Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 2.1 Logo Guidelines on use Logo color WorldFish Blue: C99 M81 Y20 K5 R26 G73 B133 HEX 1A4985 7686 C WorldFish Green: C70 M9 Y100 K0 R88 G171 B71 HEX 58AB47 362 C Professional designers Desktop publishing Website Pantone and printers software - Powerpoint development solid coated Logo font Arial Black. Kerning (spacing) on the logo has been adjusted. This means typing WorldFish in an Arial Black font will not accurately reproduce the logo and is therefore not permissible. Logo use The primary logo is full color. The logo must not be placed on a background image or background text. The black logo can only be used when the color logo becomes lost in a background color. The white logo can only be used on a WorldFish blue background. If you need help on how to use the logo, please contact Communications and Marketing. L O G O Mary Lundeba Full colour logo The full colour version is the primary Netsayi Noris Mudege logo and should be used for the majority of materials. Victor Siamudaala In circumstances where the CGIAR logo appears elsewhere on a publication, it is acceptable for the AICCRA logo to be used without the CGIAR lock-up. Primary logo - Full color logo Black logo White logo 7 Black logo The black version of the logo is available for use on occasions where colour printing is not possible. White logo A white version of the logo is available to use on top of contrasting colours and images. All logos are available in CMYK and RGB in a variety of formats, including vector EPS, JPEG and PNG. A I C C R A B R A N D I N G G U I D E L I N E S Ukutasha Uyu mulimo wakukampusha kwakufwailisha ifitumbuka mu miceele ukwabuyantanshi (Accelerating the Impact of CGIAR Climate Research for Development (AICCRA) ni polojekiti uwafwa ukutwala ubulimi mu Afilika ukuyana ne miceele ukupitila mukubomfya sayanshi nokwaluka mu bulimi. Polojeketi utungululwa na ba Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT elyo nobwafwilisho ukufuma kuli ba International Development Association(IDA) aka ba World Bank. Ukufwailisha umulimo wesu pa aiccra.cgiar.org. Uyu mulimo wapa bulimi bwesabi ukuyana ne miceele watungulwile naba WorldFish elyo nabayafwile abakwete ubuyo bwa CGIAR’s Resilient Aquatic Food Systems Initiative ubwaiminina pakushansha mu mibombele yakukwata ifyakulya mu bulimi bwe sabi umulimo kabili uwatungulwilwe naba, WorldFish. Kabili tuletasha abasangilweko ukufuma kutubungwe utwabulamo ulubali, ukubikapo abalimi banono, abamakwebo banono ,ifiputulwa fya Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Fisheries mu Zambia, bonse abasangilwe mukupituluka muli aya masambililo nokuyasuminisha. Bakalemba Lundeba M, Mudege N.N, &Siamudaala, V.2023. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banono Abateeka Isabi:Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunono Ubwa Fiteekwa.Penang. WorldFish. Ifikope Ibula lyakubalililapo, Henry Kanyembo naba Mercy Sichone/ WorldFish(left) elyo naba Enock Chanda Chipwepwe/National Agriculture Information Services (right) ; Plates 1,17,20, Mary Lundeba/WorldFish;Plate 2, Mercy Sichone/ WorldFish; Plates 3,4, Mercy Sichone naba Henry Kanyembo/WorldFish; Plates 5-7, Nicholas Mukupa naba Derick Nasando / Kalahari Media and Office Solutions; Plates8,18,19, Enock Chanda Chipwepwe/ National Agricuture Information Services; Plates 9-16 Nicholas Mukupa naba Derrick Nasando/ Kalahari Media and Office Solutions. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 3 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Ifili mukati Ukutasha 3 1. Ubulondoloshi bwa Pa Bulimi Bwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele 5 1.1 Utunkomfyo nkomfyo tulenga abalimi banoono abateeka isabi ukukanashansha mu kucimfya amafya yakwaluka kwa miceele 5 1.2 Ifyo bwakuma ku fintu icaalo cabika pantanshi 6 1.3 Ifilekabilwa ukufumamo 6 2.1 Imiceele yacila bushiku ne miceele yanshita ntali 7 2.2 Bushe ukwaluka kwa miceele cinshi? 7 2.3 Ukubelesha(ukukonka)kwa kwaluka kwa miceele 8 3. Ubulimi busuma ubwe sabi ukuyana ne miceele 14 3.1 Inshila shakukonka mukubelesha elyo nokucefya amafya yamiceele 14 4. Ubulimi bwe sabi–no Bulimi bumbi ubwakondenkana nge nshila ya tekinoloji iya bulimi bwe sabi ukuyana ne miceele 15 4.1 Bushe ubulimi bwe sabi–nobulimi bumbi ubwakondenkana cinshi? 15 4.2 Mulandunshi kwingabela ukubomfya inshila ya bulimi bwe 15 sabi -no bulimi bumbi iyakondenkana? 15 4.3 Mulandunshi kungabela ukukondenkanya nefiteekwa finono? 16 4.4 Bushe ubulimi- nobulimi bwe sabi ubwakondenkana bwasuntinkana shani? 17 5. Ukubomfya ubulimi-nobulimi bwesabi ubwakondenkana ukwafwa abalimi ukubelesha nokucefya ififuma mukwaluka kwa miceele 20 6. Ukusansha ubulimi bwe sabi pamo ne fyuni 22 6.1 Inkoko ne fibata 22 6.2 Ukuteeka inkoko 25 6.3 Mulandunshi kufwile ukubela ukukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi ne fyuni? 27 6.3.3.3.6.1 Umwakutushisha inkoko pa nshita inoono 35 6.3.3.3.6.2 Ukwansa ifisansala 36 6.3.3.3.6.3 Umwakulila nokunwina ameenshi 36 6.3.3.3.6.4 Ukusunga ing’anda ya nkoko ubusaka 37 6.4 Ubumi bwa fyuni fyakuteeka 38 7. Ukukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi ne mbushi 45 7.1 Bushe bukankalanshi bwaba mukuteeka imbushi ku balimi banono? 45 7.2 Amayanda(amacinka) ya mbushi 48 7.3 Imicitile isuma iya kuteekelamo imbushi 49 7.4 Ukulisha ne milile isuma ku mbushi 49 7.5 Amalwele nefyakucingilila ubumi bwa mbushi 50 8. Ukusanshamo abaume na banakashi mu nshila yakukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi no bulimi bumbi 54 9. Ukusondwelela 56 10. Ifitabo nafimbi umwafuma amasambililo 57 4 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 1. Ubulondoloshi bwa Pa Bulimi Bwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ukwaluka kwa miceele na mafya yafumamo yalalenga abantu abashakwanisha mu mikalile ukuculilako. Ifintu ifiletumbuka mu miceele yanshita inono filebipilakofye mu fitungu fye sonde ifingi ku mulandu wakwaluka kwa miceele yanshita ntali. Icikabilila icakucila mu cipimo , icilala, ukubundilwa elyo nenshita sha bulimi ishabula ukwenekela filaleta ubwafya ku balimi elyo nemilimine, ico icibika ubwikashi bwabo mu mafya. Mu ncende umwaba ukupatululwa nabantu abashakwanisha , ubulimi bwe sabi enshila imo ikalamba umo bakwata ubwikashi bwakutwalilila pa mulandu wakuti bulalunda pa misungile yafyakulya elyo ne milile isuma. Abalimi be sabi abengi mu Zambia balashingwana na mafya ya miceele pakuti bakwate ubulimi bwe sabi ubwakutwalilila. Mu fitungu fya Northen na Luapula ngecilangililo, ubulimi bwesabi no bupalu bwe sabi lya mu mimana fyalishingwana na mafya pa mulandu wa fintu ifibi ificitika mu miceele yacila bushiku ifili nga ukubundilwa, ukunina kwa tempeleca elyo nokukana konkanya ukukwata imfula ( Ministry of National Development 2017:35). Aya mafya yesa ku mulandu wa miceele yalititikisha bubi bubi misungile yafyakulya na meenshi ayasuma elyo ne mikalile ya bantu , maka maka mu ncende sha mu mishi umo abantu bashintilila pa bulimi bwe sabi nge cakulya (National Fisheries and Aquaculture Plicy, Zambia). Ifitungu fya Northern na Luapula efyalekeleshako ku bupina mu Zambia , ku cipendo 80.5% ica bantu mu fitungu fibili ababikwa ukuti bapina, elyo 64.5% ebantu abalekeleshako mu bupina mu mwaka 2010(CSO2010). Abapina abalekeleshako ebashingwana sana nefifuma mu miceele. Icitungu ca Kapinda ka kulyo ica Zambia, calishibikwa ukuti imiceele yaba iyakaba. Pa myaka ukucila 30, icitungu ecalekeleshako ukukwata imfula inono. Cikakonkanyapofye ukulundilwapo ukukwata icilala nokubundilwa mu caalo conse, ico icikatitikisha ubulimi bwe sabi neciputulwa ce sabi(Kalantary, 2010). Pamo ne miku ficitikilamo elyo nokufula kwa fintu ififuma ku miceele ifilecetekelwa ukwilako pamulu kuntanshi, amafya yakufumamo ayakumine imikalile, imisungile yafyakulya, imilile iisuma elyo ne mifwaile ya ndalama shakubomfya pa ng’anda yakabipilako ngacakuti takuli inshila shakubikako ishakucingilila. Kanshi, cikankala ukubombela pamo nabalimi ukubikako nokusabankanya inshila shalinga ukubomfya pakucimfya nokukonka ifyo miceele ileba. Ishi nshila shikakoselesha abalimi ukushansha mukucimfya amafya nokukonka ifyo ukwaluka kwa miceele kuleba. 1.1 Utunkomfyo nkomfyo tulenga abalimi banoono abateeka isabi ukukanashansha mu kucimfya amafya yakwaluka kwa miceele. Amaka yakukoselesha mukucimfya ukwaluka kwa miceele mu balimi be sabi nabalondo besabi yalacilinganishiwa ku mulandu wa ifi: • Ukubulilwa imbuto isuma iyashansha • Ukubulilwa ukwakufumya ifyakulya fyesabi ifisuma kabili ifingasangwa muli iyo ncende. • Imisungile iibi iya meenshi ku balimi abene. • Ukukana kwata amano yakwishiba inshila shisuma isha bulimi bwe sabi isho ishitungilila ukuba abashipa mu nshita ya kwaluka kwa miceele. • Ukubulilwa ilyashi lya pa miceele ilyakubomfya abalimi be sabi pakuti beshibe ilyo balepanga ubupingushi nelyo balepekanya. • Ukukana bomfya inshila shisuma ishalinga mu bulimi bwe sabi ishitungilila ubusomboshi ubukulu elyo nokutantalila ukubelesha . • Ukukana kwata ubwafwilisho ukufuma kunse ukutungilila amano yakubomba (amasikilu) namano yakwishiba ifyakucita ku balimi. • Ukubulilwa ifibombelo ne lyashi ililefwaika pakubelesha ifitumbuka mukwaluka kwa miceele. Ukulundilapo ukwishiba nokubomfya inshila ishisuma ishayana ne miceele mu bulimi bwe sabi kuti kwakosha nokuwamya imisungile yafyakulya elyo nokushininkisha ukuti kwaba ukukwata ubwikashi ubusuma kabili ubwakutwalilila mu balimi besabi abanono mu Zambia. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 5 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Eico, ici citabo ca masambililo cikalundilapo ukukwata amano nemibomfeshe ya tekinoloji no bukose mu balimi banono nabambi abasendamo ulubali mu fyakulya ifi fuma mu meenshi (Aquatic Food Systems-AFS) mu nshita ya kwaluka kwa miceele. Icitabo cakutungulula bakafundisha nangu abatungulula ukupeela amasambililo ku balimi banono pa milandu ikankala iya pa kwaluka kwa miceele no bulimi busuma ubwe sabi ukukonka imiceele mu mulimo wakukampusha ukucimfya ifitumbuka mu miceele mu citungu ca Afilika( Accelerating the Impact of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA). Nangu kwaba inshila ishingi isha bulimi busuma ubwe sabi ishakuyana ne miceele, aya masambililo yakalolekesha maka maka pakukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi no bulimi bumbi (IAAS). Ici citabo camasambililo cayampana ne citabo capa nshila shisuma isha balimi banono ,abateeka tilapia mu fishiba mu Zambia (Better management practices manual for smallholders farming tilapia in pond-based systems in Zambia,”) Ifi efyo caba pa mulandu wakuti nshila shisuma isha pa mibombele shikankala mukuba abashansha mukulwisha no kukonka ifyo imiceele ileeba. Ifyakucingilila imbuto(utwana twe sabi), ifyakulisha elyo nelyashi likumine ku miceele filafwaika ukwafwa abalimi banono ukukusha ubusomboshi bwabo elyo nokulundilapo amaka yakushansha mukucimfya ukwaluka kwa miceele elyo napakulekelesha ukufusha ifyakulya nemilile isuma elyo ne ndalama shapa ng’anda., 1.2 Ifyo bwakuma ku fintu icaalo cabika pantanshi Mufintu ififwaikwa ukulunda ku bunonshi bwa caalo (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution-INDC), icaalo ca Zambia cilefwaya ukukosha imisungile ya fyakulya, ukufuntula nokutungilila inshila ishakucitilamo ubulimi ukukonka ne miceele yapanshita ntali ukulima ifisabo, ukuteeka ifiteekwa nobunonshi bwe sabi, ukubikapo nokusungilila ama germplasm ifili nge mbuto nefintu ifiteekwa elyo ne fishiteekwa. Umulimo ukalamba utantikwe ulekuma ukutungilila inshila sha bulimi bwe sabi pakuti shatwalilila ukupitila mu misungile ya meenshi iyawamishiwa elyo ne mipekanishe yakulishishamo elyo nokubomfya ama stock ayaayana. Inshila iyakondenkana iya bulimi bwesabi(IAA) ilatungilila imibombele isuma mu misungile ya meenshi elyo nokuwamya imilishishe ye sabi elyo nokukosha abalimi munshita yakwaluka kwa miceele yapanshita ntali, napakulekelesha kulaba ukwafwilisha mu fintu icaalo ca Zambia cabika pantanshi (INDC). Ukuceceta kuleitwa Technology Needs Assessment ukwa kukonka nangu ukubelesha ukwaluka kwa miceele mu Zambia kwakomaila pa nshila sha tekinoloji ishitungilila pa mibomfeshe ya mpanga,ameenshi nemisungile yesabi iyakutwalilila (p:xiii). Muli ishi nshila sha tekinoloji, inshila ishalandwapo ishakucitilamo ubulimi elyo ne misungile yafyakulya paliba inshila sha tekinoloji ishitungilila ukukondenkanya ukuteeka inama ishinono,isabi, ifyuni elyo nokulima imisalu,(p:xiv). Kabili ishi nshila umwaba tekinoloji (IAAS) shilafwa icaalo ca Zambia pa mipekanishe yapa kwaluka kwa miceele ya nshita ntali umo banamayo nabashitata basendamo ulubali (IUCN 2017). Shilafwa mumisungile ya ncende umwaba ameenshi isho banamayo nabantu bambi abapina bashintililamo mu bwikashi bwabo. 1.3 Ifilekabilwa ukufumamo Abaleyafwilishiwa bafwile: • Ukwishiba ifikankala pa kwaluka kwa miceele • Ukwishiba pa shila ishayana ne miceele elyo nokucimfya amafya yafuma mukwaluka kwa miceele. • Ukwishiba ifyo bafwile ukukuula nokukwata ukushipa mukucimfya amafya mu mibombele ya bulimi bwabo • Ukwishiba ifyaba mubulimi bwesabi ukuyana ne miceele (CSA) elyo nefyo bengabomfya ishi inshila shaba muli ubu bulimi. • Ukuupoka ilyashi likumine pakukosha amano yakwishiba nenshila sha tekinoloji ishakubapeela ukushipa mu mu mibombele yakuteeka sabi nge fyakulya (Aquatic Food Systems-AFS) munshita yakwaluka kwa miceele. 6 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 2.1 Imiceele yacila bushiku ne miceele yanshita ntali Imiceele yanshita ntali ilingi line ipalanishiwa ku miceele yanshita inono. Lelo iyi miceele yonse ibili yalipusana ngeefi. Imiceele yacila bushiku(weather) kuti yayaluka munshita munshita nangu cilamwaka. Imiceele yacila bushiku ilondolola ifyo buceele pali ilya nshita mu ncende imo. Icilangililo,nga mwamona kuli imfula panse enshila mwingalondolwelamo imiceele yaleelo. Nga kuli icimwela(icipupu) lyena kuti twatila imiceele yaleelo ya cimwela nangu icipupu. Kanshi kuti twatila imiceele ya leelo muloke nangu icipupu. Imiceele yanshita ntali ilondolola imiceele ya cila bushiku ili mu citungu nangu isonde liba pa myaka iingi.Ici cicitwa ilyo kuli ukuceceta imiceele yacila bushiku pa numa ya myaka iingi. Imiceele ya citungu ilanga tempeleca yacila fiputulwa fya myeshi elyo nokusansha kwa fipendo fya mfula pamo pene nefyo umwela uba. Cila citungu nangu incende ilaikwatila imiceele iyaibela. Ifi efilangililo fya miceele yapanshita ntali: • Iciswebebe nincende umwaba imiceele yanshita ntali ico imfula iloka inono nangu sino munshita ya mwaka. • Tempeleca ya miceele ikwata imyeshi imo iyakaba elyo neya talala. • Imiceele iyakaba, iyatalala ne miloke. 2.1.1 Bushe imiceele yaba shani mu Zambia? Imiceele yamu Zambia yaba Tropical nangu subtropical. Umusango wamiceele kuti waba ukulingana nencende. Lelo mukati ka mweshi wa Cinshi kubili(November) ukufika kuli Kutumpu(March) icaalo ca Zambia cilakwata imfula, Muli iyi nshita kuba icikabilila nokutalala, Ukufuma muli Sinde(April) ukufika Cinshikubili (November) enshita kuba ukwauma. Ukufuma pakati ka Kapepo kanono(May) ukufika pakati ka Kasakantobo (August) icaalo ca Zambia cilakwata tempeleca iyatalala, elyo pakati ka Lusuba lunono (September) nokufika pakati ka Cinshikubili(November) kulaba ukwakaba nokutalala. 2.2 Bushe ukwaluka kwa miceele cinshi? Ukwaluka kwa miceele cipilibula ukwaluka kwa tempeleca nefyo imiceele yacila bushiku iba mu citungu. Uku kwaluka mu miceele kusenda inshita iitali mu citungu cesonde. Lelo ukwaluka kwa miceele ye sonde kucitika mwisonde lyonse panshita itali. Apa paba ukukaba kwe sonde elyo nokwaluka kwa mishile ya mfula nangu sino.Iyi micinjishe kuti yacitwafye palwaiko nangu yacitwa no muntu. Ukwaluka kwa miceele ye sonde kulacitwa lyonse ilyofye umuntunse talaisa mwisonde. Nomba, ama scientist balisanga imyalukile imbi iicitika. Icilangililo, icipendo conse pamo ica tempeleca nacilako pa mulu ukucila ifyo calekabilwa pa myaka ukucila 150 iyapita. Ukulingana naba Royal Society, tempeleca ya mwela yesonde yalilako pamulu necipendo ca 1°C ukufuma 1900. Ukwaluka kwa miceele yanshita ntali kuti kwalenga ukukana shininkisha ifyo ubutantiko bwa miceele yacila bushiku bungaba. Icilangililo, incende shimo kuti shakwata icipuupu(tropical cyclone) ico bashakwatapo kunuma, icakulenga imfula ukulokesha, ukubundilwa, icimwela icakonaula ifintu nokulufya imyeo yabantu. Incende shimbi kuti shakwata icilala nokubundilwa ukwakutwalilila. Ngacakuti ubutantiko bwa tempeleca ne milokele ya mfula nga taishibikwe, cilaba icayafya ukupekanya nokukonka inshila sha bulimi bwe sabi ne misango ya bulimi bumbi. Ukukana shininkisha kufwaika ukukwata ilyashi lya pa miceele yapa nshita ntali ukwangusha imibombele isuma kabili iyakutwalilila pakuti kwaba ukucimfya amafya yaba mumisungile yafyakulya ku mulandu wakwaluka kwa miceele yanshita ntali. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 7 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 2.2.1 Ukwaluka kwa Miceele mu Zambia Mu Zambia,ukwaluka aluka kwa miishile ya cilala nokubundilwa mu ncende shonse isha caalo kukalundilako amafya ayakunwena,amalwele yaletwa ne miceele,amalwele yaku fisabo,amalwele yambukila pakati kabantu ne nama, ubonaushi ku filimwa,imisebo,amayanda, amalaiti elyo ne fikulwa fya meenshi, ukucilinganya imibombele yapakutangata ubumi elyo nobwafwilisho bumbi ubupeelwa, ifyo ifikatwala ku kubulilwa ifyakulya nokulundilapo imilile iibi nangu insala. Ukwaluka kwa miceele kabili kukalenga icipendo ca bantu mu Zambia abengi ukwikala muncende bashifwile ukuba, icikaleta amasakamiko, ukutitikishiwa elyo nokufulisha kwa bantu mu ncende shimo. 2.2.2 Fintunshi ifilenga ukwaluka kwa miceele? 2.2.2.1 Ificitwa fya bantu(Imilimo ibomba abantu) Iyi milimo ibombwa na bantu ifumya amagasi (Green house gases-GHGs) elyo nemilimo iicefya ubwingi bwa kaboni. Imilimo iingi ilalenga imiceele ukwaluka. Muno twalandafye pafilangililo ifinono. Ukubomfya amalasha ya coal, amafuta na gasi ukupanga eneji kufumya amagasi ayengi (GHGs) ukutwala mulwele, ayali nga kaboni dayoxidi na methane. Aya magasi yalacefya imilimo iicitwa iicefya ubwingi bwa mwela wa kabooni uusendwa mu lwelele, nokulenga ukukwata icikabilila. Ukutemaula imiti nokonaula impanga nafyo filacefya ubwingi bwa kabooni. Iciputulwa ce sabi nabateeka isabi: amaalati yabomfiwa, imyenseshe elyo nefyakufwaya ifyakulisha isabi ninshila isha ishikalamba isha ciputulwa ce sabi ishilundilako amagasi yapangwa(GHGs). Lelo ubwingi bwa magasi iciputulwa cilundilapo bunono. 2.2.2.2 Ukwaluka kwa filengwa na Lesa ifine Iyi ninshila umo ifintu fyaba mulwelele lwe sonde fyaluka palwafiko pa nshita itali. Muno tulelanda pamyalukile itatu: icikabillila cipokwa, ukwaluka kwe sonde elyo nokupooka kwa mpili(vokano). Icintu icikalamba icipeela icikabilila kasuba elyo ukukula nangu ukucepe kwa cikabilila kuti kwa cinja imiceele.Nga kwaba icikabilila icikulu , lyena tempeleca ye sonde ikaba pa mulu. Isonde lyalikwata nshita yacikabilila nokutalala kwaliko ukucitika pa mulandu nefyo casendeka nangu ukupilibuka nangu ifyo cishinguluka akasuba.Nga kwaba intamfu ishalekana lekana pakati ke sonde na kasuba panshita ntali, lyena kukalaba ukwaluka kwa lyonse mukufula kwa cikabilila (sola eneji) icikalafika ku ma pulaneti, nokulenga ukwaluka kwa miceele yapa nshita ntali. Ukulepuka kwa mpili (AmaVokano) kwalikwata ifitumbukamo ifya cimfundawila ifikuma ku miceele ya nshita ntali. Lelo nayo yalafumya kaboni dayokisaidi, uyo uleta icikabilila. Nangu ukulepuka kwa mpili kulenga ukwaluka kwa miceele ukwa nshita inono elyo nokukuma ku kwaluka aluka kwa miceele iine, teefimo ifilenga icikabilila ce sonde. Ukutalala ekwaseka ukucila icikabilila pa fitumbuka ku mulandu wakulepuka kwa vokano. 2.3 Ukubelesha(ukukonka)kwa kwaluka kwa miceele 2.3.1 Climate change adaptation Ici cilepilibula “ukucinja imisango yesu, imibombele ne mipekanishe , elyo munshita shimo – imicitile ya mu bwikashi iyakucingilila indupwa shesu , ubunonshi bwesu, elyo nencende twikalamo ku fitumbuka mukwaluka kwa miceele” (WWF,nd) Nangu ukucefyavamagasi(GHG) kutikwacefya ififuma mukwaluka kwa miceele kuntanshi elyo nokutwafwa ukubelesha bwino, ifyalukamo fimo ifyacitika kale teeti ficinjishiwe , kanshi cikankala ukufibelesha nomba. Ukubeelesha nangu ukukonka cilepilibula ukwalula “inshila sha mibombele, elyo ne micitile ukunasha ubonaushi bwingesa nangu ukumwenamo ubusuma mufintu ifikuma ku kwaluka 8 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa kwa miceele” (UNFCCC, Website. Ukubeelesha kutungilila imibombele namasuko yakucimfya ifiletumbuka nefikalatumbuka ku ntanshi mukwaluka kwa miceele Ukuuteeka isabi ilisanda bwino kabili ilyakosa munshita yakwaluka kwa miceele ecilangililo cimo ica kubelesha ififumamo. 2.3.2 Ukucefyanya ukwaluka kwa miceele Ici cilepilibula “ukucefyanya ifitumbuka mukwaluka kwa miceele yanshita ntali ukupitila mukulesha nangu ukucefya amagasi yapangwa (GHG) mu lwelele” (EEA, Website). Nga kwaba ukukonkanyapo ukucefya amagasi nombaline ,lyena cikaba icayanguka ukubeelesha ukwaluka ukuli konse Nga twacefya amagasi yapangwa (GHG), lyena kuti twacingilila nangu ukucefya ukukaba kwe sonde elyo nokulesha ukunina kwa tempeleca iingaleta ubwafya ku bumi mwisonde. “Ukucefyanya ukwaluka kwa miceele kufikilishiwa limbi nga kwaba ukucefya intulo ya magasi- icilangililo ukufusha amaka ya eneji ayapangululwa, nangu ukubikako imyendele isuma—nangu ukukosha imisungile ya aya magasi—icilangililo. Ukufuntula imibomfeshe ya eneji iyo iingabomfiwa imiku ingi, nangu ukukosha imisungile ya magasi, icilangililo ukufuntula ubukulu bwa mpanga.Namukwipifya, ukucefya ninshila umuntu abomfya ukucefya intulo ukufuma amagasi (GHG) elyo/nangu ukukosha amasinki yabulimi.” (EEA, Website). Nge cilangililo, ukulimba imiti elyo nokulesha ukutemaula imiti enshila shimo ukucefya amafya,pantu kulaba ukucilikila amagasi(GHGs) munshita yafumishiwe ukuya mulwelele. Ifyakucita ukucefya amagasi mu bulimi bwe sabi, pali inonshita kuti paba inshila shakubomfya inshila sha tekinoloji umwabula ubonaushi elyo nemicitile, inshila shisuma ishabulimi bwe sabi pamo ne misungile ya menshi ukuwamya imibomfeshe ya menshi elyo nokucefyako ukonaula amenshi pamofye na mapologalamu yagenetiki ayawamishiwa. 2.3.3 Ukuipekanya mukuba abashansha munshita ya miceele Ici cilepilibula “ukupupuluka, ukubelesha nokucimfya amafya yafuma mukwaluka kwa miceele yanshita ntali” (c2ES 2019). Napakuipekanya bwino ukucimfya amafya ya mukwaluka kwa miceele, mufwile ukwishiba ificitika elyo namafya yabamo pakuti mwapekanya amapulani ayasuma ayakucimfishamo. Imibombele umushili amaka yakucimfya lyena teti kube ukupusuka ku mafya yaleta no kwaluka kwa miceele. Nga cakuti cila muntu , cila ng’anda, cila bumba elyo nemibombele taipekanishiwe ukupwisha amafya nokutitikishiwa kufuma mu kwaluka kwa miceele, lyena kuti baba mu bupina ngefyo cilangilwe mu Icilangililo ca galafu 1. Icilangililo ca galafu 1. Imibombele ishaipekanya ukucimfya amafya. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Inshita Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 9 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Ubwikashi bwa mulimi wesabi panuma yamafya ya miceele Icilangililo ca galafu 1. Imibombele ishaipekanya ukucimfya amafya. Icintu bwingi ne ndupwa tabakwata amaka yakucimfya amafya.elyo nokububa mubupina saana. Icilangililo ca galafu 2. Imibombele umwaba ukushipa kwa kucimfya amafya 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Inshita Icilangililo ca galafu 2 Cilelondolola ifyo ciba ngakwaba ukucimfya imiceele. Icintu bwingi nendupwa balakwata amaka yakucimfya nelyo ukusungilila imibombele yabo iyabuyantanshi nangu baleshingwana namafya nokutitikishiwa. Ifintu fyalekana lekana ifitumbuka mu miceele. Ici cilelondolola ifitumbuka mu kwaluka kwa miceele ifyo fititikisha abantu nencintu bwingi munshila ishalekana lekana ukulingana nemilandu iingi apa apali iikumine abanakashi nabaume, icifulo, incende elyo namano yakwishiba pakwaluka kwa miceele, pamofye nokwaluka kwa mitekele, bunonshi elyo nemikalile yacintu bwingi. Incenshi ishibomba uyu mulimo shifwile ukwishiba ubu bupusano bwabapo ilyo kuli ukupekanya inshila shakucefeshamo nokubelesha ififuma mukwaluka kwa miceele. 2.3.4 Ukutitikishiwa kwa bulimi bwe sabi ku mulandu wakwaluka kwa miceele Ubutantiko bwa milimo yonse iibombwa mu bulimi bwe sabi ilafulunganishiwa ku mulandu wakutitikishiwa kwaku kwaluka kwa miceele, ifitumbukamo elyo nefyo imiceele icita kuti fyaba ifisuma nangu ifibi. Mu bulimi bwe sabi,tempeleca iyakaba kuti yatungilila ubulimi bwa tilapia nafimbi ifya mu meenshi ifibelesha icikabilila elyo ukubundilwa kwa ncende shasuluka kuti kwalundilako incende yakupangilamo ifishiba fye sabi ifyabelamo amenshi kale. Inshita shacikabilila nga shatwalilila kuti shatantalisha inshita sha kukushishamo isabi limo ilili nga tilapia elyo pamuku umo wine kuti kwalundilapo ukufwaya isabi iliteekwa mu fishiba pa mulandu wakuti isabi lya mu mimana lyabundilwa. Lelo ifitumbuka mukwaluka kwa miceele ifibi fyalifulapo ukucila ifisuma mu bulimi bwe sabi. Abalimi banono abateka isabi bakatitikishiwa sana pa mulandu wa mitengo yafintu fibikwamo ukukoselako, takuba ifintu ifyakubacingilila ifili nga insurance yakucingilila ifipe fyabo nga abalimi be sabi banono. 10 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Ubwikashi bwa mulimi we sabi panuma ya mafya yamiceele. Aya emafya yafuma mukwaluka kwa miceele ifilungamana no bulimi bwe sabi: • Tempeleca alanina, kuti kwalenga ukufwa kwe sabi lya musango umo. • Ukwaluka kwa tempeleca kuleta amalwele ayaletwa nama bakitelelya, palasaiti, ayambukila na fangai (Maulu et al. 2021), ico icilenga isabi ukulakwata amalwele sana pamulandu wakunina kwa tempeleca. Ukunina kwa tempeleca kuti kwaleta amalwele yetwa epizooti • Ama algae bloom ayabi ayakuma ku kwaluka kwa miceele. Ifi kuti fyaba ifilwani kwi sabi elyo kuti fyakowesha isabi nokukana kula bwino. • Ifyakulya fye sabi namafuta yapeelwa filakoselako elyo na mapologramu yaiminina pakusandanya isabi kuti yaiminina ku mulandu wakukana kwata imbuto sha tusabi ukufuma mu mimana. ‘ Emukutila, amafya yalesubilwa ukufuma mukwaluka kwa miceele mu bulimi na mwisabi yalekabilwa ukubwesesha ififwaikwa mu bulimi panshi elyo nokutwala umutengo wafintu ifibomfiwa mu bulimi pa mulu, ifili nge mbuto nelyo utwana twesabi elyo nefisankanishiwa mu bulimi bwesabi”(Maulu et al, 2021:8) • Ukulokesha kwa mfula nokubundilwa bwafya ubukuma ku bulimi mu ncende sha suluka Ici kuti caonaula ifishiba fye sabi nokulenga isabi ukufuma mu fishiba , ico icingalenga imitundu imbi iye isabi iishilefwaika ukwingila mu fishiba. • Ukucepelwa ameenshi ayasuma. Ukwaluka kwa mu milokele ya mfula ukufuma ku cilala ukufika ku kubundilwa kulalenga ukubulilwa kwa meenshi, ico icilenga ukukana kwata ameenshi ayasuma mu bulimi bwe sabi. Ukusendwa kwa mushili kuti kwaleta ama nyutilenti ukufuma ku mufundo wa fetalaisa ubomba mu bulimi nokupanga algal bloom. Ici kuti calenga ukucefya umwela wa okisijeni mu meenshi ico icingalenga isabi ukufwa. (Icikope 1). Ukunina kwa tempeleca kabili kulacefya ubwingi bwa okisijeni, ico icingatwala kwi sabi ukufwa. • Ifitumbuka mu kwaluka kwa miceele ifishilungamana no bulimi ku mulandu wakwalula inshila shakupangilamo ifyakulya kuti fyalenga imitengo yafibomfiwa mu bulimi ukucinja. Icilangililo, nga cakuti umutengo wa fyakulya fye sabi wanina, ici kuti calenga imitengo yakulisha isabi ukwilako pa mulu. • Ukutwalilila kwa cikuuku icifumya isabi mu fishiba kuti kwaleta ubuluse ku balimi besabi. Ifibi ifitumbuka mukwaluka kwa miceele filatukuma mu musango wafilemoneka ukucilapo mu miceele ya cila bushiku. Icikope 1 cilelanga ifibi ifyatumbwike mukwaluka kwa milokele ya mfula mu 2021-2022 mwi boma lya Mporokoso mu citungu ca Northern ifikumine ku kwaluka kwa miceele yanshita ntali, icalengele uku kwata ubulimi bwe sabi ubunoo ku balimi banoono abateeka sabi. Ukufulisha kwa mfula kwalengele amanyutilenti ayengi ukwingila mufishiba, nokufusha ama algae bloom ifyo fyaba fiilwani kwisabi. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 11 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Icikope 1. Ukufula kwa ma algae bloom mwi boma lya Mporokoso pa mulandu wakufulishakwa ma nyutilenti ayesa ukufuma kuli fetalaisa nefisoso fya mu meenshi.. Ukwaluka kwa mu milokele yamfula nako kulacilinganya imiteekele yesabi mu fitungu fya Northen na Luapula, pantu abalimi ilingi balasha ifishiba fyabo ilyo fyauma munshita ya cilala nga catantalila. Icikope 2. Icishiba cesabi icilekama ameenshi mwi boma lya Samfya (kukuso) elyo necishima icauma elyo nokucileka mwiboma lya Mpulungu(ku kulyo) fyonse nikumulandu wakucelwa kwa mfula. 12 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Icikope 3. Ifibumba fya cishiba na matanki ifyatobauka mwi Boma lya Luwingu pa mulandu wamfula ukulokelamo. Ifibumba fya cishiba na matanki ayaonaika ukulenga isabi ukufuma Ukukana kwanisha mu bulumi bwe sabi ku bantu mu ncende shimo ilingi ni pamulandu wakushingwana nefintu ifibi ifiletwa ne miceele ya cila bushiku elyo nefitumbuka mukwaluka kwa miceele yapa nshita ntali ifyo naula ifintu ififwile ukubomfiwa mubulimi bwe sabi ifili nga ameenshi ayabusaka , impanga, imbuto nefyakulisha isabi. 2.3.6 Abashakwanisha Abalimi banono bonse tabakwanisha ku mulandu wa fibi ifitumbuka mukwaluka kwa miceele. Mu Zambia banamaayo bashintililila mu ncende umwaba ameenshi, isho pamuku umo wine shibomba ku bulimi bwe sabi (IUCN 2017). Nga cakuti ishi ncende umusangwa ameenshi tashibomfiwe bwino nangu shauma pamulandu wamafya pa mulandu wakwaluka kwa miceele ya cila bushiku, banamayo abashintilila pali ishi ncende balakwata ubwafya. Ilyo ameenshi ayasuma yakowela indupwa shilashingwana na amalwele ya mu meenshi elyo nokulufya indalama shabo ishapa ng’anda. Ukubomfya ameenshi munshila isuma,ukukonka na tekinoloji wa bulimi busuma ukulingana ne miceele (CSA), kukafwa banamayo abashintilila pali ishi ncende sha meenshi. Ishi nshila sha kucimfishamo amafya nokubelesha ukubomfya shifwile ukusalanganishiwa ukutungilila imikalile isuma. Apa pali ubumi busuma ukupitila mukufusha ifyakulya umwaba umulyo (ukubikapo isabi) elyo no bulimi bwakukwatilamo ndalama kabili pamuku umo wine ukucefya ifintu ifibi ifyonaula incende. Ukunina kwa mitengo yafyakulisha isabi nako kula titikisha abalimi banono, abo pali ndakai tabakwanisha ukushita ifyakulisha isabi. . Inshila sha bulimi ishisuma ukukonka imiceele nisho ishikalacefya ukushintililafye pa fyakulisha sabi elyo nafimbi ifili nga fish oil ififwaikwa. Ukulingana nakabungwe kamona pa bulimi aka Food Agriculture Organization (FAO 2009), “inshila sha mibombele ya bulimi bwe sabi, isho ishishashintilila pa fyakulya fye sabi namafutal (icilangililo. bivalves n macroalgae), kuti shakushiwa ukucila ubulimi ubwashintilila pa fyakulya fishitwa” (2009:4). Abalimi banono abateeka isabi balashingwana na mafya ayengi, ukubikapofye ukukana kwata ukwakufumya umusango usuma uwa (ma fingalingi) mbuto ukwingi, Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 13 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa ukukana kwata isabi ilingekala panshita ntali, ukukana kwata ifyakulya fye sabi elyo ne miceele yacila bushiku iyakukana ishibikwa. (Kakwasha and Mudege et al. 2020). Napa mulandu uyu, aba balimi ilingi line bateeka isabi ilinono ukusansha ku cipendo 26% ica caalo ice sabi liteekwa, ico icilenga ukulaikata isabi lya mu mimana. Inshila shakucimfya amafya yakumine imbuto, ifyakulya fye sabi elyo nelyashi lya pa miceele filefwaika ukwafwa abalimi banono ukukusha ubulimi bwabo, ukuba abashipikisha ilyo kwaba ukwaluka mu miceele elyo, napakulekelesha ukufusha nokucingilila ifyakulya fyabo elyo ne mililile isuma pamo nendalama sha pa ng’anda. 3. Ubulimi busuma ubwe sabi ukuyana ne miceele Ubulimi bwe sabi ukuyana nangu ukukonka imiceele yapa nshita iinono nangu iyatantalila (CSA) bulatungilila imibomfeshe yaameenshi bwino elyo nokutungilila ifya kubomba ukukonka ukwaluka kwa miceele. Yaba ni nshila iyakondenkanishiwa isanshamo ukwishiba ifyakubelesha nokucefya amafya munshila iya kuti kwaba ukukosha ukutwalilila elyo nokucingilila fyakulya mu nshita yakwaluka kwa miceele. Inshila yabulimi bwe sabi ukuyana ne miceele ( CSA) ilolekesha pa mafya ayesako pa kwikatanya ifilekabilwa ukufikilisha ifyabikwa mufya kucefya ukwaluka kwa imiceele, ifyakubelesha iyi miceele elyo ne fyakukusha ubulimi ne ndalama. Ubulondo bwe sabi lya mu mimana no bulimi bwesabi ukuyana ne miceele bufwaya ukuwamya inshila mukubomfya bwino ifilengwa na Lesa pakukwata isabi ne fyakulya fisangwa mu fishiba, ukukwata inshila ishakalabana ishakukwatilamo ifi fyakulya fisangwa mu fishiba elyo nabekala caalo bonse abashintililamo ukusuminisha iciputulwa ukukonkanyapo ukwafwa mu buyantanshi bwakutwalilila. Kabili ubu bulimi bukabila ukwishiba nshila ishinga bomfiwa pakuti kwaba ukucefyako ubucushi bwa bantu maka maka abo abengatitikishiwa ku kwaluka kwa miceele (Ahmed na Solomon 2017) Ubulimi busuma ukuyana ne miceele ni nshila iyasanshamo imicitile ya bulimi bwe sabi iyapusaana pusaana nefya tekenoloji ukubikapofye no bulimi bumbi ubwasansanshiwa no bulimi bwe sabi nge micitle iisuma iyakutwalilila pakuti kube ukubelesha ififuma mukwaluka kwa miceele, ukulenga ukubomfya bwino ifibombelo elyo nokukusha busomboshi bwa pa faamu. Ukubomfya imicitile iisuma iya bulimi bwesabi pa faamu kabili yaaba lubali lwa mu bulimi bwe sabi ukuyana ne miceele. 