Law reduce its repressive character, the 1993 attempted • Sectoral Policy letter for Fishery Development to promote the participation of populations in the (LPSDPA), 2016-2023 (LOASP) was adopted in 2004; it is the country’s Within this framework, Senegal has developed its long-term vision for the agricultural sector. This law protection and restoration of forest resources, • Sectoral Policy letter for Water and Sanitation resilience priorities report, the expected impacts of is the basis of the agro-silvo-pastoral development the 1998 and 2013 documents brought in the sector (2016) which are: 1) a reduction in the prevalence of chronic policy and of the development and implementation principles of decentralisation in natural resource management. However, they kept the original law’s • Policy letter for Decentralised Rural Development malnutrition in children under the age of five, and 2) a of operational programmes for the plant, animal, repressive nature. The current document is made (1999) halving of the proportion of households vulnerable to fishery and forestry production sub-sectors. It food insecurity. aims at transforming family farming into an efficient and income-generating sector. It was seen as a At the national level, the policies dealing with significant step forward for the agricultural sector, agriculture and food systems include: having substantially improved the dialogue between rural development actors and rural organisations playing a central role through the recognition of the NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY AND RESILIENCE agricultural profession (IFAD, 2016). STRATEGY, 2015-2035 The agro-silvo-pastoral development policy’s Senegal’s National Food Security and Resilience strategic orientations are based on the following Strategy (SNSAR) constitutes the guiding and principles: economic efficiency, social equity, coordinating framework for interventions in the area environmental sustainability, market economy, of food security and resilience for the state and other decentralisation, empowerment of local communities, actors involved in this field (institutional actors, professional agricultural organisations and civil private sector, CSOs, local authorities, development society, creation of a common market within WAEMU partners, etc.). The vision of this strategy is “to and ECOWAS, solidarity, partnership and subsidiarity. work to ensure that the layers and categories most In article 37, it is mentioned that “silviculture allows 6 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 77 an economic, ecological and social development of Senegal has a strong ambition to promote more the forest domain and has various objectives such sustainable modes of production and food systems. as: wood production, landscaping, agroforestry, For more than four decades, initiatives led by the management wildlife and rangelands, protection of state and civil society have allowed the development soils and watersheds”. of positive field experiments as well as favourable regulatory instruments, plans and programmes. Specifically, LOASP aims to: 1) Reduce the impact of For example, the National Federation for Organic 5 Climate Change climatic, economic, environmental and health risks, Agriculture (FENAB), the International Association through water control, diversification of production, SOL Alternatives Agroécologiques et Solidaires and training of rural people, in order to improve the food other structures are implementing actions for an Policies security of the population, and to achieve ultimately agroecological transition of farming practices. the country’s food sovereignty; 2) Improve the incomes and standard of living of rural populations, and the establishment of a social protection system NATIONAL PLAN FOR PASTORAL for them; 3) Improve the framework and living DEVELOPMENT (2016) conditions in rural areas, in particular through access Key institutions involved in the country’s climate up climate action. However, it does have some to infrastructure and public services, thanks to a Senegal’s National Plan for Pastoral Development governance include: the Ministry of Environment and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) functions as part of balanced and coherent development of the territory; (PNDE) highlights that limited resources have Sustainable Development (MEDD) and the National its broader planning process, both within MEDD in 4) Protect and sustainably manage the environment been given to the pastoral sector despite the fact Climate Change Committee (COMNACC). MEDD is particular and within government in general. and natural resources, in particular through that livestock activities support the livelihoods of the national structure in charge of the development knowledge and improvement of soil fertility; 5) 30% of rural households, provide income, play a and implementation of environmental policy in Establish a system of incentives for private investment significant role in savings and risk insurance, and Senegal. According to Decree no. 2020-2214 of 11 SENEGAL’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED in agriculture and rural areas; and 6) Improve the provide a safety net and support for agro-pastoral November 2020, MEDD’s mandate covers the fight CONTRIBUTION, 2020 environment and the quality of production so that systems. The 2016 PNDE seeks to align with PSE and against pollution, M&E of climate change impacts, agriculture is an engine of industrial and artisanal retains the vision of making livestock a successful and representing the country in international climate Senegal’s NDC is the key document that sets development, and lastly to better meet the needs sector that is capable of meeting national demand arenas. However, MEDD is not explicitly responsible targets for climate action in Senegal up to 2030. of internal and external markets (sub-regional and for animal products and ensuring its stakeholders’ for actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) NDC is an intersectoral policy with a national international). socio-economic promotion. Four strategic areas emissions and reaching