i i Research and innovation priorities for enabling legume scaling for development outcomes in Malawi Sunbird Capital Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi Friday, 09th December 2022 LEG4DEV Multistakeholder Research Prioritisation Workshop Report www.leg4dev.org http://www.leg4dev.org/ ∏ ii Figure 1: Legume scaling stakeholders organised across di6erent groups (tables) at the LEG4DEV Legume Scaling for Development Outcomes Multistakeholder Workshop in Lilongwe, Malawi. Authors This LEG4DEV report was drafted and finalized by Ciara Varley, Angharad Johnston, John Recha, Kareem Longwe, Noel Ndlovu, Timalizge Wezi Munthali, Mwala Silumesi, Decolius Kalumo, Remeredzai Oliver Mushangure, Tione Pascal Kaonga, Theresa Kinkese, Caitlin Breen, Isabel McLaughlin, Tinashe Mitchell Mashizha, Adane Tufa, Doreen Munthali, Galina Brychkova, Una Murray, Peter McKeown, Paswel Marenya, Sika Gbegbelegbe, David Chikoye, and Charles Spillane. Citation Johnston A., Varley C., Recha J., Longwe K., Ndlovu N., Munthali T.W., Silumesi M., Kalumo D., Mushangure R.O., Kaonga T.P., Kinkese T., Breen C., McLaughlin I., Mashizha T.M., Tufa, A., Munthali, D., Brychkova G., Murray U., McKeown P.C., Marenya P., Gbegbelegbe S., Chikoye D., and Spillane C. (2024) Research and innovation priorities for enabling legume scaling for development outcomes in Malawi. LEG4DEV Project Multistakeholder Workshop Report, University of Galway, Ireland & IITA Malawi, pp. 1-54. Cover photo caption: Malawi legume stakeholder participants at the LEG4DEV Multistakeholder Research Prioritisation Workshop, Sunbird Capital Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi (Friday, 09th December 2022). Contact Prof. Charles Spillane, LEG4DEV Project Leader, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway H91 REW4, Ireland. E-mail: charles.spillane@universityofgalway.ie Angharad Johnson, LEG4DEV Project Manager, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway H91 REW4, Ireland. E-mail: angharad.johnston@universityofgalway.ie mailto:charles.spillane@universityofgalway.ie mailto:angharad.johnston@universityofgalway.ie ∏ iii Acknowledgements The Scaling Legumes for Development Outcomes (LEG4DEV) research and innovation project is funded by the European Union’s Department of International Partnerships (DG-INTPA) as a Development Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture (DESIRA) project (Project No: FOOD/2020/418-901). The LEG4DEV project is led by the University of Galway, with the following research partners: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Wageningen University and Research (WUR) and University of Hohenheim. The LEG4DEV project would like to thank the IITA Malawi team for their support organising the workshop, and all of the stakeholders who engaged in the workshop for their time, knowledge and participation. About LEG4DEV The LEG4DEV research project aims to accelerate legume-based agroecological intensification of maize and cassava cropping systems in Sub-Saharan Africa for water-food-energy nexus sustainability, nutritional security & livelihood resilience in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zambia & Malawi. It is funded by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for International Partnerships (DG INTPA) Development Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture (DeSIRA) Initiative (Grant Ref: FOOD/2020/418-901). The LEG4DEV research project is led by the University of Galway, in partnership with Wageningen University and Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). leg4dev.org charles.spillane@universityofgalway.ie 𝕏 @LEG4DEV Figure 2: Opening remarks from representatives of (a) the Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS) and (b) Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Malawi, at the LEG4DEV Legume Scaling for Development Outcomes Multistakeholder Workshop in Lilongwe, Malawi. mailto:leg4dev.org mailto:leg4dev.org mailto:charles.spillane@universityofgalway.ie mailto:charles.spillane@universityofgalway.ie ∏ iv Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 2 Background ............................................................................................................... 2 LEG4DEV Project Goal & Work Packages ..................................................................... 2 LEG4DEV Workshop Goal ........................................................................................... 3 Workshop Objectives ................................................................................................. 3 Opening and Closing Remarks .................................................................................... 4 Workshop Methodology ............................................................................................. 5 Workshop Structure and Sessions ................................................................... 5 Data collection and synthesis ......................................................................... 6 Ranked policy and technical research questions for decision-making identified by multistakeholder groups at the LEG4DEV Workshop in Malawi (2022) ........................... 7 Workshop Session 1: Sustainable Production .................................................. 7 Workshop Session 2: Legumes for Nutrition ................................................... 10 Workshop Session 3: Legumes for Water E6iciency ........................................ 12 Workshop Session 4: Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth) ...................................................................... 14 Workshop Session 5: Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth) .................................................................................................................... 16 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 18 Annexes .......................................................................................................................... 19 Annex 1 – LEG4DEV (Malawi) Workshop Agenda ........................................................ 19 Annex 2 – LEG4DEV (Malawi) Workshop Participants ................................................. 23 Annex 3 - Research Prioritisation Questions / Topics identified by stakeholders in LEG4DEV Malawi Multistakeholder Workshop ........................................................... 31 Workshop Session 1: Sustainable Production of Legumes .............................. 31 Workshop Session 2: Legumes for Nutrition ................................................... 37 Workshop Session 3: Legumes and Water E6iciency ...................................... 43 Workshop Session 4: Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth) ...................................................................... 47 Workshop Session 5: Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth) .................................................................................................................... 51 ∏ v Tables Table 1: LEG4DEV project work packages…………...…………………………………………………………. 3 Table 2(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic 'Sustainable Production' identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)..………………. 7 Table 2(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic 'Sustainable Production' identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)…………………….………….… 9 Table 3(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes for Nutrition’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)……………….…………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 10 Table 3(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes for Nutrition’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)……………………………..…… 11 Table 4(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes for Water Use E6iciency’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table) aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 Table 4(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes for Water Use E6iciency’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)..