92–9146–847–9 CGIAR is a global agricultural research partnership for a food-secure future. Its research is carried out by 15 research centres in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations. cgiar.org The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food and nutritional security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for efficient, safe and sustainable use of livestock. Co-hosted by Kenya and Ethiopia, it has regional or country offices and projects in East, South and Southeast Asia as well as Central, East, Southern and West Africa. ilri.org Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam IL R I R E S E A R C H R E P O R T 123 iMonograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Ngo Thi Kim Cuc1*, Wondmeneh Esatu2*, Hoang Hai Hoa2, Vu Chi Thien1, Nguyen Cong Dinh1, Ninh Thi Huyen1, Tran Trung Thong1, Pham Van Son1, Ngo Thi Le Quyen1, Fred Unger2 and Tadelle Dessie2 1. National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) 2. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) *Joint first authorship May 2025 ©2025 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) ILRI thanks all donors and organizations which globally supports its work through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund This publication is copyrighted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. To view this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0. Unless otherwise noted, you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the following conditions: ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed, but not in any way that suggests endorsement by ILRI or the author(s). NOTICE: For any reuse or distribution, the licence terms of this work must be made clear to others. Any of the above conditions can be waived if permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Nothing in this licence impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above. The parts used must not misrepresent the meaning of the publication. ILRI would appreciate being sent a copy of any materials in which text, photos etc. have been used. Editing, design and layout—ILRI Editorial and Publishing Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Cover photo—Distribution of native chicken breeds by region in Vietnam. MARD. 2016. Atlas of Vietnamese animal breeds. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam. ISBN: 92–9146–847–9 Citation: Cuc, N.T.K., Esatu, W., Hoa, H.H., Thien, V.C., Dinh, N.C., Huyen, N.T., Thong, T.T., Son, P.V, Quyen, N.T.L, Unger, F. and Dessie, T. 2025. Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam. ILRI research report 123. Nairobi, Kenya, ILRI. Patron: Professor Peter C. Doherty A. C, FAA, FRS Animal scientist, Nobel Prize Laureate for Physiology or Medicine–1996 Box 30709, Nairobi 00100 Kenya Phone +254 20 422 3000 Fax+254 20 422 3001 Email ilri-kenya@cgiar.org ilri.org better lives, better planet through livestock ILRI is a CGIAR research centre Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone +251 11 617 2000 Fax +251 11 667 6923 Email ilri-ethiopia@cgiar.org ILRI has offices in East Africa • South Asia • Southeast and East Asia • Southern Africa • West Africa http://CGIAR Trust Fund https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 iiiMonograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Contents Tables v Figures vi Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 2 The agro-ecological zones in Vietnam 2 3 Chicken production systems in Vietnam 3 3.1 Extensive production system 3 3.2 Semi-extensive production system 3 3.3 Intensive production system 3 4 Indigenous chicken breeds of Vietnam 4 5 Benefits of local chickens in Vietnam 5 6 Descriptions of local chicken ecotypes in Vietnam 6 6.1 Ri 6 6.2 Tau Vang 7 6.3 Mia chicken 7 6.4 Dong Tao 8 6.5 Ho 8 6.6 Choi (game chicken) 9 6.7 Ac 9 6.8 H’Mong 10 6.9 Mong 11 6.10 To 11 6.11 Tre 12 6.12 Oke 12 6.13 Te 13 6.14 Tien Yen 13 6.15 Nhieu Ngon 14 6.16 Lac Son 14 6.17 Lạc Thủy 15 iv Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.18 Kien 15 6.19 Lien Minh 16 6.20 Hac Phong 16 6.21 Bang Troi 17 6.22 Cay Cum 18 6.23 Long Chan 18 7 Conclusion 20 8 References 21 vMonograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Tables Table 1. The rainfall, temperature, major topographic features and farming systems of agro-ecological zones in Vietnam 2 Table 2. Types and number of indigenous chicken ecotypes/breeds reported in Vietnam 4 vi Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Figures Figure 1. Map of Vietnam and eight agro-ecological zones (free scale) 2 Figure 2. Ri chicken 6 Figure 3. Tau Vang chicken 7 Figure 4. Mia chicken 7 Figure 5. Dong Tao chicken 8 Figure 6. Ho chicken 9 Figure 7. Choi chicken 9 Figure 8. Ac chicken 10 Figure 9. H’Mong chicken 10 Figure 10. Mong chicken 11 Figure 11. To chicken 11 Figure 12. Tre chicken 12 Figure 13. Oke chicken 12 Figure 14. Te chicken 13 Figure 15. Tien Yen chicken 13 Figure 16. Nhieu Ngon chicken 14 Figure 17. Lac Son chicken 14 Figure 18. Lac Thuy chicken 15 Figure 19. Kien chicken 15 Figure 20. Lien Minh chicken 16 Figure 21. Hac Phong chicken 17 Figure 22. Bang Troi chicken 17 Figure 23. Cay Cum chicken 18 Figure 24. Long Chan chicken 19 viiMonograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Summary Since mid-2021, the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) has partnered with the National Institute of Animal Sciences (NIAS) of Vietnam to conduct research on tropically adapted and high-performance chicken strains under both on-station and on-farm conditions in Vietnam. This collaboration is part of a larger initiative known as the Asian Chicken Genetic Gain (AsCGG) project, which is funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and is still ongoing. The project’s