carbon neutrality. scope, that includes both adaptation and of intervention have been set in the document and mitigation commitments in compliance with the LOASP not only serves as a reference for the priority actions were identified for each domain. COMNACC was established in 1994 according to Paris Agreement. NDC aligns with the country’s promotion and sustainable development of natural PNDE constitutes the operational framework for Presidential Decree n° 2011-1689 of 3 October development plans and sectoral programmes for resources but is also the basis for the launch of LOASP implementation, which outlines a 20-year 2011 on the setting up of COMNACC. It involves sustainable natural resources and environmental Senegal’s National Programme for the Development vision of agro-silvo-pastoral development in Senegal. broad participation from governmental and non- management, and seeks to put the country on a low- of Agriculture (PNDA), the National Programme for governmental actors. Its mandate is to ensure carbon development path that ensures the resilience the Development of Livestock (PNDE), which was The development of animal production systems the coordination of the various activities related of the economy, communities, infrastructure and updated to better align with PSE, and the Forestry depends on several other sectors of activity, to consultation, training and awareness raising, cities. Action Plan (PAF). such as rural hydraulics, forests, environment, management and monitoring of climate policy agriculture, health, energy, local authorities, trade, implementation. The mitigation component of Senegal’s NDC includes finance, industries, industry, gender, etc. Thus, a conditional and an unconditional contribution. POLICY LETTER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF the coordination of cross-cutting activities is While Senegal has some relevant sectoral climate The mitigation projects target a reduction in GHG THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, 2018-2023 carried out by the Ministry of Pastoral Development legislation, it does not have comprehensive emissions by 2025 and 2030 in different sectors of through conventions and protocols. Governmental climate change legislation (Climate Action Tracker, the economy (energy, agriculture, waste, industry, Sustainable land management is one of the priority coordination is done through inter-ministerial and 2022). In terms of the policy landscape relating to forestry) through the following actions: actions of this policy letter, identified to increase steering committees. climate change, several strategic provisions exist agricultural productivity. There is therefore an in Senegal, but the Emerging Senegal Plan (PSE) is • Increasing carbon sequestration, through project opportunity to promote FMNR and agroforestry in the Other policies and strategies include: the overarching policy framework that guides the implementation in the agriculture and forestry country. • country’s development agenda, including key climate sectors; Pastoral Development Policy Letter, 1999 change objectives. PAP 2019-2023 emphasizes • Energy transition towards renewable energies and SENEGALESE AGRICULTURE ACCELERATION • Decree No. 80-268 on the organisation of adaptation to climate change and the development strengthening of energy efficiency in electricity PROGRAMME (2014) livestock routes and setting the conditions for the of the oil and gas sector. It includes a GHG production, industrial, transport and residential/ use of pastures. emissions’ limit for 2023 and a reference to NDC tertiary sectors; The Senegalese Agriculture Acceleration Programme • implementation. Green PSE is being developed which Decree No. 86-320 regulating the breeding, (PRACAS) aims to build a competitive, diversified will integrate environmental and climate change • Improving solid and liquid waste management, introduction, transhumance and use of camelids and sustainable agriculture capable of feeding the issues (G4R report). and in Senegal population better and sustainably on an endogenous • Improving industrial processes. basis, taking advantage of international trade, • Law No. 98-34 of 14 April 1998 on the The government of Senegal is developing a securing and increasing rural incomes, providing maritime fishing code and its decrees aim to transparency framework. An Initiative for Climate The NDC’s adaptation component aims to increase employment, managing natural resources sustainably, regulate maritime fishing activities as well as Action Transparency (ICAT) project led to the the resilience of ecosystems and populations to the and improving the population’s nutritional status. the organisation of the Ministry of Fisheries proposal of a national MRV system and the impacts of climate variability and change. NDC’s Specifically, it aims to achieve self-sufficiency in rice responsible for the management and monitoring preparation of a roadmap for its implementation. M&E will be carried out by the sectoral technical and onion production, to optimise the performance of the exploitation of natural, maritime and Senegal does not have a formal review or services. of the groundnut sector, and to develop the off- aquatic resources in national and continental augmentation mechanism to assess and scale season fruit and vegetable sectors in the medium waters. term and other food crops in the long term. 8 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 99 In the forestry sector, NDC relies on the • Switch 28,500 ha of irrigated rice to a System implementation of the Sectoral Policy Letters for the of Rice Intensification (SRI) reducing both the Environment and Natural Resources (LPSERN): volumes of water used and the quantities of • Annually increase the reforested/restored areas methane emitted, and by approximately 1,297 ha of mangroves and 21,000 ha of various plantations; • Increase to 498,105 ha for ANR and 14,400 ha for compost. • Reduce the areas burned due to bush fires by 5% 6 Land Policies and those burned due to controlled fires by 10% The NDC was validated in 2020; some lead time is as compared to 2015; required to assess