CIP in 1995 The International Potato Center Annual Report G. CHANG We dedicate this report to the loved ones of Rosa Rodriguez and Martin and Collette Bicamumpaka. International Potato Center Apartado 1558 Lima 100, Peru CIP. 1996. CIP in 7995. The International Potato Center Annual Report. Lima, Peru . ISSN 0256-6311 Press run : 2,500 Printed in Lima, Peru April 1996 Writing/Editing: Jack Keyser, Edward Sulzberge r, Bill Hardy, Janet Keyser, Lisa W ing Production Coordinator: Ceci li a Lafosse Editorial Assistance: Emma Martinez Design and Layout: Ruben D. Gutierrez Cover Design : Irma Fernandez-Concha Photomechanics: Cecosami Printing: Asociac i6n Editori al Stella @ Inside matte r pr inted on recycled paper Bright Future for Potato Production, page 6. IPM in the Sacred Valley, page 23 . Table of Contents CIP: 25 Years of Research for Development 4 Bright Future for Potato Production 6 Research Needed to Halt Rapidly Spreading Late Blight Strains 10 True Potato Seed: A Piece of the Late Blight Puzzle? 14 New Rice and Wheat Varieties Ignite Asian Potato Production 18 IPM Studies Show Promise at Grass Roots 21 IPM in the Sacred Valley of the Incas 23 Florence Wambugu: A Vision for Africa 25 CON DESAN: An Ecoregional Approach to Research for the High Andes 27 Board of Trustees 31 Finance and Administration 32 Donor Contributions in 1995 34 Staff in 1995 35 Selected Scientific Publications 1995 40 Core Research in 1995 43 Training in 1995 48 Research Partners 51 CIP's Global Contact Points 54 CGIAR and CIP: 25 Years of Research Partnership 56 " ., ·, CIP: 25 Years of Research for Development --·4 A comprehensive study published by FAO and CIP economists in 1995 underscores the notion that production figures for root and tuber crops have been historically underestimated . In its report-Potatoes in the 7990s-the FAO-CIP team notes that potato production in the developing world increased at a faster rate over the past 30 yea rs than any other food crop except wheat. The authors go on to say that developing countr ies will produce more than a third of the world 's potatoes by the end of the century. Interestingly, growth in potato production was made possible by the availability of new crop technologies such as high-yielding cereal crops that provide farmers with a small production niche in which to grow potatoes. Throughout Asia, large amounts of potatoes are being grown between the harvest and planting of early maturing rice and wheat varieties developed at IRRI and CIMMYT. Even so, the potatoes grown in developing countries still yield far below their genetic potential. Experts estimate that the upper limit for potato production now approaches 120 tons per hectare. This means that there is considerable room to expand production without resorting to high-cost research aimed at increasing yields. With a comparatively small investment in research, science should be able to raise average potato yields from their current level of 15 tons per hectare to at least 30 tons across the developing world. Similar increases are also possible for sweetpotato. Thus, research aimed at scaling back losses from pests and diseases-rather than increasing yields per se-should produce significant across-the-board production increases at a relatively modest cost. To achieve that goal, CIP has assigned its highest priority to late blight, the disease responsible for the Irish potato famine . In the 1980s and 1990s, more aggressive forms of the late blight fungus spread to virtually all important potato-producing countries, causing great concern among farmers, scientists, and politicians . As CIP enters its 25th year, the Center will respond to this dilemma in much the same manner as it has always addressed the problems of resource-poor farmers. CIP is currently organizing a consortium of researchers to develop potato cultivars with durable resistance to all forms of the late blight fungus. At the urging of national programs and the research community at large, we have agreed to act as the convenor of a global late blight initiative. We hope that our participation will help to link scientists working in advanced laboratories and their colleagues in national systems. Within five years, the initiative should help farmers to begin controlling late blight within integrated pest management systems in which resistant varieties-rather than chemical fungicides-play the pivotal role. We further expect that the knowledge and technologies developed as part of this initiative will be made available via research partnerships being -Iii - - developed through the ecoregional and systemwide initiatives organized by CGIAR centers. Among these are the CIP-convened Andean Highland lnitiative-CONDESAN-as well as ICRAF's East African Highlands Initiative and the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Initiative led by ICIMOD. We also hope to play a useful role in the CGIAR's Rice-Wheat Initiative by virtue of the important role of potato in this unique food production system. As we have seen over the past 25 years, potatoes are not only a major food crop, but an efficient income generator and an effective too'1 for crop diversification and sustainability. The growth of potato production over the past quarter century is a tribute to the hundreds of CIP scientists who have labored to make potatoes available in developing countries and to our founders who had the foresight to know that the world's food requirements could not be met by cereals alone. Hubert Zandstra Director General CIP founding Director General, Richard L. Sawyer (second from left), and Center staff in the first photograph published in a CIP annual report, 1972. --·8 The study notes that in the near ly 100 deve lop ing cou ntries where potatoes are grown, production rose from 30 million to ns in the early 1960s to 85 milli on to ns in the ear ly 1990s, an almost threefo ld increase that is second on ly to growth in w heat output. Production in the developing wor ld is projected to rise another 2.8 percent ann ual ly by the year 2000, compared w ith 0.3 percent in industrialized countries. The report rep resents the first comprehensive study by FAO's Commod ity and Trade Division to detail the situation and prospects of the world potato economy. Europe and the area of the fo rmer Soviet Un ion, the report said, still accou nt for the bulk of potato production wo rld w ide, but slow growth w i ll result in a con tinuing decl ine in the ind ustria li zed world 's share of prod uction. In contrast, a rap id expansion of 30 mi 11 ion tons by the end of the 1990s is projected for developing cou ntries, resulting in a harvest of 105 million tons, a 40 percent inc rease since 1988 alone. Large Increases Projected for Asia Gregory Scott, a CIP eco nomist who col laborated with FAO on the study, says that if this transit ion continues, " most of the wor ld's potatoes wi ll be harvested in Asia, Afr ica, and Latin America in less than a generation. " As ia, he says, accounts fo r almost 80 percent of potato production in developing countr ies, with harvests growing at an average rate of 4 percent a year from 1962 to 1992 . The region shou ld account for two-thirds of all projected increases in developing countries by 2000 . China, the wor ld' s second- largest potato prod ucer after the Ru ssian Federat ion , and India, the sixth-ranked globa l prod ucer, are expected to continue to account for about half of this increase in the years just ahead . Pakistan, Indones ia, and Vietnam are also projected to show strong ga ins as potatoes conti nue to expand as a second or third crop in that region's rice- and w heat-based cropping systems and as co nsumers d ive rsify diets. Accord in g to the report, in creases in potato prod uction in developing co untries were second only to those of wheat ove r the 30-year span studied . The area planted to potatoes outstr ipped cassava, wheat, rice, pulses, and coarse grains, the report said. In addition , a dec line in potato prices compa red w ith prices of other staple foods has quickened demand and spurred in creased supp lies. Africa also experienced extensive growth in potato output. Production in sub-Saharan Africa has increased nearl y 150 percent si nce 1962, although begi nning from a low base. Production is currently grow ing faster fo r potato than for any other major food crop in the reg ion, except for rice and yams. In Latin America, expa nsion was due to an increase in prod uctivity as we ll as growth in area planted . Andean cou ntr ies, the report said, are expected to recover from sharp cutbacks of the prev ious decade, w hereas prod uct ion in the region 's Southern Co ne is forecast to benefit from World Potato Production in Selected Regions Region 1961 -63 average 199 1-93 average Average annual growth in Production Area Production Area production (000 t) (000 ha) (000 t) (000 ha) (%) Developing world 29,066 3,562 84,957 6,677 3.6 Asia 20,280 2,327 66,037 4,995 4.0 Africa 1,826 238 6,693 700 4.1 LAC* 6,959 998 12,226 981 1.9 Industrial ized world 236,048 18,592 190,398 11 ,456 -0.7 Total 265, 114 22, 154 275,355 18, 133 0.1 *Latin America and the Caribbean. Sou rce: FAO/C IP. 1995. Potatoes in the 1990s: Situation and prospects for the world potato economy. Rome. 39 p. greater commercial izatio·n. Potato production in Latin America increased roughly three-quarters over the past three decades. Processing and Trade The study noted that worldwide use of potatoes is shifting away from the fresh market and livestock feed toward processed products such as fren ch fries, chips, and frozen and dehydrated potatoes. Processing, the report says, is the fastest growing sector within the world potato economy, a trend that can be seen in countries such as Argentina, China, Co lombi a, and Egypt. Although potatoes are bulky and perishable, world trade in table potatoes and seed rose from 3 million tons in 1962 to 7.5 million tons in 1992, most of it among the 12 member countries of the European Union. FAQ stat ist ics do not in c lude trade information on processed potatoes. If they did, Scott says, world potato trade could be running at 10 million tons a year_, or about 4 percent of annual g lobal production. The study underscores CIP's contention that statistical data on potatoes have lon g been underestimated . CIP Director General Hubert Zandstra notes that.the report ca lls attention to some of the inconsistencies in previous global potato data for supply and demand. This has led to some underestimations in future med ium-term projections and created an air of doubt in the minds of scientists and donors abou t the health and direction of the global root and tuber economy, he says. For example, one important forecast in 1994 esti mated that potato production in developing countries would gmw from 75.7 million tons in 1988 to only 89.8 million tons by 2000, an increase of just 18 percent. For many developing countries, including China, those projections had already been exceeded, Scott noted. When FAQ and CIP reexamined the data, the developing-country projections increased to 105.4 million tons. Scott believes that potential payoffs from future investments in potato will be favorable as production growth rates are hi gh and the outlook for continuing demand is good . "The most dynamic factor in the sector," he says, "is the potato processing industry, which will affect both supply and demand." P. MALAGAMBA Egypt produces more than 1.7 million tons of potatoes annually; since 1961-63, production has grown at an average annual rate of 4.8 percent. 9-- Research Needed to Halt Rapidly Spreading Late Blight Strains - 10 For a century and a half, late blight disease has been the potato fa rmer' s chi ef nemes is. Since the Iri sh fam ine of the 1840s, in w hi ch a million people died and another million and a half em igrated , farmers have spent bi II ions of dollars attempt ing to contro l the fungus responsible for what became known in Ireland as the Great Hunger. Even so, late blight remains the wor ld 's most devastating food crop disease. Late blight, caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans, began as a loca l disease of wi ld relatives of potato and tomato in Mexico's To lu ca Valley . In the earl y 1950s, John N iederhauser, a World Food Prize laureate, pinpointed the va ll ey as the place now wide ly accepted as late blight's center of genetic diversity . There he d iscovered two mating types, ca lled A 1 and A2 , that reproduce both asexuall y and sexua ll y. Until then, sexua l reproduction of the fungus was unknown. The A 1 strain, a si ngle genetic individual , broke out of its Mexican enc lave in the 1840s and spread quickly, resul t ing in crop fai lures not onl"y in Ireland but also on the European mainland. Until that time, late bli ght was fore ign to Europe, Canada, and the United States. Eventually, the potato rebounded, following the development of simp le fungicides and the integrat ion of a wi ld Mexican potato species, So/anum demissum, into breeding programs ear ly in the 20th centu ry. A Second Wave Today, the fungus is staging a resurgence . CIP scient ists are monitoring its spread and now consider the li kel ihood of major crop losses in developing countries to be large ly a matter of time. In the mid-1970s, a new migration of late blight, including both the Al and A2 mating types, is be! ieved to· have trave led out of Mexico to Europe on a commercia l shipment of potatoes. From Europe, the disease spread rapidly to other parts of the world. By the late 1980s, potato researchers in Europe confirmed their worst fears: evidence of sexual reproduction of the fungus outs ide of Mexico. In 1992, a significa nt increase in the A2 and new genes of the A 1 were found in Ca nada and the United States . In Canada's western province of Br itish Columbia, the fungus appeared to be reproducing sexua ll y, and by 1994 A2 strains were discovered in the Andes, the potato's genetic center of origin. Scientists say that the new migrant A 1 and A2 mating types are far more aggress ive than the ori gina l A 1 and cause more severe outbreaks of the disease earli er in the grow ing season. Worst of all , some strain s are res istant to one of the most effect ive late blight fungicides, metalaxyl . Furthermore, the new migrants are more genet ica ll y diverse and are aggressive ly displacing o lder late b li ght popu lat ions in many areas. The spores resu lt ing from sexua l, as opposed to those from asexual, recombinat ion can su rv ive for extended periods. The poss ibi li ty of catastrophic crop fa ilures, not unli ke those in the 19th century, grows w ith each report that th e new late blight stra in s have expa nded their range. Research Priorities Late b li ght is now poised to str ike hardest at the millions of poor people in developing countries who rely on the nutritious potato, but ca n least afford to purchase expens ive agrochemi ca ls to keep th e fungus in check. M o re insecticides and fungicides are app lied to potato than to any other food crop: Some sc ientists believe that the success of fungicides such as metalaxyl in contro lling late b li ght may have lull ed the researc h establi shment into a fa lse sense of security and caused a loss of urgency in the development of blight-res istant potato var iet ies . "That might be true in some countri es in Eu rope and North America where market forces and a dependence on agrochemicals have v irtuall y locked o lder va ri eties with narrow geneti c bases into place," says Peter Gregory, CIP Deputy Director General for Research. " But it' s not true for CIP, wh ere even before the spread of the new strains we accorded the hi ghest priority to late blight research." However, Gregory says, ca ll s for add itional research are becoming l oude ~ from developing-country potato growers, who are alarmed abou t the spread of the more diverse fungal strains and the apparent grow ing immunity of P. infestans to fungicides . G. CHAN G Populations A and B Three years after its founding in 1971 , CIP began distributing se lected clones developed by nat ional potato programs as a first Ii ne of defense aga in st late blight. By 1990, the Center had deve loped breed ing material, known as population A, combining major, or " R," genes and horizontal resista nce. But R genes can be a problem to breeders in national programs who want to use the materials to develop late blight res istance in crosses with local var iet ies. R genes are major immunity genes, each of which can react strongly to a particular race of P. infestans and mask durab le or ho ri zo ntal resistance. Horizontal resistance is the resu It of many genes acting in concert so that the plant ca n withstand attack from all races of the fungus. Despite these limitations, population A