overarching goal is to provide smallholder poultry producers in Vietnam with improved chicken breeds better adapted to the tropical climate, thereby increasing their productivity and sustainability. Vietnam is home to a large genetic diversity of indigenous chickens that are well adapted to its various geographical locations. Indigenous chicken genetic improvement programs in the country have yielded promising results but need to emphasize the maintenance and sustainable use of this genetic diversity. This monograph is an output of the AsCGG project. It describes the Vietnamese indigenous chickens’ phenotypic and genetic characteristics, genetic attributes related to egg and meat production, adaptability of promising chicken ecotypes and their socio-economic contributions. This monograph can be used by researchers, breeders, PhD and master students, NGOs and other practitioners involved in supporting chicken genetic improvement for farmers in the chicken value chain and other actors. This monograph is expected to contribute to capacity building along the value chain, leading to improved chicken genetics. This will enable farmers to transition from backyard or semi-intensive farming to more intensive, market-oriented production, enhancing production, food security and livelihoods while benefiting the wider community and countries involved. 1Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 1 Introduction Vietnam, which is in Southeast Asia, enjoys a tropical climate influenced by subtropical monsoons. The country is a vital centre for chicken domestication, boasting a diverse range of poultry breeds abundant in genetic richness (Berthouly et al. 2009). However, the reported count of local chicken populations varies across sources. Typically, local chickens in Vietnam thrive in extensive production systems, displaying adaptability to limited resources, nutritional deficiencies and disease pressures. They hold substantial significance within socio-economic and ecological contexts and are highly valued for their quality meat and eggs (Nguyen et al. 2020). These indigenous chicken populations constitute a significant 84% of Vietnam’s total poultry count (Desvaux et al. 2008). Their differences stem from distinctive morphological characteristics, as identified in research (Pham et al. 2013). However, a comprehensive study examining the morphological traits of Vietnam’s native chickens is yet to be fully concluded (Duy et al. 2020). Across Vietnam’s regions, indigenous chicken breeds are primarily concentrated in the North (76.20%), followed by the South (14.3%), and the Central (9.50%) regions (Ton 2022). Various breeds like Ri, Dong Tao, Ho, Mia, Mong, H’Mong, Oke, To, Tien Yen, Lien Minh, Tai Do, Loi Trang, Nhieu Ngon (many spurs chicken), Xuoc, Lac Thuy, and Te are prevalent in the North. Central Vietnam hosts just two breeds: Kien and Choi chicken (fighting chicken), while the South is home to three breeds: Tau Vang, Ac, and Tre (Ton 2022). Some of the country’s chicken breeds have been reported as endangered or critically endangered. The Van Phu chicken breed, especially, has been lost during the last years (Tieu 2009), emphasizing the crucial challenge of conserving and sustainably utilizing the genetic resources of these domestic animals for the future. An average extinction probability of 48.5% was estimated for all Vietnamese chicken breeds (Cuc et al. 2011). To address these challenges, a national strategy needs to be set up for Vietnamese chicken populations, with three main components: conservation of high‐priority breeds, within‐breed management with animal exchanges between flocks to avoid the Wahlund effect, and monitoring of inbreeding rate (Pham et al. 2013). 2 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 2 The agro-ecological zones in Vietnam Vietnam spans an impressive 1,600 kilometres from its northern to southern tip and is situated between 8°33’ and 23° 20’ north latitude and 102° to 109° 27’ east longitude. Covering a total area of 329,566 square kilometres, the country showcases a diverse climate that notably differs from the north to the south. This variation in climate and terrain has led to the recognition of eight distinct agroecological zones in Vietnam, delineated by factors such as topography, soil composition, and climate dynamics. Each zone is characterized by specific patterns of rainfall, temperature, key topographic features and prevailing farming systems, as detailed in Figure 1 and Table 1 (Vang 2003; GSO 2007). Figure 1. Map of Vietnam and eight agro-ecological zones (free scale). Source: Vang (2003). Table 1. The rainfall, temperature, major topographic features and farming systems of agro-ecological zones in Vietnam Zone Area (km2) Rainfall (mm/year) Temperature (oC) Physical regions Farming system Northeast 6,402 1721 23.2 Mountain and midland Extensive Northwest 3,754 2355 21.8 Mountain and midland Extensive Red River Delta 1,486 2013 23.3 Lowland Semi-extensive North Central Coast 5,155 2985 24.1 Mountain, lowland, and Sand land Extensive South Central Coast 3,316 2389 26.3 Mountain, lowland, and Sand land Extensive Central highland 5,466 1611 19.9 Highland Semi-extensive Southeast 3,481 1390 27.8 Lowland Intensive Mekong delta 4,061 2679 27.1 Lowland Semi-extensive (Source: Vang (2003); FAO (2005) and GSO (2007). 3Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 3 Chicken production systems in Vietnam Vietnam hosts three primary systems for chicken production, with chickens and ducks being the predominant species raised across the country, primarily for their meat (Burgos et al. 2007). These are the extensive, semi-extensive and intensive chicken production systems. Commercial operations of the intensive chicken production systems are concentrated on the outskirts of major urban hubs like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi. Notably, the Red River Delta in the North and the Mekong River Delta in the South serve as major poultry production regions (VGSO 2004; Hong Hanh et al. 2007). Poultry farming plays a vital role in cultural, religious and social contexts, impacting the well-being of children and contributing to women’s economic empowerment and ownership (Burgos et al. 2007). 