…. 13 Table 5(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth)’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)……….……………………………………………………..…… 14 Table 5(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth)’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)…………………………………………..……… 15 Table 6(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth)’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)…………………………………………………………………………….………… 16 ∏ vi Figure 3: Participant proving their group’s inputs during plenary session at the LEG4DEV Multistakeholder Workshop in Malawi. Table 6(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth)’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority)……………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 17 ∏ vii Figure 4: Participants work together to identify technical and research priorities for legume scaling in Malawi at the LEG4DEV Multistakeholder Workshop. Acronyms AIP A6ordable Inputs Programme CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center DAES Department of Agricultural Extension Services, Malawi DARS Department of Agricultural Research Services, Malawi LUANAR Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources LEG4DEV Legumes for Development Project MBS Malawi Bureau of Standards MUST Mzuzu University of Science and Technology NASFAM National Smallholder Farmers Association of Malawi NCST National Commission for Science and Technology, Malawi NEEF National Economic Empowerment Fund PICSA Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SME Small or Medium-sized Enterprise WUR Wageningen University and Research 1 1 Figure 5: LEG4DEV PhD researcher supports and facilitates discussion and research priority ranking (on legumes for health and nutrition) of Malawian stakeholders. Executive Summary Legumes are critical to agriculture, food security and economic development in Malawi. The EU- funded LEG4DEV project is conducting research & innovation activities with scaling partners in Malawi to enable them to more e6ectively scale legumes for development outcomes (productivity, health & nutrition, sustainability, livelihood security). Following an intensive schedule of bilateral meetings with stakeholders and potential scaling partners in Malawi, the LEG4DEV project organised and ran a “Legumes for Development” multistakeholder research prioritisation workshop on December 09th 2022, in Lilongwe, Malawi (Annex 1). The LEG4DEV Multistakeholder workshop was held at Lilongwe’s Sunbird Capital Hotel and was opened by Mr. David Kamangira from the Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), on behalf of the Malawi Ministry of Agriculture. He highlighted the importance of legume scaling to national development goals of Malawi in relation to agricultural productivity, health & nutrition, sustainability and livelihoods. The LEG4DEV Multistakeholder Malawi workshop was attended by 82 attendees from government, research organisations, universities, donors, NGOs, farmers organisations and companies (Annex 2). The workshop was organised around the six work packages of the LEG4DEV project where workshop participants worked in interdisciplinary teams to identify their highest priority research questions (both technical and policy/institutional) that the LEG4DEV project research could focus on in Malawi to better enable legume scaling at the national level. 2 2 Overview Background The LEG4DEV project aims to conduct research to support legume-based agroecological intensification of maize and cassava cropping systems of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa for water-food-energy nexus sustainability, nutritional security & livelihood resilience in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zambia & Malawi. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), legumes are widely used as an intercrop in maize and cassava systems and are also significant sources of income for women. Rain-fed legume-maize and legume-cassava cropping systems can boost smallholder productivity and reverse declines in soil fertility. Both yields and adoption rates of leguminous crops remain low a across countries in SSA despite their potential role in improving nutrition, soil health, income, and food security. The LEG4DEV project is led by the University of Galway Ireland, with partner organisations Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), University of Hohenheim, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). The LEG4DEV project is funded by the European Union’s DG INTPA DeSIRA Program. To ensure that the research activities of the LEG4DEV project are needs-driven and aligned with national priorities and plans, the LEG4DEV multistakeholder workshop facilitated stakeholders involved in legume systems in Malawi to work together in groups to identify research gaps and priorities that can inform the research activities of the LEG4DEV project (Annex 1). The stakeholder research prioritisation informs the LEG4DEV project to help ensure that research outputs will be of use to “next user” organisations, enabling them to better support their scaling of legumes for development outcomes Malawi. LEG4DEV Project Goal & Work Packages The LEG4DEV research and innovation project goal is to promote scaling of legume-based agroecological intensification of smallholder maize and cassava cropping systems in SSA for water-food-energy nexus sustainability that enables food security and livelihood resilience. The LEG4DEV research project conducts research related to scaling legumes for development outcomes under six work packages (Table 1). 3 3 LEG4DEV Workshop Goal The goal of the LEG4DEV Multistakeholder Workshop was to facilitate stakeholders engaged in legume-based agricultural and food systems in Malawi to work together to identify and prioritise research priorities for enabling scaling of legumes for development outcomes in Malawi. Workshop Objectives The three workshop objectives were: 1. Introduce LEG4DEV research/innovation project to Malawian partners. 2. Identify related projects/programmes that are implemented by partners. 3. Explore potential collaboration & synergies with scaling partners for sustainable impact. Table 1: LEG4DEV Work Packages (WPs). Work Package Work Package Description WP1 Legume-based agroecological intensification scaling for climate-resilient productivity. WP2 Legume-based agroecological intensification scaling for food & nutrition security. WP3 Legume-based agroecological intensification scaling for water use e6iciency. WP4 Rural energy and labour-e6iciency transformation pathways for legume-based agroecological intensification. WP5 Legume-derived enterprises and employment for more resilient rural bio- economies. WP6 Identification of policy & institutional options for transformative scaling of legume-based agroecological intensification for enhanced livelihoods and resilience. 