its effectiveness. • Protect 500,000 ha of forests; • Reforest and restore 4,000 ha/year of mangroves; • Create 500,000 ha of various plantations, and NATIONAL ADAPTATION ACTION PLAN (2006) • Reduce by around 90% the areas burned by bush The land tenure system in Senegal has evolved NATIONAL LAND POLICY (2016) fires, from the fifth year of implementation of the Senegal’s National Adaptation Action Plan (NAPA) through three important periods, during and after management plans. has been developed to provide solutions for colonisation, each being characterised by a particular Senegal’s National Land Policy includes land use adaptation to the negative impacts of climate land tenure system. planning and allocation plans (POAS). POAS were These efforts are expected to reduce the change in key economic sectors. Senegal is currently initiated for the first time in the rural community of deforestation rate by 25%, from 40,000 ha/year, in developing a sectoral approach, with the fisheries • Customary land rights before colonisation: Under Ross-Béthio between 1997 and 1999. POAS provide 2010, to 30,000 ha/year, by 2030. sector having already validated its sectoral NAPA. For this system, land management was done through a framework for local land managers to better plan, example, in the groundnut basin zone, several actions customary law and was vested in customary implement and develop land uses at the local scale. In the agricultural sector, NDC aligns with the are planned in the agriculture sector, in particular the authorities, recognised by the whole community. It integrated pastoralists into the administrative Livestock Development Policy Letter and the dissemination of agroforestry techniques. Under this system it was easy for households to decentralisation process and contributed to a access land. grassroots democracy. As it currently stands, the Senegalese Agriculture Recovery and Acceleration Programme II (PRACAS2, 2019-2023), which is PSE’s According to Climate Action Tracker, Senegal has • application of the framework is far from effective Colonial land tenure during colonisation: Colonial agricultural component. The following actions are not adopted the goal of carbon neutrality and some for several reasons related to the insufficient means land law did not recognise the customs and suggested: of its current plans (like switching to fossil gas in its of intervention of zonal commissions, the capacity traditions of the colonised populations. electricity sector) conflict with the path of limiting deficit of the commissions members, and a lack of • Place 99,621 ha of agricultural land under the the planet’s rise in temperature to 1.5°C. The • Land tenure based on the Law on National will to apply the rules enacted (ILRI, 2022). Several practice of ANR and 4,500 ha under composting, government has begun preparing its Long-term, Low- Domain (1964), issued after independence. This tools for SLM are suggested in Senegal’s National by 2030; Carbon Development Strategy (LTS) in March 2022. law created a national domain that covers 95% Land Policy. It is hoped that LTS will help it to better align its of the national lands and vested exclusive land • Provide organic manure and compost improved short-term mitigation efforts with a decarbonisation management and registration rights in the state, An informant reported that a new land tenure policy through biogas production; pathway. as well as in the decentralised authorities (from framework was underway, but the GGW agency is not 1972 due to decentralisation). The law on the waiting for this framework and making sure that when national domain subdivided land into 4 zones engaging with local communities there is a facilitation - urban, classified, pioneer and local zones - of sustainable tenure arrangements. The National which are areas regularly used for rural housing, Strategic Investment Framework for Sustainable Land cultivation or livestock herding by community Management is the benchmark for investments in members. Under this law, people using land in actions against land degradation. the national domain can continue to occupy and exploit that land unless the competent decentralised bodies decide to withdraw it because of it being undervalued or for reasons of general interest. • LOASP constitutes one of the recent reforms of this law on the national domain that is more aligned to current development challenges. 10 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 11 7Other Relevant Policy Frameworks Other relevant policy frameworks include: fuel sub-sector with development participation in forests, use of improved cooking stoves, biogas • Act III of decentralisation: Law n° 2013-10, and bio-charcoal. December 28, 2013 which has a national scope and is the basis for decentralised, participatory • Senegal also developed a Renewable Energy Law empowerment of actors at the grassroots level in (no. 2010-21) and a Biofuel Law (no. 2010-22). development. • Water law: Water Law nº 81-13, March 4, 1981. • The National Energy Policy: In October 2012, • Mining law: Mining Law n° 2016-32, November Senegal set up a new development policy letter 8, 2016. of the energy sector (LPDSE) for the domestic KEY THEMES EMERGING FROM THE NATIONAL POLICY REVIEW TOPIC related to land degradation and resto- (climate, agricultural, ration as a primary focus, but looking at environmental, gender linkages to climate change, agriculture/ and social inclusion DOCUMENT TYPE DATE OF food security and land management as GAPS AND MISSED DOCUMENT NAME policy or other - de- (policy, stratey, plan, ADOPTION/ UNDER LINK TO THE outlined in overall development frame- OPPORTUNITIES, (in full) scribe) other) DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT ONLINE SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES works especially in relation to climate change Plan Sénégal émergeant Development Policy Plan 2014 Emerging Senegal Plan PSE defines the main development Governance, institutions, peace and Broader climate change adaptation and (PSE) 2014-2018 (PSE) 2014-2018 agenda with PAP 2A programme for security (Strategic area 3): promotion