FACTORS INFLUENCING MARKETABLE SUPPLY OF AVOCADO FRUIT: THE CASE OF LEMO WOREDA IN HADIYA ZONE OF SNNPR, ETHIOPIA THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN BUSSINESS ADMINISTRATION BY: EYUEL TESFAYE BEYENE (WCU 003427) PRINCIPAL ADVISOR: Dr. WORKNEH KASSA (PhD) CO- ADVISOR: LEMI TESFA (PhD candidate) WACHEMO UNIVERSITY, HOSANNA, ETHIOPIA AUGUST, 2020 FACTORS INFLUENCING MARKETABLE SUPPLY OF AVOCADO FRUIT: THE CASE OF LEMO WOREDA IN HADIYA ZONE OF SNNPR, ETHIOPIA BY: EYUEL TESFAYE BEYENE THESIS SUBMITTED TO: THE DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT, COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, WACHEMO UNIVERSITY, HOSANNA ETHIOPIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN BUSSINESS ADMINISTRATION AUGUST, 2020 i Acknowledgements Above all, glory to the almighty God, for my strength, hope and courage to accomplish this work successfully. Then my deepest gratitude goes to my principal advisor Dr. Workneh Kassa (PhD) and Co-advisor Lemi Tesfa (PhD candidate), for their unreserved guidance, tireless support from the beginning of the research proposal, in data collection, analysis and final write up. I indebted great thanks to my beloved wife, Mulualem Degelo and my children Asaf, Nazrawit(Tutu), Eyerusalem(Nani) and Leul for their support and understanding me in the whole span of the research work. Also, I owe my gratitude for my parents and all families for their support, love and care during my study. My deepest gratefulness goes to my sister Sindu Tesfaye, motivating and financially supporting me. Also my appreciation goes to my friends, Desalegn Tegegn, Desta Gezmu, Kacha Desta and Workneh Dubale for their advice, support and comment. Also I am thankful to my respected Dr. Kindu Mekonnen (PhD), senior scientist in Crop and livestock system, for his great support and kindly cooperation during data collection and final write up. Then my deepest and special gratitude goes to ILRI Africa RISING project; because this research was undertaken with support from Africa RISING, a program financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as part of the United States Government’s Feed the Future Initiative. The content is solely the responsibility of the author/s and does not necessarily represent the official views of USAID or the U.S. Government or that of the Africa RISING program. Africa RISING is aligned with research programs of the CGIAR”. ii Table of contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... i Table of contents ...................................................................................................................... ii ADVISORS’ APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................ v EXAMINERS’ APPROVALSHEET .................................................................................... vi Declaration sheet .................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ viii Figures ...................................................................................................................................... ix Tables ........................................................................................................................................ x Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTERONE ....................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the study ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research questions ..................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1 General Objective ................................................................................................... 3 1.4.2 Specific Objectives .................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 4 1.6 Scope of the study ...................................................................................................... 5 1.7 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................ 5 1.8 Organization of the Study ......................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 6 2. REVIEW OF RELATEDLITERATURE ....................................................................... 6 Theoretical review ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Market channels ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Market ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Marketable supply ..................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Marketing ................................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Agricultural Marketing ............................................................................................ 8 iii 2.6 Factors influencing the market supply .................................................................... 8 2.7 Performance of the market ....................................................................................... 9 2.8 Socioeconomic Characteristics ............................................................................... 10 2.8.1 Age of the household head ............................................................................... 10 2.8.2 Education of the household head .................................................................... 10 2.8.3 Livestock holding ............................................................................................. 11 2.8.4 Farm size ........................................................................................................... 11 2.9 Factors out of farm .................................................................................................. 11 2.9.1 Quantity of produced ....................................................................................... 11 2.9.2 Access to market information ......................................................................... 12 2.9.3 Access for transportation to nearest market ................................................. 12 2.9.4 Distance to the nearest market........................................................................ 13 2.9.5 Selling Price of the product ............................................................................. 13 2.10 Empirical Review .................................................................................................... 13 2.11 Conceptual Framework of the Study ..................................................................... 16 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 18 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 18 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Description of the study area .................................................................................. 18 3.2.1 Hadiya Zone .......................................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Lemo Woreda ....................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Research Approach ................................................................................................. 20 3.4 Sources of Data ........................................................................................................ 21 3.5 Sample Design .......................................................................................................... 21 3.5.1 Target Population ................................................................................................. 21 3.5.2 Sampling Technique ............................................................................................. 21 3.5.3 Sample Size ........................................................................................................... 22 3.6 Operationalization and measurement of variables ................................................. 23 3.7 Data collection Instruments ..................................................................................... 24 3.8 Data analysis procedure ........................................................................................... 25 iv 3.9 Ethical Clearance ..................................................................................................... 26 3.10 Diagnosis of Test ...................................................................................................... 26 3.10.1 Reliability/validity Test .................................................................................... 27 3.10.2 Linearity Test ................................................................................................... 27 3.10.3 Normality Test .................................................................................................. 28 3.10.4 Multicollinearity Test....................................................................................... 29 3.10.5 Summarized Regression ANOVA table ......................................................... 30 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 31 4. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .......................... 31 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 31 4.2 Response Rate .......................................................................................................... 31 4.3 Result and discussion .............................................................................................. 32 4.4 Trends of the Avocado expansion .......................................................................... 38 4.5 Focus group discussion(FGD) ................................................................................ 38 4.6 Partial Correlation matrix between variables ...................................................... 39 CHPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................... 42 5. Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation and Suggestion of Further study ............. 42 5.1 Summary of the study ............................................................................................. 42 5.1.1 Summary of Socioeconomic result .................................................................. 42 5.1.2 Summary result of econometric analysis ....................................................... 43 5.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 47 5.3 Recommendation ..................................................................................................... 49 5.4 Suggestion for Further Study ................................................................................. 50 6 Reference: ........................................................................................................................ 51 Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 56 English version of Questioner for Farmers’: ..................................................................... 56 Amharic version Questioner for Farmers’: ........................................................................ 64 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 70 PHOTOS .............................................................................................................................. 88 v ADVISORS’ APPROVAL SHEET SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES WACHEMO UNIVERSITY This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Factors influencing marketable supply of Avocado fruit the case of Lemo Woreda in Hadiya zone SNNPR “submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master's with Business Administration, the Graduate Program of the Department of management, college of Business and economics, School of graduate study, Wachemo University in Hosanna, Ethiopia; and has been carried out by Eyuel Tesfaye Id. No WCU 003427under our supervision. Therefore, we recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements and hence hereby can submit the thesis to the department. Dr. Workneh Kassa (PhD) ___________________ _____________________ Principal Advisor Signature Date Lemi Tesfa (PhDcandidate) ___________________ _____________________ Co advisor Signature Date vi EXAMINERS’ APPROVALSHEET SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES WACHEMO UNIVERSITY We, the undersigned, members of the Board of Examiners of the final open defense by have read and evaluated his thesis entitled “Factors influencing marketable supply of avocado fruits: The case of Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone SNNPR” and examined the candidate. This is, therefore, to certify that the thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master’s in business administration. Approved by a board of Examiners and Advisor: Hayru Lale ___________________ _____________________ Name of chair person Signature Date Dr. Workneh Kassa (PhD) ___________________ _____________________ Principal Advisor Signature Date LemiTesfa(PhD Candidate) ___________________ _____________________ Co-advisor Signature Date Dr. Legesse Guro (PhD) ___________________ _____________________ External Examiner Signature Date Dr. Philipos Lamore (PhD) ___________________ _____________________ Internal Examiner Signature Date vii Declaration sheet I, the undersigned, declare that the research report titled Factors influencing marketable supply of avocado fruit: The Case study of Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone, SNNPR is prepared under the guidance of Dr. Workneh Kassa (PhD) and Lemi Tesfa (PhD candidate).All sources of materials used for the research report have been duly acknowledged. Eyuel Tesfaye Beyene Signature_________________ Date _____________________ viii Abbreviations ADLI …………... Agricultural Development Led Industrialization Africa RISING..... Africa Research in Sustainable Intensification for Next Generation CSA …………......Central Statistical Authority ETB ……………...Ethiopian birr FAO………...…... .Food and Agriculture Organization FIMSAF ………….Factors Influencing marketable Supply of Avocado Fruit GDP ………….…..Gross domestic product HZDOH …….……Hadiya zone department of horticultural ILRI……………....International Livestock Research Institute Kg...........................Kilogram m.a.s.l …….……....meters above sea level Mkt………………. Market MOI ………………Ministry of information MSPAF……………Marketable Supply Performance of Avocado Fruit Qt ……………….....Quintal SPSS ………….