1 ACCELERATING IMPACTS OF CGIAR CLIMATE RESEARCH FOR AFRICA (AICCRA) ADDITIONAL FINANCING (AF – P181150) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR Pilot of Climate Smart Agricultural Innovations and Climate Information Service Technologies in Kenya Prepared by Alliance of Bioversity-CIAT and International Livestock and Research Institute (ILRI) March 2025 2 Table of Contents 1.0 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Scope of Work ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Purpose, Objectives, and Scope of the ESMP ............................................................................... 8 1.4 Implementation Arrangements for the Pilot of CSA Innovation. ................................................. 9 2.0 AICCRA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS MANAGEMENT GUIDE ............................................ 9 3.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ................................................................................................... 10 3.1 ILRI-Led Consultations ................................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Alliance-Led Consultations .......................................................................................................... 12 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION ................................................................. 13 4.1 Location ....................................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Topography ................................................................................................................................. 13 4.3 Climatic Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 14 4.4 Key Environmental Issues ........................................................................................................... 15 4.5 Socio-economic ........................................................................................................................... 15 4.6 Ethnic Groups .............................................................................................................................. 16 5.0 DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS ON CSA BUNDLES .... 17 5.1 ILRI-Led CSA Demonstration Sites ............................................................................................... 17 5.2 Alliance-Led Demonstration Sites ............................................................................................... 18 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS AND IMPACT MITIGATION ................................................. 24 6.1 Summary of E&S Risks Identified, Mitigation Measures ............................................................. 25 6.2 Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Management Plan Summary ............................... 27 6.3 Calendar of Activities for CSA Demonstration Sites .................................................................... 32 6.4 Chance Find Procedures .............................................................................................................. 33 6.5 Pest Management Plan ............................................................................................................... 33 6.6 Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities for Implementing the ESMP .......................... 40 6.7 Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building for ESMP Implementation ........................... 41 6.8 Grievance Mechanism ................................................................................................................ 41 6.9 The CGIAR Grievance Mechanism ............................................................................................... 41 6.10 AICCRA-Kenya Grievance Mechanism ........................................................................................ 44 6.11 SEA/SH Grievance Mechanism .................................................................................................... 44 6.12 Public Consultation, Participation, and Information Disclosure ................................................. 45 3 6.13 Environmental and Social Monitoring, Reporting, and Completion Audit ................................. 45 6.14 Indicated Budget for implementation of ESMP .......................................................................... 46 6.15 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 47 Annex 2: Voluntary Land Agreement Form ............................................................................................ 49 List of Tables Table 1:Roles and responsibilities on AICCRA Kenya Partners on CSA demonstrations. ............................. 9 Table 2: Location of project counties .......................................................................................................... 13 Table 3: Topography of project counties .................................................................................................... 13 Table 4:Climatic Conditions of project counties ......................................................................................... 14 Table 5: Key Environmental Issues in Project Counties .............................................................................. 15 Table 6: Relevant socio-economic indices of project Communities ........................................................... 16 Table 7: Ethnic composition of project counties ........................................................................................ 16 Table 8: Summary of E&S risks identified and mitigation measures. ......................................................... 25 Table 9: Environmental and Social Management Plan Summary ............................................................ 28 Table 10 : Schedule of Activities for the Dissemination and Management of Climate-Smart Systems and Agricultural Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................... 32 Table 11 : WHO Classification of Pesticides by Hazard ............................................................................... 37 Table 12: WHO classification Level of Proposed Pesticides to be used on CSA demonstration plots. ....... 37 Table 13: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities in the implementation of the ESMP. ............................ 40 Table 14: Indicative Budget ........................................................................................................................ 47 4 Acronyms ABC Alliance Bioversity and CIAT ACTN Africa Conservation Tillage Network AF Additional Financing AICCRA Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid CBO Community-Based Organization CEC County Executive Committee CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT Centre for International Tropical Agriculture CIS Climate Information Services CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CoC Code of Conduct CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture E&S Environmental and Social ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESRM Environmental and Social Risk Management ESS Environmental and Social Standard FPIC Free, Prior, and Informed Consent GBV Gender Based Violence GM Grievance Mechanism ICRISAT International Crop Research In Semi-Arid Tropics IDA International Development Association ILRI International livestock Institute IPM Integrated Pest Management KALRO Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization OHS Occupational Health and Safety PPE Personal Protective Equipment PWD People with Disabilities SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SH Sexual Harassment WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization 5 1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA) is a project being implement in Africa to deliver a climate-smart future for the continent through innovative agricultural practices driven by science. The project is led by the Alliance of Bioversity International and Centre for International Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and supported by a grant from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank. The AICCRA Additional Financing (AF) phase is being implemented in six focus countries: Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zambia, with scale up activities at the Western, Eastern and Southern Africa regions. AICCRA activities in Kenya through the International livestock Institute (ILRI) is partly focused on promoting climate smart pastoralism practices in Arid and Semi-Arid (ASAL) regions of Kenya. To deliver on this objective, ILRI ls collaborating with International Crop Research in Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and county extension to support socially inclusive learning activities through implementation of demonstration plots in Baringo County. Priority setting conducted in community conversations held in 2025 were identified and included interest in cultivating drought tolerant crops, fodder, and vegetables. The demonstration plot will host cereals and legumes, vegetables, and fodder grasses to support improved nutrition of households and livestock. The objective of the demonstration plot will be to learn best agronomic practices and support food production. Demonstration plots will bring together different stakeholders that will include county staff, community members, and AICCRA staff in co-design and co- learning activities to find best options for the community. Women and youth will be meaningfully engaged in decision-making processes in the planning of the demo plots. Additionally, the Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT (Alliance) is collaborating with the Africa Conservation Tillage Network (ACTN) and the universities of Murang’a, Community Development Unit of Lewa Conservancy and Taita Taveta University to scale out the uptake of validated CSA and CIS and strengthen the resilience of Kenya dryland agriculture and food systems. The delivery model is to set up farmer-led demonstration farms to serve as a platform to introduce innovative farming techniques, showcase best practices, and enhance the skills of local farmers. The planned CSA demonstrations will occur in Muranga, Meru, Taita Taveta and Makueni counties between March to December 2025. In light of the potential E&S risks envisaged on these demonstration activities, the AICCRA E&S team conducted a detailed, site-specific E&S risk assessment of selected locations for the CSA demonstration in in February and March 2025. These assessments confirmed that, without effective mitigation measures, the identified E&S risks could adversely impact people and the environment. To address these findings, the AICCRA-Kenya E&S Team has developed this Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to outline strategies for addressing the identified E&S risks at the demonstration sites. This ESMP, prepared in collaboration with key project stakeholders, will be disclosed before initiating project activities and updated as necessary when new risks or CSA sites are identified. 1.2 Scope of Work The proposed CSA demonstrations are clusters around ILRI and Alliance led bundles of CSA demonstrations. The proposed activities are scheduled to start in the fourth week of March 2025 and end by January 2026. 