4 4 Opening and Closing Remarks The workshop was opened by Mr. David Kamangira from the Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS) of the Malawian Ministry of Agriculture. He highlighted the importance of legume scaling to national development goals of Malawi in relation to agricultural productivity, health and nutrition, sustainability and livelihoods. Dr. David Chikoye from IITA and LEG4DEV Co-Investigator opened the workshop, noting that “’The scaling of legumes enabled by the LEG4DEV project can improve agriculture and food systems in several ways, including increasing farmers’ incomes, improve nutrition and contributing residual nitrogen to staple crops grown with legumes. Legumes can be considered as “green gold where the LEG4DEV research project aims not to reinvent the wheel but instead to do research that makes the wheels of scaling turn faster”’. Marco Vacirca from the EU Delegation to Malawi further stressed that “LEG4DEV is coherent with Malawi 2063 objective of agricultural commercialization and aligned with the priority areas of partnership between EU and the Government of Malawi. EU considers legume value chain strategic for the development of Malawi, indeed, over the past six years, EU has substantially financed the legume value chains, and this will remain a priority in EU future programs. He also called for the Malawi government to speed up the formal approval process of the innovations and technologies designed and experimented at research stations, in order for extension services to be able to disseminate formally the new wealth of knowledge available. “ The Irish Ambassador to Malawi, Seamus O’Grady also addressed the workshop highlighted the importance of the agriculture sector to food security and the economy of Malawi, where commercialisation of agriculture will help grow the economy. He welcomed that LEG4DEV researchers are working with legume scaling partners from across the private and public sector in Malawi to address knowledge gaps that hinder transformation of agricultural and food systems. An opening presentation was given by Prof. Charles Spillane (University of Galway), the Project Leader of the LEG4DEV Project. During his opening presentation Prof. Spillane indicated that “There is a need to accelerate the adoption, production and consumption of legumes and legume-based foods for a range of national development outcomes. These include higher and climate resilient yields, improved diet and nutrition, diversification, water use e6iciency, legume- based businesses, employment, income and exports. The EU-funded LEG4DEV project will conduct multidisciplinary research & innovation with scaling partners to help accelerate their scaling of legumes”. 5 5 Workshop Methodology Workshop Structure and Sessions The LEG4DEV research prioritisation workshop was designed to facilitate in-depth, interactive and collaborative discussions on research priorities among key stakeholders involved in legume- based agriculture and food systems in Malawi. The workshop was organised into five main sessions based around the LEG4DEV work packages. 1. Session 1: Sustainable Production of Legumes 2. Session 2: Legumes for Nutrition 3. Session 3: Legumes and Water E6iciency 4. Session 4: Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth) 5. Session 5: Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth) For each of these topics, the participants considered key research priorities that were either of (a) a technical nature or (b) relating to policies and institutions. Each group discussed, identified and prioritised by consensus the research and innovation priorities (technical, policy) for enabling scaling of legumes for development outcomes in Malawi. To ensure a comprehensive exploration of each topic and captive di6erent perspectives, the workshop invitees were carefully selected in advance from the LEG4DEV multistakeholder database for Malawi. At the workshop, the attendees were randomly assigned to di6erent table groups, with each table representing (i.e. mixing) a cross-section of stakeholders, including representatives from government, UN agencies, private sector, farmer organisations, universities, research organisations, NGOs, and civil society. To facilitate interdisciplinary and intersectoral discussions and consensus building, each group was comprised of a mix of participants from di6erent organisations and sectors. Figure 6: LEG4DEV PhD researcher enters the priority ranking of a Malawian legume stakeholder group on the topic of legume enterprises and entrepreneurship. 6 6 Data collection and synthesis Workshop participants were assigned randomly to a group (table). To generate multidisciplinary discussion, communication and consensus-building, each group aimed to have representation from government, UN agencies, private sector, farmer organisations, universities, research organisations, NGOs, and civil society. Each participant shared their perspectives on key research questions related to technical and policy aspects of the workshop session topic. Facilitated by the LEG4DEV researchers from the region, using sticky notes and flipcharts, the stakeholder participants in each group first identified and then ranked the research priorities for scaling legume production for development outcomes in Malawi. Research questions/areas (knowledge gaps) were classified as either ‘Technical’ or ‘Policy/Institutional’ and ranked as ‘High’, ‘Medium’ or ‘Low’ priority. This exercise was repeated across each of the workshop session topics, by each group (table) for each of the LEG4DEV work package topics. The research questions (informed by knowledge gaps) from each group were ranked numerically from 1 to n according to the placement of the sticky note in relation to the priority ranking on the flip chart (1 = highest priority, n= lowest priority). In some instances, research questions/topics were ranked at the same level on the flipcharts. The sticky note prioritisation on the flipcharts from each group (Table) were transcribed into Tables where the highest to lowest priorities under either ‘Technical’ or ‘Policy/Institutional’ were ranked (Annex 3, Tables 3.1.1 to 3.5.2). In the instances where research questions/areas were ranked at the same level on the flipcharts, these had the same score. From these results, the weighted ‘Technical’ or ‘Policy/Institutional’ research questions and knowledge gaps was generated for each work package from across all groups (First priority=1, Second priority = 0.5, Third priority=0.25, Fourth priority = 0.125, Fifth priority = 0.0625). The mean weight of the ‘Technical’ or ‘Policy/Institutional’ research priorities was then calculated and ranked from highest to lowest for each work package (See Tables 2(a) – 6(b)). Using this approach, it was possible to generate an overall synthesis of the multistakeholder research priorities for scaling of legumes for development outcomes in Malawi. Figure 7: Legume stakeholders listen to session instructions before generating ideas at a workshop session at the LEG4DEV Multistakeholder workshop in Lilongwe, Malawi. 7 7 Ranked policy and technical research questions for decision-making identified by multistakeholder groups at the LEG4DEV Workshop in Malawi (2022) Workshop Session 1: Sustainable Production Table 2(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic 'Sustainable Production' identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Technical) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Breeding New Legume Varieties for Increased Productivity 1.75 1 Integrated Pest Management 1 2 Crop and Inoculant Market Models 0.75 3 Agroecological Mapping 0.75 3 Labour Saving Technology 0.5 4 Integrated Soil Management 0.5 4 8 8 Downscaling Climate Models 0.25 5 Access to Weather Data and Services 0.25 5 9 9 Table 2(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic 'Sustainable Production' identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Policy) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Scaling of Improved Legume Crop Varieties 1.25 1 Monitoring Outcomes of Agricultural Input Programs 1 2 Awareness and Access to Options and Services 0.5 3 Market Models and Regulatory Frameworks 0.5 3 Institutional capacity assessments 0.5 3 Legumes in Food Options 0.25 4 Enforcement of Policy and Legislation 0.25 4 Institutional Access to Research Data 0.25 4 10 10 Workshop Session 2: Legumes for Nutrition Table 3(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes for Nutrition’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Technical) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Perception and Awareness of Legume-based Food Products 5 1 Aflatoxin Management Tools & Technologies 4 2 Harvesting & Processing for Increased Nutritional Value 2 3 Diversifying Legume Based Foods 1 4 Market Models for Nutrition 1 4 Crop Breeding for Nutritional Properties/Outcomes 1 4 Household Consumption Data/Mapping 1 4 Biofortification 1 4 Economic Modelling 1 4 11 11 Table 3(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes for Nutrition’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Policy) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Promoting