…...Statistical Package for Social Sciences TLU……………….. Tropical Livestock Unit USAID……………..United States Agency for International Development Woreda…………….district /the sub part of the zone/ ix Figures Description Page Figure 2.1 The conceptual framework of the study 17 Figure 3.1 Map of Lemo Woreda in Hadiya zone 19 Figure 3.2 Frequency Distribution of Standardized Residual by histogram for normality test 28 Figure 3.3 Frequency Distribution of Standardized Residual by p- p plot for linearity test 29 x Tables Descriptions Page Table 3.1 Sample size determination 22 Table 3.2 Sample size determination for the study 23 Table 3.3 Operationalization and measurement of variables 23 Table 3.4 Reliability/validity statistics 27 Table 3.5 Multicollinearity Test 29 Table 3.6 The regression ANOVA table 30 Table 4.1 Socioeconomic characteristics 32 Table 4.2 Livestock holding 33 Table 4.3 Frequency and percentage of Market channel 34 Table 4.4 Descriptive Statistics of market channel 34 Table 4.5 Frequency and percentage of performance of Marketable Supply 34 Table 4.6 Frequency and percentage of FIMSAF 35 Table 4.7 Descriptive Statistics of FIMSAF 36 Table 4.8 Descriptive Statistics of Marketable performance 37 Table 4.9 Descriptive Statistics marketable performance of traders 37 Table 4.10 Trend of Avocado introduction 38 Table 4.11 Partial Correlation matrix between independent variables 39 Table 4.12 Bivariate correlation matrix MSP with independent variables 40 Table 4.13 Factors influencing market supply of Avocado fruits on marketable supply performance 40 Table 4.14 Econometric analysis of marketable performance of Avocado fruit 41 xi Abstract This study intended to determine factors influencing marketable supply of avocado fruit at Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone. The avocado production suffers from many limitations such as, lack of well-organized market system, inadequate skill of post-harvest handling and lack of market information system in the study area. The specific objectives of the study to assess market channel, identifying factors influencing market supply of avocado fruit and examining market supply performance of avocado fruits in the study area. Age, education level, livestock holding, farm size, quantity produce, market information, distance to the nearest market, access for transportation and selling price of produce related positively and negatively with market supply performance of avocado fruit. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to draw the sample of fruit producer farmers. The sample size was 115 farmers/suppliers and 10 traders for crosscheck. Data has been collected using well-structured close ended questionnaires by using enumerators from a randomly selected sample of 115 avocado fruit farmers from Lemo District and cross checking data collected from 10 traders from Hosanna town. The collected data analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS-20); reliability and diagnosis test of the collected data has been checked. Descriptive, correlation and regression analysis has been done. The result reveled that, age, education level, quantity produce, access for market information, access for transportation, distance to the nearest market and selling price of the produce influences market supply performance of avocado fruit at significant level and poor market supply channel, poor market supply performance of avocado fruit in the study area. The study recommends the need for develop market cooperation at the ground level to improve market channel, designing motivation of young farmers’ involvement improve adult learning, improve all factors of marketable supply; thus, to improve market supply performance in the local and distance market uplift the income of the producers and or suppliers. Keywords: Marketable supply, quantity produced, market information, Avocado, 1 | P a g e CHAPTERONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Worldwide productions of fruit and vegetable crops have grown faster than that of cereal crops. Between 1960 and 2000, the area under horticultural crops worldwide has doubled. Among the main reasons attributable to the growth, high return from horticulture has been reported up to five times higher than the previous one. Promotion of the production and trade in fruits and vegetables has recently become one of the key objectives of developing countries (Lumpkin et al, 2005). Sub-Saharan Africa focuses on enhancing the income of small holders with Small holder production and the marketing of fruits and vegetables. Fruits account for a substantial fraction of world’s agricultural output; some fruits such as apple have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings. Fruits and vegetables are produced seasonally, but the market requires products throughout the year (IFAD, 2003).Compared to most other products, agricultural products are bulkier, more perishable, occupy a lot of space and expensive to transport and store. These product characteristics have their effect on the facilities necessary to market farm products (Kohls and Uhl, 1985). Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI, 2001) strategy considers agriculture as the base of growth on account of its potentiality to create linkages with other sectors, surplus generation, and potential market creation. Ethiopian Minster of Information indicated that at present, the Federal and Regional Governments are doing their level best to transform the 2 | P a g e existing subsistence agriculture in to market oriented commercial production system (MOI, 2002). As annual report of Hadiya Zone Department of Horticulture, 2019 annual production of Avocado fruit of Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone and estimated to be 28,680 and 2,898.1 ton, respectively. Therefore, there is a need to conduct an intensive study to generate information on influencing factors of marketable supply of Avocado fruit. 1.2 Statement of the problem In Ethiopia the performance of agricultural marketing system is constrained by several factors such as poor quality of agricultural products, absence of market facilities, weak extension services that ignored marketing development, poor linkage of research and extension service, lack of marketing information and intelligent services, excessive value and provide fluctuations, restricted access to credit, and transportation problems (Wolday, 1994). In developing countries, most permanent crops produced by small holder farmers and their product were marketed by the non-public entrepreneurs who operates as marketing chain, and distribute the products to terminal markets. Although the marketing supply is well known, small holder farmers specifically face high cost in accessing markets, inadequate and uncoordinated crop market information systems (FAO, 2007). Mango and avocado fruit marketing are characterized by having large number of buyers and sellers, free entry and exit and the majority of fruit price is not set by demand and supply of the fruits in the market. The marketing structure of fruit in the study area is not competitive market (Nega Mathewos, 2016). 3 | P a g e As HZDOH’s annual reports shows that, there is potential of avocado fruit production which attributed to divers Agro-ecology, land suitability and high farmers’ demand for the avocado production. Lemo woreda, one of the districts in Hadya zone, farmers have been experiencing horticultural crop production including avocado for both home consumption and market as complementary crop of wheat, major cash crop. As the report reveals that the trend of the avocado production is increasing in the area. However, the avocado production is suffering from many limitations such as lack of well- organized market system, inadequate skill of post-harvest handling, poor quality of produce, and lack of market information system, inadequate access to improved avocado seedlings and poor access to transportation due to roads problem to transport at wet seasons (HZDOH, 2019). Therefore, researcher interested to study that the marketable supply of Avocado fruit in the study area. 1.3 Research questions The following research questions were developed in order to achieve the intended objectives of the study:  What are major marketing channels of avocado fruit in the study area?  What are major factors influencing avocado fruits supplied to the market in the study area?  How the avocado market performing within the study area? 1.4 Objectives 1.4.1 General Objective 4 | P a g e The general objective of this study is to investigate factors that influence marketable supply of avocado fruit in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, SNNPR in Ethiopia. 1.4.2 Specific Objectives  To assess major market channels for avocado fruits in Lemo Woreda of Hadiya Zone.  To identify the factors influencing market supply of avocado fruits in Lemo Woreda of Hadiya Zone.  To examine the market supply performance of avocado fruits producers/farmers in Lemo Woreda of Hadiya Zone. 1.5 Significance of the study From The HZDOH data shows that the quantity of avocado produced during the last five years increased significantly. As it is stated in the annual report of 2019 of HZDOH, various development and research actors like ILRI/Africa RISING, Wachemo University, World Vision, MekaneYesus South Sinodous livelihood improvement projects contributed for the increment of the production. The senior experts of Lemo woreda office of agriculture and Natural Resource Management has also mentioned the increase and demand creation of avocado production is due to the intervention and contribution of the above indicated actors. Within five years’ time, this product expected to be doubled which leads to surplus production. Therefore, these inspire the researcher to identify and explain for the stakeholders about factors influencing marketable supply of avocado fruit in the study area. Furthermore, this study will help the researcher to gain insight on how to conduct research and it helps other researcher as source material for further study. 5 | P a g e 1.6 Scope of the study Geographic area coverage of this study was Upper Gana and Jawe Kebeles’, Lemo woreda, Hadiya Zone in SNNPR with specific focus on factors influencing market supply of avocado fruit. The producer farmers and traders participated in the study but due to financial shortage it was not possible to engage the final consumers in the study. The season of avocado production considered for the study is 2019.The content of the study was FIMSAF measured Market supply performance of avocado fruits by 5 point likert. 1.7 Limitations of the Study Majority of farmers were unable to read and answer the questioners, which leads to contact all of the respondents by enumerators. One of the challenges on data collection was unable to contact the owners of the farm due to their own reasons. In addition to this, most respondents were not willing to respond the income part of the questionnaire. To overcome this problem the researcher used 5 point likert methods of scale measurement. 1.8 Organization of the Study The study was divided into five sections. Chapter one focuses on introductory part of the study, which contains background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study and the last but not the least organization of the study. Chapter two exclusively devoted to the review of the literature including key concepts of the problem to related literature on factors of market supply on the market supply performance. Chapter three deals with the methods used to collect and analyze the data. While chapter four presented analysis of findings and discussion of the empirical data. Chapter five presents summary, conclusions and recommendations of the finding. 6 | P a g e CHAPTER TWO 2. REVIEW OF RELATEDLITERATURE Theoretical review 2.1 Market channels It is a business structure of interdependent organizations from the point of product origin to the consumer with the purpose of moving products to their final consumption destination (Kotler and Armstrong, 2003). The analysis of marketing channels is intended to provide a systematic knowledge of the flow of goods and services from their origin (producer) to their final destination (consumer). According to Lunndy et al (2004) market chain actors can be defined as “a people who directly involved in the exchange of goods; and it starts from input suppliers, producers, rural traders or assemblers, processors, urban wholesalers, retailers and consumers.” Lunndy et al (2004) grouped market chain actor into four based on the function they contributed to the market chain system: 2.2 Market A market is thought of as a meeting point of buyers and sellers, a place where sellers and buyers meet and exchange takes place, an area for which there is a demand for goods an area for which price determining forces (demand and supply) operates. The word “markets” as a single arrangement in which one thing is exchanged for another (Bain and Peter, 1988). Market is another name for demand. Others define market as a system or an atmosphere or a mechanism that facilitate price fixation and thereby exchange of goods and services (McNair and Hansen, 1956). Markets should, in theory, supply food corresponding to consumer 7 | P a g e preferences. Simultaneously, price that consumers are willing to pay for different commodities and grades should be transferred to producers in order to encourage production of that produce which is in demand. Price differences over time and between market locations should correspond to the marketing (transaction) costs incurred, notably those for storage and transport (Shepherd, 1997). 2.3 Marketable supply Marketed supply refers to the amount actually taken to the markets irrespective of the needs for home consumption and other requirements whereas the marketable surplus is the residual with the producer after meeting the requirement of seed, payment in kind and consumption by farmer (Wolday, 1994). Moreover, the marketing arrangements at different stages also play an important role in price levels at various stages (from farm gate to the final user). These features make the marketing system of fruits and vegetables to differ from other agricultural commodities, particularly in providing time, form and space utilities. While the market infrastructure is better developed for food grains, fruits and vegetables markets are not that well developed and markets are congested and unhygienic (McCoy and Sharan, 1998). 2.4 Marketing Marketing has an intrinsic productive value, in that it adds time, form, place and possession utilities to products and commodities. Through the technical functions of storage, processing and transportation, and through exchange, marketing increases consumer satisfaction from any given quantity of output (Mendoza, 1995). Kotler(2003) also stated shortly marketing as the task of creating, promoting, and delivering goods and services to consumers and businesses. 8 | P a g e 2.5 Agricultural Marketing It is defined as agriculturally oriented marketing. It embraces all operations and institutions involved in moving farm products from farm to consumers (Pritchard, 1969). It covers all the activities associated with the agricultural production and food, feed, and fiber assembly, processing, and distribution to final consumers, including analysis of consumers’ needs, motivations, and purchasing and consumption behavior (Tilahun Negussie, 1983). It is both a physical distribution and an economic bridge designed to facilitate the movement and exchange of commodities from farm to fork. Food marketing (of branded foods) tends to be inter- disciplinary, combining psychology and sociology with economics, whereas agricultural marketing (of unbranded products) is more mono disciplinary, using economics almost exhaustively (Kohls and Uhl, 1985). 