6 ILRI-Led Bundle of CSA Demonstrations Objectives Overall, the scheduled CSA demonstrations seeks to (i) Introduce and promote the adoption of drought tolerant seed varieties among selected pastoralist communities in Ribkwo and Loyamorok wards of Baringo County. (ii) introduce and promote innovative farming techniques suitable for the local context, considering climate, soil conditions, and available resources. (iii) showcasing best practices in land preparation, water conservation and use, crop production, pest and disease control and the use of manure for soil health amendments. (iv) Socially inclusive farming activities and learning sessions for both men and women, youth, and persons with disability (PwD). Timelines Given that these demonstrations will be reliant on rain, activities on the selected plots will start in the fourth week of March 2025 and continue till the end of May 2025. Bundle of CSA/CIS innovations to be piloted. The bundle of CSA innovations and CIS1 technologies include the following: (i) Demonstration of drought-tolerant varieties of beans, sorghum, and pigeon pea as well as selected vegetables and fodder grasses. (ii) Intercropping systems of cereals and legumes (green grams, nyota beans, sorghum). (iii) Conservation agriculture i.e., ripping tillage, zai pits. (iv) Water conservation and irrigation techniques such as farm ponds and zai pits. (v) Use of manure for organic amendments for improved soil health. (vi) Integrated management of pests and diseases of selected crops. Demonstration Plot Design: ILRI has scheduled to set up two demonstration plots in two separate communities. The plot sizes will typically range from 0.5 to 1 acre and will be designed to accommodate different innovations to be showcased. The design of the plots is set to take into consideration each plot’s unique farming landscape and systems. Based on the principal crops and farming practices to be showcased, the plot design will feature a combination of relevant crop selections and planting arrangement that support intensification farming and productivity. 1 All demonstration plots, where possible, will be layered with regular climate information services. 7 Planting and maintenance: This process embodies land preparation, seed sowing, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, and pest management and harvesting. The demos will be set up on farmer fields and therefore the management of the plot will be a shared responsibility between ILRI and the lead farmers. The lead farmers will be responsible for (i) managing activities that will include- planting, fertilizer or insecticide applications as needed, weeding, and harvesting on the demonstration farm with technical assistance from the AICCRA project. (ii) monitoring and ensuring that fencing is adequate so that livestock may not enter the demo plot. (iii) supporting inclusive learning of household and community members in farmer field days. ILRI will be responsible for (i) providing technical support and guidance in collaboration with ICRISAT on demo plot activities, and (ii) financing activities that include land preparation, ploughing, soil and water conservation practices and necessary improvements, such as fencing to keep out livestock. Alliance-Led Bundle of CSA Demonstrations Objectives Overall, the scheduled CSA demonstrations seek to: a) introduce and promote innovative farming techniques suitable for the local context, considering climate, soil conditions, and available resources. b) showcase best crop production, irrigation, soil conservation, and pest and disease control practices. c) foster sustainable agricultural methods, highlighting the importance of sustainable farming, water conservation, and the use of renewable resources. Timelines Activities on demonstration plots that exclusively rely on rainfall will start in April 2025. While activities on plots with irrigation facilitation may start any time after this ESMP's approval. Bundle of CSA/CIS innovations to be piloted. The bundle of CSA innovations and CIS2 technologies include the following: a) Demonstration of drought-tolerant varieties of beans (sorghum and pearl millet value chains) b) Intercropping systems of cereals and legumes (beans, green grams, cowpea, sorghum,) and bananas in some counties. c) Conservation agriculture, i.e., ripping tillage. d) Organic and inorganic amendments for improved soil health. e) Integrated management of pests and diseases of selected crops. Demonstration Plot Design: The design of the demonstration plots in the four counties considers each region’s unique agricultural landscapes and farming systems. Considering the principal crops and farming practices, the plot design 2 All demonstration plots, where possible, will be layered with regular climate information services 8 will feature a combination of relevant crop selections such as common beans, green grams, cowpea, sorghum, bananas, and different forage crops. The plot sizes will be determined to accommodate effective demonstration and replication, typically ranging from 0.5 to 1 acre. Planting and maintenance: This process embodies seed sowing, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, and pest management. The universities will set up CSA demonstrations on institutional farms and provide additional technical support for demonstration farms on farmer plots. ACTN and Lewa Conservancy will also provide oversight and technical support for establishing demonstration farms on farmer plots they oversee. Monitoring and data collection The Alliance project team will work with partners to collect information regularly from all the demonstration farms. Standard data collection templates are in development and will be availed to the lead farmers after training. Primary information will include the number of farmer beneficiaries reached with diverse training around validated CSA and access to CIS and CA. The number of users of these technologies reached through the demonstration farms will also be tracked. Each technology’s yield and ease of use for women will be documented where possible. An outcome case will be developed from these sites to show how other farmers in farmer groups perceive the learning. Farmer engagement Broadly, the primary engagement for farmers will be a matrix of field or farmer field days, sit-in physical sessions during their regular meetings, and audio-visual or print media for specific manuals. It is envisaged that county involvement will be organized from all fronts as we seek to drive food, nutrition, and income security for farmers living in drylands and needing individual farm and community resilience. 1.3 Purpose, Objectives, and Scope of the ESMP The purpose of this ESMP is to consider and develop proper measures and controls to decrease the potential for E&S degradation during all phases of the project, and to provide clearly defined action plans and emergency response procedures to account for human and environmental health and safety. The ESMP provides a practical plan to mitigate and respond to the potential E&S risks identified on the proposed demonstration of CSA innovations and CIS technologies in Kenya. The specific objectives of the ESMP are to: i. Describe the sites identified for the CSA demonstrations and key E&S risks and impacts identified. ii. Identify and address relevant national and international legal requirements and guidelines. iii. Describe relevant baseline E&S conditions. iv. Identify and assess the E&S risks impacts linked to CSA development. v. Define measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate, reduce the risks to acceptable levels, and mitigate or offset adverse E&S impacts. vi. Develop E&S management and monitoring plans in compliance with the relevant E&S laws. vii. Document and address E&S concerns raised by stakeholders and the Public during consultations and focus groups. 9 1.4 Implementation Arrangements for the Pilot of CSA Innovation. The table below provides the breakdown of the roles and responsibilities of various partners that will oversee the implementation of CSA-CIS pilot initiatives under AICCRA-Kenya during the AF. Table 1: Roles and responsibilities on AICCRA Kenya Partners on CSA demonstrations. Institution Role on CSA/CIS demonstrations ILRI, ICRISAT And Alliance of Bioversity- CIAT • Overall coordination and monitoring of CSA demonstrations. • Provide overall technical and scientific backstopping towards refining and adapting climate-smart approaches and technologies. • Development of agro-advisories using structured decision rules to support on-farm dynamic decision making. • Overall coordination and management of E&S risks. • Facilitate receipt and management of grievances. Africa Conservation Tillage Network (ACTN) and the universities of Muranga, Chuka and Taita Taveta • Coordination of CSA/CIS demonstration activities. • Community mobilization for CSA demonstration related activities. • Provide overall technical and scientific backstopping towards refining and adapting climate-smart approaches and technologies. • Recruitment and management of farm laborers in accordance with the project labor management procedures. • Pesticide risk analysis and management. • Training, skills development, and coaching. • Data collection, and documentation. 2.0 AICCRA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS MANAGEMENT GUIDE The AICCRA-AF Environmental and Social Risks Management (ESRM) guide is a management tool that provides guidelines for agricultural research institutions under AICCRA to assess the potential E&S risks and opportunities associated with their research activities towards more productive and climate-resilient agriculture. The Guide provides information on what is needed for project Grant recipients to assess the E&S risks, communicate requirements to agricultural research institutions, as well as monitor and report on implementation. The AICCRA-AF ESRM guide sets the following E&S exclusion criteria for all grant recipients. 1. Production or activities involving forced labor3; 2. Production or activities involving child labor4; 3. Cross-border trade in pesticide, waste, and waste products, unless compliant to the Basel Convention and the underlying regulations5; 3 Forced labor means all work or service not voluntarily performed that is extracted from an individual under threat of force or penalty. 4 Employees may only be hired if they are at least 15 years old, in accordance with the ILO Minimum Age Convention (C138, Art. 2). Children under the age of 18 will not be employed in hazardous work. Children will not be employed in any manner that is economically exploitive, or is likely to be hazardous to, or to interfere with, the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health, or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development. 5 The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations. Under the convention, hazardous waste, as defined under the convention, generally will not be traded cross-border without the 10 4. Research that may lead to environmentally damaging activities, such as inappropriate use of chemical fertilizers; 5. Production or trade in any product or activity deemed illegal under host country laws or regulations or international conventions and agreements, or subject to international bans, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides/herbicides, ozone depleting substances, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), wildlife or products regulated under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); 6. Biotechnology application in genetically modified (GM) crops that may involve genetic transformations of the national original crops and/or might generate irreversible environmental impacts; 7. Activities that could introduce invasive alien species and may impact critical habitats and/or legally protected areas; 8. Activities that may result in discrimination against vulnerable groups, including on the basis of gender and disability; 9. Activities involving land acquisition leading to economic or physical displacement; 10. Activities that affect existing land tenure arrangements or cultural heritage; 11. Activities carried out by institutions with a record of unresolved occupational, health, and safety incidents or accidents;6 12. Activities carried out by institutions with a record of unresolved Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/Sexual Harassment incidents;7 13. All the other activities excluded under the ESRM Guide of the Project; 14. Any activity in areas that pose security risk to project workers or requires the use of security personnel. Accordingly, the AICCRA E&S team implementing partners, proposed activities and project sites to ensure compliance to the exclusion list. 3.