clones have had substantial value and continue to show promise in several location s. In the 1980s, CIP built upon the success of population A and developed a second generation Late blight can destroy a potato field in just three days. Here, late-blight- susceptible plants (foreground) compared with a resistant cultivar. J. NIEDERH AUSER late blight lesions. - 12 of clones, population B, w hich have horizonta l resistance without the presence of R genes. A nalyses have also shown that popul at ion B has a high leve l of heritabi l ity of durab le res istance, thu s indicating the poss ibi l ity of breed ing fo r hori zontal res istance .in the absence of R genes. CI P scient ists have raised the poss ibility, however, that R genes may in fact be present in popu lation B but coul d be in act ive because of the presence of so-ca ll ed suppresso r genes. Over the next several years, the Center wi l l seek to expand the genet ic base for long- lasti ng res istance through the t ransfer of res istance genes Canchan Wards off Late Blight with Good Investment Returns GfNiA . from wi ld species and pri m itive cultivars to cul t ivated potatoes. Thi s wo rk w ill both broaden and st rengthen res ista nce to late bli ght, G regory says . Rap id progress is expected because CIP scie ntists and co l leagues have already overcome most of the incompatib i I ity roadb loc ks .between w ild spec ies and cul t ivated potatoes. For the immed iate future, CIP wil l also attempt to combine broader-based durab le res istance w ith loca ll y adapted potato varieti es and advanced breed ing lines. Sc ientists hope fo deve lop res istant popul ations th rough a blend of mo lecular marker- ass isted se lect ion and li mited ch romosome t ransfer. Additional ly, genet ic maps w il l be used to locate res istance genes w ithi n the potato genome. The c loned genes w i l l then be in serted into ex isting potato cul t iva rs. Gregory says that emphasis w il l eventual ly be d irected to promoting widesp read use of new, late-b l ight-resistant variet ies. These materi als, he says, shou Id provide the cata lyst needed to al low fa rmers to co ntro l late bli ght through integrated pest management systems in w hi ch resistant vari eties- rather than chemical fu ngicides- play the key ro le. Will Farmers Accept Resistant Varieties? There is every reason to be li eve that deve lop ing-country fa rmers wi ll accept potato variet ies with broad res istance if they are accessib le. Experience has shown that fa rmers are eager to grow potatoes that are less dependent on chem ica l sp rays fo r insect pests and d iseases . CIP econom ists have documented that the potato vari eties released in the deve loping worl d in the Potato cul tivar Ca nchan-INIAA prov ides an example of the va lue of popul ati on A j n combat ing late p light, as we ll as an example of good return s on research investment. Released in Peru in 1990, Canchan has high levels of late bl ight res istance and is gai ning acceptance among both t radi ti onal Andean potato growers and commerc ial produce.rs in coastal areas. Developed at CIP in the late 1970s, Ca nchan' s geneti c base includes genes from a w il d potato 1970s and ea rl y 1980s came almost exc lusively from clones bred in North Ameri ca and Europe and, to a lesser extent, from nat ional breed ing programs. By the mid- l 980s, however, c lones bred by nati ona l agri cultural resea rch systems and identifi ed and d istributed by CIP accounted for alm ost half of all deve lopin g-count ry vari eta l re leases. Currently, materi a ls se lected from CIP-bred popu lati ons account for about 40 percent of all suc h releases, a fi gure th at Ce nte r economi sts be li eve will ri se signifi cant ly as the superi or qua liti es of CIP-bred parents- pa rticul arl y those w ith disease and pest res istance-become more w idely known. Gregory says that the new late blight threat b rin gs into quest ion the ab ili ty of the potato crop to continue its unprecedented growth , espec iall y in developing cou ntries, where product ion has soa red by nea rl y 200 perce nt in the past 30 yea rs and is expected to ri se another 2.8 percent a year unt il the turn of the ce ntury. The spread of new migrant strain s of A 1 and A2, combined w ith more rea listi c estimates for the crop 's expans ion in the deve lop ing world , supports CIP' s dec ision to in crea se fundin g to its late b light program next yea r by 25 -pe rcent to $1.5 million. The Cost of Late Blight CIP has conservati ve ly est imated that g loba l crop losses from late blight are eq uiva lent to 10 percent of the annual potato prod uct ion in temperate zones and 15 perce nt in the tropi cs. Losses in the tropi cs are greater because of hi gher temperatures and humidi ty and yea r- round species and a traditional Andea n fa rmers' var iety. Survey results indicate that its late blight res istance has resulted in sign ifi cant reduct ions in fungicide use in Peru. During th e 1993 -94 grow ing season, Peru's highl and potato farm ers suffered 40 percent losses, valued at more th an $ 100 million, because heavy rains created favo rab le condi t ions for late bli ght. Only Ca nchan w ithstood the fun ga l outbreak without signi fica nt economic losses. A survey by CIP economi sts showed that di sease pressure and because fa rm ers often lac k the mon ey to buy fun gic ides . Assuming that a third of the global outp ut, or 13.75 million ton s pr iced at $2 00 per ton , occu rs in deve lop ing countries, the annua l economi c va lue of crop losses from late b li ght would be $2.75 b illi on. Cente r sc ienti sts also note th at late b light losses are growing desp ite in creases in the use of fun gic ides. Current fungicide costs are estimated at approx imately $ 1 00 mi 11 ion, or $1 5 a hecta re, in developing countries . Thus, the va lue of the crop lost, plu s in c reased costs for late blight co nt ro l, approaches $3 billion a year . " Losses are likel y to r ise," Gregory says, "as late bl ight estab li shes itse lf in new locat ions and as its d ive rsity in creases because of sex ual reco mbination of the d ifferent mating _types." fa rmers w ho grow Ca nchan have cut back spraying by 40 percent. Interna l rates of return were ca lc.ul ated at 28 percent on the assumpt ion that coverage w ill eventua lly reach 15 percent of Peru' s potato produ ct ion. Recent f igures from the country 's nat iona l potato program, however, indi cate that Canchan currentl y constitutes a f ift h of the potatoes grown in Peru's highly productive river bas in areas along the Pacifi c coast. I. NIEDE RHAUSE R Microscopic oospores produced by sexual recombination of different late blight mating types are genetically more diverse than older strains of the disease. Their ability to survive in the soil over longer periods of time poses new threats to developing-country potato farmers. 13--111 True Potato Seed: A Piece of the Late Blight Puzzle? --14 True potato seed , the small botanical seeds produced by the fl ower of the potato plant, may one day prove to be an important weapo n in the battle aga inst late blight. Using convention al seed tubers, it co uld take years to move late-b light-resistant culti vars from the resea rch station to resource-poor fa rmers in developing countries. Experi ence has shown that at least 1 0 years are needed to produce enough tuber seed to have even a modest impact in farmers' fiel ds . With TPS, large quantities of disease-resistant planting materials ca n be ready in one season. To meet the late blight chall enge, national programs will need to move huge quantities of resistant va rieties into farmers' hands w ithin the space of just a few years, says Mahesh Upadhya, CIP's program leader for propagat ion and crop management. "Any fa rmer acc ustomed to workin g wi th small seeds shou Id be ab le to use TPS to produ ce large amounts of top-qu al ity pl anti ng mater ial in a short period of time," Upadhya says. The acceptance of TPS tec hnol ogy in deve lop ing countries is growing rapidly, especi all y in southern and Southeast Asia, w here potato production has increased dramatically in recent yea rs. Many Asian farmers are using TPS planting mater ials, Upadhya says, because they are cheaper than trad ition al tuber seed and because they prod uce better y ields. "Over the long term," he expla ined, " it wi ll be difficult for Asian countries to produce the huge quantities of certifi ed tuber seeds needed to meet the grow in g demand for pl ant ing materi al. It will also be hugely expensive. Convention al tuber seed and propagation via tissue culture require large investments in land, storage and transportation infrastru cture, and management." Once researchers reso lved the production problems that had plagued the new seed technology, TPS began to change the mec hani cs and economics of potato production in the early 1990s. Farmers w ho norm all y planted a hectare of potatoes using 2 tons of seed tubers cou ld achieve the same result-at less cost-by planting as little as 50 grams of tru e potato seed from new, stable-yielding hyb rids . TPS is not usuall y sown d irectl y in the fie ld like maize or wheat seed, but is pl anted into a seedbed, like tomatoes, or transplanted into the field as seed lings . The small tubers produced from TPS seedlings are then used as seed for planting the next potato crop. Fifty grams of TPS cost about $100, as opposed to $1 ,200 to $1 ,500 for two tons of seed tubers . Producing sma ll tubers from TPS ca n be labor intensive-a decided plus in ru ral areas that are sho rt of jobs. True-Seed Research The TPS technologies now coming on line are the product of more than 20 yea rs of research. "We had many false starts," Upad hya reca ll s, "and many setbacks. With every step forwa rd , we encountered new roadblocks and new scientific chall enges." The basic problem was to produce true-seed hybrids that wou Id meet market stand ards . Work began by se lect ing parenta l lines with desired characteristi cs, such as tuber shape and co lor, and adaptabili ty to day len gths found in two tropical growing seasons. What was needed , says Upadhya, were cu lti va rs that produce a crop in the au tumn seaso n w hen potatoes are planted under long days and tuberize under short days, as we ll as cul t iva rs su itable for the spri ng season whe n potatoes are planted under short days and tuber ize during long days. Today, CIP TPS populations are sufficiently homogeneous to meet the demand s of the marketplace, but contain a mi xture of genes that protect them from a var iety of v iruses and plant diseases. An add itional adva ntage of TPS, Upadhya expla ined , is that it provides farmers with a potato crop made up of numerous gene combinations, rather than a monoculture of genet icall y identical potato clones, as is the case for crops grown from traditional tuber seed. This mixture of genes could eventuall y provide farmers w ith an important too l fo r fighting diseases such as late blight. Even with the deve lopment of the new hybrid s that exhibited good uni formity, however, scientists st ill faced the probl em of seed dormancy. True potato seeds ge rmin ate at different times, a defense mec han ism that plants use to protect themselves in the w i Id. The so l.ut ion to the prob lem was worked out by CIP's Noel Pallais, a plant physiologist, w ho lea rned how to foo l the plant into believing it had gone through a full N. PALLAIS POTATO PRODUCTION FROM HYBRID ns ON FARM TRIAL \S95-t996 LOCATION , TrP11g Quan. T!ta1 &n!t . Ytet Nam - 16 season of dorm ancy so it would germinate uniforml y during the followin g produ ction season. " In retrospect, the so lution was fai rl y simp le," Pall ais says. "What we did was reduce seed moi sture leve ls to 4 percent and stored the seed for four month s at 40 degrees Cels ius. After that, al l TPS germin ates uniforml y ." TPS also gives farmers planting fl ex ibility, Pall ais says . In tropical regions, where li ttle or no co ld storage is ava ilable to fa rmers, tuber seed deteriorates rapidl y. One adva ntage of TPS is th at it all ows farmers to plant a crop accordin g to their sc hed ul e. Growers w ho rely on c lonal seed have little choice but to plant when the tubers arri ve from abroad or from a local seed program . With TPS, farmers have more contro l over t iming. For exa mpl e, in hi ghland zones arou nd Lake Titi caca borderin g Bol ivia and Peru , farmers are p lant ing seedbeds of TPS to co inc ide with the onset of the rain y season. Minitubers grown from TPS in the seedbeds are equ al in quality and v igo r to what is referred to as bas ic seed , the highest quality seed national programs produce and distribute to certified seed growers. Thus, even the poorest farmers who use TPS can produ ce the highest qua lity seed according to their own schedule. 1995 Field Reports India: In Indi a, the world's sixth-largest potato producer, fa rmers are growin g more than 10,000 hectares of potatoes deri ved from TPS pl anting material , a fivefo ld increase ove r 199 3. CIP eco nomists project that the area pl anted w ith the new hybrids should reac h 250,000 hectares by the year 2015. Ind ia produced nea rl y 500 kilograms of true seed in 1995, enough to plant 20,000 hectares. With TPS presentl y wholesaling fo r $800 a kilogram, Indian producers are se lling a portion of their seed to potato programs in Vietnam , Egypt, the Philippines, and neighboring Sri Lanka and Banglades h. A ll six TPS hybrid s now be ing produ ced in India were bred by a CIP team of sc ienti sts and were extensi ve ly eva lu ated by India's Central Potato Research In st itute and research ce nters of the A ll India Coordinated Potato Improvement Project . In rece nt yea rs, India's Ministry of Agr icultu re has provided money to state gove rnments to build additi ona l TPS produ ctio n faci lit ies. The state of Tripura, a leader in TPS production , hopes to produ ce 200 kilograms in 1996. The object ive of the governm ent' s investment is to all eviate the country's chroni c sho rtage of quality seed. Vietnam: In Vietnam , the rapid inc rea se in the use of TPS techno logy in the rice-based croppin g system near Hano i has surprised many resea rchers. Th e in crease is largel y the result of TPS's ability to fit a hi ghl y profitabl e potato crop between two crops of ri ce. In 1996, V ietnam pl ans to import about 30 ki lograms of hybrid TPS from India-a ll of it dest ined as a third cro p in the country's ri ce bowl , the Red Ri ve r Delta. Vietn amese agri cu ltural offic ials expect that by the year 2000, 7,000 hectares of potatoes wi 11 be grow n in the Red Ri ver Delta . Of this tota l, 2,000 hectares w ill probably be grow n from TPS transpl ants and 5,000 hectares from f irst- o r second-generat ion TPS-der ived tubers. The governm ent expects that farmers will grow more than 100,000 tons of hi gh-quality potatoes eac h yea r thereafter from TPS-deri ved mate ri als. By the R. FALCON turn of the century, Vietn am will require 300 kilograms of TPS valued in excess of a quarter of a million doll ars at 1995 prices. By then, Vietnam plan s to be self-sufficient in true-seed produ ction. Currently, all of the TPS used in Vietnam are CIP hybrid s purchased from India. Vi etnamese scientists, however, are ex perimentin g with their own hybrid seed varieties and continuing to screen hybrids introduced by CIP. Nicaragua: Despite heavy outbreaks of late blight in 1995 , potatoes grown from TPS hybrids continue to meet grower expectations. TPS varieties currently represent about 40 percent of the 21 ,000 tons of potatoes eate n in the country each year. Nicaragua's TPS varieties, which were derived from (IP-Indian hybrids, were first introdu ced into the country in 1987. Nicaragua now purchases TPS from the Chil ean national potato program, but continues to diversify its true potato seed selections to fit product ion and market ni ches by growing the white-skinned variety Ni ca ra guan consumers prefer, or by producing a late-maturing potato to take advantage of hi gher prices when potatoes are in short supply. Cuba: After 30 years of spending an estimated $15 mil I ion a year on imported seed tubers, many of which carried diseases, Cuba is investing in the construction of three fac ilities to produce hybrid TPS seedling tubers. Like Nicaragua, Cuba currently imports TPS seed from Chile, includin g three (IP-Indian va ri eties that resist late blight. Egypt: Seed farms in Egypt have turned to producing seedling tubers following "direct seeding" of TPS using mechanized planters. This is beli eved to be the firs t instance in which TPS is sown directly into the soil. In 1995, four hecta res of TPS were planted on newly reclaimed desert land. CIP-developed hybrids performed