Household Consumption 2 1 School Based Nutrition Programs 2 1 Strengthening Ministerial Collaboration 1 2 Evidence Based Aflatoxin Management 1 2 Market Modelling of Production vs. Consumption 1 2 Public vs. Private Investment Data 1 2 12 12 Workshop Session 3: Legumes for Water EDiciency Table 4(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes for Water Use E6iciency’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table) aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Technical) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Data & Outcomes of Drought Tolerant Crop Breeding 2 1 Labour Saving Technology for Productivity Outcomes 1 2 Access to Labour Saving Tools & Technology 1 2 Drivers and Determinants of Labour-Saving Technology 1 2 WUE E6iciency Outcomes of Intercropping 1 2 Scaling WUE Technologies & Options 1 2 Solar Power Technologies 1 2 Land Use Change from Tobacco Production 1 2 13 13 Table 4(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes for Water Use E6iciency’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Policy) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Outcomes of Policy for Local Manufacturing 1 1 Solar Power Technologies 1 1 WUE E6iciency Outcomes of Intercropping 1 1 Diversification of Power Sources in Rural Areas 1 1 14 14 Workshop Session 4: Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth) Table 5(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth)’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Technical) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Post Harvest Processing for Improved Grain Quality 1 1 Outcomes of Subsidising farm machinery 1 1 Access to Energy for Rural Communities 1 1 Energy and Labour Inputs for Cooking Options 1 1 Energy E6icient Legume Varieties 1 1 Legumes as Bio-Energy Source 1 1 15 15 Table 5(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth)’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Policy) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Enforcement and Regulation of Policy 1 1 16 16 Workshop Session 5: Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth) Table 6(a): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Technical) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth)’ identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Technical) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Market Modelling 2 1 Barriers & Opportunities of Legumes Based Value Chains 1 2 Child Labour of Legume Based Enterprises 1 2 Assessing Skills Gaps of Legume Based Enterprises 1 2 Gender Based Outcomes of Marketing 1 2 Enhancing participation of Women & Youth in Legume Based Enterprises 1 2 17 17 Table 6(b): Overall multistakeholder prioritised research questions/topics (Policy) related to the LEG4DEV work package topic ‘Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth)’identified by each assigned stakeholder group table aggregated for the overall workshop (i.e. Overall Priority). Research Questions (Policy) Cumulative Ranking (Sum) Overall Workshop Ranking Incentivised Policy Options for Legumes Based Enterprises 2 1 Access to Financing Models 2 1 Business Development Services 1 2 18 18 Conclusions To accelerate scaling of legumes for development outcomes in Malawi, a multi-disciplinary multi- stakeholder approach based on joined up prioritisation, planning and implementation of legume scaling is key. The goal of the LEG4DEV multistakeholder workshop was to enable Malawi’s “legume system” stakeholders to engage in joint planning and prioritization of research necessary to inform and enable improved scaling of legumes for development outcomes in Malawi (by scaling partners, many of whom participated in the workshop). During the week preceding the stakeholder workshop, the LEG4DEV project team engaged in multiple bilateral meetings with legume system stakeholders and potential scaling partners, to identify ongoing legume scaling activities, needs and opportunities in Malawi. The invited participants for the LEG4DEV Multistakeholder Workshop in Lilongwe were deliberately chosen from the LEG4DEV Legume Stakeholder Database for Malawi to represent diverse perspectives and sectors. A key goal of the workshop was to facilitate legume system stakeholders in Malawi to engage in discussion to identify consensus on priority research questions to fill knowledge gaps limiting accelerated and more impactful legume scaling in Malawi. In particular, the workshop process facilitated networking and sharing of perspectives across di6erent stakeholders, ministries and sectors, where each group worked to achieve consensus on the highest priority research questions/areas of both a technical and policy nature. The LEG4DEV Multistakeholder Workshop (Malawi) serves as a reference point which identifies the prioritised research needs of the legume-scaling community of practice in Malawi, which can inform research projects and programs, including the LEG4DEV research project. The LEG4DEV project is taking the research priorities identified as a basis for informing its research activities conducted in partnership with scaling partners in Malawi, so that the project can generate research outputs that can be used by scaling partners to enable them to better scale legumes in Malawi for development outcomes. The LEG4DEV project extends its thanks to all participants and their stakeholder organisations for their time and invaluable contributions to identify the research priority portfolio that the workshop generated. The LEG4DEV project is committed to working further with stakeholders and scaling partners to conduct the research that has been identified as a priority. Figure 8: Legume stakeholders at the LEG4DEV Multistakeholder workshop in Lilongwe, Malawi. 19 19 Annexes Annex 1 – LEG4DEV (Malawi) Workshop Agenda Legume-based agroecological intensification of maize and cassava cropping systems in Sub-Saharan Africa for water-food-energy nexus sustainability, nutritional, security & livelihood resilience in Malawi MULTISTAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP Venue: Sunbird Capital Hotel Lilongwe Dates: 9th December 2022 Workshop objectives 1. Introduce LEG4DEV research/innovation project to Malawi partners 2. Get to know the related projects/programmes that are implemented by partners. 3. Explore potential collaboration for with partners for sustainable impact. TIME TOPICS/ACTIVITIES RESPONSBILE Friday, 30 September 2022 8:30 - 9:00 am Arrival and Registration IITA 9:00- 9:10am Workshop objectives and programme Introduction of workshop Participants Dr. John Recha (ILRI) 9:10 - 9:30 am Opening remarks by IITA - Southern Africa Hub Dr. David Chikoye (IITA) 20 20 Opening remarks by the Embassy of Ireland Irish Embassy Opening remarks by the Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Malawi EU Delegation to Malawi 9:30 - 9:45 am Opening remarks by the Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi 9:45 – 10:00am Introducing LEG4DEV research/innovation project to Malawi stakeholders Prof. Charles Spillane (University of Galway) 10:00-10.30 PHOTO SESSION AND HEALTH BREAK IITA and University of Galway 10.30-11.20AM Session 1. WP1 –legumes resilient productivity Current status of activities on resilient productivity (sustainable production) of legumes Barriers and opportunities for resilient productivity (sustainable production) of legumes Relevant policies, institutions, and platforms for resilient productivity (sustainable production) of legumes ILRI IITA University of Galway 11:20AM - 12:10PM Session 2. WP2 – legumes for nutrition security Current status of activities on legumes for nutrition Barriers and opportunities for legumes for nutrition Relevant policies, institutions, and platforms for legumes for nutrition ILRI IITA University of Galway 21 21 12:10-1:00PM Plenary discussions for Sustainable production and Legumes for nutrition ILRI, IITA and University of Galway 1.00-2.00pm LUNCH All 2.00-2.30pm Session 3.WP3 – legumes and water use e6iciency Current status