2.6 Factors influencing the market supply Bellemare and Barrett (2006) estimated factors affecting sell of animals in Kenya and Ethiopia. They observed that the net purchase and net sales volume choices depend on expected market participation. The household head sex (female headed), age, family size, herd size, female TLUs, encumbered males, and small stock (sheep and goat) had significant and negative influence onnumber of animals sold. Unlikely, assets, land holding, other income, encumbered females, and average price of larger stock (camels and cattle) had correlated positively with number of animals sold. A study conducted by Wolday (1994) in AlabaSiraro district identified factors that affected market supply of food grain (teff, maize and wheat) by using variables such as the size of output, market access, family size, and income from pepper. He identified that size of output (teff, maize and wheat) significantly and positively affected teff, maize and wheat supplied. On 9 | P a g e the other hand, access to market significantly and negatively affected volume of sale of teff and maize. Poor accesses to the market negatively affected maize sold while positively affected teff and wheat sold. Family size also significantly and positively affected quantity supplied of teff and wheat while it negatively affected quantity supplied of maize. A similar study was conducted by Holloway et al (1999) and identified alternative techniques for effecting participation among per-urban milk producers in the Ethiopian highlands. They found that cross breed cow type, local breed cows, education level of household head, extension contact, and farming experience of household head positively affected quantity of milk sold while distance to the market affected the volume of sale negatively. There are a number of highlighted constraints that hamper further development of market supply. Singh and Rai (1998) identified factors affecting marketed surplus of buffalo milk in Haryana. They observed milk production and price significantly affected marketed surplus positively while land holding and family size negatively affected. Therefore, from the above studies we can assume that factors influence the market supply of products include: age of the household head, education of the household head, livestock holding, farm size, quantity of produced, access to market information, transportation to nearest market, distance to the nearest market and price of the produce. 2.7 Performance of the market The performance of certain market depends on the conduct of its sellers and buyers which, in turn, is strongly influenced by the structure of the relevant markets (Scarborough and Kydd, 1992). It is reflection of the impact of structure and conduct on product price, costs and the volume and quality of output (Cramers and Jensen, 1982). If the market structure in an industry resembles monopoly rather than pure competition, then one expects poor market performance. 10 | P a g e As a method for analysis the supply chain management paradigm postulates, there exists a relationship between the three levels distinguished. One can imagine a causal relations starting from the structure, which determine the conduct, which together determine the performance of agricultural marketing system in developing countries (Meijer, 1994). 2.8 Socioeconomic Characteristics 2.8.1 Age of the household head It is a continuous variable and measured in years. Aged households are believed to be wise in resource use, on the other hand young household heads have long investment horizon and it is expected to have either positive or negative effect on volume of avocado fruit sales. The expected sign is positive as age one of the parameters of human capital. As an individual stays long, he will have better knowledge and will decide to participate. Adugna (2009) who found that age of the household head have negative effect on the elasticity of onion supply to the market. 2.8.2 Education of the household head It is a continuous variable measured in terms of years of schooling. Education broadens farmers’ intelligence and enables them to perform the farming activities intelligently, accurately and efficiently. Moreover, better educated farmers tend to be more innovative and are therefore more likely to adopt the marketing systems. Formal education enhances the information acquisition and adjustment abilities of the farmer, thereby improving the quality of decision making (Fakoyaet al., 2007). Astewel (2010) found that if paddy producer gets educated, the amount of paddy supplied to the market increases, which suggests that education improves level of sales that affects the marketable surplus. Therefore, this variable is hypothesized to influence volume of avocado fruit sales positively. 11 | P a g e 2.8.3 Livestock holding This is a continuous variable measured in tropical livestock unit. Farmers who have a number of livestock are anticipated to specialize in livestock production so that they allocate large share of their land for pasture. Study by Rehima (2006) on pepper marketing showed that TLU showed a negative sign on quantity of pepper sales. On the other hand, it is assumed that household with larger TLU have better economic strength and financial position to purchase sufficient amount of input (Kindei, 2007). But for this study TLU will be hypothesized to influences volume of fruit sales negatively. 2.8.4 Farm size This variable is a continuous variable and it refers to the total area of farmland that a farmer owns in hectare. In agriculture, land is one of the major factors of production. It is assumed that the larger the total area of the farmland the farmer owns, the higher would be the output. The availability of land enables the owner to earn more agricultural output which in turn increases the marketable supply (Gujarat, 2004.). Therefore, farm size and marketable supply are expected to have direct relationship. 2.9 Factors out of farm 2.9.1 Quantity of produced It is continuous variable measured in quintals. A marginal increase in avocado fruit production has obvious and significant effect in motivating market supply. Therefore, this variable is hypothesized to have a positive effect on market supply. Astewel's (2010) analytical result showed that, the quantity of paddy produced jointly affected both the probability of market participation and volume of supply. Therefore, it is assumed to affect participation decision and 12 | P a g e market supply positively. This variable had important influence on market supply. It is expected to influence it positively. It is a continuous variable measured in quintals. Wolelaw (2005) and Bossena (2008) showed the higher they produce, the more likely the household would supply to market. Producers who produce more output that expect to supply more avocado fruit to the market than those who produce less. 2.9.2 Access to market information Access to market information is assumed to have positive impact on marketable supply of avocado fruit. It is a dummy variable with a value of one if a household head has access to market information and zero otherwise. The general idea is that maintaining a competitive advantage requires a sound business plan. Again, business decisions are based on dynamic information such as consumer needs and market trends. This requires that an enterprise is managed with due attention to new market opportunities, changing needs of the consumer and how market trends influence buying (CIAT, 2004).Therefore those who have access to dynamic information will produce more avocado fruit for market. Farmers marketing decisions are based on market price information. Those farmers who had better information are to be expected to supply more fruit to the market. Therefore, it is hypothesized that market information is positively related to marketable fruit supply. 2.9.3 Access for transportation to nearest market It is a continuous variable that is measured in kilometers which farmers waste time to sell their product to the market. Studies by Adugna(2009),Abay(2007) and Rehima(2006) indicated rural communities in remote areas suffer from lack of transportation facilities. The closer to the market the lesser would be the transportation cost and time spent. Therefore, it is hypothesized that this variable is negatively related to marketable surplus of avocado fruit production 13 | P a g e However, one of the preconditions for a market economy is that correct information on market conditions must be available and, within reason, accessible to all. Markets should provide the necessary facilities and services to producers and consumers enable price formation to take place and exchange to be facilitated (Andrew, 1997). 2.9.4 Distance to the nearest market It is the distance of the avocado fruit producer households from the nearest market and it measured in hours of walking time. The closer the market, the lesser would be the transportation charges, reduced walking time, and reduced other marketing costs, better access to market information and facilities. In this study distance to the nearest market is hypothesized to affect volume of avocado fruit sales negatively. Similar issue was studied by Ayelech (2011), on fruit market in Goma woreda identified that poor market access has significant and negative effect on quantity of avocado and mango supplied. 2.9.5 Selling Price of the product Prices are the result of the functioning of the market and are determined by supply and demand which, in turn, is influenced by costs of production, the costs of marketing and by consumer preferences, among other things. Prices act as signals for the allocation of productive resources in the agricultural sector (Andrew, 1997). The degree of pass-through of world prices in these models depends on two factors: the degree of market power of the marketing intermediaries in the supply chain, and the second-order curvature of the demand function (Fabinger, 2013). 2.10 Empirical Review Correct decision-making and planning depend on reliable information on variable market conditions, which are expressed by changing prices. Advocates of free market economies consider price flexibility in a positive light in that it reflects both supply and demand and 14 | P a g e seasonality in production and provides producers with incentives to adapt their production to market requirements (Andrew, 1997). Ayelech (2011) using SCP approach and multiple linear regressions found that structure of the market indicates that licensing and years of avocado and mango trade experience did not hinder entry into avocado and mango trade, but capital, education and market information were barriers to enter into the trade. Based on regression model for market supply, she has identified quantity of avocado produced; experience, education and price of avocado in the previous year are factors that significantly affect quantity of avocado supplied to the market positively while lack of market access affects the supply negatively. Again, Abraham (2013) stated that limited access to market, low price of product, lack of storage, lack of transport, low quality of product and lack of policy framework to control the illegal Ethio-Somalia trade route are the major marketing problems. Dendenaet al. (2009) using value chain analysis on mango indicated that highly disorganized and fragmented industry with weak value chain linkages, long and inefficient supply chains, inadequate information flows and lack of appropriate production were explained as the major marketing problems. They recommended that institutional innovation to reduce the above challenges. According to Wolday (1994) marketable supply of agricultural product could be affected by different factors including the size of land holding, the output level, family size, market access, price, inputs, formal education, oxen number, accesses to extension and credit services, distance to market, time of selling, access to labor and age. Additionally, (Abay, 2007; Adugna, 2009) found out that marketable supply of vegetables were significantly affected by family size, age of household, distance from main road, number of oxen owned, extension service and lagged price. 15 | P a g e According to Assefa (2009) without having convenient marketing conditions, the potential increment in output, rural incomes and foreign exchange could not be effective. Increased production, however, needs to be accompanied by efficient marketing systems. One means that of investigating the efficiency of marketing system is through studying and identifying factors that determine the market chain analysis. According to Seid (2002) due to small-scale irrigation farmers increased their production and better access to food in HabruWoreda. However, Fruit production in Habruworeda particularly, producers are not selling their produce in an organized manner so that some of their benefit may transfer to the middlemen. Adugna Gessesse (2009) studied on Analysis of fruit and vegetable market chain in Alamata, Southern zone of Tigray. His general analysis of the study can be concluded as a corner stone to understand the onion, tomato and papaya market chain system. The increasing of farmers in production and marketing of fruits and vegetables apparent by increasing land allocation and increasing number of participating market actors were indicators for commercialization. Also show that, fruit and vegetable marketing is a means of income providing business opportunities for all actors in the market chain including the producers, brokers, transporters, traders, and processors. The role of brokers in horticulture marketing is significant. They isolate the producers from the traders and make price margins often to the disadvantage of the producers. Therefore government attention is needed in improving the inefficient market chain through strengthening institutions like cooperatives. NegaMathewos (2016) studied on Supply Chain Analysis of Avocado and Mango Fruits in Gedeo Zone. The actors who are participating in production and marketing services of fruits in the study area include producer, local collectors, retailers and consumers. Also he investigate, 16 | P a g e Mango and avocado fruit marketing in the area is characterized by having large number of buyers and sellers, free entry and exit and the majority of fruit price is set by demand and supply of the fruits in the market. The marketing structure of fruit in the study area is competitive market. Out of the eight variables which are expected to affect the supply of fruits in the area four were found to be significantly related with the supply of the fruits to the market. Quantity produced in quintal of the fruits, price of the fruits and access to the market information are related significantly and positively with the supply of the fruits to the market where as distance from the market is significantly and negatively related with the supply of the fruits to the market (NegaMathewos, 2016). Even though Avocado have several benefits for the producers, traders and consumers; there is limitation in the sector and few research which is done regards to assessing factors influencing market supply of Avocado fruit in case of Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone. The researcher inspires to conduct factors influencing market supply of Avocado fruit on the study area is essential. 