extremely well under these conditions. Resulting minitubers will go directly to farmers to plant next year's crop. Egyptian farmers expect to plant 300 hectares of TPS-derived potatoes in 1996 usin g domesti ca lly produced minitubers and commercial quantiti es of TPS imported from Indi a. China: In 1994-1995, abou t 9,000 hectares were planted from hybrid TPS supplied by CIP and the Wumeng Agricultural Institute in Inner Mongolia. Researchers in Chin a are currently testing CIP hybrids and report good res ults in Sichuan and Yunn an provinces. TPS-derived potato production fell dramatically in th e 1980s because of viroid and seed germination probl ems arising from the use of locally produced, open-pol I inated va ri etie s. China, the largest producer of potatoes in th e deve lopin g world, started producing hyb rid TPS in 1988 with tec hni ca l backstopping from CIP. Bangladesh: Resea rchers consider Banglades h to be an outstanding candid ate for TPS technology. In 1995, the government imported 16 kilograms of TPS from India and sold it to growers in the country 's six prin c ipal potato-growing distri cts. Bangladeshi farmers expect to harvest about a thousand hectares from TPS-derived planting material in 1996, a 10-fo ld increase over the previous year. In Peru, farmers who normally plant 2 tons of seed tubers are achieving comparable and frequently better results by sowing as little as 50 grams of true seed. 17 New Rice and Wheat Varieties Ignite Asian Potato Production Cropping patterns: Shown below (page 18) is the traditional cropping pattern that existed in South Asia prior to the introduction of high yielding rice and wheat varieties in the 1960s. The current "Rice-Potato-Rice" pattern and the "Rice-Potato-Wheat Summer Pulses" pattern are shown on pages 19 and 20, respectively. Unwittingly, it was the development and success of early maturing, high-yielding rice and wheat varieties that accelerated the growth of potato production in South Asia. Because of their short cropping cycle, potatoes fit well into the wheat and rice farming systems that make up much of Asia's agriculture. "The beauty of the new rice and wheat varieties," says CIP economist Gregory Scott, "is that they've opened up a niche in the cropping calendar that allows farmers not only to plant more rice and wheat but also sandwich in a planting of potatoes." Today, virtually all potatoes grown on the Indian subcontinent are produced in this manner. In Bangladesh, farmers grow upwards of 1 7 million tons of potatoes on 1.2 million hectares during a three-month production window opened by technologies that lessen the time required to plant and harvest rice. Potatoes are planted in October and November and harvested during a four- to six-week interval from late January to early March, well before the arrival of the southwest monsoons in June and in time to accommodate a wheat crop. This extra supply of potatoes provides food at a time when cereal bins begin to run low and farm families must stretch remaining supplies until the next harvest. The development of the new rice and wheat varieties made it economically attractive to invest in tube wells and fertilizer to extract maximum yields from cereals. As a result, farmers can usually coax a potato crop th rough the dry season with residual soil moisture or a TRADITIONAL ASIAN CROPPING PATTERN-1965 N. PALLAIS M111¢M Ml!IM WJlllM KjiM Mel4M M¢1elW MtllM Mt;l¢M Mjj:M Mt)f41;M W+llM Ef;1'4M Rainy season begins . r-Fallow or summer crop--1 · ... ·. ·_· .. · .. · ... . RICE-POT A TO-RICE small amount of irrigation water. Recent farm surveys have found that even farmers who crop less than a hectare can obtain both irri gation and fertili ze r. "What happens as a result of growing potatoes after cereals is that the net income of small farm ers goes up," Scott exp lained. "Farmers are then in a better position to se lf-fin ance rice and wheat crops by turning that money arou nd for fertili ze r and other inputs. Potatoes upgrade and diversify the entire food system . They not only increase cash income but also provide farmers with a natural means to break up pest cyc les caused by the sequential cropp ing of cerea ls." Storage, Trade, and Foreign Exchange The introduction of potatoes in Asia's cereal- based cropp ing systems is also having an impact on trade and foreign exchange. By substantiall y increas ing food production with potatoes, countries such as Bangladesh are conserv ing foreign exchange by not havin g to import cereals at the volumes and va lues previously requ ired. Increased potato. production on the subcont in ent has also led to dramatic changes in the w ay the crop is handled after harvest, when in the space of a month nearly 18 million tons of potatoes come out of the ground. " Farmers need some alternative mechanism to manage the supply of potatoes released onto the market," says Scott, noting that this hi ghly skewed seasonal supply pattern puts tremendous pressure on the marketing cha in . Harvesting potatoes in Vietnam's Red River Delta: since 1961-63, potato production in Vietnam has grown at an average annual rate of 6 percent. Mld¢M MlllM *+lllM •i*M Mtl4M M¢i1JYW MtllM MM¢M Mll:M i31.¢1M WilltM MiMW Rainy season begins Potatoes ---------1 1---------Rice---------1 1--------Rice--------1 Fallow ... ' .. G. SCOTT India has the ca pacity to conserve about ha lf of its 15.7-million-ton annual potato harvest in cold sto res; the remainder must be eaten at ha rvest, processed, or sto red in the countryside. In Indi a and Bangladesh, a portion of the crop goes to market immedi ately, usuall y at low pr ices . A large part of th e harvest is then pi led in the f ield fo r 60 days until the initi al glut of potatoes passes and pr ices recover . Th e pract ice is risky because unexpected wet weather ca n ruin a yea r' s p rod uct ion. About half of the harvest goes into co mmerc ial co ld-storage fac ili ti es to be held unt i l supp lies dw indle and pri ces rise. Indi a, the wor ld 's sixth-l argest potato producer, now has a co ld-storage capac ity for more than 8 mi lli on tons. But co ld stores are o nly a part ial so lution to potato marketing prob lems. RICE-POTATO-WHEAT-SUMMER PULSES Indi an and Bangladeshi farme rs, Scott says, wou ld benef it from inexpensi ve tec hnology to extend crop storage to take adva ntage of risin g pr ices from February through May, the per iod before co ld-storage potatoes come o nto the market. O ver the past 10 to 15 yea rs, C IP has experimented w ith tradit iona l ru st ic fa rm storage methods that are cheap, simpl e, and effective in maintai n ing potato stoc ks for sa le in a ri sing market . In 1994-i 995, researchers from the Indi an Coun c i l of Agri cultural Resea rch and CIP conducted on-farm tests w ith potato stores that use eva porati ve coo ling system s d ur ing the warm , dry months. Temperatures inside the stores were 12 to 19 deg rees Cels ius coo ler th an outside temperatures. Farmers w ho used the stores experi enced tuber we ight losses of on ly 13-14 percent in storage pe ri ods of up to 84 days. In 1994, prices at the t ime the stored potatoes were so ld we re 30-60 percent higher than whe n the crop went into sto rage; in 1995, pr ices rose 90 percent. Farm stores are not a risk-free tec hnology, Scott says. In some yea rs , potato p rices fa i I to rise as the marketing season progresses. " It's sort of like the hi gh-y ielding ri ce and w hea t varieties in the sense that fa rm ers have a co nsiderable investment in inputs," he contends. " If there's bad weath er o r a severe pest attack, the return on the investm ent will be small , o r none at all . But, in four out of five yea rs, farme rs are go ing to see more rupees and takas in their pockets than if they sold thei r c rop ri ght after harvest. " ••••¢MM ····- ........ , ... ••••• •¢••1W ...... ••+w¢MM Mll:W Mtjgw:w .,,: • • ., .... Rainy season begins Potatoes----- I- Summer pu lses -:-i 1--------Rice ---------1 ...._ ______ Wheat --------1 IPM Studies Show Promise at Grass Roots Component Technologies Undergo Testing in Africa and the Caribbean In v irtuall y all of the 82 deve lopin g count ri es that grow sweetpotato, weevil pests are a major source of economic loss . A lthough the crop can be produced under diffi cult growing condi t ion s w ith minimum inputs, weevil s continue to plagu e produ ction despite the use- and m isuse-of insecti c ides. In 199 5, CIP researchers in Afri ca and the Caribbea n repo rted signifi ca nt progress in th e test ing of component techno logies that fa rmers can use in integrated pest m anagement (IPM) programs. In the Ca ribbean, where the predomin ant weev il spec ies is Cy/as formica rius, CIP-recommended IPM practi ces inc lude the use of natural enemi es such as p redato ry ants, the fun gus Beauveria bassiana-whi ch ca n be app lied as a bio log ica ll y sa fe insectic ide- and mass trappin g of adult male weev il s using sex pheromones . After two yea rs of large-sca le test ing sponsored by the O PEC Fund, storage-root damage dropped from 25 percent to 5 percent in th e Domini ca n Repu b li c and from 44 percent to 8 percent in Cuba. In Cuba's case, this is about the same leve l of dam age that farm ers experi enced w hen they applied Sov iet- supplied insecti ci des 8 to 12 times per season. When Sov iet insectic id es beca me un avai lab le, Cuba was forced to seek altern at ives and turned to IPM. Large-scal e tri als in the Cienfuegos area show that sw eetpotato grown w ith integrated weevil management practi ces produ ced average yield s of 18.2 t/ha-roughly twi ce th at of crops produced w ithout IPM- with damage limi ted to ju st 8 percent of the c rop. Sex pherom ones, w h'ic h w ere initi all y used to attract and monito r pest popul ati ons, proved to be effect ive in red ucing pest numbers by luring adult males into trapping or killin g dev ices. In 1995, app rox im ately 40,000 such traps were tested successfull y in fa rmers' fi elds. Sweetpotato for the Hungry Months Encourag ing results w ere also reported in 1995 from East Afri ca, w here sweetpotato is an impo rtant secondary crop and pl ays a crit ica l rol e in rural di ets durin g th e " hungry months. " Ugand a alone prod uces 1.7 million ton s, makin g it the fourth-l argest sweetpotato produce r in the world . Sweetpotato production in the region is p redominantl y rainfed and the c rop is pl anted and harvested piecemea l throughout the year. East Afr ica n sweetpotato growers are usually smal 1- sca le, resource-poor femal e fa rm ers. Production practices contrast w ith those used in the Caribbea n as the predominant weev il spec ies are d iffe rent. In addition , East Afri ca n farmin g t raditions and the soc ioeconomi cs of produ ction di ffe r from those of other region s. In one distri ct in ce nt ral Ugand a, for exampl e, sw eetpotato has repl aced cassava as the predomin ant food staple beca use of seve re losses from cassa va mosa ic v i rus . A lthough sw eetpotato is fa r more nu tr itious th an cassava, cassava ca n be left in the ground The Caribbean sweetpotato weevil , Cy/as formicarius. R. HADDAD J. ALCAZAR A weevil-infested sweetpotato root: weevil damage renders most crops unusable even for animal feed. - 22 and harvested as needed. Sweetpotato roots are extremely vulnerable to weevils if left unharvested. CIP's research agenda for sweetpotato in East Africa includes biological studies of the predominant weevil pests in the region, plus field experiments to test the effectiveness of the G. CHANG B. bassiana pathogenic fungus as an IPM component technology. In addition, work is under way with Uganda's National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) and the Natural Resources Institute (NR I) of the United Kingdom to identify female sex pheromones for two African weevil species (C. brunneus and C. puncticollis). Sample lures developed at NRI were field tested su_ccessfully in Uganda using various trap designs to determine the most attractive pheromone blends for the two species and the most effective slow-release pheromone dispensers. "Sex pheromones may be the key to introduci ng IPM to East African sweetpotato producers," says Cisneros. "The technology has a noticeab le impact on farme rs and makes the entire package of practices more acceptable. Our experi ence in Cuba is that sweetpotato growers who know about the technology won't even plant unless sex pheromones are available. We expect that the same will be true in East Africa as well ." Host-Plant Resistance After many years of study, Cl P scientists have concluded that no known cultivated or wild relative of sweetpotato contains a useful form of weevil resistance. Accordingly, Center plant breeders are exploring the possibility of inserting genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, a natural insecticide, into the sweetpotato genome. This work, which is exceedingly complex, and needs a carefully pJa·nned deployment strategy, is still in its infancy. As an alternative, CIP researchers are also evaluating a molecular approach based on a relatively simple concept. Because weevils digest their food with the hel p of certain proteinases, it may be possible to interrupt their feeding process by incorporating proteinase inhibitor genes into the sweetpotato genome. Such inhibitors have been identified for other Coleoptera insects in Canada and could be incorporated into sweetpotato using the transformation and regeneration protocols developed in the 1980s by Peru's National Agrarian University in La Molina and CIP. IPM in the Sacred Valley of the Incas In Urquillos, a sma ll farming village in Peru's Sacred Valley of the Incas, crop losses from potato tuber moth have dropped over the past two years from 72 percent to almost zero. Today, increasing numbers of farmers in Urquillos, and in surrounding villages, are using biologically fri endly, integrated pest management (IPM) methods rather than chemical insecticides. The switch from hazardous pesticides is the resu It of technologies developed at CIP and the work of community leader Maritza Marcavi llaca. "In past years," Marcavillaca said recently, "we tried to control the moth with insectic ides, including parathion, but the results were poor and we noticed th at many of our people became sick from the chemicals." Insectic ides, she noted, were not only expensive, but some Urquillos residents thought they were responsible for a rash of miscarriages and illness in the village. Through the University of Cusco, Marcavillaca contacted CIP to inquire about alternative pest control practices. "CI P rece ives many such requests, but we refer most to local authorities," says CIP IPM leader Fausto Cisneros . " In Urquillos, we found a dynamic grass-roots organization willing to invest its own resources in a new technology, and willing to work hard to make the technology work." Marcavillaca is the leader of the Urquillos Women's Club, an organization of some 25 women, all of whom are directly involved in potato and maize production. Starting in 1994, club members, working with CIP IPM specialists and economists, began experimenting with a series of practices that can be used to control tuber moth in seed stores, including the use of native repell ent plants, sex pheromones, and a baculovirus. The baculovirus, which can be manufactured within the community, kills tuber moth larvae but is harmless to humans and animals. It is produced by selecting and grinding virus-infected larvae from damaged potato tubers and then mixing them with ordinary talc. The Urquillos program offered a unique opportunity for participatory research in which the members of a: grass-roots organization and scientists could work together and learn from one another. Its success has led several neighboring villages to follow suit. Today, Marcavillaca and her co lleagues give seminars to neighboring farmers using educational materials provided by ARARIWA (a local nongovernmental organizatiqn), !NIA-Peru's National Institute for Agricultural Research, and Cl P. Her long-term goal is to get al I farmers in the area to use IPM. Urquillos residents, she says, have formed an informal association to teach the new techniques in neighboring villages. But the task has not been easy. A.SOUMANO Community IPM leader, Maritza Marcavillaca. 