of activities on legumes and water use e6iciency Barriers and opportunities for legumes and water use e6iciency Relevant policies, institutions, and platforms for legumes and water use e6iciency ILRI IITA University of Galway 2.30-3.00pm Session 4. WP4&5– Rural energy and labour-e6iciency transformation pathways Current status of activities on rural energy and labour- e6iciency transformation pathways Barriers and opportunities for rural energy and labour- e6iciency transformation pathways Relevant policies, institutions, and platforms for rural energy and labour-e6iciency transformation pathways ILRI IITA University of Galway Pick co6ee and continue with discussions 3:00-3:30pm Session 5.WP5 – Legume-based enterprises and employment (women and youth) Current status of activities on legume-based enterprise development and employment Barriers and opportunities for legume-based enterprise development and employment ILRI IITA University of Galway 22 22 Relevant policies, institutions, and platforms for legume- based enterprise development and employment 3:30-4.00PM Plenary discussions for Sessions 3-5 4.00-4:30 pm Summary, next steps, and meeting closure ILRI, IITA and University of Galway 4:30 pm End of Inception Workshop 23 23 Annex 2 – LEG4DEV (Malawi) Workshop Participants # Name Organisation Position 1 Theresa Kinkese University of Galway LEG4DEV PhD Researcher 2 Mwala Silumesi University of Galway LEG4DEV PhD Researcher 3 John Recha International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) LEG4DEV Research Scientist 4 Galina Brychkova University of Galway Lecturer 5 Charles Spillane University of Galway Professor / LEG4DEV Project Leader 6 Tione Kaonga University of Galway LEG4DEV PhD Researcher 7 Rabi Parhi United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 8 Ashenafi Tariku University of Galway MScCCAFS Student 9 Noel Ndlovu University of Galway LEG4DEV PhD Researcher 10 Ian Saini Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) Agronomy Lecturer 24 24 11 Charles Changalala Transforming Agriculture Through Diversification and Entrepreneurship Programme (TRADE) Programme, Malawi Commodity Specialist 12 Tima Munthali University of Galway LEG4DEV PhD Researcher 13 Yoba Kachiwaudo Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services of Malawi (DCCMS) Program Manager 14 Prince Banda Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services of Malawi (DCCM) Driver 15 Remeredzai Oliver Mushangure University of Galway LEG4DEV PhD Researcher 16 Hilda Mulero Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Technical Advisor 17 David Kamangira Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Malawi Senior Deputy Director 18 Joyce Njoloma Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF) Associate Researcher 19 Trevor Nyondo Media Camera man 20 Wilson Nkhata Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT Scientist 25 25 21 Upile Muharina Department of Agriculture Extension Services (DAES), Malawi Communication and Knowledge Manager 22 Yaona Mtonga Pyxus Agriculture Crop Pillar 23 Benjamin Magombo Pyxus Agriculture Groundnuts Coordinator 24 Chikondi Amos Mtera Total Land Care Climate Smart Agriculture Specialist 25 Sika Gbegbelegbe International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Agriculture Economist 26 Mazvita Chiduwa International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Associate Systems Agronomist 27 Ivy Mwai Vale Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) Malawi M&E Coordinator 28 Brave Chirusu Farming and Engineering Services (FES), Malawi Sales 29 Leonard Jalazi Page 6 Media Camera man 30 Sangayemwe Kausiwa Farmers Union of Malawi (FUM) Program Ogicer 31 Isabel McLaughlin University of Galway LEG4DEV Communications Ogicer 26 26 32 Ida Mwato Department of Crop Development (DCD), Malawi Deputy Director 33 Martha Kuphange World Vision Malawi Programme Ogicer 34 Suzanne Elder Concern Worldwide Programme Director 35 Aone Kumwenda Department of Crop Development (DCD), Malawi Agricultural Ogicer 36 Una Murray University of Galway Lecturer 37 Vemon Kabambe Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) Professor 38 Winston Fulu Seed Co Production 39 Esnart Yohane Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Malawi Scientist 40 Mphatso Dakaman Foundation for a Smoke-Free World - Agricultural Transformation Initiative (FSFW-ATI) Program Manager 41 Florence Ngwira Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Malawi Agronomist 42 Andre Jamali National Planning Commission (NPC), Malawi RM 27 27 43 Ruth Magaleta Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Chitedze, Malawi Scientist 44 Lloyd Liwimbi Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Chitedze, Malawi Scientist 45 Lawrence Munthali Trocaire Programme Specialist 46 Madalitso Chidumu World Food Programme (WFP) Consultant 47 Madalitso Mvula Page 6 Media Consultant 48 Willies Mwandira Water and Environment Sanitation Network (WESNET), Malawi Executive Director 49 Lawrent Pungulani Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Chitedze, Malawi 50 Tawina Mbalu Malawi Investment and Trade Centre (MITC) Manager 51 Justor Chintu Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Chitedze, Malawi 52 Victor Luhanga Seed Co Production Manager 53 D.Kamalingo Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Malawi 28 28 54 A.Mtonga Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Malawi 55 Dellings Phiri Harvest Plus, Malawi Country Manager 56 Alfred Tsitsi Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Project Manager 57 Jonathan Atkisons Farm Services Unit (FSU), Malawi Project Manager 58 Stanley Mazani Centre for Youth and Children's Agairs (CEYCA), Malawi Program Ogicer 59 Pacsu Simwaka Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Malawi Agronomist 60 Roudolph Farmers Union of Malawi (FUM) Program Ogicer 61 Ibrahim Benesi Multi-Seed Company Limited (MUSECO) CEO 62 Memory Makiyoni National Association of Smallholder Farmers (NASFAM), Malawi 63 Mahesh Ghedia Sungold Food Processing Ltd, Malawi Managing Director 64 Adane Tufa International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Agriculture Economist 29 29 65 Marco Vacirca Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Malawi Program Manager Rural Development 66 John Gait Pyxus Agriculture Commercial Agriculture Manager 67 Annie Matiti Transforming Agriculture Through Diversification and Entrepreneurship Programme (TRADE) Commodity Specialist 68 Decolius Kalumo University of Galway LEG4DEV PhD Researcher 69 David Chikoye International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Director 70 Horace Nyaka Page 6 Media Communications Consultant 71 Frank Kamanga National Planning Commission (NPC), Malawi Research Ogicer 72 Elizabeth Desai International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Finance Ogicer 73 Doreen Munthali International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Admin Ogicer 74 Thokozire Phiri International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Admin Ogicer 30 30 75 Luwatiko Magipa International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Driver 76 D.Mlongoti International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Driver 77 P.kalenga International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Driver 78 Kareem Longwe University of Galway LEG4DEV PhD Researcher 79 Thokozani Kalanje Concern Worldwide Program Manager 80 Boniface Msheck Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) Malawi Driver 81 Mike Mwenda Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Malawi Driver 82 Jacob Kumwenda Agricultural Commodity Exchange for Africa (ACE), Malawi Project Manager 31 31 Annex 3 - Research Prioritisation Questions / Topics identified by stakeholders in LEG4DEV Malawi Multistakeholder Workshop Workshop Session 1: Sustainable Production of Legumes Table 3.1.1: Aggregated ranking by stakeholders of (a) technical and (b) policy & institutional research questions and knowledge gaps for ‘Sustainable Production of Legumes’ based on the location of the sticky note on the flipchart (i.e. in high, medium or low priority sections) of each group/table. Research Questions Rank Technical Policy & Institutional High Breeding more legume varieties Upscaling already released varieties To what extent does Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in legumes reduce the occurrence of pest and diseases? How does agriculture input programme increase production of legumes. Develop labour saving technologies for the whole value chains Awareness creation How does integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) improve legume production? Possibilities of including legumes in AIP Prediction of seed and inoculant demand from year to year How to enforce seed production and marketing policies and regulations Developing/identifying legume varieties that are early maturing, high yielding, and drought tolerant Identifying a legume market regulatory structure Can improved genetics increase productivity in legumes? What policy shift should be recommended to move away from reliance on smallholder production to that of commercial farmer based production? How to develop di6erent legume varieties that are compatible with di6erent cropping systems and agroecological zones Conduct institutional capacity assessment for legumes 32 32 Develop appropriate practices based on agroecological zones specific to agronomic practices Perform analysis on legumes What kind of varieties does the market need? Guidelines for climate research, Does DARS have guidelines on agricultural climate research? Are they shared with partners? Evaluate and recommend drought tolerant varieties What are the existing guidelines towards agricultural climate productivity in legumes? Landscape study of Malawi across all work packages Scaling of di6erent technologies under di6erent smallholder agro-ecological context (including use of inoculant) Downscaling weather forecast to all districts Farmer understanding of weather forecast information How can we improve access to climate resilient crop species/varieties/seed Medium To what extent does correct seed planting system for groundnuts a6ect production? What is the nature of incentives that can lead to adoption of technologies for legume production by farmers ? Mapping of agro-ecological zones for legumes What policy can be put in place to regulate prioritization of legume production in Malawi? Level of pest attack in monocrop vs mixed cropping and time of planting Are the current agricultural policy and strategies explicit on legume commercialization and marketing? Identification of the best scalable irrigation technologies for legumes What would be the most e6ective IPM strategy on beans/soya/groundnuts? Developing low-cost labour-saving technologies Study on how to coordinate similar e6orts of di6erent institutions 33 33 What factors are a6ecting adoption of technological innovation related to legume production? Study on the relevance of platforms in the scaling of legumes What agricultural practices would reduce pests and disease impact without the use of chemicals? What are the most appropriate methods to deliver forecast information to farmers? Are the cooperatives and clubs the way to go in legume production? What soil management options can be employed in maximising production? Are inoculants important in maximising legume production? Study on the relevance and quality of trainings related to legume based intensification Study on pre and post-harvest losses Do farmers use the meteorological data information Improve the weather forecasting tools (skills) for increased confidence levels and model fine tuning for forecasting Low How can we increase access and development of early generation seed for legumes? Use AIP to enhance adoption of other water conserving technologies 34 34 Table 3.1.2: Aggregated identification by stakeholders of ‘Sustainable Production of Legumes’ based barriers and opportunities for legume scaling in Malawi. Barriers and Opportunities to Scaling Legumes Barriers No of times indicated by stakeholder group Opportunities No of times indicated by stakeholder group Climate change e6ects/ poor rainfall 7 Increased demand for legumes nationally and regional markets. 5 Climate change e6ects/ poor rainfall 6 Early and mid-maturing/ improved varieties for legumes 4 Inadequate/unreliable market outlets. 5 Availability of labour- saving opportunities/ new technologies to enhance productivity 3 Poor agronomic practices/ Low adoption of improved agricultural technologies/ bio inoculants/ practices e.g. IPM 5 Availability of high yielding varieties/ improved varieties (soybean) 2 Small landholding sizes/ limited access to land 5 Soil health – low ph., low organic matter 2 Limited knowledge on legume production by farmers 4 Rise in demand for oilseeds by processors 2 Pest and diseases 4 Population growth 2 Low soil fertility/ degraded soil 3 Formation of farmers groups (coops and associations) involved in production of legumes 2 Limited/lack of mechanization. 2 More women are already engaged in legume production/ more entrepreneurial opportunities for women 2 Biased policy that support food crop (Maize) 2 Government and NGO advocacy for crop and 2 35 35 dietary diversification to include legumes. Perceived high prices of seeds/ increasing production costs 2 Unmet demand for bio inoculants/ possibility for packets, included with legume seed 2 Selling of fake inoculants/seed/inputs 2 Limited winter/irrigated production/ government e6orts to construct irrigation systems 2 Farmers priorities – legumes are not the primary crop 2 Seed certification systems in place, bring confidence on seed quality 2 Aflatoxin contamination 2 Opportunity to develop gender sensitive machinery addressing labour saving. 1 Lack of market information. 1 Availability of seed companies involved in the supply of certified seed. 1 Lack of capital i.e. if a farmer has to use certified seed. 1 A lot of investment by private sector on legumes has created legume market. 1 Lack of capacity of farmers organisations 1 Availability or support of vibrant research on legumes. 1 Perception that no fertilizer needed on legumes 1 Inclusion of value addition for legumes in the agriculture policy. 1 Unpredictable demand for inoculants and improved seed 1 Distribution systems for both inoculants and improved seed 1 High post-harvest losses 1 Inactivity of the legume development trust 1 Issues with seed handling and management 1 Crushing of tobacco markets 1 Overreliance on growing the crop to smallholder farmers, rather than going commercial to scale up 1 High cost of inputs is driving farmers to abandon the production of high- 1 36 36 input requirement crops such as cereals. Lack of access to extension services 1 Increase in the number of o6-takers 1 Low yields due to long maturity varieties 1 Changes in consumption patterns 1 Good policy environment 1 Farmers already practice crop intensification 1 Ability of development partners to finance legumes 1 E-PICSA (Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture) tool available for farmers 1 Existence of decentralised extension system 1 37 37 Workshop Session 2: Legumes for Nutrition Table 3.2.1: Aggregated ranking of (a) technical and (b) policy & institutional research questions and knowledge gaps for ‘Legumes for Nutrition’ based on the location of the sticky note on the flipchart (i.e. in high, medium or low priority sections). Research Questions Rank Policy & Institutional Policy & Institutional High E6ect of processing on nutrient composition Promoting di6erent legume recipes at a household level Survey to understand legume diversity Promoting consumption of legumes though consumer awareness campaigns Assess perception or local knowledge on underutilised legumes Nutrition education messages targeting the schools e.g. school feeding program and the entire population Develop legume based recipes Strengthen collaboration among Ministries to ensure proper packaging of nutrition messages Aflatoxin management awareness technologies Action by the government to support the development of legumes - processing Intensify on proper crop management and post-harvest handling to prevent aflatoxin contamination Study the best implementation method for aflatoxin contamination regulation Detection of aflatoxin at field level (low cost equipment) What policy recommendation is required for the government to enhance uptake of biofortified and other nutrient dense legumes in schools? Identify best models for promoting biofortified legume varieties How has commercialisation drive a6ected legume consumption and production Assessment of market linkages/market systems in relation to nutrition Economic analysis of public and private sector investments in legumes (Including factors which make legume prices high on market for households) 38 38 How can we reach out to farmers on aflatoxin management? What is the nutritional composition of various legume grain crops? What agronomic cropping considerations should be recommended for increased micronutrient content in the legume?