3.1 Inshila shakukonka mukubelesha elyo nokucefya amafya yamiceele Inshila shakubeleshamo nokucefeshamo amafya ya miceele kuti shayafwa ukulundapo amaka yakushansha nokubelesha mu balimi banono pamofye ne filengwa na Lesa. Inshila sha bulimi nenshila sha tekinoloji kuti mwaba pali ifi: • Ubulimi bwesabi no bulimi bumbi ubwakondenkana nge nshila yakubelesha. • Ukwimba ifishima pakulapeela ameenshi mu nshita ya cilala • Ukubomfya amatanki ya meenshi ukucefyako ukusalangana kwa meenshi munshita ya cilala. • Ukwanshika fimo ifingalenga ameenshi ukusungililwa mu tushiba • Ukubomfya ameenshi ayabomfiwapo kale bwino pakuti kwaba ukulundilapo imibomfeshe isuma iya meenshi nokwishiba ukuti ameenshi yalapwa. • Amano ya tekinoloji ayakusungilamo ameenshi • Ukubelesha inshita yakuteeka isabi ukulingana nobutantiko bwa bulimi bwe sabi. • Ukukula imifoolo ya meenshi ne fibumba pakucefya ukubundilwa • Ukubomfya imitundu ye sabi iinga shansha ku fitumbuka mukwaluka kwa miceele pamo nga imilonge, impata, inkomo ifyo ifingashansha nga kuli umwela na meenshi ayanono. • Ukufikilisha imicitile yamitungulwile isuma iya bulimi bwe sabi • Ukubomfya icushi nelyo amalaiti ukucila amalasha paku kanga isabi • Ukususulula ameenshi ayafiko ayafuma mu fishiba fye sabi nangu ukubikamo umuti. Ukulunda pa nshila sha tekinoloji ishakubelesha ififuma mu miceele, inshila shimbi shikabila ifipani fya buteko nefikomo ukwalulwa ukushininkisha ukuti abalimi banono batungililwa kabili 14 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa balakwanisha ukupupuluka ku mafya ya leta imiceele. Ishi nshila paaba ukucingililwa (insurance) kwa mu fipe ukwayanguka nga balimi be sabi banono, ukumona ukuti kwaba ukupeela ilyashi lyapakupanga ubupingushi bwapa bulimi, ukusungilila ababomfi nefibomfiwa/ifibombelo fya mu bulimi pakuti kwaba ukutungilila abalimi mukubapeela ubwafwilisho ubwalinga. 4. Ubulimi bwe sabi–no Bulimi bumbi ubwakondenkana nge nshila ya tekinoloji iya bulimi bwe sabi ukuyana ne miceele Ici citabo cilelanda pa Ubulimi bwe sabi –no Bulimi bumbi ubwakondenkana nangu ubulimi bwe sabi nge nshila yatekinoloji munshita kwaba amafya ayakuma ku kwaluka kwa miceele. Iyi nshila ya kukondenkana mufya bulimi bwe sabi tenshila nangu tekinoloji uupya. Pakubala iyi nshila yatendeke mu China ukucila imyeshi 2000 apo abanensu batendeke ukubomfya, na kabili yalibomfiwa mu fyalo fya balungwana (South East Asia). Iyi nshila yaliseeka mu bulimi ubwakusungila ifiteekwa kunse elyo na mu bulimi bwakufisungilila pamo. Ici citabo cilekomaila paku kondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi no bulimi bunono ubwa fitekwa(nkoko ne mbushi). Abengi abalimi banono baibimba mu bulimi bwe sabi pa cipimo cinono, lelo imibombele yabo ilabwelela panuma ku kucepelwa no mutengo wa fyakulisha isabi lyamu fishiba. Abalimi banono abengi bateeka inkoko shacikaya elyo necipimo icinono icafiteekwa ifli nge mbushi. Leelo abengi saana balukile mukuteeka imbushi pa mulandu wakuti umunani wa mbushi nautemwikwa saana mu caalo cesu ica Zambia ne fyalo fyatushinguluka, maka-maka mu Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Namulifyo, abalimi banono balekabila ukukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi pamo no bulimi bwa fiteekwa elyo ne filimwa fya mu mushili nge shila imo iyakukwata ubulimi ubwakutwalilila kabili umuli ukushangana ubwaiminina pakufusha polofiti elyo nokucefyako ndalama shiposwa mu mibombele yonse. 4.1 Bushe ubulimi bwe sabi–nobulimi bumbi ubwakondenkana cinshi? Ubulimi bwe sabi –nobulimi bumbi ubwakondenkana ninshila yabulimi umo kuba ukuteeka isabi na fimbi ifya mweo fya mu meenshi ukusankanya pamo ne milimo ya mu bulimi bumbi ili nga ubulimi bwa fisabo elyo nokuteeka nama nangu ifyuni pakutungilila ubusomboshi ubukalamba bwakufumamo. Iyi nshila ya bulimi yaba nga seeko iyaiminina pakucefyako ubonaushi bwa fintu nokufusha ubusomboshi elyo nokuwamya mibombele. Abalimi kuti babomfya mufundo wacitindi(manyuwa) uufuma ku fiteekwa fya nama ne fyuni ukubiika mu fishiba fye sabi pa kuti ifimenwa fya mu meenshi filekula nokufula ifyo isabi lilya. Kabili kuti babomfya ifisekwa (ifisoso fishala panuma yakusombola) pa faamu nge fyakulya fyakulundapo ku fiteekwa naku musango umbi uwe sabi,ilili nga Coptodoni rendalli ifyo ifingalya ifisekwa fishala ku fisabo.Ama nyutilenti yasangwa mu fishiba fya meenshi kuti yabomfiwa ukutapilila ifisabo nangu mu ochadi. Kabili abalimi kuti babomfya amatipa nangu amaloba yasangwa mu cishiba ngo mufundo mu fisabo. Ifilangililo fimo ifyaseka saana muli ubu bulimi bwe sabi ubwakondenkana; ubulimi bwakukondenkanya nkoko pamo ne sabi (inkoko nangula ifibata). Ubulimi bwakukondenkanya nkumba pamo ne sabi. Elyo nobulimi bwakukondenkanya umupunga pamo ne sabi. 4.2 Mulandunshi kwingabela ukubomfya inshila ya bulimi bwe sabi -no bulimi bumbi iyakondenkana? Kwaliba imilandu ingi ilenga ukubomfya inshila ya bulimi bwe sabi no bulimi bumbi ubwakondenkana:nokuwamyako umwakufwaila indalamo elyo no bwikashi. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 15 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa • Ninshila iyakutwalilila umwaba ukushansha pakukusha nokukosha imisungile yafyakulya ne mikwatile ya ndalama. • Yaba ni mfungulo ya mubwikashi bwa balimi banono iyakwiswilamo inshila shimbi ishakukwatilamo indalama, ukusalanganya amafya bashingwana nayo, ukukwata ubusomboshi bwakukana cinja elyo nokufusha fyonse ifyo babomfya. • Inshila ilawamya imibombele elyo nokukwata polofiti wakusunga pa mulandu wakukondenkanya ubulimi ubwapusana pusana. • Inshila ilasungilila incende nefyesonde pa mulandu wakuti impanga iibomfiwa iba iinono paku sombolamo ifyapusana-pusana ifyamu meenshi nafyonse ifilimwa mupeepi ne fishiba. • Inshila ishapusana pusana isha mibomfeshe yaameenshi ne mpanga shilenga iyi mibombele ya bulimi ubwakondenkana nokushansha ukucila ukubomfya ameenshi ne mpanga pa ncintu fye cimo. • Inshila ilasalanganya amafya yaba bunonshi nefyakuma kuli sayanshi pa mulandu wakuti kulaba ukubomfya inshila shimbi, ukucila ukubomfya inshila imo mu bulimi icilangililo mubulimi bwa kusankanya umupunga ne sabi umo amanyutilenti yaba mu meenshi ukufuma ku busali bwe sabi fiba umufundo wa mupunga. • Ukubula ubu bulimi nge nshila iibomba mulaba ubutungulushi ubwalondoloka ubwakuma ku fintu Lesa apanga mu mushili na meenshi ifipema na ifishipema ukwikatana kwa fine fyeka. Isabi na umupunga ukusangwa pamo pantu ameenshi ayakwata umufundo ukufuma ku menshi yabomfya isabi yalapela umulyo ku mupunga mu mibomfeshe ya ya meenshi yamo yene. • Ukubomfya yeka nge nshila ya kondenkana, taitwalafye ubusomboshi pa ntanshi nelyo ukutungilila ubulimi ukuti butwalilile, lelo yalikwata umulimo wakucefyako amafya ayashingwana ne ciputulwa ca bulimi bwe sabi elyo nokuba abashansha mu nshita ya miceele yapa nshita ntali. • Kulaba ukulima ifilimwa ukucila pali fibili ico icitwala ku bulimi bwakucita ifintu ifingi nokuwamyako umwakufwaila indalamo elyo no bwikashi. 4.3 Mulandunshi kungabela ukukondenkanya nefiteekwa finono? Ubulimi bwakuteeka ifiteekwa finono bulafwilishako ukucingilila ifyakulya ne milile isuma no bwikashi ubusuma nga abalimi banono, pa milandu iyi iipeelwe: • Ifiteekwa finono kuti fyayafwako indupwa ukucita fimbi elyo no kushipikisha ngacakuti imibombele ye fwamu yasanswa ku miceele yacila bushiku ileyaluka-yaluka. • Fyonse ififumako ngamafi ya fyuni kuti fyaba mufundo usuma uwingabikwa mu cishiba ce sabi. • Ifiteekwa finoono filafushishako umunani wanama, umukaka na mani ifyo ifyaba intulo ya fyakulya filenga ukukula, ba vitamini A (ukuwamya inkanda, ukucefyako akafifi pa menso na ubulebe, elyo miniro (ayoni mwi libu ukutupela umulopa uwakashika). • Ukusankanya kwa bulimi bwa nkoko no bwe sabi kulenga impanga ukukana onaika, ukucingilila ifyakulya noku kwata imilili isuma, ukushansha ku mafya ayaponako nokucefya ubucushi bwakubulilwa ifyakulya. • Ubwikalo bwaba mu ng’anda bulawaminako, pantu ifiteekwa finono filasanda(ukufula) munshitafye inono ico filakwata utwana inshita ishingi ukucila ifiteekwa ifikalamba. • Ifiteekwa finono filakula bwangu ukucila ifikalamba. • Imisungile yafiteekwa finono ilaba iyayanguka ukucila ifikalamba. • Ifiteekwa finono fikwata impanga inono, amenshi nefyakulya ifinono pakufisunga. • Abalimi balabomfya citindi(umufundo) • Ifiteekwa finono filaba ifyashipa ku malwele na munshita ya cilala. • Imisungile ne misendele yalyanguka. • Kuti kwaba ukubomfya impanga inono iyasulwa ku bulimi. • Abalimi kuti babomfya umufundo mu magadeni yapa ng’anda ne fishiba fye sabi. 16 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 4.4 Bushe ubulimi- nobulimi bwe sabi ubwakondenkana bwasuntinkana shani? Ubulimi – no bulimi bwe sabi ubwakondenkana bwali suntinkana ku bulimi bwa fisabo elyo ne miteekele yafiteekwa munshila ishingi: 4.4.1 Ukukondenkana kwa citika Ubu bulimi bwakuti fyonse ifikumine imilimine filesangwa pe fwamu limo lelo fyalibikwa akatalamukila ukufuma kuli cila cintu. Icilangililo, ubulimi bwa fiteekwa ifili nge nkoko, imbushi, inkumba) umwakulala elyo ne fisabo fyaba ukutaliko ukufuma ku fishiba fye sabi, lelo filafwana ifine fyeka mu nshila ishapusana-pusana ngefi: • Citindi nelyo umufundo ukufuma mu mayanda ya fiteekwa ulabomfiwa mu fishiba fye sabi nge fyakulya fyesabi ifishipangwa no muntu elyo na mu fisabo pakuti fyapanga ngo mufundo. • Panuma ya busombososhi bufuma mufya mbuto, ifisense, amakapa, amabula, imisale, filapelwa ku fiteekwa ifili nge mbushi, inkumba elyo ne sabi ishilya fye icani nangula ifyakucimuti. Ifyaku nkonde nafyo filabomba ukulisha inkumba. • Pa numa yaku sombola isabi, ifisekwa fishala panshi ya cishiba ce sabi, filakwata umulyo waba miniro na vitamini ifingabomfiwa nga umufundo muli ba garadeni na mwibala ya fitwalo(ochadi) elyo namu fisabo fimbi ngo mufundo. • Ameenshi ayamu cishiba umwaba umulyo kuti yabomfiwa ukutapilila amagaladeniukubomfya ukulingana nefyo mwapanga ibala. Icikope 4. Ibala umwaba ukukondenkanya ubulimi pa faamu lyaba Manfred Bwalya mwi boma lya Samfya. IFISHIBA FYE SABI IFITWALO IBALA LYA NKONDE ING’ANDA YA NKUMBA ICINKA/ ITANGA LYA ICITELE/ NG’OMBE ING’ANDA YANKOKO Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 17 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Pa cikope 5, Umulimi mwi Boma lya Samfya ena atwalafye ifibata fyakwe ku cishiba ce sabi ilyo alefilisha pakuti ifitotooli fileponena mu fishiba nokupanga umufundo. Pa cikope 5. Ubulimi bwakukondenkana ukubomfya ifitotooli fileponena mu fishiba nokupanga umufundo. 4.4.2 Ukukondenkana Kwapwililika Iyi ninshla yakondenkana iyapwililika umo abalimi bakula ifiteele fyankoko pa mulu wa fishiba fye sabi pakuti amatootoli ya fitekwa yaleponenafye mu meenshi ya fishiba. 4.4.2.1 Ukutekela inkoko pamo nesabi Inkoko kuti shateekelwa pamo nesabi ukulesha imitengo ya fetalaisa nefyakulya fye sabi pakuti ubusomboshi bwakula. Inkoko kuti shabikwa pamulu nangu mupeepi nefishiba fye sabi. Ukuteeka inkoko pa mulu wa fishiba kwalikwata ifisuma ngefi; • Kulaba ukubomfya incende bwino • Kulaba ukucefyako umulimo wakusenda citindi wa nkoko ukuleta ku cishiba pa mulandu wakuti amatotooli ya mufitele yalaponena mu fishiba • Icitele ca nkoko cilaba icabusaka(na mumilimo yonse) • Takuba ukupeela ifyakulya pantu amatotooli ya nkoko yaponena mu fishiba • Takuba ukubomfya umufundo pantu amatotooli ya nkoko yalalenga ifishiba ukufunda Lintu amaplankton bloom yacitikwa, ameenshi yaba ayakatapa katapa sana ku mulandu wa caani, umwela wa oxigini mu meenshi limbi kuti wacepa no kulenga isabi ukufwa. Ici ngacacitika, bomfyeni ama maati nangu amapulasitiki ukwanshika panshi ya citele nelyo mukati ka citele, pakuti amatotooli nefya kulya ifishapo inkoko fileponenapo. Uyu mufundo wa manyuwa kuti wabomfiwa mu fya bulimi bumbi. Moneni ifikope 8 na 9 pesamba ifilelondolola imipekanishe yacitele pamulu wa cishiba ce sabi elyo nefyakukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi ne nkoko. Ukukwata manyuwa wa nkoko uwingi, abalimi abateeka inkoko shacikaya bafwile ukusungila inkoko mu citeele ukucila ukulayendelafye. 18 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Icikope 6 na 7 filelanga ukupekanya ing’anda pa mulu wa fishiba fye sabi pakuti ukukondenkanya isabi ne nkoko. Icikope 6. Ukupekanya ing’anda ya fyuni pa mulu wa cishiba cesabi. Icikope 7. Ukusankanya isabi nenkoko Inkumba nasho kuti shasankanishiwa no bulimi bwe sabi. Icikope 8 cilelanga ukukondenkanya inkumba ne sabi. Iyi nshila ibomfya amapaipi ukusamfya inkumba pakuti amafi yaleingila mu cishiba ce sabi. Icikope 8. Cilelanga ukusankanya kwa bulimi bwe sabi elyo ne nkumba pa Hopeways, iboma lya Mansa 4.4.2 Ukukondenkanya ubulimi ubwatalukana Iyi ninshila imo abalimi babomfya ififuma mu mabala nge fintu ifibomfiwa mu milimo ya bulimi bwe sabi. 4.4.3.1 Ukukondenkanya mbushi ne sabi Mu citungu ca Northern mu Zambia, abengi abalimi banono bateka imbushi ukucila ing’ombe ne nkumba, icilenga citindi wa mbushi muli ici citungu cilakwata citindi lyonse. Ici cilapeela amano yakukondenkanya imbushi ne sabi. Citindi wa mbushi mufundo uusuma saana mu fishiba fye sabi. Ukubomfya citindi wa mbushi ukufumafye ku mbushi ukubiika mu cishiba ce sabi casangwa kuti cibelelo icilundako ifipimo fya busomboshi bwa mbushi ne sabi. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 19 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 5. Ukubomfya ubulimi-nobulimi bwesabi ubwakondenkana ukwafwa abalimi ukubelesha nokucefya ififuma mukwaluka kwa miceele Ukubikako inshila shimbi palwa mifwaile yafyakulya elyo nokukondenkanya imisango yakuliminamo kuti yaba inshila iyacindama saana mukubelesha nokucimfya ififuma mu miceele yanshita ntali (Mbow nabanabo, 2019). Iyi nshila ilacefyako icikabilila nangula umwela uwakowela ukuya mu lwelele. Inshila yaba citika mu bulimi, ifyapimwa ifyakulisha elyo no mulyo upelwa pamo nokubomfya amalaiti fibafye ifyalinga. Ici cilepilibula ukuti amagasi tayalefuma ayengi. Mukulundapo, ubutekeshi bwa nama ne sabi, uko citindi wa nama shamu famu pamo nga inkoko, ii citindi ilapindulwa mumu fundo uupelwa kwisabi, umwela uubi uwa metheni naba naitrasi dayoxaidi ififuma mufibola filatalushiwa. Teebulo 1. Ifilangililo fyanshila shaba mubulimi bumbi-no bulimi bwesabi ubwakondenkana nefyo shibomba mukubelesha nokucefya amafya ya miceele. Inshila Ubulondoloshi Ukubelesha Imicimfishe Ukusankanya Ninshila iyacikaya - Ameenshi ya - Ama Garadeni iba ni kwakutekela pamo isabi, iibomfya ifiposwa mucishiba kuti yabomba nshila yakulundilako ba fishiba elyo ne nama fya mu bulimi fitatu ukutapilila, ukulenga kaboni, icakuti citindi ifyakondenkana: ama famu ukushansha wa nama abomba ngo garaden, icishiba ne kukwaluka kwa milokele mufundo ne sabi lilalya nama ya mfula, na mu nokulesha umwela uubi nshita yakucepelwa uufuma mu kubola kwa kwa meenshi, neci mafi ya nama. ukubomfya bwino meenshi yanono. - Kulaba ukulesha umwela uwasuntinkana - Iyi nshila ilalenga mukupanga umufundo ukubomfya bwino na ifyakulya fya fitekwa. umushili pakuti kwaba imisango iingi iya kuliminamo pa inshita fye imo ine. Inshila ya butekeshi bwe Ubulimi bwafunguluka - Iyi nshila yakupilibula - Ukubomfya bwino Sabi ne nama ubwe sabi no bwamu ifisoso ifyashaifulila umufundo ufuma mushili mu bwine bweka ilapela isabi ba miniro, kufisoso ilacefyako buletako fye ifisoso naitrojeni, ba fosiforasi, ukufuma kwa myela ifingi, nokukowesha ba vitamini icakuti yaba kaboni dayoxisaidi, kwa mwela, umushili na icipendo ca busomboshi meveni, naitrojeni, meenshi. ubukulu. ifilenga icipuki. Ukulangililafye, lintu - Kulaba ukucefyako umufundo uufuma ukutitikishiwa - Kulaba ukusola ku nama ne fimuti kwakucepelako kwakuposa imwela wabomfiwa pa mushili, kwafikulisha wakowela lintu nga cakuti wafula saana isabi pamo nga balepanga ifilyo fye sabi. uwalenga ameenshi amatuwa(pulankitoni) ukuba icicelekese nelyo nokulenga uyu mwaba ba asidi iilenga musango wa milimine umushili ukuuma iyashintililwapo. saana. Mu butekeshi bwa bulimi bwe sabi ne nama ubwakondenkana, fyonse ifyamu famu ifyasongoloka nelyo imfimpulukunsu ubwakondenkana, fyonse ifyamu famu ifyasongoloka nelyo imfimpulukunsu 20 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Inshila Ubulondoloshi Ukubelesha Imicimfishe Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 21 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa ukwangufyanyako,uku- cefyako ifyakuposa nokupeleshanya kulifimo ne finankwe ngefi fipema nefipema ifimuti, inama, abantu mu ncende pamo nga ukufumya umwela wakowela mu meenshi, mu mushili ku fipema nefya fwa mu nshila Lesa afingilamo namuli ba te- chinologi.Ifimuti, umusa- lu nelyo ifyani fyakulisha isabi fifwile ukufumyako fyonse ifinya isabi kabili isabi nalyo ukutuka fi- menwa fya mu meenshi Intulo ya fyebo: Anschell naSalamanca 2021. Namukusupawila, iyi nshila yakukondenkanya ubulimi ilacefyako ubonaushi mu fisoso fyakuposa nokukushako ubusomboshi ukubomfya fyonse i nge fiko kufya mbuto-mbuto, ku fitekwa fya nama ne sabi, na fyonse ifiko ngefyo mu nshila shimbi. Iyi nshila bulimi, kanshi ilapela abalimi ukukana shintilila pa fipangwa muli ba indastiri pamo ngo umufundo wakushita nefyakulya bapanga ifyakulisha inama nelyo isabi ifyo ifilundako umwela uubi uwingaisanga mumeenshi, mu mushili na mulwelele. 