23 Demonstrating the use of a pheromone trap at a community meeting. - 24 " It was rea ll y hard to convince people to change their ways. I would talk and talk but no one would listen or bel ieve me, " M arcav ilfaca notes. "What happens is that people are used to using pesticides because it' s a lot eas ier-but it's also more dangerous, and most people don ' t know that. " According to CIP agricu ltural extension specialist Oscar O rti z, some of the most important thin gs farmers have lea rned through the Urquillos program are a general knowledge of the pest's life cycle and the dangers of insecti c ides, which together enabl e them to make use of IPM component technologies. Many farmers, he notes, have begun using IPM methods on maize as w ell . "Our philosophy is not to impose on or pressure fa rmers to use IPM," explained Ortiz. " In this case, the farmers of Urquillos tried out and accepted the new methods, and chose to share their experience with others." " Pesti c ide use was always a ve ry big worry for me, " Marcavi ll aca said recently . " So, as a woman and a mother of this village, I knew I had to do something-and I did ." Tecia Threatens Native Potato Species A pest of Guatemalan origin, Tecia so/anivora, the Central American potato tuber moth, is headed for Ecuador. If it succeeds, it will almost certainly also reach other Andean countries and become a threat to native potato species in the crop's center of ·origin. The life cycle of the pest is similar to that of the better- known and more widely spread potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculel/a, but its potential for damage is far greater. Tec ia's rapid geographic expansion through mountainous areas is believed to be caused by the transport of infected seed. In Colombia, its appearance is provoking wide-scale use of pesticides. At present, there are no government-approved chemicals for the pest, and farmers are turning to hazardous chemical cocktails. In response to the problem, CIP and the Colombian national program have established a pilot program to introduce sex pheromones from the Institute for Plant Disease Research in the Netherlands. The program will also assess the possibil ity of using CIP-developed biocontrol agents such as the granulosis virus currently used to control the Phthorimaea tuber moths. Florence Wambugu: A Vision for Africa Bea trice Lacoste* In their vision of Afri ca in the twenty-f irst century, Chinu a Ac hebe, the Nigeri an author, and hi s scienti f ic co-w riters in Beyond Hunger in A frica : Africa- 2057 see deve lop ment as coming from w ithin-Africa n experts t rained and working abroad wi ll return to thei r nati ve land, implement hi gh-techno logy projects, an.d channel Afri ca's energy potenti al to her people. Today, w ith more than half of all profess ionall y tra ined Afr icans work ing outs ide the continent, Fl o rence Wam bugu appears as a p ioneer in thi s v ision of the future. In 1994, W ambugu returned from the Uni ted States to be the Di rector in Nai rob i of the Intern ati onal Service for the Acqu is it ion of Agri-b iotec h Appli cat ions (ISAAA) , w hi ch promotes the transfer of techno logy to develop ing countri es and acts as a broker for transgen ic and nontransgenic p lants. The program is housed at Cl P' s reg ional offi ce fo r sub-Saharan Afr ica , located on the campus of th e In te rn at ional Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi . " From my ea rli est childhood, I was interested in p lants/' W ambugu reca ll s. " I grew up in postco loni al times when most men worked on large fa rm s o r went to look fo r empl oyment in the c iti es. My fa ther and uncles were all away ." Wambugu goes on to expl ain that her mother struggled to feed and ed ucate her six child ren, her li fe an end less rou nd of back-break ing chores. " My mother rea ll y beli eved in educat ion as a passport for li fe and she never com pl ained about my father be ing aw ay/' she sa id. Encouraged by her determin ed mother, she went to boardin g schoo l at Kabare G irl s Secondary Sc hoo l, a 65 -km bu s r ide from home. In itsel f, go ing to sc hoo l was a small revo luti on in a cou ntry like Kenya w here all too often girl s are kept home to he lp wi th househol d chores. "Our small farm was the best research laboratory" W ambugu deve loped a stro ng interest in b io logy and chemi stry in secondary sc hoo l. When she jo ined the Uni versity of Nai rob i in 1975, she chose to study botany and zoo logy : " I have to say th at our small farm was the best resea rch laboratory/' enthu ses Wa mbugu . "Agronomy, • Beatri ce Lacoste is a sc ience wr iter currentl y on assi gnment w ith the World Food Programm e in Kenya . patho logy, breed ing, ca ll it w hat you w ill .. . we pract iced all of them growin g c rops .... " Afte r leav ing the uni versity, she w as offered a job in Muguga, 23 km from Nairob i, at the Kenya Agr icul tura l Research Inst itu te, KA RI , where she worked at the Pl ant Q uarantin e Stati on. "Thi s was a turning po int in my ca reer/' she refl ects. "We were re leas ing fruits and vegetabl es ... and thi s is how I f irst came in to contact w ith CIP. The CIP program was one of our most important act iv ities; at the t ime, the Center was ju st beg inning to import potatoes from Peru and the new strai ns arrivin g from CIP promi sed new v igor and geneti c d iversity. "Ti ssue cul ture materi als ca me from Peru in small test tubes/' she adds. "M y respo nsib il ity was to check the materia l fo r d iseases, a process that took up to six months. Dur ing my ti me, between 1978 and 1982 , 250 potato access ions arrived at KA RI. " Researcher Florence Wambugu . 25 - 26 Wambugu recalls that Sylvester Nganga, CIP's regional representative in Nairobi at the time, and plant breeder Haile Kidanemariam, were closely . involved in the effort. "The CIP scientists were very dedicated and really motivated me," she says. In 1981 , the Center sponsored her participation in a tissue culture training program at llTA in Nigeria. "Not only seed money but moral_ and professional support." A year later, Wambugu went to North Dakota State University to do a master's degree in plant pathology, specializing in potato viruses . Both KARI and CIP agreed that her studies would have regional applications and were supportive. " I felt driven, and th is opportunity to study was a great boost to my career. When I came back to KARI , I was given a job in plant pathology, doing research on root and tuber crops." From 1984 to 1988, KARI and CIP interacted on both potatoes and sweetpotatoes, and Wambugu worked closely with CIP germplasm specialist Carlo Carli and Kidanemariam . "CIP provided not only seed money, but the professional and moral support that played a crucial part in my career development, " she says. From 1988 to 1991, she conducted thesis research on the epidemiology of sweetpotato virus diseases in a joint Ph.D . program conducted at the University of Bath in cooperation with KARI. "The research involved traveling throughout Kenya to visit farmers and would not have been possible without my previous experience in field research with CIP," Wambugu says. "CIP had money and an outstanding team of very supportive scientists," she adds. " It was a mutually beneficial association for me, for CIP, for KARI , and, really, for Kenya as a whole." Wambugu is widely credited by her colleagues with having stimulated Kenya's and Uganda's current research programs on sweetpotato virology. The Promise of Biotechnology To keep pace with new developments, Wambugu left KARI in late 1991 to do postdoctoral work at Monsanto's biotechnology research center in the United States . "This time, I did not need financial help, but CIP's expertise and moral support were invaluable," she says . "I had an excellent working relationship with CIP's Regional Representative, Peter Ewell , with whom I exchanged a lot of information . Cyrus Ndiritu, Director of KARI , provided all the help he could .and Peter Gregory, Cl P's Deputy Director General for Research, was also very support ~ve. I really felt we were a team . "When I was at Monsanto, I requested help, and Daniel Maingi, a well-trained and dedicated KARI scientist, arrived, later joined by Charity Macharia, another excellent KARI researcher . We worked together on finding a solution to feathery mottle virus, which causes sweetpotatoes to degenerate and dramatically cuts production . Sweetpotato yields in Kenya are about 4-5 tons per hectare, a mere fraction of their potential." At Monsanto, Wambugu and her colleagues managed to transform African sweetpotato varieties by introducing the viral coat protein (CP) gene that triggers resistance to feathery mottle virus. The CP gene had previously been sequenced by Jorge Abad, a CIP scientist working with James Moyer at North Carolina State University in the United States. This pioneering work sets an example for future collaboration between developed and developing countries, says Gregory. The scientists involved developed a virus-resistant sweetpotato that stands an excellent chance of becoming a commercial product. Furthermore, Kenya, the first count~y to obtain ownership of the new cultivar, will not have to pay royalties. Once Kenya has developed its biosafety guidelines, Wambugu adds, importation of the transgenic sweetpotato can proceed. In the meantime, Wambugu, in addition to her ISAAA responsibilities, is helping CIP researchers in Nairobi conduct training courses. "We have no biotechnology expert or virologist in Nairobi," says Ewe I I. "Florence provides us with a much- needed resource person on plant pathology and biotechnology, and she recently participated as an instructor in one of our training courses for national scientists from Kenya and Uganda. I guess you could say there is a certain synergy at work here." CON DESAN: An Ecoregional Approach to Research for the High Andes [CONOESAN provides a] novel approach to mountain development ... by looking at ecoregional issues in a comprehensive way, and by being open to a variety of partners. Boutros Boutros-Ghali U.N. Secretary-General In dozens of isol ated Andean communities, genetic conservation experts spent much of 1995 conducting field research and exam ining histori ca l data on the region's lesser-known root and tuber crops. This research, which was conducted as part of CON DESAN-the Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion-is helping to link genetic resources programs in .Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. "The CONDESAN approach," notes the Consortium's biodiversity coordinator Miguel Holle, " is helping to remove the barriers that N. YAMAMOTO 27 •-• Bofedales: A traditional land use system in the area surrounding Lake Titicaca in southern Peru and western Bolivia. E. MUJICA 28 prev ious ly prevented the exc hange of resea rch resul ts across nati onal borders." It is also provid ing much-needed in fo rmat ion on viro logy, storage, process ing, and spec ies variatio n. " We sta rt in w hat is ca ll ed a mi crocenter of d iversi ty," he says. " Thi s is an area w here crop var iati on is pa rt icu la rly concen trated. Th e object ive is to eventuall y exte nd the stud ies up to the ecoreg ional level and draw broader concl usions usefu l to both sc ient ists and po li cymakers. " Now in its third yea r, CONDESAN 's program for the conservat ion and use of biod ivers ity supports th e genet ic resources programs of 22 organizations. Amo ng them is an unusual group of pri vate-secto r, un iversity, and fa rm o rgan izations wi th a commo n in terest in developi ng an export ma rket fo r maca (Lep idium meyeni1). Formed in 1995 , the group supports pharm aceutical interests in secu ri ng adeq uate supp l ies of a crop that is be li eved to act as a natural re laxa nt. A Unified Approach Biodiversity resea rch is one element in a broad , three-yea r-o ld ecoreg ional in it iat ive to rescue one of the wo rl d' s grea t mounta in systems . Unab le to so lve the big prob lems of th e A ndes p iecemea l, a group of sc ientists , pol icymakers, and deve lopment specia li sts from seven Andea n countr ies met at CIP in May 1992 to create COND ESAN. The researc h alli ance is now open to all pu b l ic and private inst itut ions wi lli ng to co ll aborate and share costs. CON DESAN brings together a vast array of resea rch expert ise and resources that crosses d iscip li nes in environmenta l, agr icu ltural, and socia l sc iences. It act ively promotes resea rch partners hips ai med at ach iev in g susta inab le development. Co ll abo ration w ith national agr icul tura l researc h and deve lopment programs con t inues to be I.inked to ongo ing research projects fu nded by major dono rs and local govern ments . CONDESAN Research in 1995 Bofedales: In southern Peru, alpaca producers graze thei r an imals on natural pastures arranged in concentri c ci rcles, a traditional land use system known as bofedales. Recent studies show that the animal ca rryi ng capac ity of bofedales can be doubl ed by construct ing _? mall irrigati on channels th at d ivert small amounts of water to nearby unirr.igated areas. CO N DESAN systems analysts, workin g w ith experts from CIRNM A, a loca l NGO, repo rt that the channels can also be used to estab l ish small trout ponds, a practice that improves family protein in ta ke and in creases income by more than 30%. The channels have the added benefi t of not interrupti ng the fl ow of wate r needed by fa rmers downstrea m. Rustic greenhouses: In the high-p lateau reg ion around Lake Titicaca, on the Bo liv ian-Peru v ian border, CON D ESAN cooperato rs are conducti ng stud ies aimed at develop ing food prod uction ~ . I Although participation varies, more th an 100 institutions from 20 countries are currently members of CON DESAN. Th ese are main ly national agr icultural research institutes, universities, internat ion al and nongovernmental organizations, and private groups , but individual farmers and comm unities from the various Andean subregions also part icipate. Research covers priority topics in four approved themes: biodiversity, land and water management, policy, and production systems. The Consortium operates under the guid ance of a seven-member board of directors, currently headed by Jaime Tola, director genera l of Ecuador's national agricultural research institute- INIAP. Day-to-day operations are coord inated by Jose Luis Ru eda and a multidi sc iplin ary team of sc ientists who also provide research support to CONDESAN field projects . Tola believes that th e partnership has been instrumental in bringing abo ut a co nsensus on the alternatives for animal producers with small tracts of land . One such technology is a low-cost rustic greenhouse fitted with drip irrigation for year-round production of potato, vegetables, and small fruits . The greenhouses, which are filled with barley straw and animal manure, eliminate the risk of crop failures caused by frost and drought. Research has shown that by using the barley straw-manure mixture iri conjunction with the greenhouses, farmers can produce up to 350 kg per year of potatoes per SO-square-meter plot, a 500% inc rease over field-grown potatoes. Because of the program's success, researchers from Peru and Bolivia's national research systems are jointly studying the potenti al of small-scale greenhouse production of medicinal plants for the international market. Salt-tolerant pastures: Kauchi, a salt-tolerant plant native to the Altiplano, was evaluated as a possible solution to salinity problems in Bolivia's CONOESAN's goal is to translate research into policies that provide alternatives for watersheds, commu- nities, and the ecoregion. type of agriculture that should be cond ucted and the policies needed to achieve susta inable improvements in productivity, income, equity, and environmental quality. One goa l, he says, is to translate isolated research results into coherent policies that provide alternat ive production opt ions for watersheds, comm unities, and the ecoreg ion as a whole. "To chart a cou rse for the future, CON DESAN must remain responsive and must bring into harmony different sets of knowledge, different insti tut ional interests, and different demands on the region's resource base," Tola says. "We CONDEsAN 600,000-hectare Desaguadero River watershed. The research sites selected for eva luation trials were located using satellite maps developed by the Bolivian Remote Sensing Association for Environmental Studies (ABTEMA), a member of CON DESAN. To date, governmental organizations and NGOs have established more than 50 hectares of experimental kauchi pasture for sheep grazing. Kauchi forage contains up to 16% protein, is 70% digestible, and produces annual dry matter yields exceeding 2 t/ha. Researchers have determined that kauchi yields are comparable to those obtained with alfalfa in nonsaline soils. Future expansion of this technology will depend on resolving kauchi's low rate of seed germination , a problem currently being addressed by scientists working at the Bolivian Institute of Agricultural Technology, another CONDESAN member. 