mitigation goals. Specific and sectoral operationalisation. It places agriculture of social protection and reduction of policies are envisioned as implementation at the centre of the country’s economic environmental and natural resource tools for this policy. and social development. The “Green PES” degradation, harmful effects of climate initiative included in PSE constitutes the change, gender equity and equality. benchmark for economic and social policy in the medium and long term. Statégie nationale de Overall development Strategy 2015 Sustainable SNDD integrates the dimensions of PSE Promotion of production methods and Climate change mitigation and développement durable policy Development National and Act III of decentralisation, as well sustainable consumption, promotion of adaptation strategies are well detailed (SNDD) Strategy (SNDD), 2015 as the Sustainable Development Goals green economy through the creation and and references are made to PANA, the (SDGs). Its vision is that, by 2020, the implementation of a sustainable Climate national CC committee. institutional, economic and social actors and Development Fund, resilience to adopt the sustainable development climate change, green jobs’ creation, and principles and reflect this paradigm in biodiversity conservation. their actions. Statégie nationale pour Gender equity and Strategy 2005 National Gender SNEEG is the national reference Enhancement of women’s social and Climate change is mentioned a few times l’équité et l’égalité de equality policy Equality and Equity framework intended to create the strengthening of their potential; in reference to the country’s overall genre (SNEEG) 2005- Strategy (SNEEG), conditions for an integrated, transversal economic promotion of women in rural development policy framework (PSE), 2015 2005-2015 and effective gender approach. Its and urban areas; promotion of equitable and international frameworks such as Statégie Nationale pour Gender equity and Strategy 2016 National Gender main objectives are to create an exercise of women and men’s rights and the Beijing platform. Strong linkages l’Equité et l’Egalité de equality policy Equality and Equity institutional, socio-cultural, legal and duties, and strengthening of women’s could be made with climate change Genre (SNEEG) 2016- Strategy (SNEEG) 2016- economic environment favourable to access and position in decision-making policy frameworks to support gendered 2026 2026 the achievement of gender equality in spheres; improvement of intervention budgeting, planning and implementation Senegal, to institutionalise gender in impact in favour of gender equality and of climate change adaptation and all public institutions at the central and equity; gender-sensitive budgeting and mitigation actions. decentralised levels. SNEEG is coherent planning. with PSE and SDG 5. 12 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 13 KEY THEMES EMERGING FROM THE NATIONAL POLICY REVIEW TOPIC related to land degradation and resto- (climate, agricultural, ration as a primary focus, but looking at environmental, gender linkages to climate change, agriculture/ and social inclusion DOCUMENT TYPE DATE OF food security and land management as GAPS AND MISSED DOCUMENT NAME policy or other - de- (policy, stratey, plan, ADOPTION/ UNDER LINK TO THE outlined in overall development frame- OPPORTUNITIES, (in full) scribe) other) DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT ONLINE SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES works especially in relation to climate change Land Degradation Land restoration policy Strategy Land Degradation LDN aims to compensate for land agronomic development through crop LDN activities and targets are expected Neutrality (LDN), Neutrality (NDT) degradation losses from 2020 and work rotation, low pressure micro-irrigation, to contribute to climate mitigation and rapport National towards land degradation neutrality mulching, sustainable agriculture with adaptation. Connections are made to by 2035 through a sustained annual few external inputs, organic amendment. NPDC. restoration of 480,263 ha, representing structural measures using stone barriers, 7% in annual growth. water management and conservation, anti-salt dikes. governance measures through creation of protected areas, fallowing, marine protected areas, forest management. iv. reforestation /vegetation through recovery of saline land, fixation of dunes by reforestation, restoration of mangroves, and assisted natural regeneration (ANR). Cadre national Land restoration Strategy 2014 National Strategic CNIS/GDT aims to reconcile economic Scaling up SLM activities through Focus on land degradation and relation to d’investissement financing framework Investment Framework and social development through a series national programmes; integrated water climatic factors such as drought, erosion, stratégique pour la for Sustainable Land of programmes for the implementation of resource management; soil restoration etc. Reference is made to NAPA. gestion durable des Management (CNIST/ agro-silvo-pastoral activities under the and improvement; waste management terres (CNIS/GDT) GDT) supervision of the ministers of agriculture and pastures; recovery and valorisation and the environment. CNIS/GDT is now of saline land; forestry development the benchmark for investments into SLM through community forest management interventions. Its vision is that, by 2026, and dissemination of forest management political, legal, institutional, technical and plans. financial support will enable the country to sustainably reverse land degradation in all ecosystems for sustainable growth and populations’ wellbeing. Plan national d’action Environmental policy Plan 1997 National Environmental PNAE provides strategic frameworks (i) poverty eradication; (ii) population Emphasis is made on climatic factors that pour l’environnement. Action Plan for the identification of environmental policy and environmental management; impact on natural resources resilience. (PNAE),1997 priorities and the basis for effective (iii) women, youth and the environment; Clear linkages to current climate change