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS Both ILRI and Alliance held extensive consultations prior and during the E&S screening of the demo plots as detailed below. 3.1 ILRI-Led Consultations On February 25, 2025, ILRI held a formal consultation meeting with the Baringo County Executive Committee member (CEC) of Agriculture and the Sub-County Agricultural Officer for Tiati, the sub-county designated for the project intervention. Based on the consent and approval obtained at the county level consent of the State of import. Under Basel Convention, “hazardous wastes” are defined as (a) Wastes that belong to any category contained in Annex I, unless they do not possess any of the characteristics contained in Annex III; and (b) Wastes that are not covered under paragraph (a) but are defined as, or are considered to be, hazardous wastes by the domestic legislation of the Party of export, import or transit. 6 Whether such incidents or accidents have been resolved and an institution is therefore eligible for a sub-grant will be evaluated and decided jointly in writing by CIAT and the Association. 7 Whether such incidents have been resolved and an institution is therefore eligible for a sub-grant will be evaluated and decided jointly in writing by CIAT and the Association. 11 to proceed with field activities, further localized consultations were conducted on March 3, 2025, with the Ward Agricultural Extension Officers of Ripko and Loyamorok. Photo 1: Meeting with Baringo County Executive Committee Member for Agriculture Source: During field consultations, February 2025. In addition, separate meetings were held with representatives from the two intended beneficiary communities in Maron Village of Ripko Ward and Morwase Village in Loyamorok Ward. During these meetings, the project team provided a detailed explanation of the project’s context, objectives, and expected outcomes. The team also outlined key Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies to be showcased, as well as the project's strict prohibitions on child labor, forced labor, sexual harassment, and exploitation. Furthermore, the discussions included an assessment of potential Environmental and Social (E&S) risks, including contextual risks that the project must consider. Photo 2: Consultation with Rikpo Ward Agric Extension Officer Source: During field consultations, February 2025. 12 Following these discussions, the project team actively sought feedback and input from community members to inform project design. Some of the issues raised include (i) the need to fence the demo plots to prevent animals’ entry, (ii) the need to consider water conservation and irrigation techniques to support plant growth and avoid crop failure (iii) a request to supply drought tolerant seeds to other farmers to for hands-on practice in their own farmers and (iv) advise to set up the demonstration on time. Given that the ethnic group in the two communities is recognized as an Indigenous Peoples group, the project team also discussed the principles of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC). The community members mutually agreed to provide their consent and support for the project, formalizing this agreement by signing the FPIC form, which is included in Annex 1. During the consultation a four-member grievance-committee, made up of two women and two men were constituted to handle grievance. Photo 3: Consultation with representatives of Maron village Source: Source: During field consultations, February 2025. The process also includes discussions with ICRISAT to learn from demonstration conducted so far under the AICCRA Kenya cluster. Additional consultations were also held with the Alliance Pan Africa Bean Research program to explore additional innovative drought tolerant varieties that could be showcased. Further consultations were held with Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). 3.2 Alliance-Led Consultations The selection process for lead farmers to host the demonstration plots in Makueni, Taita Taveta, Murang’a, and Meru counties followed a rigorous and inclusive approach. Local farmer groups, agricultural extension officers, and community leaders collaborate to identify lead farmers with substantial experience, expertise, and a willingness to share knowledge with their peers. The process also includes discussions with universities that co-hosted the first set of demonstration farms in 2022, the Pan Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA), the Alliance-CIAT Tropical Forages Program, and the conservation agriculture capacity-building organization, i.e., ACTN8. The selection criteria did 8 Africa Conservation Tillage Network (ACTN) is a pioneer in conservation agriculture training in Africa. 13 prioritize individuals who have demonstrated a commitment to adopting new agricultural practices and a track record of successful farming. The initiative aims to ensure representation and inclusion across communities and farming contexts by involving lead farmers from diverse backgrounds and farming systems. Gender and social inclusion strategies of AICCRA were well integrated into these selections. These lead farmers will serve as role models and knowledge-sharing ambassadors within their respective farmer groups, effectively disseminating the information and practices learned from the demonstration plots. Annex 1 contains the voluntary land release form to be endorsed by Lead Farmers. 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION This section provides a brief outline of the environmental and social baseline condition of the five counties selected by the Alliance to host the on-farm CSA demonstrations. 4.1 Location Table 2: Location of project counties County Location Makueni Makueni County lies between Latitude 1º 35´ and 3° 00´ South and Longitude 37º10´ and 38º 30´ east and covers an area of 8,008.7 Km2. The County borders several counties Kajiado to the West, Taita Taveta to the South, Kitui to the East and Machakos to the North. The county is largely arid and semi-arid and usually prone to frequent droughts. Taita Taveta Taita Taveta County is located approximately 360 km southeast of Nairobi and covers a total area of 17,084.1 km2. The county is one of the six coastal counties. It is also part of the arid and semi-arid regions of Kenya. Muranga Muranga county is locate in the central region of Kenya. t lies between latitudes 0 o 34’ South and 10 7’ South and Longitudes 36o East and 37o 27’ East. The county occupies a total area of 2,558.8Km2. Meru Meru County is located in the eastern region of Kenya, on the northeastern slopes of Mount Kenya. It borders Isiolo County to the north, Tharaka Nithi County to the south, Nyeri County to the southwest, and Laikipia County to the west. To the east, it shares a boundary with Kitui County. The county is known for its rich agricultural land, particularly for tea, coffee, and miraa (khat), as well as its proximity to Meru National Park. Baringo Baringo County is located in the Rift Valley region of Kenya. It is situated in the central part of the country and borders Turkana County to the north, West Pokot and Elgeyo Marakwet to the west, Nakuru and Laikipia to the south, and Samburu County to the east. The county is known for Lake Baringo, a major freshwater lake, and its diverse landscapes, including semi-arid areas, highlands, and river valleys 4.2 Topography Table 3: Topography of project counties County Topography Makueni The County lies in the arid and semi-arid zones of the eastern region of the country. The major physical features in Makueni County include the volcanic Chyulu hills which lie along the southwest border of the County in Kibwezi West Constituency, Mbooni hills in Mbooni Constituency and Kilungu and Iuani hills in Kaiti Constituency. The County terrain is generally low-lying from 600m above sea level in Tsavo at the southern end of the County. . Taita Taveta Taita Taveta County is classified into three major topographical zones, namely: (i) Upper zone – which comprises Mwambirwa, Taita and Sagalla hills regions with altitudes ranging from 304 meters to 2, 208 meters above sea level. The zone is suitable for horticultural farming. (ii) Lower zone – which includes plains where the national parks, mines and ranches are found. (iii) Volcanic foothills zone – which covers the Taveta region with underground water and springs sourcing from Mt. Kilimanjaro. Muranga The County lies 3,353m above sea level, in the West along the slopes of Aberdare Mountains and 914m ASL in the East. The western highlands have deep dissected topography and drain into various rivers. These rivers flow from Aberdare ranges to the West, South Eastward and drain into Tana River. The County’s geology and basement system comprises of 14 County Topography volcanic rocks of the Pleistocene age and Achaean rock type respectively. The western part of the County bordering Aberdares is characterised by volcanic rocks while the Eastern part is composed of the rocks of the basement system. The highest parts bordering Aberdares form the rain catchment areas, from where most of the rivers passing through the county originate. The volcanic rocks hence fertile soils result in thriving agricultural activities. The ecological conditions in the high areas provide a suitable environment for tea and coffee farming. However, this dissected topography causes gulley erosion and landslides. Meru Meru County's topography is diverse, influenced by its location on the northeastern slopes of Mount Kenya. The western part of the county is characterized by steep, fertile slopes of Mount Kenya, with elevations ranging from 1,500m to over 3,500m above sea level. This region has rich volcanic soils, making it ideal for tea, coffee, and other cash crops. The central part of Meru consists of undulating terrain and plateaus, gradually transitioning from the highlands. This region supports a mix of agriculture and livestock farming. The eastern side of Meru gradually descends into semi-arid and arid lowlands that border Isiolo and Tharaka Nithi counties. These areas are drier, with acacia woodlands and savanna vegetation, making them suitable for livestock rearing rather than crop farming. Several rivers, including the Kathita, Mutonga, and Thanantu, originate from Mount Kenya and flow through the county, carving valleys and providing water for irrigation. Baringo A significant portion of Baringo lies within the floor of the Rift Valley, characterized by low-lying plains, scattered volcanic formations, and seasonal riverbeds. The northern and eastern parts of the county consist of dry, semi-arid plains, with sparse vegetation and acacia woodlands. This region is mainly used for pastoralism due to its low rainfall. The highlands (Tugen Hills) support agriculture, while the lowlands are better suited for livestock rearing. 