29 - 30 believe that these efforts will benefit not only th.ose current ly charged with mai ntaining natural resources but also those whose job it wi 11 be to do so for future generations." Fieldwork is currentl y being ca rri ed out at six benchmark sites: La Miel in Co lombia ; Carchi , Ecuador; Cajamarca and Puno, Peru ; and Cochabamba and the Aroma Provin ce in Bolivi a. At these sites, resea rch is parti c ipatory and long- term, and covers studies that range from th e com munity level up to the watershed. New produ ction technologies are being proposed to inc rease agricu ltural p roductivity and promote environmental protection . Results from benchmark sites w i 11 eventuall y be analyzed so . that thei r impact can be measured over larger areas. To link the system's different projects and work sites and provide an inexpensive way to share information and research results, a comm unications network, INFOAN DINA, was established. Accessib le to everyone interested in susta in ab le man agement of Andean natural resources, it prov ides on-line access to global databases and electronic mail serv ices, and will eventuall y furn ish subscribers with informat ion on potato research, commodity prices, water management, indi genous knowl edge systems, gender studies, and Andean came l ids . In addit ion to CIP, three other CGIAR centers are involved. The International Center for Tropica l Agr iculture in Co lombia is he lping with agroeco logical characterization work, particularly on lower hillsides; the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute in Rome parti c ipates in the biodive rsity effort; and the Internat ional Centre fo r Research in Agroforestry in Nairobi is involved in agroforestry research . CON D ESAN also anti c ipates th at the CG IA R's systemwide li vestock in itiative will respond to research _needs in the Andes by supporting a proposed program of livestock research. CONDESAN is current ly strengthening its capability in land and water management, and, through the application of sim ul ation models, is conduct ing research on land use systems. These activities inc lude agroeco logical characterization of a var iety of bi ophys ica l env ironments-, po licy and soc ioeconomic studies, as we ll as long-term monitoring of biodi vers ity and soi l and water resources . The objective of this research is to ana lyze the constraints th at threaten product iv ity in Andean agri cultura l systems . When completed, this research is expected to prov ide options for altern ati ve land use systems that promote sustai nab le man agement of natural resources, Ru eda notes. This wo rk is close ly linked to CONDESAN 's smal l network of exper ienced poli cy analysts who are study in g how government pol icies influence sustainability. Their goa l is to provide re li able information that politi cal leaders can use to formulate policies that c reate jobs, increase incomes, and st imulate economi c deve lopment. Opinions -. and Beliefs: Facts and Analysis How can scientists resrond to the needs of hills ide fa rmers for more product ive, environmentally friendly technologi es? How can hillside residents make their voices heard among the competing claims in the politi ca l processes that determine government policies? These questions motivated the deve lopment of a new CONDESAN project that wil l link Ecuador's national elect.rical authority with internationa l centers and NGOs, foreign and local universities, and the country's national agr icu ltural research system. The project will finance the development of a decision support system that can screen policies and technologies and identify trade-offs between the environment and agriculture. A combination of expert systems and simulation models, the project should throw li ght on what is most frequently a debate distingu ished by opinions and beliefs rather then facts and analysis. Board of Trustees Mrs. Martha ter Kuile (Chairperson) Strategic Planning Division, Policy Branch CIDA Quebec, Canada Dr. Hubert Zandstra Director General Internationa l Potato Center Lima, Peru Dr. Klaus Raven Facultad de Agronomfa Universidad Nacional Agraria Lima, Peru Dr. Setijati Sastrapradja Indonesian Institute of Sciences Nat ion al Centre for Research in Biotech nology Bogor, Indonesia Dr. Toshihiro Kajiwara Director, Japan Plant Protection Association Tokyo, Japan Dr. Alfonso Cerrate* Executive Director lnstituto Nacional de lnvestigaci6n Agraria Lima, Peru Dr. K. L. Chadha (Vice Chair) Deputy Director General (Horti cu lture) Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi, India Dr. Moise Mensah Cotonou, Benin Dr. Durward Bateman (Chair, Prog. Committee) Dean, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Caro lina, USA Dr. Lieselotte Schilde Professor, University of Tubingen Tubingen, Germany Dr. Koenraad Verhoeff Wageningen, The Nether lands *Unti l Apr il 30, 1995 31 Finance and Administration Cl P's CG IAR-approved research budget for 1995 was $2 1.3 mill ion. A lthough purchasing power decreased by an estimated $0.6 million because of persistent inflat ion in US dollar terms, the Center increased its comm itments to research by $0.4 million and supp lemented its operating fund by $0.5 mil l ion. These investments were made possib le by pa ral lel reduct ions in adm inistrat ive costs and by efforts to stream li ne severa l admin istrative departments. Neverthe less, many of the Center's internat ional posit ions rema in vacant and the downs izing of loca ll y recru ited staff co ntinues . Donor commitments for 1995 were $21 .3 mill ion, approximate ly 5% above or igina l est imates. A total of $ 1.0 mi l lion was recovered from overhead charged to restricted and comp lementary projects; $0.3 m ill ion was ea rned from interest on t ime deposi ts and other assets. Ea rn ed income was 30% above or igina l est imates. Contr ibut ions fo r comp lementa ry BALANCE SHEET (US$000) Current Asset s Cash and short-term depos its Securities Accounts rece ivabl e: Dono rs Emp loyees Other Inventor ies Prepa id expenses Total cu rrent assets Investments Loans to employees Fixed Assets Property, p lant, and eq u ipment Less accumulated depreciation Tota l fixed assets (net) Operational expenses by activity for 1995 and 1996 (%) . Actual Est imated 1995 1996 Research 54 58 Researc h Support 7 6 Trai ning 6 4 Info rmation 4 4 Admi nistration 12 14 Operat ions* 10 9 Accruals & Provisions 1 0 Extern al Rev iew 1 0 Subtota l 95 95 Deprec iation 3 4 Operat ing Fund 2 1 Subtota l 5 5 Tota l 100 100 * Includes motor poo l, ma intenance, security, and genera l serv ices at La Molina. 1995 1994 Year ended 31 December 4,347 3, 150 89 52 3,873 3,834 404 434 219 267 845 740 1,350 L.122 11 , 127 9,632 572 670 335 508 20,674 19 ,944 (10,976) (1 0,485) 9,698 9,459 Total Assets 21,732 20,269 - 32 activ ities totaled $ 3 .5 mi 11 ion , 91 % of the amou nt earmarked for the year. Investment in new capita l items was $ 1 01 ,000; rep lacements totaled $862 ,000. Information Technology Cl P sta rted 1995 with a new computer systems architecture implemented in accordance with both sound commercia l business princip les and the special requirements of a research and development organization. The objective of the new architecture is to elim in ate the Ce nter's dependence on an older, inflexible, and more cost ly centrali zed system. The shift to more cost- effective modular systems is designed to meet the requirements of sc ienti sts working at headquarters and at regional locat ions. During the year, the Center's"financia l information system-connected through the CGNET II electron ic mail system-became BALANCE SHEET (US$000) Current Liabilities Short-term loa ns Advances from donors Accounts payable: Research contracts and organizations Suppli ers and taxes Provisions for severance indemnities Total current li ab ili t ies r Long-term Loan Accruals and Provisions Net Assets Cap ital invested in fixed assets Cap ital fund Unexpended fund balance Total net assets operationa l in most reg ional offices. In addit ion, a network and telecommunications server was installed in the CIP-PROINPA office in Cochabamba, Bolivia. The server is a prototype that extends headquarters-based sc ientific and adm ini strat ive systems to regional locat ions. Sim i lar servers will be insta ll ed in Huancayo, Quito, Bogor, and Nairobi in 1996. Taking adva ntage of the CG in tegrated vo ice and data network (IVON), the Center 's germplasm and assoc iated seed databases were also upgraded to meet the goa ls of the CG IAR' s Systemw ide In fo rmation Network for Genet ic Resources, also known as the SINGER project. When the CIP component of SINGER is comp leted, CIP wil l become one of the first international centers to offer access via Internet and the World Wide Web to a systemw ide integrated germplasm database. The database will inc lude both images and geograph ic information systems fu nct ions. 1995 1994 Year ended 31 December 393 225 5,049 5,35 1 1,317 905 972 865 __M -1__1 7,795 7,390 686 511 443 180 9,698 9,459 2,332 2,448 778 281 12,808 12, 188 Total Liabilities and Net Assets 21,732 20,269 • • • • The table below summarizes CIP's finances in 1995. A complete, audited financial statement is published separately, and can be requested from the Controller's Office, CIP headquarters, Lima, Peru. Donor Contributions in 1995 DONOR (ranked by levels of core contribution in US$000) CORE COMPLEMENT ARY - 34 Swiss Development Cooperation and Humanitar ian Aid World Bank Japan Commission of the European Community Netherlands United Nations Development Programme Danish International Development Agency United Kingdom Overseas Development Administration United States Agency for International Development Inter-American Development Bank Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation Germany Canadian Internat ional Development Agency Australia Austria International Development Research Centre Belgium France Luxembourg Italy 2,496 1,580 1,491 1,470 1,329 1,329 1,279 1,258 1, 100 1,013 961 930 817 583 425 284 229 223 200 166 Norway 154 Finland 115 China 90 Asian Development Bank 73 Korea 60 Spain 50 Mexico 45 OPEC Fund for International Development 41 India 37 Weizmann Institute of Sc ience Ministerio de Economfa y Finanzas (Peru) Natural Resource Institute International Centre for Research in Agroforestry CARE Peru Rockefeller Foundation Scottish Crop Research Institute British Embassy (in Peru) Sociedad Qufmica y Minera de Chil e FAO/IPGRI Calbee Potato Inc. 2 1,986 99 8 504 53 86 166 24 187 50 39 22 14 11 10 8 8 2 Total Contribution 19,830 3,728 • .. • • • : CIP has had broad, • • strong support from • • its 40 donors . • • • Eleven funders • • provided • • • contributions worth • • one million dollars • • or more each. • • • Another three gave • • more than half a • .. • million dollars each. Staff 1n 1995 Tissue culture expert· (and current CIP board member) Lieselotte Schilde with Vietnamese collaborator Nguyen Van Uyen circa 1980. DIRECTORS Hubert Zandstra, PhD, Director General Jose Vall e- Ri estra, PhD, Deputy Director General for Finance and Administration Peter Gregory, PhD, Deputy Director General for Research Roger Cortbaoui , PhD, Director for Internation al Cooperati on George M ackay, MS, Director of Genetic Resources 1 PROGRAM LEADERS Production Systems Thomas S. W alker, PhD Germplasm Management and Enhancement Ali Golmirzaie, PhD Disease Management Edward R. French, PhD Integrated Pest Management Fausto Cisneros, PhD Propagation, Crop Management M ahesh Upadhya, PhD Postharvest Management, Marketing Gregory J. Scott, PhD INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION (country) = post location, but activity regional in scope country = post location Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Fern ando Ezeta, PhD, Regional Representative (Peru) liaison Office - Ecuador Charl es Crissman, PhD Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Peter Ewell , PhD, Reg ional Representative (Kenya) liaison Office - Nigeria Humberto Mendoza, Ph0 4 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Carlos M artin , PhD, Reg ional Representative (Tunisia ) (unti I June) Aziz Lagnaoui , PhD, Regional Representative (Tunisia) (from June) liaison Office - Egypt Ramzy El-Bedewy, PhD South and West Asia (SWA) Sarathchandra llangantileke, PhD, Reg ional Representative (India) East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific (ESEAP) Peter Schmiedi che, PhD, Regional Representative (Indonesia) liaison Office - People's Republic of China Song Bo Fu , PhD liaison Office - Philippines Gordon Prain, PhD INTERNATIONALLY RECRUITED STAFF Departments Breeding and Genetics Juan Landeo, PhD, Acting Head of Department (from Sept.) , Breeder Humberto Mendoza, PhD, Geneti cist (Nigeria) 4 Primo Accatino, PhD, Breeder, Chile2 Edward Carey, PhD, Breeder (Kenya)4 Enrique Chujoy, PhD, Geneticist (Philippines) II Gin Mok, PhD, Breeder (Indonesia) Hail e M. Kidanemari am, PhD, Breeder (Kenya) 1 Staff w ho jo ined during the year 2 Staff w ho left during the yea r 3 Staff funded by spec ial projects ' Pro ject leader ' D eceased 35 - 36 Genetic Resources Ali Golmirzaie, PhD, Geneticist, Head of Department4 Carlos Arbizu , PhD, ARTC Consultant3 Fermin de la Puente, PhD, Germplasm Collector2 Marc Ghislain , PhD, Molecular Biologist Michael Hermann, PhD, Andean Crop Speciali st (Ecuador)4 Z6simo Huaman, PhD, Germplasm Curator4 Koshun lshiki , PhD, Associate Expert, Ecuador3 Car los Ochoa, MS, Taxonomi st, Co nsu ltant Peter Schmiedich e, PhD, Breeder Bodo Trognitz, PhD, Geneticist Kaz uo Watanabe, PhD, Cytogeneticist (USA )4 Dapeng Zhang, PhD, Breeder Nematology and Entomology Fausto Cisneros, PhD, Entomologist, Head of Depa rtment4 Ann Braun, PhD, Entomologist (lndonesia) 4 Manuel Canto, PhD, Nemato logist3·4 Aziz Lagnaoui , PhD, Entomologist (Tunisia) Nico le Smit, MS, Associate Expert, Uganda 3 Pathology Lui s Salazar, PhD, Virologist, Head of Department4 John Elphinston e, PhD, Adjun ct Sc ientist, UK Gregory A. Forbes, PhD, Pl ant Pathologist (Ecuador)4 Edward R. French, PhD, Bacter io log ist4 Teresa lcochea, PhD, Pathologist, Consu ltant4 Upali Jayas ingh e, PhD, Virologist (Philippin es) Pedro Oyarzt'.in , PhD, Mycologist (Ecuador) 3 Sylvie Priou , PhD, Bacteriologist (Tunisia )3 Maddalena Querci , PhD, Molecular Virologist4 Lod J. Turkensteen , PhD, Adjunct Scientist, Netherlands Physiology Mahesh Upadh ya, PhD, Ph ys iologist, Head of Department4 Yos hihiro Eguchi, MS, Associate Expert (lndonesia )3 Ramzy El-Bedewy, PhD, Breeder, Egypt Vital Hagenimana, PhD, Ph ysio log ist (Ken ya) 3 Oscar Hidalgo, PhD, Senior Seed Specialist4 Sarathchandra 1 langanti I eke, PhD, Postharvest Specialist (lndia )4 Ju kka Korva, MS, Fell owship Agronomi st, Ecuador2•3 Noel Pallais, PhD, Physiologist Christopher Wheatley, PhD, Posth arvest Specialist (lndonesia )4 Social Science Th omas S. Walker, PhD, Economist, Head of Department4 Alwyn Chil ver, MS, Associate Expert, lndonesia3 Charles Cr issman, PhD, Economi st (Ecuador)4 Peter Ewe ll , PhD, Economist (Kenya) 4 Robert Jan Hijmans, MS, Assoc iate Expe rt3 Jan Low, PhD, Econom ist (Kenya)3 Gordon Prain , PhD, Anthropo logist (Philippines) 4 JUrg Schneider, PhD, Assoc iate Expert, lndonesia2•3 Gregory J. Scott, PhD, Economist Jul ia Wright, MS, Associate Expert1 Research Support Unit Victor Otazt'.i , PhD, Superintendent Training Patri c io Malagamba, PhD, Head of Depa rtment Information Michael L. Smith , Journal ist, Head of Department (until Sept.) Bill Hardy, PhD, En gli sh and Spanish Wr iter/ Editor, Acting Head of Communications Unit (from Sept. ) Directors' Offices Office of the Director General Edward Sul zberger, MS, Senior Adv iser Office of the Deputy Director General for Finance and Administration Willi am A. Hamann, BS, Assistant to the DDGF&A2 Office of the Deputy Director General for Research Jose Lui s Rueda, PhD, Coordin ator, Andean Natural Resources Special Country Projects FORTIPAPA, Ecuador Alberic Hibon, PhD, Economist, Team Leader3 PROINPA, Bolivia Andre Devaux, PhD, Seed Spec iali st, Tea m Leader3 Enri que Fern andez-Northcote, PhD, Viro logist3 Javier Fra nco, PhD, Nemato logist3 Graham P. Thiele, PhD, Techno logy Transfer Spec ial ist3 Uganda Nico le Sm it, MS, Assoc iate Expert3 Consortium CON DESAN Rube n Dario Estrada, MS, Natural Resources Econom ics ( Co lomb ia) 3 Robert Jan Hijmans, Ir, Assoc iate Expert3 M igue l Ho lle, PhD, Biodi versity of Andea n Crops3• 4 Car los Leon-Velarde, PhD, Animal Prod uct ion Systems3 Elias Muji ca, MS, Anthropo log ist, Adju nct Sc ient ist3 Osva ldo Pa ladines, PhD, A ndea n Pastures (Ecuador)3 Robe rto Q ui roz, PhD, Systems Spec iali st (Bo livia) 3 M ar io Tapia, PhD, Agroeco logist3 Networks SAPP RAD Eufemia T. Rasco Jr., PhD, Coordinator (Philipp ines) 3 UPWARD Gordon Prain , PhD, Coordin ator (Philippin es) Controller's Office Car los Ni no-Ne ira, CPA, Contro ll er Office of the Executive Officer Cesar Vittore l l i, Ing. Ag r., Act ing Execut ive Officer NATIONALLY RECRUITED STAFF Departments Breeding and Genetics W alter Amoros , MS, Ag ro nom ist Rau l Anguiz, MS, Agronom ist M iguel Ato, Food Industri es Spec ialist2 Lui s Ca lua, MS, Agronomi st T .R. Daya l, PhD, Assoc iate Expert (India) Lui s Diaz, Agronom ist Jorge Espin oza, MS, Ag ronomi st H ugo Gonza lez, Ing. Agr., Agronom ist, Chi le Pamela Jean Lopez, MS, Breeder, Philippines Eli sa Mi hov il ov ich, Bio log ist Daniel Reynoso, MS, Agronomist K.C Thakur, PhD, Breeder, Ind ia Genetic Resources Cesar A. Aguil ar, Agronomist, Huancayo V icto r H . Asm at, Bio log ist Mil c iades A . Ba ltazar, Agronomi st, San Ramon 2 Jorge Benav ides, Bio log ist Fausto Bui t ron, Agronom ist2 Patrici a G. Cipri ani , Bio log ist3 Wa lberto M. Eslava, Agronomist Rene A. Gomez, Agronom ist Marfa de l Rosa rio Herre ra, Bi o logist Ana M . Hurtado, Bio logist3 Lu is H . Nopo, Bio log ist3 Marfa G ise ll a Orjeda, PhD, Bio logist M atil de O rrill o, Bio log ist Ana Luz Panta, Bio log ist Cl P plant explore r Carlos Ochoa circa 1976. 