185© The Author(s) 2026 E. M. Ibeagha-Awemu et al. (eds.), African Livestock Genetic Resources and Sustainable Breeding Strategies, Sustainable Development Goals Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92076-9_5 5African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features Moses Okpeku, Martha N. Bemji, Isidore Houaga, Khaled Fantazi, Liveness J. Banda, Timothy Gondwe, Sebastine Chenyambuga, Sahar A. Elnahta, Doctor M. N. Mthiyane, Shumuye Belay, Tadelle Dessie, Taiye S. Adewumi, and Oliver Hanotte Abstract This chapter introduces indigenous African goats, exploring their origins of domestica- tion, dispersal and distribution across the African continent. The first two sections pro- vide a general overview (Sects. 5.1 and 5.2). The following three sections (Sects. 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5) are devoted to the history of domesti- cation, dispersal and distribution, tracing the journey from the centres of domestication to M. Okpeku (*) Discipline of genetics, School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa e-mail: OkpekuM@ukzn.ac.za M. N. Bemji Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Adzho, Nigeria I. Houaga The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK K. Fantazi Research Division of Animal Production, Algerian National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRAA), Algiers, Algeria L. J. Banda · T. Gondwe Department of Animal Science, Bunda College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi S. Chenyambuga Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania S. A. Elnahta Biotechnology Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt D. M. N. Mthiyane Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, (Mafikeng Campus), Mmabatho, South Africa Food Security and Safety Focus area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa S. Belay Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Tigray, Ethiopia T. Dessie International Livestock Research Institute, Livestock Genetics, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia T. S. Adewumi Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Adzho, Nigeria O. Hanotte International Livestock Research Institute, Livestock Genetics, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/978-3-031-92076-9_5&domain=pdf https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92076-9_5#DOI mailto:OkpekuM@ukzn.ac.za 186 their present-day locations. Section 5.5 focuses on the characterisation of available genetic diversity, categorising goats into three major groups: indigenous, exotic and compos- ite breeds. Each subsection examines the origin, distribution, classification, physical characteristics, adaptive characteristics and production characteristics of named breeds. Section 5.6 discusses the characterisation of genetic diversity in African goats. It highlights the role of modern molecular markers in the characterisation of genetic diversity and the utilisation of known gene regions to under- stand adaptation, physiology and production functions in goats. Section 5.7 presents an overview of indigenous knowledge on the util- isation of various goat products. The chapter concludes with a future outlook (Sect. 5.8) on African goat genetic resources, utilisation and potential conservation strategies for the pres- ent and future. Keywords Africa · goat · genetic resources · diversity · characterisation 5.1 � Introduction Africa is home to the largest animal diversity on earth, with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for the majority of this diversity (UNEP-WCMC, IUCN 2016; Chapman et al. 2022). Goats are a ubiqui- tous animal genetic resource found across the globe (Stella et al. 2018), and Africa is the second largest home to goats in the world, accounting for 36.4% of live animals, with total goat meat and milk production estimated at 1,082,120.07 tonnes (23.4%) and 3,674,644.96 tonnes (23.1%), respectively (FAOSTAT 2019). Nigeria, Sudan, Chad and Kenya are key producers of goats on the continent, bringing them into the rank of ten top producers in the world (FAOSTAT 2019). African goats are referred to as ‘the poor man’s cow’ (Steele 2006) because of their impor- tant roles in rural agricultural systems. They fea- ture conspicuously in the economy of most nations of the world, particularly in the rural poor agricultural systems where they are kept for food and their roles in the sociocultural and financial security of their keepers (FARM-Africa 1994). Their small stature has many advantages, which include easy acquisition, rearing and mainte- nance, cheaper to raise than cows with nearly the same economic return, and exploitation of mar- ginal lands. A total of 289 goat breeds/populations exist in Africa (AU-IBAR 2019), the majority of which are not characterised. Eastern Africa has the highest number of goat breeds (101), followed by Southern Africa (79), Western Africa (47), Northern Africa (33) and the Central African region (29). The highest number of goat breeds is found in Ethiopia (26), followed by Tanzania (17), Sudan (12) and Kenya (10). Cameroon and Chad have seven and eight goat breeds, respec- tively. Nigeria and Mali have the highest number, at nine breeds each in West Africa, while the number of breeds ranged from seven to nine in North Africa, comprising Egypt (9), Algeria (8), Mauritania (8) and Morocco (7). African goats have a long and intertwining history with their human keepers’ culture and tra- ditions: featuring in tales and stories, used for religious worship, marriage contracting and dowry payment, and much more. Apart from these, goats are kept majorly for the meat, a savoured delicacy, relished in many African com- munities that goes well with many traditional dishes and has no taboo attached (Oluwatayo and Oluwatayo 2012). Almost all parts of the goat are useful. Major economic values come from the meat (protein), hide is used for quality leather works, the horns, hooves and bones are also sourced after for art and craft materials. Their fur finds great use in the fabric industry, while faecal droppings and intestinal contents are regarded as a valuable source of manure exploited by the rural poor farmers as a source of cheap fertiliser for use on farmlands. Goats found with local residents are referred to as indigenous goat types; these are particu- larly adapted to the regions where they are found and have a history as old as the local inhabitants. Non-resident goat types imported from elsewhere within the continent or from outside the continent into a region are regarded as exotic goat types; M. Okpeku et al. 187 these are often imported to cross the indigenous type (for varied reasons), and the hybridised generation is referred to as locally developed goat types (Dekkiche 1987; Takoucht 1998). Indigenous African goats represent a strategic genetic resource with unique features and diver- sity (Monua et  al. 2020; Magoro et  al. 2022). Their unique features include: Adaptability; the ability to thrive and survive on marginalised resources (Daramola and Adeloye 2009). This includes the evolution to thrive in a range of envi- ronments, from arid and semi-arid to regions of extreme humidity (Monua et al. 2020). This also includes the evolution of a digestive system that enables them to extract the maximum amount of nutrients from their food and disease tolerance, which enhances their survivability in harsh and hostile environments in Africa (Daramola and Adeloye 2009; Berihulay et  al. 2019; Akinmoladun et  al. 2020). In terms of genetic diversity, there are many different breeds of indigenous African goats, each with its own unique characteristics. The evolution of a diver- sity of coat types and colours and varied morpho- logical characteristics, which make them fit well into the specific locations where they are found and the culture and traditions of their owner make them remarkable (Berihulay et  al. 2019) speci- mens. Different breeds of goats are subsequently discussed, taking into consideration the follow- ing: origin and distribution, physical character- istics, adaptive and special genetic characteristics and typical production systems and production characteristics. See Chap. 2 for comprehensive information on production systems of some named breeds to reflect their geography, adapta- tion and uses where they are found. The named goat breeds discussed are listed in Table 5.2. 5.2 � Origin and Domestication of African Goats Animal genetic resources represent actual genetic material and/or their potential value. Goats are small ruminants belonging to the tribe called Caprini, which is further divided into two genera, Capra and Hemitragus. The domesticated goat originates from the Capra genus with 60 chromo- somes and includes five species (Table  5.1), as reported by Steele (2006). The development of the domestic goats of the world has long been a subject of serious debate. It was general knowledge that the domesticated goats of the world were derived from the ancient wild species, but there was no strong evidence of the true ancestor of the domesticated goat among the known wild goat types: Capra aegagrus, Capra ibex, Capra Caucasica, Capra pyrenaica, and Capra falconeri (Table 5.1). However, recent research suggests the Bezoar (Capra aegagrus), native to the montane forests of the Caucasus and the Zagros Mountains and also found in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia (Eckart 2024) is the most likely ancestor of domestic goats— Capra hircus (Lin et al. 2013). A DNA study by Colli et  al. (2015) places Bezoar goats (Capra aegagrus) as the wild ancestor of domestic goats, with multiple domestication centres contributing to the existence of the domesticated goats (Daly et al. 2018). The author and the team emphasise the need for ancient genomics to shed more light on the pattern of domestication, which is mosaic. They suggested that although this domestication took place in different places, with different peo- ple, the same wild goat (Bezoar goat) was linked to the domestication of African goats. Another study by Daly et al. (2018) pointed out the weak phylogenetic relationships between the other four wild goats with Capra hircus, discarding their contribution to the domestic goat development. A signature of population expansion in bezoars of the C haplogroup suggested an early domestication centre on the Central Iranian Plateau (Yazd and Kerman Provinces) and in the Southern Zagros (Fars Province), possibly corre- sponding to the management of wild flocks. However, the contribution of this centre to the domestication of the goat population of this era is rather low (1.4%). A second domestication centre covering a large area in Eastern Anatolia, and possibly in Northern and Central Zagros, was proposed (Naderi et al. 2008). This last domesti- cation centre (around modern-day Iran) (Alberto et al. 2018) is taken as the likely origin of almost all domestic goats today; this is consistent with 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92076-9_2 188 Table 5.1  Five sub-species of Capra (domesticated goat) S/N Species of goat Centre of origin 1 Capra hircus (Bezoar) West Asia 2 Capra ibex (Ibex) Central Asia, Near East, Alps 3 Capra Caucassica (Tur) West Caucasia 4 Capra pyrenaica (Spanish Ibex) Pyrenees 5 Capra falconeri (Markhor) Afghanistan/Pakistan archaeological data identifying Eastern Anatolia as an important domestication centre (Daly et al. 2018; Naderi et  al. 2008; Alberto et  al. 2018; Naderi et al. 2007; Zheng et al. 2020; Daly et al. 2021). Goat domestication was probably achieved in present-day Iran and Iraq by 10,000 BC, from where goats entered into North Africa around 7000–6000 BC (Mason 1984; Shackleton 1997; Zeder 2008) and dispersed southward until they reached the coastal regions of the South. True goats do not occur wild in Africa. African goats were introduced from the centre of domes- tication through Southeast Asia trade routes. Although the exact origin and path of arrival in Africa have been long debated, goats found in Africa are believed to have originated from the Zagros Mountains, from where they migrated as companion animals with the humans (Zheng et al. 2020; Joubert 1973). 