4.3 Climatic Conditions Table 4:Climatic Conditions of project counties County Climatic Conditions Makueni The County experiences two rainy seasons, the long rains occurring in March /April while the short rains occur in November/December. The hilly parts of Mbooni and Kilungu receive 800-1200mm of rainfall per year. High temperatures of 35.8 C are experienced in the low-lying areas causing high evaporation which worsens the dry conditions. Climate variations and extreme differences in temperatures can be explained by change in altitude. The areas to the North such as Kilungu, Iuani and Mbooni hills are usually cool with temperatures ranging from 20.2Cto 24.6 C, while the low-lying areas of the South such as Kitise and Kambu are usually hot. Generally, the County experiences high temperatures during the day and low temperatures at night. During the dry periods between May and October the lower parts of the County experience severe heat. The Northern part of the County is hilly with medium rainfall ranging from 800mm to 1200mm and has high potential for food crop production. This part of the County, covering mainly Nziu, Kilungu, Iuani and Mbooni has few natural and planted forests. The area is therefore suitable for horticulture and dairy farming. Taita Taveta Taita Taveta County is mainly dry, with the exception of Taita Hills which are considerably wet. The south-easterly winds influence climate in the area, whereby hilly areas have ideal conditions for moisture condensation which then results in relief rainfall. Long rains are usually experienced between March and May – where on average, highlands record 265 mm as opposed to the 157 mm in lowlands. Short rains are anticipated between October and December, with annual rainfall being recorded at 1,200 mm (highlands) and 341 mm (lowlands). Rainfall distribution is usually uneven, with higher rainfall amounts being recorded in highland areas as compared to the lowlands. Annually, mean rainfall is 650 mm. Average temperature in Taita Taveta County is 23℃, with lows of 18℃ in hilly areas (Sagalla, Taita ad Mwambirwa) and rising to about 25℃ in lower zones. Muranga The County has three climatic regions: The western region with an equatorial type of climate, the central region with a sub-tropical climate and the eastern part with semi-arid conditions. Long rains fall in the months of March, April and May. April reliably records the highest amount of rainfall. The short rains are in the months of October and November. The Western region covering Kangema, Gatanga, and higher parts of Kigumo and Kandara, is generally wet and humid due to its proximity to the Aberdare Ranges and Mt. Kenya. The Eastern region, covering the lower parts of Kigumo, Kandara, Kiharu and Maragua constituencies receive less rain and crop production requires consistent irrigation Meru Meru County experiences diverse climatic conditions due to its varying altitude, ranging from 300m to 5,199m. The highland areas, including the Mount Kenya slopes, have a cool, wet climate with temperatures between 10°C and 20°C and high rainfall (1,500mm–2,500mm annually). The mid-elevation zones have moderate rainfall (1,000mm–1,500mm) and temperatures of 15°C–25°C, supporting mixed farming. The lower, semi-arid areas in the north and east are hot and dry, with temperatures reaching 35°C and rainfall below 1,000mm. Rainfall follows a bimodal pattern, with long rains in March–May and short rains in October–December, though droughts and unpredictable weather pose challenges Baringo The County is classified as arid and semi-arid. Most of these arid and semi-arid zones are covered by acacia trees and shrubs. Exotic forests exist in the County but the known indigenous forests are found in Kabarnet, Kabartonjo, Tenges, 15 Lembus, Saimo, Sacho, Ol’ Arabel and Eldama Ravine. The main exotic species are: Grevillea Robusta, Cupressus Lusitanica and Eucalyptus Saligna. Rainfall ranges between 300 mm and 500 mm, decreasing from South to North. 4.4 Key Environmental Issues Table 5: Key Environmental Issues in Project Counties County Key Environmental issues Makueni Erratic and depressing rainfall, which can affect crop yields. unsustainable agricultural land use, poor soil and water management practices, deforestation, unsustainable livestock farming practices and pollution. Taita Taveta Soil degradation, reduction of water volumes in rivers, landslides, deforestation, drying of wells and rivers, and increased human wildlife conflicts. Erratic and depressing rainfall, which can affect crop yields. Muranga Food security; Inadequate water, Quarrying and sand harvesting; soil erosion; charcoal burning/ deforestation. Erratic and depressing rainfall, which can affect crop yields. Baringo Baringo County has been experiencing extreme variations in weather patterns. This has resulted to drying up of water sources/reducing water levels, occurrence of landslides and frequent flooding resulting to land degradation and massive soil erosion. Human activities have threatened the forest and vegetation cover in the County. There is high rate of deforestation due to increase in population, change in land uses, charcoal burning and timber production. The steep terrain of the County has influenced increased soil erosion taking place in the region, which has led to pollution in major water bodies and water storage facilities Meru Climate Change and Irregular Rainfall changing rainfall patterns, including periods of drought and heavy rains. These fluctuations disrupt the planting and harvesting seasons, leading to crop failures, reduced yields, and difficulty in planning agricultural activities. Due to deforestation, overgrazing, and poor farming practices, the soil in Meru is becoming more prone to erosion. This leads to the loss of topsoil, reduced fertility, and ultimately lower agricultural productivity. Climate change and shifting weather patterns have contributed to an increase in pests and diseases, such as fall armyworms and fungal infections, which threaten crop yields and food security in the region. As water resources become increasingly scarce due to both climate change and population growth, farmers face challenges in irrigating crops. This affects food production, particularly in dry seasons when water for irrigation becomes limited. 16 4.5 Socio-economic Table 6: Relevant socio-economic indices of project Communities County Population (males and females Percentage Engaged in Agriculture Average income levels Major food crops Makueni 1,189,050 87% KES. 2000 per month Green grams, cowpea, sorghum, pigeon peas, maize Taita Taveta 374,862 90% KES. 4000 per month Groundnuts, pigeon pea, maize, green gram, cow pea, sorghum, beans Muranga 1,214,071 43% KES. 4000 per month Maize, beans, bananas, sweet potatoes, and cassava. Meru 1,625,982 80% KES 5000 per month Maize, Baringo 666,773 93% KES. 4000 per month Maize, spinach, tomatoes, cowpea and sorghum. 4.6 Ethnic Groups The ethnic groups residing in wards selected for the demonstration of CSA technologies are presented in table 6 below. This was compiled during the E&S screening of demonstration plots. In Baringo the CSA demonstration will be occurring in communities with indigenous groups. Table 7: Ethnic composition of project counties County Ethnic Groups Makueni Akamba Taita Taveta Akamba, Taita Meru Chuka, Muthambi, Mwimbi and Tharaka, Akamba, Ambeere and Aembu Baringo Pokot, Ilchamus, Endorois, Turkanas, and Nubians Muranga Gikuyu 17 5.0 DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS ON CSA BUNDLES This section provides the description of sites selected for the CSA demonstrations include potential E&S risks. 5.1 ILRI-Led CSA Demonstration Sites Baring County 1. Maron Demonstration Plot: The plot was offered by a female lead farmer, who jointly owns it with the husband. The plot is behind their homestead, and it is part of the 5-acre plot available to them for farming. The farmer has used the plot for farming for over 30 years and commonly grows, cassava, maize, cowpea, vegetables such as tomatoes, and spinach. During farming, she often engages external labor for major works such as land digging, weeding, and chemical applications, and often pay workers at daily wage rate of Kshs 500, which is higher than the daily wage rate. The proposed CSA innovations include, demonstration of drought tolerant varieties of sorghum, pigeon pea, nyota beans and conservation techniques such as zai pit, use of manure, and row planting. Additionally, the project intends to explore cost effective water management techniques to harvest rainfall water to support the demo as a safeguard against crop failure induced by depressed rainfall. The CSA and CIS innovations are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural resources, protected areas, or nearby water sources. It will not also involve the use of biotechnology or genetically modified crops. The potential E&S risks identified include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, livestock intrusion at demo sites, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, and wrongful exposure of agrochemicals. Photo 4: Proposed sites for Moron demonstration Source: During E&S field screening, February 2025. 18 2. Morwase Demonstration Plot: This plot is owned by a male farmer and is part of a five-acre piece of land inherited from his parents. He has been farming on it for the past five years. His typical crops include maize, nyota beans, spinach, green grams, tomatoes, and occasionally sorghum. He usually hires labor for land preparation and weeding, paying a daily wage of 450 shillings. The proposed CSA innovations include, demonstration of drought tolerant varieties of sorghum, pigeon pea, nyota beans and conservation techniques such as zai pit, use of manure, and row planting. Additionally, the project intends to explore cost effective water management techniques to harvest rainfall water to support the demo as a safeguard against crop failure induced by depressed rainfall. The CSA and CIS innovations are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural resources, protected areas, or nearby water sources. It will not involve the use of biotechnology or genetically modified crops. The potential E&S risks identified include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, livestock intrusion at demo sites, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, and wrongful exposure of agrochemicals. Photo 5: Proposed site for Morwase demonstration Source: During E&S field screening, February 2025. 5.2 Alliance-Led Demonstration Sites Meru County 3. Ngare ndare Demonstration Plot: The demonstration plot in this community is provided by a male Lead Farmer and is approximately one and a half acres. It is part of a larger 40-acre farm used for both domestic and commercial agriculture. As of the time screening, the land was being ploughed with a tractor. The farmer has a registered title deed over the land. The farmer cultivates a variety of crops, including onions, tomatoes, cabbages, French beans, maize, potatoes, and melons. Given that some of these crops are grown for export, the farmer adheres to strict ethical farming practices and undergoes regular inspections by export partners to ensure compliance with safety protocols, 19 including the use of PPEs, proper labor management practices and responsible use of chemicals. To promote environmental safety, the farmer has a designated cage for storing used agrochemical bottles, which is periodically emptied by the county government. When hiring casual laborers, the farmer offers a daily wage of 550 shillings, which exceeds the standard daily wage rate of 440 shillings. The CSA innovations to be showcased on the demonstration plot include: (1) Certified seeds for improved productivity; (ii) Soil composting, testing, and management to enhance soil health; (iii) Integrated pest management for sustainable crop protection; (iv) Nutritious fodder for livestock; (v) Water conservation techniques, including storage tanks, drip kids for efficient water use. The demonstration plot is already equipped with a network of water pipes, which will make it easier for the implementation of water conservation techniques. The Lead Farmer will oversee the daily coordination of demonstration activities, while LEWA will provide technical support, training, and supervision. CSA and CIS innovations are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural resources, protected areas, or nearby water sources. It will not involve the use of biotechnology or genetically modified crops. The potential E&S risks identified include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, wrongful exposure of agrochemicals and project inability to supply inputs on time. Photo 6: Proposed site for Ngare Dare Demonstration Source: During E&S field screening, February 2025. 