3.1 Extensive production system The extensive production system accounts for about 65% of Vietnam’s total poultry meat production. The setup involves minimal initial investment, allowing chickens to roam freely around homesteads and reproduce naturally. Housing is rudimentary and constructed from locally available materials without fences. The extended rearing period of birds is typically around six months for them to reach slaughter weight. The system is characterized by poor management, low survival rates, productivity, and economic inefficiency (Nguyen Van et al. 2000). However, chicken produced in this systems is favoured by many consumers despite being generally more expensive than exotic chicken due to its distinctiveness. 3.2 Semi-extensive production system Comprising 10–15% of Vietnam’s chicken production, this system blends modern and traditional approaches. Greater attention is given to nutrition and disease control. Chickens are batch-reared for sale in groups of 200–1000 birds, housed within larger fenced areas made of bamboo or steel wire. Capital investment in housing construction is higher compared to the extensive system. Equipment like feeders, drinkers, and brooders are utilized. Prepared feed supplements scavenging for worms, insects, and vegetation. In some areas, leftover harvested rice is used as chicken feed, reducing costs, and accelerating the time to reach slaughter weight. Exotic breeds such as Jiangcun, Luong Phuong, Kabir, and crossbreeds are commonly kept (Duc N.V. and Long T. 2008). 3.3 Intensive production system Intensive poultry production is on the rise, accounting for approximately 20–25% of Vietnam’s chicken population. State-owned companies, joint ventures, and foreign-owned companies import eggs and day-old chicks. Broiler chicken production is handled by private farms, including households with limited capital and technology. However, advancements are still needed in housing, equipment, management skills, technology, and breed quality within this system. 4 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 4 Indigenous chicken breeds of Vietnam Indigenous chicken breeds represent about 85% of Vietnam’s total chicken population (Phan Dang et al. 2009). The Ri breed, also known as Ga Ta (native chicken), comprises 52–56% of the local chicken population (Eaton et al. 2006). Regrettably, some breeds such as Mia, Ho, Dong Tao and Van Phu chicken have been lost. Notably, Ho and Dong Tao breeds are crucial for indigenous broiler chicken production due to their adaptability to local conditions, disease resistance and favourable meat quality (Nguyen Van et al. 2020). Additionally, they are known for their substantial body weight and meat quality, which is highly favoured by consumers (Lan Phuong et al. 2015). Indigenous breeds are typically reared in scavenging backyard systems, while exotic breeds are introduced for crossbreeding purposes (Thuy and Vang 2004). Table 2. Types and number of indigenous chicken ecotypes/breeds reported in Vietnam Number reported Indigenous chicken of Vietnam Ref 15 Ri, Te (or Lun, short leg), Tau Vang, Ac (black meat, white or black feather), Oke, H’Mong, Tre, Choi (fighting chicken), PhuLuuTe, To, Dan Khao (six toes), Mia, Ho, Dong Tao (thick legs) and Van Phu. The Ri breed was also commonly called Ga Ta (native chicken) Moula et al. 2012 21 Ri, Ac (black meat, white or black feather), Te (or Lun, which means “short tarsus”), Mia, Ho, Dong Tao, H’mong, Tre, Tau Vang, Choi (fighting-cock), Oke, To, Mong, Lien Minh, Tien Yen, Hac Phong, Quy Phi, Xuoc, Nhieu Ngon, Kien, Lac Thuy MARD 2016 17 17 indigenous breeds including 13 known indigenous chicken breeds (Ten breeds originated from the north, two breeds from the south, and one from the central). Thuy et al., 2002 13 Reported 13 Vietnamese indigenous chicken breeds besides one extinct (Van Phu breed). Of these 11 breeds, the Te breed is critically endangered; six have been decreasing in numbers, while the remaining have been increasing in numbers FAO (http://dad. fao.org), NIAS 2020 21 21 different Vietnamese chicken breeds have been recognized Ton 2022 15 Ri, Te, Mia, Ho, Dong Tao, Tau Vang, Ac, Oke, H’mong Brown, H’mong White, H’Mong Black, Van Phu, Tre, Choi, Lun NIAS 2020 http://dad.fao.org/ http://dad.fao.org/ 5Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 5 Benefits of local chickens in Vietnam In Vietnam, chicken production serves as a significant source of high-quality protein and contributes substantially to household incomes. Chicken meat constitutes approximately 20% of the total meat consumption in the country after pork, which accounts for around 70% of the total meat consumed. Notably, the chicken population has experienced rapid growth, surging from 218,201,400 heads in 2010 to 453,289,000 by 2022, with an annual average growth rate ranging between 5% to over 10% (DLP 2023). Remarkably, indigenous and hybrid chicken populations collectively represented over 80% of the total chicken population in 2019. Vietnam stands out as a nation harbouring a substantial number of indigenous chickens, primarily concentrated in the Northern region (76.20%), with smaller proportions in the Central (9.50%) and Southern (14.30%) regions (Figure 1). Indigenous chicken breeds exhibit remarkable adaptability to challenging husbandry conditions characterized by inadequate housing and low-nutrient feed. These chickens typically forage freely for feed and are supplemented with limited feed once or twice daily. Products derived from indigenous chickens, including meat and eggs, hold high value among consumers due to their perceived quality and flavour (Ton 2022). 