5.3 � Dispersal and Distribution of Goats Across Africa The dispersal and distribution of goats across Africa from archaeological and genetic findings provide insights into their migration and genetic history, suggesting that goats entered Africa from the Middle East around 7000 years ago, accom- panying human migration (Zheng et  al. 2020). Genetic studies also identified multiple waves of migration and mixing with North African goats as humans migrated, shedding light on the com- plex dispersal patterns of goats across the conti- nent (Zheng et al. 2020; Chynoweth et al. 2015; Pereira et  al. 2009; Amills et  al. 2017; Cooper 2021). Following domestication, goat dispersal followed human movement and trade routes as companions (Pereira et  al. 2009; Amills et  al. 2017). They were originally kept for food and carried along because of the ease of transportation and their quick adaptation. The preference for goat meat and milk by human beings as food helped in the fast dispersion across Africa and the rapid spread to Central Sahara and the Ethiopian high- land between 6500 and 5000 years ago (Amills et  al. 2017; Cooper 2021). The quick dispersal and distribution of goats across Africa was aided by their ability to adapt quickly and survive on meagre feed, where other larger ruminants failed. Their dispersal across Central Africa might have been slowed down by trypanosomiasis, transmit- ted by tsetse fly (Amills et  al. 2017). However, the population that survived are believed to have continued to travel with their human companions and finally reached the southern parts of Africa about 2000 years before the present time. Today, goats are found everywhere, from the high- temperature, arid northern region to the marshy swamps and salty coastal region in the south of the continent (Zheng et  al. 2020; Amills et  al. 2017). 5.4 � African Goat Genetic Resources Across Africa, from the arid north to the ocean bank in the south, across plains, grassland and safaris, even mountains, dense forests and marsh swamps on the continent have some form of goat inhabiting them. The African goat genetics resources represent a great diversity described differently by size into small, medium and large types; by production into dairy and meat types; by hair length as long and short hair types; by location into Northern, Western, Central, Eastern and Southern types. On the account of historical origin, they have been broadly grouped into M. Okpeku et al. 189 indigenous, exotic and developed breed types. Among the indigenous class, five breed groups have been recognised, which include (i) Lop- eared, (ii) Short-Eared Small-Horned and (iii) Short-Eared Twisted-horned. This complex diversity has also been described phenotypically using known morphology, but physical resem- blance is limited, so molecular characterisation has also been explored in these goats to under- stand their genetic architecture for immediate and future use and conservation. This chapter summarises the different modes of classification of these complex diversities (Sect. 5.6) and pres- ents some important value chains derived from the African goats. 5.5 � Characterisation of Genetic Diversity in African Goats The characterisation of animal genetic resources provides valuable information for classification, use and prioritisation for conservation. Such information includes phenotype, genotype and history of use and distribution. Genetic and his- torical information curated on the goat varies from place to place in Africa and is dependent on countries, national priorities and goals for animal genetic resources. In order to synchronise the dif- ferent characterisations used in literature, we have arranged the different groups by origin into indigenous, exotic and developed types and, under these, described some common types by phenotype, production and physiology. Later in the chapter, we considered molecular characteri- sation and indigenous knowledge on some value chain products. Research indicates that goats did not enter sub-Saharan Africa until about 4000  years ago, with genetic markers suggesting that the disper- sal of goats into North Africa may have been the result of maritime trading, with male goats being introduced from Southwest Asia along the North African coast (Chynoweth et al. 2015). The article ‘A Brief History of Goat Domestication’ by Tamsin Cooper emphasises the social nature and adaptability of goats, which enabled their domestication and subsequent spread across different regions. It highlights the importance of protecting local and heritage goat breeds to maintain the diversity of the worldwide gene pool, crucial for the survival of goats in a changing future (Cooper 2021). In summary, the dispersal and distribution of goats across Africa have been influenced by human migration and trade, as evidenced by archaeological and genetic studies. The genetic history of goats provides valuable insights into their complex migration patterns and the need to preserve genetic diversity for the sustainability of goat populations. 5.5.1 � Indigenous Goat Breeds Indigenous or local goats represent goat popula- tions developed in a particular region over time and are adapted to the prevailing local environ- ment. They are an active part of the culture and tradition of the people and locality where they are found. Across all regions of Africa, there are unique goat types associated with the people and their cultural history. These classes of goats can best be described by regions as northern, western, eastern, central and southern in origin. Some of these also bear regional names, like the West African dwarf goats found in the western, central and eastern regions of the continent. Their north- ern counterparts are sometimes referred to as northern or Arab goats. Within each region, the diversity exhibited by these goats has necessi- tated the use of unique breed names as well. The majority of the native goats are generally charac- terised by small stature, multicoloured coats, and hardiness, with unique adaptation features to regions where they are found. They can be very prolific, with twins and triplets being common among some breeds. They are particularly close to and found very useful applications in  local, smallholder agriculture (Monua et  al. 2020; Okpeku et al. 2011a; Tarekegn et al. 2019). 5.5.1.1 � Lop-Eared Goats This group of goats is characterised by the long drooping (lop) ears and includes the Zaraibi of Egypt and the Nubian of the Sudan. Similar 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 190 types of goats are heavily represented in the region of North Africa. The ancestral stock might have evolved either in India, subsequent to the Indus Valley civilisation or west of India, possi- bly Iran, from where it spread to Syria and Egypt in the west. It is also possible that this goat type evolved from the screw-horned goats common throughout the ancient world, from India in the east to Libya in the west, judging from the screw horns common in the different breeds found in different parts of Africa. The so-called Nubian goat probably does not in fact originate from Nubia (the area of southern Egypt and northern Sudan) and certainly not from Ethiopia, but bears the convex profile, a common characteristic of goats found in the Middle East and India (Mason 1984). It is therefore possible that the different breeds found in Africa are close relatives or descendants of those found in the Middle East and Asia. The lopped-ear goats share common features which have been extensively docu- mented in the literature. However, there are a couple of unique features that separate breeds from region to region. It has been argued that these features were perhaps developed at a later stage after domestication in response and adapta- tion to the prevailing environments where they are found. This adaptation feature is perhaps the reason why goats are so ubiquitous and found everywhere. 5.5.1.2 � Nubian Goats Origin, Distribution and Classification: Nubian goats (Fig.  5.1) are said to have originated in Africa, especially in the Sudan region. However, they have long been popular in India and the Middle East as well. The Lop-eared Nubian goat, also known as the Anglo-Nubian goat, was devel- oped in the nineteenth century as a result of extensive crossbreeding between imported Nubian goats and a variety of native British goats. They are found commonly in the Middle East, North Africa and more than sixty other countries (Porter et al. 2016). They are believed to have been brought from France, through the eastern Mediterranean to the regions between Egypt and Sudan along the Nile, referred to as Nubia (Britannica 2016), this is where the word ‘Nubian’ was first used. Despite their existence in several Asian, African and Central/South American nations, this species is widespread and not at risk. However, the lack of suitable, unre- lated breeding partners puts available small, iso- lated groups in danger. Physical Characteristics: The Nubian is fre- quently referred to as a royal animal with long, broad ears that droop, huge almond-shaped eyes, a prominent forehead, a convex ‘roman’ nose, a tall, flat-sided body, long legs and a short, shiny coat, all contributing to the Nubian’s unique appearance. The goat’s short coat might be spot- ted, parti-coloured, or any other solid colour, including golden brown, reddish-brown, black and dark grey, with the most common colour being a blend of brown and white (Porter et al. 2016). White facial stripes might be a sign of crossbreeding with Swiss-born goats. Bucks average 36 in. (90 cm), and does 32 in. (80 cm). Mature weights are usually a minimum of 174 lb. (79 kg) for both sexes and a maximum of 309 lb. (140 kg) and 243 lb. (110 kg) for bucks and does, respectively (Porter et  al. 2016; Transboundary breed summary 2024). Adaptive Characteristics: Nubians are able to adapt to hot temperatures due to their wide ears and flat flanks. They do not, however, fare well in humid environments. They have great fecundity and can reproduce all year long. Fig. 5.1  Nubian goat M. Okpeku et al. 191 Production Characteristics: Compared to most other goat breeds, the Nubian has milk with a greater fat content. They produce 6.6 lb (3.9 kg) of milk on average every day, or 1920 lb (871 kg) over a period of 305 days, containing 4.8% but- terfat and 3.5% protein. The majority of Nubians have genes that result in high levels of alpha s1-casein synthesis, a crucial protein for cheese- making and a significant goat milk advantage (Rahmatalla et al. 2022). They are also produced mainly for meat and milk (Kholif et  al. 2020). Crossbreeding with native stock is very common in Latin American, Asian and African nations to increase milk or meat output. These are unique products of economic benefit derived from Nubian goats. 5.5.1.3 � Sinai Goats Origin and Distribution: Lop-eared Sinai goats are domestic goats that originated in the Sinai Peninsula, a triangular landmass located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and are found specifically in the southern part of the Sinai Peninsula, in Egypt (Pereira et  al. 2009; Monteiro et al. 2021). Physical Characteristics: Lop-eared Sinai goats are characterised by their drooping or lop ears, which is a distinct feature of the breed (Monteiro et al. 2021). The breed has a medium- sized body with a well-developed chest and a straight or slightly convex profile, with a short and dense coat that comes in various colours, including white, black, brown and a combination of these (Monteiro et al. 2021). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: These goat types are adapted to the arid and harsh environment of the Sinai Peninsula, character- ised by high temperatures, low rainfall and lim- ited vegetation (Monteiro et al. 2021). They are known for their ability to browse on a wide range of plant species, including shrubs, trees and herbs, which allows them to survive their arid habitats. The breed is also known for its resis- tance to various diseases and parasites, a valuable trait in the challenging environment of the Sinai Peninsula (Monteiro et al. 2021; Nguluma et al. 2021; Kardjadj and Ben-Mahdi 2017). Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: The production systems for the lop-eared Sinai goats are extensive, with the goats being raised in semi-nomadic or nomadic herds (Monteiro et  al. 2021). They are raised mainly for the meat and milk, which contribute importantly to the local community diet, particu- larly cheese, which is highly valued in the region. They also contribute meat as protein (Monteiro et al. 2021). 5.5.1.4 � Swazi/Nguni Origin and Distribution: Lop-eared Swazi/Nguni goats are indigenous to South Africa, specifically the Swaziland and Nguni regions. They are part of the Indigenous Veld Goats (IVG) group, which includes pure-bred indigenous ecotypes repre- sented by the IVG-Association (Visser and Snyman 2023). Physical Characteristics: Lop-eared Swazi/ Nguni goats are medium- to small-framed, well- proportioned, with strong, fine legs (FAOSTAT 2019). They have lop ears that hang down (Visser and Snyman 2023). They have a variety of coat colours, including black, white and multico- loured, and possess morphological variations between and within populations, leading to some categorisation based on quantitative data (Nguluma et al. 2021). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: The breed is referred to as an untapped genetic resource (Visser and Snyman 2023) that is highly adapted to the South African region. Adaptation to harsh environments in this breed may be linked to the morphological appearance and/or physical attributes, including lop ears (Onasanya et  al. 2021). Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Indigenous goat production in the southern Africa region is typically an exten- sive system with goats often allowed to scavenge for food and water. 5.5.1.5 � Berber Origin and Distribution: Lop-eared Berber goats are a breed of domestic goats that are native to the Amazigh communities of Morocco. These 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 192 goats were adopted by the Berbers for subsis- tence agriculture, and they have been an integral part of the local farming systems for many years (Hossaini-Hilaii and Benlamlih 1995). Physical Characteristics: This goat type is known for its distinctive drooping ears, which hang on the side of its head. The breed has a com- pact and sturdy body with a deep chest and straight back with varied coat colours, including white, black, brown or a combination of these colours. Both males and females of this breed have horns, which are usually twisted and grow outward and backward (Benjelloun et  al. 2011; Boujenane et al. 2016). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: Lop-eared Berber goats are well adapted to the mountainous and arid regions of Morocco, where they are raised. These goats have excellent adapt- ability to difficult environments, which contrib- utes to their success in various production systems. They are also among a few goat breeds that are well adapted to climbing trees (Benjelloun et al. 2015, 2016). Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Lop-eared Berber goats are pri- marily used for subsistence agriculture by the Amazigh communities in Morocco. They are raised for meat and milk production mainly and also for their hides and fibre. Their production systems are not well documented in the literature, but it is basically similar to the extensive produc- tion system common with most indigenous African goats. In addition, local farmers use them for bush control, as they are very effective in this role (Hobart 2022). 5.5.1.6 � Benadir Origin and Distribution: Lop-eared Benadir goats are a breed of goat that originated in Somalia. They are commonly found in the Benadir region of southern Somalia as well as in the neighbouring regions of Kenya and Ethiopia (Fereja 2016). Physical Characteristics: Lop-eared Benadir goats are medium-sized goats, with males weigh- ing between 45 and 55 kg and females between 30 and 40 kg (Fereja 2016). They have long legs and drooping ears that hang over their shoulders; their coat colour is typically black or brown, although some individuals may have white mark- ings on their faces or legs (Fereja 2016). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: There is limited information available on the adaptive genetic characteristics of this breed. However, as a breed that has evolved in a harsh, arid environment, it is likely that they possess traits that allow them to thrive in such conditions, such as drought tolerance and disease resistance. Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Lop-eared Benadir goats are pri- marily raised for meat production (Fereja 2016). They are well-suited for the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid regions of East Africa, where they are often kept in pastoral production systems charac- terised by extensive grazing on natural pastures, with little or no supplementary feeding (Fereja 2016). According to Nguluma et  al. (2021), indigenous goat production in East Africa faces several challenges. The authors also reported morphological variations in the goat populations from this region, suggesting the possibility of selective breeding to improve productivity. Sufficient understanding of their genetics and production characteristics is important before embarking on improvement work. 5.5.1.7 � Wahati Origin and Distribution: Lop-eared Wahati are indigenous to Tanzania (Nguluma et  al. 2021). They are found in different agroecological zones of Tanzania, including Pare, Gogo, Maasai, Tanga, Sukuma, Lindi, Ujiji, Pwani, Fipa, Songwe and Newala (Nguluma et al. 2021). Physical Characteristics: Morphological vari- ations between and within goat populations based on quantitative data have been reported for the breed (Nguluma et al. 2021). High twinning has also been observed in Ujiji and Lindi goats and low for Sukuma. The dominant coat colour is white in Pare, Gogo, Maasai and Tanga. Other coat colour patterns are mixed black and white for Sukuma and reddish-brown for Pwani and Maasai (Nguluma et al. 2021). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: There is a paucity of information on adaptive and M. Okpeku et al. http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2545 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2545 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2545 193 special genetics for this population in the litera- ture, suggesting the need for research into this. Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: This goat breed is often raised in village goat production systems in Tanzania, where feed shortage, prevalence of diseases and water scarcity are the major goat production constraints (Nguluma et al. 2021). Common dis- eases in the breed population include contagious caprine pleuralpneumonia and helminthiasis (Nguluma et al. 2021). 5.5.1.8 � Begait Synonyms: Barka, Hassan, Bellenay and Beni-Amer Origins, Distribution and Classification: Lop- eared Begait or Barka goats descended from the pasang (Capra aegagrus), which is probably native to Asia (Nigatu 1994). These goat breeds are grouped under the Nubian goat family (FARM-Africa 1996). They are among indige- nous goat types and distributed in the northwest- ern lowlands of Ethiopia (west and northwest Tigray), Eritrea’s Barka Valley and eastern Sudan. More than 110,000 Begait goat popula- tions are estimated to be found in the northwest- ern and western zones of the Tigray region only. The goat producers in Ethiopia sometimes call it ‘Barka’ for the Begait goats because they have very similar phenotypic characteristics, though they have some unique features in each breed (eg in coat colour difference and neck length). The name ‘Barka’ is commonly used in Eritrea and Begait in Ethiopia. The breed is also named Bellanay and Beni-Amer because they are kept by these two ethnic groups in Eritrea. All in all, this breed is grouped under the Nubian family and distributed in three African countries. Physical Characteristics: Body size, horn shape, ear shape and coat types are key physical characteristics used in classifying Ethiopian goat families and breeds (Gizaw et  al. 2010). Begait goats are a dual-purpose goat population mainly used for milk and meat production. They have a large body size, horns with backwards orientation, heavy and drooping ears, a concave face profile, white (43%) and white with black (31%) coat colours, fast growth, a large udder and teat, and have no wattles. Under an exten- sive production system, the mean body weight of a mature buck is 45 kg and 38 kg for does; height: male 74 cm and female 68 cm (Berihulay et al. 2019). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: Adaptive features in this meat goat breed include environmental and production adaptability, reproductive and growth rates, and carcass (Luginbuhl et al. 1998) and milk characteristics. It is adaptable to arid and semi-arid environ- ments. The SCN9A and CAB39L candidate genes are identified in Begait goats, which are associated with body size and weight, and cell adhesion receptors, and growth factor receptors, respectively (Berihulay et al. 2019). Typical Production Systems, Husbandry Practices and Production Characteristics  Goat production systems in Ethiopia vary depending on the region and the breed of goat. Almost all goat production systems in Ethiopia have been classified as traditional, with the majority of goats being raised under extensive management systems (Fereja 2016). Natural pasture, browse species, crop residue and crop aftermath are the main feed resources for Begait goats. Communal grazing is the most abundant feed source for these goats, but grazing drastically reduces in the dry season. They do not have a permanent shelter because they migrate from place to place in search of food and water, especially during the dry season. However, farmers in urban areas used permanent houses. Goats and sheep are managed or housed together. Average weight at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12  months is 2.8  ±  0.04, 11.1  ±  0.43, 16.5  ±  0.49, 19.6  ±  0.37 and 24.1  ±  0.48  kg, respectively, in the semi-intensive production system and 2.6 ± 0.03, 10.3 ± 0.46, 14.8 ± 0.57, 17.1 ± 0.49 and 20.6 ± 0.54 kg in the extensive production system. Litter size of the Begait goat varies from 1 to 3, with the mean of 1.53 ± 0.03 in semi-intensive and 1.51 ± 0.03 in extensive pro- duction systems. Begait does (Fig. 5.2a) supple- mented with vetch hay provide 48  kg of milk within 71 days of lactation length (Berhane and 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 194 Fig. 5.2  (a) Begait does with its kids. (Photo by Shumuye Belay). (b) Begait buck. (Photo by Shumuye Belay) Eik 2006), bucks (Fig. 5.2b) are also maintained on supplements in harsh weather. 5.5.1.9 � Baladi Origin and Distribution: Lop-eared Baladi goats are indigenous goats found mainly in the Nile Delta region and the northern coast of Egypt (Hassanane et al. 2010). Physical Characteristics: Lop-eared Baladi goats have long ears that hang down to their shoulders. They have a medium-sized body with a narrow chest and straight back. Their coat colour is usually black or brown, but can also be white or spotted (Hassanane et al. 2010). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: There is limited information in literature on the adaptive and special genetic characteristics of Baladi goats, making them a population that is poorly researched and poorly exploited. However, they are a hardy breed that is well-suited to the local environment, recognised as an important source of food and income for the small-scale farmers in Egypt (Hassanane et al. 2010). Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Lop-eared Baladi goats are raised for their meat, milk and skin. They are usu- ally raised in small herds by small-scale farmers, are well adapted to the hot and dry climate of Egypt and survive well on low-quality feed. This breed is also resistant to many of the goat dis- eases prevalent in the region and classified as average milk producers, producing around 1.5 litres of milk per day (Hassanane et al. 2010). 