2.11 Conceptual Framework of the Study The conceptual framework explains the relationship among the dependent variables and independent variables. Though there are many ‘Factors influencing marketable supply of Avocado fruit on market supply performance, this study was focus on limited and common independent variables in market supply of Avocado fruit. Therefore, depending on previous findings and theories, the researcher was take some of the independent variables like age of the household head, education of the household head, livestock holding, farm size, quantity produce, market information, access for transportation, 17 | P a g e distance to the nearest market and selling price of produce which could be related positively and negatively with market supply performance of avocado fruit. Figure 2.1: The conceptual framework of the study Source: Developed from the above literature review (Wolday 1994; Abay, 2007; Adugna, 2009). F ac to rs i n fl u en ci n g m a rk et ab le su p p ly o f av oc a d o fr u it s Age of respondent Education level Livestock holding Farm size Quantity produced Access for market information Access for transportation Distance to the market Market supply performance of Avocado fruit Selling price of produce 18 | P a g e CHAPTER THREE 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The main purpose of the research methodology was to explain how the research accomplished, what knowledge was required, what information was needed and how information collected. The study was undertaken thorough a review of basic and contemporary literatures available and identified issues which were influencing marketable supply of Avocado Fruit. Research methodology consists of study area, research approach, sample design-sampling technique, sample size, source instruments of data collection, and methods of data analysis, ethical issues, validity and reliability of the study. 3.2 Description of the study area 3.2.1 Hadiya Zone Hadiya Zone is a zone which is found in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. The zone is located on Latitude:7° 39' 59.99" N & Longitude:37° 44' 59.99" E. Hadiya is bordered on the south by Kembata Tembaro (KT), on the southwest by the Dawro Zone, on the west by the Omo River which separates it from Oromia Region and the Yem Special Woreda, on the north by Gurage, on the northeast by Silte, and on the east by the Alaba Zone; the woredas of Mirab Badawacho and Misraq Badawacho form an exclave separated from the rest of the zone by KT. The administrative center of Hadiya is Hosanna. 19 | P a g e Based on the 2014 Census conducted by the CSA, this Zone has a total population of 1,231,196, of whom 612,026 are men and 619,170 women; with an area of 3,593.31 square kilometers, Hadiya has a population density of 342.64 per square kilometer. While 134,041 or 10.89% are urban inhabitants, a further 157,032 individuals are pastoralists. A total of 231,846 households are counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 5.31 persons to a household, and 223,403 housing units. 11 woredas of Hadiya Zone are: Ana Lemo, Duna, Gibe, Gomibora, Hossanna Town, Limo, Mirab Badawacho, Misha, MisraqBadawacho, Shashogo, and Soro. 3.2.2 Lemo Woreda Lemo is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. A part of the Hadiya Zone, Lemo is bordered on the south by the KembataTembaro Zone, on the southwest by Duna and Soro, on the west by Gomibora, on the northwest by Misha, on the northeast by Ana Lemo, and on the southeast by Shashogo. Towns in Lemo include Belesa and Lisana. The town of Hosanna is surrounded by Lemo. Parts of Lemo woreda were separated to create Ana Lemo, Hosanna, Mirab Azernet Berbere and Misraq Azernet Berbere woreda. Based on the (CSA, 2014) Census conducted by the CSA, this woreda has a total population of 118,594, of whom 58,666 are men and 59,928 women; 2,049 or 1.73% of its population are urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestants, with 74.07% of the population reporting that belief, 12.37% were Muslim, 7.2% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 6.14% were Catholic. Total head of household population of Lay Gana kebeles is 750 whereas Jawe kebeles is 873. 20 | P a g e Figure 3.1 Map of Lemo Woreda in Hadiya zone Source: Google map of Hadiya zone 3.3 Research Approach MacMillan and Schumacher (2001) define research approach as a plan for selecting subjects, research sites, and data collection procedures to answer the research question(s). They further indicate that the goal of a sound research design is to provide results that are judged to be credible. For Durrheim (2004), research design was a strategic framework for action that serves as a bridge between research questions and the execution, or implementation of the research strategy. Descriptive research studies were those studies which concerned with describing the characteristics of particular individual, or group. Studies concerned with specific predictions, with narration of facts and characteristics concerning individual, group or situation are all examples of descriptive research studies (Kothari, 2004). Lemo 21 | P a g e The study adopt empirical investigation with descriptive and inferential research design since the major focus of research was on investigating the influence of factors in marketable supply of avocado fruit Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone. In order to achieve the study objectives, using multiple linier regression econometrics models, to analyze factors influencing marketable supply of avocado fruit; by which influence of independent variables on dependant variable has been analyzed. 3.4 Sources of Data The required data for the study collected using both primary and secondary data collection methods. The standard questionnaire is useful to be collected the necessary information regarding to the study is adopted from the work of other studies from Salazar (2012) and Mohammed (2014). By using an interview that consists of both open and more of close ended questions were delivered. Primary data was collected from target farmers of upper gana and Jawe kebeles’ also fruit trader at Hosanna town whereas secondary data were collected from annual report of Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone department of horticulture and from relevant document. 3.5 Sample Design 3.5.1 Target Population The target populations were avocado producer farmers of upper gana and Jawe kebeles in Lemo woreda and also selected avocado fruit traders. 3.5.2 Sampling Technique The primary goal of a research is to get representative data. To achieve this, we need to either enumerate the whole population or select a representative sample. Such that the researcher can 22 | P a g e study the smaller group and produce accurate generalization about the larger population (Newman, 2003). Multi-stage sampling technique was used to draw the sample of fruit producer farmers. Firstly, from Hadiya Zone one woreda selected purposively in consideration of the potential of the woreda for avocado production. And then, in similar way, two kebeles were selected from the selected woreda. The respondent farmers were selected by simple randomizing method among the avocado producers in the targeted kebeles. Traders were selected purposively. 3.5.3 Sample Size Malhortra and Peterson (2006) and Zikmund (2003) stated that, the larger the sampling size of a research, the more accurate the data generated. However, due to time and financial limitations and the nature of the population, sample determination method developed by (Carvalho, 1984), "Archival application of mathematical sampling techniques". (Quoted by national Archive report Richmond, 2005) was preferred to be use by researcher as a method to determine a sample size. Table 3.1. Sample size determination Population size Small sample Medium sample large sample 51-90 5 13 20 91-150 8 20 32 151-280 13 32 50 281-500 20 50 80 501-1,200 32 80 125 1,201-3,200 50 125 200 Source: Carvalho(1984) as quoted by national Archive report of Richmond(2005). Population size of the research area is 552 but due to time and financial limitations, sample for data collection was used the method developed by Carvalho(1984), "Archival application of 23 | P a g e mathematical sampling techniques". Therefore, the sample size was 115 (115/542=0.212 i.e. 59 from upper gana and 56 from Jawe) farmers and 10 traders. Table3.2. Sample size determination for the study Sampling area/kebeles Target population Sample size Upper gana Jawe and traders 278 + 264=542 +10=552 552 Total respondents/Sample size 59+56+10=125 125 3.6 Operationalization and measurement of variables The dependent variable in this study was the marketable supply performance of avocado fruits. It was measured subjectively using a five point Likert scale. Table 3.3. Operationalization and measurement of variables N/o Variable Definition/description Measurement Expected sign (+/-) 1 Livestock holding Amount of livestock owned by a household in terms of tropical livestock units (TLU) Continuous variable - 2 Access for transportation The extent to which a household has an access for transportation for produce to sell Five point Likert (1= strongly disagree, 5= Strongly agree) + 3 Quantity Produce Quantity of fruit harvested from each farm; which is measured by quintal. Continuous variable + 4 Selling price Refers the level of prices that farmers sell their avocado in the market. Five point Likert (1= strongly disagree, 5= Strongly agree) + 5 Market information Information such as consumer needs and market trends. Farmers marketing decisions are based on market price information. Those farmers who had better information are to be expected to supply more fruit to the market. Five point Likert (1= strongly disagree, 5= Strongly agree) + 24 | P a g e Source: conceptual frame work of this study 3.7 Data collection Instruments Primary data source was conducted on cross-sectional survey with semi-structured questionnaires, which administered by interviewing to sample of avocado producer, farmers located in upper gana and Jawe; Lemo woreda and Hadiya zone. A questionnaire was a pre-formulated with written set of questions to the respondents’ and recording the answers within described alternatives closely. The researcher used to scale respondents responses by using likert scale. For this study a Likert scale of five alternatives was used to obtain data or measure the level of agreement concerning the influence of factors on the performance of marketable supply on Avocado fruit in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone. 6 Distance to the nearest market It is the distance of the avocado fruit producer households from the nearest market and it measured in hours of walking time. Five point Likert (1= strongly disagree, 5= Strongly agree) - 7 Education of the household head Refers the level of education of a household head 1= Illiterate, 2= up to grade 5, 3= elementary completed, 4= junior school completed, 5= traditional education + 8 Farm size It refers to the total area of farmland that a farmer owns in hectare. Continuous variable + 9 Age of the Household head It refers knowledge and wisdom in resource use, measured in years Continuous variable - 25 | P a g e The questionnaires were prepared in English and translated to Amharic before ready to ask the respondents. Likert scale was interval scales that specifically, for this research used five anchors of 1) strongly disagree 2) disagree 3) neutral 4) agree and 5) strongly agree. The questionnaires had four parts: The first part of the questionnaires was about the demographic characteristics information of respondents. The second section designed to measure the market channel of avocado fruit. The third part of the questioner was about the performance of marketable supply of avocado fruit and the fourth part of the questionnaires was about the influence of factors of market supply of avocado fruits in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone. 3.8 Data analysis procedure After the data was collected using primary data sources (questionnaire) and secondary data sources, it was prepared in readiness for analysis by editing, handling blank responses, coding, categorizing and keying into statistical package for social sciences (SPSS-20) computer software for analysis. SPSS-20 was used to produce descriptive and inferential statistics and which was used to drive conclusions and summarization regarding the population. After data coding, the tools of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-20) employed. In this research descriptive statistics and econometric analysis were applied for analyzing the data. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages and mean used to describe the characteristics of the data, whereas multiple linear regression models used to see the relationship among the dependent and independent variables. 26 | P a g e The econometric model specifications of marketable supply function in equation: Y= 0+ 1X1+ 2X2+ 3X3+ 4X4+ 5X5+ 6X6+ 7X7+ 8X8+ 9X9 + e Where Y= dependent variable, 0= the slope of the equation, ß1...ß2….ßn= coefficients to estimates, X1….X2… Xn= independent variables and e is the error term of the regression equation. Hence, the equation for the quantity of avocado supplied is: Quantity of Avocado fruit Supplied to the market = 0 + 1 age of the household head + 2 education of the household head + 3 TLU + 4 farm size + 5 quantity of produced + 6 access to market information + 8 transportation to nearest market + 8 distance to the nearest market+ 9 price of the product +error term of the regression. 3.9 Ethical Clearance Formal letters were written to Hadiya zone and Lemo woreda departments of horticulture and concerned authorities of the office from Wachemo University, School of business and economics, Department of Management. The data collection was started after approval from the parties mentioned above. In addition to this, name of the farmers and traders were not including in the questioner to maintain confidentiality. 3.10 Diagnosis of Test Before applying regression analysis, some tests were conducted in order to ensure the appropriateness of data to assumptions regression analysis. 27 | P a g e 3.10.1 Reliability/validity Test All variables analyzed by using SPSS-20 statistical software’ and it ranged from 0.812 – 0.951 as showed the below table, therefore the questioners were properly measure the specific independent variables. Table 3.4 Reliability/validity statistics Tested Variable Cronbach's Alpha N of Items Market supply performance .951 6 Quantity produced .875 6 Market information .877 7 Access for transportation .876 6 Distance to the nearest market .815 4 Selling price of produce .812 6 Source: Developed from own study (2020) 3.10.2 Linearity Test Linearity refers to the degree to which the change in the dependent variable was related to the change in the independent variables. To determine whether the relationship between the independent variables (Age, Education, Livestock holding, Farm size, Mkt Information, Quantity produce, transportation to the nearest Mkt, Distance to the nearest Mkt and Selling price of the produce), and the dependent variable i.e. MSP linear; plots of the regression residual through SPSS-20 software has been used. 28 | P a g e Figure 3.2 Frequency Distribution of Standardized Residual by p-p plot for linearity test Source: Own Survey result (2020) The scatter plot of residuals shows no difference in the spread of the residual as look from left to right on figure. Similarly, the above figure shows the normal distribution of residuals its mean of zero. Hence the normality assumption was fulfilled as required based on the above figure, it was possible to conclude that the inference that the researcher made about the population has been valid. 