4. Sumbuiga Demonstration Plot: The proposed demonstration plot in this community is provided by a female Lead Farmer. The one-acre plot is situated in front of her residence, along the main road connecting the community to Meru. She jointly purchased the land with her husband and holds the title deeds. The farmer primarily cultivates tomatoes, potatoes, peas, and French beans, using both personal and hired labor. Casual laborers are engaged at a daily rate of 500 shillings. She has personal protective equipment (PPE) for chemical applications. However, used agrochemical bottles are burned on-site, indicating a need for support in implementing a more sustainable disposal method. During the screening, the land was found to be covered with weeds without any economic tree on it. The Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) innovations to be piloted on the demonstration plot include: (i) 20 Certified seeds for improved productivity; (ii) Soil composting, testing, and management to enhance soil health; (iii) Integrated pest management for sustainable crop protection; (iv) Nutritious fodder for livestock; (v) Conservation farming techniques, such as minimum tillage, and (vi) Water conservation techniques, including storage tanks and drip irrigation kits for efficient water use. The plot is connected to a water supply network and the farmer sources irrigation water from the Lower Antirimiti Water Project and pays an annual maintenance fee. The Lead Farmer will oversee the daily coordination of demonstration activities, while LEWA will provide technical support, training, and supervision. CSA and CIS innovations are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural resources, protected areas, or nearby water sources. It will not involve the use of biotechnology or genetically modified crops. The potential E&S risks identified include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, wrongful exposure of agrochemicals and project inability to supply inputs on time. Photo 7: Proposed site for sumbuiga demonstration Source: During E&S field screening, February 2025. 5. Ntumburi Demonstration Plot: The demonstration plot in this village spans approximately 1.3 acres and is provided by a female Lead Farmer, who jointly owns the land with her husband. It is located on the outskirts of the community. The farmer typically cultivates onions, tomatoes, French beans, and potatoes. However, at the time of screening, there were no crops on the plot, which had been prepared using a ripping tractor. No immediate hazards were identified, but the farmer acknowledged gaps in the safe use of agrochemicals and the proper disposal of used containers. Additionally, she faces challenges in accessing water and ensuring its efficient use for farming activities. She occasionally hires casual laborers at a daily rate of 500 shillings, which exceeds the minimum wage of 440 shillings. The Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) innovations to be piloted on the demonstration plot include: (i) Certified seeds for improved productivity; (ii) Soil composting, testing, and management to enhance soil health; (iii) Integrated pest management for sustainable crop protection; (iv) Nutritious fodder for livestock; (v) Conservation farming techniques, such as minimum tillage, and (vi) Water conservation techniques, including storage tanks and drip irrigation kits for 21 efficient water use. The Lead Farmer will oversee the daily coordination of demonstration activities, while LEWA will provide technical support, training, and supervision. The CSA and CIS innovations are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural resources, protected areas, or nearby water sources. It will not involve the use of biotechnology or genetically modified crops. The potential E&S risks identified include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, wrongful exposure of agrochemicals and project inability to supply inputs on time. Photo 8: Proposed site for Ntumburi demonstration site Source: During E&S field screening, February 2025. Isiolo County 6. Maili Saba Demonstration Plot: The demonstration activities in this community will be hosted by the Mwendaantu Community-Based Organization (CBO), which consists of 52 members—24 men and 28 women. The demonstration will take place on a one-acre plot allocated by the group from their 10-acre farmland, which they typically use for agricultural activities. The group primarily cultivates beans, onions, and tomatoes. A farm manager oversees daily farming operations, while group members provide labour. Instead of direct wage payments, members receive dividends from the income generated through their collective farming efforts. Although the plot has access to a water source, the group faces challenges in ensuring efficient water use. Additionally, there are gaps in the safe use of agrochemicals and the proper disposal of used containers. The Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) innovations to be piloted on the demonstration plot include: (i) Certified seeds for improved productivity; (ii) Soil composting, testing, and management to enhance soil health; (iii) Integrated pest management for sustainable crop protection; (iv) Nutritious fodder for livestock; (v) Conservation farming techniques, such as minimum tillage, and (vi) Water conservation techniques, including storage tanks and drip irrigation kits for efficient water use. The Lead Farmer will oversee the daily coordination of demonstration activities, while LEWA will provide technical support, training, and supervision. The CSA and CIS innovations are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural resources, protected areas, or nearby water sources. It will not involve the use of biotechnology or genetically modified crops. The potential E&S risks identified 22 include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, wrongful exposure of agrochemicals and project inability to supply inputs on time. Photo 9: Proposed site for Maili Saba Demonstration activities Source: During E&S field screening, February 2025. Muranga’ County 7. Mariira Demonstration Plot: The Mariira demonstration plot is located on Murang’a University of Technology farm. Demonstration activities on this plot will be led and coordinated by the University. It is adjacent to a previous demonstration plot used for activities under the AICCRA parent project. The university has decided to expand its demonstration activities to this plot due to the growing interest of students in Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) research. The plot spans approximately 3 acres and was covered with scrub and weeds up to 2 meters high at the time of screening. The university will utilize internal farm workers for vegetation clearance and land preparation, while students will be responsible for planting crops as part of their research studies. The range of research activities to be conducted on the plot includes experiments on (i) certified seed varieties; (ii) Soil and water management techniques; (iii) Conservation farming techniques; (iv) Integrated pest management (v) Water use management. The CSA and CIS innovations are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural resources, protected areas, or nearby water sources. It will not involve the use of biotechnology or genetically modified crops. The potential E&S risks identified include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, wrongful exposure of agrochemicals and project inability to supply inputs on time. 23 Photo 10: Proposed site for demonstrations at University of Muranga Source: During E&S field screening, February 2025. Makueni County 8. Kitise Demonstration plot: The learning site is hosted by a female lead farmer of Kasoka Self-help Environmental Group in Kitise ward. The demonstration plot is approximately one acre and is part of a larger 5-acre farm used mainly for domestic/household agriculture. The plot of land is situated close to a murram road connecting the village to Kitise shopping centre. At the time of screening, the group was planning for land preparation activities. The lead farmer jointly owns the land with her husband and has a registered title deed. The crops cultivated previously on the land include maize, beans, pigeon peas, cow peas and sorghum using both household/personal and hired labour. The group members will provide labour as part of their learning activities and when necessary, hire casual workers at a daily rate of 500 shillings which exceeds the national minimum wage. The group has a set of personal protective equipment (PPE) for agrochemical applications. However, outside the learning site, some individual farmers apply chemicals without using the appropriate PPEs, indicating a need for support in adherence to safeguards when handling agrochemicals. During screening, the demonstration plot was uncultivated with weeds and had dispersed indigenous trees across the farm. The Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) to be showcased at the demonstration plot include: (i) Conservation Agriculture (ii) Improved certified seeds that are drought tolerant (iii) Organic matter composting (iv) Soil and Water conservation techniques (v) Integrated pest management. The lead farmer will oversee the daily coordination of demonstrations activities, while ACTN will provide technical assistance, supervision and training on CSA. The CSA innovations are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural or natural resources, protected areas or nearby water sources. There will be no use of genetically modified crops or biotechnology in the CSA activities. The potential E&S risks identified include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, wrongful exposure of agrochemicals and project inability to supply inputs on time. 24 Photo 11: Proposed site for CSA demonstration at Kitise Source: During E&S field screening, February 2025. Taita Taveta County 9. Mata Demonstration plot: This demonstration plot is located within the Kimala Irrigation Scheme in Taveta sub-county, on land allocated by the county government to Taita Taveta University. Demonstration activities on this site will be led and coordinated by the university. The plot is adjacent to other demonstration and research plots used by the university. The university decided to expand its demonstration activities to this site and region due to the growing interest in banana and sweet potato value chains in the county, and the demand for training session from farmers and students in research on CSA. The plot is approximately one acre, was already prepared for growing crops, and some portions had seedlings established for different varieties of bananas and sweet potatoes for training. The university will utilize internal farm labour