6. Ukusansha ubulimi bwe sabi pamo ne fyuni Uku kukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi pamo na ifyuni, kutekela pamo imisango ya fyuni pamo nga inkoko, ifibata elyo na ba kaluku-luku. Umuntu kuti ateka inkoko shakupela umunani, ishakupela amaani nangula fyonse fibili ukupela umunani na maani. Ukulingana naba Agri- farming, “Umutundu we sabi uwingakondenkanishiwa pamo no butekeshi bwe sabi waba musango we sabi ilyo ilinga susulula no kulya ba pulankitoni, zuupulankitoni natuma bakitiria tusangwa mu cishiba ce sabi. Nga cakuti umulimi tatekele ifyuni ifingi, ukukondenkana takuletamo ubukumu ukulingana nefinga poswamo. Kanshi pakuti kube ukubomfya bwino ifiposwa pamo no bukumu, umulimi alekabila ukukwata 500-6,000 ifyuni fyamu citele hecta umo uwa cishiba (Ramanathan et al. 2000). Nga kulinganya kwa kubika umufundo cila bushiku ba kilogilamu 50 -60 muli hekita umo uwa cishiba ce sabi. (Agrifaring, website). 6.1 Inkoko ne fibata Ifyuni ifikula bwangu ifyakutekela paku peela amaani no munani fisuma ukufikondenkanya mu bulimi bwa nkoko ne sabi. Lelo abalimi kuti babomfya inkoko sha cikaya ne fibata ifyaseka sana nge fitekwa mu mishi mu Zambia, kabili ifipela umulyo waba puroten (ifyakulya fitulenga ukukula na ukucingililwa ku malwele) maka-maka mu ncende sha mishi sha ku kapinda kakuso(Northern Region).Pa mulandu wakuti shilashipikisha saana ku malwele kabili fyalyanguka ukufishilisha. Mu Zambia mu ncende sha mu mishi, inkoko sha mu mushi ne fibata, bafileka fye fileyendela nokuifwala ifyakulya no mwakulala. Muli ubu bulimi ubwakondenkana ubwe sabi no bulimi bumbi, nga kwaba ukubomfya inkoko ne fibata, abalimi balekabilwa ukucinja imitungulwile yabo pakuti bakwata amatotooli ayalinga mu fishiba fye sabi. Ifibata fyalikosa no kushansha ku malwele yekata ifyuni ifiteekwa. Kabili filasanduluka bwangu nangu tafilesungwa bwino. Fyalyanguka ukufiteeka ku bantu abekala mu mishi.Nga fyasungwa umwaisalilwa, kuti fyafula bwangu nokulakwata amani ukucila inkoko. 22 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 6.1.1 6.1.1 Inkoko sha mu mushi Kwaliba imitundu ya nkoko iingi mu Zambia. Teebulo 2. Imitundu yankoko sha mu mushi Umutundu wa Nkoko Ifishibilo fyafiko Isha mikoshi • Tashikwata amasako pa mikoshi • Ukukula ukwalinga • Shilabikila amani ukufika(18) • Yonse amani ngacakuti shalaalila kuti yatootwa • Shisuma mu mitotelele muncende ishacikaya. • Shisuma mukushipikisha ku malwele Isha molu ayepi • Amolu ayepi • Ishalinga mbukulu • Kuti shabikila 14 ukufika kuli 18 • Shisuma mukubilila amani nokutoota • Kuti shatotola amani yonse aya lalilwa Ishakwata amasako pa mulu wa mutwe • Shilakwata amasako pa mutwe icimoneka kwati cisote • Ishikota shalikwata amaka yakubikila amani ayeni nokutoota bwino • Shilabikila 18 no kucila • Shaliba shikalamba mukumoneka Amakanga (ayamabala mabala) • Shilakwata mu masako utumatoni utwafitulukila nokubutulukila • Shilakwata utumatoni kuti utwa bulauni no kufiita • Shikalamba mukukula • Shilabikila amani 10 ukufika kuli 14 Inkoko sha Furizo • Amasako yaaba fye ayasalangana nelyo ayatelela • Tashakosa ku malwele, kanshi shi lafwa ku cikuko Ishakwata amasako ku mikonso • Amasako ku mikonso yalenga inkoko ukulamoneka kwati naifwala toloshi Utwipi nelyo utunsanda • Twaba utunono kabili utwipi saana • Twalishipa ku malwele • Tatushitiwa saana pa mulandu cimo iciipi • Tubikila amani 12 ukufika kuli 18 Intulo: MAL 2013 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 23 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 6.1.2 Ifibata Kwaba imitundu ine (4): iya fibata mu Zambia: iyi mitundu niyi: Aylesbury, Pekin, khaki Campell elyo na Muscovy. Lelo Muscovy e mutundu wa fibata uwaseka mu Zambia. Tebulo 3. Imitundu ya fibata iyaseka mu Zambia Umutundu Ifishibilo fyafiko Muscovy • Ifilume(drakes) filafina ama kilogramu ukufika kuli 7kg elyo ifikota • fyena 3.6Kg • Filakwata amalangi ayengi ukusansha ukufita, ukubuta, elyo iya fiita no twabuta • • Ifilume fyalikwata utupapatu twa nkanda utwakashikila mumbali ya meenso naku milomo • Filabikila amaani ukufika 80 pa mwaka • Ifikota filabikila amani ukufuma 8 -16, elyo ukuyabika muli incubator nokulolela imilungu 10 ukufika kuli 12. • Tafifwaya kwikala pa maani • inshiku shakulalila 35 nangu ukusungwa mu incubator (ci mashini citotola amaani) Aylesbury • intulo yafiko niku ma Ngalande(England) • Fibata ifikulu ifitekwa pakupela umunani nokulangisha • Amasako ayabuuta, umulomo wa pinki, amolu na amakasa aye oranshi (orange) • Filena bwangu ukufika kuli kilogiramu 2.3 pa mushinku wa milungu 8 icakuti calinga nokucilya nangu cakuti cili tacilakula • Ifilume filafina ba kilogramu 4.5 ukufika 5.5 elyo ifikota ba kilogramu 4 ukufika 5fi • Filabikila amani ukufuma pali 40 nokufika kuli 10 • Cakwatafye inshiku 28 ukulalalila pakuti citotele Pekin • Fyatuntuka ku China • Filatekwa pakupeela amani no munani • Ifibata nga fyakula filafina ba kilogiramu 3.5 ukufika kuli 5 • Amasako yaba ayabuuta, amolu na imilomo ya macungwa macungwa (orange) • Tafibikila • Filabikila amani ukufika kuli ba 200 pa mwaka • Fyakwata inshiku 28 pakuti yatotolwe Khaki Campbell • Fyatuntuka ukufuma ku Mangalande (England) • Filatekwa pa mulandu wakuti filabikila amani ukufika pa cipimo 300 pa mwaka • Fiisa mwilangi lya khaki, ifitulukila noku buuta no mutwe uwafiita • Palapita imyeshi 6 pakufika pa mushinku wakukula • Tafyaseeka ukulalila kanshi cilekabila ukutotola amani ukubomfya fimashini nangula ukubika pa nkoko ilelalila • Fyakwate fye inshiku 28 ishakutotwelamo Intulo: Cawaminishiwa ukufuma ku MAL 2013. 24 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Ifibata nga kukonka fitendaka ukubikila amani pa mushinku wa myeshi 6. Ifikota fikula pa myeshi 5 kabili ifilume pa myeshi 8 elyo icibata cimo kuti catamfya ifibata ukufika ku fikota 4. Ifibata fya Muscovy fyena filatamfya no mutundu umbi uwa fibata lelo utwana twisa mukufumamo tulaba ing’umba. Elyo filalalila amani yabo no kutangata utwana, lelo imitundu imbi iya fibata tailalila, kanshi amani yafiko yakabila ukuya totola kuliba mashini. Inshita yakutotelamo yaba fye imilungu 4 ukufumyakofye ba Muscovy ifyakwata imilungu 5. Ifibata fyaba Muscovy filalila no kutotola amani ukufika kuli 30, lelo imitundu imbi iya fibata itotolafye 15 ukufika kuli 20. Inkoko kuti shabomfiwa ukulalila amani ya fibata. Mu Zambia, abalimi banoono nabakalamba bateeka ifibata ifya munani na mani. Ifibata fyalikosa no kushansha ku malwele yekata ifyuni ifiteekwa. Kabili filasanduluka bwangu nangu tafilesungwa bwino. Fyalyanguka ukufiteeka ku bantu abekala mu mishi. Nga fyasungwa umwaisalilwa, kuti fyafula bwangu nokulakwata amani ukucila inkoko. Ifibata kuti fyasungwa munshila iili yonse, ukuteekela mu citele, ukwisalilwa pamuku umo wine nokwiswila elyo nangu ukufileka fileyanglila. Mu kwisalilwa, amayanda ya fibata yaba cimo cine nga mayanda yankoko ayakulwa pa mulu wa nkoko pakuti amatotoli yapeela umufundo ku meenshi ya mu cishiba. Amayanda kabili kuti yakulwa mumbali yafibumbili umo fingalalila nokunwa ameenshi ukwabula ubwafya. Icikope 9 cilelanga ifyakukondenkanya ubulim bwa fibata ne sabi. Mu miteekele umo fyendaukafye, ifibata filakwata inshita yakufwaya ifyakulwa mu ncende yameenshi nangu umwalimwa, elyo nokulya utusabi tunono nefishishi. Muli iyi mitekele, ifibata filakula ukufika imyeshi 6 pakuti fishitishiwe. Icikope 9. Ukukondenkanya ifibata ne sabi 6.2 Ukuteeka inkoko Mu Zambia, abalimi abanoono ilingi line baseka ukuteka inkoko sha mu mushi ukubomfya inshila yaseka iyacikaya. Mu Zambia, abalimi ilingi line bateeka ifibata ukulayendelafye mu lubansa. Tebulo 4 wakonkapo ulepalanya ifyo fyapangwa, ukumoneka, ubusuma no bubi bwa iyi mitundu itatu. Teebulo 4. Ukuteeka inkoko elyo nobusuma no bubi bwabamo. Ubulondoloshi bwa Ishendaukafye(- Pakati ka kucingililw Ishacingililwa (In- mitekele Free-range or Extensive) nokuyendela (Semi-in- tensive) tensive) Ifyakwishibilako • Ishi nkoko tashakwata • Ishi nkoko shilakwata • Inkoko shilas- ati umo shikala. ifitele ifyacingililwa no ungwa mu fitele. • Ishi nkoko shiyendelafye lupango. monse umuli ifyani na mupeepi ya mayanda Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 25 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Ubulondoloshi bwa Ishendaukafye(- Pakati ka kucingililw Ishacingililwa (In- mitekele Free-range or Extensive) nokuyendela (Semi-inten- tensive) sive) • ishi nkoko shena • Ishi nkoko shilayendela • Ifitele fya nkoko shilaifwaila ifyakulya akasuba no bushiku filabikwamo pamo nga ifipaso, pa ncende apaba ifintu ifingi pamo ifyambo, ububenshi ifyani iyabikwako no nga umwakulila, nefya nseke-nseke. lupango. Ishi nkoko umwakunwina, • Ishi nkoko shilasanga shilapeelwa umwakulila, ulubuuto ba mineral (ayoni, umwakunwina no nefi bokoshi kashamu, foshiforashi) mwakubikila amani. umwakulalila ifilenga umulopa • Ishi nkoko shilapelwa amani. ukukashika, ukukosha ameenshi nefyakulya • Ishi nkoko amafupa nokukusha fyalundwako. shilalya bwino umubili ukufumya • Ishi kota naba mukolwe no kunwa mu fyani na mu mushili. shendelafye pamo. mukumanina. • Ishi nkoko • Ishi nkoko shilapekanishiwa tashipelwa umwakulala mu nshuta ishuko yakulalila ya bushiku ku fimuti. amani pa • Ishi nkoko shilaipangila mulandu wakuti ifinsa umwakubikila amani yalatolwa amani no kutotolwa na • Ishikota pamo ne fimashini. shilume shendela pamo • Mu nshila lyonse imbi, utwana • Panuma yakutotola, twa nkoko bana nkoko tulasumunwa balasakamana utwana panuma ya • Ameenshi yalapelwa milungu ibili Ubusuma bwaku • Ilyo lyonse • Inkoko shilakwata • Amatotooli kondenkanya umulimi alefwaya ukulishiwa ifyakulya ayasuma inkoko no bulimi ukukondenkanya inkoko fyalundwako ico icilenga yalafula ayesa bwe sabi no bulimi bwe sabi, na matotooli ayapona mukubikwa umusango wakuteka yali ayawama. pamo mu inkoko ishi ifwaila no • Amatotooli ayengi kuti fishiba fye sabi kuyendela tacicitika. yakolonganishiwa ukucila pa mulandu Ifibata ayafuma ku nkoko wakuti inkoko • Ifibata filendauka mu shiyendela nokuilisha. shilapelwa ncende mwaba amenshi ifyakulya na mu ncende umwaba na meenshi utusabi tunono ne ifyakumanina. fipaso. Muli iyi mitekele • Amatotooli ifibata filasenda imyeshi ayengi 6 pakuti fikule. Amafya/ububi • Citindi uukolonganishiwa • Abakukolonganika citindi • Indalama aba umunono uupelwa baba abalinga. shibikwamo kwi sabi. • Kuti limbi basenda pakuti fye bakule • Inshila yaliba iyamafya inshita itali amayanda ya kabili teti ilinge ukukolonganika citindi nkoko, ifyakulya ukukondenkanya ubulimi uwalinga. shilaba ishingi. ne sabi. • Citindi kuti aba umubi • Cilakabilwa • - Mufundo/manyuwa ukulingana nefyakulya ababomfi uulaba ubi maka filundwapo abengi pakuti maka mu myeshi kube ukusunga ilyo ifyakulwa fyafya inkoko. ukukwata. Intulo: Cawaminishiwa ukufuma ku MAL 2013. 26 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Icikope 10. Namayo umulimi alelondolola ifyo bakwata ubwikashi bwabo ukupitila mukuteeka inkoko mwi boma lya Mpulungu. 6.3 Mulandunshi kufwile ukubela ukukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi ne fyuni? Ukulingana naba Agrifarming, amatotooli yafuma ku fyuni fya kuteeka ya suma saana nga ifyakulisha isabi. Uyu citindi nangu manyuwa wa nkoko walikwata icipimo ca pa muulu ica mucele uusunguluka umwaba ‘‘Naitreti’’ na ‘‘Foshiforasi’’. Kuti mwasankanya pamo inkoko sha maboloila ne shakuponya amani nelyo inkoko ishakwata imilimo ibili” (Agrifarming, nd) Amatotooli ya fyuni ya pindulwa bwino mu bulimi bwe sabi ukucila mu bulimi bwa mu mushili. Citindi ya nkoko ilafwilisha saana mukusandulula utushishi beta Zuupulankotoni, utushishi utulya amatuwa nelyo ifimenwa fya mu cishiba. Utu ma Zuupulankitoni twendela pamo nama bakitiria ayafwilisha ukufungaula ifisoso ififuma mu fiteele fya fyuni icakuti fyaba fyakulya fyakulisha inkoko na kabili. Mufyo ba Agrifarming bafwailisha, “Panshi ya cishiba ce sabi palapangwa ico beta detiritashi, iiyi peela kemiko wakutekelesha utushishi utunoono maka maka tu chironomid larva.” Ukukondenkanya ubulimi bwa fyuni bufumya ubusali ubunono elyo, “Hekita umo uwa cishiba ce sabi umuli ameenshi yacikalishi yalikwata amaka yakupindula ifisoso fifuma ku mitekele ya fyuni 1, 500, umufuma ubusomboshi bwe sabi ukufika kuli 10 MT/ha ukwabula ukufwailapo ifyakulisha nangula fetilaiza” (Little and Satapornvani 1997: 426). Ifibata fibomfya icshiba cila bushiku ukunwamo ameenshi no kupemamo umwela uusuma (AQAI 2021). Ifibata filakusha busomboshi pamulandu wakuti filapeela umulyo (ama nyutilenti) (AQAI 2021). Ifibata filapoka 50-75% icipendo conse icafyakulya fifwaikwa ukufuma mu cishiba icine mu usango wa mashinge, utushishi, molasikisi ukulumbulapo finono ifyo ifishipanga fyakulya fye sabi (AQAI 2021). Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 27 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 6.3.1 Fintu nshi ifisuma ifikabilwa mukukondenkanya bulimi bwa fyuni no bwe sabi ne mibombele isuma? Ubulimi bwa fyuni no bulimi bwe sabi ubwakondenkana “bukabila icipimo ca tempeleca iyakabilila nolubuto lwa kasuba mu mwaka onse pakuti kwaba ukukusha fyonse fibili isabi elyo nefyakulya ifiipangwa palwafiko” (Little and Satapornvani,1997: 428). Icipimo cakukaba nga cabwelela panshi cilalengako ukucefyako ubwingi bwa fisoso ifingalulwa mu ncende yafishiba fye sabi (Little and satapornvani,1997). Icikabilila icifwaikwa ukukushishamo isabi ukubomfya ifisoso fya fyuni ni 25 0C (Little and Satapormvani,1997; 428). Ukushansha kwe sabi ku mufundo wa citindi wafyuni nako kulapusana. Umutundu we sabi lifwaya umwela ilili ngo muta kuti lyashansha mu mwela uwingi uwingila. Uyu mutundu we sabi kabili limbi tawakosa ukubomfya umwaba sana amatuwa nefyani fimbi. Mu Thailand, cipimo calingile ica mufundo wa citindi wa fyuni mu fishiba umwabikilwe mufundo wamu fakitori (5kg N/ha/d) walisangilwe ukufika 75Kg/ha/ mu mulungu umo umwalifye umutundu we sabi umo uwa Nile tilapia (Knud-Hansen et al, 1991). Ifi fipimo fya citindi filepela icikope ica Livestock Feed Resources mu bulimi ubwakondenkana umuli 441 mwela wa oxygini ne fyakulya fipangwa mu cishiba icikwete saana ifiimenwa. Green et al (1994) bapeele icipendo ca busomboshi cimo cine (20 kg/ha/ pa bushiku) ica Nile tilapia ukubomfye fipimo ifyacilapo ifya citindi wa nkoko mukusankanya no mufundo wakupanga mu mafakitoli (LittleandSatapornvani,1997:440). “Mukupusanako, umutundu we sabi uwitwa Microphagous Nile Tilapia, isabi ilyangukilila ukwishiba ukucepa kwa mwela wa oxijini mu nshita ya lucelo lelo kuti lyaikala ukubomfya citindi wa fibata ifibikila amani ukufuma 1,000 ukufika 1,500 muli hekita umo uwa cishiba ukwabula ukusanshamo umufundo umbi. Ukubomfya fye citindi wa fyuni weka-weka, icipimo ca busomboshi cilafika ku 12MT, nangu 5-6MT/ha, cintu icimoneka ukwanguka mu butekeshi bwa mutundu wa tilapia umo” (Little and Satapornvani 1997). 6.3.2 Ifya kukondenkanya ifyuni mu fishiba fye sabi? Kwaba inshila shibili isha kukondenkanishamo ubulimi bwa fyuni no bulimi bwe sabi: ukukula icitele cakwikalamo ifyuni pa muulu wa fishiba (veetiko) nangu ukupalamisha ubulimi bwa fyuni mupepi napali icishiba. 