5.5.1.10 � Zaraibi Origin and Distribution: The lop-eared Zarabi goats are part of the indigenous Nubian goats of Egypt, found in the northeast of the Nile Delta (DAGRIS 2019). Physical Characteristics: The breed is charac- terised by elongated drooping ears, a convex facial profile with diverse coat colours that include brown, reddish-brown and spotted (DAGRIS 2019). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: Information about their genetic uniqueness is not documented in literature, but we believe they share a similar genetic profile with other breeds found in the Nile Delta region. Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: The breed is primarily a dairy goat and secondarily for meat. The meat is savoury, with a taste that is described as interme- diate between beef and lamb (DAGRIS 2019). M. Okpeku et al. 195 5.5.1.11 � Zaghawa Origin and Distribution: Lop-eared Zaghawa goats are indigenous breeds found in the Zaghawa region of Sudan (Jnied et al. 2012). Physical Characteristics Lop-eared Zaghawa goats have lop ears, which is a distinguishing fea- ture of the breed. They have a medium-sized body with a compact muscular build (Nguluma et al. 2021). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: There is a dearth of information on adaptive and special genetic features of the breed. Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Lop-eared Zaghawa goats are raised in traditional production systems where they are used for milk and meat production; they are known for their high milk yield and good meat quality (Jnied et al. 2012). However, there is a paucity of information on other production characteristics, creating room for research and production exploits with the breed. 5.5.1.12 � Kalahari Red Origin and Distribution: Kalahari Red (Fig. 5.3a, b), a commercial goat breed native to South Africa. Two lines were identified (Campbell 2003; FAO 1991). One was developed from red- head Boer goats, and another was developed from unimproved indigenous goats (Native South African and Namibian landraces). The name of the Kalahari Red goats is derived from their red coat and the Kalahari Desert, which spans the borders of Botswana, South Africa and Namibia. Some populations of the Kalahari Red goats are being developed in Australia, Brazil and the United States (Roy’s Farm 2021), while some were imported from South Africa to Nigeria (Bemji et al. 2014). Physical Characteristics: Kalahari Red is a large and tall goat breed (54.05 cm) with a long (69.8  cm), deep body (Pieters et  al. 2009), a medium-to-large frame and strong legs. It has solid body colour shades from light to dark red- brown (Fig.  5.1a). White patches sometimes occur in offspring, as their ancestors had white and brown coats. Short, glossy hair bears little undercoat during winter. The pigmented skin is loose and supple. The horns present in both sexes are dark, round, curving backwards behind broad pendulous ears, soft brown eyes and a slightly Roman nose as found in the Boer goat (Fig. 5.18). Does have full and properly attached udders and teats. Multiple, divided, or extra non-functional teats may occur (FAO 1991; Roy’s Farm 2021; Sanni et al. 2018). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: Kalahari Red goats are extremely hardy and well adapted to free-ranging in arid and semi-arid Fig. 5.3  (a) Kalahari Red bucks at Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). (Source: Bemji et al. 2014). (b) Kalahari Red doe and kids at FUNAAB. (Photo by O. A. Osinowo) 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 196 savanna in South Africa and the Kalahari Desert. They have strong herding instincts for protection, and their red coat provides camouflage from predators within the red soil of their native land (Roy’s Farm 2021). Pigmented skin provides resistance to high radiation, enabling them to endure heat and continue to forage in hot weather. They are known to tolerate all climates (Bemji et al. 2006, 2012, 2018, 2021). Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Kalahari Red goats are managed on free-range system mainly for meat and skins. Does are calm, gentle and excellent mothers (Fig. 5.1b), both in their care of young and their protective instincts of flocking well and hiding their kids. Age at first breeding is 6 months. Does are fertile and prolific, bearing twins of equal weight, with peak fertility occurring in fall. They can breed several times a year, raising three litters over 2  years. Birth weight: 2.5  kg; weight at 6 months: 30 kg; mature live weight: 115 kg for males and 75 kg for females (FAO 1991; Roy’s Farm 2021) were reported in South Africa. Kids grow fast (about 1.5 kg per week) and yield ten- der, delicious, low-fat meat (Roy’s Farm 2021). In Nigeria, estimates of 151  days (gestation length), 2.14 (litter size) and 3.04–3.38  kg for birth weight of kids from does aged 2 to 2½ years were reported (Oderinwale et  al. 2017). Omotosho et al. (2020) obtained 2.30 kg for birth weight of kids from younger does, 8.88  kg for 3-month weaning weight, while daily milk off- take and milk yield were estimated at 26.27 ml and 695.52 ml, respectively (Umejesi et al. 2016). 5.5.1.13 � Kil Origin and Distribution: Information on Lop- eared Kil goats is limited in the literature. However, available information linked the Kil goat to the Tanzania region. Physical Characteristics: The physical char- acteristics of the lop-eared Kil goats are also not well documented. However, available informa- tion suggests diversity in phenotypic and genetic characteristics, especially in coat colour and ear length (FAO 2012). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: Although there is no specific information in lit- erature in this regard, there are suggestions that there is a strong physiological and genetic adapt- ability in the population to harsh environments (Silanikove and Koluman 2015). Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Information available suggests that the production indices in this goat breed are similar to those of indigenous goat breeds in sub- Saharan Africa. 5.5.1.14 � Barki Origin and Distribution: Lop-eared Barki are indigenous to Egypt, raised primarily around the Nile Delta region, particularly in the Dakahlia Governorate (DAGRIS 2023). Physical Characteristics: The breed is referred to as the smallest Egyptian goat breed; it is of medium, compact body size with a straight pro- file and possesses long, drooping ears and a white or light brown coat colour (DAGRIS 2023). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: Lop-eared Barki goats are well adapted to the hot and dry climate of the Nile Delta region. They are resistant to many common goat diseases in the area, such as contagious caprine pleural pneumo- nia and helminthiasis (Nguluma et  al. 2021). They are also known for their high twining rate. Morphological variation exists between and within these goat populations based on qualita- tive data (Nguluma et al. 2021). Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Lop-eared Barki goats are raised for meat. They are usually kept in small flocks that are left to graze freely on the natural vegeta- tion (4). The production system for these goats is not well characterised, but feed shortage, preva- lence of diseases and water scarcity are the major constraints to their production in the area. 5.5.2 � Short-Eared Small-Horned Goat This goat type was introduced into North Africa (around Egypt) from the east about 3500  BC.  Although their dispersal route across Africa is poorly documented, they are also found in regions including: East Africa, the equatorial M. Okpeku et al. 197 west, Central Africa and the humid hot climate of West and Central Africa. Goats of this type tend to be dwarfs, believed to be a response to natural selection on thermoregulation under the unfa- vourable humid and hot climate. In addition, the West African Dwarf goat has short, bowed legs attributed to achondroplasia. The distribution of this goat type extends southwards through central Africa as far as Zaire, Angola and the north of Namibia. They are also found in the western African countries of Nigeria, Ghana and Cameroon. In Africa, breeds are often named after the main ethnic group keeping them, e.g. the Boer goat, etc. However, some of the names date from the colonial era and can take on a pejorative meaning when used in modern times, e.g. the Galla goat in Kenya. The breeds can also be named after the region in which they are found, which is sometimes synonymous with ethnicity. Types can also be referred to in a more neutral manner by naming them after an important iden- tifying characteristic, e.g. West African Dwarf goat, the Long-eared Somali goat. The names given to the clusters reflect geographical location as much as possible, rather than ethnic group (FARM-Africa 1996). There are many goat breeds that are classified as short-eared small-horned (Table  5.2). Three families have been identified, and these are the Small East African (SEA), Somali and Ethiopian Rift Valley families. Examples of Small East African breeds are Western Highland, Western Lowland, Central Highland, Keffa, Sudanese Hill Goat, Small East African, Mubende, Rwanda– Burundi and Kigezi (FARM-Africa 1996). They are small-horned goats with short, fine hair and variable coat colour, with some males having a short mane extending down the back and flanks. They are found in a wide range of arid and semi- arid areas and are raised in agropastoral systems where they mostly graze freely and are tethered during crop production seasons. They are mainly used for meat and skin production. FARM-Africa (1996) reported that these goats descended from the Somali Arab goats found in Somalia. The breeds in this family are distributed in various agroecological zones in East and Southern Africa. According to FARM-Africa (1996), Somali goats comprise the short-eared Somali, the long- eared Somali and the Somali Arab breeds, while the Ethiopian Rift Valley family includes several breeds such as Arsi-Bale, Afar, Woyto-Guji, Abergelle and Worre. The breeds are believed to have originated from a Rift Valley goat breed that migrated to Ethiopia from Yemen and Saudi Arabia. 5.5.2.1 � Abergelle Synonyms: Abergale, Abergalle. Origin and Distribution: Descendant of the Rift Valley goat type from southwest Asia and is related to Afar and Worre goat breeds. The breed is found in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The goats are kept by the Agew and Tigray ethnic groups (Gizaw et al. 2010; Yami and Merkel 2008). Physical Characteristics: Abergelle (Fig. 5.4) is stocky, compact and well-built, with mean height at shoulders estimated at 71.4 and 65 cm for adult bucks and does, respectively. The goats have a straight to concave facial profile. Both males and females have horns, and in most cases, the horns in males are much bigger and spiral- shaped. Most goats have plain and patchy colour, and the reddish-brown colour is the most com- mon. Spotted coat colours are also common. The hair is short and smooth in both sexes, and males have beards and ruffs. Wattles are almost entirely absent (Alemu et al. 2020). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: The Abergelle goat is an indigenous goat popula- tion found in Ethiopia. Apart from a few resis- tance genes, little is known of the genetic and adaptation traits of this breed. Though not well characterised, Abergelle goats contribute to their productivity and suitability to the agroecological zones of Ethiopia, where they are found (Berihulay et  al. 2019). Research has identified genetic signatures of selection in its genome (Berihulay et al. 2019) associated with adaptation to the environment and may be linked to specific traits such as size, colour, horn shape and repro- ductive and productive characteristics (Bertolini et al. 2018). These genetic adaptations make the Abergelle goat well-suited to walking long dis- 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 198 Table 5.2  African goat genetic resources: breed groups, subgroups and breeds Breed group Breed Breed name synonyms Location Lop-eared goats Nubian Beladi, Bledi, Hassen, Langae, Sciucria, Shukria and the Sudanese Nubian Sudan Sinai Bedouin, Baladi (literally means local) Egypt Swazi/Nguni Herero, Tswana Eswatini, South Africa, Mozambique and some places in Zimbabwe Berber Algerian Berber, Libyan Mahalli, Moroccan Berber, Tunisian Berber Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya Benadir Bimal, Cherre, Tuni South Somalia Wahati Baladi (literally means local) Egypt Begait Barka, Bellenay, Beni-Amer, Hassan Ethiopia, Eritrea and eastern Sudan Baladi Egyptian; Bedouin Egypt Zaraibi Egyptian Nubian; Nuba; Theban Egypt Zaghawa Chad, Sudan Kalahari Red South Africa Pafuri Mozambique Kil Kara Keci (Black goat) Barki Sahrawi (literally means desert) Egypt Short-eared small-horned goats Abergelle Abergale, Abergalle Ethiopia Landim Landim Mozambique Mzabite Nubian, Algerian Red, Touggourt, M’zab Algeria Mudugh Modugh Algeria, Kenya Ndebele Bantu, Matabeleland, Matebele Zimbabwe Madagascar Somali Abgal, Bimal, Denghier, Deghiyer, Dighi Yer, Dighier, Galla Habab, Maria, Modugh, Mudugh, Ogaden, Issa-Somali Somalia, Kenya, East Africa Long-eared Somali Large-White Somali, Galla, Digodi, Melebo, Boran Somali, Benadir, Gigwain Somalia, Ethiopia Afar Abyssinian short-eared, Adal, Assaorta, Denakil Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti Zimbabwe small goat Small East African, Mashona Zimbabwe, Kenya Congo, Angola, Cameroon, Nigeria South Sudan (dwarf) Dinka, Ingessana, Latuka-Bari, Montain, Nuba Nilotic, Southern Sudanese, Toposa, Yei Sudan Madagascar Madagascar Sudanese Hill Goat Boran Galla, Somali, Modugh/Mudugh, Short-eared Somali, Dighier/Deghiyer/Deghi Yer Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, East Africa Masai Congo, Chaga, Arusha, Small East Africa Kenya, Tanzania, East Africa Rwanda and Burundi Chèvre Locale, Chèvre Commune, Long-Hair, Short Hair Rwanda, Buundi, D R Congo (continued) M. Okpeku et al. http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2583 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2569 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2547 http://zwe.dagris.info/node/2546 http://mar.dagris.info/node/2589 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2545 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2584 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2540 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2579 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2585 http://sdn.dagris.info/node/2541 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2453 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2967 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2580 http://eth.dagris.info/node/2526 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2567 http://zwe.dagris.info/node/2537 http://eth.dagris.info/node/2521 http://eth.dagris.info/node/2522 http://eth.dagris.info/node/2522 http://eth.dagris.info/node/2527 http://zwe.dagris.info/node/2568 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2538 http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/node/2538 199 Table 5.2  (continued) Breed group Breed Breed name synonyms Location Western Lowland Shankila, Gumuz/Gumez Ethiopia West African Dwarf African Dwarf, African Pygmy, Angola Dwarf, Cameroon Dwarf, Chevre de Fouta Djallon, Chevre Naine, Chevre de Casamance, Chevre guineene, Congo Dwarf, Forest Dwarf, Ghana Dwarf, Ghana Forest, West African Dwarf, Grassland Dwarf, Guinean Dwarf, Nigerian Dwarf Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, DRC, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo Small East African/ Mubende Malawian Small East African Malawi Congo Dwarf/ Angola Bahu Uganda, D R Congo Short-eared twisted- horned Red Sokoto Kano Brown (Kyasuwa), Katsina Light Brown, Mambilla, Bornu White (Buduma (Chad)), Damagaran dapple-grey, Maradi in Niger Nigeria, Niger, Chad Barguirmi Maradi Sahelian Sahel, West African Long-legged, Desert, Sudan, Fulani (Peul, Peulh), Voltaique, Maure, Touareg, Arabian, Makatia (Algeria) Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali, Togo Sudan Desert Sudan Exotic goats Angora Ankara-Kecisi, Tiftik-Kecisi, Mohair goat, Sybokke (South Africa) Lesotho, South Africa, Kenya and Egypt Damascus Aleppo, Baladi, Chami, Damascene, Halep or Shami, Qahr Egypt, Algeria Toggenburg Swiss Alpine, Togg, Toggenburger Ziege, Chèvre du Toggenbourg, Capra del Toggenburgo Sub-Saharan African countries Saanen Chèvre de Gessenay (French) or French Saanen, Saanenziege (German), Capra di Saanen (Italian), Israeli Saanen, British Saanen, Russian white, Sable Saanen (New Zealand), Sub-Saharan African countries Anglo-Nubian Nubian (USA), Nubia (North-eastern Africa) Sub-Saharan African countries Alpine Alpine polychrome, American Alpine or American Oberhasli, French Alpine, German Alpine or German Fawn, British Alpine, Swiss Chamoisee Sub-Saharan African countries Composite goat breeds Pafuri Southwest Mozambique Tanzanian Blended goat Tanzania Vogan Togo Arabi Arabia and Sahelian Algeria Makatia Algeria Boer Africander, South African Common, Boer goat, Kalahari, Boerbok South and East Africa 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features http://eth.dagris.info/node/2533 http://eth.dagris.info/node/2533 http://eth.dagris.info/node/2528 http://mwi.dagris.info/node/2565 http://nga.dagris.info/node/2516 http://nga.dagris.info/node/2514 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable_Saanen 200 Fig. 5.4  A herd of Abergelle goats. (Photo by Shumuye Belay) tances, drought and heat stress tolerance as well as developed resistance to many common dis- eases in their environment, making them more resilient to the environmental conditions and pro- duction systems in Ethiopia than some imported breeds found in the same location. Typical Production Systems, Husbandry Practices and Production Characteristics: Mixed farming and agropastoral systems and free graz- ing during all seasons, supplemented with crop residues in the dry season. Some localised trans- humance is practised, moving flocks to graze along the banks. Abergelle goats are milked for domestic consumption. Their skin is also used to make aprons, containers, etc. According to Birhanie et  al (2018), the daily milk yield of progenies of selected bucks (372 ± 14.8 ml) was significantly lower than that of base flock does (408 ± 6.72 ml). Moreover, there was significant variation of daily milk yield between the goat populations in the study districts (404 ± 14.2 ml in Tanqua-Abergele and 375 ± 7.10 ml in Ziquala) and seasons (403  ±  11.2  ml in wet and 376 ± 8.49 ml in dry). The overall mean weights at birth, 3 months, 6 months and 9 months were 2.28 ± 0.02 kg, 7.40 ± 0.09 kg, 9.48 ± 0.15 kg and 11.38 ± 0.19 kg, respectively. Comparatively, the average birth weight for progenies of selected bucks was 2.39 ± 0.02 kg, while 2.17 ± 0.02 kg was estimated for progenies of base flocks (Jembere et al. 2020). A study on carcass charac- teristics and sensory analysis of Abergelle goats and Abergelle cross-bred goats fed hay supple- mented with a concentrate mixture showed that genotype had a significant effect on carcass parameters such as skin, foreleg and hind leg weight. However, the study found no significant difference in non-edible offal components between the two groups (Alemu et  al. 2020). Abergelle goats have a high productivity rate, with a mean observed and expected heterozygos- ity value of 0.56, which indicates a close related- ness among the populations (Hassen et al. 2012). 5.5.2.2 � Landim Synonyms: Mozambique (‘Landim’ = Portuguese ‘Landrace’), Small East African. Origin and Distribution: Landrace in Portuguese resembles Mozambique Small East African goats and possibly has some early incor- poration of European blood. The breed is found in southern Mozambique, south of the Limpopo and in Tete Province. Physical Characteristics: Landim is fairly large-sized, 65 cm. Weight: male 50 kg; female 35–40 kg. Head is fairly heavy, concave profile in females, and slightly convex in males. Horns are present in both sexes: 96 percent of all animals but 31 percent have only rudimentary horns or scurs; heavier in males than females, but grow upwards and backwards in both sexes; length 11.3 cm, males 2.3 cm longer than females. Ears are medium-long, carried erect or horizontal, 13.3 cm. Toggles are present in 7 percent of both M. Okpeku et al. 201 sexes. All males have beards, but only 12 percent of females. Male has short, stiff mane extending down the back line. Neck is short and thick. Chest is well developed, girth measurement exceeding withers height considerably at all ages. Back is short. Croup is fairly long but sloping. Legs are medium in length. Colour variable is commonly dark brown (36.3%), black (23.6%), pied (23.6%), white (4.5%), yellow (4.5%) and several combinations of colours. Coat is usually short and fine. Typical Production Systems: The main prod- uct from Landim is meat, the production system being a sedentary agropastoral and the cultivation of annual subsistence crops being the dominant farm enterprise. 5.5.2.3 � Mzabite Synonyms: Algerian Red, Touggourt, M’zab, Mozabite Origin and Distribution: The M’zab goat, or red goat of the oases, or goat of Touggourt, is mainly found within the M’zab oases of the Ghardaia region in Algeria. Physical Characteristics: They are medium in size, 64–67 cm high at the withers (67.1 ± 0.2 cm for males and 64.2  ±  0.2  cm for females). The coat has three colours: chamois, which is domi- nant, white and black. The black goat has a regu- lar line on the spine, which sometimes has two extensions on the shoulders. The belly may be spotted black and white. The length of the hair varies from 3 to 11 cm for males and 3 to 7 cm for female (Fantazi 2004). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristic: M’zabite adapts well to warm oasis regions and is resistant to certain diseases such as scrapie. Fantazi et  al (2018) detected several polymor- phisms in PRNP, particularly in the more ancient African Kabyle Dwarf, the oldest breed in North Africa. The resistant allele K222 was present at a high level in South Italian breeds and at a very low frequency in Kabyle Dwarf, whereas a fre- quency similar to other Mediterranean countries was detected in M’zabite. The overall results showed how polymorphisms in PRNP of goat populations from different areas of North Africa and the Mediterranean basin can differ in terms of variability and relative frequencies. Production Characteristics: M’zabite is mainly raised for milk and meat. Milk yield could reach 2–3 litres per day. Its production per lacta- tion is 460 kg for a period of 180 days. It is also a good meat breed since its prolificacy can reach 180% (Fantazi et al. 2017). 5.5.2.4 � Mudugh Synonym: Modugh Origin and Distribution: The Short-eared Mudugh goat is an indigenous breed of Somalia and is also found in Kenya and Ethiopia (Gebreyesus et al. 2012; Muigai et al. 2016). The breed is named after the Mudugh region in Somalia, where it is commonly found (Gebreyesus et al. 2012). Physical Characteristics: The Mudugh goat has a short, smooth coat that is mainly white (76%) with brown (9%), black (7%) and grey (7%) occasionally in spotted patterns (DAGRIS 2023; Cooper 2022). The breed has short, forward-pointing ears. They have a slim but well- muscled frame, with long legs and neck, a straight facial profile, short spiral horns and a tail typi- cally carried high and curved. Polled animals are common. The height to withers is 24–28 inches (61–70 cm) for the Short-eared Somali and 27–30 inches (69–76 cm) for Long-eared Somali. The weight of the breed ranges from 55 to 121 lbs. (25–55 kg), with Long-eared Somali tending to be larger than the Short-eared varieties (Cooper 2022). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: The Short-eared Mudugh goat is well adapted to the harsh environment of Somalia and other arid and semi-arid regions (Gebreyesus et  al. 2012; Muigai et  al. 2016). They are known for their ability to walk long distances, drought and heat stress tolerance (Gebreyesus et  al. 2012). The breed has developed resistance to many common diseases in their environment, making them more resilient than some imported breeds (Muigai et al. 2016; Cooper 2022). Typical Production Systems and Uses: The Short-eared Mudugh goat is often raised in small- 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 202 scale, family based production systems. They are used for meat, milk and other products (DAGRIS 2023; Muigai et al. 2016). The breed is an impor- tant source of income and food for many people in Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia (Gebreyesus et al. 2012; Muigai et al. 2016). The breed is also culturally significant and plays an important role in the traditions of many African communities (Gebreyesus et  al. 2012; Muigai et  al. 2016) where they are found. 