planning and management of natural (iv) health and the environment mitigation targets and frameworks resources and the environment. It aims (fight against pollution to combat could help to better assess the sector’s to reconcile the increase in farmland water-borne diseases and the use of roles and contributions to the country’s essential for agricultural development pesticides in the agricultural sector); (v) commitments. and the planning of natural resources environmental information, education and the environment. It thus arises as a and communication; (vi) decentralised strategic orientation making it possible to environmental management and financing reverse current negative trends. of local initiatives. Lettre de politique Environmental and Policy Letter 2015 Sectoral letter for Combating environmental degradation, Coastal erosion, climate change effects, Climate change adaptation is among the du secteur de development policy the environmental promoting the principles of sustainable irregular availability (in time and space) specific objectives. Better connections to l’environnement et du sector and sustainable development and reducing the of water resources, land degradation, the overall national climate frameworks is développement durable development (LPSEDD vulnerability of populations to climate reduction of forests, including wild plant needed. (LP/SEDD) 2016-2020 2016-2020) change. This has enabled environmental and animal resources, degradation of actors to set out a vision: “By 2025, wildlife habitats and declining numbers of environmental management and green certain species. governance are the foundation of an emerging Senegal, for inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development. There are two specific objectives: 1) Reduce environmental degradation, the adverse effects of climate change and the loss of biodiversity; 2) Integrate sustainable development principles into public policies, management of the living environment, promotion of livelihoods, resilience of vulnerable groups and modes of production and consumption. 14 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 15 KEY THEMES EMERGING FROM THE NATIONAL POLICY REVIEW TOPIC related to land degradation and resto- (climate, agricultural, ration as a primary focus, but looking at environmental, gender linkages to climate change, agriculture/ and social inclusion DOCUMENT TYPE DATE OF food security and land management as GAPS AND MISSED DOCUMENT NAME policy or other - de- (policy, stratey, plan, ADOPTION/ UNDER LINK TO THE outlined in overall development frame- OPPORTUNITIES, (in full) scribe) other) DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT ONLINE SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES works especially in relation to climate change Politique forestière du Forestry policy Policy 2005 National Forest Policy PFS aims to integrate the forestry sector Address food and nutritional insecurity Climate change is mentioned as a Sénégal 2005-2025 framework (PFS) 2005-2025 into national planning for sustainable rural through rational management of forest contextual factor. Yet, the forestry sector development. resources; water and soil conservation/ is one of the key area for NDC, LDN and protection; more productive and other climate change policy frameworks. sustainable agriculture, forestry and fisheries; development of silvo-pastoral resources and water control; conservation of biodiversity; agroforestry development; poverty reduction; production of wood and non-wood products; increased income derived from these products; resilience of livelihoods. Loi n° 2018-25 du 12 Forestry law Law 2018 Forest Code, 2018 ; The forest code/law defines the Development of forests (I); Repression of Climate change is not clearly highlighted. novembre 2018 portant methods for managing forest resources. offenses (II); Water, forestry and hunting sur le code forestier It encourages community and private agents (III); Final provisions (IV). The Décret n° 2019-110 Forestry regulation Decree 2019 Forest Code application forestry. It also supports decentralised first title has two chapters devoted to du 16 janvier 2019 decree, 2019 forest management by offering the use and exploitation rights. The second portant application de possibility for decentralised authorities title determines the procedures for la loi n° 2018-25 du 12 to get a management concession of research and observation, actions and novembre 2018 portant a state forest free of charge for local prosecutions, transactions, seizures sur le code forestier. development according to a management and confiscations, and the penalties plan elaborated by the forest service. applicable to the various offences. The It also grants local authorities a rebate last section presents the role, protection, of part of the resources of the National obligations and powers of forest police, Forest Fund, resulting from royalties and participatory resource management, and felling auctions, and recognises private decentralisation. ownership of forest plantations. Financement de la Land restoration Action plan 2011 Financing the Great The main objective is to contribute to Financing and resource mobilisation Climate change is mentioned a few times Grande Muraille Verte - planning document Green Wall (Senegal the fight against desertification and the for GGW implementation; role of as contextual constraints. GGW actions projet de plan d’action Draft Action Plan 2012- development of Sahara-Sahel zones stakeholders across national and local are expected to help strengthen the du Sénégal 2012-2016 2016) through the sustainable management of levels. resilience of the populations. There is no natural resources and the fight against clear link made to the country’s overall poverty. climate change frameworks. Stratégie nationale Forestry strategy Strategy 2011 Protected Areas The objective is to maintain essential Protection of biodiversity; development References are made between de gestion des aires Management Strategy, ecological processes and systems of extensive and/or shifting agricultural the objectives of the strategy and protégées