6.3.2.1 Ukukondenkanya kwa kubika ifitele pa mulu wa fishiba (veetiko) Uyu musango wa kukondenkanya uwakukuula icitele pa muulu ukusuntinkanya ne cishiba ce sabi ubomfiwa ku mabuloila nenkoko sha mani lelo ifishima fikwata ameensi yakunwa nangu ukusamba ifipela ameenshi ku fishiba fye sabi ilingi line fibomfiwa ne fibata nabakalukuluku (Little and Satapornvani, 1997). “Ukukula icitele ca fyuni pa muulu wa cishiba cilalenga amatotooli ukuponena mukati ka cishiba, ico icicefyako incito yakukolonganika.” (Little and Satapornvani,1997:438). Ukwima kwa bufumi bwa menshi ayatalala mu cishiba kuti kwa cefyako ukutitikishiwa kwa mabuloila(Theimisiri,1992) (Little and Satapoinvani,1997). Ilyo mulekula icitele ca nkoko pa muulu wa cishiba ce sabi, pangeni amapila yakonkiliti nangula imilando iilepele 2.4m mubutali mu mulu,1.2m ukushika panshi mukati elyo 1.2m ukufuntukila pa muulu pa kuti cayanguka ukwimya ama keeji pa muulu wa cishiba ce sabi neci ukwafwako abantu ukubomba bwino mwisamba lya fitele. Pa nshi yama Keeji kuti mwapangilapo isumbu lya waya pakuti amatotooli yaleponena fye yeka mu cishiba ce sabi. (Ramanathan et al, 2020). Ubwafya ubuakaamba ubwaba muli uyu musango bwakuti mwaliba ubusanso bwakututila amatotooli ya nkoko ukucila mu cipimo, ico icikuma ukukana kwata ameenshi ayasuma ne cipimo ca mwela wa oxigini. Leelo ukufulisha kwa matotooli kuti kwacimfiwa ngacakuti mwakuula icitekele ca fyuni pali konkili nelyo pa mushili ukucila ukubika mumulola ne cishiba ce sabi, pa kuti lyonse kuleba ukukolonganika ku minwe nangu ukubomfya mashini. Iyi nshila imbi kuti yacefyako ifiposwa pa bukule kabili cilafwa abalimi ukushitishako citindi wa fyuni pa cipimo balefwailamo (Little naSatapornvani 1997). Elyo ukulapyanishamo ameenshi yambi libili-libili kulacefyako ba pulankitoni (amatuwa) nge fimenwa ifitulamana nokucefyako amafya yakukowesha ameenshi pa mulandu wakuponenamo ifintu ifingi. (Little na Satapornvani 1997). 28 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 6.3.2.2 Ukupalamisha icitele ca fyuni ku fishiba fye sabi Abalimi bafwile ukukolonganika citindi ukufuma mu citele nokusungila muncende iyacingililwa. Bafwile ukulabika uyu mufundo wa citindi cila luceelo panuma yakutula kwa kasuba ukubomfya icipimo 50-60kg cila hekita. Uyu musango walikwata ubusuma bubili. Ukwima kwa bufumi bwa menshi ayatalala mu cishiba kuti kwa cefyako ukutitikishiwa kwa mabuloila (Theimisiri,1992) (Little and Satapoinvani,1997) elyo nokukwata ameenshi kulawamishako ukukula kwa masako ya fibata, nangu imikulile ya fine kuti yabipa (Edwards, 1986) Amafya yabamo yakuti ukuleka ifibata ukwendauka mu mabumba ayakalamba pa mulu wafishiba kuti fyaonaula ifishiba nokukowesha ameenshi, nangu ukucingilila ifibata ukwingila mu meenshi kuti kwalesha ubu bwafya. (Edwards et al, 1983) (Little and Satapornvani, 1997:439). Edwards et al. (1983) kabili basangile ukuti amafya yakumine kumishitishe ya mani yafibata, elyo no mutengo wafyakulya uwaba pamulu filacingilila abalimi banoono ukukana kwata nelyofye ifibata ukufika kuli 30 mu fishiba ifinoono ifikulile (200m). Kabili abalimi abakwata ifitekwa fya fyuni ifyalingafye ukulinga no bukulu bwa cishiba bafwile ukulundilapo amanyutilenti pakufusha ubusomboshi’ (Little and Satapornvani, 1997) 6.3.2.3 Ukubomfya umufundo ukufuma ku matotooli ya fyuni Umufundo wamanyuwa uufuma ku matotooli ya fyuni kuti wabomfiwa uwafuleshi nangu panuma waku pindula, ukutungilila ifyakulya ifipangwa palwafiko mu fishiba fye sabi ifipokelela ulubuuto lwa kasuba (Little and Satapornvani, 1997). Cintu icalinga ukulaceceta umwela wa oxigini uucilile pa cipimo 75kg DM/ha mu bushiku bumo ukukana pela uwingi ukucila mu cipimo ukulingana ne mitekele ye sabi (mu myeshi 4-8), ukulenga ukucepelwa kwa mwela wa oxijini mu nshita ya luceelo’ (Little and Satapornvani, 1997:448). Ukulinganafye ifyuni ifikulu filapeela amatotooli ayengi ukucila utuni utunoono. Ici cilenga amatotooli yapangwa ukufulilako mu nshita yakuteeka amaboloila. Ifyuni fibikila amaani filapeela kashamu na fosifalasi umwaba umulyo uwingi ukucila mu maboloila elyo ifyakulya fimbi ifipyanikishiwapo ukupeela ifyuni ifyabamo saana faiba tafiba bwino saana ukucila ififuma ku fyuni fibikila amaani (Little na Satapornvani 1997). Nge cilangililo, ukubomfya ifyuni ifibikila amani ifyafina lyonse elyo nokupeela lyonse amatotooli ayalinga fyalyanguka ukusunga ukucila amaboloila umo amatotooli yashingulukafye mumo mwine. (Hopkins and Cruz 1982). Ukusanga ifyuni fyakupyanikishapo pa nshita iyalinga, umuti wakufipeela elyo nobufwayo bwa pa malikeeti kuti fyaba ifyakosa mu misungile ya bulimi bwa fyuni pamo na matotooli fipeela. (Little and Satapornvani 1997). 6.3.2.3.1 Ifipimo fyakubikilamo umufundo uufuma ku fyuni Icilangililo camipendele #1 Fyuni finga abalimi bafwile ukukwata nga cakuti imifuko 50 ilefina 60kg umo uwa mufundo ulefwaikwa muli hekita mu bushiku bumo. Ifyakukonka: Inkoko imo ilapeela 0.1kg ya matotooli cila bushiku. Ubwasuko: 50 kg= 10,000m2 ma kg yanga aya mufundo muli 1m250 kg = 10,000 m2? х = 1 m2 10,000x = 50kg 10,000x/10,000 = 50/10,000 х = 50/10,000 = 0.005 kg/m2 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 29 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Pa kusanga impendwa ya nkoko pa cishiba ce sabi, kuti mwatamusha ubukulu bwa cishiba (m2) na 0.005 pa kusanga ama kilogalamu ya mufundo pa bushiku bumo elyo nomba ukwakanyamo 0.1 kilogiramu ya mufundo cila bushiku pa nkoko imo pa kwishiba ubwingi bwa nkoko mu bukulu bwaico cishiba. Icilangililo #2 Bushe mufundo unga ne nkoko shinga shinga kabilwa pa bukulu bwa cishiba ce sabi 600m2? Ubwasuko: 600 m2 * 0.005 = 3 kg ya mufundo cila bushiku Inkoko imo = 0.1 kg umufundo cila bushiku shinga inkoko pa bukulu bwa cishiba ce sabi 600m2 = 3kg/0.1kg =3kg /0.1kg= 30 inkoko. 6.3.3 6.3.3 Ifibelesho fisuma ifya kukondenkanishamo isabi nenkoko. Abalimi bafwile Kufwile kwaba ukukonka ifi fibelesho cila nshita pakuti kwaba ukuwamya ukukondenkanya kwe sabi nenkoko: • Ukumona ifyo ama algae bloom elyo nokusampula isabi pakuti muceceete ifyo lilekula • Ukulaceceta ubumi bwe sabi cila nshita • Bomfyeni inshila ishakutekelamo ifyuni ukupitila mukufibika mu citele nangula mu shedi. • Saleni inkoko ishikula bwangu nelyo isho shibikila bwino amaani mu bulimi bwe sabi ubwakondenkana no bulimi bwa fyuni. • Ifyakulya fyalundwapo ifibi elyo nokukana bika ifyuni mukati ka citele mufuma umufundo ushipangwa bwino ushingalinga ukubika mu cishiba ce sabi”(Little and Satapornvani 1997:431) • Umufundo uufuma ku fibata filishiwa na makapa ya mataba ulakwata nitrojeni (nitrogen) uwingi, sogaamu ewa konkapo elyo uufuma ku makapa ya mupunga ewakwata uunono, ukutupeela icipimo cacila fyakulya (Little and Satapornvani 1997:431). • Ifyuni ifikushiwa pa fyakulya fyalinga filapeela umufundo uusuma, umwaba umulyo uwingi ukucila ulya ufuma ku fyuni filishiwa ne filyo fyalundwako (Little and Satapornvani 1997: 431). • Bomfyeni ifyakulya fya nkoko ifyabamo umulyo. Umutundu wa fyakulya mupeela nkoko nao ulakuuma saana ku busuma bwa matotooli inkoko shipeela. Amatotoli aya shafikapo busuma kabili yalalenga imikulile ye sabi ibe iibi. 6.3.3.1 Ifyakulisha Ifyuni Inkoko shikabila ifyakulya ifyalinga pakuti shileendauka umo shifwile ukuya, ukubweseshamo amasako yambi, ukulwisha amalwele, pakukula, napakuti shitampe ukubikila amani. Nga fintu caba fye ku bantu, ifilyo fya nkoko mufwile ukuba umulyo wa kaboidireti fipeela amaka, protein, amafuta yakulenga umubili ukukabilila, vitamin, amaminiro pamo nga ukukosha amafupa yambi ukulenga umulopa ukukashika, ba faiba ifyafulisha ukuti ifyakulya filesunguluka nokukana ikala muma tumbo elyo na meenshi. Inkoko ishilishiwa bwino shilapanga amatotooli ayasuma ayakuti yakondenkanishiwa bwino mu bulimi bwe sabi. Ifyakulya ifyalondoloka elyo nemilile isuma filafushishako umunani wankoko na maani elyo nokulenga ukukula bwangu ne cipimo ca mikulile icisuma. Ukwabula ifyakulya fyalundwako, inkoko shilekala ne nsala mu nshita shimo isha mu mwaka nga cakuti kwaba ukushileka ukulaifwaila mu mushili nelyo ukupelwa ifishalako panuma yakulya filapeela amaka yakuipokolola ku malwele elyo nokupanga amatotooli ayasuma. Ifyakulya umwaba umulyo uwakumanina filabomba saana mu fyo inkoko shi bomba. Umulyo usuma ulenga ubumi busuma, ubusuma bwa kusandulukana, umunani wa nkoko na maani ifisuuma, ukwangufyanya mukukula elyo namatotooli aya londoloka. 30 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Teebulo 5. Ififuma mu fyakulya fyakwata umulyo ifipelwa ku nkoko sha mu mushi. Ififuma ngacakuti mulepela Ififuma ngacakuti mulepela fyakulya fishafikapo fyakulya fyafikapo • Ukukana kula bwangu • Ukukula bwangu nokupilibuka bwangu ukufuma • Ukunakuka ku malwele no tushishi mutunono • Ukusandana takuba sana muli ba mukolwe ne • Inkoko ishikulu shilaponya matotooli ayengi nkota • Ifuni filakwata bumi pa mulandu waku shansha • Icipendo camani yapeelwa ciba icinoono pamo ku malwele no munani • Ukubikila amaani ayengi • filaba ifyanakuka mukusandana/ukutamfyanya • Icipimo ca pa muulu ica kutotola amaani • Icipendo cakufwa cilaya pa muulu • Ishikota naba mukolwe balakwata amaka yaku- tamfyanya. • Amatotooli ayengi ayakuti ya kondenkanishiwa mu bulimi bwe sabi Cibelesho icisuma saana ku mulimi ukushininkisha ukuti inkoko shabo shilekwata ifyakulya fyabamo umulyo. Ici cilenga ukukwata ubusomboshi ubusuma mu mwaka onse nangu kwingaba ukwaluka kwa nshita no bwingi bwa fyakulya kabili ifyalekana lekana. Umulimi afwile ukupekanisha kabela ifyakulisha fyalinga umwaka fye onse. Kufwile kwaba ukusunga ko imbuto sha makapa, tuute ne mbuto shipeela puroteni pamo nge fyakulundapo. Buleeni iminkoti namabula ya musalu ukufuma mu garadeni (ukufumyamo inseku nangu ukulaswako amabula ayashikwete incito) maka-maka ifyani fisangwa mumbali yatu milonga nangula mulya mu malungu. Shininkisheni ukuti fintu fingalishiwa ifishakwatamo suumu (poison) efyo mufwile ukulapeela inkoko. Ifyakulisha inkoko fifwile ukutwiwa nelyo ukusansatwako ukulenga inkoko shilekompa, no kulya pakuti fyasunguluka bwangu. 6.3.3.2 Ukupanga ifyakulya Ngacakuti muteeka amabuloila ne nkoko sha maani, lyena abalimi bafwile ukushita ifyakulya ifilesangwa mu mashitolo. Leelo ngafintu cilangilwe mu Teebulo 6-8 abalimi kuti bapanga ifyakulya ifyayanguka ifyakulunda pa fyakulya fya nkoko sha mu mushi. Uku kupanga kwa fyakulya kufwile kwashintilila pa mutengo no bwingi bwa fya kusanshamo. Leelo, 5kg wa fyakulya ifyapangwa fifwile ukupeela 2.5kg iya munani wa nkoko. Teebulo 6. Ifyakulya fyakusanshamo ifyo abalimi bengabomfya pafwile paaba: Ifyakusanshamo Umulyo usangwamo Amataba/amakapa ya mataba, amasaka, tuute, ifyakulya ifyakupela amaka amasaka, amakapa ya mupunga Sanifulawa, icimpondwa ca mbalala, icipondwa in- Ifyakulya ifikula umubili tongwe, ifilyo fye sabi Ba Vitamin Ifyakulya ifyasankana Ifya mabula fingaliwa/ ne nseku shimena-mena Ifyakulya ifyasanka (Ukutwa no kubika mu meenshi yaku nwa)) Ba Miniro Ifyakulya ifi sangwa mumale nemisalu Umuceele Ba miniro pamo nga sodiamu. Teebulo 7. icipimo icayanguka pakupanga ifyakulya pakukusha inkoko sha mu mushi Ifyakusanshamo Ubwingi Amakapa ya mataba 1.485kg Soya beans 495g Ukugaisha isabi 4g Umucele 8g Intulo: Chazya 2009. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 31 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Teebulo 8. Icipimo icayanguka icakusansha pafyakulya fya twana twa nkoko utwa cikaya utuli ne milingu 6 iya kukula. Ifyakutumbikanyamo Icipimo Amakapa ya mataba ayapelwa 1kg Amakapa yaku ng’ano nelyo ku maale 1kg Amakeke ya pangwa ninshi panuma yakwenga sun- Utubokoshi tubili utwa machisala flower Ifipapa fya muli ba Bemba/ukupelwa kwa mafupa/ Akabokoshi kamo akamacisala ku tubokoshi 13 umucele wa canganishiwa utwamacisala utwa mafupa yapelwa Isabi nelyo icakulya ca mulopa Utubokoshi tubili utwa macisala Amabula ya Sesbania Utubokoshi tubili utwa macisala Intulo: Chibinga 2016 Methionine na lysine fyaba ngo mulyo ukabilwa ukulundwapo pantu inama shiteekwa tashikumanisha icipimo cifwaikwa ukufuma kuli soya bini maka-maka ngacakuti taipekanishiwe bwino. Uyu mulyo ulakomenenwa muli soya bini icilesha ukuti inama shikwata. Inkoko shaba ngo muntu uwakwata fye icifu cimo, icakuti soya bini iishipekanishiwe bwino kuti yaba poisoni. Kanshi cikankala ukusalula nelyo ukwipika soya bini uku shininkisha ukuti inkoko shilemina uwanaka nokusunguluka bwangu elyo nokuti shilekula bwino. Intulo isuma iyafyakulya fya nkoko mititi pamo nga, ifishishi ifipupuka ifitwa soja fulai fyakwata icipimo caba puroteni ukufika kuli 40%. Nga cakweba ati soya bini tailemoneka, ukulisha inkoko imititi kuti capela puroteni alekabilwa. Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) ku Misamfu mwi boma lya Kasama balepeela abalimi ubwafwilisho ukumona ukuti bapima ifyakulya fya nama ifipangwa mu fwamu ukumona ngacakuti nafikwata mulyo onse uufwaikwa. 6.3.3.2.1 Imipangile yayanguka iyafyakulya Pesamba pali ifilangililo nafimbi ukulanga inshila iyaangu ukupangila ifyakulya (MAL 2013): • Icakulya ca tukoko utwafyalwa: Sansheni meeda umo umwaba ifyakulya fya eneji kuli meeeda umo umuli ifyakulya fya puroteni. Ici cakulya cikapeela ukucila 22% uwa crudi (ifya kulya ifikula umubili) puroteni. • Icakulya ca ifyuni ifileya filekula: Sansheni ba meeda babili umuli ifyakulya fya eneji kuli meeda umo umuli ifyakulya fya (ifya kulya ifikula umubili) puroteni. • Icakulya ca fyuni ifilekula: Sansheni ba meeda babili umuli eneji kuli meeda umo umuli puroteni. Bikeni amavitamin mu meenshi yakunwa umuli ifyamusalu ifyatwiwa nangu ifyani ifiliwa ukubika mu meenshi. 6.3.3.2.2 Imipangile yapwililika iyafyakulya Icakulya icisuma umwaba umulyo uwapwililika cifwile cakwata fyonse ifi: Umulyo umuli eneji uupeela amaka, nokucilisha ukufuma ku nseke. Umulyo umuli puroteni: Ifyuni filekabila umulyo umwaba puroteni uwingi mu milile ukufuma ku nama nefibyalwa ifyakwata ama puroteni. Ama miniro nama vitamin ifi fwaika: maka-maka ba kashamu (calcium, umucele (sodium) elyo na foshiforashi (phosphorus). Ukubika inkoko pa fyani nangu mwi bala umwaba icaani icafunda kuti cayafwa ukupeela ama vitamini (maka maka vitamin A) 6.3.3.2.3 Cipimo nshi icafyakulya cingapeelwa ku nkoko shacikaya ishisalilwa mu citele panshita inoono? Teebulo 9 pesamba alelangilila icipimo ca fyakulya inkoko shacikaya shikabila ukulya pa mushinku wapusana pusana, icipimo cila nkoko ukulingana no mushinku upeelwe, ne cipimo ca fyakulya umuli ifyakulya fyalundwako nefyakuilisha mu lubansa. 32 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Table 9. Feeding table for chickens according to age. Umushinku (imilungu) Icipimo capalaminako ku Icipimo capalaminako kufyo fyakulya fyalundwako pa cuni icuni cifwile ukulya pa bushi- cimo pa bushiku bumo (ama ku bumo (ama grammu yafya grammu yafya umikwa) umikwa) 1 10-15g 12-15g 2 15-20g 15-21g 3 21-30g 21-35g 4-6 30-40g 35-50g 8 30-40g 55-60g 16-27 (ishilekula) 30-50g 65-80g 28 (ishikalamba) 30-50g 100g Intulo: Chibinga 2016. 6.3.3.3 Ukubika inkoko sha mumishi mu citele Ukuteeka inkoko kufwaika umwakulala elyo ukufwaya ukwishiba ifyo amayanda ya nkoko yafwile ukukulwa mulimo umo ufwile ukupekanishiwa bwino. Aamayanda yankoko yalenga abalimi ukubomba imilimo yacilanshita bwino pamuku umo wine nokukwata mute mumibombele pakuti kwaba ukushisunga bwino nokukula elyo nga sha mani shifwile kupeela amani. Imipangile ya mayanda yankoko iifwle ukutangata umushinku utatu uwankoko apo apaaba ishikota ishili nabaana ukufi imilungu 8 ubukulu, tumukolwe no tukota utuleya tulekula, ne nkoko ishikalamba ishikota naba mukolwe. Ukusungila inkoko mu cikulwa kulenga ukucingilila inkoko ku mfula, ukutalala, kuli bakabolala elyo nafimbi ifingalya inkoko ifili nga ba koswe, imbwa ne nsoka. Ifyuni fisungilwa mucikulwa filanguka ukufikata nga cakuti mulefwaya ukuficeceta nga nafikwata ifishibilo fya malwele, nangu ukucenwa nelyo ukufwaya ukushipeela umuti wakushicingilila ku malwele. 6.3.3.3.1 Incende ukwakukulila ing’anda ya fyuni Ing’anda ya nkoko iisuma ifwile ukukulilwa apo ameenshi yalepita no mushili uwalinganishiwa bwino ukutinya ameenshi ukwikalilila mu lubansa lwa ng’anda elyo nokulenga umotonshi mukati ka ng’anda. Incende umuleikalila ameenshi ilasalanganya amalwele no tushishi elyo nokunasha umufula wa ng’anda. Ing’anda ya nkoko ifwile ukubela mupepi napaaba intulo ya meenshi iisuma pakuti inkoko shilenwa ameenshi ayasuma cila nshita kabili ng’anda ya nkoko ifwile ileba iyabusaka. Ing’anda umwakwikala inkoko ifwile ukukulwa mupeepi na mayanda ya bantu pakuti caba icayanguka ukusopa no kushicingilila ku busanso ubuli bonse lelo mufwile ukusaha incende iyalinga pakati ka mayanda ukulesha ukusalanganya amalwele. Ing’anda isuma umwakwikala inkoko ifwile ukukwata umwakwingilila umwela uusuma cila nshita elyo nokusuminisha ulubuto lwa kasuba ukwingila. Ifwile yakwata icibumba icakosa pakucingilila imfula ukukana, impepo necimwela ukukana ingila nokukaba ukwa kucila mu cipimo. Kabili ifwile yaba icingililwa ku tunama, ba puushi, imbwa nabakabola. Ifwile yakwata incende iyalinga iyakutushishamo nokulala bwino ukwabula ukutitinkana kabili Iyayanguka ukuwamyamo nokufuminikishamo umuti 6.3.3.3.2 Ifyakubomfya mu bukuule bwa ng’anda ya nkoko Ifintu fyakubomfya pa kukula fishintilila pa musango wa ng’anda ilekulwa. Ing’anda ya nkoko iishayafya ukukula babomfya imilando iya ubulwa, waya ya nkoko, iloba lya kukuulila nangu amatafwali ya njelwa aya ocewa, icani cakufimbila ne loba lyaku cuulu pakushingula panshi. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 33 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Iyi ng’anda ilakabilwa ifingi ifyakwanshika panshi icakuti kulaba ubwafya bwaku letako ubusako. Ukulingana no bwingi bwa nkoko mutekele, fyonse ifyo mwanshika fifwile ukulaficinja cila nshita. Ing’anda yacitele iyafikapo, ifwaika amatafwali aya ocewa nangu amabuloko, waya wakucingilila, imilando ya timba iyabikwako umuti nangu inshimbi, amalata yakufimbila elyo na sementi uwakubikila pa nshi. Lelo kuti caba icalinga ukwalula galaji yakale muntu basungila imyotoka nokucita ing’anda ya nkoko, ngacakuti muli ifipunda filepisha umwela elyo nokucingililwa ku miceele ibi elyo nokulawamya ukwabula ubwafya. 6.3.3.3.3. Ing’anda umwakulaala nkoko mu nshita ya bushiku Pakukula ing’anda umwakulaala inkoko ishikulu no twana twa nkoko, konkeni ishi ntampulo: • Kuleni ing’anda ukubomfya ifintu ifisangwa mu ncende muli, ifilinga insota nangu insengu • Icitele cifwile caba 1.5m ukufuma panshi ukuya mu mulu elyo nokushamo ifipunda pakati ka nsonta panshi ya citele pakuti amatotooli yaleponena panshi nokuyakolonganika bwino, • Bikenifye inkoko ukukana cila 7 mu muputule uukulile sikweya mita umo ukutiina ukutitinkana nelyo ukufula ukucila mu cipimo. • Nga cakuti mulebomfya amalata, moneni ukuti amalata ya mutenge yapula 0.8m kunse yacitele mumbali shonse pakucingilila imfula imfula ukukana ingila. • Moneni ukuti mwabika 0.5m pakati ka mutenge no lubao pa mpela iyasuluka pakuti kwaba umwela ukwingila no kufuma. • Nga cingacitika, kuleni icikulwa icipya pa ncende iipya panuma ya myaka itatu (3). Ukulacinja- cinja incende yakukuulilapo ifikulwa fya nkoko filaafwako ukucingilila ukukolonganika kwa tushishi tuleta malwele. 6.3.3.3.4 Imisango ya fikuulwa fya fyuni • Ifyuni ifikalamba ne filekula ilingi fifwile ukupekanishiwa pa muulu umwakulala mu nshita ya bushiku. Amayanda ya nkoko ayakulwa mupeepi na panshi yawama fye ku nkoko ishikota ishikwete utwana utunoono utushingengila mu ng’anda iili pa muulu. Nacilinga ukwimba umukololwa ukushinguluka ing’anda nelyo ukwimyako ica panshi (apa kunyata) pakuti mu citele muleba umwauma mu nshita ya mainsa. Ing’anda ya nkoko iikulile mubutali(long) 4m, mukusenama (wide) 1m nokuya mu muulu 1.5 m iyi kuti yasunga ifyuni ifikalamba ukufika kuli 8- 10 nga cakuti filesungilwa mukati akasuba konse nelyo amakumi yabili (20) elyo nokulaala mu nshita ya bushiku . Iyii ng’anda ya fyuni kuti yapangwa na mapulanga yalepulwa nangu ukusha lubali lumo ulwa citele icaisuka ukubikakofye isumbu nangu nsengu ishapikaulwa. 6.3.3.3.5 Ukukula ing’anda ya nkoko Pakukula ing’anda ya nkoko iyalondoloka, konkeni ifi: • Sebeni ifyani ukushinguluka ukufika 3m mumbali shonse isha ng’anda pa kutalusha insoka naba koswe ku nkoko. • Ukucefya indalama shakubumfya, kuleeni ing’anda yankoko ukubomfya ifintu ifilesangwa mu ncende yenu pamo nga ifimuti, imisambo ya mpanga nelyo amatete elyo ne cani cakufimbila. • Ubukulu bwa ng’anda bufwile ukuba ukulingana nempendwa ya fyuni umulimi akwete( nangu ipange lya fyuni alefwaya ukukwata) elyo ngacakuti balefwaya ukuti fikalelaalamofye ubushiku nelyo pa nshita shimbi isho fingekalamo • Mwilasunga ifyuni ifingi pamo pene pa mulandu wakuti kuti fya tendeka ukukompana ici icingaleta ukuicena elyo na malwele. • Lyonsefye ubuleni ifipaapa fyaku cimuti ifyo mulefwaya ukukulila ing’anda pakuti utushishi ne fipaso fikalako tafikwete umwakufisama • Shininkisheni ukuti iiyi ng’anda ilecingilila inkoko ku mfula nokumona ukuti umwela uusuma kabili uwafuleshi uuleingila • Umwinshi ufwile ukuba uukulu elyo uwalinga mukwisuka pakuti cileba icayanguka ukupyanga mukati bwino-bwino elyo cifwile ukukwata iciibi nangu inshila shimbi ishakwisalako. • Pa mulandu wakuti amalwele ayengi ayambukila ayakuma inkoko ya tandananishiwa 34 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa ukupitila mu matotooli, moneni ukuti panshi ya citele palishala icipunda apakuti amatotooli yale ponena pa nshi. • Umupoka-poka pakati ka mango (insengu, amatete, imisambo, ne myalo nelyo imisanse) uufwile ukukula ukulingana no mushinku elyo no bukulu bwa nkoko, elyo nokumona ukuti shilepelwa ubwafwilisho bwakuti fileiminina elyo na matotooli yapoonena panshi bwino. • Nga cakuti ing’anda ya nkoko yakulilwa pa mulu wa fimuti, icitele cifwile ukulepa 1m ukufuma panshi lelo tacifwile ukuba apalepa sana apo umulimi engafilwa ukufika. Icikope 11 . cilelanga ing’anda yankoko iyakulilwa ukubomfya ifintu ifisangwa mu ncende abalimi bekala. Umwakulaala inkoko 6.3.3.3.6.1 Umwakutushisha inkoko pa nshita inoono Inkoko shalitemwa ukulaala mu mabula nangu mu misambo nangu ku mulu wacimuti ukucila panshi. Ukulala ku cimuti kulacefyako ifyuni ukunyantaula mu matotooli icilenga nokucefyako amalwele. Inkoko ishilaala panshi balashilwisha ku tushishi mukwangufyanya. Umwakulala kuti mwapanga ukufuma ku nsengu nelyo imisambo iyaololoka, mufwile ukushininkisha ukuti namubuulako ifipaapa ku misambo. Insengu nangu ifimuti fyakubomfya fifwile fyafika kuli 3cm mu dayamita. Cila nkoko iikalamba ilafwaikwa incende iikulileko ukufika 20cm umo ilaala. Nga cakuti umwakulala mwingi mulefwaikwa lyena ishi incende shifwile ukutalukana ukufika 50cm kabili ifyalingana mu butali ukufuma panshi. Nga cakuti mumo umwakulaala muli apatali lyena ifyuni kuti filencimfyanya ukuya laala pa mpela ilyo fyaisa mucungulo ico icingalenga ukutitikishiwa. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 35 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Icikope 12. Ing’anda yankoko umuli ifimuti apakutushisha nangu ukulaala. 6.3.3.3.6.2 Ukwansa ifisansala Ukumona ukuti nkoko ishilebikila amani shilebikila bwino, konkeni ifi ififwaikwa ukumona ukuti amani yalebikilwa nokupokelela icikabilila icalinga bwino. • Ukumona ukuti ifisansala fya nkoko fili ifyacingililwa ku tushishi nefipaso fileta amalwele. Utushishi twikala mu cisansala kuti tulecilinganya imitotwele ya maani pa mulandu wakuti inkoko ishiketwe tushishi shilafuma mu cisansala nokuposa inshita ikalamba elyo na maka ukulaiwamya no kulaifwena pa mubili. • Bikeni ifisansala fya nkoko mu ncende umwaba cintelelwe. • Bomfyeni icani canakilila, icaumikwa ku kasuba elyo icabusaka ngecakwanshika mu cisansala. • Sumbuleni ifisansala ubutali kufika 1.5m ukufuma panshi pakushicingilila. • Sankanyeni imito, amabula ya fwaka nelyo imiti imbi iitalusha utushi nokubika mu cisansala ukutalusha utushishi utwingi utwingengila. Icikope 13. Imisango ya finsala fya nkoko 6.3.3.3.6.3 Umwakulila nokunwina ameenshi Inkoko shifwaya lyonse ameenshi yakunwa ayasuma cila nshita. Kufwile kwaba ifipe fya twana twa nkoko neshikalamba ifyakulilamo nokunwinamo ukubomfya amapulasitiki, imbao nangu ifyela. 36 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Plate 14. Icikope cilelanga umwakulila nokunwa ameenshi 6.3.3.3.6.4 Ukusunga ing’anda ya nkoko ubusaka Ukuwamya ing’anda umwikala inkoko cilafwilishako ukulesha amalwele maka-maka utushishi twikala ku nse ya mubili wa nkoko pamo nga konto no tushishi twa maiti. Ifi efifwile ukukonkwa pakuwamya bwino: • Fumyeni amatotooli ne fisoso mukati ka ng’anda lyonse (cila mulungu) nelyo nga cakuti ing’anda yakusesha pa mipeto kuti mwaisesha ku ncende iipya. • Mufwile ukulafumikisha mu ng’anda ya nkoko lyonse, panuma ya myeshi mutanda (6) ne cushi (ukubika umulilo mwisamba lya ng’anda) ukulesha utushishi tufuma kunse. Lelo kuti cawama ukufumya ifyuni fyonse ilyo takulaba ukubikamo icifukilisho. • Sungeni incende iishingulwike ing’anda ya nkoko iyabulamo icani ne fimuti pa kutalusha insoka naba koswe. • Mwilabika inkoko ishingi mu citele cimo. • Nga cakuti kuli inga’nda ya fyuni ifili na malwele, kuti cawama ukufumya shonse elyo noku wamyamo nangu mwaocefya icitele no kukuula icipya umwakwikala ifyuni. • Lyonse mulefumya amatotooli ayalesangwa mwisamba lya citele. • Bikeni imito ya ku nkuni nangu laimu (lime) panshi nakufibuumba pakutalusha utushishi elyo nokuba icayanguka ukufumya citindi wa nkoko lintu mulewamya. • Amabula yafwaka nayo yalishininkishiwa ukuti yalapwisha utushishi. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 37 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 6.4 Ubumi bwa fyuni fyakuteeka 6.4.1 Amalwele nefya kutungilila ubumi 6.4.1.1 Ukubomfya ama antibayotiki mu nkoko Ama antibayotiki kuti yacingilila ifyuni nokundapa malwele elyo na malwele yaletwa no tushi twa ma baitelya. Lelo ukukanabomfya bwino elyo nokubomfya ama antibayotiki ukucila mu cipimo kufwile ukuleshiwa pantu umuti kuti wakana ukulabomba bwino nokufusha utushishi (antimicrobial resistance-AMR). Uyu musango ulatinya ubumi isonde lyonse. Ng cakuti kuli ukubomfya ama antibayotiki ukucila mu cipimo ukupeela ifyuni ifyo fyasankana ne sabi mulaba ubwafya ilyo amatotooli yaponena mu cishiba nokulikwa nesabi, pakulekelesha abantu balalya isabi. Ici cilalenga ama antibayotiki ukukana kwata amaka yakuposha amalwele mu bantu icingatwala ku malwele ukufula ne mfwa. Ukukana bomfya ama antibayotiki bwino mu fyuni fyakuteeka emulandu ukalamba ilenga ama antibayotiki ukukana bomba bwino mu bantu (Okon et, al 2022 Abalimi abalekondenkanya inkoko ne sabi pamo bafwile ukulabomfya ama antibayotiki ilyofye calinga elyo bafwile ukupoka ubwafwilisho ukufu ku ba bomfi abetwa extension officers. Ukulundapo, abalimi bafwile ukubomfya inshila ishi suma ishakuteekelamo ifyuni nokumona ukuti bacingilila ifyuni ku malwele yasalangana ayengafwaya ama antibayotiki pakundapa. Inshila yakukana bomfya imiti ukulesha amalwele nokundapa eshifwaika (Selaledi et al, 2020: Lojewska and Sakowicz, 2021) ukulesha ama antibayotiki ukulusa amaka yakundapa mu fyuni (AMR) Teebulo 10. Ifintu ificilinganya ubumi bwa nkoko. Ificilinganya Ifyo fileta/ nefilandwapo Ukutitikishiwa • Ukutitikishiwa bwafya ubukalamba ukulenga inkoko sha mu mishi ukukwa- ta bulwele bwa New Castle Disease maka-maka mu nshita sha mupepo isha mupepo(June) ne Cingulupepo(July) na mu myeshi ya cikabilila mu Lusuba lunono (September) no Lusuba lukalamba (October) • Imiceele yacila bushiku iili ngo kukaba nelyo ukutalala, ukuloka kwa mfula kwakutwalilila, umutonshi ne milile ibi. Ifyakutitikisha filapanga bakapaso (hormones) mu mubili wankoko ukulashititikisha nokulenga; • Umubili wa nkoko ulaba uwanakuka nokufilwa ukulwisha ubwfya bwa kutitik- ishiwa. • Ukucefya amaka ya mu mibili ya nkoko ayakulwisha amalwele elyo namaka ya miti. Imilile ibi Ukubulwa kwa fyakulya fyabamo umulyo kulanasha imibili ya nkoko nokulenga ukulwala. Imipokele ya mwela ibi Ukubulwa Kwaku salangana kwa mwela mu cikulwa kulenga amalwele ayakuma ku mipemene ukutandanishiwa. Ukufulisha kwa nkoko Inkoko nga cakuti shafula mu ncende fye inoono, kulaba ukusalanganya amalwele ukucila mu cipimo pakati kashiko ngo bulwele bwa Newcastle. Intulo: Ifintu ificilinganya ubumi bwa nkoko sha mu mishi. (Cawaminishiwa ukufuma mu Mal 2013) 38 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 6.4.2 Amalwele ayaseeka Teebulo 11 . Amalwele ya mu nkoko sha cikaya (mu mishi) Umusango wa bulwele Ifyakumwenako/ifyo bucita Ifyakubucingila Ubulwele bwa New Castle • Ifyuni fipemena mukanwa • Cingilileni kabela ukupitila akaisuka- icishibilo cakulanga mukupeela umuti ku nkoko ubwafya mumipemene shonse ukufuma fye pa mu pamulandu wafimina fipangwa shinku wa milungu ibili. mukanwa nokupanga icongo. • Fumyeni fyonse ifyuni ififwile Ifimina fipangwa filafumina mu citele bwangu bwangu mukanwa na mu myona. nokoca nangu ukushika mu • Ifyuni filalanga ifishibilo fya cilindi icitali. mishipa yafilundwa ukukana • Ilyo kwaba icikuko, moneni shiipa pamo nga ukunyonga imyendele ya fyuni ukufuma umukoshi, ukushingulusha umo shikala nokuya ku umukoshi, ukututuma no ncende imbi. bulebe bwa molu na mapindo. Panuma ya cikuko na lintu Ifyuni filashipula nokulaala tamulabikamo ifyuni fimbi: pa nshita ntali no kupotela • Fumyeni fyonse ifyo imitwe kunuma nangula mwayanshike mu ng’anda ukukompela ku mubili. yankoko nokufyoca. • Umupaipi wa fyakulya panshi • Wamyeni nokusansamo umuti ya mukoshi limbi ulaba wakwipaya utushishi mu uwafimba. ng’anda yafyuni pamo ne fiipe • Ifyuni fi polomya ubusali fyonse. ubwa mutuntula (yeelo). • Lekeni ing’anda ya fyuni • Ifipaapa fya mani ibe iyabulamo nangu fiiba ifyanakilila nelyo kamo pa milungu itatu (3) ifyakalabana.. nelyo imilungu ine (4) ilyo • Ifyuni filya ifyakulya ifinono tamulabikamo ifyuni ifipya. leelo filanwa ameenshi ayengi. • Amaani ayabikilwa yalabwelela panshi. • Ifingi ifyuni filafwa mu bushiku fye bumo. Nga cakuti ubulwele bwabisha saana ifyuni ifya mutende filafwila mu fisansala nelyo fye panshi ukwabula ukulanga nefishibilo filumbwilwe. Icipendo ca mfwa ilingi line cilakulilako, ukufika kufuma 90% ukufika 100% Ubulwele bwa ku fikasala/ • Amajemu yengilila ku • Fumyeni imisomali, fyonse amakasa(Bumble foot) fikasala/amakasa ya fyuni ifya twa pamo nga amabwe maka-maka ngakuli ifilonda na fyonse ifilemoneka nelyo ifikwebululwa ukufuma ukukalabana mu ng’anda ya ku misomali iya nsompa fyuni. nangu imisomali imyunga • Bikeni mu ng’anda nefya kalabana. Filalenga ifyakwanshika ifishakalabana amakasa ukufimba pakuti ifyuni tafileikwebulula panshi. Ubundapishi • TLepuleni ifilonda ukubomfya akanesala nelyo umwele uwabusaka kabili ifyatwa pakufumyamo amafina. • Wamyeni pa cilonda panuma yakufumyamo amafina. • Bomfyeni umuti wa ayodini (iodine) pakwipaya utushishi pa cilonda. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 39 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa • Bikeni icuni pambali nokwisalila mukamuputule akanoono ilyo mulecundaapa. Ubulwele bwa mu mipemene • Ubulwele bwamu mipemene • Mwiyesha ukuleta inkoko sha ubutwalilila. (Chronic respiratory ubwakutwalilila bulwele malwele pa mwibumba lyashi disease) bumo ubwaseka saana mu nankwe. mitekele ya fyuni elyo bwisa • Sungeni ing’anda ya nkoko pa mulandu misango ibi iya bwino,moneni ukuti umwela mitekele pamo nokucepelwa uusuma ulesalangana kabili kwa mwela uusuma mu umwabula ulukungu. ng’anda, ukufulisha kwa fyuni • Cefyeni icena ca mwela wa no lukungu, kabili elyo no amonya ukumona ukuti kutalala. umutonshi taulesangwamo. Umutonshi ulalenga amatotooli ya nkoko ukukosa nokufumya umwela wa amonya. Umwela wa amonya ulacilinganya imipemene elyo nokulenga mu menso ukulababa • Sungulileni icipimo icalungama mu mikabile nelyo mu mitalalile. Ubulwele bwakuma imipemene • Ubulwele bwakuma imi- • Mwilabika inkoko ishingi mu ubwakutwalilila pemene ubwakutwalilils ebwa ng’anda imo. seeka mu bulimi bwa kuteeka • Lisheni ifyuni bwino pakuti ifyuni. fikwate ubumi busuma. • Icilenga micitile ibi iya mis- • Mwibika inkoko ishalwala ungile mu ng’anda ya fyuni, pamo neshikwete ubumi. ukubikapofye ukukana kwata • Mwisunga utwana twa nkoko umwela usuma, ukufulisha pamo ne shikalamba. Kwa fyuni elyo nolukungu • Moneni ukuti ing’anda ya pamo penefye nokutalala. fyuni ileyingisha umwela uwingi kabili umwabula uluku- ngu. • Moneni ukuti ukufuma kwa mwela wa amonya Kwa cep- anako ukupitila mukusunga ing’anda umwauma pantu na mubomba cilalenga ifitotooli ukubola. • Ici cilenga umwela wa amon- ya ukufuma uwingi nokonaula imipemene ya fyuni elyo nokulenga ameenso ukulaba- ba. Ukupolomya mulopa (Cocccidio- • Icishibilo uku kupolomya lintu • Lisheni utwana twa nkoko sis) umulopa ulesangwa mulipolo- mufyafungulwa no muti beta mya nelyo amatotoli, amapin- coccidiostat, umuti uwafwil- do ayakompamina panshi, isha mukulesha ukufula kwa amasako ayafufubala kabili tushiishi. amenso ayaisalika. • Shininkisheni ukuti fyonse • Utwana twa nkoko tulalya ifilesangwa mu citele fili panono nokulusa imifinine. ifyauma. Funyenimo fyonse • Utwingi utwana tufwa panuma ifilemoneka ukubomba. ya nshiku 6 ukufika kuli 10, • Fyonse ifyo mwanshika mu kabili icipimo cashilefwa cilaya citele mulekabila ukufipilibula pa muulu. nelyo ukwalula pakuti mube Ukusalangana kwa bulwele abauma. • ifyuni filya ifyakulya nelyo • Wamyeni mu citele bwino ilyo ukunwa ameenshi umwaba tamulabikamo inkoko. utushiishi, utuletwako no mwakunwina umwafiko. 