5.5.2.5 � Ndebele Synonyms: Bantu, Matabeleland, Matebele Origin and Distribution: The Short-eared Ndebele goat is an indigenous breed of Zimbabwe (Gebreyesus et  al. 2012). It is named after the Ndebele people, who are one of the major ethnic groups in Zimbabwe (DAGRIS 2023). Physical Characteristics: The Short-eared Ndebele goat has a short, smooth coat that is usu- ally black or brown (DAGRIS 2023; Gebreyesus et  al. 2012). The breed has short, forward- pointing ears. They have a slim but well-muscled frame, with long legs and neck, straight facial profiles, short spiral horns and a tail typically car- ried high and curved. The height to withers is 24–28 inches (61–70  cm). The weight of the breed ranges from 55 to 121 lbs (25–55  kg) (DAGRIS 2023). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: There is limited information available on the adaptive and special genetic characteristics of the Short-eared Ndebele goat, which makes this breed a poorly explored breed that requires char- acterisation as a priority. Typical Production Systems: The Short-eared Ndebele goat is often raised in small-scale, fam- ily based production systems. They are used for meat, milk and other products. The breed is an important source of income and food for many people in Zimbabwe (DAGRIS 2023; Gebreyesus et al. 2012). The breed is also culturally signifi- cant and plays an important role in the traditions of the Ndebele people (DAGRIS 2023). 5.5.2.6 � Somali Synonyms: Denghier or Deghiyer, Abgal, Bimal, Dighi Yer, Dighier, Galla Habab, Maria, Modugh, Mudugh, Ogaden, Issa-Somali (FARM-Africa 1996). Origin and Distribution: Probably related to the Arab goats in Somalia, which were intro- duced directly from Arabia. The related type is Long-eared Somali. The breed is found in north- ern and eastern parts of Ogaden (Jijiga, Degeh Bur and Werder), where they are kept by the Isaaq and Mijertein Somali clans and Dire Dawa, Issa and Gurgura (FARM-Africa 1996). Physical Characteristics: The Short-eared Somali goat is smaller than the Long-eared Somali type. It has a straight facial profile, and most males bear straight (46%) upward-pointing (64%) horns. Females appear to bear more curved horns (50%), most of which point upwards (55%), but 27% are orientated backwards and 12% are lateral-pointing. Polled goats are found in 5% of males and 7% of females. There is a low incidence (6%) of spiral horns in both sexes. The Short-eared Somali goat has a short, smooth coat which is mainly white (76%) with brown (9%), black (7%) and grey (7%) occasionally in spotted patterns (12%). No ruffs were observed in either sex, but beards are present in 79% of males and 14% of females. Wattles were found in 5% of all goats. Males have a height at the withers of 64.9 cm and an average weight of 32.8 Kg against 61.8  cm in height and 27.8 Kg of weight for females (FARM-Africa 1996). Typical Production Systems, Husbandry Practices and Production Characteristics: The animals are herded during the day by family members, usually with sheep. During the dry sea- son, goats are watered infrequently, every 5–8 days. The goats return to the thorn enclosures at night. The average number of kids born per breeding female was 2.4. Somali goats mainly give birth to single kids (97.5%) with very few (2.5%) twins. Somali goat owners reported a tra- dition of selecting against twinning, and past selection appears to have been very effective (FARM-Africa 1996). Somali goats are widely milked (Hanna ear), and milk is consumed fresh and also made into butter. The Somalis use butter for both food and medicinal purposes. Meat may be eaten fresh or preserved by cutting into slices, frying in butter M. Okpeku et al. 203 or animal fat and keeping in a container (odka). Preserved in this way, the meat can keep for up to 5 years. Odka may be given to the groom by the parents of the bride. Meat may also be preserved by air-drying strips (solei). Fresh meat may be roasted and eaten with rice (wesla). Goat skins are widely used as sitting or sleeping mats and prayer mats (harek or okedi). The Somali make water containers (karbit) and use goat skins to churn butter. The Somali also use strips of goat skin for tying firewood and constructing their houses (FARM-Africa 1996). Genetic Characteristic: Short gastrointestinal parasites and respiratory problems, including occasional outbreaks of contagious caprine pleu- ropneumonia (CCPP). 5.5.2.7 � Long-Eared Somali Synonyms: Large-white Somali, Degheir, Galla, Digodi and Melebo, Boran Somali, Benadir, Gigwain. Origins and Distribution: Long-eared Somali goats are also known as Large-white Somali, Degheir, Galla, Digodi and Melebo. They are probably related to the descent of the Arab goats in Somalia, introduced directly from Arabia. Long-eared Somali goats are distributed through- out the Ogaden, lowlands of Bale, Borana and southern Sidamo. They are kept by the Hawia, Ogaden, Rare Bare, Digodi clans of the Somali ethnic group and the Boran, Gabra, and Geri eth- nic groups (Alemu 2015). Physical Characteristics: Large; white; short hair. Other features: predominantly straight face; horns are curved (41% in males, 46% in females) and pointed backwards in 38% of males and upwards in 48% of females; 13% of horns in both sexes have a lateral orientation; polledness is 19% in males and 8% in females; colour is plain white (92%), brown (4%), black (3%) and grey (1%); spotted coat pattern is observed in 21% of males; ruffs occur in 21% of males but never in females; beards in 66% of males and 7% of females; wattles in 6% of males and 3% of females (Abegaz and Awgichew 2009). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristic: Typical Production Systems, Husbandry Practices and Production Characteristics: Somali goats are extensively milked by the Somali and Boran pastoralists. Goat meat is pre- ferred to mutton in most areas where the Long- eared Somali goat is kept. 5.5.2.8 � Afar Synonyms: Adal, Danakil Origin and Distribution: The Short-eared Afar goat is an indigenous breed of Ethiopia (Solomon et al. 2008, 2014). It is found in very hot or arid regions of Ethiopia, where the temperature some- times climbs to about 50 °C with low rainfall (150–300 mm). It is a valuable breed to the peo- ple of the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Physical Characteristics: The Short-eared Afar goat has a short, smooth coat that is mainly white with brown or black markings. The breed has short, forward-pointing ears. They have a slim but well-muscled frame, with long legs and neck (Fig. 5.5), straight facial profile, short spi- ral horns and tail typically carried high and curved. The height to withers is 24–28 inches (61–70 cm). The weight of the breed ranges from 55 to 121 lbs (25–55 kg) (Solomon et al. 2008, 2014). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: The Short-eared Afar goat is well adapted to the harsh environment of the Afar Region of Ethiopia. They are known for their ability to walk long dis- tances, drought and heat stress tolerance. The breed has developed resistance to many common diseases in their environment, making them more resilient than some imported breeds (Solomon et al. 2008, 2014). Typical Production Systems: The Short-eared Afar goat is often raised in small-scale, family based production systems. They are used for meat, milk and other products. The breed is an important source of income and food for many people in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. The breed is also culturally significant and plays an impor- tant role in the traditions of the Afar people 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 204 Fig. 5.5  A herd of Afar goats. (Anne W.T Muigai) (Solomon et al. 2008, 2014). Its unique charac- teristics make it well-suited to its environment and an important part of local cultures and economies. 5.5.2.9 � Zimbabwe Small Goat Synonyms: Mashona, Small East African, Sebei, Karamoja, Tanzania, Zambian Origin and Distribution: Found mainly in Manicaland and Mashonaland provinces, Masvingo and parts of the Midlands provinces in Zimbabwe and a wide and diverse range of envi- ronments in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Physical Characteristics: A generalised and diverse group of goats with variable type, conformation and size of body. Adult goats stand on average 60 cm at the withers and weigh 25 kg; they are hardy animals generally used for meat rather than milk. Both sexes are horned, and horns are of variable size, ranging from 3 to 25 cm in length; shape of ears is also variable, but typical are prick ears of moderate size; wattles are fairly common; the coat hair is short, fine and smooth; in some males the shoulders, back and flanks are covered with longer hairs; and the coat is variable in colour type and pattern (Epstein 1971). It is a small, compact and hardy goat. The goat has short ears and they are held horizontally. It appears in multiple colours. Tassels or toggles or wattles hanging under the neck are common. Production Characteristics: Mature weights of the Mashona goat range from 25 kg to 35 kg. Kid birth weight is about 2.4 kg, with weaning weights ranging from 10 to 12  kg. Fertility is about 67.2%, and litter size is from 1.1 to 1.3. Twining rates range from 14% to 30%. The ges- tation period is about 5 months on average. 5.5.2.10 � South Sudan Dwarf Origin and Distribution: The Short-eared South Sudan Dwarf goat is an indigenous breed of South Sudan (FARM-Africa 1996). It is found in the southern part of the country, a region with a tropical climate and high rainfall. Physical Characteristics: The Short-eared South Sudan Dwarf goat has a short, smooth coat that is usually black or brown. The breed has short, forward-pointing ears. They have a slim but well-muscled frame, with long legs and neck, a straight facial profile, short spiral horns and a tail typically carried high and curved. The height to withers is 20–24 inches (50–60  cm). The weight of the breed ranges from 44 to 66 lbs (20–30 kg) (FARM-Africa 1996). Typical Production Systems: The Short-eared South Sudan Dwarf goat is often raised in small- scale, family based production systems. They are used for meat, milk and other products. The breed M. Okpeku et al. 205 is an important source of income and food for many people in South Sudan. The breed is also culturally significant and plays an important role in the traditions of many African communities. Its unique characteristics make it well-suited to its environment and an important part of local cultures and economies. 5.5.2.11 � Madagascar Origin and Distribution: The Short-eared Madagascar goat is an indigenous breed of Madagascar. It is found throughout the island of Madagascar (Ngere 1987). Physical Characteristics: The Short-eared Madagascar goat has a short, smooth coat that is usually black or brown. The breed has short, forward-pointing ears. They have a slim but well- muscled frame, with long legs and neck, a straight facial profile, short spiral horns and a tail typi- cally carried high and curved. Typical Production Systems and Uses: The Short-eared Madagascar goat is often raised in small-scale, family based production systems. They are used for meat, milk and other products. The breed is an important source of income and food for many people in Madagascar. The breed is also culturally significant and plays an impor- tant role in the traditions of many Malagasy com- munities (Ngere 1987). 