to tend to the plots. The plots are supplied with canal irrigation water from the Kimala scheme. The range of CSA activities to be conducted on the site include: (i) improved certified planting materials for banana and sweet potato varieties (ii) Soil and Water conservation techniques (iii) Conservation Agriculture (iv) Integrated pest management (v) Water management. The CSA and CIS innovations to be showcased on this plot are in line with the AICCRA E&S exclusion list, with no endangered species, critical cultural and natural resources, protected areas or nearby water sources. It will not involve the use of genetically modified crops. The potential E&S risks identified include exposure to occupational hazards, wrongful exposure to chemical use, soil pollution form poor waste disposal practices, exclusion of vulnerable famer from learning practices, absence of grievance channels, depressed rainfall leading to crop failure, wrongful exposure of agrochemicals and project inability to supply inputs on time. 25 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS AND IMPACT MITIGATION 6.1 Summary of E&S Risks Identified, Mitigation Measures Overall, the summary of potential E&S risks envisaged on the pilot of CSA/CIS innovations/technologies and identified during the site-specific screening are further assessed in the table below. Table 8: Summary of E&S risks identified and mitigation measures. Key Risks Assessment Proposed Mitigation Measures Planning phase Site not suitable for CSA demonstrations Presence of exclusion criteria could lead to CSA demonstrations works not implementable • Conduct E&S due diligence on proposed sites to ensure suitability. Alliance and ACTN staff not aware of E&S requirements Absence and lack of knowledge about E&S risks management could lead to non- compliance with ESMP • Train staff of Alliance and ACTN on E&S requirements and procedures under the ACCRA project and for pilot of CSA innovations. Farmers not aware of E&S requirements Absence and lack of knowledge of farmers about E&S risks management could lead to non-compliance with ESMP • Training of farmers on applicable AICCRA E&S safeguard requirements, particularly grievance mechanism, labor rights and working condition, wages and payment conditions, code of conduct, child labor and SEA/SH prohibitions, and occupational health and safety measures. Implementation phase Inappropriate use of agrochemicals and harmful exposure Pests and diseases would need to be controlled to ensure optimal production yields. The general approach is to use an integrated pest management strategy based on good farming practices, and mechanical and bio-controls. However, synthetic chemicals and pesticides may be resorted to as a last measure to mitigate hard-to-treat pests and diseases. In such instances, inappropriate storage, handling, and disposal of agrochemicals can lead to harmful exposure of workers and community members. • Promote good farming practices that use fewer chemical inputs as per the integrated pest management procedures detailed in Section 6.3. • Collaborate with Agric Extension Agents to train farmers on safe handling and disposal of used agrochemical cans and expired products in accordance with the national protocol. • Regularly assess the expiry dates of agrochemical products to ensure early usage and safe disposal of expired products. • Ensure that the quantity of agrochemical products purchased responds to the needs and demands of a particular period to avoid excessive storage period leading to expirations. • Use pesticides approved by the Pest Control Products Board . • Comply with prescriptions contained in the pesticide safety data sheets. • Consider the direction of the wind during phytosanitary treatments and do not spray against the direction of the wind. • Provide appropriate protective clothing and equipment i.e., protective goggles, hand gloves, air-purifying disposable/washable masks, neoprene gloves, and chemical-resistant hats. • Prohibit indiscriminate disposal and littering of farmland with empty agrochemical containers to avoid being used for drinking. • Identify NEMA licensed Hazardous waste handlers to appropriately dispose of such wastes. • Storage of agro-chemicals in a containment/bunded and secure area. • Provide safety notices to sensitize farmers on the responsible use of agrochemicals. Air pollution Preparation of demonstration sites through ripping tillage could generate dust which could further lead to catarrh and other respiratory diseases. • Consider doing land tillage immediately after rain or in the morning when humidity may be high to reduce floatation of loose soil particles in the air. • Prove air purifying nose masks to workers doing land tillage. Erosion-induced sedimentation of water bodies and pesticides contamination Given the proximity between some selected plots and nearby water bodies, runoff water from the farming area running into these water bodies could lead to sedimentation and pesticide contamination. • Maintain land buffers of about 20 meters along the stream banks to check the flow of sediments into the river. • Construct sediment traps/terraces of about 3 feet to hold off runoff water and loose soil from entering the stream channel. • Promote mulching of bare plot surfaces to reduce flow of runoff water. 26 Key Risks Assessment Proposed Mitigation Measures • Pesticides and other chemical applications should be scheduled to avoid likely periods of heavy rains. Solid waste Pollution Indiscriminate disposal of fertilizer packages, cooked food packages and water bottles could lead to water and soil pollution. • Provide waste bins at the site. • Regularly disposed of bins at appropriate waste dump sites. • Ensure hygiene of the premise. • Sensitize workers on waste disposal arrangements. Exposure to occupational health and safety hazards Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) relating to exposure to inappropriate use of PPE, sun heat, reptile bites, cutlass cut etc. • Provide a safety poster at the entrance to sensitize and remind workers and visitors about safety measures at the site. • Include OH&S requirements in the workers’ Code of Conduct (CoC). • Provide OH&S orientation to workers, and other stakeholders. • Procure and provide relevant PPE for staff working on site, especially during production operations. • Ensure that all equipment and hand tools are maintained and in safe operating condition. • Provide first aid boxes at the project site. • Investigate the cause of accidents at the workplace and maintain a record of health and safety incidents. • Workers should have the right to refuse work in unsafe conditions. Non-compliance with labor and working conditions If not properly checked there could be potential cases of child labor and payment of community workers below the national minimum wage rate. • Consistent with provisions in the AICCRA-Kenya Labor Management Procedures persons below the age of 18 years are prohibited from working at the demonstration sites. Sexual Exploitation Abuse/Sexual Harassment (SEA/SH) Multiple interfaces between and among project workers and community members could lead to instances of sexual harassment and sexual exploitation and abuse. . • Include SEA/SH prohibitions and sanctions in the Workers’ code of conduct and enforce compliance. • Display visible posters on SEA/SH prohibition at site to discourage SEA/SH and expected behavior. • Provide mandatory training and awareness raising for the workforce and community members on SEA/SH prohibition. • Inform workers and community members about national laws and institutional policies that make sexual harassment and gender-based violence a punishable offence. • Provide safe and suitable toilets and washing facilities, separate for men and women workers. • Provide safe and confidential grievance channels easily accessible to all stakeholders. Absence of appropriate grievance channels Absence of appropriate channels to receive and handle concerns from workers and communities could lead to apathy and tensions. • Decentralize the AICCRA-Kenya GM to the community level. • Appoint one woman and a man to serve as grievance focal persons at the community level and train them on how to receive and refer complaints. • Encourage prompt escalation of accident and SEA/SH cases to the AICCRA E&S specialist. Exclusion of vulnerable groups especially women. High-profile community development interventions like this could be subject to elite capture and exclusion of vulnerable groups such as women and persons with disabilities. • Consider more women and (where feasible) persons with disabilities as lead farmers on CSA demonstration sites. • Organize women-only focus group discussions during consultations and learning sessions. • More meetings facilitated by women, and more CSA extension services that transfer technology to be delivered by women. • Strict measures on sexual harassment, making meetings and learning spaces more comfortable, appropriate, and safe for women. • Select demonstration plots that are easily accessible to women and PWDs, with the provision of appropriate transportation where necessary. • Organize meetings and farmer field days, times, venues, and languages convenient to women and PWDs. • Maintain sensitivity to local culture and traditional event days. 27 Key Risks Assessment Proposed Mitigation Measures Inappropriate handling of chance finds Although the sites selected for the CSA demonstrations are not known to the location of any object of traditional and scientific interest, the various digging activities could lead to chance finding materials of cultural significance. • In the event of finding previously unknown sites or features of cultural value during project implementation, halt project activities and follow the chance procedures in Sub-Section 6.2. • Ensure that the integrity of historical monuments and chance-found objects of archaeological, traditional, and scientific interest is not affected by the implementation of CSA demonstrations. Community hostilities Incidents involving project personnel or accident involving project vehicles can lead to tensions with community members. • Sensitize project staff on safety and code of conduct at the community. • Enforce driving speed limits with project vehicles. • Ensure driver[s] follow traffic rules and drive reasonably. • Maintain effective situational awareness. • Appoint a man and a woman in each community to serve as grievance focal person and for facilitating the relations with the community. Livestock and wild antelope encroachment on demonstration plots. The demonstration sites in Baringo are situated near residential areas and lack proper fencing. As a result, there is a risk of domestic livestock and wild animals entering the sites and damaging crops. • Fence the two demonstration sites prior to the start of field of activities • Engage with community members and livestock owners to establish agreement for controlled grazing and plots protection. • Site monitoring to observe and deter potential intrusions. Depressed rainfall causing crop failure and limiting the project's ability to demonstrate productivity The demonstration activities are planned for arid regions with unpredictable and low rainfall patterns, which may result in poor crop growth • Select and plant drought-tolerant crop varieties to improve resilience against low and erratic rainfall. • Implement small-scale irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation or water harvesting techniques, to provide additional water during dry spells. • Use mulching, cover crops, and conservation tillage practices to retain soil moisture and reduce evaporation. • Adjust planting times based on seasonal weather forecasts to maximize the chances of sufficient rainfall during planting and critical growth. Project Inability to Supply Inputs on Time Delays activities leading to disruption of demonstration activities and delays in achieving project objectives. • Establish robust procurement and supply chains to ensure timely input supply. 