3.10.3 Normality Test Figure shows the frequency distribution of the standardized residuals compared to a normal distribution. Although, there were some residuals (those occurring around 0) that were relatively far away from the curve, many of the residuals were fairly lose. Moreover, the histogram was bell shaped which lead to infer that the residuals were normally distributed. 29 | P a g e Figure 3.3 Frequency Distribution of Standardized Residual by histogram for normality test Source: Own Survey result (2020) 3.10.4 Multicollinearity Test After the normality of the data in the regression model was met, the next step to determine whether there was similarity between the independent variables in a model, it was necessary to Multicollinearity tests. Similarities between the independent variable were result in a very strong correlation. In addition, Multicollinearity tests done to avoid habits in decision making process regarding the partial effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. Test Multicollinearity as a basis the VIF values of Multicollinearity test results using SPSS-20. Table 3.5: Multicollinearity Test Model Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF Age of respondent .348 2.870 Education level of respondent .328 3.047 Average Livestock Holding per Household .689 1.451 Farm size .664 1.506 Quantity produce .799 1.252 Market Information .938 1.066 Access for Transportation .749 1.335 Distance to the nearest market .648 1.542 Selling price of produce .695 1.439 Source: Own Survey result (2020) 30 | P a g e Based on the table, the values obtained from Collinearity statistics (VIF) was between 1 and 10; tolerance value more than 0.328. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are no Multicollinearity symptoms between the components of the independent variables. Thus, from an examination of the information presented in all the three tests i.e. Multi Collinearity, Normality and Linearity tests the researcher concluded that there are no significant data problems that would lead to say the assumptions of classical linear regression have been seriously violated. 3.10.5 Summarized Regression ANOVA table Table 3.6 The regression ANOVA table Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 7.763 9 .863 154.509 .000b Residual .586 105 .006 Total 8.349 114 a. Dependent Variable: Market Supply performance b. Predictors: (Constant), Age of respondent, Education level of respondent, Livestock Holding per Household, Farm size, Quantity produce, Market Information, Access for Transportation, Distance to nearest market and selling price of produce. From ANOVA test in table, shows that the Significant Value 0.05 is greater than the calculated value 0.000. It reflects there was a statistically significant correlation between dependent variable and independent variable at 5% significant level. Which means the independent variables Age of respondent, Education level of respondent, Livestock Holding per Household, Farm size, Quantity produce, Market Information, Access for Transportation, Distance to nearest market and selling price of produce; have great contribution to improve market supply performance in study area. But it does not mean that all these factors have equal significant correlation with factors of market supply performance of avocado fruit. 31 | P a g e CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 Introduction This chapter gives insight into the descriptive and inferential result of Avocado marketable supply in the Lemo woreda in the Hadiya zone. The chapter specifically described the nature of data gathered in the study and also provided a summary of the variables. The information presented in this chapter was derived from descriptive and inferential analysis of the collected data for the study. Information on the basic demographic characteristics of the sampled farmers were discussed with specific reference to market supply performance measurement. The results were presented using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequencies and standard deviation and econometric analysis such as correlation and regression. This study used a sample size of 125 from a population of 542 avocado suppliers and 10 traders in the Lemo woreda in the Hadiya zone. The traders were from Hosanna town and farmers that participated in this study were from 18 villages within the two kebeles. 4.2 Response Rate The study administered a total of 125 (100%) questionnaires, from which 115 from farmers (suppliers) and 10 from traders. In total, 125 (100%) questionnaires were completely filled; all questionnaires were appropriately filled by enumerators. So, the analysis was made based on 115 producers and 10traders’ successfully responded questionnaires and done in line with the research questions and objectives. 32 | P a g e 4.3 Result and discussion Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages and mean used to describe the characteristics of the data as follows: Table 4.1 Socioeconomic characteristics Years Frequency Percent Age 36-44 20 17.4 45-55 25 21.7 56-65 42 36.5 >65 28 24.3 Total 115 100.0 Education level 0=illiterate 40 34.8 1-5grade 23 20.0 5-8grade 22 19.1 8-10 grade 12 10.4 11-12 grade 18 15.7 Total 115 100.0 Farm size 0.5-1ha 16 13.9 1-1.5 ha 35 30.4 >1.5 ha 64 55.7 Total N 115 100.0 Source: Own survey result (2020) The above Table 4.1 shows that, the demographic characteristics of Avocado Producer farmers in the study area. Majority of the respondents i.e. 36.5% within 56-65 years and 24.3% were above 65 years old; it indicates that the lack of interest of young people in farming may have a negative impact on agricultural development because the current farmers are aged. This may be because of the emigration of young people from rural areas to urban areas for non-agricultural jobs. Based on Table 4.1, Majority educational level of the respondents i.e. 34.8% (40) so far not entered in class for learning, 20% (23) of respondent Learned in 1-5 grade, therefore, 33 | P a g e educational level of the sample majority yet not learned in class. Which show that the farming in the study area practiced by traditional ways. Based on Table 4.1, Majority farm size of the respondents i.e. 30.4% (35) respondents had been 1.0-1.5 ha of land and 55.7 % (64) respondents had been more than 1.5 ha of land. According to the above table the number of participants who had more than 1.5 ha of land size higher than the others. Generally he above table shows that majority of the land had been cultivated by aged and not formally learned farmers. Table 4.2 Livestock holding (TLU) Range Frequency Percent Valid Number of Cows 1-3 Livestock 38 33.0 4-7Livestock 65 56.5 >7Livestock 12 10.4 Total 115 100.0 Number of Oxen 1-3 Livestock 63 54.8 4-7Livestock 52 45.2 Total 115 100.0 Number of Goats 1-3 Livestock 31 27.0 4-7Livestock 72 62.6 >7Livestock 12 10.4 Total 115 100.0 Number of Sheep 1-3 Livestock 37 32.2 4-7Livestock 66 57.4 >7Livestock 12 10.4 Total 115 100.0 Number of Donkey 0 15 13.0 1-3 Livestock 100 87.0 Total 115 100.0 Source: Own survey study (2020) Based on Table 4.2 shows that: Majority of the respondents have been 4-7 Cows 56.5%, 1-3 Oxen,54.8%, 4-7 Goats 62.6%, 4-7 Sheep 57.4% and 1-3 Donkey 87% respectively. 34 | P a g e Table 4.3 Frequency and percentage of Market channel Frequency Percent Valid Neutral 22 19.1 Agree 56 48.7 Strongly agree 37 32.2 Total 115 100.0 Source: Own survey study (2020) The above tables 4.3 show, the undecided respondents were 19.1% from the total respondents; the rest 80.9% of respondents were agreed and strongly agreed in the supplying their produce through all types of market channel; i.e. Local collectors, Consumer buyers, Wholesalers and retailers. It shows that, they lack well structured known mark channel of Avocado fruits. Table 4.4 Descriptive Statistics of market channel Missing N Mean Std. Deviation I can sell all produce directly for the consumer buyers 0 115 4.09 .732 I am supplying the produce for the local collectors but not directly to the consumer 0 115 4.30 .772 I am supplying the produce for the wholesalers 0 115 3.93 .943 I am supplying the produce for the retailers 0 115 4.05 .647 Source: own survey result (2020) The four (4) items used to measure Market channel of avocado fruit as shown on above Table 4.4 Most of the respondents were with highly agreed in supplied for local collectors, consumer buyers and the retailers (Mean=4.30, 4.09 and 4.05respectively). Most of the respondents were slightly agreed in supplied for the wholesalers (Mean=3.93). Table 4.5 Frequency and percentage of performance of Market Supply Frequency Percent Valid Neutral/Undecided 63 54.8 Agree 52 45.2 Total 115 100.0 Source: Own survey study (2020) 35 | P a g e The above table 4.5 shows that, 54.8% of respondents were undecided/neutral and 45.2% of respondents were agreed for positively asked market supply performance questioners. those questioners were: - There is high demand for avocado fruit in the market, I can sale all supplied avocado fruit in the market, I can get the reliable price from the sales of avocado fruit, Market price of avocado fruit is exceeds from the cost of produce, I am happy in marketing of avocado fruit and I want to expand the farm of Avocado tree. It shows that the market supply performance was under question. It needs improvement. Table 4.6 Frequency and percentage of FIMSAF Frequency Percent Quantity produce 3(Neutral) 2 1.7 4(Agree) 86 74.8 5Str.Agree) 27 23.5 Total 115 100.0 Market Information 4(Agree) 68 59.1 5St.Agree) 47 40.9 Total 115 100.0 Access for Transport 1(Str. Disagree) 1 .9 2(Disagree) 86 74.8 3(Neutral) 26 22.6 4(Agree) 2 1.7 Total 115 100.0 Distance to nearest market 1(Stro.Disagree) 7 6.1 2(Disagree) 33 28.7 3(Neutral) 65 56.5 4(Agree) 10 8.7 Total 115 100.0 Selling price of produce 3(Neutral) 28 24.3 4(Agree) 87 75.7 Total 115 100.0 Source: Developed from own survey data (2020) 36 | P a g e The above table 4.6 shows that, 98.3% of respondents were agreed and strongly agreed for quantity produced. Market information questioners were agreed and strongly agreed on 100% of respondents; 98.3% of respondents were undecided, strongly disagreeing and disagreeing, for access for transportation. The above table 4.6 shows that, 91.3% of respondents were undecided, strongly disagreeing and disagreeing for distance to the nearest market and 24.3% of respondents were undecided/neutral, and 75.7% agreed for selling price of produce. The above table summarized as, the quantity produce, market information and selling price of the produce were good in the study area; but access for transportation and distance for the nearest market were needs improvement to maximize market supply performance of Avocado fruit in the study area. Table 4.7 Descriptive Statistics of FIMSAF N Mean Std. Deviation Quantity produce 115 4.17 .431 Market Information 115 4.30 .376 Access for Transportation 115 2.32 .432 Distance to nearest market 115 2.57 .632 Selling price of produce 115 3.76 .391 Source: Own survey result (2020) The twenty nine (29) items used to measure factors Market supply of avocado fruit and categorized into five components as shown on above Table 4.7. Most of the respondents were with highly agreed in Quantity fruit produce and access for Market information; slightly agreed in selling price of produce not agreed in access for transportation and in distance to the nearest market to supply the produce. 37 | P a g e Table 4.8 Descriptive Statistics of Market performance of suppliers N Mean Std. Deviation There is high demand for avocado fruit in the market 115 3.33 .508 I can sale all supplied avocado fruit in the market 115 3.34 .544 I can get the reliable price from the sales of avocado fruit 115 3.28 .522 Market price of avocado fruit is exceeds from the cost of produce 115 3.30 .516 I am happy in marketing of avocado fruit 115 3.33 .558 I want to expand the farm of Avocado tree 115 3.36 .516 Source: Own survey result (2020) The six (6) items used to measure Market supply performance of avocado fruit as shown on the above Table 4.8 Most of the respondents were with neutral and near to neutral for the asked questioner. Table 4.9 Descriptive Statistics of Market performance of traders N Mean Std. deviation Valid Missing I had have good profit in the last years from 10 0 4.00 0.000 I want to continue Avocado fruit sale in the future 10 0 4.03 .184 I had reliable market information before taking 10 0 4.03 .184 I had the nearby market price information before sold of avocado fruit 10 0 4.03 .184 Here was good selling prices for avocado fruit 10 0 4.03 .184 I could decided the selling price of avocado fruits in market 10 0 4.03 .184 Avocado supply from producers and local collectors were good in the past years 10 0 4.03 .184 Source: Developed from own result (2020) The above table 4.9 shows that the traders agreed on having good profit, motivation on trading of avocado fruit, in getting market information, having good market price, in decision making 38 | P a g e on the price of the market and getting continuous supply from producers and local collectors from the study and neighboring zones. 4.4 Trends of the Avocado expansion Table 4.10 trend of Avocado expansion S/N Woreda No. of seedlings Number of producers Year/E.C % increments 1 Lemo 2630 448 2016 - 2 Lemo 4900 1327 2017 46.3% 3 Lemo 7160 1631 2018 31.6% 4 Lemo 11250 2996 2019 36.6% Source: Hadiya zone horticultural department (2011E.c). As shows the above table 4.10, Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone, increasing in planting of avocado fruit tree and resulted with surplus Avocado fruit production in the near future. 4.5 Focus group discussion(FGD) The number of FGD representative participant was 18, which were selected purposively from avocado producers 18 villages of two kebeles. As the reply of farmers, there has been increment in production of Avocado fruit yearly, the main reasons for this increment in production of Avocado fruit were: - ILRI/Africa RISING Project innovated and promoted new improved variety, high yielding, early maturing good to consume in 2014 at the study area; then zonal level scaled up of improved variety done through Hadiya Zone &Lemo Woreda agricultural office. But lack of accessibility of transportation and formal market channel, resulted in deficient in of getting reasonable market price and ultimately poor market supply performance of the fruits of avocado. 