du Sénégal 2011 supporting life and livelihoods, to practices; increase in the number of international conventions, namely the Rio (SNAPS) preserve genetic diversity to allow the livestock and its impact on wildlife declaration and RAMSAR as part of the reconstitution of fauna and flora specie and certain ecosystems; demographic contextual background for policy reform. whose status has become critical, and to pressure on natural resources with Although protected areas’ management encourage local populations living in the constraining consequences on livestock is an important part of the country’s peripheral zones of protected areas to development; persistence of increasingly mitigation strategy it is unclear how these actively participate in natural resource frequent drought episodes since the management directives contribute to the conservation efforts. beginning of the 1970s; climate change climate change goals. and fight against desertification. Strategie nationale de Food security Strategy 2015 National Food Security The vision of the strategy is to work Sustainably increase in food availability; Climate change is present in the context sécurité alimentaire et and Resilience Strategy to ensure that the most vulnerable Improving the physical and financial description, as well as links to the Paris de résilience (SNSAR) (SNSAR), 2015-2035 populations to food and nutritional accessibility of populations to diversified agreement and other international policy 2015-2035 insecurity have easy and sustainable and healthy food products; Improving frameworks. However, linkages are access to sufficient, healthy and nutritious the nutritional status of the population, missing with NDC. food, and to strengthen their resilience particularly women, children aged 0 to by 2035. The main objectives are to 5 and the elderly; Strengthening the strengthen the physical and economic resilience of vulnerable populations accessibility of vulnerable populations through sustainable projects and to a diversified, healthy and nutritious programmes; Strengthening coordination diet, to develop and implement a policy and governance of food security; of diversification of integrated food Strengthening institutional and technical production (agricultural, livestock, mechanisms for rapid response to food fishing, agroforestry, agro-food crises products). 16 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 17 KEY THEMES EMERGING FROM THE NATIONAL POLICY REVIEW TOPIC related to land degradation and resto- (climate, agricultural, ration as a primary focus, but looking at environmental, gender linkages to climate change, agriculture/ and social inclusion DOCUMENT TYPE DATE OF food security and land management as GAPS AND MISSED DOCUMENT NAME policy or other - de- (policy, stratey, plan, ADOPTION/ UNDER LINK TO THE outlined in overall development frame- OPPORTUNITIES, (in full) scribe) other) DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT ONLINE SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES works especially in relation to climate change Loi d’orientation agro- Agricultural and Law 2004 Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral It aims at transforming family farming Economic efficiency, social equity, Addressing climate change is part of two sylvo-pastorale. pastoral development Orientation Law into an efficient and income-generating environmental sustainability, market articles (6 and 58) through resilience to (LOASP) 2004-2024 sector. It was seen as a significant step economy, decentralisation, empowerment climate risks and development of climate- forward for the agricultural sector, having of local communities, professional resilient crops. substantially improved the dialogue agricultural organisations and civil between rural development actors and society, creation of a common regional rural organisations playing a central role market, solidarity, partnership and through the recognition of the agricultural subsidiarity; improving resilience to profession. climate change; food security for rural and poorest population; private investment into agricultural production; environmental protection and sustainable management of natural resources. Lettre de politique Agricultural Policy letter 2018 Policy Letter for the The objective is to make Senegalese Increase agricultural production and The agricultural development activities are sectorielle de development development of the agriculture productive, competitive, productivity; diversify crops and expected to contribute to climate change développement de agricultural sector diversified and sustainable, to provide agricultural production systems; adaptation. Clear linkages with overall l’agriculture (LPSDA) (2018-2023) stable agricultural income to the actors strengthen agricultural services; improve national climate change frameworks are 2019 – 2023 and stimulate economic and social the governance of the agricultural sector. missing, although reference is made to development. NAPA. Programme Agricultural Programme 2014 Senegalese Agriculture It aims to build a competitive, diversified : (i) feeding the population better and Climate change is acknowledged in d’accélération de la development Acceleration Program and sustainable agriculture; to achieve sustainably on an endogenous basis, (ii) the context and the strategic domain. cadence de l’agriculture (PRACAS), 2014 self-sufficiency in rice and onion taking advantage of international trade, However, strong linkages with NDC, sénégalaise (PRACAS), production; to optimise the performance (iii) securing and increasing rural income, PANA, LDN and other land restoration and volet agricole du Plan of the groundnut sector, and to develop (iv) providing employment, (v) managing climate change frameworks are needed. Sénégal émergeant the off-season fruit and vegetable sectors natural resources sustainably, and (vi) (PSE) in the medium term and other food crops improving the nutritional status of the in the long term population. Plan national de Livestock and pastoral Plan 2016 National Plan for PNDE aims to better alignment with PSE, Resilience of agro-silvo-pastoral