40 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa • Umwakulala mulasangwamo • Maintain the correct utushiishi utuleta polomya ya temperature in the house. mulopa. • Funyenimo palya penefye • Ukusankanya nkoko ifyuni ififwilile. ishikalamba isho ilingi line • Undapeni ifyuni ifilwele eshisenda amalwele umuli ukwabula ukuwayawaya. utwana. UKupolomya mulopa no muluko • Ifyuni filashipula nokulnga • Peeni ifyuni umuti (Fowl cholera) amasako yabukali wakuficingilila ku malwele • Filafumya ubusali (amatotooli) • Fumye ifyuni ififwile mu citele ubwa yelo nakatapa katapa bwangu bwangu nokoca nelyo mukumoneka. ukushika. • Ifyuni filalya ifyakulya • Mu nshita ya cikuko , moneni ifinoono, lelo filanwa imyendele ya fyuni pakati ameenshi ayengi. ka fitele nelyo muncende • Amani yafumako yaba fileyangala. ayanono • Panuma yacikuko ca fyuni • - Ifyuni fimo filafwa cila elyo nalintu tamula bikamo bushiku. Icipendo cakufwa ifipya: kuti cafika 80% • Fumyeni fyonse ifyo mwanshikamo nokoca • Wamyeni mu citele nokubikamo umuti elyo nefipe mubomfya • Kuti mwawamya icitele ukubomfya ameenshi nga nacilinga. • Lekeni icitele/ing’anda ya fyuni ukwikala pa milungu itatu(3) ukufika iine(4) ukwabula ukubikamo inkoko. Kansakala yaku fyuni (Fowl pox) • Mu menso mulafuma ifya • Peeleni kalibela inkoko umuti menshi-menshi panuma kuti wakushicingilila kuli kansakala mwalafuma amafina ya yelo. waku fyuni. • Mulaba ifilonda ifingi mu mutwe, ku mupopolo napa mukoshi wa cuuni. • Limbi ilinso lyonse kuti lyafimba nokwisalikwa. • Kuti mwaba filonda mukanwa; icingalenga ukulyafye panoono. • Ifi fya menshi-menshi ifyapala chisi kabili ifya yelo kuti fyapangwa pa mulandu wa filonda mukanwa napa mukolomino. Ici kuti calenga imipemene yaba iyashupa nga fyatulikana pamo. Ubulebe bwaku fyuni (Fowl • Ubu bulwele ilingline ubulenga • Sungileni utwana twa fyuni paralysis) ubulebe nangu ubulema ku mu fitele ifya busaka. moolu ya fyuni. • Tamufwile ukuteekela utwana • Ukulu kumo nelyo yonse twa fyuni mu fitele umwali yabili kuti yaikatwa no bulebe. kale ifyuni ifikalamba Lyena icuni teti cileyenda. • Fumyenimo ifyuni ifilwele Nga cakweba ati ubulebe buli nokufipaya. ubunono lyena ifyuni kuti fileenda nokulatalantata. • Amapindo ayeketwe no bulebe lyonse yalafilwa ukupupuka, yabafye panshi. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 41 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Fowl paralysis • Ilinso limo nangu yonse yabili kuti yapilibuka. Iyi micitile eyo beta ilingi line ukuti “Ilinso lya buuta” nangu ilinso ilya butulukila” • Icipimo ca mani ayabikilwa cilabwelela panshi. Intulo: Cawaminishiwa ukufuma ku MAL 2013. 6.4.3 Amalwele yambi 6.4.3.1 Utushishi tusangwa mukati Utu tushishi utusangwa mukati ka matumbo ya nkoko nokulalya mukati ka mubili wa nkoko. Pa tushishi utusangwa mukati ka nkoko utwa bipa saana nyuto tusangwa mu matumbo mupita ifyakulya. No tushishi utwaseka saana myambo iyo beta roundworm elyo na tapeworm. Imyambo iingi isangwa mu matumbo yanono aya nkoko. Pakucimfya imyambo mu nkoko, konkeni ifi: • Mwila esha ukubomfya ifintu mwabomfya kale pa mulandu wakuti filakwata amani yatushishi. • Wamyeni no kusansamo umuti mu ng’anda ya fyuni libili-libili. • Mwisankanya utwana twa fyuni ne fikulu ukutinya ukwambukisha utwana imyambo. • Lisheni bwino ifyuni. 6.4.3.2 Utushishi tusangwa kunse Utu tushishi utusangwa pa mibili ya fyuni. Utu tushishi limbi kuti twaikala pa mubili wa fyuni mu bwikashi bwa fyuni bonse, nangu kuti tulelyafye umubili wa cuni lelo tuleikala mu ncende umuli imilale panshi nangu kucibumba, nangu apakumanina imilando ya citele na muli fyonse ifyo mubomfya mu citele. Utu tushishi twikala pa mubili wa fyuni twaba nge nkufu,inda no bubenshi. Pakulesha utushishi twa kunse, konkeni ifi: • Wamyeni no kusansa muti mu ng’anda yafyuni cila nshita. Fumyeni ifyuni fyonse mu ng’anda no kusansamo no muti wakwipaya utushishi uwasuminishiwa. • Fumyeni fyonse ifyo mwayanshikamo no kufyoca pakuti mwipaye tonse utushishi utungasangwa mukati ka citele. Ifi fisoso atemwa limbi kuti mwafibomfya ngo mufundo mu galadeni, lelo aya mabala yafwile yataluka ukufuma ku mayanda ya fyuni. • Sinkeni yonse imilale ku cibumba nangu panshi mu citele umo utushishi tufisama. • Sanseni ifyuni no muti wasuminishiwa uwa buunga. • Sanseni kuli fyonse ifyo mwanshike mu citele namu fibokoshi mwaba ifisansala. • Subeni/fumikisheni umuti wasuminishiwa uwakwipaya utushishi ku moolu nangu pa mubili wa nkoko ukulesha ububenshi. 6.4.4 Nimunshilanshi amalwele yengila mwi bumba lya fyuni? Kwaliba inshila ishingi umo amalwele yengilila mwi bumba lya fyuni: • ukushita inkoko ku ncende ishaishibikwa bwino • ukusankanya utwana twa nkoko pamo ne shikalamba isho ishingasenda amalwele • ukusuminisha inkoko isho mushininkishe ukuti nashikwata amalwele ukufumya ku ma faamu yambi ukushisankanya pamo ne shikwete umutende. • ukulenga ba koswe,ifipaso, ba lunshi ne fyuni fya mpanga ifyo fingasenda utushishi ukusangwa pamo ne nkoko ishikwete ubumi busuma • ukusuminisha abantu abengakwata amajemusi ku makasa yabo, ku minwe nangu ifyakufwala ukwikata inkoko ishikwete umutende. • ukubomfya ifipe ifyakowela (ifyakulishishamo nokunwishishamo ameenshi). 42 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa • Ukubomfya ifipe ifyakowela ku majemusi; ifyabula ukuwamya nangu ukukanafumikisha umuti mu citele. • Ukupeela inkoko ifyakulya ifyakowela elyo nefyaonaika pamo na meenshi ayafiko. 6.4.5 Nimunshilanshi abalimi bengalesha amalwele mu ma faamu yabo? Abalimi kuti balesha amalwele mu ma faamu yabo ukubomfya ishi nshila: • Lisheni ifyuni ifyakulya ifyasuminishiwa • Shipeeleni amenshi yasuma, ayafuleshi mu fipe ifya busaka. • Mwilayesha ukulisha ifyuni ifyakulya ifyaonaika. • Mwisankanya utwana twa nkoko pamo ne shikalamba ilyo shilelalila. • Mwilashita utwana twa nkoko ku ncende ishisha shininkishiwa bwino. • Wamyeni no kusansamo umuti mu citele cafyuni. Ifipe fyakubomfya mukulya nokunwisha ameenshi ifyuni fifwile ukuba ifya busaka inshita yonse. • Mwilabomfya ifyakulaalapo ifyuni nefipe fimbi ifyakowela • Mwilasuminisha abatandashi ukwingila mu ng’anda ya fyuni. • Moneni ukuti mwacingilila bakoswe, insoka notunama tunono ukwingila mu ng’anda ya fyuni. • Konkeni amapologalamu yasuminishiwa pa mipeelele ya muti wakucingilila ifyuni. 6.4.6 Nimunshilanshi umulimi engacefya icikuko ca malwele? Umulimi kuti acefya icikuko ca malwele ukucita ifi: • Ukuwamya inga’anda shaku sendamamo ubushiku munshita ne nshita ukulesha ukutulumana kwa matotooli • Ukusamfya ifyakwishishamo ifuni elyo no kubikamo amenshi yambi cila bushiku ukutalusha utushishi utwingekalamo • Ukufumya no koca icaani cafisansala apalalile inkoko pamo nefipaapa fya maani panumafye yatoota. • Ukuceceta utushishi no tunama utwingengila mu ng’anda ya fyuni elyo nokundapa. Nga cakuti umwakulalila nangu mumbi umwikala inkoko mwatebelelwa no tushishi twakunse, bomfyeni umuti nokufumikisha nkoko na muntu shikala. • Oceeni amayanda(ifitele) yonse ayakale ayakulilwa nefimuti, ifyani elyo ne nsengu nokukuula yambi ayapya panuma yamyaka itatu (3) pamuku umo wine nefipe fya mu mayanda mu mushi nangu pa ncende apo ubulwele nelyo utushishi fikonkanya ukwisa. • Ukubika umulilo mu mayanda ya maloba ukukwata icikabilila ukufika ku nsa imo elyo mucefyeko pakuti mubefye icushi icakwipaya utushishi. Kuti mwabomfya muti wakulesha utushishi. • Lekanyeni inkoko ishilwele mu ncende iisuma kabili iyacingililwa, peeleni ifyakulya (nefya musalu) pamo pene na menshi. • Poseni inkoko shifwile ukupitila mu koca nangu ukushika mu cilindi. Nga cakuti mwasha pa mbilibili lyena kuti shaba entulo yatushishi tuleta amalwele. • Bilausheni ifipe nangula ifisolobesho mu menshi ayakaaba pali baminiti 30 nokuleka fyauma ku kasuba. Pilibuleni ifisolobesho cila nshita pakuti akasuba kaingila monse-monse. Imyengele ya kasuba ibomba nge shila yakwipailamo utushishi tuleta amalwele. Abalimi bafwile ukupeela umuti wakucingilila inkoko ku bulwele bwa Newcastle (NDC) ngafintu caba mu malwele yalwambu, amlwele yabipisha ayaletwa na vailasi kabili ayaleta ubonaushi. Ukucingilila inkoko ku malwele ayali nga NCD kwalisuminishiwa elyo kufwile kwa citwa panuma yacila myeshi 3. 6.4.7 Ukulaceceta ubumi bwa nkoko Ceceteni cila nkoko cila lucelo ukumona ifi pesamba: • Icuni cibalilapo ukufuma mu citele • Ifyo cila cuni ciba icapambana, ilingiline icuni icilwele taciba icapambana. • Bushe inkoko shonse shilelya nokunwa ameenshi nelyo iyoo. • Ceceteni ifishibilo fyakunakuka, ifilefuma mu menso namu myona, ukukola, ukupolomya nefishibilo fimbi ifya bulwele. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 43 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa • Ceceteni ukumona nga cakuti inkoko shilekonkanya mukubikila amani • Nga cakuti kwaishibikwa ubwafya bukumine ku bumi, lenguleni ifyo inkoko shonse shili elyo nga nacilinga, twaleni akasebo ka mulandu ku babomfi ba pafiteekwa (extension officer). 6.4.8 Nimunshilanshi ukubomfya citindi ukufuma ku nama ishilwele ukubika mu fishiba ngo mufundo kwaba ukwa cingililwa? Nga cakuti inama tashili pa kundapwa; umulimi kuti abikako umuti kuli citindi ilyo talabika mu fishiba. Lyena ubukali bwa mufundo wa citindi bufikilila ku ntulo yafyakulya ifyafwa utushishi (amabakitelya) utwaba utusuma ukukula mu cishiba ukucila ukufikilila kwi sabi. Ngacakuti inama shili pakundapwa, inshita yakulekelapo ukupeela umuti ifwile ukukonkwa pakulesha ukukowesha ifishiba ukupitila mufyo umuti usha mu mafi ya nama. Napamulandu wakufula kwa balimi abaleteeka inkoko isha mutundu wawaminako, amalwele ayapya nayesa mu citungu. Kanshi cikankala ukuti inkoko shapeelwa umuti wakushicingilila kuli aya malwele: Ubulwele bwa Newcastle, Ubulwele bwa mbukila ubwitwa bursa (Infectious bursa disease.IBD) (Gumboro), Coryza na nkasakala ya fyuni (Fowl pox) Teebulo 12. Ubutantiko bwakupeela kwa muti waku cingilila ku malwele: Umutundu NCD IBD NCD IBD Coryza Kasankala wa muti ya ku fyuni wakucingili- la kabela Ubushiku 10 14 18 21 42 52 Panuma, inkoko kuti shilepeelwa umuti wakucingilila kuli Newcastle panuma ya myeshi itatu (3). Inkoko (ama buloila) shitekelwa ukupeela umunani tashipeelwa umuti wakucingilila ku bulwele bwa coryza na kansakala ya nkoko (fowlpox) pa mulandu wakuti shili mupeepi nokutampa ukulishiwa lintu muleshipela umuti. Nga kulosha ku muti wakucingilila ku bulwele bwa New Castle, inkoko shilapeelwa umutundu wa mataba geleedi 1 pakuti shikwate cilaka ca menshi. Uyu muti upeelwa panuma yaba mineti 30 ilyofye inkoko shalya aya makapa. Uyu muti ulasankanishiwa pamo mu menshi shilenwa. Pa mulandu wakuti aya makapa ya mataba yalashilenga ukuba ne cilaka ca menshi, shilatendeka ukunwa amenshi ayengi namukulekelesha shilalundako icipimo ca muti ukupitila mu menshi. 6.4.9 Ifyakucingilila Ukucingilila utushishi ukukana ingila pa faamu, abalimi kuti basenda inshila ishingi ishakucingilila: Bikeniko incende ukwa kusungila elyo nokwakushisambila ukubikapo ne myotika. Bikeniko ulubango nokukula amayanda ayasuma/umupita umwela elyo nokubikako ifipe umwakusambila ku maboko ne minwe. Kabili cikankala ukumona ukuti takuli ukwingila icingile ingile mufikulwa fya nama. 44 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 7. Ukukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi ne mbushi 7.1 Bushe bukankalanshi bwaba mukuteeka imbushi ku balimi banono? Ukulingana nefyalanda Namonje-Kapembwa et al (2022), ukuteeka mbushi kwalikwata ifintu ifisuma ifyakufumamo ku balimi abanoono nge nshila yabwikashi pamo nge fi: • Imbushi shilasandana. • Ifyakubikamo fiba ifinoono pa bulimi ubwalinga. • Shilafika pakukula bwangu ico icilenga ukumwenamo polofiti. • Shilaafwilisha abalimi bamumishi no kushipa kwa mubulimi bunono munshita kuli imicele yaaluka aluuka, pamo nga ukukana kwata imfula iyalinga elyo necikabilila icapa muulu. • Shilalunda pakusungilila ifyakulya ne milile isuma. • Shalikwata abakufwaya ukushita apali ponse elyo ne mishitishishe yaliba iyayanguka, icakuti abalimi banoono balakwanisha ukushita ifya lupwa. • Shilabomba bwino mu bwikalo bwa bantu musha mishi, pamo nga amenga, ukusefya kwa ntambi shacikaya, ukulipila ku nsalamu, kufililo elyo nokupwishafye ifikansa nelyo amafya. Ukulingana na MFL, imbushi eshibomfiwa ukucingilila abantu ba mu mishi abapina mu mikalile yabo. “Icipao ce Banki lyenda ilyakututilamo icuma -Walking Savings Bank Account”(2015:1) elyo kabili pa mulandu wakufwaisha imbushi mu caalo cesu nakunse, imbushi tecintu mwingatila pali ino shita ukuti ninama shakuteeka umupina. Ukulundapo ukuteeka imbushi kulapeela incito kabili enshila iyaanguka iyakukwatilamo icuma nga mwashitisha inama, umukaka, imikupo iyo imbomfiwa mukupanga ifintu ifyapusana pusana ifya mu ng’anda pamo nga utupuna, ing’oma ne fimbipo. Kabili imbushi shilapeela cimwemwe ku ndupwa ukuti nabo balisungapo icuma. Ubulimi bwa mbushi kuti bwakondenkanishiwa pamo no bulimi bwe sabi ico icinga lundako ubusomboshi bwa fyonse fibili imbushi ne sabi. Neeci cilakosha amaka yakushansha ku balimi banoono mu nshita ya mafya yaleta imiceele ya nshita ntali. Kabili kwaliba imitundu ya mbushi mu Zambia apo abalimi bafwile ukusala, nga fintu cilangilwe muli Teebulo 13. Teebulo 13. Imitundu ya mbushi ishisangwa mu Zambia elyo nefyo shingeshibilwako. UMUTUNDU IFYAKWISHIBILAKO IMIBOMFESHE Imbushi sha mu Pu- • Shisangwa mu ncende shamu • Ilingi line shibomfiwa fye ku munani ne latu (Plateau goat) pulatu mu Zambia mikupo • Shaba fye pakati ka bukulu • Limo-limo no kukamako umukaka • namalangi (colours) ayapu- sana-pusana • Ishikalamba ishilume shilafi- na kuli sekelo wa 45kg elyo ishikota ukutampa pali 25kg - 30kg Imbushi shaku • shisangwa fye kwi Boma • Ilingi fye ku nama ne mikupo Gwembe (Gwembe lya Gwembe mu citungu ca goat) Southern • Tunoono, utwakosa, ut- wauminina • Cintobe-ntobe utwa fiita, bu- launi no kubuuta • Twaliba utwapambana mumis- andulwike • Ishilume shilafina 25kg elyo ishikota 20kg • Tatufumya mukaka uwin- gi (0.2 ltrs mu bushiku fye bumo) Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 45 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa BREED CHARACTERISTICS USE Imbushi shaku • shisangwa fye mwi Boma lya • Ilingi line ni munani ne mikupo Sinazongwe Sinazongwe mu citungu ca Southern • Shilakulapo ukucila isha Gwembe • Shalikwata umwefu utali • Tunono kabili utwakosa nokuminina • - Utwa malangi yafita, ayabuta, bulauni nokubutamo BImbushi ishi • Shisangwa mu Citungu ca • umunani ne mikupo shaishibikwa Central • amasako ayatali pa mpumi Isha cikaya (Bantu • Ubukulu bwa pakati elyo na • umunani ne mikupo goat (local) • malangi nelyo ifisemba ifyapusana-pusana • Ishilume ishikalamba shifina ukufika kuli ba 30kg elyo ishikota kuli ba 25kg Boer goat (exotic) • Intuntuko yaku South Africa • Umunani, umukaka ne mikupo Imbushi shafuma • Isha buuta ne fisemba fya ku fyalo fimbi bulauni nangu ukukashikila na ku mutwe no mukoshi ukwa bulauni • Ishilume ishikalamba shifina kuli ba 70kg elyo ishikota 50kg • Kuti shakamwako umukaka ukufuma pali citika wa lita ukufika pama lita yabili (half litre -2litre) • Amatwi ayakulu kabili ayakompama Saanen goat • Shatuntuka ku Ireland • Umukaka (exotic) • Isha buuta • Ishikalamba shilafina 75kg elyo ishikota 65kg • Kuti shapela amalita ya mukaka ukufuma pali 3 ukufika pali 5 • Amatwi ayapantalala Toggenburg • Shafuma ku fyalo fya ku • Maka-maka ku mukaka (exotic) Europe, nokushileta ku fyalo fyaku Kabanga fyamu Africa (East Africa) • Sha bulauni ne mishilwa iya buta pa menso • Ishikalamba ishilume shilafina ukufika kuli 80kg elyo ishikota 70kg • -Kuti shakamwako umukaka ukufika kuma lita yatatu(3l) pa bushiku bumo • Panono kofye amatwi ayasonta ku ntanshi kabili ayapantalala 46 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa BREED CHARACTERISTICS USE Anglo- Nubian • Ishakosa kabili shileshibila • Umukaka (Nubian) bwangu • Amalangi ayengi • Ishilume ishikalamba shifina 60kg elyo ishikota 65kg • Shilapeela umukaka uwingi kabili uusuma • Amatwi ayasonta ku ntashi kabili aya pantalala Intulo: Cawaminishiwa ukufuma ku MAL 2013. Amafi ya mbushi kufuma manyuwa usuma pantu yalikwata 60% organic carbon, 2.88% potashamu, 2.7% nitrogen elyo 1.78% fosifaras, K- 2.88%, elyo imisu yashiko nayo yalikwata ubukankala muli nitrogen na potashamu (Farm Design 2021). Ukufika ku cipendo 50- 60 ica mbushi eshifwaika ukupeela umufundo muli ha wa cishiba. Imbushi shifwile ukwikala mu ng’anda umwauma, umwa cingililwa elyo nokucingililwa kucikabilila icakucila mu cipimo. (Farm Design 2021). Ngacaku mwalicitile bwino, ubulimi bwa mbushi kuti bwa mupeela 500- 600kg iya munani elyo na 3000L iya mukaka pa mwaka, elyo pamuku umo wine nokumupeela impapa na faiba ifili nga mohair na cashmere(Singh n.d.) Ubusomboshi bwa mbushi 1.502.0 amataani ya citindi mwaba P-1.78% na K-2.88%. Ubulimi bwa mbushi kuti bwafumya ama kilogramu 500 -600kg iyamunani wa nama no mukaka ama lita 3000 pa mwaka ukulunda pakupeela imikupo ne nshinga(Singh, nd) Ukulingana na Kumar et al. (2012:208, “Amafi ya mbushi yalicilishapo ubukankala muli nitrogen na phosphoric acidi ukucila amafi ayafuma ku nama shimbi. Imisu ya mbushi nayo yalikwata ubukankala muli fyonse fibili nitrogen potash.” Kabili kalemba atila, “Citindi wa mbushi alikwata ubusuma bwakuti kuba ukubikamo fye palya pene mu fishiba fye sabi ililekula pa mulandu wakuti ayamafisho yaba aya bulungana ukufika 6 - 7mm peeti, umo umusangwa fikole-kole elyo nokwe eleela mu menshi nga yali ayauma. Aya mafi yaalisangwa ukuti yalalikwa kwi sabi. Imbushi kuti sha sungwa mu ng’anda iyakulwa apa sumbulwako apapita umukolololwa pakuti ubusali buleingila mu cishiba ce sabi” Umufundo wa manyuwa(peleti) kuti walongwa mu mifuko elyo nokubika mu makoona ya cishiba, elyo nokumona ukuti ilepelela pakuti ilefumya manyuwa ngacakuti kwaba ama algal bloom. Umufundo wa manyuwa kuti walongwa utuntulu pakuti ulesuminishafye amanyutilenti ukupeela umufundo mu meenshi ya mucishiba. Limbi amapelleti kuti yashonaulwa ukusuminisha amanyutilent ukuya mu meenshi (2012:208). Icikope 15. Ukukondenkanya isabi ne mbushi pamo Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 47 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 7.2 Amayanda(amacinka) ya mbushi Ukubika imbushi mu ng’anda iisuma cikankala mukucefyako ukulusa kwa nama ukushalinga ku malwele, ifinama ifingafwaya ukwisa mukwikata, ku bupuupu ne miceele ibi iya cila bushiku. Amafya ayengi ayakumine ku bumi bwa mbushi yabako ku mulandu wakukana kwata ubusaka bwa mu mayanda ya mbushi ne ncende shashinguluka aya mayanda. Utwana twa mbushi nga cakuti tatuleisalilwa mu ng’anda bwino kuti twaikatwa ku nama shilya inama shinankwe pamo nga imbwa elyo kabili kuti kwaba utushishi na malwele. Neci kuti catwala kukulufya kwa nama ishili mwibumba, namukulesha ukubwelela panshi kwa busomboshi ne ndalama. Pa kucefyako ifiposwa pa bukule bwa mayanda ya mbushi nokukusha polofiti, umulimi afwile ukubomfya ifintu ifisangwa mu ncende ekala pamo nga insota, icani cakufimbila nelyo amalata. (MFL, 2015). 