39 | P a g e 4.6 Partial Correlation matrix between variables Table 4.11 Partial Correlation matrix between independent variables Control Variables Age Educatio n level Livestock holding Farm size Quantity produce Market Info Transp ort Distance to nearest market M k t S u p p ly P er fo rm an ce Education level Correlation -.762 Significance (2-tailed) .000 Df 112 Livestock Holding Correlation .455 -.505 Significance (2-tailed) .000 .000 Df 112 112 Farm size Correlation .410 -.289 Significance (2-tailed) .000 .002 .001 Df 112 112 112 Quantity produce Correlation .160 -.088 .073 .331 Significance (2-tailed) .090 .350 .442 .000 Df 112 112 112 112 Market Informati on Correlation -.039 -.020 -.083 -.077 -.210 Significance (2-tailed) .677 .833 .378 .416 .025 Df 112 112 112 112 112 Access for Transport Correlation .029 .012 -.057 -.186 -.334 -.385 Significance (2-tailed) .762 .898 .550 .048 .000 .000 Df 112 112 112 112 112 112 Distance to market Correlation -.141 .190 .014 -.088 -.245 -.341 .058 Significance (2-tailed) .135 .043 .880 .354 .009 .000 .539 Df 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 price of produce Correlation .255 -.048 .106 .401 .263 -.273 -.132 -.273 Significance (2-tailed) .006 .609 .260 .000 .005 .003 .162 .003 Df 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 Source: Own survey result (2020) The above table 4.11 shows that, under the control variable of market Supply Performance, the partial correlation between two independent variables were: in between (-0.02 up to 0.455). The correlation coefficient Age and education level highly negatively correlated (-0.762) and Age and Livestock holding were highly positively correlated (0.455); the others relation in between -1 and +1. Thus -1 means perfectly negatively correlated, 1 means perfectly positively correlated where as 0 means neutral or no relation with dependent/control variable. 40 | P a g e Table 4.12 Bivariate correlation matrix MSP with independent variables Age Educat ion level Averag e Livesto ck Farm size Quantity produce Market Informa tion Transpo rt Distance to market price of produc e Market Supply performanc e Pearson Correlation -.135 .237* .118 .089 .334** .544** .540** .758** .424** Sig. (2-tailed) .151 .011 .208 .343 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 Source: SPSS analysis of own data The Above table 4.12 shows that: correlation in between MSP and highly negatively correlated with Age of and highly positively correlated with Distance to the nearest Mkt (0.758) with MSP. Table 4.13 Model summary of Factors influencing marketable supply of Avocado fruits on market supply performance Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .964a .930 .924 .075 Source: Questionnaire and SPSS output (2020 a. Predictors: (Constant), Farm size, Mean Distance to market, Mean Market Information, Average Livestock Holding per Household, Mean Quantity produce, Mean Transport, Mean price of produce, Age of respondent, Education level of respondent. The above table 4.13 shows that the variables predicted 93.0 %( R² = 0.930) variation in the dependent variable has been explained by the independent variables, the rest 7% determined by other variables. 41 | P a g e Table 4.14 Econometric analysis of market performance of Avocado fruit Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients Sig. B Std. Error Beta t P (Constant) .119 .132 .901 .369 Age of respondent -.034 .012 -.128 -2.917 .004 Education level of respondent -.019 .008 -.103 -2.276 .025 Average Livestock Holding per Household .018 .020 .028 .912 .364 Farm size -.016 .012 -.043 -1.355 .178 Quantity produce .150 .018 .239 8.267 .000 Market Information .303 .019 .421 15.756 .000 Transport access .199 .019 .318 10.633 .000 Distance to market .197 .014 .461 14.370 .000 price of produce .175 .021 .253 8.156 .000 Source: from own study (2020) Dependent Variable: Mean Market Supply performance Based on the result shown in the above Table 4.14, an increase the number of quantity produce, improve market information, improve access for transportation, improve distance to the nearest market and increase selling price of Avocado fruit could increase market supply performance of Avocado fruit(MSPAF); because the significance level was P=0.000 (i.e. P<0.05). However, it declines with the aged (high age) farmers’ involvement (increasing young farmers’ participation) and reducing illiteracy (increasing education). The values for the regression weights are as follows: Y=0.119 -0.128Ag - 0.103Ed + 0.028Ls - 0.043Fs + 0.239Qt + 0.421Inf + 0.318Tr + 0.461Di + 0.253P + 0.132 Where:- Y=Market supply performance, Ag= Age of respondent, Ed= Education level, Ls= Livestock Holding, Fs= Farm Size, Qt= Quantity produce, Min= Market Information, Tr= Access for Transportation, Di= Distance to the nearest Market, P= Selling price. 42 | P a g e CHPTER FIVE 5. Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation and Suggestion of Further study 5.1 Summary of the study This study presents the factors influencing marketable supply of avocado fruit at two kebeles of Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone. The main three research questions examined in this paper: What are major marketing channels of avocado fruit in the study area? What are major factors influencing avocado fruits supplied to the market in the study area? And how the avocado market is performing within the study area? To answer the research questions, primary a survey data collected from producer’s farmers and secondary data was collected from Lemo woreda and Hadiya zone Horticultural office. The qualitative and quantitative type of data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS-20. The summary of the result and discussion: 5.1.1 Summary of Socioeconomic result From the descriptive analysis results 34.8% of the farmers indicated that they were not attended School, 39.1% of the farmers indicated that they were only attained elementary education(1- 8grade), 26.1% of the farmers indicated that they were attended Secondary education (9- 12grade). The mean age for the farmers was 55-65 with the maximum age being > 65 and the minimum being 34. The mean age was an indication that most youth did not take part in agricultural activities. The results also indicated that 13.9% of the farmers were in possession of 0.5-1.0ha of land, 30.4% of the farmers were in possession of 1.0-1.5ha of land and 55.7% of the farmers were in possession of >1.5ha of land. Most (80.9) of the farmers indicated that they sold their produce 43 | P a g e to informal markets mainly because they were unable to formal markets, only 19.1% of the farmers indicated that they were undecided/neutral to the surveyed questioner. The female traders were 20% of the total of 10 respondents; the rest 80 % of respondents were male; and 20% of traders were 25-35 years old, 70% of traders were 36-44 years old and 10% of the traders were 45-55 years old; from the surveyed data grade 8-10 studied 20% of the respondents, 11-12 grade 50% and 12+ (diploma and above) graduated were 30% of the total respondents of the traders. The high aged farmers or suppliers and illiteracy for formal school resulted in reduction of market performance of avocado fruit in the study area. 5.1.2 Summary result of econometric analysis Age of respondent: as the finding shows that (P= 0.004) therefore (P< 0.05) and (β = -0.128) there was weakly associated with market performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Age of respondents showed that negative association with the market supply performance of avocado fruits. This implies that as Age of a household increasing by one year, the performance level of avocado fruit market supply decrease by 0.128 units. According to Adugna (2009), study similar finding found that age of the household head have negative effect on the elasticity of onion supply to the market. Education level: as the finding shows that (P= 0.025) therefore (P< 0.05) and (β =-0.103) there was weakly associated with the finding market performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Education level of the household showed that negative association with the market supply performance of avocado fruits. This implies that as education level of a household decreasing by one year formal schooling, the performance level of avocado fruit market supply decrease 44 | P a g e by 0.103 units. According to Astewel (2010), studied and suggests that education improves level of sales that affects the marketable surplus. Live stockholding: shows that (P= 0.364) therefore (p>0.05) there was no association with market performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Farm Size: as the finding shows that (P= 0.178) therefore (P>0.05) there was no association with market performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Quantity produce: the finding shows that (P= 0.000) therefore (P< 0.05) and (β=0.239) there was strongly associated with market performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Regression analysis result indicated that quantity produced affects positively the market performance of Avocado fruits at less than 5% probability level. The relationship between the quantities produces and market performance of avocado fruits are determining factor in explaining market supply of avocado fruit in the study area. This implies that as quantity produce increases by one unit, the performance of market supply of avocado fruits increases by 0.239 units.. According to Wolelaw (2005) and Bossena (2008), study showed the higher they produce, the more likely the household would supply to market. Market Information: the finding shows that (P= 0.000) therefore (P< 0.05) and (β=0.421) there was strongly associated with market performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Regression analysis result indicated that Market Information affects positively the market performance of Avocado fruits at less than 5% probability level. The relationship between the Market Information and market performance of avocado fruits are determining factor in explaining market supply of avocado fruit in the study area. This implies that as Market Information 45 | P a g e increases by one unit, the performance of market supply of avocado fruits increases by 0.421 units. This study is similar with Abay’s; market information is positively related to marketable fruit supply (Abay, 2007). Access for Transportation: the finding shows that (P= 0.000) therefore (P< 0.05) and (β=0.318) there was strongly associated with market performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Regression analysis result indicated that access for transportation affects positively the market performance of Avocado fruits at less than 5% probability level. The relationship between the access for transportation and market performance of avocado fruits are determining factor in explaining market supply of avocado fruit in the study area. This implies that as access for transportation increases by one unit, the performance of market supply of avocado fruits increases by 0.318 units. This study is aligned with (Adugna, 2009; Abay, 2007 and Rehima, 2006) studies, which indicated particularly, rural communities in remote areas suffer from lack of transportation facilities. Distance to the nearest Market: the finding shows that (P= 0.000) therefore (P< 0.05) and (β=0.461) there was strongly associated with market performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Regression analysis result indicated that distance to the nearest market affects positively the market performance of Avocado fruits at less than 5% probability level. The relationship between the distance to the nearest market and market performance of avocado fruits are determining factor in explaining market supply of avocado fruit in the study area. This implies that as distance to the nearest market decrease by one unit, the performance of market supply of avocado fruits increases by 0.461 units. It is similar with Nega Mathewos’s finding: distance 46 | P a g e from the market is significantly and negatively related with the supply of the fruits to the market (Nega Mathewos, 2016). Selling price: the finding shows that (P= 0.000) therefore (P< 0.05) and (β =0.253) there was strongly associated with market Performance of Avocado fruit (MSPAF). Regression analysis result indicated that selling price affects positively the market performance of Avocado fruits at less than 5% probability level. The relationship between the selling price and market performance of avocado fruits are determining factor in explaining market supply of avocado fruit in the study area. This implies that as selling price increases by one unit, the performance of market supply of avocado fruits increases by 0.253 units. Which is aligning with the study of Wolday (1994), marketable supply of agricultural product could be affected by market price. 47 | P a g e 5.2 Conclusion The study of factors influencing marketable supply of avocado fruits Lemo woreda in Hadiya zone summarized in the variables under consideration through the study were Age, education level, livestock holding, farm size, quantity produce, market information, Access for transportation, distance to the nearest market and selling price of avocado fruit. In addition with, market channel and market supply performance measured by using four and six questioners respectively. FGD and traders survey has been done. According to analysis, to conclude that:  The study resulted in lack of structured market supply channel in the area: Most of the farmers supply their produce for local collectors and consumer buyers in their vicinity. Small numbers of suppliers sells their produce through market channel i.e. producer, local collectors, and wholesalers to consumer buyers at the Hosanna market. Thus the farmer doesn’t gain fair income from their produce.  The econometric analysis indicated that, Age of the producer, Education level, quantity of produce, Market information, Access to transportation, Distance to the nearest main market and Selling price of the avocado significantly influenced, (p<0.05) the market supply of the avocado.  Age of the producer (β= -0.128) and education level of the producers (β= - 0.103) were negatively influencing market supply performance of avocado fruit, whereas Livestock holding and farm size not associated with market supply performance of avocado fruit in the study area. 48 | P a g e  The results show, due to far away from nearest market, lack of access for transportation and reduction from fair selling price resulted in very weak market supply performance. And it was also confirmed by focus groups’ discussion, while, the productivity of the avocado has been increasing year to year at household and community level which resulting in increasing of marketable supply of avocado fruit. 49 | P a g e 5.3 Recommendation To achieve the objectives of the FIMSAF at two kebeles of Lemo woreda in Hadiya Zone, the following recommendations have been drawn to improve Performance of market supply of avocado fruit.  