systems; Climate change is mostly referred to as développement de development Pastoral Development retains the vision of making livestock a climate change adaptation; animal food a contextual element that influences the l’élevage (PNDE), 2016 successful sector, capable of meeting systems; markets development; sectoral development of the livestock sector national demand for animal products and policies integration; financing of livestock ensuring the socio-economic promotion development sector. of its actors. It is the operational framework for the implementation of the agro-silvo-pastoral orientation law (LOASP), which outlines the long-term vision (20 years) of agro-silvo-pastoral development in Senegal. Lettre de politique de Livestock and pastoral Policy Letter 1999 Pastoral Development The policy letter aims to sustainably Make the various animal sectors more Climate change is referred to once as a développement de development Policy Letter, 1999 increase animal production to achieve competitive, more productive and more constraint for animal food availability. No l’élevage food security, improve the income of diverse; Develop private initiative and other clear link to the topic is made. livestock producers and fight against strengthen the professionalisation of poverty while preserving natural producers and their socio-professional resources. organisations; Adapt the financial environment to the needs of producers; Ensure quality of services provided by the State; Ensure sound natural resource management for sustainable development. 18 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 19 KEY THEMES EMERGING FROM THE NATIONAL POLICY REVIEW TOPIC related to land degradation and resto- (climate, agricultural, ration as a primary focus, but looking at environmental, gender linkages to climate change, agriculture/ and social inclusion DOCUMENT TYPE DATE OF food security and land management as GAPS AND MISSED DOCUMENT NAME policy or other - de- (policy, stratey, plan, ADOPTION/ UNDER LINK TO THE outlined in overall development frame- OPPORTUNITIES, (in full) scribe) other) DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT ONLINE SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES works especially in relation to climate change Decret n° 2011-1689 Climate change Decree 2012 Decree n° 2011-1689, Its mandate is to ensure the coordination The committee intervenes in the fields Climate change governance and du 3 octobre 2011 October 3, 2011 on of the various activities related to of the application of international and institutional arrangement. Strong links portant création du the setting of the consultation, training and awareness national texts relating to climate change; to other frameworks and committees Comité national sur COMNACC raising, management and monitoring of transfer of adapted technologies; public would help avoid duplications, and les changements climate policies’ implementation. education, awareness and information; lighten institutional burdens for more climatiques integrated water resource management; effectiveness on the ground. technical, institutional and financial capacity building; preservation of biodiversity; soil conservation; carbon sequestration; management of the marine and coastal environment as well as conservation of wetlands; waste and air emissions management; research and systemic observation; carbon capture and storage; promotion of clean energies, in particular renewable energies; promoting energy efficiency in all sectors, including industry, transport, buildings, agriculture and energy. Contribution Climate change Policy 2020 Senegal’s Nationally NDC aligns with the country’s Mitigation (conditional and unconditional Climate change mitigation and adaptation déterminée au niveau Determined development plans and sectoral contribution) and adaptation component; targets are indicated and actions to national du Sénégal Contribution (NDC), programmes for sustainable natural increasing carbon sequestration; achieve them. Challenge will lie in the 2020 resources and environmental energy transition; solid and liquid waste accounting systems as various ministerial management, and seeks to put the management; organic manure and sectors and programmes are expected to country on a low-carbon development compost improved with the production of contribute to those targets. path that ensures the resilience of the biogas; ANR development for ecosystem economy, communities, infrastructure adaptation. and cities. NDC targets an increase in reforested/restored land with approximately 1,297 ha of mangroves and 21,000 ha of various plantations annually; reduce the area burned due to controlled fires. The objective is to reforest/restore 500,000 ha of forest and 4,000 ha of mangroves per year. Plan d’action national Climate change Action Plan 2006 National Adaptation NAPA aims to mediate the integration of Adaptation and resilience of populations Focus on adaptation. Interesting linkages pour l’adaptation adaptation Programme of Action challenges related to changes adaptation including the most vulnerable population; could be made to new development and aux changements in national land uses and planning for resilience of forestry, agricultural, fishery processes such as NDC, LDN and the climatiques sustainable development. It seeks to ecosystems climate change policy. provide solutions for adaptation to the negative impacts of climate change in key economic sectors. Loi n° 2010 21 du 20 Renewable energy Law 2010 Law n.2010-21, 20 This law aims to adequately respond Renewable energy development from Climate change is not mentioned but décembre 2010 portant December 2010 on to the challenges of economic growth solar, wind, water and biofuel. reduction of greenhouse gas emission loi d’orientation sur les renewable energies and globalisation, and to preserve is included in Article 3. Much clearer énergies renouvelables the environment and the climate connections could be made with NDC within the framework of clean energy and other climate change frameworks production and consumption activities, in as greening the energy sector is an accordance