7.2.1 Apa kukulila ing’anda ya mbushi Ing’anda ya mbushi ifwile ukukulwa mupepi ne ng’anda mwikalamo apali 100. Ifwile ukubikwa pa mushili uwakuti mulamba alepita kabili ku masamba (ukuwila akasuba) yakubelele ing’anda ya mulimi ukulesha icena ca citindi. Ukukula ng’anda ya mbushi iisuma, abalimi bafwile ukukonka ifi: • Iyaanguka mu fintu fyakubomfya ifisangwa mu ncende ifyapala insota ne fyani fyakufimbila. • Ing’anda ifwile ukukwata insaka yakucingilila imbushi ku mfula, akasuba, umwela, inama shikata na bapuupu. • Sumbuleniko apakunyanta ukulesha amalwele nokucefyako ukwikatwa ku nama elyo namukwangukililwa ukukolonganika citindi. • Cingilileni imbushi kukukana kwata ubonaushi bwa fisabo. • Kufwile kwaba umwakulila ifyakulya no kunwena amenshi. • Ing’anda ifwile ukukwata umwakwingilila nokufumina umwela pakutalusha amalwele yamukushupika mukupeema (ayapala akalaso) • Imiputule iikalamba ukulesha ukutitikana kwa nama, ukukoweshiwa nokukana ikala fye bwino. • Ifibi ifyakoosa ukucingilila imbushi ku nama na bapuupu. • Popeni umutengo uwasuluka bwino elyo no mutenge uwasolomoka ukufuma ku cibumba ukufika 0.5m pakuti ameenshi yalekonkoloka bwino ukukana ingila mukati. • Ifipunda apakumanina amapulanga apakunyanta pafwile ukuba 1.5cm mukutalushanya (mupeepi nokwina kwa cikumo ca mukalamba) ukulesha ukuicena ku twana. • Incende ukufuma ukufuma pa mushili ifwile ukufika kuli 1.2m pakuti cayanguka ukufumya citindi mwisamba. • Cingilileni ing’anda ya mbushi no lupango pakuti takuli ukufuma lintu kwaba imiceele iyalubana. • Bikeni imiputule mu ng’anda, iya twana, inama ishilwele, nashimbipo. • Limbeni ifimuti ukupeela icintelelwe apo mwakulila ing’anda nangu kuti mwakulila mu cintelelwe ca cimuti. 48 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Icikope 16. Ukubula/ukutol amafi ya mbushi ukufuma mu ng’anda ya mbushi 7.3 Imicitile isuma iya kuteekelamo imbushi. Iyi emicitile yalyonse iyo ifwile ukubombwa pakuti ubulimi bwa kuteeka imbushi buleyenda bwino: • Moneni ubumi bwa mbushi elyo nokuceceta ngakuli ifishibilo fyakulwala. • Lisheni imbushi bwino pakusha fwilisha ukucimfya amalwele. • Peeleni imbushi ameenshi ayalinga kabili kabili ayasuma. Ifyakunwinamo fifwile fyaba mulupango nangula mukati ka ng’anda ya mbushi. • Fumyeni citindi ya mbushi cila nshita. 7.4 Ukulisha ne milile isuma ku mbushi Ukusunga imbushi sha bumi ubusuma cilafwa ukulwisha amalwele. Kabili cilalenga ukuti shikule bwangu, ukusanduluka bwangu elyo nokupeela icipimo ca mukaka cikulu. Ifi efikomo ifyo mufwile ukwishiba pa milishishe no mulyo ukabila imbushi: • Imbushi shalitemwa ukusaba ku fimuti ukucila ukulya icani pa mushili eico limbi teti shikule bwino ngacakuti tashipeelwe inshita yakwangala mu mpanga umuli fimuti. Imbushi shilalya fyapusana pusana ifili icani nefya mabula pamo penefye ne fimuti fyamuunga. • Umwakulila umusuma ku mbushi muntu musangwa fyonse fibili icani ne fya mishila ifyapala intongwe amabula ya soya, cilemba, kachesha, imbalala, ilanda. Ifyani fyalikwata iflenga ukusungulula bwangu ifyakulya mumala nokupeela amaka. • Imbushi shilakula bwino ngacakuti kwaba ukushipeela ifyakulya fyakupeela amaka (ama carbohydrate) elyo nefyakulya fyakukusha umubili (ama protein) ifili nga amataba, amale, sogamu, sanfulawa, imbalala na soya. Mufwile ukwipikako soya nokutwa ilyo tamulalisha imbushi. • Imbushi shalitemwa ukulya amabula yaku fimuti elyo ne cani cakatapa-katapa iciteku. • Pamo nge nama shimbi, imbushi shikabila cilanshita amenshi yakunwa pakuti shisunge ubumi. Imbushi sha cikaya shilakabila ukunwa icipimo ca meenshi ukufuma 2-10L cila bushiku ukulinganafye no bukulu bwacitekwa. • Imbushi ishilelya cani iciteku, icilekula shilakula bwino nangu tapali amenshi, lelo ubwafya buba muku panga umukaka elyo na mu mikulile. • Fimbi ifyo mwingashipeela kuti paaba ifisekwa fya busomboshi bwafya mbuto, amakapa, imisale, amapapa ya ntongwe, cilemba ne mbalala. • Imbushi iikalamba kuti yalya icani icauma ukufuma 1- 1.6 kg mu bushiku bumo nangu 4- 6kg icani icibishi. • Mu nshita yakuma(ulusuba), icani cilakota no kukosa kabili tacikwata saana umulyo, kanshi imbushi shilafwaya ifyakulundapo pa fyakulya. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 49 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 7.5 Amalwele nefyakucingilila ubumi bwa mbushi Mu kusondwelela, imbushi shilashansha saana ku malwele ayengi. Lelo nga cakuti imibele pamo nga ukubika cinkupiti wa mbushi pamo, ing’anda ya mbushi iishakulwa bwino nokubulwa kwa busaka, ukubulilwa kwakupokelela no kufumya umwela mu ng’anda ya mbushi namafya yambi kuti calenga amalwele ayengi ukwisa, ico icingatwala ku kucepelwa kwa mbushi nokusandana. Paku cefyako ubuluse, cikankala ukuti kwaba ukusungilila ubumi bwa mbushi ukubikapo ne nshila shakushicingilila. Teebulo 14 muli ukulondolola amalwele ya mbushi yamo ayaseeka, ifyakwishibilako, ifyakucingilila no bundapishi. Ubulwele Ubulondoloshi/ifyakwishibi- Ifya kubutalusha nokucingilila lako Ukwingilwa ne myambo (Worm • Utushishi/imyambo • Cinjeni incende umwakulila infestation) iingasangwa mukati ka munda panuma yacila milungu itatu ya mbushi icakuti takuba ukutalusha imyambo kusanduluka kabili kulaba • Talusheni imbushi ukulila ukuli ukufwa amenshi no kwa boomba. • Ifyakwishibilako • Mwishitwala mukulya • ukucepelwa umulopa, muluceelo saana ilyo • ukupolomya, ukonda, imyambo ilesenya mpakafye • ukulusa icipimo umume wapwa. • ukukakabala kwa nkanda • Nga cakuti muletunganya • Ukutola/ukukana kula ukukwata imyambo, bwangu, shipeeleni umuti ukubomfya • ukufimba kwa panshi ya Albendazole nelyo Nilzan. ncendwa, • Shipeeleni inyeleti beta • ulufumo ulwafimba Ivermectin • imfwa yamukupumikisha. Ukubola ifibondo(Foot rot) Ubu bulwele bulambukila kabili • Ukucingilila bwaliseeka saana mu mainsa • Ukuwamya ku mabondo/ icakuti bulaleta ukubosha panshi makasa. ya makasa no kuleta icena iciibi. • Mwiesha ukubika imbushi Ifyakwishibilako umwabomba kabili mu ncende • kusunta, umuli amatipa. • ukongoloka pa kwenda • Shibikeni mu ng’anda iisuma • amakasa ayeepuka ku cena • Ukundapa • lekeni shende nangula ukushitumpika amakasa umuli 10% iya copper sulphate nelyo zinc sulphate. Akalaso (Pneumonia) Ubulwele bwikata bapwapwa. • Ukucingilila Ifyakwishibilako • Mwishibika muli cinkupiti • impepo, • Wamyeni umutipila • ukukoo nokufumina mwela. • ubwafya mu kupema, • Peleeni amenshi ayasuma • ifimina ukufuma mu myona, • Shipeeni umuti waku shi • ukukana fwaya ukulya cingilila cila mwaka. (anorexia) • Ukundapa • ukonda ukucila mu cipimo • Nga cakuti tushishi twa bakitiria etwaleta ubulwele, undapeni ukubomfya ama anti- biotics uwabanga penicillin nangu oxytetracycline na sulphonamides. 50 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Ubulwele Ubulondoloshi/ifyakwishibi- Ifya kubutalusha nokucingilila lako Ukukpolomya (Diarrhoea) Ubu bulwele bwaliseka saana • UKucingilila mutwana twa mbushi nokulenga • moneni ukuti utwana twa ukufwa ukucila mucipimo. mbushi tulenwa ameenshi Ifyakwishibilako ayengi. • Amafisho ya meenshi, • Lyonse peeleni ameenshi • ukupopomenwa, ayengi kabili ayasuma • ukucepelwa meenshi mu • Twalilileni ukusunga incende mubili iya busaka. • Ukumfwa ukulanaka • Pekanyeni ifyakulya ifingi ku mbushi shinono • -Lekanyeni inama ishilwele. • Ukundapa • Peeleni ameenshi(ORS) lita umo (1L) ukusankanya na citika wa supuni umucele (hafu) nama supuni yane (4) aya shuka nelyo ubuuci nangu ubuci. • Peeleni amalasha ukusankanya na meenshi nangu black tea. • Sungeni utwana twa mbushi umwakaba. • Peeleni ama anti-biotics pamo nga penicillin nangu sulfonamides nelyo oxytetracycline Ukupulumuna (Brucellois) Ubu bulwele bulenga imbushi • Peeleni ishikota umuti S19 ukupulumuna mu nshinku vaccine pa myeshi 2-4. shakulekelesha ishe fumo. • Ipayeni ishikwete ubulwele Ifyakwishibilako nokoca. • shilamoneka ukupungaila • Twaleni lipooti ku babomfi ba • ukukola nokushenda bwino pumi bwa nama • ukupona kwe fumo elyo • Ukwabula ukundapwa, nokukana fuma kwa ukusunga incende busaka ciisa(macenda) nokupeela ifyakulya ifisuma kukapwisha ubulwele Ubulwele bwa konto (Tick-borne Ubu bulwele butandanishiwa naba • Ukucingilila disease) konto. Ifyakwishibilako • Tumpikeni imbushi mu muti • kucepa kwa mulopa ukulesha bakonto maka maka ukumonekelwa pa cipa ca nga bafula pa mibili. linso • ifyasuminishiwa; shitumpikeni • impepo, ukutunya umuku umo mu mulungu nokushinguluka muli seeko. munshita ya mainsa elyo • Iminofu ukulayenda umuku umo panuma ya • imisu iyakashikila nokufitamo, milungu ibili munshita • ukukula kwashingashinga, yakutalala. • ukonaika kwa nkanda • Ukundapa • imfwa • Peeleni umuti wa oxytetracycline, imizol, doxycycline nelyo berenil Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 51 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Ubulwele Ubulondoloshi/ifyakwishibi- Ifya kubutalusha nokucingilila lako Ukunwa sumu(Poisoning) • icilenga lintu kwaba ukulya • Tekwesha ukulimbika nangu ifimenwa ifikwete poisoni ukubyala ifimenwa fyakwata • pamo nga lantana. sumu mupeepi ne ng’anda ya Ifyakwishibilako mbushi. • ukukana enda bwino • Ukundapa Ukusankanya ifi • ukuponya ululenda nokufilwa cipimo icisuma icakusundula ukupema bwino. Mufwile sumu; 500g ya malasha bwangu bwangu mwashi ayatwiwa na 500g peela antidote iyapelekwa iya lime (pambali ngatamukweteni amalasha) muli 10 litre black tea • Peeleni imbushi ikalamba 1 litre pakusundula sumu Ukufimbilwa (Bloat) • Ilyo imbushi yaisulilwa • Aluleni ubwingi bwa fyakulya umwela mukati ka cifulu shilelya icakuti yafilwa nokufumya uyu • Mwilashilisha ifyakulya mwela ku kanwa. fyakulundapo ifili amataba ne • Ifyomwingeshibilako fya mishila (legume) ifili soya • ukufimba lufumo kulubali lwa bini, intongwe nelyo ilanda, kuso ulwa lufumo, • Ukundapa • ukukana fwaya ukulya, • Patikisheni imbushi ukunwa • ukufilwa ukupeema, 250 ml ya mafuta yakwipikila • ukusheta ameeno no • Ensheni nangu kufoloma ukushingulusha inama ifimbilwe mu lubansa n pa kuikoselesha ukufumya umwela uuli mukati • Mwiyesha ukupeela inama ameenshi pantu amataba mukati ka mala kuti yapanga nsashiko nokulrnga ukukulilako. Ubulwele bwa konto (Tick-borne Ubu bulwele butandanishiwa naba • Ubulwele bwa ku nkanda disease) konto. Ifyakwishibilako (Mange) Ifyakwishibilako • kucepa kwa mulopa • ukususauka amasako ukumonekelwa pa cipa ca • Ukufwenya nokulaikusulula linso fintu ifyakosa nokupanga • impepo, ukutunya ifilonda ifingaleta utushishi nokushinguluka muli seeko. • Ukukana lya ifyakulya icinga • Iminofu ukulayenda twala kukondoloka. • imisu iyakashikila nokufitamo, • Nga bwapitilila mulesa • ukukula kwashingashinga, mukufuma imfwa. • ukonaika kwa nkanda • Ngatakuli ukundapwa, • imfwa ifyakutumba kuti fyafika umubili onse, icingatwala kukulusa icipimo, ukunakuka umubili elyo nokukana lya. Ukucingilila • Kuleni amayanda ayasuma, ayapisha umwela uusuma kabili ne ncende iyafunguluka. • -Tumpikeni nelyo ukushikana umuti cila nshita. • -Shenifye inama ishili no bumi ubusuma nokushibwesesha umo shikala • Ukundapa • Kuseni inkanda nokufumya amaamba mpanka fye fyaswa umulopa. Panuma kuti mwacita ifi: mwasuba • 52 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Ubulwele Ubulondoloshi/ifyakwishibi- Ifya kubutalusha nokucingilila lako • Peeleni sodium benzoate, • Oil ya mu injini iyabomfiwa • Castor oil liquid paraffin. • Citeni ifi panuma ya nshiku shibili nelyo shitau mpaka fye shipole • Shitumpikeni mu muti • Shilaseni umuti wa Ivermectin. Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 53 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 8. Ukusanshamo abaume na banakashi mu nshila yakukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi no bulimi bumbi Umulinganya pakati ka baume na banakashi cintu cimo icikankala saana pakufikilisha imibombele yakukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi no bulimi bumbi pakuti kwaba imibomfeshe ya mpanga iyakutwalilila, ukusunga ifyakulya ne milile isuma, ukukwata amaka yakushansha elyo nokucefya ubupina. Iyi ninshila ishakoosa. Yaliba fye iyayanguka ukubomfya ku balimi banoono abakwatafye amasambililo aya panshi elyo nenshila yakusangilamo indalama nefintu fyakubomfya mu bulimi ifishafunguluka abo ababa maka maka banamaayo abashikwanisha. Banamaayo kuti bakusha amaka yabo ayakulwisha ukutitikishiwa kwa mu mikalile no bunonshi bwa fyakulya ne milile isuma, indalama sha pa ng’anda, ukupakamisha banamaayo, ukupanga ubupingushi elyo nokwalula imikalile yabo ukupitila munshila yakukondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi no bulimi bumbi iyo iinga kusha amaka yakushansha mu bwikashi bwa mu mishi. Inshila shakukondenkanya ubulimi shifwile ukulakuma saana ubwikashi bwa mu ncende elyo nenshila sha banamaayo abalimi bakonka isha mu mikalile. Inshila shakukondenkanya ubulimi shifwile ukusanshamo imicitile ilebomba iya banamaayo abalimi. Banamaayo abengi mu mishi balateeka inkoko shacikaya nge cishilano elyo ici cilapeela ishuko lya kukondenkanya inkoko ne sabi. Ifikope 17-20 filelanga abalimi abapusana pusana mu Zambi ababomfya inshila yakukondenkanya ubulimi no bulimi bwesabi. Icikope 17. Namaayo mwi boma lya Mpulungu uuteeka inkoko umufuma indalama sha mubwikashi bwakwe. 54 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa Icikope 18. pesamba cilelanga banamaayo abalimi mwi boma lya Luwingu ababomfya manyuwa wa nkoko ne mbushi ukubika mu fishiba pakuti fifunde. Icikope 19. Umulimi mwi boma lya Luwingu alelondolola ifyo akondenkanya ubulimi bwe sabi ne fyuni Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 55 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa WIcikope 20. Banamaayo abalimi be sabi lyamu fishiba mwi Boma lya Mbala ababomfya manyuwa ukufuma ku nkoko shabo nokubika mu fishiba na magaladeni. 9. Ukusondwelela Inshila yakukondenkanya ubulumi bwe sabi no bulimi bumbi (IAA) ni nshila iyatontonkanishiwapo bwino ukubomfya tekinoloji munshita yakwaluka kwa miceele ya panshita ntali. Ni nshila iyo iyafwa abantu nefilengwa na Lesa ukukwata amaka ya kushansha nokubelesha ififuma mu miceele. Iyi nshila yaba ni cibusa mu mibombele elyo nokubomfya bwino amenshi nge cintu icacepana mu mibomfeshe. Ishi nshila ishalekana lekana kuti shakoseshako bwikashi bwa balimi banoono no kucefya ubupiina mu ncende sha mu mishi ukupitila mukulima ifyakulya ifyalekana lekana. 56 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa 10. Ifitabo nafimbi umwafuma amasambililo Agrifarming. n.d. 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What do adaptation to climate change and climate resilience mean? https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and- resilience/the-big-picture/what-do-adaptation-to-climate-change-and-climate-resilience- mean 58 Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa [WWF] World Wide Fund for Nature. n.d. What’s the difference between climate change mitigation and adaptation? https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/what-s-the-difference- between-climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation Ubulimi Busuma Ubwe Sabi Ukuyana ne Miceele Ubwa Balimi Banoono Abateeka Isabi: 59 Ukukondenkanya Ubulimi bwe Sabi no Bulimi Bunoono Ubwa Fiteekwa