6 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6 Descriptions of local chicken ecotypes in Vietnam As indicated in Table 2, the available local chicken strains vary in literature. This section describes the physical and productivity characteristics of the 23 chicken ecotypes that are recognized in the Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO) Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) and the Vietnam National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) databases. 6.1 Ri The Ri chicken (Figure 2) stands out as the most prevalent native breed in Vietnam. It is abundant in regions like Ha Nam, Nam Dinh and Ha Noi and, fortunately, is not under threat (Moula et al. 2012). The Ri breed is primarily found in Bac Giang within the Red River Delta of Northern Vietnam. The breed has wide distribution owing to its exceptional adaptability and robust resistance against diseases (Lung et al., 2001; Dat et al., 2008; Hoan, 2008, Cuc at al., 2016). Ri chickens are characterized by a small body size, featuring a single comb and predominantly yellow mixed colour feathers. While they serve dual purposes, their growth rate is relatively slow, and they exhibit lower reproductive performance. Notably, males of the Ri breed average a body weight of 1,8 kg, while females weigh around 1,3 kg by week 19 (Moula et al. 2011). These chickens have a short generation time of just 4 months, laying an average of 100–129 eggs per year. The eggs are pinkish white in colour, with an average weight of 42.6–45.2 grams (Moula et al. 2011; Cuc at al. 2014). Figure 2. Ri chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 7Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.2 Tau Vang The Tau Vang chicken, originating in southern Vietnam, stands as the most favoured native chicken ecotype and is not under threat (Phuong et al. 2015). Typically, adult males weigh between 1.1 to 2.4 kilograms, while females range from 0.9 to 1.8 kilograms. These chickens begin laying eggs at around five months of age, producing approximately 90 to 120 eggs per year, each weighing about 45 grams. On station, adult males weigh between 2.1 – 2.3 kilograms, while females range from 1.5 to 1.6 kilograms. Egg performance ranges from 93 to 125 eggs per year. The egg weight at 38 weeks is 56 grams (Thanh 2011). Displaying a medium-sized body structure, the Tau Vang breed is raised for both its eggs and meat. Well-suited to the hot climate prevalent in Southern Vietnam, this breed boasts commendable disease resistance. Its meat is highly regarded for its excellent taste, leading to swift sales, while the eggs are of a brown hue. Figure 3. Tau Vang chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.3 Mia chicken The Mia chicken, an indigenous ecotype originating from Duong Lam village in Son Tay, Ha Noi city, in the Red River Delta, has unique heritage (Phuong et al. 2015). Mia chicken show a very good rate of survival (Cuc et al. 2016). This breed is highly esteemed for its superior meat quality. Boasting robust disease resistance and a remarkable ability to adapt to the village conditions prevalent in Vietnam, the Mia chicken population is unfortunately dwindling, requiring urgent conservation efforts (Moula et al. 2012). From 2012, the population of Mia chicken increased under the national conservation and development project of Mia chicken. Figure 4. Mia chicken (Photo: NIAS) 8 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam This breed is commonly used to cross with other chickens to create the chicken combination with high performance and good quality. Mia chicken have a distinctive appearance in both roosters and hens. The cock typically displays a long body structure, a flat comb, and feathers that are primarily dark red, with a blend of black feathers at the tail. Notably, the main feather line of the wing often exhibits a green hue. Conversely, the hen is characterized by yellowish feathers, featuring short fur close to the body. Both the hen and cock have yellowish legs. In the nucleus herd, at 20 weeks, male Mia chickens weigh between 1.7 to 1.8 kilograms, while females range from 1.4 to 1.5 kilograms. Egg productivity is from 72 to 72 eggs per year (Cuc et al. 2016). 6.4 Dong Tao The Dong Tao chicken, an indigenous breed originating from Dong Tao commune, Khoai Chau District, Hung Yen Province within Vietnam’s Red River Delta, is renowned for its notably high body weight and extensive body measurements. This chicken breed has been included in the Livestock Genetic Resources Conservation Program since 1992 when it was listed as endangered due to low reproductive performance and hatching rate. This breed predominantly thrives in the communes of Khoai Chau District, Hung Yen Province, although its population remains limited. However, it can be found in various places across Vietnam, particularly concentrated in areas like Hung Yen, Hai Phong, Ha Noi, Bac Ninh, Ha Tay, Ho Chi Minh and Thai Binh, with a prominent presence in Hung Yen. This breed is characterized by long thighs, robust foot size, plump toes, and a wide breast, with sturdy and sizeable bones. It was commonly used to crossbred with other chicken to create chicken combinations with high body weight. At 20 weeks, males of the Dong Tao breed weigh between 2.5 to 2.9 kilograms, while females weight ranges from 1.9 to 2.2 kilograms. Despite its lower egg production rate, averaging 67–72 eggs per year, each with an average weight of 50.62 grams, this breed excels in meat