As the study shows that market channel of avocado fruit in the study area was unorganized. The researcher, recommends the producer farmers to be organized in to avocado producers’ cooperative. By doing so the producers’ cooperative can make various networks with big buyers, service providers, transporters. So that they can supply avocado for local and distant markets sustainably, their bargaining power increase and they can make fair price for their produces.  To reverse distance to the nearest market might be create the market near to the producers and improve access for transportation. Also to alleviate negative influence of high age and low education status of the producers on avocado market supply, train the aged producers on avocado marketing and encouraging youth to engage in avocado production and marketing is highly recommended. To maximize their income, improvements on the factors that influencing significantly market supply performance of avocado fruits in the study area needed.  Generally doing organized market channel, and improving factors of market supply of avocado fruit, resulted in improving the market supply performance of the avocado fruit. 50 | P a g e 5.4 Suggestion for Further Study As mentioned in the scope of this study limited itself only one woreda of two kebeles in the title of factors influencing marketable supply of Avocado fruit. Therefore, for further research study recommended to do further research in the supply chain management of Avocado fruit in Hadiya zone. Because Hadiya zone increasing in production of Avocado fruit, by doing introducing improved and early maturing varieties, with high motivation to producer’s farmers; this leads to surplus of produce in the near future. 51 | P a g e 6 Reference: Abraham Tegegn (2013). 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Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University. 56 | P a g e Appendix WACHEMO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF BUSINESSAND EONOMICS MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION English version of Questioner for Farmers’: Filled by Enumerator This questionnaire is prepared by Eyuel Tesfaye, MBA student at Wachamo University, to conduct a study entitled by “factors influencing marketable supply of Avocado fruit the case of Lemo woreda, in Hadiya zone” and your response to this questionnaire will serve as source of information to the thesis for partial fulfillment of Master of Business Administration in wachemo University. Dear respondents; Your response will be kept confidential, so that you are kindly requested to extend your cooperation honestly by providing relevant information in filling the following questionnaire. Thank you in advance for your kind cooperation and dedicating your time. PART I-Demographic Characteristics, production and marketing of fruits of Avocado 1. Sex: Male (1) Female (0) 2. Your age:_____________ 1) Less than 25 2) 25-35 3) 36-44 4) 45-55 5) 56-65 6) more than 65 3. Education level of the household head 57 | P a g e 1) Illiterate, 2) up to grade 5, 3) elementary completed, 4) junior school completed, 5) TVET College 6) First Degree and above 4. Number of cows holding, 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) Above 7 5. Number of Oxen holding, 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) Above 7 6. Number of Goats holding, 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) Above 7 58 | P a g e 7. Number of Sheep holding, 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) Above 7 8. Number of Donkeys holding, 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) Above 7 9. Total Farm size (in hectare):______________- 1) Less than 0.5 2) 0.51-1.0 3) 1.1-1.5 4) More than 1.5 10. Area of avocado planted land, in hectares____________________ 1) Less than 0.5 2) 0.51 – 1 .5 3) >1 .5 11. The quantity of yield per year ________________kg /farm 1) 20 -50 2) 50 - 80 3) 80 -120 4) More than120 PART II - For each of the statements below that used 5 point Likert-type items, circle the number that indicates the degree to which you agree or disagree. There is no right or wrong answers; thank you in advance for your cooperation. This is modified from Mohr et al. (1996) and Kumar et al. (1996) 59 | P a g e S/N Statements Strongly Disagree (1) Disagree (2) Neutral (3) Agree (4) Strongly Agree (5) 1 Market channel 1 2 3 4 5 1.1 I can sell all produce directly for the consumer buyers 1 2 3 4 5 1.2 I am supplying the produce for the local collectors but not directly to the consumer 1 2 3 4 5 1.3 I am supplying the produce for the whole sellers 1 2 3 4 5 1.4 I am supplying the produce for the retailers 1 2 3 4 5 2 Market performance 1 2 3 4 5 2.1 There is high demand for avocado fruit in the market 1 2 3 4 5 2.2 I can sale all supplied avocado fruit in the market 1 2 3 4 5 2.3 I can get the reliable price from the sales of avocado fruit 1 2 3 4 5 2.4 Market price of avocado fruit is exceeds from the cost of produce 1 2 3 4 5 2.5 I am happy in marketing of avocado fruit 1 2 3 4 5 2.6 I want to expand the farm of Avocado tree 1 2 3 4 5 PART III - for each of the statements below that used 5 point Likert-type items, circle the number that indicates the degree to which you agree or disagree. There is no right or wrong answers; thank you in advance for your cooperation. 60 | P a g e S/N Statements Strongl y Disagre e (1) Disa gree (2) Neut ral (3) Agr ee (4) Stron gly Agree (5) Factors of Market supply of Avocado fruit 1 2 3 4 5 3 Quantity Produce 1 2 3 4 5 3.1 I am in producing excess avocado fruit 1 2 3 4 5 3.2 My produce is enough for selling 1 2 3 4 5 3.3 I am supplying excess produce for the market 1 2 3 4 5 3.4 I am in selling of much Avocado fruit 1 2 3 4 5 3.5 The number of fruit trees are many 1 2 3 4 5 3.6 The produce fruit increasing yearly 1 2 3 4 5 4 Market information 1 2 3 4 5 4.1 Market information is necessary to me 1 2 3 4 5 4.2 I get necessary market information to sell avocado at the market 1 2 3 4 5 4.3 With a good market information I get a good market price 1 2 3 4 5 4.4 I use mobile phone to get market information from other people 1 2 3 4 5 4.5 I am using mobile phone 1 2 3 4 5 4.6 The DA’s are tell us market information 1 2 3 4 5 4.7 People in our area exchange each other market information for avocado 1 2 3 4 5 5 Access for transportation 1 2 3 4 5 5.1 I am using all season functional road 1 2 3 4 5 5.2 We have dry roads in wet season to travel to the market for sell avocado 1 2 3 4 5 5.3 The road is good to transport avocado to the market 1 2 3 4 5 5.4 I can get the truck (car) at any time to take avocado to the market 1 2 3 4 5 5.5 Transportation cost to the market is reasonable 1 2 3 4 5 5.6 My resident is near to main road 1 2 3 4 5 6 Distance to the nearest market 1 2 3 4 5 61 | P a g e S/N Statements Strongl y Disagre e (1) Disa gree (2) Neut ral (3) Agr ee (4) Stron gly Agree (5) 6.1 I am near to the main market 1 2 3 4 5 6.2 Main market is too close for me 1 2 3 4 5 6.3 I pay low transportation cost to main market 1 2 3 4 5 6.4 I can find the main market in short walk 1 2 3 4 5 6.5 It takes few minutes to travel to the market for me 1 2 3 4 5 7 Selling price 1 2 3 4 5 7.1 I usually sell my avocado produce for a good price 1 2 3 4 5 7.2 The cost of produce are lower than the selling price 1 2 3 4 5 7.3 I can make a decision of selling price on my produce in the market 1 2 3 4 5 7.4 We farmers are happy on the market price of avocado 1 2 3 4 5 7.5 The price that we get from avocado gives a good profit for us 1 2 3 4 5 7.6 Buyers pay good price for avocado in the market 1 2 3 4 5 7.7 Selling price of the produce is motivating me to produce more 1 2 3 4 5 62 | P a g e To be filled by Enumerator This questionnaire is prepared by Eyuel Tesfaye, MBA student at Wachamo University, to conduct a study entitled by “factors influencing marketable supply of Avocado fruit the case of Lemo woreda, in Hadiya zone” and your response to this questionnaire will serve as source of information to the thesis for partial fulfillment of Master of Business Administration in Wachemo University. Dear respondents; Your response will be kept confidential, so that you are kindly requested to extend your cooperation honestly by providing relevant information in filling the following questionnaire. Thank you in advance for your kind cooperation and dedicating your time. Part V: Demographic Characteristics and marketing of fruits of Avocado 1 Sex: Male (1) Female (0) 2 Your age:_____________ 1) Less than 25 2) 25-35 3) 36-44 4) 45-55 5) 56-65 6) more than 65 3 Education level of the household head 1) Illiterate, 2) up to grade 5, 3) elementary completed, 4) junior school completed, 5) TVET College 6) First Degree and above 63 | P a g e PART VI- For each of the statements below that used 5 point Likert-type items, circle the number that indicates the degree to which you agree or disagree. There is no right or wrong answers; thank you in advance for your cooperation. S/N Statements Strongl y Disagre e (1) Disag ree (2) Neutral (3) Agr ee (4) Strongl y Agree (5) 8 Market channel 1 2 3 4 5 8.1 I can sell all produce directly for the consumer buyers 1 2 3 4 5 8.2 I am supplying the produce for the retailers 1 2 3 4 5 9 Market supply performance of Avocado fruit 1 2 3 4 5 9.1 I had have good profit in the last years from avocado fruit sell 1 2 3 4 5 9.2 I want to continue Avocado fruit sale in the future 1 2 3 4 5 9.3 I had reliable market information before taking the produce from collectors and producers 1 2 3 4 5 9.4 I had the nearby market price information before sold of avocado fruit 1 2 3 4 5 9.5 Here was good selling prices for avocado fruit in the market 1 2 3 4 5 9.6 I could decided the selling price of avocado fruits in market 1 2 3 4 5 9.7 Good Transportation was accessibility to collect and sell the fruit of Avocado 1 2 3 4 5 9.8 Avocado supply from producers and local collectors were good in the past years 1 2 3 4 5 Thank you, for your co-operation and patience in filling this questionnaire . 64 | P a g e Amharic version Questioner for Farmers’: Filled by enumerator ዋቻሞ ዩኒቨርሲቲ የቢዝነስና ኢኮኖሚክስ ኮሌጅ ማስተርስ ዲግሪ በቢዝነስ አስተዳደር ለአርሶ አደሮች የተዘጋጀ ቃለ መጠይቅ፡- በተማሪው የሚሞላ ይህ ጥያቄ የተዘጋጀው በተማሪ ኢዩኤል ተስፋዬ ሲሆን ርዕሱም በሀዲያ ዞን በሌሞ ወረዳ የአቮካዶ ፍራፍሬን ለገበያ ለማቅረብ ተፅዕኖ የሚኖራቸውን ሁኔታዎች መለየት ነው፡፡ የእርሶ ምላሽ ለአላማ መሳካት አስተዋፅዎው ከፍተኛ ነው፡፡ የእርስዎ ምላሽ ሚስጥራዊነቱ የተጠበቀ በመሆኑ ትክክለኛውን ምላሽ በመስጠት እንዲተባበሩኝ በትህትና እየጠየቅኩ ለሚያደርጉልኝ ትብበርና ስለ ጊዜዎ በቅድሚያ አመሰግናለሁ፡፡ 1. የግል ሁኔታ መረጃ 1.1 ፆታ: ወንድ (1) ሴት (0) 1.2 እድሜ:_____________ 1) ከ 25 አመት በታች 2) 25-35 አመት 3) 36-44 አመት 4) 45-55 አመት 5) 56-65 አመት 6) ከ65 አመት በላይ 1.3 የአባወራው/የእማወራዋ የትምህርት ደረጃ 1) የቀለም ትምህርት ያልተማሩ, 2) እስከ 5ኛ ክፍል የተማሩ 3) የመጀመሪያደረጃ የጨረሱ(እስከ 8ኛ ክፍል) 4) መካከለኛ ደረጃን(እስከ 10ኛ) የጨረሱ 5) ቴክኒክና ሞያ የጨረሱ 6) የመጀመሪያ ዲግሪና ከዚያ በላይ ያላቸው 1.4 የላሞች ብዛት, 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) ከ 7 በላይ 1.5 የእርሻ በሬዎች ብዛት 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) ከ 7 በላይ 1.6 የፍየሎች ብዛት, 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) ከ 7 በላይ 1.7 የበጎች ብዛት 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) ከ 7 በላይ 65 | P a g e 1.8 የአህዮች ብዛት 1) 0 2) 1-3 3) 4-7 4) ከ 7 በላይ 1.9 የመሬት ይዞታ በሄክታር:______________- 1. ከ 0.5 ሄ/ር በታች 2. 0.51-1.0 ሄ/ር 3. 1.1-1.5 ሄ/ር 4. ከ 1.5 ሄ/ር በላይ 1.10 የአቮካዶ ማሳ/ይዞታ ስፋት_በሄ/ር___________________ 1) ከ 0.25 – 0.5 ሄ/ር 2) ከ 0.51 – 1 .5 ሄ/ር 3) ከ1 .5 ሄ/ር በላይ 1.11 በአመት ውስጥ የተመረተ የአቮካዶ ምርት ኪ/ግ በማሳ( በይዞታ) ________________ 1) 20 -50 ኪ/ግ 2) 50 - 80 ኪ/ግ 3) 80 -120 ኪ/ግ 4) ከ 120 ኪ/ግ በላይ 2. ለእያንዳንዱ ጥያቄ ባለ አምስት ነጥብ አማራጭ ተሰጥቷል፤ ስለዚህ እርስዎ ለእያንዳንዱ ጥያቄ መልስ ይሆናል ብለው ያመኑበትን ቁጥር በማክበብ ይመልሱ፡፡ እዚህ ላይ ትክክል ወይም ተ/ቁ ጥያቄዎች/ Statements በጣም አልስማማም አልስማማ ም እርግጠኛ አይደለሁ እስማ ማለሁ በጠም እስማማለሁ 1 የግብይት ሰንሰለትን በተመለከተ 1.1 ያመረትኩትን ምርት በሙሉ ለተጠቃሚ መሸጥ እችላለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 1.2 ምርቱን በቀጥታ ለተጠቃሚ ሳይሆን በአካባቢያችን ላሉ ሰብሳቢዎች እሸጣለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 1.3 ምርቱን በሙሉ በቀጥታ ለጅምላ ነጋዴ እሸጣለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 1.4 ምርቱን በሙሉ ለቸርቻሪ ነጋዴዎች እሸጣለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 2 የግብይት ብቃት/ሁኔታ 2.1 በአካባቢዉ የአቮካዶ ፍላጎት ከፍተኛ ነው 1 2 3 4 5 2.2 ወደ ገበያ የወሰድኩትን ሁሉንም ምርት እሸጣለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 2.3 ለአቀረብኩት ምርት ተመጣጣኝ ክፍያ አገኛለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 2.4 የአቮካዶ ፍራፍሬ የገበያ ዋጋ ከምርት ወጪ አይበልጥም 1 2 3 4 5 2.5 በአቮካዶ የገበያ ዋጋ ደስተኛ አይደለሁም 1 2 3 4 5 2.6 አቮካዶ ማምረት በስፋት እቀጥላለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 66 | P a g e የተሳሳተ መልስ የለም የእርስዎ ስምምነት ምን እንደሆነ ለማየት ብቻ ነው፡፡ 3. ለእያንዳንዱ ጥያቄ ባለ አምስት ነጥብ አማራጭ ተሰጥቷል፤ ስለዚህ እርስዎ ለእያንዳንዱ ጥያቄ መልስ ይሆናል ብለው ያመኑበትን ቁጥር በማክበብ ይመልሱ፡፡ እዚህ ላይ ትክክል ወይም የተሳሳተ መልስ የለም የእርስዎ ስምምነት ምን እንደሆነ ለማየት ብቻ ነው፡፡ ተ/ቁ ጥያቄዎች/ Statements በጣም አልስማማምአልስማማም እርግጠኛ አይደለሁ እስማማ ለሁ በጠም እስማማለ ሁ የአቮካዶ ፍራፍሬ ለገበያ የማቅረብ ተፅዕኖዎች 3 የምርት መጠን 3.1 እጅግ በጣም ከፍተኛ ምርት አመርታለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 3.2 የማመርተዉ ምርት ለሽያጭ አይተርፍም 1 2 3 4 5 3.3 ትርፍ ምርቴን ለገበያ አቀርባለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 3.4 በርካታ የአቮካዶ ምርት እሸጣለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 3.5 ያሉኝ የአቮካዶ ተክሎች ጥቂት ናቸው 1 2 3 4 5 3.6 የአቮካዶ ምርት ቤአመቱ እየጨመረ ነው 1 2 3 4 5 4 የገበያ መረጃ 4.1 የገበያ መረጃ በጣም እፈልጋለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 4.2 ጠቃሚ የገበያ መረጃ ማግኘት እችላለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 4.3 ጥሩ የገበያ መረጃ ስለማገኝ በጥሩ ዋጋ እሸጣለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 4.4 ከሰዎች የገበያ መረጃ ለማግኘት ተንቀሳቃሽ ስልክ እጠቀማለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 4.5 ተንቀሳቃሽ ስልክ ተጠቃሚ ነኝ 1 2 3 4 5 4.6 የግብርና ባለሞያዎች የገበያ መረጃ ይነግሩናል 1 2 3 4 5 4.7 በአካባቢያችን ያለነው ነዋሪዎች የገበያ መረጃ እንለዋወጣለን 1 2 3 4 5 5 የትራንስፖርት አቅርቦት ምቹነት 5.1 አመቱን ሙሉ በሚያገለግል መንገድ እጠቀማለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 5.2 የአቮካዶ ምርት ወደ ገበያ ለማቅረብ የሚመች መንገድ አለን 1 2 3 4 5 67 | P a g e ተ/ቁ ጥያቄዎች/ Statements በጣም አልስማማምአልስማማም እርግጠኛ አይደለሁ እስማማ ለሁ በጠም እስማማለ ሁ 5.3 መንገዱ የአቮካዶ ምርትን ወደ ገበያ ለማድረስ ምቹ ነው 1 2 3 4 5 5.4 በማንኛውም ጊዜ ትራንስፖርት/ማጓጓዣ/ ማግኘት እችላለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 5.5 ወደ ገበያ ለሚደረግ ትራንስፖርት ወጪዉ ተመጣጣኝ ነው 1 2 3 4 5 5.6 መኖሪያዬ ለዋና መንገድ ቅርብ ነው 1 2 3 4 5 6 ቅርብ ካለው ገበያ ያለው ርቀት 6.1 በቅርብ ለሚገኘው ገበያ ቅርብ ነኝ 1 2 3 4 5 6.2 ዋናው ገበያ በጣም ይርቀኛል 1 2 3 4 5 6.3 ለትራንስፖርት የምከፍለው ጥቂት ነው 1 2 3 4 5 6.4 በጥቂት የእግር ጉዞ ዋናው ገበያ ጋ እደርሳለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 6.5 በጥቂት ደቂቃ የትራንስፖርት ጉዞ ገበያ ጋ እደርሳለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 7 የመሸጫ ዋጋ 7.1 የአቮካዶ ምርቴን ሁልጊዜ በጥሩ ዋጋ እሸጣለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 7.2 የማምረቻ ዋጋው ከመሸጫው ዋጋ ያንሳል 1 2 3 4 5 7.3 የአቮካዶ ምርትን የመሸጫ ዋጋ መወሰን እችላለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 7.4 በአቮካዶ ፍሬ የመሸጫ ዋጋ ደስተኞች ነን 1 2 3 4 5 7.5 የምርት ሽያጭ ዋጋ ጥሩ ትርፋማ አድርጎናል 1 2 3 4 5 7.6 የአቮካዶ ገዢዎች ጥሩ ክፍያ ይከፍላሉ 1 2 3 4 5 7.7 የአቮካዶ ምርት መሸጫ ዋጋው የበለጠ እንዳመርት አነሳስቶኛል 1 2 3 4 5 ሥለትብብርዎ እና ጥቄዎቹን ለመመለስ ስላሳዩት ትዕግስት በጣም አመሰግናለሁ !! 