5.5.2.12 � Sudanese Hill Goat Synonyms: Sudan desert, Goat Southern Sudanese, Southern Sudan, Nuba Mountain, Ingessana, Latuka-Bari, Nilotic, Yei, Toposa, Dinka Dinka, Ingessana, Latuka-Bari, Montain, Nuba Nilotic, Southern Sudanese, Toposa, Yei. Distribution: The goats are mainly found in South Sudan. Physical Characteristics: In general, the Sudanese Hill goat has mixed coat colours (Fig. 5.6). Black or white with or without spots or patches were more frequent (40%), followed by black colour (31.6%), brown colour (18.33%) and white colour (10.00%). Indigenous Sudanese desert goats have a straight rump shape. About 97% of the studied goats were horned. Most had no wattle (100%) and were bearded (71.6%), 8.33% were toggled. The average body length is 56.98 cm. Horn length is 11.61 cm, which is an important self-defensive mechanism to enable them to thrive in the harsh surroundings in which they are raised. The average chest girth was 68.45 cm and longer ears of 19.28 cm (Warsame and Turyasingura 2022). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: The breed is adapted to arid zones, extending to hyper-arid zones during transhumance and nomadic migration. Black-coloured animals are better adapted to seasonal cold weather or cold nights because the dark pigment allows them to absorb heat faster than other coat colours. Typical Production Systems and Uses: The breed is mainly raised for meat and milk under traditional agropastoral and pastoral systems. 5.5.2.13 � Boran Synonyms: Galla; Somali, Modugh/Mudugh, Short-eared Somali, Dighier/Deghiyer/Deghi Yer, Denghier, Abgal, Ogaden, Issa-Somali, Habab, Maria, Bimal. Origin and Distribution: The Boran is part of the Small East African group, Northern Kenya, southern Somalia and parts of southern and southeastern Ethiopia. Physical Characteristics: The Boran is of small size (60  cm at the withers). The male weighs 30–40 kg; the female, 25–30 kg. Benadir is slightly larger. Head is fine, the muzzle is nar- row, and the facial profile is convex. Horns are small, usually slender, with no marked twist, in Fig. 5.6  Sudanese hill goat. (Photo: Y. A. Hassan) 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 206 about 97% of animals. Ears are short to medium, pricked sideways and slightly forwards and upwards. Toggles in about 5% of both sexes. Neck is medium length. Chest narrow, girth exceeding withers height by about 10%. Back is fairly long and slightly dipped. Croup is sloping, and legs are long. Colour is brilliant white (>70% in central Somalia). Some Ethiopian goats from the Ogaden have black spotting or solid black on the head and forepart of the neck; some varieties have a black dorsal stripe. Hair is short, shiny and smooth with thin skin. Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: The Short-eared Boran goat is well adapted to the arid and semi-arid environments of Kenya and Ethiopia. They are known for their ability to walk long distances, drought and heat stress tolerance. The breed has developed resistance to many common diseases in its environment, making it more resilient than imported breeds. Typical Production Systems and Husbandry Practices: The management systems are pastoral and agropastoral. In the Kenya Coast, about 20 per cent of farms keep cattle, but about 60 per cent have small ruminants, mostly goats. In Central Somalia, Animals are herded during the day and penned in thorn enclosures at night, kids separated from adults. Kids are allowed to suckle twice a day after milk for human consumption has been taken off. Bucks run continuously with does to ensure kidding (and milk supply for humans) all year round. 5.5.2.14 � Maasai Synonyms: Congo, Chaga, Arusha, Small East Africa Origin and Distribution: The majority of goats in the Maasai steppe zone of Northern Tanzania are strains of the indigenous breed of Small East African goats. The Maasai steppe agroecological zone in Hai district has an altitude range of 900–1873 metres above sea level, with an average annual rainfall of 521 mm and 23.3 °C of average annual temperature (FARM-Africa 1996). Physical Characteristics: Body weight ranged from 25.83 kg to 30.34 kg for goats aged below 2 years and above 3 years, respectively. The major- ity of goats had straight hairs, with beards present in 80% of bucks and 9.1% of does. Ears are short and erect, horns are present in more than 88% of the studied goat population, and about 48% of the horns were lateral and 18.1% straight. Facial pro- file was mainly concave, back was straight and wattles were absent (FARM-Africa 1996). Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: The breed is adapted to arid zones, extending to hyper-arid zones. Black-coloured animals are better adapted to seasonal cold weather or cold nights because the dark pigment allows them to absorb heat faster than other coat colours. Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: The breed is mainly raised for meat and milk under traditional agropastoral and pastoral systems. Twinning rate is 8.7%, bucks and does reach sexual maturity at 11  months of age, and does have their first kids at 16.7 months old. Kidding interval was 7.7  months, lactation length was 82.3 days (2.9 months), and pre-weaning kid sur- vival rate was 77.1% and 79.9% for the dry and rainy seasons, respectively (FARM-Africa 1996). 5.5.2.15 � Rwanda Goat/Burundi Goat Synonyms: Chèvre rwandaise; chèvre burundaise. Origin and Distribution: The Rwanda and Burundi goats are part of the Small East African group. The ‘types’ from Rwanda, Burundi and eastern Zaire are, for all practical purposes, indis- tinguishable. The goats are found in Rwanda, Burundi and Kivu province of Zaire and extend into southern Uganda and the extreme west of Tanzania. The ecological zones include sub- humid east-central African highlands from 1200  m to 2500  m altitude in the 800  mm to 1500 mm rainfall zone. The estimated total num- ber of goats and sheep (of which probably 75 per cent were goats) in Burundi was 1,313,000  in 1984; total goats in Rwanda were 940,000  in 1983, according to an administrative census (for M. Okpeku et al. 207 tax purposes), but a sample agricultural survey at the same time estimated 2.2 million goats (FARM-Africa 1996). Physical Characteristics: The breed is of small size, 64 cm (60–67 cm). The male weighs 35 kg while the female is 27 kg. Horns are pres- ent in both sexes: curving outwards and back- wards in males, up to 20 cm in length; females have lighter and scimitar-shaped horns; polled animals are very rare. Ears short to medium length, pricked forward and upward. Toggles are present in both sexes (14%). Most males and some females are bearded. Some males have a topknot and a mane along the whole length of the spine is almost universal in this sex. Neck is fine and medium length. Chest reasonably well rounded, girth measurement 20–25% greater than withers height. Withers level with the sacrum. Back is short and straight. Legs normally proportioned in relation to the body, front cannon bone circumference about 7–8  cm. Udder is rounded and small with short teats. Colour is very variable, whole blacks common, but many mul- ticoloured animals. Coat is fine and short, but very few males have long hair on the hind legs (FARM-Africa 1996). Typical Production Systems, Husbandry Practices and Production Characteristics: Agropastoral and agricultural systems are prac- tised, verging on pastoral in Ankole/Bahima areas of eastern and lower areas of Rwanda. Generalised flock structure for meat produc- tion has females 82.6% (65.7% weaned); males 17.4% (3.7% weaned); 51.3% of all goats in the traditional system have milk teeth only (FARM- Africa 1996). Multiple births are very common; 61.1% sin- gle, 37.1% twin, 1.8% triplet in traditional system in north of Burundi; 54.6, 42.5, 2.8 and 0.2% for single, twin, triplet and quadruplet, respectively in large-scale traditional study in three countries combined; 41.4% single, 58.6% multiple under station management in southeast Rwanda. Litter size was 1.44  in traditional system; 1.75 on sta- tion, not differing significantly with season, but larger litters at older parities were noted. Annual reproductive rate was 1.86 on the station. For life- time production, most females do not exceed 5 parturitions, but up to 12 recorded; average of 2.39 parturitions for 1340 does in large-scale tra- ditional system survey. Age at first kidding was 640 ± 27.8 days on station in Rwanda, where does born as twins, kidded more than 3 months later than those born as singles and females out of older dams kidded younger than those out of junior dams. Kidding interval was 343 ± 13.8 days on station, but this is largely due to an imposed breeding season (FARM-Africa 1996). 5.5.2.16 � Western Lowland Goat Synonyms: Shankila/Shankela, Gumuz/Gumez Origin and Distribution: Western Lowland (Fig. 5.7) goats are also known as Shankela and Gumez locally. They are derived from the mixing of types in the past. They are distributed in the western lowlands bordering Sudan in Gojam (Metekel), Wellega (Assosa) and Illubabor (Gambela). Most closely related to the Central (Fig.  5.8a, b) and Western Highland goats in Ethiopia. Indigenous Ethiopian goat genetic resources have been classified phenotypically into 11 types. These are Abergalle, Arsi-Bale, Afar, Central Highland, Gumez, Hararghe Highland, Keffa, Long-eared Somali, North-West Highland, Short- eared Somali and Woyto-Guji (Tesfaye 2004). Physical Characteristics: The Gumuz goat (34.7  kg) population was significantly heavier than Central Abergelle (27.9  kg) and Abergelle Fig. 5.7  A Western lowland or Shankela doe. (Photo: ILRI) 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 208 Fig. 5.8  (a) Keffa Central highland goat. (Photo: ILRI). (b) Keffa Central highland goat. (Photo: ILRI) goat (28.1 kg) ecotypes, with an overall mean of 31.14 kg. The Begia-Medir goat, with an average height of 71  cm at withers, was significantly taller than all other goat ecotypes, while Gumuz goats were the shortest with 65 cm height at with- ers (Hassen et al. 2012). The goat has a straight facial profile (100%), short, smooth coat (81%), with 16% having a relatively coarse coat. The main colours are white (42%) and fawn (38%), with some black (9%) and grey (11%), occurring mainly in patches (73%). Most male goats have straight horns (85%) orientated backwards (77%). There are 12% polled males in the popu- lation. A ruff is present in 96% of all males and a beard in 70% of males. Wattles are present in 12% of all male goats. Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristics: The breed is adapted to arid zones, extending to hyper-arid zones. All the Ethiopian goat popula- tions are very closely related to each other. Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: Pastoral and agropastoral groups in the area of distribution use goat milk extensively. Goat meat is widely eaten. The horn is used as a musical instrument (zoom- bara) in Assosa. The average number of kids born per breeding female is 3.5. Western Lowland goats are remarkably prolific, with 56% giving single births, 41% twin births and 3% triplets. Quadruplets were also reported (Tesfaye 2004). 