38 Flor de Marfa Rodriguez, Biologist3 Alberto Salas, Agronomist Roxana Salinas, Agronomist2 Jorge Tenor io, Biologist Fanny Vargas, Agronomist Nematology and Entomology Jesus Alcazar, MS, Assoc. Agronomist4 Veronica Canedo, Biologist Javier Carhuamaca, Ing. Agr. 3 W ilfredo Catalan , Ing. Agr .3 Victor Cerna, Ing. Agr .3 Roberto Del gado de la Flor, Agronomist2 Oder Fabian , Ing. Agr. Erwin Guevara, Ing. Agr. , Agronom ist4 Rossio Haddad, B iol og ist2 Angela Matos, Ing. Agr. 4 Norma Mujica, Agronomist Marfa Palacios, Assoc. Biologist4 Wilberto Vi l lano, Agronomist3 Pathology Ped ro A ley, MS, Pl ant Pathologist4 Ciro Barrera, MS, Pl ant Patho log ist Ida Bartolini , MS, Biochemi st Carlos Chuquil lanqui , MS, Pl ant Pathologist Christian Delgado, MS, Biochemi st4 Vio leta Flores, Biologist Segundo Fuentes, MS, Plant Pathologist4 Liliam Gutarra, MS, Plant Patho logist Charlotte Lizarraga, MS, Pl ant Pathologist Hans Pinedo, Agronomist2 Hebert Torres, MS, Plant Path o log ist4 Jose Luis Zapata, MS, Pl ant Patho logist, Colombia Physiology Rolando Cabello, MS, Assoc. Agronomist Nelly Espinol a de Fong, MS, Nutritionist Rosario Falcon, Biologist M .S. Kad ian, PhD, Agronomist, India John Kimani , MS, Agronomist, Kenya Joseph Koi , MS, Agro nomi st, Ca meroon Jose Luis Marca, Ing. Agr. Jorge Roca, Biol ogist Social Science Cherry Bangalanon , MS, Philippines Rosa rio Basay, Eco nomist Patri c io Espinoza, Econom ist, Ecuador3 Hugo Fano, MS, Econom ist Cristina Fonseca, MS, Agronomist4 V.S . Khatana, PhD, Socioeconomist, India M arfa Lozano, Computer Assistant Lui s Maldonado, Economist Margaret Ngunjiri , MS, Soc iologist, Kenya Oscar Orti z, MS, Agronom ist3 Mar ice l Piniero, Ecologist, Philippines Victor Suarez, BS, Statistician Inge Verdonk, Ir. , Nutritionist, Philippines Research Support Lombardo Cetraro, Biologist, Field & Greenhouse Supervisor, San Ramon Roberto Du arte , Ing. Agr., Greenhouse Supervisor, La Molina Lauro Gomez, Supervisor, Huancayo2 Hugo Goyas, Ing. Agr. , Field Supervisor, Huancayo U li ses Moreno, PhD, Physiologist Vfctor Otazu, PhD, Superin tendent, Support Department M ario Pozo, Ing. Agr., Supervisor, La Molina Experiment Station Miguel Quevedo, Ing. Agr. , Off-Station Fi eld Supervisor, Cajamarca 2 Statistics Unit Alfredo Garcia, MS, Experimental Statistics Feli pe de Mendiburu , Stat ist ics Eng . Consortium CON DESAN Blanca Arce, MS, Animal Husbandry, Quito, Ecuador Ana Marfa Ponce, PhD, INFOANDINA Adm ini strator Jorge Reinoso, MS, Agr icu ltural Economi cs, Puna, Peru3 Roberto Valdivia, MS, Agronomi st, Puna, Peru Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office Sven Vi ll agarcfa, PhD 4 Training Nelson Esp inoza, Biologist, Training Specialist Martha Huanes, Trai ning Logistics Ameri co Valdez, MS, Training Materi al Specialist Information Communications Unit Gigi Chang, MS, Audiov isual Section Coord in ator Cecilia Lafosse, Chief Designer Godofredo Lagos, Production Chief Emma Martinez, MS, Supervisor Media Production Information Technology Unit Anthony Collins, Coordinator3 Edith Aguilar, Telecommunications Officer Jorge Arbulu, Telecommunications Systems Supervisor2 M onica Arias, Systems Analyst1 Pablo Bermudez, Systems Analyst1 Oscar Bravo, Microvax Systems Supervisor2 Roberto Castro, Systems Development Edu ardo M anchego, Systems Analyst Pfa M arfa Oliden, Systems Analyst Eric Romero, Systems Analyst1 Edgardo Torres, Systems Development Alberto Velez, Systems Analyst Information Unit Cecilia Ferreyra, Head Librarian Controller's Office ' Miguel Saavedra, CPA, General Accountant Edgardo de los Rios, CPA, Senior Accountant Vilm a Escudero, Accountant Accounting Unit Rosario Pastor, CPA, Senior-Accountant Jorge Bautista, Accountant Bl anca Joo, CPA, Accountant Eduardo Peral ta, Accountant Budget Unit Denise Giacoma, CPA, Accountant Alberto Monteblanco, CPA, Senior Accountant Treasury Unit Luz Correa, CPA, Accountant (Supervisor) 2 Sonnia Solari , Chief Cashier Office of the Executive Officer Foreign Affairs Liaison Marce la Checa, Li aison Officer General Services Aldo Tang, Comdr. (ret.) , General Services M anager Equipment and Maintenance Antonio Morillo, Head Security Jorge Locatelli , Capt. (ret.), Supervisor Transportation Hugo Dav is Paredes, Vehi cle Maintenance Offi cer Jacques Vandernotte, Pi lot Percy Zuzunaga, Co-Pilot Human Resources Juan Pablo Delgado, Human Resources Manager Compensation Estan islao Perez Aguilar, Supervisor Social Work Martha Pierola, Supervisor Labor Relations Luis Caycho, Acting Supervisor Medical Office David Halfin, MD Lucero Schmidt, Nurse Auxiliary Services Monica Ferreyros, Supervisor Logistics Lucas Reano, CPC, Logistics M anager Purchasing Supervisors Arturo Alvarez Roxana Morales Bermudez Jose Pizarro Warehouse Jorge Luque, MBA, Supervisor Visitors and Travel Rosa Rodriguez, M anager5 Travel Ana M arfa Secada, Supervisor Visitors' Office Mariell a Co rvetto, Supervisor Staff photo 1978. Selected Scientific Pub I ications 1995 Potatoes in the 1990s SituationandprospectsoftheWOfldpol1toeconomy - - 40 Abad, Z.G. , J.A . Abad, and C. Ochoa. 1995. H istorica l and sc ientific evidence th at supports the modern theory of the Peruv ian Andes as the centre of orig in of Ph ytophthora infestans. In: Dow ley, L.J. , E. Bannon, L.R . Cooke, T. Keane, and E. O ' Sulli va n (eds. ). Phytophthora infestans 150: Proceedings EAPR Patho logy Sect ion , September 1995, Dub l in , Ireland. European Assoc iati on of Potato Research/ Boo le Press, Dublin , Ire land. p. 239-245 . Anguiz, R.J . and H.A. Mendoza . 1995. Co rrelation between seedli ng and adu lt potato pl ants for res istance to ear ly b li ght (A lternaria so lan i). Fitopato logfa 30(2 ) :100-1 06. Arbizu, C. 1995. Agroeco logfa de la achira en el Peru. Agroenfoque 70:4-5. ASPADERUC/CONDESAN-CIP/Fondo Peru-Canada . 1995. La Encafiada: Cam inos hac ia la sostenibilidad . Proyec to PIDAE/Asoc iaci6n para el Desarrollo Rural de Cajamarca/Consorcio para el Desa rro llo Sostenib le de la Ecorregi6n A nd ina-Centro Internac iona l de la Papa/ Fondo Contravalo r Peru- Can ada, Lima, Peru. 112 p. Bamberg, J.B. , Z. Huaman, and R. Hoekstra. 1995. Intern ational cooperation in potato germp las m. In: R.R. Dunca n, D.M. Kra l, and M.K. Viney (eds.). Internation al germplasm transfer: Past and present . Crop. Sc i. Soc . of A meri ca Spec ial Publi cation No. 23. p. 177-182. Bradshaw, J.E., R.L. Wastie, H.E. Stewart, and G.R. Mackay. 1995. Breedi ng fo r res istance to late b l ight in Scot land. In: L.J . Dawley, E. Bannon, L.R. Cooke, T. Keane, and E. O ' Su lli va n (eds. ). Ph ytophthora infestans 150. Boo le Press, Dublin , Ire land . p. 246-254. Bouma, J., A. Ku yvenhoven, B.A .M. Bouman, J.C. Luyten, and H.G . Zandstra (eds.). 1995. Eco- reg iona l approaches for sustainable land use and food production . Proceedings of a sympos ium held 12-16 Dec. 1994, ISNAR, Th e Hague, Netherl ands. Klu wer Academ ic Pub li shers in cooperation w ith the In tern ationa l Potato Cen ter, Dordrecht, Nether lands . 596 p. Canizares, C.A. and G.A. Forbes. 1995 . Fo l iage resi stance to Ph ytophthora infesta ns (Mont.) de Bary in the Ecuadorian nati onal co l lect ion of So lanum phureja ssp . phureja Ju z. & Buk. Potato Res. 38( 1):3-10. Castillo, R. and M. Hermann .1995 . Col lect ing Andea n root and tube r cro ps (exc luding pota toes) in Ecuador. In: Guarino, L. , V. Ramanath a Rao, and R. Re id (eds. ). Co ll ecting pl ant genetic diversi ty: Tec hn ical guidelines. IPGRl/FAO/ IUCN/UNE P. CA B Internation al, Wa llingfo rd , UK. p. 639-646. Chujoy, E. 1995. Root crops germp lasm research in V ietnam . CIP/ National Inst itute of Agr icultural Sc iences (INSA)/lntern at iona l Deve lopment Research Cen tre (IDRC), Man il a, Phi li ppines. 62 p. CIP (International Potato Center) . 1995. Vines to roots, sweetpotato breeding fo r impact: Recommendat ions and abstrac ts. Inte rn at ional workshop held 1-3 June 1994, Lim a, Pe ru. CIP, Lima, Peru. 46 p. CIP/COTESU (Centro Internacional de la Papa/ Cooperaci6n Tecnica Suiza). 1995. Programa Co laborati vo Biod iversidad de Rafces y Tuberculos And i nos. M emorias 1993 -1994 . Cl P/COTE SU, Lima, Peru. 322 p . CON DESAN (Consortium fo r th e Susta inab le Deve lopm ent o f th e A ndean Eco reg ion). 1995. A post-UNCED prog ress report on And ean natura l resource resea rch. CIP, Lima , Peru . 16 p. Cottrell, J.E., C.M. Duffus, L. Patterson, and G.R. Mackay. 1995. Properti es of potato sta rch : Effects of genotype and growing condition s. Phytochem istry 40(4):105 7- 1064. Engels, C., J. Schwenke!, R. El Bedewy, and B. Sattelmacher. 1995. Effect of the d eve lopment stage of potato seed lings on recovery afte r transp lanting to the fie ld and on tuber yie ld . J. Agri c. Sc i. 124 (2):2 13-218. FAO/CIP (Food and Agri culture Organi za ti on/ Internat ional Potato Cente r). 1995 . Potatoes in the 1990s : Situati on and prospects of the wo rld potato economy./ La papa en la decada de 1990: Situac i6n y perspecti vas de la econo mfa de la papa a ni ve l mund ia l ./La pomm e de terre dans les annees 90 : Situation actu ell e et perspect ives de l 'econom ie mondia le de la pomm e de terre. Rome, Ita ly. 39 p. , 50 p. , 44 p. FAO (Oficina Regional para America Lat ina y el Caribe). 1995. Manua l tecnico de producc i6n de papa a partir de semill a sexual : Curso audiov isual. FAQ/Centro Internac ional de la Papa/ ln st ituto de lnvest igaciones Ag ropecuar ias (IN IA), Sa nti ago, Chi le. 72 p. Gutarra, L. , T. l cochea, and E.R. French. 1995. Etio logfa de pudr ic io nes bac teri a1as de tubercu los de ull uco (U /lucus tuberosus Ca ldas). Fitopato logfa 30(2):92-95 . Hardy, B. and E.R. French (eds.). 1995. Integ rated management of bacte ri al wi lt: Proceed ings of an inte rn at iona l works hop held in New De lhi , Ind ia, 11-16 Oct. 199 3 . Internat iona l Potato Center (C IP)/ Ind ian Counc il of Agricu ltural Research , Lima, Pe ru. 196 p. Hardy, B., P. Malagamba, and C. Martin (eds.). 1995 . Tru e potato seed in the midd le east and Afr ica: Proceedings of an internation al wo rkshop held in Ca iro, Egypt, 9-15 Ap r. 1994. In ternat ional Potato Center (C IP), Li ma, Peru. 97 p. Hoekstra, R. and Z. Huaman. 199 5 . CIP promotes w ider use of root and tuber crops. PROPHYTA Annu al 1995 . p . 102- 103. Huaman, Z. 1995 . Tecnicas c itol6gicas pa ra determinar el numero cromos6mico y la ferti li dad de las papas . Gu fa de lnvest igac i6n CIP no. 10. CIP, Lima, Peru. 18 p. Huaman, Z., F. de la Puente, and C. Arbizu. 1995 . Co llect ing vegetative ly propaga ted crops (espec ial ly roots and tubers). In : Guarino, L., V. Raman ath a Rao, and R. Reid (eds.). Co llecting pl ant genet ic d iversity: Technica l guidel ines. IPGRl/ FAO/ IUCN/ UNEP. CAB Intern at ional, W all ingford, UK. p. 4 57-466 . lnstituto Boliviano de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria (IBTA). 1995. Primera reun ion nac io nal de recursos geneti cos de papa,. ra fces y tubercu los and inos: Memorias . Cochabamba, Bo l iv ia, 7-10 Feb. 1994. IPGRl/C IP/ ll CA/PROCISUR/COTESU/ PNUD, Cochabamba, Bolivia. 34 1 p. Korva, J.T. and G.A. Forbes. 1995 . A simp le non - destructive technique for hea lthy and d iseased leaf area assessment of potato p lants. Potato Res . 38(1):3 1-37. Kreul , W. and B. Trognitz. 1995. Forschungsschwerpunkte des lntern ationa len Kartoffe l-Forschungszentrums - CIP - in Peru. Entw ick lung + Land i icher Raum (Germany) 29(5):30-32. Landeo, J.A., M. Gastelo, H. Pinedo, and F. Flores. 1995. Breedin g for hor izonta l res istance to late bli ght in potato free of R genes. In: Dowley, L.J ., E. Bannon, • L.R. Cooke, T. Keane, an d E. O 'Sul l iva n (eds. ). Phytophthora infestans 150: Proceedi ngs EA PR Pathology Sect ion , September 1995, Dubli n, Ireland. European Association of Potato Resea rch/ Boo le Press/Teagasc, Dub li n, Ire land . p. 268-274 . Martin, C., P. Demo, T. Gass, V. Fondong, and J. Ko i. 1995 . Deve lopment of a seed product ion system from in v itro in Cameroon: Experi ences from the first two yea rs . Am. Potato J. 72(5) :299 -3 02. Martin, C., P. Demo, D. Njualem, T. Gass, and C. Ntonifo r . 1995. Late b light res istant va riet ies fo r Cameroon . Am. Potato J. 72(9):5 13-522. M artin ez, C.A., C. Guerrero, and U. Moreno. 1995. D iurnal fl uctuation s of ca rbon exchange rate, pra l ine co ntent, and osmotic potentia l in two water-stressed potato hybrids. Rev . Bras . Fi sio l. Veg. 7(1 ):27-33 . Pallais, N. 1995. High temperature and low mo istu re redu ce the storage requirement of freshl y ha rvested tru e potato seed. J. Am . Soc. Hort. Sc ience 120(4):699-702. Pallais, N . 1995. Storage factors contro l germ ination and seed ling estab li shment of freshly harvested true potato seed. Am. Potato J. 72 (7):427 -4 36. Prain, G. D ., l.G . Mok, T. Sawor, P. Chadikun, E. Atmodjo, and E. Relwaty Sitmorang. 1995. Interdi sc ip linary co ll ec t ing of lpomoea batatas germp las m and assoc iated ind igenous know led ge in l r ian Jaya. In : Guar ino, L., V. Ram anatha Rao, and R. Reid (eds.). Coll ec ting plant genetic d iversity: Techn ica l guide li nes. IPGRl/FAO/ IUCN/ UNEP, CAB Internat ional , W al lingfo rd , UK. p. 695-71 1. Querci, M ., D .C. Baulcombe, R.W. Goldbach, and L. F. Salazar. 1995. Anal ys is of the res istance- break ing determinants of potato v i rus X (PVX) strain H B on d ifferent potato genotypes expressing ex treme res istance to PVX . Phytopathology 85(9) :1003- 10 10. Quiroga, ) ., G. W atson, H. Cardozo, 0 . Navia, R. Casso, and R. Andrew. 1995. Di agn6stico interdisc iplinari o del culti vo de la papa en la zona de lscayach i, Tar ija (ca mpafia 1991 -1992). Documento de Trabajo no. 1/95. ln st ituto Bo li v iano de Tecno logfa Agropecuari a (IBTA)/ Progra ma de lnves tigac i6n de la Papa (PRO INPA), Cochabamba, Bol ivia. 35 p. This list includes selected journal articles, book chapters, and CIP publications. CIP staff made many other contributions such as invited papers presented at meetings and published in proceedings. CIP's Library can provide a complete list of publications generated by CIP in 1995. Quiroz, R.A., R.D. Estrada, C. Leon Velarde, and H.G. Zandstra. 1995. Fac ing the chall enge of the Andean zone: The ro le of modeli ng in deve lopi ng susta inab le management of natu ral resources. In : Bouma, J., A. Kuyvenhoven, B.A.M. Bouman, J.C. Luyten, and H .G. Zandstra. Eco- reg ional approaches fo r susta inab le land use and food production: Proceedings of a symposium held 12-16 Dec. 1994, ISNAR, The Hague, Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publ ishers in cooperat ion with the Intern ational Potato Center, Dordrecht, Netherl ands. p . 13-3 1. Rousselle-Bourgeois, F. and S. Priou . 1995. Screening tuber-bearin g 5o lanum spp. for res istance to soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora ssp. atrosep tica (van Hall ) Dye. Potato Res . 38(2): 11 1-118. Salazar, L.F. 1995. Los v irus de la papa y su control. CIP, Lima, Peru . 226 p. Salazar, L.F., M. Querci, I. Bartolini , and V. Lazarte. 1995. Aphid transm iss ion of potato sp ind le tuber vi roid assisted by potato leafro ll vi ru s. Fi topato logfa 30(1 ):56-58. Sanchez, I., M. Milian, A. Morales, and F. de la Puente. 1995. Prospecc i6n de rec ursos g~ n eticos de rafces y tuberculos trop icales en Cuba en 199 1. Culti vos Tropica les 16(1 ):84-87. Sanchez, I. , M. Milian, A. Morales, and F. de la Puente. 1995 . Prospecc i6n de recursos geneticos de ra fces y tubercu los trop ica les en Cuba en 1992 . Cul t ivos Tropi cales 16(1 ):88-95. Scott, G.J. (ed.) . 