68 | P a g e ለነጋዴዎች የተዘጋጀ ጥያቄ፡ ጥያቄዎቹ የሚሞሉት በጠያቂው/በተማሪዉ አማካኝነት ነው፡፡ ይህ ጥያቄ የተዘጋጀው በተማሪ ኢዩኤል ተስፋዬ ሲሆን ርዕሱም በሀዲያ ዞን በሌሞ ወረዳ የአቮካዶ ፍራፍሬን ለገበያ ለማቅረብ ተፅዕኖ የሚኖራቸውን ሁኔታዎች መለየት ነው፡፡ የእርሶ ምላሽ ለአላማ መሳካት አስተዋፅዎው ከፍተኛ ነው፡፡ የእርስዎ ምላሽ ሚስጥራዊነቱ የተጠበቀ በመሆኑ ትክክለኛውን ምላሽ በመስጠት እንዲተባበሩኝ በትህትና እየጠየቅኩ ለሚያደርጉልኝ ትብበርና ስለ ጊዜዎ በቅድሚያ አመሰግናለሁ፡፡ 1. የግል ሁኔታ መረጃ 2. ፆታ: ወንድ (1) ሴት (0) 3. እድሜ:_____________ 1) ከ 25 አመት በታች 2) 25-35 አመት 3) 36-44 አመት 4) 45-55 አመት 5) 56-65 አመት 6) ከ65 አመት በላይ 4. የአባወራው/የእማወራዋ የትምህርት ደረጃ 1) የቀለም ትምህርት ያልተማሩ, 2) እስከ 5ኛ ክፍል የተማሩ 3) የመጀመሪያደረጃ ት/ት የጨረሱ(እስከ 8ኛ ክፍል) 4) መካከለኛ ደረጃን ት/ ት(እስከ 10ኛ) የጨረሱ 5) ቴክኒክና ሞያ የጨረሱ 6) የመጀመሪያ ዲግሪና ከዚያ በላይ የተማሩ 2. ለእያንዳንዱ ጥያቄ ባለ አምስት ነጥብ አማራጭ ተሰጥቷል፤ ስለዚህ እርስዎ ለእያንዳንዱ ጥያቄ መልስ ይሆናል ብለው ያመኑበትን ቁጥር በማክበብ ይመልሱ፡፡ እዚህ ላይ ትክክል ወይም የተሳሳተ መልስ የለም የእርስዎ ስምምነት ምን እንደሆነ ለማየት ብቻ ነው፡፡ ተ/ቁ ጥያቄዎች/ Statements በጣም አልስማማም አልስማማም እርግጠኛ አይደለሁ እስማማለሁ በጠም እስማማለሁ 8 የገበያ ሰንሰለት 8.1 የተቀበልኩትን ምርት በሙሉ ለተጠቃሚ መሸጥ እችላለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 8.2 ሁሉንም ምርት ለቸርቻሪዎች አቀርባለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 9 የገበያ ብቃትን እና የግብይት ተፅዕኖዎችን ለመለካት 9.1 ባለፉት አመታት ከአቮካዶ ፍሬ ሽያጭ ጥሩ ትርፍ አግኝቻለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 69 | P a g e ሥለትብብርዎ እና ጥቄዎቹን ለመመለስ ስላሳዩት ትዕግስት በጣም አመሰግናለሁ!! 9.2 በአቮካዶ ሽያጭ ስራ ስቀጥላለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 9.3 የአቮካዶ ምርት ከአርሶአደሮችና ከሰብሳቢዎች ከመቀበሌ በፊት ትክክለኛ የገበያ መረጃ አገኛለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 9.4 በእጄ ያለውን ምርት ከመሸጤ በፊት በአቅራቢያዬ ያለውን የመሸጫ ዋጋ መረጃ አገኛለሁ 1 2 3 4 5 9.5 ባለሁበት አካባቢ የአቮካዶ መሸጫ ዋጋ ጥሩ ነው 1 2 3 4 5 9.6 የአቮካዶ ፍሬ የመሸጫ ዋጋ መወሰን አልቻልኩም 1 2 3 4 5 9.7 የአቮካዶ ፍሬ ለመሰብሰብና ለመሸጥ የመጓጓዣ አቅርቦት ጥሩ ነበር 1 2 3 4 5 9.8 ከአምራቾችና ከሚሰበስቡ ሰዎች የአቮካዶ ፍሬ አቅርቦት ጥሩ ነበር 1 2 3 4 5 70 | P a g e Data Analysis RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_1.1 Q_1.2 Q_1.3 Q_1.4 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE /SUMMARY=TOTAL. Scale: ALL VARIABLES Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 115 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 115 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .887 4 Item Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N I can sell all produce directly for the consumer buyers 4.09 .732 115 I am supplying the produce for the local collectors but not directly to the consumer 4.30 .772 115 I am supplying the produce for the whole selers 3.93 .943 115 I am supplying the produce for the the retailers 4.05 .647 115 71 | P a g e Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted I can sell all produce directly for the consumer buyers 12.28 4.027 .927 .791 I am supplying the produce for the local collectors but not directly to the consumer 12.07 4.451 .687 .878 I am supplying the produce for the whole selers 12.43 3.879 .677 .900 I am supplying the produce for the the retailers 12.31 4.656 .793 .848 Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 16.37 7.286 2.699 4 RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_2.1 Q_2.2 Q_2.3 Q_2.4 Q_2.5 Q_2.6 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE /SUMMARY=TOTAL. Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 115 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 115 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. 72 | P a g e Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted There is high demand for avocado fruit in the market 16.61 5.539 .945 .931 I can sele all supplied avocado fruit in the market 16.60 5.540 .867 .940 I can get the reliable price from the sales of avocado fruit 16.66 5.770 .803 .947 Market price of avocado fruit is exceeds from the cost of produce 16.63 5.620 .888 .938 I am happy in marketing of avocado fruit 16.61 5.644 .794 .949 I want to expand the farm of Avocado tree 16.58 5.789 .806 .947 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .951 6 Item Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N There is high demand for avocado fruit in the market 3.33 .508 115 I can sele all supplied avocado fruit in the market 3.34 .544 115 I can get the reliable price from the sales of avocado fruit 3.28 .522 115 Market price of avocado fruit is exceeds from the cost of produce 3.30 .516 115 I am happy in marketing of avocado fruit 3.33 .558 115 I want to expand the farm of Avocado tree 3.36 .516 115 73 | P a g e Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 19.94 8.058 2.839 6 RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_3.1 Q_3.2 Q_3.3 Q_3.4 Q_3.5 Q_3.6 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE /SUMMARY=TOTAL. Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 115 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 115 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .875 6 Item Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N I am in producing excess avocado fruit 4.23 .597 115 My produce is enough for selling 4.21 .408 115 I am supplying excess produce for the market 4.13 .554 115 I am in selling of much Avocado fruit 4.06 .625 115 The number of fruit trees are many 4.24 .470 115 The produce fruit increasing yearly 4.17 .606 115 74 | P a g e Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted I am in producing excess avocado fruit 20.81 4.893 .546 .879 My produce is enough for selling 20.83 5.402 .591 .870 I am supplying excess produce for the market 20.91 4.484 .809 .831 I am in selling of much Avocado fruit 20.98 4.105 .866 .818 The number of fruit trees are many 20.80 5.284 .549 .874 The produce fruit increasing yearly 20.88 4.406 .754 .841 Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 25.04 6.691 2.587 6 RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_4.1 Q_4.2 Q_4.3 Q_4.4 Q_4.5 Q_4.6 Q_4.7 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE /SUMMARY=TOTAL. Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 115 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 115 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. 75 | P a g e Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .877 7 Item Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N Market information is necessary to me 4.46 .501 115 I get necessary market information to sell avocado at the market 3.37 .486 115 With a good market information I get a good market price 4.49 .502 115 I use mobile phone to get market information from other people 4.43 .497 115 I am using mobile phone 4.45 .500 115 The DA’s are tell us market information 4.55 .500 115 People in our area exchange each other market information for avocado 4.37 .484 115 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted Market information is necessary to me 25.65 5.106 .693 .855 I get necessary market information to sell avocado at the market 26.74 6.054 .266 .906 With a good market information I get a good market price 25.63 4.798 .853 .833 I use mobile phone to get market information from other people 25.69 4.884 .818 .838 I am using mobile phone 25.66 4.928 .788 .842 The DA’s are tell us market information 25.57 5.265 .615 .865 People in our area exchange each other market information for avocado 25.75 5.313 .618 .865 76 | P a g e Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 30.11 6.926 2.632 7 RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_5.1 Q_5.2 Q_5.3 Q_5.4 Q_5.5 Q_5.6 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE /SUMMARY=TOTAL. Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 115 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 115 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .876 6 77 | P a g e Item Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N I am using all season functional road 2.21 .521 115 We have good roads to travel to the market to sell avocado 2.23 .563 115 The road is good to transport avocado to the market 2.17 .545 115 I can get the truck (car) at any time to take avocado to the market 2.83 .417 115 Transportation cost to the market is reasonable 2.11 .659 115 My resident is near to main road 2.35 .563 115 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted I am using all season functional road 11.69 4.480 .886 .821 We have good roads to travel to the market to sell avocado 11.67 4.539 .772 .839 The road is good to transport avocado to the market 11.73 4.585 .783 .837 I can get the truck (car) at any time to take avocado to the market 11.06 5.987 .268 .908 Transportation cost to the market is reasonable 11.78 3.996 .864 .819 My resident is near to main road 11.55 5.057 .528 .881 78 | P a g e Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 13.90 6.708 2.590 6 RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_6.1 Q_6.2 Q_6.3 Q_6.5 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE /SUMMARY=TOTAL. Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 115 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 115 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .815 4 79 | P a g e Item Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N I am near to the main market 2.73 .892 115 Main market is too close for me 2.26 .796 115 I pay low transportation cost to main market 2.31 .705 115 It takes few minutes to travel to the market for me 2.98 .749 115 Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted I am near to the main market 7.56 3.144 .778 .693 Main market is too close for me 8.03 3.569 .731 .721 I pay low transportation cost to main market 7.97 4.622 .422 .854 It takes few minutes to travel to the market for me 7.30 3.950 .634 .769 Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 10.29 6.399 2.530 4 80 | P a g e RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_7.1 Q_7.2 Q_7.4 Q_7.5 Q_7.6 Q_7.7 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE /SUMMARY=TOTAL. Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 115 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 115 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .812 6 Item Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N I usually sell my avocado produce for a good price 3.67 .472 115 The cost of produce are lower than the selling price 3.90 .627 115 We farmers are happy on the market price of avocado 3.54 .501 115 The price that we get from avocado gives a good profit for us 3.65 .478 115 Buyers pay good price for avocado in the market 3.73 .483 115 Selling price of the produce is motivating me to produce more 4.09 .670 115 81 | P a g e Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted I usually sell my avocado produce for a good price 18.90 4.052 .640 .771 The cost of produce are lower than the selling price 18.68 4.255 .327 .843 We farmers are happy on the market price of avocado 19.03 3.964 .641 .769 The price that we get from avocado gives a good profit for us 18.92 3.792 .790 .740 Buyers pay good price for avocado in the market 18.84 3.940 .687 .760 Selling price of the produce is motivating me to produce more 18.49 3.743 .502 .806 Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 22.57 5.492 2.344 6 GET FILE='C:\ET document\Data for traders\10 final tradersdata.sav'. DATASET NAME DataSet2 WINDOW=FRONT. RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_2.1 Q_2.2 Q_2.3 Q_2.4 Q_2.5 Q_2.6 Q_2.8 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA. Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .811 7 RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=Q_2.1 Q_2.2 Q_2.3 Q_2.4 Q_2.5 Q_2.6 Q_2.8 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE /SUMMARY=TOTAL. 82 | P a g e Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 10 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 10 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .811 7 Item Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N I had have good profit in the last years from 4.00 .000 10 I want to continue Avocado fruit sale in the future 4.03 .184 10 I had reliable market information before taking 4.03 .184 10 I had the nearby market price information before sold of avocado fruit 4.03 .184 10 Here was good selling prices for avocado fruit in 4.03 .184 10 I could decided the selling price of avocado fruits in market 4.03 .184 10 Avocado supply from producers and local collectors were good in the past years 4.03 .184 10 83 | P a g e Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item- Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted I had have good profit in the last years from 24.15 .669 .000 .834 I want to continue Avocado fruit sale in the future 24.13 .420 .900 .714 I had reliable market information before taking 24.13 .420 .900 .714 I had the nearby market price information before sold of avocado fruit 24.13 .420 .900 .714 Here was good selling prices for avocado fruit in 24.13 .628 .024 .875 I could decided the selling price of avocado fruits in market 24.13 .573 .224 .844 Avocado supply from producers and local collectors were good in the past years 24.13 .420 .900 .714 Scale Statistics Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items 28.15 .669 .818 7 84 | P a g e DATASET ACTIVATE DataSet1. REGRESSION /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI(95) R ANOVA COLLIN TOL /CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT MeanMarketSupplyperformance /METHOD=ENTER Age Edulevel LIVSTOCKH FarmsizeMeanQuantityproduceMeanMarketInformationMeanTransportMeanDistancetomarketMeanPriceprodu ce /RESIDUALS HISTOGRAM(ZRESID) NORMPROB(ZRESID). Variables Entered/Removeda Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 Mean price of produce, Mean Market Information, Education level of respondent, Mean Transport, Mean Quantity produce, Average Livestock Holding per Household, Farm size, Mean Distance to market, Age of respondent . Enter a. Dependent Variable: Mean Market Supply performance b. All requested variables entered. Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .964a .930 .924 .075 a. Predictors: (Constant), Mean price of produce, Mean Market Information, Education level of respondent, Mean Transport, Mean Quantity produce, Average Livestock Holding per Household, Farm size, Mean Distance to market, Age of respondent b. Dependent Variable: Mean Market Supply performance 85 | P a g e ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 7.763 9 .863 154.509 .000b Residual .586 105 .006 Total 8.349 114 a. Dependent Variable: Mean Market Supply performance b. Predictors: (Constant), Mean price of produce, Mean Market Information, Education level of respondent, Mean Transport, Mean Quantity produce, Average Livestock Holding per Household, Farm size, Mean Distance to market, Age of respondent Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. 95.0% Confidence Interval for B Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) .119 .132 .901 .369 -.143 .381 Age of respondent -.034 .012 -.128 -2.917 .004 -.056 -.011 .348 2.870 Education level of respondent -.019 .008 -.103 -2.276 .025 -.036 -.002 .328 3.047 Average Livestock Holding per Household .018 .020 .028 .912 .364 -.021 .057 .689 1.451 Farm size -.016 .012 -.043 -1.355 .178 -.040 .007 .664 1.506 Mean Quantity produce .150 .018 .239 8.267 .000 .114 .186 .799 1.252 Mean Market Information .303 .019 .421 15.756 .000 .265 .341 .938 1.066 Mean Transport .199 .019 .318 10.633 .000 .162 .236 .749 1.335 Mean Distance to market .197 .014 .461 14.370 .000 .170 .225 .648 1.542 Mean price of produce .175 .021 .253 8.156 .000 .133 .218 .695 1.439 a. Dependent Variable: Mean Market Supply performance 86 | P a g e Residuals Statisticsa Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N Predicted Value 2.77 4.04 3.46 .261 115 Residual -.158 .270 .000 .072 115 Std. Predicted Value -2.636 2.221 .000 1.000 115 Std. Residual -2.118 3.614 .000 .960 115 a. Dependent Variable: Mean Market Supply performance Charts 87 | P a g e SAVE OUTFILE='D:\Farmers 115 data and Analysis by SPSS\115 final Original data analysis.sav' /COMPRESSED. 88 | P a g e PHOTOS Data collection from Male farmer Data collection from Female farmer