production (Hien 2016). Figure 5. Dong Tao chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.5 Ho The Ho chicken ecotype, originating from Bac Ninh Province within the Red River Delta of Northern Vietnam, boasts significant size, albeit with a slower growth rate and relatively lower reproductive performance. However, these chickens exhibit commendable disease resistance and remarkable adaptation to tropical climates, attributed to their extensive history shaped by natural and artificial selection processes. The weight of mature male Ho chickens is about 3.78 kilograms, while mature females weight 2.6 kilograms (Duy et al., 2015). Their annual egg production averages between 50 to 66 eggs. Notably, Ho chickens are renowned for their heavy weight, often leading farmers to selectively rear those with elongated legs, extended necks, and a larger body structure (Phuong et al. 2015, Van Duy et al. 2015). 9Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Figure 6. Ho chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.6 Choi (game chicken) The Choi chicken ecotype, originating from Binh Dinh Province, is notably recognized for its utility as a game bird, commonly sought after for both its meat and as a participant in fighting due to its robust shanks (Phuong et al. 2015; Duc and Long 2008). These chickens boast a relatively high survival rate, attributed to their strong disease resistance and adaptation to tropical climates. At 20 weeks, male Choi chickens typically range in average body weight from 1.9 to 2.0 kilograms, while females weigh 1.6 to 1.7 kilograms. Their annual egg production varies between 26 to 27 eggs (Hien 2016). The Choi breed stands out as a typical fighting chicken, reflecting its traditional role and reputation (Moula et al. 2011). Figure 7. Choi chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.7 Ac The Ac chicken ecotype, which is native to the Southern regions, is particularly prevalent in the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, including Long An, Ho Chi Minh and Ha Noi provinces, and their surrounding areas. The breed is distinctive for its small body size and white feathers. Notably, the beak, feet, skin, meat, and bones exhibit a distinctive black colouration, which holds significance in traditional medicine practices. These chickens possess exceptional disease resistance and thrive well in tropical climates, contributing to their widespread popularity in the Mekong Delta region, where they are commonly raised alongside other domestic chicken breeds (Tu and 10 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Ngu 2023). Mature male Ac chickens generally weigh around 0.7 kilograms, while females range from 0.5 to 0.6 kilograms. Hens of this breed demonstrate a prolific egg-laying capacity, producing between 80 to 120 eggs per year. Figure 8. Ac chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.8 H’Mong The H’Mong chicken, a native breed nurtured by the H’Mong ethnic group and first domesticated in Son La Province, is primarily raised within households using the popular free-range farming method. These chickens exhibit distinctive features including black skin, black meat and black bones, making them renowned as ‘medical chickens’ owing to their significance in traditional medicine practices (Phuong et al. 2017). Their feathers showcase various colours, while their meat, specifically black in colour, is not only delicious but also highly nutritious. These chickens boast a high survival rate, with 97% of them reaching 16 weeks old. At this age, males typically weigh around 1.2 kilograms, while females average 1.1 kilograms. At 19 weeks, the body weight of males is 1.7 kilograms and female weigh 1.2 kilograms. H’Mong chickens start egg production at 151.67 ± 0.33 days (Phuong et al. 2017) and demonstrate a moderate egg production rate of approximately 70 eggs per year (Cuc et al. 2002). The black feathers, skin, and bone of H’Mong chickens encompass special bioactive compounds that make them a functional food, known for their substantial health benefits (Ton 2022). From Son La, these chickens have expanded beyond their native region and are now raised extensively in various other areas. Their multi- coloured feathers, along with their black skin and meat, continue to contribute to their reputation for providing delectable and highly nutritious meat. Figure 9. H’Mong chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 11Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.9 Mong The breed, originating from Ha Nam Province within the Red River Delta, showcases distinctive appearances in both roosters and hens. The cock typically displays a long body structure, a flat comb, and feathers that are primarily dark red, with a blend of black feathers at the tail. Notably, the main feather line of the wing often exhibits a green hue. Conversely, the hen is characterized by yellowish feathers, featuring short fur close to the body. An intriguing aspect is the presence of a “brassiere” on the sides of the hens. Both the hen and cock have yellowish legs. At 20 weeks old, the live body weight ranges between 1.7–1.9 kilograms for males and 1.4–1.7 kilograms for females. This breed demonstrates a commendable egg productivity rate, averaging between 85–92 eggs per year. (Cuc et al., 2016b). Figure 10. Mong chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.10 To The To chicken stands as one of the indigenous chicken ecotypes officially recognized in the FAO DAD-IS database. Originating from the An My Commune, Quynh Phu District in Thai Binh Province, this breed is notable among indigenous chicken varieties for its large body size. At 20 weeks old, the live body weight is 3.1 kilograms for males and 2.2 kilograms for females. These chickens begin their egg-laying phase