6.2 Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Management Plan Summary Table 10 below provides an overview of the potential adverse E&S risks, associated risk rating, proposed mitigation measures, responsible parties, and the estimated costs. 28 Table 9: Environmental and Social Management Plan Summary Type of risk Potential impact Key receptor Risk level Proposed mitigation measures Responsible Estimated cost (US$) Planning Phase Site not suitable for CSA demonstrations CSA demonstrations works not implementable Alliance and Farmers Moderate • Conduct E&S due diligence on proposed sites to ensure suitability. Alliance Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. AICCRA E&S Specialists $4000 Alliance and ACTN staff not aware of E&S requirements Non-compliance with ESMP Alliance Moderate • Train staff of Alliance and ACTN on E&S requirements and procedures under the ACCRA project and for pilot of CSA innovations. AICCRA E&S Specialists. AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist. $2000 Farmers not aware of E&S requirements Non-compliance with ESMP Farmers Moderate • Training of farmers on applicable AICCRA E&S safeguard requirements, particularly grievance mechanism, labor rights and working condition, wages and payment conditions, code of conduct, child labor and SEA/SH prohibitions, and occupational health and safety measures. Alliance and ACTN Staff on CSA demonstrations AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist $4000 Implementation Phase Inappropriate use of agrochemicals and harmful exposure Air, water, and land pollution, Poisoning of aquatic and terrestrial life. Poison of project workers and residents of host communities. Workers, farmers, animals, and consumers of farm products Moderate • Promote good farming practices that use fewer chemical inputs as per the integrated pest management procedures detailed in Section 6.4. • Construct a separate lockable store for the storage of agrochemicals. • Collaborate with Agric Extension Agents to train farmers on safe handling and disposal of used agrochemical cans and expired products in accordance with the national protocol. • Regular assess expiry dates of agrochemical products to ensure early usage and safe disposal of expired products. • Ensure that the quantity of agrochemicals products purchased responds to the needs and demands of a particular period to avoid excessive storage period leading to expirations. • Use pesticides approved by the national government. • Comply with prescriptions contained in the pesticide safety data sheets. • Consider the direction of the wind during phytosanitary treatments and do not spray against the direction of the wind. • Provide appropriate protective clothing and equipment i.e., protective goggles, hand gloves, air purifying disposable/washable masks, neoprene gloves, and chemical-resistant hats. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist $3000 29 Type of risk Potential impact Key receptor Risk level Proposed mitigation measures Responsible Estimated cost (US$) • Prohibit indiscriminate disposal and littering of farmland with empty agrochemical containers to avoid being used for drinking. • Dispose of solid waste at designated legal sites. • Avoid burning solid wastes in open areas. • Provide safety notices to sensitize farmers on the responsible use of agrochemicals. Exposure to occupational health and safety hazards Injuries, accidents, disruption of workflow etc. Workers & Visiting Farmers Moderate • Include OH&S requirements in workers Code of Conduct (CoC). • Provide OH&S orientation to workers, visiting farmers and other stakeholders. • Procure and provide relevant PPE for staff working on demonstration sites and encourage visiting farmers to use the same. o The minimum PPE includes safety shoes and coveralls. o Pesticide treatments will require additional PPE including protective googles, hand gloves, air purifying disposable/washable masks, neoprene gloves, chemical resistant hats. • Ensure that all equipment is maintained and in safe operating condition. • Inspect all farm equipment with a view of ascertaining its safety status before use. • Provide first aid boxes at project demonstration sites. • Provide workers and visiting farmers with access to toilets and potable drinking water. • Investigate cause of accidents at workplace and maintain a record of health and safety incidents. • Workers will have the right to refuse work in unsafe conditions. • Comply with prescriptions contained in the pesticide safety data sheets. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist $2000 Air pollution from land tillage Increase risk of headache, catarrh and respiratory diseases Workers and nearby residents Moderate • Consider doing land tillage immediately after rain or in the morning when humidity may be high to reduce floatation of loose soil particles in the air. • Provide air purifying nose masks to workers doing land tillage. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration $500 Erosion-induced sedimentation of water bodies and pesticides contamination River sedimentation and contamination from pesticides to be used for crop pest/disease control Aquatic life, downstream users of the river. Moderate • Vegetation buffers of about 20 meters should be maintained along the riverbanks to check the flow sediments into the river. • Provide adequate sediment traps to hold off loose soil from entering river channels. • Promote mulching of bare plots surfaces to reduce flow of runoff water. • Pesticides and other chemical application should be scheduled to avoid likely period of heavy rains. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration Chuka University Farm Manager $500 Indiscriminate disposal and improper handling Land and water pollution, poisoning Residents, river bodies, Low • Provide waste bins at demonstration sites. • Dispose of waste at approved waste dump sites. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. $1000 30 Type of risk Potential impact Key receptor Risk level Proposed mitigation measures Responsible Estimated cost (US$) of solid waste at all project sites of terrestrial and aquatic life. land and animals, • Keep hazardous substances including obsolete agrochemicals and empty agrochemical containers in a secure storage area. • Sensitize workers and visiting farmers on waste disposal arrangements. • Return agrochemical containers to the suppliers. AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist Inappropriate handling of chance finds. Cultural heritage and tourism Project host community, county and national government Low • In the event of finding previously unknown sites or features of cultural value during project implementation, halt project activities and follow the chance procedures in Sub-Section 7.3. • Ensure that the integrity of historical monuments and chance-found objects of archaeological, traditional, and scientific interest is not affected by the implementation of CSA demonstrations. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist $500 Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA)/Sexual Harassment (SH) at all project sites Female workers being harassed. Female farmers and other community members being sexually exploited. Violation of sexual privacy. Workers, residents Low • Include SEA/SH prohibitions and sanctions in Worker’s code of conduct and enforce compliance. • Display visible posters on SEA/SH prohibition at demonstration sites to discourage SEA/SH and expected behavior. • Provide mandatory training and awareness raising for the workforce on SEA/SH probations. • Informing workers about national laws and institutional policies that make sexual harassment and gender-based violence a punishable offence. • Provide safe and suitable toilets and washing facilities, separate for men and women workers, particularly during on-farm demonstrations. • Provide safe and confidential grievance channels easily accessible to all stakeholders. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. $1,000 Exclusion of vulnerable groups especially women and farmers with disabilities Discrimination against persons with disabilities Persons with disabilities Low • Consider more women and (where feasible) persons with disabilities as lead farmers on CSA demonstration sites. • Organize women-only focus group discussions during consultations and learning sessions. • More meetings facilitated by women, and more CSA extension services that transfer technology to be delivered by women. • Strict measures on sexual harassment, making meetings and learning spaces more comfortable, appropriate, and safe for women. • Select demonstration plots that are easily accessible to women and PWDs, with the provision of appropriate transportation where necessary. • Organize meetings and farmer field days, times, venues, and languages convenient to women and PWDs. • Maintain sensitivity to local culture and traditional meeting and event days. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration $500 31 Type of risk Potential impact Key receptor Risk level Proposed mitigation measures Responsible Estimated cost (US$) Non-compliance with labor and working conditions. Labor exploitation Project workers Low • Consistent with provisions in the AICCRA-Kenya Labor Management Procedures persons below the age of 18 years are prohibited from working at the demonstration sites. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist Nill Absence of appropriate grievance channels Tensions, apathy, and institutional reputational damages. Farmers and other stakeholders Moderate • Decentralize the AICCRA-Kenya grievance mechanism to the community level as detailed at section 7.4. • Appoint one woman and a man to serve as grievance focal persons at the community level and train them on how to receive and refer complaints. • Encourage prompt escalation of accident and SEA/SH cases to the AICCRA E&S specialist. AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist $300 Community Hostilities Injuries to project staff, damage to project vehicle and stall of project activities. Project workers Low • Sensitize project staff on safety and code of conduct at the community level. • Enforce driving speed limits with project vehicles. • Ensure driver[s] follow traffic rules and drive reasonably. • Maintain effective situational awareness. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. AICCRA-Kenya E&S Specialist Nill Livestock and wild antelope encroachment on demonstration plots. Crop destruction and loss of demonstration integrity. Alliance, ILRI, Partners and Farmers Moderate • Fence the two demonstration sites prior to the start of field of activities • Engage with community members and livestock owners to establish agreement for controlled grazing and plots protection. • Site monitoring to observe and deter potential intrusions. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. $500 Depressed rainfall Crop failure and limitation to the project's ability to demonstrate productivity. Alliance, ILRI, Partners and Farmers Moderate • Select and plant drought-tolerant crop varieties to improve resilience against low and erratic rainfall. • Implement small-scale irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation or water harvesting techniques, to provide additional water during dry spells. • Use mulching, cover crops, and conservation tillage practices to retain soil moisture and reduce evaporation. • Adjust planting times based on seasonal weather forecasts to maximize the chances of sufficient rainfall during planting and critical growth. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. $3000 Project Inability to Supply Inputs on Time Delays activities leading to disruption of demonstration activities and delays in achieving project objectives. Alliance, ILRI, Partners and Farmers Moderate • Establish robust procurement and supply chains to ensure timely input supply. Alliance and ACTN Staff Leading CSA Demonstration. Nill 32 6.3 Calendar of Activities for CSA Demonstration Sites The implementation of CSA demonstrations at the selected sites will follow a structured calendar of activities to ensure efficient planning, coordination, and execution. This calendar outlines key phases, timelines, and responsibilities for each stage of the demonstration process, accommodating the unique climatic and agronomic conditions of each site, as well as resource and personnel availability. Seed production activities will start in December, with the harvest expected in April or May, while aquaculture activities will run year-round, also beginning in December. The following table provides an overview of the planned activities and timelines for field interventions. Table 10 : Schedule of Activities for the Dissemination and Management of Climate-Smart Systems and Agricultural Infrastructure Activity Description 2025 Responsibility Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Site Selection and Preparation Identify and prepare demonstration plots, including land clearing, soil preparation, and layout setup. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Baseline Assessments and E&S Screening Conduct baseline surveys and environmental and social (E&S) screenings to assess potential impacts. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Seed Selection and Sourcing Procure climate-smart seed varieties suitable for local climatic conditions. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Training of Farmers and Field Staff Train farmers and project staff on CSA practices, E&S safeguards, and proper use of inputs and equipment. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Planting and Field Establishment Begin planting crops according to CSA guidelines, ensuring timely crop establishment. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Pest and Disease Management Monitor for pest and disease outbreaks and apply integrated pest management (IPM) strategies as needed. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Water Management and Irrigation Setup Install and test off-grid irrigation systems where applicable. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Growth Monitoring and Data Collection Collect data on crop growth, soil conditions, and weather to assess effectiveness of CSA interventions. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Community Engagement and Field Days Organize field days to demonstrate CSA practices to the broader community and stakeholders. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Harvesting Begin harvesting crops and assess yield and quality improvements from CSA practices. Alliance and ILRI, ACTN, Muranga and Taita Taveta Universities Post-Harvest Handling and Processing Conduct training and provide support for drying, storage, and processing of harvested crops. Farmers 6.4 Chance Find Procedures In the event of finding previously unknown sites or features of cultural value during project implementation, the following standard procedures for identification, protection from theft, treatment and recording should be followed. Specifically, i. Stop the activities in the area; ii. Delineate the discovered site or area; iii. Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects; iv. Notify the AICCRA Safeguard Focal Person who in turn notify the National Museums of Kenya; v. The Ministry of Sports, Culture, and Heritage, in collaboration with responsible local authorities (where applicable), would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures; vi. The Ministry of Sports, Culture, and Heritage, and Kenya Cultural Center will make decisions on how to handle the findings. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding irremovable remains of cultural or archaeological importance), conservation, restoration, and salvage; vii. The Ministry of Sports, Culture, and Heritage shall communicate implementation of the authority decision concerning the management of the finding in writing; and viii. Demonstration activity could resume only after permission is given from The Ministry of Sports, Culture, and Heritage, the National Museums of Kenya or other responsible authorities concerned with safeguarding the cultural heritage. 6.5 Pest Management Plan The focus of the CSA demonstration in AICCRA-Kenya is to introduce and promote innovative farming techniques and showcase best practices in crop production, irrigation, soil conservation, and pest and disease control. In so doing, Alliance and ACTN recognize that pests and diseases would need to be controlled to ensure production of high yield and excellent quality products. This strategy therefore outlines the approach and measures that will be used to control pests and diseases on the CSA demonstrations. The general approach is to support an integrated and comprehensive pest management plan which includes cultural practices, plant nutrition, mechanical controls, and pesticides. The use of pesticides may be the last resort and where the use of pesticides is inevitable, the most environmentally friendly products will be used. In addition, only pesticides approved for use by the Kenya Pest Control Products Board will be used9. The management of various pests and diseases under the CSA demonstration will be based on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach. This approach recommends the combination of multiple control methods against pests while considering the use of chemical pesticides as a last resort. In this regard, several management methods such as biological control, agronomic control, varietal selection, and the judicious use of chemicals as and when needed. 9 List of approved Conventional Pest Control Products for use in Crop Production available on https://www.pcpb.go.ke/crops/ (page consulted on June 12, 2023). https://www.pcpb.go.ke/crops/ https://www.pcpb.go.ke/crops/ 34 The tables below provide the pest management strategy for the value chains to be promoted under the demonstration. The pesticides considered to be used as part of this strategy have all being approved by the Pest Control Product Board. Table 11: Pest Management Strategy A. Sorghum # Pest/Disease Intervention/ Management Strategy Aphids • Check transplants, • Use tolerant varieties, • Insecticidal soaps or neem, • Insecticides if infestation is high. Thrips • Regular observation, • Neem shredded, • Use Decis or Dimethoate if severe. Armyworms (Spodoptera sp.) • Resistant varieties, • Avoid infested fields, • Destroy residues, • Control weeds, • Monitor, • Use neem, Bt, push-pull. Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona soccata) • Early planting, • Resistant varieties, • Seed treatment, • Field sanitation. Sorghum Midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola) • Use resistant varieties, • Timely harvesting, • Avoid late planting. Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) • Resistant varieties, • Check roots mid-season, • Solarize soil. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sublineola) • Use resistant varieties, • Crop rotation, • Remove infected residues. Smut (Sporisorium sorghi) • Use resistant varieties, • Treat seeds before planting. Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris) • Certified seeds, • Resistant varieties, • Seed treatment with antibiotics, • Bactericidal sprays. B. Pearl milet # Pest/Disease Intervention/ Management Strategy Millet Head Miner (Heliocheilus albipunctella) • Use resistant varieties, • Early planting, • Field sanitation. 35 Stem Borers (Coniesta ignefusalis) • Destroy crop residues, • Monitor regularly, • Use neem-based products. Downy Mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) • Seed treatment, • Crop rotation, • Destruction of infected plants. Aphids • Check transplants, • Use tolerant varieties, • Insecticidal soaps or neem, • Insecticides if infestation is high. Thrips • Regular observation, • Neem shredded, • Use Decis or Dimethoate if severe. Armyworms • Resistant varieties, • Avoid infested fields, • Destroy residues, • Control weeds, • Monitor, • Use neem, Bt, push-pull. C. Green grams # Pest/Disease Intervention/ Management Strategy Pod Borers (Maruca vitrata) • Use resistant varieties, • Monitor regularly, • Destroy infested pods, • Apply neem or Bt if needed. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) • Use yellow sticky traps, • Apply neem-based products, • Ensure field sanitation. Powdery Mildew • Apply sulfur-based fungicides, • Ensure good air circulation. D. Cowpea and Common Beans # Pest/Disease Intervention/ Management Strategy Aphids • Check transplants before planting. • Use tolerant varieties if available. • Insecticides will only be required to treat aphids if the infestation is very high. • Insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem. Trips • Regular plant observation/ neem shredded. • Decis or Dimethoate product will be applied at the recommended dose (in case of severe attacks). Armyworms Spodoptera sp. • Use recommended varieties. • Do not plant in an already infested field. • Remove and destroy crop residues before planting. • Frequently control weeds and other alternative hosts as they may serve as breeding spots. • Monitor fields regularly for early warning signs. • Spray neem-based products. • Spray recommended insecticides such as Bt - Bacillus thuringiensis, Emamectin benzoate, etc. at the recommended rate and time. 36 • Practice push-pull technology. Corn earworm Helicoverpa zea. • Apply neem-based extracts/products. • Plant trap crops such as marigolds to attract pests. • When necessary, judiciously spray insecticides such as cypermethrin at the given recommended rate at the beginning of the flowering period and continue biweekly. Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis • Plant resistant variety. • remove brush and leaves on the ground. • Handpick larvae and adults. • Brush eggs from leaves and destroy them. • Apply insecticidal soap to leaf undersides if the infestation is heavy. Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. • Plant resistant varieties if nematodes are known to be present in the soil. • Check roots of plants mid-season or sooner if symptoms indicate nematodes. • Solarizing soil. Fungus • Plant resistant varieties if available. • Plant only certified disease-free seed. • Practice good field sanitation such as removing crop debris from the field after harvest to reduce levels of inoculum. • Applications of appropriate foliar fungicides. • Sprays of sulfur or potassium carbonate. • Remove all crop residue from the field after harvest. • Organic soil amendments such as the addition of manure or neem cake. • Practice best cultural practices such as crop rotation. • Treating seeds with an appropriate fungicide before planting. • Use adequate plant spacing to avoid overcrowding and promote good air circulation around plants. • Reduce soil compaction. • Avoid planting seeds too deep. • Remove infected plants. • Plant in well-draining soils or raised beds to reduce soil moisture content. Bacterial blight Xanthomonas campestris • Plant only certified seed. • Plant resistant varieties. • Treat seeds with