(agronomic biofortification) How farmers are utilising legumes at household level ? How to biofortify other legumes? Currently its only beans. Systematic review of literature of what …….. On legumes already Economic analysis on consuming legumes at a household level Level of awareness on nutrition benefits for household consumption of legume crops? Level of awareness of nutritive value of biofortified crops (E.g. you cannot see Fe of Zinc in seed using your eyes Medium Develop recipes for International markets The roles of di6erent players in the legume value chain for nutrition Food safety should be well regulated Regulating the certification of bio- products by MBS Develop recipes for use at household level Soybean innovation lab to promote productivity of soybean formed by F+F Possibility of bio fortified soybean, cowpeas, groundnuts and others Legume innovation lab promoting production and consumption of legumes 39 39 Nutrition profiling of legumes Standardisation of Aflatoxins certification in local markets Develop aflatoxin testing kits How does crop seasonality a6ect their contribution to household diet and nutrition How much of each applied nutrient is partitioned to the legume grain? What are the agronomic practices that can reduce aflatoxin levels in legumes? How much of each legume is consumed and sold? How to quantify the value of soya, beans and other legumes are used as feed? Aflatoxin testing methods and a6ordability Post harvest storage of legumes Potential of biofortified legumes beyond beans (Fe + Zn) Low Possibility of mechanical shelling Nutrient profiling of legumes that are promoted in Malawi (labelling on seed package) New storage/drying methods o6ers opportunity to reduce aflatoxin Develop varieties with low anti-nutritional factors Determining the point of farmgate surplus for legume produce for smallholder farming communities 40 40 Nutritional profiling of underutilised legumes such as Bambara Nuts which are mostly grown by women What is the perception of legumes to eat for nutrition at household level Legumes research for soil nutrition, an opportunity for WP1 Legumes for livestock feed nutrition 41 41 Table 3.2.2: Aggregated identification by stakeholders of ‘Legumes for Nutrition’ based barriers and opportunities for legume scaling in Malawi. Barriers and Opportunities to Legumes for Nutrition Barriers Count Opportunities Count Legumes considered a market crop 4 Availability of bio fortified bean varieties – cost e6ective and sustainable way to access nutrients, need for scale up, low availability of seed 4 Limited processing technologies/ utilisation 3 Availability of institutions and projects promoting underutilized legumes e.g. through innovations/recipes 3 Lack of technology to avoid post- harvest losses/ high post-harvest losses 3 Research institutions are available and have capacity to breed biofortified legumes 3 Aflatoxin contamination 3 Training farmers on good agricultural practices (in rural areas specifically) 3 Lack of access to bio-fortified legume varieties/ beans are only biofortified variety 3 Current nutrition policy favouring legumes 3 Lack of identification of high nutritious varieties/ knowledge gap of the nutritional value of legumes 3 Government and NGO e6orts toward promoting legume production and consumption/ school feeding programmes 3 Households domestic recipes/processing and consumption 2 Rise in demand for diverse value-added or processed products – soya pieces 3 Access to legume grains/ legumes are more expensive than cereals 2 Availability of structured export markets/ Opening of markets/creation of free-trade zones 3 Low yields of legumes coupled with low landholding size 1 Emerging small scale food processors 1 42 42 Antinutritional properties/factors 1 Legumes are already in the food system 1 No system to measure micronutrients from biofortified crops 1 Rise in prices for meat-based products 1 Lack of measure for nutrient intake from biofortified crops 1 Drove for Malawi Agenda/Vision 2063 1 Legumes are not widely adaptable to diverse environments(most legumes are too specific to agro ecologies) 1 Population growth 1 Our groundnut local varieties have got low Oleic content. Oleics help increase shelf life of the nut and health nut for human beings. 1 There are platforms for sharing knowledge/ CARE group model structure for educating on & promoting legume consumption 1 Overdependence on cereal for food 1 Seasonality of legume products e6ects productivity and availability 1 Soy becoming a cash crop and men taking over production (gender issue) 1 Recipes not assessed by farmers 1 43 43 Workshop Session 3: Legumes and Water EDiciency Table 3.3.1: Aggregated identification by stakeholders of ‘Legumes and Water E6iciency’ based barriers and opportunities for legume scaling in Malawi. Research Questions Rank Policy & Institutional Policy & Institutional High How do labour saving improve the livelihoods of farmers? How does unfavourable policy a6ect local manufacturing of agriculture spare parts? What level of mechanisation is available for di6erent category of farmers? What are the possibilities of diversifying power in rural setting ? What are the drivers or determinants of labour saving technologies? Solar pumping (best pathways) What is the e6ect of legumes on water use e6iciency in maize or cassava farming systems? Can legume cereal intensification options increase water use e6iciency in legumes production? What are the existing water harvesting technologies that support scaling of legumes ? How does land use change from Tobacco to legumes intercropping with maize or cassava a6ect the water balance? Exploring increased use of solar irrigation What is the water use e6iciency of released drought tolerant legume varieties? What legume genetics(varieties) would adapt to moisture stressed environments? 44 44 What is water use e6iciency necessary for legume production? Medium What tillage systems are suitable for legume water use e6iciency? Policies for government to build dams along the major rivers for irrigation/water harvesting What are the factors a6ecting adoption of in situ water harvesting technologies? Fresh water in abundance Low What are the key considerations in developing an e6ective water harvesting strategy for legume production? 