at approximately five months of age, demonstrating a prolific egg production of about 120 eggs per year (Vo Van Su et al. 2016). Figure 11. To chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 12 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.11 Tre The Tre chicken, an indigenous breed in Vietnam, possesses distinct traits like small size, delectable meat, strong adaptability to natural conditions and commendable disease resistance (Anh et al. 2020). In appearance, the male cockerels flaunt colourful plumage, showcasing hues like black, purple, bright brown and banana yellow. They boast long tail feathers, bud combs and robust, high shanks. On the other hand, the hens exhibit less vibrant colours such as black, yellow, or soil-brown. Primarily raised for meat, this breed hails from the southeastern region and specific areas in Hanoi. In terms of colouration, females typically display grey and white tones, while males exhibit yellow and black hues. Males tend to have larger sizes than females, and both genders possess long tail feathers. Despite their small size, Tre chickens excel in adapting to Vietnam’s challenging conditions. At 20 weeks, male Tre chickens weigh between 0.6 and 0.9 kilograms, while females range from 0.5 to 0.6 kilograms. Females produce 70 to 75 eggs per year (Nguyen et al. 2020). Figure 12. Tre chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.12 Oke The Oke chicken breed, originating from Lao Cai Province and several provinces along the Vietnam-China frontier, showcases diverse body sizes and an array of colours. It is primarily raised for its meat. This breed boasts a long history, revered not only for its utilization as a food source but also for its medicinal properties, used historically for both curing ailments and nourishment. The meat derived from Oke chickens is notably nutritious and has been traditionally employed for medicinal purposes. Remarkably, these chickens exhibit strong adaptability to harsh environmental conditions. The detail information of this chicken is lacking. The mature male Oke chickens typically weigh around 2.5 kilograms, while females average about 1.2 kilograms. Their eggs are relatively small, weighing around 45 grams each (Vo Van Su at al. 2016). Figure 13. Oke chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 13Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.13 Te The Te chicken ecotype is a local breed with origins across multiple regions including Thanh Hoa, Ha Bac, Hung Yen, Nam Ha, Ha Tay, Phu Tho, Tuyen Quang and Yen Bai. However, the breed currently exists solely in four communes of Thach Thanh District in Thanh Hoa Province. Known for its flavorsome albeit slightly tough meat, these chickens exhibit notable disease resistance. 4 or pink skin on the legs, occasionally featuring some white patches. This breed has a longstanding history and is alternatively referred to as Lun, denoting ‘short tarsus’ (Phuong et al., 2015). Mature male Te chickens weigh around 1.6 kilograms, while females tend to average about 1.3 kilograms. Hens typically start laying eggs at approximately five months of age, producing an average of 95 eggs per year, each weighing around 45 grams. Figure 14. Te chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.14 Tien Yen The Tien Yen chicken ecotype, which is considered a unique and somewhat ‘fancy’ breed ‘in Vietnam, hails from the Tien Yen District in Quang Ninh Province. At 19 weeks, mature male Tien Yen chickens weigh 1.8 kilograms, while females weight 1.6 kilograms. Egg performance at 55 weeks is 78 eggs per year (Nguyen 2020). Figure 15. Tien Yen chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 14 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.15 Nhieu Ngon This is a unique chicken breed predominantly raised in the northeastern Vietnam. It originated from Phu Tho Province. These chickens are distinct due to their characteristic of having more than six toes. They exhibit diverse feather colours owing to this mixed heritage. Typically, the hens showcase a yellowish hue in their feathers, with yellow feet and skin. At 20 weeks, male Nhieu Ngon chickens weigh between 1.5 and 1.6 kilograms, while females range from 1.1 to 1.2 kilograms. Females produce 82 to 84 eggs per year (Cuc 2022). Figure 16. Nhieu Ngon chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.16 Lac Son The Lac Son chicken breed originated from Quang Binh Province in Central Vietnam. This breed is commonly characterized by a yellowish hue speckled with black spots, particularly around the neck and tail. Lac Son chicken produce small eggs. At 20 weeks, these chickens weigh between 1.6 and 1.7 kilograms for males and 1.3 and 1.4 kilograms for females. Hens of this breed demonstrate a commendable egg-laying capacity, producing from 116 – 119 eggs per year (NIAS 2016). Figure 17. Lac Son chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 15Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.17 Lạc Thủy This ecotype is a chicken originating from Hoa Binh Province in Northwest Vietnam. The male cock of this breed typically features a long body and a flat comb, adorned with dark red feathers mixed with black at the tail. Additionally, the main feather line of their wings may showcase a green hue. On the other hand, the hens tend to display yellowish feathers, with short fur close to their bodies. Both the male and female chickens of this breed have yellowish legs. In terms of egg production, these chickens exhibit an impressive average, laying around 100 eggs per year. At 20 weeks, these chickens weigh 1.9 to 2.0 kilograms for males and 1.4 to 1.5 kilograms for females. Hens of this breed demonstrate a commendable egg-laying capacity, producing 96–104 eggs per year (Muoi et al. 2020). Figure 18. Lac Thuy chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.18 Kien Kien chicken is originated from Binh Dinh Province. This chicken breed is commonly raised by farmers in the South-Central Coast region. Kien chickens are small in stature, highly adaptable to the Central region’s climate, and have delicious meat and egg quality. However, Kien chickens grow slowly and have low productivity. At 20 weeks, these chickens weigh between 1.5 to 1.6 kilograms for males and 1.2 to 1.3 kilograms for females. Hens of this breed lay from 63–68 eggs per year (Phuong et al. 2015) Figure 19. Kien chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 16 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.19 Lien Minh Lien Minh chicken originated in Lien Minh Village, Tran Chau Commune, Cat Hai Island District, Hai Phong City. These chickens are suitable for free-range farming, can tolerate poor nutritional conditions and have high disease resistance. The Lien Minh chicken was discovered and added to Vietnam’s list of livestock genetic resources conservation in 2008. When it was first discovered, the status of the Lien Minh chicken gene source according to the evaluation criteria of FAO (2007) was at a dangerously low level. The Lien Minh chicken breed has beautiful characteristics in appearance and feather colour, yellow skin, thin layer of fat under the skin. When cooked it has crispy and chewy skin, and rich sweet meat with a unique flavour. The Lien Minh chicken’s body size is big and tall, with long legs and neck, smooth feathers. Appearance characteristics of Lien Minh chicken include one-day-old chicks with light yellow feathers and a yellow back with dark grey areas light yellow feathers and a yellow back with dark grey areas. Mature chickens have well-developed combs and wattles. The rooster has burgundy feathers on the neck, back and wings; Belly straw yellow; The tail feathers and some wing feathers are bluish black. The hen has straw yellow feathers, tail feathers and some black wing feathers. Body weight at 20 weeks of age ranges from 1.8–1.9 kg for males, and 1.5–1.6 kg for females. The male weighs up to 5 kg, while the female can weigh up to 3kg. Lien Minh chickens lay eggs at 197.5 days old, corresponding to a body weight of 2.25 kg/hen, egg production of 75.6 eggs/hen/year, and an average egg weight of 49.8 g (Doan et al. 2016). Figure 20. Lien Minh chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.20 Hac Phong Hac Phong chicken originated in Mong Cai City, Quang Ninh Province, in the area adjacent to the Chinese border. In 2006, this chicken breed was included in the list of livestock genetic resources conservation. The Hac Phong chicken breed has the same characteristics as the Ac and H’Mong chickens: the skin, meat and bones are black or dark gray. It has high nutritional value and is of interest to farmers and the market. Appearance characteristics of Hac Phong chickens have round, black cotton-ball-like crest feathers on their heads. Chickens have 4 or 5 toes with black feathers on the outer toes in some birds. Chickens have uniform black feathers and slightly blue tails (Giang et al. 2022; Thieu et al. 2018). Body weight at 20 weeks of age is 1.3–1.4 kg for males and 1.1–1.2 kg for females (Nguyen Thi Phuong Giang et al. 2022; NIAS 2016); Egg production of about 156 eggs/hen/year, average egg weight 53–54 g (NIAS 2016). 17Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Figure 21. Hac Phong chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 6.21 Bang Troi The Bang Troi chicken breed is associated with two ancient places: Bang village and Troi village, which now belong to the Thong Nhat and Le Loi communes of Hoanh Bo District, Quang Ninh Province. Currently, these chickens are raised across most communes of Hoanh Bo District because this breed has the advantage of being easy to raise, has good quality meat and eggs, can withstand harsh natural conditions, contracts fewer diseases, and is well adapted to the ecological conditions where it lives. Appearance characteristics of Lien Minh chicken include day-old chicks with light yellow and dark brown feathers. By 20 weeks of age, the males have yellow mixed with black, cockroach yellow and apricot blossom; females have grey, yellow and apricot feathers. The mature body weight of hens is 1.6–1.7 kg. The age of first egg laying at 21.2 weeks and their egg yield at 74 weeks of age reaches 97.9 eggs/hen with average egg weight of 48.4 g (Thinh et al. 2020). Figure 22. Bang Troi chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 18 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 6.22 Cay Cum Cay Cum chickens is an indigenous livestock breed with many valuable genetic characteristics, they have a narrow distribution area. Currently, Cay Cum chickens are found in some mountainous provinces in the north of Vietnam including Cao Bang and Ha Giang with small numbers raised scattered among farming households. Cay Cum chickens have diverse feather colours: light yellow feathers with brown stripes. Males have black feathers mixed with dark red, grey, white, brown. The chickens have long, sharp toenails, well-developed wings, a compact body shape, and a special drooping tail (or no tails), completely different from other chicken breeds. The Cay Cum chicken breed has valuable genetic characteristics such as sweet, crispy, delicious meat, vitality and strong survival instincts, and an adult weight of only 1.6–1.8 kg in males, and 1.3–1.5 kg in females. Hens lay eggs early, with an average egg weight of 54 g. Egg are of high quality with delicious and attractive yolks (Thom et al. 2017). Figure 23. Cay Cum chicken. (Photo: TUAF-TNU) 6.23 Long Chan Long Chan chicken is one of the endemic chicken breeds of Meo Vac District, Ha Giang Province. The species’ name comes from a