with the requirements of the important objective in NDC and LDN. international community. It will promote the development of renewable energies throughout the territory of Senegal. Loi n° 2010-22 du 15 Biofuel development Law 2010 Law n.2010-22, 15 The objective is to create a range of investment guarantee mechanisms; Biofuel development is expected to décembre 2010 portant December 2020 on bio responses to the country’s economic respect for biodiversity; fair trade; contribute to the reduction of greenhouse loi d’orientation de la fuel growth and need for clean energy sources harmonious inclusion of the individual gas emission from the energy sector. It filiere des biocarburants and energy self-sufficiency. producer, in association or in company in would be important to point out how and the biofuel agrobusiness; land guarantees how much the sector development would to nationals. contribute to the overall climate change mitigation and adaptation targets, as well as to NDC and LDN. 20 ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL ANALYSIS OF POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE IN SENEGAL 21 KEY THEMES EMERGING FROM THE NATIONAL POLICY REVIEW TOPIC related to land degradation and resto- (climate, agricultural, ration as a primary focus, but looking at environmental, gender linkages to climate change, agriculture/ and social inclusion DOCUMENT TYPE DATE OF food security and land management as GAPS AND MISSED DOCUMENT NAME policy or other - de- (policy, stratey, plan, ADOPTION/ UNDER LINK TO THE outlined in overall development frame- OPPORTUNITIES, (in full) scribe) other) DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT ONLINE SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES works especially in relation to climate change Loi nº 64-46 relative au Land tenure Law 1964 law on the national This law created a national domain that Land tenure security; land registration No mention of climate change. domaine national domain (1964) covers 95% of the national lands, and and titling; land use and affectation; this vested exclusive land management and put in place a regulatory framework for registration rights in the State, as well the development of renewable energies, as in the decentralised authorities (from an incentive framework favourable 1972 due to decentralisation). to the purchase and remuneration of electricity produced from renewable energies; reduced use of fossil fuels; promotion of all means of production, storage, distribution and consumption for domestic and industrial needs in the environment urban as well as rural; improvement of security of energy supply; diversification of production sources; promotion of dissemination of equipment related to renewable energy technologies; reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Document de politique Land tenure Policy 2016 National Land Policy, The vision is to ensure equitable access Tenure security of individual and local Climate change is mentioned once to foncière 2016 and use of land resources according community farms; promotion of private describe policy context. to the laws and regulations, in an investment in agriculture to build more environment of good governance for the viable farms; provide the State and local achievement of the objectives of socially, communities with financial resources, economically and environmentally through land resource management; sustainable development. The policy alleviate land constraints to agricultural, aims to establish fair and transparent rural and industrial development; improve land management that guarantees decentralisation of land management and the land security of populations and promote gender equity and equality in promote the sustainable use of natural access to land. resources, the security of land rights, the promotion of viable economic activities and the impetus of a dynamic harmonious development of urban and rural territories. Loi n° 2013-10 du 28 Decentralisation Law 2013 Law n° 2013-10, The general objective of this “Act III of Anchoring of territorial coherence for a Climate change is not clearly mentioned. décembre 2013 portant December 28, 2013 decentralisation” is renovated administrative architecture; code général des to organise Senegal into viable, clarification of competences between the collectivités locales competitive territories that promote State and local authorities; sustainable development. development of contractual arrangements This reform has its roots in the land use between these two decision-making planning policy and levels; modernisation of territorial public guides the realisation of the aspirations management, with reform of local and hopes of territorial actors, it seeks finances and sustained promotion of to build a territorial project. It offers quality human resources. adequate space to build the foundations for the territorialisation of public policies. Loi nº 81-13 portant Water management Law 1981 Water Code Law nº 81- This law creates the legislative framework Principle of water as a public/common No clear reference is made to climate code de l’eau 13, March 4, 1981 for the use and protection of water good; underground water usage; water change, but allusion is made to drought resources and their distribution. protection against risk of pollution; easing and other climate events that relate to of water exploitation. climate change. Loi n° 2016-32 du 08 Mining Law 2016 Mining Code Law n° This law aims to maintain the Management of artisanal mining; profit Climate change is not mentioned per se, novembre 2016 portant 2016-32, November 8, attractiveness of the national mining sharing; rulings on precious metals and but references are made to environmental code minier 2016 sector, and to promote mutually beneficial stones’ sales; protection against degradation and other partnerships and guarantee equitable impacts of mining. Stronger linkages profit between the State, investors and to NDC, LDN and other climate change host communities. frameworks would be important as the mining sector is among the bigger contributors to land degradation and greenhouse gas emissions.