1995. Pri ces, prod ucts, and people: Analyz ing agricultural markets in deve lop ing countri es. Lynne Rienner Pub l ishers in cooperat ion with the Intern ati onal Potato Center (CIP), Bou lder, Co lo rado, USA. 493 p. Seminario Cunya, J. and A. Seminario Cunya . 1995. Co lecc i6n reg iona l de germoplasma de rafces and inas. Un iversidad Nacional de Cajamarca (UNC)/ Programa Biod iversidad de Rafces y Tubercu los And inos Convenio CIP-COTE SU, Cajamarca, Peru. 32 p. Smit, N.E.J.M. and L.O. Matengo. 1995. Farmers' cul tural practices and the ir effects on pest con tro l in sweetpotato in South Nyanza, Kenya. Int. J. Pest Manage. 41(1):2-7. Torres, H., M.A. Pacheco, and E.R. French. 1995. Res istance of potato to powdery scab (5po ngospora subterranea) under Andean f ield conditions. Am. Potato J. 72(6) :355-363. Trognitz, B.R. 1995. Ana lysis of po ll en tube growth in situ to investigate se lf-i ncompatib i l ity in the wi ld potato 5o lanum commersonii. Euphyt ica 86(2): 149-156. Trognitz, B.R. 1995. Fema le fe rt i li ty of potato (5o lanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) d i haplo id s. Euphyti ca 81 (1 ):27-33 . Valkonen, J.P .T. , M. Orrillo, S.A. Slack, R.L. Plaisted, and K.N. Watanabe. 1995. Res istance to v iruses in F, hybr ids produced by d irec t cross ing between dip lo id 5olanum ser ies Tuberosa and dip loid 5. brevidens (series Etuberosa) using 5. phurej a fo r rescue po l lination. Plant Breed. 114:42 1-426. Watanabe, K., M. Orrillo, and A.M. Go lmirzaie. 1995. Potato germ p lasm enhancement fo r resistance to b ioti c stresses at CIP : Conventional and b iotechnology-ass isted approaches using a wide range of 5o lanum spec ies . Euphytica 85:457-464 . Watanabe, K.N. , M. Orrillo, S. Vega, M. lwanaga, R. Ortiz , R. Freyre, G. Yerk, S.J. Peloquin, and K. lshiki. 1995. Se lection of di p lo id potato c lones fro m dip lo id (hap lo id X w il d species) F1 hybrid fa mili es for short day condit ions. Breed. Sci. 45 :341-347. Watanabe, K.N. , M. Orrillo, S. Vega, J.P.T. Valkonen, E. Pehu, A. Hurtado, and S.D. Tanksley. 1995. Overcoming crossing ba rri ers between nontuber- bearin g ahd tuber-beari ng 5olanum spec ies: Towards potato germplasm enhancement w ith a broad spectrum of so lanaceous genet ic resources. Genome 38:27-35 . Wheatley, C. , G.J . Scott, R. Best, and S. Wiersema. 1995. Add ing va lue to root and tuber crops: A manual on product deve lopment. Centro Intern acional de Agri cul tura Trop ica l (CIAT), Cali , Co lombia. 166 p. Zhang, 0. , W.W. Collins, and M. Andrade. 1995. Est imati on of genetic var iance of starch d igest ibi l ity in sweetpotato. HortScience 30(2) :348-349. Core Research 1n 1995 Principal scientist Luis Salazar and research assistant Ernesto Velit circa 1980. Program, Project, and Activity Locations and Partner Networks PROGRAM 1: PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Characterization of constraints and opportunities for potato production Yield-gap ana lysis • Ecuador Farmer part icipation in c lona l evaluation Character ization of potato production systems •Boli via • PRAPACE Characterization of sweetpotato constraints and opportunities Sweetpotato characterization •Afri ca • India • Southeast Asia Users' Perspective with Agr icu ltural •Asia • China• Netherl ands Research and Development (UPWARD) Adaptation and integration of potato production technologies Varietal adaptation to diverse agroecolog ies •Bo li via • Chil e. Cameroon • China• Peru •Phili ppi nes Adaptation of cul t ivated diploid potato species •USA I ntercroppi ng •Tuni sia Expanding production to new regions •Burundi• Dominican Republic• USA Adaptation and integration of sweetpotato production technologies Varietal adaptation to diverse regions •Africa • As ia • Cameroon • China• Egypt • India •Peru Evaluation of the impact and sustainability of potato production technologies Impact assessment •Argentina• Bangladesh• Bolivia• Ch ile • China •Co lomb ia• Dominican Republic• Ecuador Pesticides and sustainabi lity • Egypt• Ethiopia • India • Indones ia • Kenya •Madagascar • Nepal • Peru • PRAPACE •Sri Lanka •Taiwan •Vietnam • Canada • Ecuador• USA - 44 Program, Project, and Activity Locations and Partner Networks PROGRAM;2: GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCEMENT Potato collection and characterization Co ll ect ion, character izati on, conservat ion, and d istr ibut ion In v itro conservat ion • Chil e • Peru• USA • Ecuador • Peru Potato germplasm enhancement, application of molecular technology Germ plasm enh ancement •Chil e • Italy • Peru• USA App li cation of mo lecul ar marker tec hno logy • A rgent ina • Chil e • Germany • Nether lands •Philippi nes • UK • USA Potato genet ic enginee rin g fo r pest and d isease res ista nce Sweetpotato collection and characterization Co l lect ion, character izat ion, conservat ion, documentation, distr ibu t ion, and eva luat ion In v itro conservat ion and v i rus eradication Co ll ect ion and eva lu ation of ind igenous know ledge • Austri a • Be lgi um • Peru• UK • USA • Argent ina • Bangladesh • Braz i l • Ch in a •Indonesia • Ph ili pp ines - U PWARD, • Austr ia • Peru • USA • Ve nezue la •Indones ia - UPWARD Sweetpotato germplasm enhancement and molecular techniques Combini ng tra its usi ng co nve ntiona l techn iques • Chin a • East Afr ica (Ke nya, Tanzan ia, Uganda) in diverse agroeco logies Ut i l ization of w i ld relat ives of sweetpotato • Indonesia • Peru • USA •Germ any • Peru • U K Mo lecular techniq ues fo r sweetpotato improvement •Japan • Peru Andean root and tuber crop collection and characterization Germ plasm management in farmers ' f ields •Boli v ia • Peru Deve lopment of a network fo r ex situ conservati on •Boli v ia • Brazi l• Ec uador• Peru In v itro conservati on and d istri butio n Pathogen erad ication and seed product ion Commodity systems analysis • Bo/ iv ia • Ecuado r • Peru •Boli v ia • Ecuador• Peru •Boli via • Ecuador • Peru PROGRAM 3: DISEASE MANAGEMENT · Control of potato late blight (Ph ytophthora infestans) Breed ing and sc reenin g fo r res ista nce In tegrated contro l Fun damenta l host-pathogen resea rch Integrated control of potato bacterial wilt Fu ndamental researc h for co ntro l strategies Deve lopment of res istance • A rgent in a • Boliv ia • Chin a • Colombi a • Ecuador • Kenya • Mex ico • Peru •Boliv ia • Ecuador• Kenya • Neth erl and s • Peru •Phili ppi nes . Scotland• USA • Chin a • Co lomb ia • Eng land • Peru • Braz il• Ch in a • Indones ia • Mauri t ius • N igeri a •Peru• Philipp ines Program, Project, and Activity Integrated contro l Combining resistances to potato viruses and fungi Development of v iru s- and vi ro id- res ista nt materi als Interacti on of potato v iruses and fungi Se lecti on of combined res ista nce to v iruses and fungi Locations and Partner Networks • Burund i • Kenya • Peru •Peru• Po land• Tu nisia • Peru• Ph il ippines • Argent ina • Braz il • Cameroon • Cent ral Ameri ca and the Car ibbea n • Co lombia • East Afri ca • Ecuador • Egypt • Nige ri a • Paraguay •Peru • Philippi nes • PROCIPA •Uruguay • USA • Venezuela Control of field and storage diseases of Andean root and tuber crops, including potato Deve lopment of res istance to soft rot and b lack leg • Peru Integrated contro l of Erwin ia d iseases •Tuni si a D iseases of ARTC • Peru Detection and control of potato viruses Res ista nce to PL RV Detecti on of v iru ses and v iro ids Epidem io logy of PVY Transmi ss ion of potato v iruses and v iro ids Identification and control of sweetpotato viruses Detecti on, ident if icat ion, and eradi cati on of v iruses In tegrated contro l • Peru • Scotl and • Boliv ia • Colombia • Ind ia • Peru •Tuni sia •Peru• Philippines •Peru• Chin a • Kenya • Madagascar• Rwa nda • Tanzania • Uganda Control of bacterial and fungal diseases of sweetpotato Resista nce to d iseases • Southeast Asia• UK Molecular approaches for detection and control of pathogens Geneti c res istance and probe deve lopment • Peru • England Virology of Andean roots and tubers Detect ion and characteri zat ion of v iru ses Elimin ati on of pathogens Producti on loss by v iruses • Bo liv ia • Ecuador • Peru •Peru • Bo l iv ia • Ecuador • Peru PROGRAM 4: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT Potatoes with resistance to major insect and mite pests Development of res istant genotypes fo r potato • Peru• USA tuber moth and leafmin er fli es Potatoes w ith gl.andular t ri chomes Transgeni c potatoes w ith insect res istance •Peru• USA • Belgium • Peru CIP's extensive research collaboration • brings together many partners worldwide. This table summarizes CIP's core research activities in 1995, and the principal places and networks involved. 46 Program, Project, and Activity Locations and Partner Networks Field eva luation of resistant plants •Peru Integrated methods for control of potato tuber moth and leafminer fly Generation of technologies •Bo livia• Colombia• Dominican Republic• Peru Use of sex pheromones and granu los is v irus •Boli via • Colombia & Peru - PRACIPA Appl ied field management •Dominican Republic• Tunisia •Bangladesh• Bolivia• Colombia •Domi nican Republic• Egypt• Kenya• Morocco •Tuni sia• Venezuela• Yemen Integrated methods for control of sweetpotato weevil Development of resistance •Asia • Kenya• Peru • USA Use of sex pheromones • Cuba • D.omini can Republic Biological co ntrol • Cuba • Peru • Bangladesh Applied f ield management • Cuba • Dom in ican Republic• Indones ia • Kenya •Philippines• Uganda Integrated methods for control of sweetpotato nematodes Development of resistance • Peru Applied field management •Peru Integrated methods for control of Andean potato weevil Development of res istance • Peru Cu ltural and biological control methods •Bolivia • Peru Applied field management •Boliv ia• Colombia• Ecuador. Peru Integrated methods for control of potato cyst nematode and false root-knot nematode Crop rotation schemes • Peru Applied field management •Boli via • Ecuador • Peru PROGRAM 5: PROPAGATION, CROP MANAGEMENT Propagation of healthy clonal potato planting materials in diverse agricultural systems Research support to in-country basic seed programs •Bangladesh • Bolivia• Burundi• Cameroon Sexual potato propagation Breeding for improved TPS fami lies TPS agronomic adaptat ion to diverse agroeco logies Studies on TPS production • Co lombia • Ecuador • Paraguay • Peru •Philippines• Uganda • Venezuela• West Afr ica •Argentina• Chi le• China• India • Italy• Kenya •Bangladesh• China• Egypt• India •Indones ia• Italy • Morocco• Nepal• Nicaragua •Paraguay• Peru• Phili ppines • Sri Lanka • Tunisi a •Vietnam •Banglades h • Chile • India • Indonesia• Nepal • Peru •Turkey Sweetpotato production through improved management techniques Crop management practices •Burundi• Cameroon• Chi na• Peru• Philipp ines Program, Project, and Activity Studies on tolerance of ab ioti c stresses Management of forage-type sweetpotatoes Locations and Partner Networks •China• Egypt• Peru• Philippines •Peru Maintenance, international distribution, and monitoring of performance of advanced potato germplasm Ongoing activities (seed units) •Kenya • Peru• Philippines Maintenance, international distribution, and monitoring of performance of advanced sweetpotato germplasm Ongoing activities (seed units) •Kenya• Peru• Philippines Abiotic stresses and potato crop management Breeding for improved tolerance of abiotic stresses Agronomic resea rch for potatoes grown under stress •Bolivia• Chile• Peru• Philippines • Southeast Asia •Egypt• Peru• Philippines• Uganda• USA Propagation of Andean root and tuber crops and management of Andean natural resources Seed production, Andean root and tuber crops • Ecuador • Peru Management of Andean natural resources • Peru PROGRAM 6: POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT, MARKETING Expanding utilization of potato in developing countries Low-cost storage of table and seed potatoes •China• Egypt• India• Kenya• Pakistan •Philippines • Thailand - SAPPRAD Potato breeding for processing Marketing and demand ·for potatoes Potato processing •India• Peru• Philippines• Tunisia •Bolivi a • Colombia• England• India• Indonesia • Kenya• Morocco• Netherlands • Tunisia• USA •Bolivi a • China• Indonesia • Peru Product development for sweetpotato in developing countries Evaluation and distribution of elite sweetpotato •China• Indones ia• Kenya • Peru• Philippines materials for processing Marketing and demand for sweetpotatoes Processing of sweetpotato • Uganda • USA• Vietnam •Argentina • Bangladesh• China• Indones ia •Kenya• Netherlands• Peru• Philippines • SAPPRAD • USA •China - UPWARD• Indi a • Indones ia• Kenya •Netherl ands• Philippines• SAPPRAD •Tanzan ia • Uganda• UK• Vietnam Postharvest management of Andean food commodities •Bolivia • Brazil• Colombia• Ecuador• Peru Training . 1n 1995 Germplasm conservation course in Colombia circa 1985. Program and Title Countries Represented Partner Institution --------------- - --- ---------- -- ---·--- ---- PROGRAM 1: PRODUCTION SYSTEMS In-country course on standardization of Tanzania research methodologies for root and tuber crops Workshop on impact assessment for agricultura l Burundi , Kenya, Uganda, Zaire econom ists in NARS of East and Central Africa PROGRAM 2: GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCEMENT Indi genous knowledge in conservat ion of crop genetic resources Internat ional works hop o n biotechnology- assisted breeding to reduce pest ic ide use in potatoes Indones ia, Philippines, Singapore Argent ina, Bolivia, Chil e, Uruguay CIP/SARRNET/ NRI USAID/ PRAPACE II international course on biotechnology for biodiversity conservation Argentina, Brazil , Chile, Co lombia, CIP/ CIAT/ OAS PROGRAM 3: DISEASE MANAGEMENT National workshop on popul at ion B breeding and late blight contro l Course on diagnosis, detection , and survey of potato vi ru ses in North Sumatra Regional workshop on bacterial w ilt control in potatoes for extension agents of Central America and the Car ibbean Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay Philipp ines SAPPRAD/ U N DP Indo nes ia CIP/WE Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, IDB Special H onduras, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Kitts & Nevis, Venezuela Project Program and Title W orkshop on late bli ght and potato tuber moth management in Afr ica and Middle East Countries Represented Burundi , Egypt, Ethi op ia, Kenya, Morocco, Syri a, Tuni sia, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen, Za ire Potato seed producti on techno logy and v iro logy Burundi , Cameroon, Egypt, Eri trea, Ethi op ia, Kenya, M adagasca r, Mal awi , M orocco, Rwa nda, Tan zani a, Uganda, Za ire Regional workshop on evalu ati on of potato germpl as m fo r fi e ld resi stance to late blight Burundi , Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ken ya, Ugand a, Rwa nda, Za ire PROGRAM 4: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT W orkshop on integrated pest management fo r potato blight Nati onal worksh op on institutional impact of integrated pest man agement programs Bangladesh, Philippi nes Peru II internati onal course on potato in tegrated pest Boli v ia, Co lombi a, Peru , management Venezuela Ad vanced course on potato pest management and general entomology Peru An important role of Cl P's staff members posted at our regional Partner Institution • offices is to develop technical capabilities UNDP/SAPPRAD/ CIP PRAPACE I BT A/Cl P/ U N DP/ COTESU SE NASA • to support national program needs. Some of this is carried out through the courses and workshops in this list. In addition, in 1995, 41 national scientists received individual training in specialized subjects. An increasing proportion of this training (40% in 1995) is taking place in CIP's regions. Intern ati onal workshop on integrated pest management in potato Costa Ri ca, Domini ca n Republic, CIP/ PRECODEPA Gu atemala, Peru , USA I nati onal course on integrated pest management in potato Domini can Republi c JAD/CIP/MIP/ In-country course on biologica l contro l of potato tuber moth Egypt PROGRAM 5: PROPAGATION, CROP MANAGEMENT Intern ati onal course on potato seed production Argentin a, Bo livi a, Co lombi a, Cuba, Guatemala, M ex ico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru , Venezuela General potato production course w ith emph as is on soil management practi ces Peru PRECODEPA IDB Spec ial Projec t UNA/CIP Program and Title Information systems for seed potato production Regional workshop on true potato seed (TPS) Diagnosis and recommendations on soil management and crop fe rti I izatio n with emphas is on potato National course on potato seed production Course on potato basic seed production Course on potato production from true potato seed In-country course on true potato seed Workshop on production and distribution