characteristic feature on the body, which is leg hair. Right from the moment they hatch, Long Chan chickens have a lot of feathers on their shanks. The feather growth area is located on the hock joint of the shank, extending from the hock joint down to the foot. With a large body size, Long Chan chickens can adapt to harsh environmental conditions in the high mountains of Meo Vac. The reproductive productivity is average. They have good growth ability, delicious meat quality and are disease resistance. Long Chan chickens have about 80% of their feathers on their shanks. One-day-old chickens have yellow-brown feathers with black and white stripes on the back. When mature, the males have a larger body than the females, have plum- coloured feathers. Often, the feathers on the neck and from the back down to the tail are metallic yellow, the tail feathers are long blue-black, and the comb is single. The feathers on the rooster’s shanks grow strongly and protrude backward. The hen has a slimmer body and is lighter than the male, with apricot-yellow feathers. Long Chan chicken body weight at one day old reaches 30.35 g/chicken. By 20 weeks of age, males reach 1.9 kg, and females reach 1.7 kg. The first egg laid is at 151 days old. Egg yield at 52 weeks of age reaches 69 eggs/ hen per year (NIAS 2016). 19Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam Figure 24. Long Chan chicken. (Photo: NIAS) 20 Monograph on indigenous chicken breeds/ecotypes in Vietnam 7 Conclusion The diverse array of indigenous chicken breeds in Vietnam embodies a rich tapestry of traits, each originating from various provinces and regions across the country. From the Northeast provinces to the Central and Southern regions, these breeds exhibit unique characteristics in appearance, egg production and adaptability to local conditions. They vary in body size, feather colours, and egg-laying capacities. Some breeds are renowned for their disease resistance and ability to thrive in harsh conditions, while others stand out for their distinctive plumage or meat quality. Additionally, these chickens play a crucial role in providing both meat and eggs, contributing significantly to local diets and economies. Despite the wealth of information available about certain breeds, others remain lesser-known and understudied, hinting at the potential for further exploration and research into these indigenous chicken ecotypes. Overall, the diversity and adaptability of Vietnam’s indigenous chicken breeds serve as a testament to the country’s rich agricultural heritage and biodiversity. 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Its research is carried out by 15 research centres in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations. cgiar.org The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food and nutritional security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for efficient, safe and sustainable use of livestock. Co-hosted by Kenya and Ethiopia, it has regional or country offices and projects in East, South and Southeast Asia as well as Central, East, Southern and West Africa. ilri.org The Asian Chicken Genetic Gains (AsCGG) is an ILRI project that aims to increase access to farmer-preferred, locally adapted, and highly productive chickens to support increased smallholder chicken productivity as a pathway out of poverty in Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam. The Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is a broker and investor of international agricultural research partnerships that address major challenges facing the people and environment of the Indo-Pacific region. ACIAR facilitates, invests in, and manages strategic partnerships with public and private research institutions to improve the productivity and sustainability of agricultural systems and the resilience of food systems in partner countries. https://www.aciar.gov.au. The National Institute of Animal Sciences (NIAS) is a state-key research institute under the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development (MARD) of Vietnam initiated in 1952. NIAS is one of the oldest research Institutes in the agricultural sector in Vietnam. The Institute includes six research departments and 12 research centres across Vietnam. https://vcn.org.vn/en _GoBack Summary 1 Introduction 2 The agro-ecological zones in Vietnam 3 Chicken production systems in Vietnam 3.1 Extensive production system 3.2 Semi-extensive production system 3.3 Intensive production system 4 Indigenous chicken breeds of Vietnam 5 Benefits of local chickens in Vietnam 6 Descriptions of local chicken ecotypes in Vietnam 6.1 Ri 6.2 Tau Vang 6.3 Mia chicken 6.4 Dong Tao 6.5 Ho 6.6 Choi (game chicken) 6.7 Ac 6.8 H’Mong 6.9 Mong 6.10 To 6.11 Tre 6.12 Oke 6.13 Te 6.14 Tien Yen 6.15 Nhieu Ngon 6.16 Lac Son 6.17 Lạc Thủy 6.18 Kien 6.19 Lien Minh 6.20 Hac Phong 6.21 Bang Troi 6.22 Cay Cum 6.23 Long Chan 7 Conclusion 8 References Table 1. The rainfall, temperature, major topographic features and farming systems of agro-ecological zones in Vietnam Table 2. Types and number of indigenous chicken ecotypes/breeds reported in Vietnam Figure 1. Map of Vietnam and eight agro-ecological zones (free scale). Figure 2. Ri chicken. Figure 3. Tau Vang chicken. Figure 4. Mia chicken Figure 5. Dong Tao chicken. Figure 6. Ho chicken. Figure 7. Choi chicken. Figure 8. Ac chicken. Figure 9. H’Mong chicken. Figure 10. Mong chicken. Figure 11. To chicken. Figure 12. Tre chicken. Figure 13. Oke chicken. Figure 14. Te chicken. Figure 15. Tien Yen chicken. Figure 16: Nhieu Ngon chicken. Figure 17. Lac Son chicken. Figure 18. Lac Thuy chicken. Figure 19. Kien chicken. Figure 20. Lien Minh chicken. Figure 21. Hac Phong chicken. Figure 22. Bang Troi chicken. Figure 23. Cay Cum chicken. Figure 24. Long Chan chicken.