5.5.2.17 � West African Dwarf (WAD) Origin and Distribution: Synonyms for the breed include Djallonke, African Pygmy, ‘Chèvre de Fouta Djallon’, ‘chèvre guinéenne’, ‘chèvre naine’, Guinean Dwarf, Cameroon Dwarf or pygmy, Kirdi (southern Chad and northern Cameroon), Ghana Dwarf, Ghana Forest, Forest Dwarf, Nigerian Dwarf, Cameroon Grassland Dwarf, Congo Dwarf and Chèvre de Casamance (Wilson 1991; DAGRIS 2007). The breed is an achondroplastic dwarf with a lack of ossification at the cartilage joints, which probably evolved in response to the conditions of the humid forest zone by selection of recessive genes for dwarfism (Wilson 1991). With the exception of the Central African Republic, they are found throughout the Atlantic coastline of 15 West and Central African countries (Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, DRC, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Chad). According to the lat- ter author, they constitute the only goat breed (100%) in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. For subtypes, many are recognised, usually by the name of the country of their location and the type of habitat, such as Cameroon grassland (Fig.  5.7), Ghana forest, Cote d’Ivoire dwarf and Congo Dwarf. Slightly larger goats than the typical WAD, such as the Mossi of Burkina Faso, goats of southern Mali and the Kirdi of southern Chad and northern M. Okpeku et al. 209 Cameroon, are also sometimes included in the main type. Physical Characteristics: WAD goat is very short (30–50 cm), with an average height at the withers estimated at 44.74  ±  0.64 (Fajemilehin and Salako 2008). Coat colour is variable (Figs. 5.9 and 5.10) depending on region (Okpeku et  al. 2011a; Wilson 1991). Dark brown with black points is common, but black, white, red, pied and mixed colours also occur. In addition to three basic colours (black, brown and white), larger face, agouti and spotting patterns with over 22 combinations have been reported in Nigeria (Bemji et  al. 2012). Review by Wilson (1991) showed that the coat of WAD goat has stiff and short hair with longer hair and varying degrees of waviness in some subtypes. Horns are present in both sexes, curling outwards and backwards in males and fairly strong, while light, sharp and pointing upwards and backwards in females. Ears are short to medium length, narrow and carried horizontally. Toggles may be present in both sexes. Males are bearded with a weak mane, while females occasionally have beards, and the degree of bearding varies depending on sub-type. Neck is strong and fairly long, chest broad and deep, and the udder is small and well-shaped. Adaptive and Special Genetic Characteristic: WAD goat is hardy, trypanotolerant and resistant to gastrointestinal nematodes (Chiejina and Behnke 2011). They are well adapted to humid rainforest zones. Goats found in Africa can be broadly categorised into three namely; indige- nous/native, exotic and composite (locally devel- oped hybrid) types. Indigenous goats are hardy and well adapted to prevailing agroecological and environmental challenges in the regions of Africa where they are found. Typical Production Systems and Production Characteristics: WAD is mainly raised for meat under agricultural and urban systems, while the agropastoral production system is rare. In south- west Nigeria, three types of management systems (free roaming, confined for part of the year and confined the whole year) are practised. Reproductive characteristics as reviewed by Wilson (1991) include age at first kidding: 12–18 months; Kidding interval: 210–290 days; multiple births are many, twins are very common, triplets are common with occasional quadruplets. Average litter size is 1.40–1.85 and can be more than 2 depending on parity; Oestrus cycle is 16–25  days, with heat lasting 16.4–40.0  hours; Gestation period: 142–149  days; birth weight: 1.04–1.62 kg; weights at 3, 9 and 12 months were 4.6 kg, 6.0 kg and 9.5 kg, respectively; average daily gain from birth to 90 days, 90–150 days and 150–365 days were 35 g, 20 g and 16 g respec- tively; mature liveweight ranged from 20 to 25 kg for male and 18 to 22 kg for female. In Southwest Nigeria, mature weights were 26.3 kg for white goats, while brown and black goats weighed 23.40 and 22.24 Kg, respectively (Ebozoje and Ikeobi 1998) Dressing percentage was 63% for a live weight of 23.5  kg; Carcass composition: Fig. 5.10  West African Dwarf doe at Southwest Nigeria. (Photo by M.N. Bemji) Fig. 5.9  Cameroon Grassland Dwarf. (Photo by Jules Fon) 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 210 meat/bone ratio of 0.41. The carcass has more fat than dwarf sheep in the same environment (Wilson 1991). In the humid zone of Nigeria, the daily milk offtake for West African Dwarf goats was reported to be approximately 14.58 ml, with values influenced by parity and lactation stage, peaking at 36 ml on the eighth day before declin- ing (Olalere & Bemji, 2024). Wilson (1991) reported a lactation length of 126 days with peak yield of 710 g at about 40 days; Milk composi- tion was DM: 19.2%; fat: 8.3%; protein: 5.1%; lactose: 4.5%; energy: 123 Kcal/100 g. 5.5.2.18 � Small East African/Mubende Synonyms: Mashona Origin and Distribution: The Mubende goat is a breed found in the sub-humid highland areas of Uganda and Zimbabwe, known for its unique black or black-and-white hair coat (Fig. 5.11a, b) in both sexes, high-quality skin and valuable meat production. The main location in Zimbabwe is in the southeast of the country; this goat is replaced by the Ndebele type (Wilson 1991). According to Onzima et  al. (2018), the Small East African exists in Uganda, and in a study, reported high genetic variability of the Ugandan goat populations with sufficient genetic potential for further improvement of the breeds for herita- ble economic traits. The Ugandan indigenous goats are weakly differentiated, consisting of two breeds forming more uniform clusters (Kigezi and Small East African), two breeds clearly cross-bred (Karamojong and Sebei), and Mubende showing signs of gene flow from all these goat populations. Typical Production Systems, Husbandry Practices and Production Characteristics: From a flock of traditionally managed Mashona Small East African goats monitored over a 6-year period, kids born in the hot dry season were sig- nificantly heavier at 60, 90 and 180 d (6.4, 8.0 and 10.9 vs 5.7, 6.7 and 9.2 kg, respectively) than kids born in the hot wet season. There was a steady decline in growth rates from age 15 d (60.2  g/d) to weaning age of 180 d (41.7  g/d). Overall, 19.4% of the 294 kids born during the study period exited the flocks before age 180 d. Major causes of exits were lost kids and preda- tion, which together accounted for 61% of exits by kids. Seasonal effects on exits were mainly at ages below 30 d, where 10.3% of kids born in the hot dry season exited compared to 4.3% and 4.6% for the hot wet and cool dry seasons. Kidding intervals were 321 and 259 days. Due to the slow growth rates and long kidding intervals, the flock productivity in terms of weaned live kid weight (kg) per doe per year was low (Ndlovu and Simela 1996). 5.5.2.19 � Malawian (Small Goat) Synonym: Small East African Origin and Distribution: This is a small breed under the Small East African goats. It is found in Malawi in various agroecological zones ranging Fig. 5.11  (a) A Mubende doe. (Photo by D. Kugonza). (b) A Mubende buck. (Photo by D. Kugonza) M. Okpeku et al. 211 from semi-arid to sub-humid uplands. They are raised in agricultural systems with an average flock size of nine and mainly for meat produc- tion. They are mostly tethered during the day in cropping seasons and left on free range after har- vest. They are housed at night in different types of housing. Flock structure is related to meat production. Physical Characteristics: They are small in size, with a length of 62 cm and a weight of about 29.1 kg for females. The head is fine with a facial profile that is straight or dished. They have horns in both males and females, with pricked ears. The neck is fine and fairly long, and the chest is fairly well developed. The girth measurement is greater than the withers height by about 20%. They have a rump that is higher than the withers. The most common colours are black, black and brown, brown and red and white with a very wide variation. Some have ‘Badger’ and reverse bad- ger face markings, and the hair is generally short and fine. Typical Production Systems, Husbandry Practices and Production Characteristics: Age at first kidding was 15.6 months in the village sys- tem; 17.5  months on the ranch; 451  days (14.8  months) on the development project. Kidding interval was 44.9 weeks in the village; 35.2 weeks on the ranch; 254 days on the devel- opment project. Multiple births are common. Birth weight was 1.76 kg. Weight at 280 days was 12.2 ± 2.4 kg on the development project. Average daily gain from birth to 280 days was 36 ± 8 g on the development project. Post-partum weights were 29.5 kg in the traditional system and 28.5 kg on the ranch. 5.5.2.20 � Small East Africa/Congo Dwarf/Angola Synonym: Bahu Origin and Distribution: The Congo Dwarf/ Angola Dwarf goat is found in the eastern part of the Congo on the Upper Uele and Upper Ituri riv- ers, as well as near Lake Kivu. The Congo dwarf is classified under the subgroup of Small East African Meat goat. It occupies the eastern part of Congo on the Upper Uele and Upper Ituri rivers, the vicinity of Lake Kivu in Burundi, and the area north and west of Lake Tanganyika (Epstein 1971). Special Characteristics: The short-coated Congo Dwarf goat stands at only 40–50  cm (Fig. 5.12) at the withers, but in the Savannah, it may reach a height of 60–70 cm, suggesting that its size is dependent on the environment rather than on race. It is generally characterised by a black-and-white colour pattern, less frequently by a brown or black coat; a short head with a prominent forehead; occasionally polled or fur- nished with short scimitar-like or twisted horns; short erect ears; absence of a beard, occasional presence of throat lappets, a large chest and a plump; very compact and well-covered body standing on short, straight or crooked legs. The milking qualities are negligible (Epstein 1971; DAGRIS 2007). 5.5.3 � Short-Eared Twisted-Horned Goats The earliest domestic goats of Africa belonged to a small generalised type (DAGRIS 2007). Ancient Egyptians received these dwarf goats and passed them to the south up the Nile Valley and across to Lake Chad before they received the specialised screw-horned goats. The centre of evolution of the screw-horned goats is not very clear. Since Egypt and India are peripheral areas of its range, the centre of evolution is speculated Fig. 5.12  Small East African goat 5  African Goat Genetic Resources, Diversity and Unique Features 212 to be in present-day Iran and Iraq. It is also pos- sible that not all ancient screw-horned goats were derived from the same source. Selection is believed to have affected the forms of ears and horns and probably led to the dominance of long drooping ears. These ancient screw-horn goats have fairly long legs and short hair, and their colour was red, black, fawn, white or pied. From the northern region of Africa, the screw-horned, lop-eared type later spread to the west and south. Today, their distribution is limited to the Sahel, from western Sudan in the east, across Mali and Niger to Mauritania and Senegal in the west. Examples of goat breeds in this group include: Red Sokoto, Barguirmi Maradi, Sahalian, Sudan Desert and Sukria. 5.5.3.1 � Red Sokoto Origin and Distribution: Synonyms include Sokoto Red, Kano Brown (Kyasuwa), Katsina Light Brown, Mambilla, Bornu White, Buduma (Chad), Damagaran dapple-grey and Maradi in Niger (Chèvre rousse de Maradi) (DAGRIS 2007). The breed is one of the Savanna goats with a fairly small size, suggesting the possibility of crosses with dwarf goats before selection in their current habitat. The hypothesis that a fusion occurred is supported by the relatively high proli- ficity of the Sokoto goat (Wilson 1991). Subtypes outside the main centres of its distribution have varied colours, such as Kano Brown, Bornu White, etc. Red Sokoto breed is mainly found in southern Niger and northern Nigeria between latitudes 12°N and 14°N and longitudes 4°N and 10°E.  In Nigeria, it is common in Sokoto and Kano States. Physical Characteristics: Red Sokoto breed is of small size, about 60 cm height at the withers (60–65 cm for males and 54–65 cm for females), but Bornu White is up to 80 cm (Okpeku et al. 2011a; Wilson 1991). Literature reviewed by Wilson (1991) shows that coat colour is deep red in Sokoto (Fig. 5.13) but lighter and occasionally almost chestnut in Maradi. Males are darker than females and may have a black back stripe. Bornu White has occasional black or brown spots on the nose, ears and around the eyes. Head is fine, the forehead is prominent, and the profile is short and straight or slightly dished. Males and females are horned (short to medium in length and somewhat heavier in males), ears are short, medium in width and carried horizontally. They are longer (semi-pendulous) in Niger and in Bornu White. Beard has profuse hair in males but is absent in females. Forehead is longer, bushier and darker in males than in females. Neck is short, thin and very mobile. Chest is rounded, legs are short, strong and well-muscled in fore and hind limbs. Tail hairs are black. Coat h