45 45 Table 3.3.2: Aggregated identification by stakeholders of ‘Legumes and Water E6iciency’ based barriers and opportunities for legume scaling in Malawi. Barriers and Opportunities to Legumes for Water-EXiciency Barriers Count Opportunities Count Limited access to quality legume seed/ water e6icient varieties by smallholder farmers 3 Intercropping legumes with maize can increase land productivity & biodiversity, prevent runo6 and provide cover 4 Low soil organic matter/ increase soil erosion due to strong weathering & low vegetation cover (due to livestock) 3 Availability of water harvesting technologies 2 Rainfall variability due to climate change e6ects 2 Availability of research institutions to conduct research and release of technologies on water saving 1 Need for use/adoption of water harvesting techniques 2 Integrated input support programme that include legumes 1 Limited knowledge on water use e6iciency by smallholder farmers 1 Models to assess water use e6iciency are available 1 80% plus of agriculture in Malawi is rain-fed, and this present a risk to the country 1 Legumes can be used as a cover crop 1 Unavailability of data to use in water use e6iciency models 1 Legumes have higher water use e6iciency compared to other crops. With less water you can grow legumes 1 Failure of farmers to realign maize ridges into legumes spacing which are narrower than maize ones 1 Availability of improved agronomic technologies such as double row cropping system and double legume systems 1 Availability of other feeds formulation that may reduce free range grazing, Control livestock feeding on legume residues 1 46 46 Most varieties are dwarf, hence provide cover for the crops and retain moisture 1 Groundnut shells can be used in the formation of biochar, that is the source of carbon for soil amendment and water holding tool 1 47 47 Workshop Session 4: Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth) Table 3.4.1: Aggregated identification by stakeholders of ‘Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth)’ based barriers and opportunities for legume scaling in Malawi. Research Questions Rank Policy & Institutional Policy & Institutional High Design/develop standardised machines to ensure the quality of grains (shelled grains) Finding ways of enforcing the mechanisation policy Determining the impact of incorporating farm machinery into government subsidy programmes Analysis of energy challenges and opportunities at community level Which cropping system is energy and labour e6icient (intercropping or crop rotation) Conduct a study on energy and labour e6iciency cooking methods Analysis of energy e6icient legume varieties Conduct analysis of legume as a source of energy (stem, biogas, briquettes, cow dung) Medium Generating/developing machines suitable for small landholdings 48 48 Assess the impact of farmer organizations on the adoption of mechanization/machinery Assessment of the economic potential and willingness to pay for smallholder farmers towards rural energy saving 49 49 Table 3.4.2: Aggregated identification by stakeholders of ‘Legumes, Labour Saving Approaches and Rural Employment (Women & Youth)’ based barriers and opportunities for legume scaling in Malawi. Barriers and Opportunities to Labour-Saving Approaches Barriers Count Opportunities Count High cost for purchasing and maintaining machines/tools 2 Government interventions/support e.g., AGCOM project 1 After-sale service requirements 1 Potential for farmer collaboration in designing user- friendly tools/machines 1 Small landholding size. If too small, farmers can’t use big machines/equipment 1 Demand for the use of energy- saving machines in agriculture 1 Low availability of quality and durable tools/machines in the remote areas 1 Opportunity for SMEs to venture into the manufacture and sale of tools/machines 2 Reduced quality of the shelled grains/associated losses 1 Policy on mechanisation 1 Some machines are labour intensive to use 1 There are existing relevant institutions ( Malawi Bureau of Standards and Research Institutions) 1 Limited access to extension services on how to use machines 1 Lack of farmer organisations supporting mechanization 1 Lack of specialised machines for processing legumes seeds 1 Over reliance of fuel wood for cooking legumes 1 Farmers selling their nuts in shells 1 50 50 Policy to subsidise cost of specialised machines for smallholder farmers along the value chain 1 Lack of capacity by local fabricators 1 51 51 Workshop Session 5: Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth) Table 3.5.1: Aggregated identification by stakeholders of ‘Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth)’ based barriers and opportunities for legume scaling in Malawi. Research Questions Rank Policy & Institutional Policy & Institutional High Comprehensive analysis of barriers and opportunities of legumes on specific value chains. What policy incentives would drive agro enterprise development? How to enhance the youth and women participation in legume enterprises? How to make agriculture more attractive to the youth and women? Research on child labour in legume based enterprises How to make an education curriculum to address the needs of the industry? Assessing the skills gaps in legume based enterprises Conduct a study on policy incentives - subsidies & insurance, MSME Policy, Cooperative Policy, ITC She Trades Initiatives, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Labour TEVET colleges, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Institute Analysis of the potential of legume production for development of enterprises Business Development Service Providers and incubators - Mhub, UMODZI Consulting Ltd, Growth Africa, Synergy, Agribiz How to develop appropriate legume technologies demanded by the market What partnership models are available for the sector for financing? Impact of gender aspects of marketing on the livelihoods at household level or community level What can be done to improve access to finance for smallholder farmers to access finance for enterprise development? How do we create a market which so that farmers can make long term decisions 52 52 Medium Demand analysis of skill development programmes Improve the laws of the country regarding land ownership Conduct value chain analysis to identify wastages to reduce cost Check (new) policy on women/men access to land, youth enterprises, equity in access How to develop a youth curriculum dashboard Landscape of existing marketing structures vs legume market Low How to create a pipeline of growth oriented legume based enterprises Study on pre and post-harvest losses 53 53 Table 3.5.2: Aggregated identification by stakeholders of ‘Legume-based Enterprise Development (Women & Youth)’ based barriers and opportunities for legume scaling in Malawi. Barriers and Opportunities to Legume Enterprise Barriers Count Opportunities Count Inadequate agro processing industries. 1 Availability of institutions that train startups and link them to financial institutions. 2 Lack of finance/ high costs 3 Availability of institutions that provide loans/grants (NEEF). 3 Lack of business skills both technical and marketing. 2 TEVETA and other entrepreneurship/ empowerment programmes which are training the youth. 2 Behavioural change on the youth and employment. 1 High unemployment of youth 1 Lack of ideas. 1 Availability of commercialisation programs (Trade and AGCOM and donor support) 1 Lack of collaboration between the industry and training institutions. 1 Growing market demand for legumes 1 Lack of organized markets. 3 Favourable policies/ political will 3 Land tenure problems for youth and women 3 Agenda 2063 supports SMEs development and legumes, with specific focus on increasing the legume production 1 Low volume produced 1 Value addition 1 No insurance index for legume 1 Existing cooperatives 1 Lack of social capital (mistrust) 1 Existing cooperatives 1 High seed prices 1 Village savings banks to access finance 1 54 54 Low level of mechanisation and machine utilization 1 Nutrition density presents range of opportunities for utilisation for nutrition sensitive agriculture 1 Legume seed recycling 1 Zero tax-rate for agricultural mechanisation 1 Lack of aggregation centres/ storage facilities 2 Poor road conditions 1 Use of child labour - this should be avoided. 1 Gender aspect of legumes (monopolisation of proceeds by men) 1 Market price fluctuations which make it difficult to make decisions 1 A photo gallery of the LEG4DEV project bilateral meetings and workshop in Malawi in December 2022 is available in a LEG4DEV album on the following Flickr location: LEG4DEV Malawi Inception Week 2022: https://www.flickr.com/photos/196634730@N06/albums/72177720304383254 https://www.flickr.com/photos/196634730@N06/albums/72177720304383254