of certified potato seed In-country potato seed production Interregional workshop on TPS production and uti l ization: Transfer of technology Countries Represented Bolivia, Chil e, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Uruguay, Venezuela Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti , Hond uras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru Bolivia Peru, Ecuador Peru Peru Egypt Kenya, Uganda Rwanda Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam PROGRAM 6: POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT, MARKETING Workshop on sweetpotato processing Workshop and study tour on sweetpotato processing Regional workshop on baseline studies, monitoring, and impact assessment Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam China, Hong Kong, Indones ia, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Th ai land , Uganda Angola, Lesotho, Malawi , Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania , Zambia, Zimbabwe Partner Institution ID B Special Project/ PRECODEPA PROINPA/ FAO/ CIP IDB Special Project Chacasina Project Chacasina Project CIP/ NARO/ PRAPACE Seeds of Hope Project CIP/CPRI CIP/ UPWARD CIP/ PRAPACE SARRNET Research Partners AAR I ACIAR ADB AGCD AIT ARC ARCS AREA BARI BMZ BRC CAAS CARDI CECOACAM CEMOR CG IAR CIAAB CIAT CICA CIDA CIED CIRAD CIRNMA CLAD ES CNCQS CNPH CON DESAN CO RPO I CA COTESU CPRA CPRI CPRO-DLO CRIFC CTCRI EMATER EMBRAPA ENEA EPAM IG ESH FAQ FONAIAP FORTI PAPA FUN DAG RO GAAS GTZ IAN IAO IAR IAV IBTA Aegean Agricu ltu ral Research Insti tute, Turkey Austra lian Centre for Internat ional Agricultura l Research Asian Devel opment Bank Adm in istrat ion Generale de la Cooperation au Developpement, Be lgium Asian Institute of Techno logy Agr iculture Research Center, Egypt Austrian Research Centre at Seidersdorf Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, Yemen Bang ladesh Agricultura l Research Inst itute Benguet State Un iversity, Philippines German Ministry for Economic Deve lopment and Cooperat ion Bogor Agri cu ltural Un ivers ity, Indonesia Biotechno logy Research Center, Vietnam Chinese Academy of Agr icu ltura l Sc iences Caribbean Agri cu ltu ral Resea rch and Deve lopment Institute, Tr in idad Central de Cooperativas Ag rarias de Canete y Mala, Peru Cemor Editores & Promotores S.R.L ., Pe ru Consu ltat ive Group on Internationa l Agricu ltural Resea rch, USA Chiang Mai University, Th ailand Centro de lnvest igac iones Agrfcolas A . Boerger, Uruguay Centro Internaciona l de Agricultura Trop ica l, Co lombia Centro de lnvestigaci6n en Cultivos And i nos, Peru Canadian Internationa l Deve lopment Agency Centro de lnvestigac i6n, Educaci6n y Desarrollo, Peru Centre de Cooperation In ternat iona le en Recherche Agronomique pour le Deve loppement, France Centro de lnvesti gaci6n de Recursos Natura les y Med io Amb iente, Peru Conso rcio Lat inoameri cano de Agroeco logfa y Desarrol lo Chinese Nat ional Centre for Q uality Supervis ion and Test of Feed Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Hortali <;:as, Braz il Consortium for the Su sta inab le Development of the Andean Ecoreg ion Corne ll Univers ity, USA Corporaci6n del lnst ituto Co lombiano Agropecuario Cooperac i6 n Tecnica Suiza, Sw itzerland Centre de Perfect ionnement et de Recyc lage Agrico le de Sa"ida,Tunisia Central Potato Resea rch Institute, India Centre for Plant Breeding and Reprodu cti on Research-Agri culture Research Departm ent, Netherlands Centra l Research Institute fo r Food Crops, Indonesia Centra l Tuber Crops Research Inst itute, India Empresa de Ass istenc ia Tecnica e Exte nsao Rura l do Estado de Minas Gerais, Braz il Empresa Brasi leira de Pesquisa Agropecua ri a, Braz il Comitato Naz ionale per la Ricerca e pe r lo Sviluppo de ll ' Energ ia· Nucleare e del le Energie A lternative, Italy Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuar ia de Minas Gera is, Braz il Ecole Superieure .d' Horticu lture, Tuni sia Food and Agricu ltu re Organization of the United Nations, Italy Fondo Nac ional de lnvestigac iones Agropecua ri as, Venezuela Forta lecimiento de la lnvest igaci6n y Producc i6n de Semi Ila de Papa, Ecuador Fundac i6n para el Desarrollo Agropecu ario, Ecuador Guandong Academy of Agr icultural Sc iences, China German Agency fo r Technica l Cooperation lnst ituto Agron6m ico Nac ional , Paraguay lsti tuto Agronomico per l'O ltremare, Italy Inst itute of Agri cultural Research, Ethiopia lnstitut Agronomique et Veteri naire, Morocco lnstituto Bo li viano de Tecnologfa Agropec uari a ·-·52 ICAR ICIPE IDB IDEA IDRC IESR/INTA IFPRI llN INIA INIA INIA INIAP INIFAP INIVIT INRA INRAT INSA INTA IPGRI IPO-DLO IPR IRA ISABU IZ JAAS KARI LAC LEHRI LSU MARS M IP MMSU MPI MSIR I NAARI NARO NCSU NOMIARC NPRCRTC NPRP NRI OAS ODA OPEC PCARRD PDP PGS PICA PRACIPA Indian Counci l of Agri cu ltura l Research Internat iona l Centre for Insect Physiology and Eco logy, Kenya Inter-Amer ica n Deve lopment Bank I nstituto In ternaciona l de Estud ios Ava nzados International Deve lopment Resea rch Centre, Canada lnstitu to de Economfa y Sociologfa Rural del INTA, Argentina Internat ional Food Policy Research Insti tute, USA lnstituto de lnvestigaci6n Nutri c ional, Peru lnstituto Nacional de lnvesti gac i6n Agraria, Peru lnstituto Nacional de lnvest igac iones Agropecuarias, Chile lnstituto Nac ional de lnvesti gac iones Agropecuarias, U ruguay lnst ituto Nac ional de lnvest igac iones Agropecuarias, Ecuador lnst ituto Nac ional de lnvest igac iones Foresta les y Agropecuari as, Mex ico lnst ituto Nac ional de Viandas Tropicales, Cuba lnstitut Nationa l de la Recherche Agronomique, France lnstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tuni sie National Root and Tuber Crop Improvement Inst itute, Vietnam lnstitu to Nac ional de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria, Arge ntina Internatio nal Pl ant Geneti c Resources Institute, Italy Insti tute for Pl ant Protection-Agriculture Research Department, Nether lands Institute for Potato Researc h, Po land lnstitut de Recherche Agronom ique, Cameroon lnstitut des Sc iences Agronom iques du Burundi lnstytut Ziemniaka, Poland Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sc iences, China Ken ya n Agri cu ltural Research Institute Latin America and the Caribbean, CIP region Lembang Horti cultural Researc h Institute, Indones ia Louisiana State University, USA Makerere Un iversity, Uganda Mwara ag ri cultural Research Institute, Indonesia McMaster University, Canada Programa de Manejo lntegrado de Pl agas, Dom ini can Republi c M iss issipp i State Un ive rsity, USA Mar iano M arcos State Univers ity, Philippin es Montana State University, USA Max Planck Inst itute, Germ any Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Insti tute Namulonge Ag ri cultural and Animal Research Institute, Uganda Nagoya University, Japan National Agri cultural Resea rch O rganization, Uganda North Caro li na State University, USA N ijmegen University, Netherl ands Northern M indanao Agricultu ral Research Center, Philippines Northern Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center Nationa l Potato Research Program, Nepal Natural Resou rces Institute, UK O rgani zation of American States Overseas Deve lopment Admin istration, UK O rganization of Petroleum Exporting Countri es Ph ilippi ne Counc il fo r Agr iculture & Resources, Research & Deve lopment, Philippines Potato Development Program, Nepa l Plant Geneti c Systems, Belgium Programa de lnvestigaci6n de Cu lti vos Andi nos, Peru Programa And ino Cooperativo de lnvest igac i6n en Papa, CIP network PRAPACE PRECODEPA PROCIPA PRO INPA PS PDP SAAS SAPPRAD SARIF SARRNET SCR I SDC SEAG SEA RCA SEMTA SE NASA SPG SPI SPPC TALPUY TARI TCRC TFNC UCRI UNDP UPWARD USAID USDA USVL Vi SCA WE XS PRC YG PPP Programme Reg ional de I' Amelio ration de la Cu lture de la Pomme de Terre et de la Patate Douce en Afrique Centrale et de l' Est, Cl P network Programa Regional Cooperativo de Papa, CIP netwo rk in Central America and the Caribbean Programa Cooperativo de lnvest igac iones en Papa, CIP network in Southern Cone Proyecto de lnvesti gac ion de la Papa, Boli v ia Pakistan-Swi ss Potato Deve lopment Program Rothamsted Experiment Station, UK Sichuan Academy of Agr icultural Sc iences, China Southeast Asian Program fo r Potato Resea rch and Deve lopment, CIP network Sukamandi Research Inst itute fo r Food Crops, Indones ia Southern Afr ica Root Crop Resea rch Network Scott ish Crop Research Institute Swiss Development Cooperati on Serv icio de Extension Agrico la y Ganadera, Paraguay Southeast Asian Regiona l Center for Graduate Studies and Resea rch in Agri cul ture, Philippin es Serv ic ios Mu ltip les de Tecnologfas Aprop iadas, Boli v ia Serv ic io Nac iona l de San idad Agrar ia, Peru Sociedad Peru ana de Genetica Smart Pl ant Internationa l, USA Seed Potato Producti on Center, Yemen Stanfo rd University, USA Grupo de lnvesti gac ion y Desarro ll o de Ciencias y Tecnolog fa Andina Taiwan Agr icultural Research Inst itute Trop ical Crops Research Center, Bangladesh Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre Universidad de Ambato, Ecuador Universidad Aus tral , Chi le Univers idad Jorge Basad re Grohmann de Tacna, Peru Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Bo l ivia Un iversid ad Nac ional Agraria, Peru Universidad Nac ional de Cajamarca, Peru Universidad Nac ional de l Centro del Peru Universidad Nac ional Dan iel A lc ides Carrion, Pe ru Universidad Nac ional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de Cusco, Peru Uni versidad Nac ional San Cri stoba l de Huamanga de Ayacucho, Peru Un iversid ad Ricardo Palma, Peru Unive rsid ad San Luis Gonzaga de lea, Peru Universidad Tecnica de Cajamarca, Peru U ni ve rsity of Birmingham, Engl and University of Georgia, USA Un iversity of Na irobi , Kenya University of Naples, Ita ly Un iversity of Oxfo rd , UK University of the Phili pp ines, Los Banos Un iversity of TU bingen, Germany Upland Crops Research Institute, China United Nations Development Programme, USA Users' Perspective w ith Agricultu ral Research and Deve lopment, CIP network United States Agency for Internation al Development United States Department of Agri culture United States Vegetable Laboratory Visayas Col lege of Agr iculture, Ph ilipp ines W ageningen University, Nether lands World Education Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Center, China Yemeni/Ge rm an Plant Protection Project CIP's Global Contact Points (as of April 1996) LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGIONAL OFFICE/HEADQUARTERS •Peru International Potato Center Apartado 1558 Lima 100, Peru Phone: (5 1-1) 436-6920/435-4354 Fax : (51-1) 435-1570 Telex: 25672 PE Cable: CIPAPA, Lima E-mail : c ip@cgnet.com or cip@cipa.org.pe Research Stations •Ecuador Estacion Experimental INIAP Santa Catalina Km 14 Panamericana Sur Apartado 17-21-1977 Quito, Ecuador Phone: (593 -2) 690-362/63 (593 -2) 690-990 Fax: (593 -2) 692-604 E-mail: cip-quito@cgnet.com or for group messages to all staff: irs@c ip.org.ec Special Projects •Ecuador FORTIPAPA (at Santa Catalina Station, same as above) Phone: (593-2) 690-695/3 64 Fax : (593-2) 692-604 E-mail: cip-quito@cgnet.com or fpapa@c ip .org .ec •Bolivia PROINPA (IBTA-CIP) Man Cespedes 0293 (Zona de Cala Cala) Casilla Postal 4285 Cochabamba, Bolivia Phone : (591 -4 2) 49506/49013 Fax: (59 1-42) 45708 E-mai I: proinpa@papa.bo SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REGIONAL OFFICE •Ken ya P. 0. Box 25 171 Nairobi, Kenya Phone : (254-2) 632-054/632-151 Fax: (254-2) 630-005/631-499 Telex: 22040 ILRAD E-mail: c ip-nbo@cgnet.com Liaison Office •Cameroon c/o Delegation of Agriculture North West Province P. 0 . Box 279 Bamenda, Cameroon Phone: (237-36) 2289 (public booth) Fax: (237-36) 3893 or 3921 (public booth) (237-36) 3284 (Skyline Hotel) Tel ex: 58442 (NWDA) •Nigeri a c/o llTA PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria Phon e: (234-22) 400300-318 Fax: 874-1772276 via INMARSAT Satellite or (234-2) 241221 Telex: TROPIB NG (905) 31417, 31159 Cable: TROPFOUND, IKEJA E-mai I: i ita@cgnet.com •Uganda P.O. Box 6247 Kampal a, Uganda Phon e: (256-41) 567670 Fax: (256-41) 241242 E-mai I: ciat-uganda@cgnet.com i ita-uganda@cgnet.com Network • PRAPACE PRAPACE/Uganda P.O. Box 22274 Kampala, Uganda Phone : (256-4 1) 235306 Fax: (256-41) 241242 E-mail: nbluta@imul .com MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA REGIONAL OFFICE •Tunisi a 8 Rue lbn Khaldoun 1004 El Menzah I Tunis, Tunisia Phone: (216-1) 767-829 Fax: (216-1) 718-431 Messages could also be directed via !CARDA-' lines: Phone: (216-1) 232-207 Fax: (216-1) 751-666 E-mail: cip-tunis@cgnet.com Liaison Office • Egypt P. 0. Box 17 Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt Phone: (20-40) 58-6720 Fax: (20-40) 58-0800 Telex : 23605 PBTNA UN (messages may be directed v ia Tunis Reg. Office) SOUTH AND WEST ASIA REGIONAL OFFICE •India IARI Campus New Delhi 110012, India Phone: (91- 11 ) 574-8055/574-1481 Telex: 3173140 Fl IN 3173168 EiC IN Cable: CIPAPA, New Delhi E-mail : cip-delhi@cgnet.com EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC REGIONAL OFFICE •Indones ia c/o CR IFC P.O. Box 929 Bogor 16309, West Java, Indones ia Phone : (62-251) 317951/313687 Fax : (62-251) 316264 E-mail: cip-bogor@cgnet.com Lembang Annex P.O. Box 1586 Bandung 40391, Indonesia For courier mail/packages to CIP: c/o Balai Panelitian Tanaman Sayuran , JI. Tangkuban Perahu 517 Cikole, Lembang, Bandung 40391 , Indonesia Phone : (62-22) 278-8155 Fax: (62-22) 278-6025 E-mai I: cip-indonesia@cgnet.com Liaison Offices •Philippin es Los Banos Office c/o IRRI P.O. Box 933 Manila, Philippines Phone: (63-94) 50235, 50015-19 ; ext. 248/274 Fax : (63-2) 891-1292 or 818-2087 E-mai I: ci p-man i I a@cgnet.com g.p rain@cgnet.com • Baguio Office c/o NPRCRTC P.O. Box 1054 2600 Baguio City, Philippines Phone : (63 -91 7) 506-0042 Fax : (63 -74) 443 -88 11 E-mail : cip-baguio@cgnet.com • China c/o The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Bai Shi Qiao Rd . No. 30 West Suburbs of Beijing Beijing, People's Republic of China Phone: (86-10) 21 7-9 141 Fax : (86-10) 217-9135 Telex: 22233 or 222720 CAAS CN Cable: AGRIACA E-mail: c ip-china@cgnet.com Networks • SAPPRAD (same as Philippines-Los Banos Liaison Office) E-mail : e.rasco@cgnet.com •UPWARD (same as Philippines-Los Banos Liaison Office) • • • • • • •. This list indicates CIP's principal contact points worldwide, by region. A more • detailed list, including current staff contacts, can be obtained from the office of the Director for International Cooperation. •CIP Country Liaison Office • CIP Regional Office CGIAR -and CIP: 25 Years of Research Partnership For the past quarter century, the CGIAR-the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research-has been one of the most effective means for advancing sustainable agriculture and food security in developing countries. A voluntary consortium of some 45 public- and private-sector donors, the CGIAR provides funding for 16 international agricultural research centers, including the International Potato Center. The CGIAR began its work in 1971 by supporting a nucleus of · four centers working on the basic food crops and production systems . found in tropical areas. Today's CGIAR, under the leadership of Chairman Ismail Serageldin, is a diverse network of independent centers that work collectively, and with national systems, on priority research topics for the developing world. Following a recent process of renewal, the CGIAR has improved its governance, broadened the participation of developing countries, and restructured its finances. Its research agenda now includes work on priority topics involving livestoc k, forestry, fisheries, irrigation , policy, and institution building. CIP's Role in the CGIAR CIP's entry into the CGIAR was based on the belief that potatoes and other root and tuber crops would provide new food alternatives to a world dependent on cereal crops. Because they are naturall y high-yielding and genetically diverse, root and tuber crops can be grown successfully in vastly different ecologies and cropping systems. According to the task required , they can be produced for food, for fiber, as animal feed, or for a variety of industrial purposes . Increasingly, this potential is being recognized as one of the last remaining options for meeting food requirements over the quarter century ahead . Many countries, with centuries-old farming traditions based on cereals, are looking to root and tuber crops to increase food production and maintain economic growth. Many are achieving this goal by tapping into the research and technological options made available from the CGIAR's quarter century of investment in the International Potato Center.