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ILCA
The International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), established in 1974, is an autonomous,
non-profit making research, training and information Centre with a mandate to improve livestock
production throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The activities and publications of the Centre are
financed by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The
CGIAR members which have funded ILCA to date are the African Development Bank, the
European Economic Community, the Ford Foundation, the International Development
Research Centre, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank,
and the governments of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France,
the Federal Republic of Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway,
Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
ILCA conducts its own research programme, works closely with national agricultural
research systems (NARS) in collaborative research projects and seeks to develop the research
capacities of NARS by providing specialised training programmes and a range of information
services.
ILCA's publications series include Research Reports, Monographs, as well as conference
proceedings and a quarterly ILCA Newsletter. Responsibility for ILCA publications rests solely
with the Centre and with such other parties as may be cited as co-authors.
ILCA MONOGRAPH
TRYPANOTOLEVHNT LIVESTOCK
IN WEST AND CENTRAL
AFRICA
VOLUME 3 - A DECADE'S RESULTS
by
C.H. Hoste
E. Chalon
G. d'leteren
and
J.C.M. Trail
INTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK CENTRE FOR AFRICA 1 992
P O BOX 5689 ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA
Note: This document is a translation of a French text first published in 1988 by the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (Le bitail trypanotoUrant enAfrique occidentale et centrale.
Vol 3 -Bilan d'une dicermie. Etude FAO Production et sant6 animales 20/3).
ISBN 92-9053-261-0
Ill
Table of Contents
PAGE
PREFACE xv
INTRODUCTION xvii
PART I: POTENTIAL UTILISATION OF TRYPANOTOLERANT LIVESTOCK 1
CHAPTER 1: POPULATIONS AND THEIR CHANGES 3
1.1 HUMAN AND LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS 3
1.1.1 HUMAN POPULATION 3
1.1.2 CATTLE POPULATION 5
1.1.3 SHEEP AND GOAT POPULATION 5
1.2 TRYPANOTOLERANT CATTLE GROUPS 5
1.2.1 THE N'DAMABREED 7
1.2.2 THE SAVANNAH SHORTHORN 8
1.2.3 THE DWARF SHORTHORN 8
1.2.4 ZEBU X HUMPLESS CATTLE GROUP 9
1.3 TRYPANOTOLERANT SMALL RUMINANT BREEDS 10
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 13
2.1 RESEARCH POLICIES ON TRYPANOTOLERANT LIVESTOCK
BREEDING 13
2.2 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON THE PRODUdTVITY OF
TRYPANOTOLERANT BREEDS 14
2.3 RESEARCH ON TRYPANOTOLERANCE 16
2.3.1 VECTORIAL POTENTIAL OFTSETSE 16
2.3.2 STUDY OF THE PARASITE 17
2.3.3 FINAL-HOST RESPONSE 17
CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 21
3.1 PLANNINGAND COORDINATION OF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 21
3.1.1 PLANNING 21
3.1.2 COORDINATION 23
IV
3.2 MULTIPLICATION UNITS 24
3.2.1 CATTLE PROGRAMMES 24
3.2.2 SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAMMES 26
3.2.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PROGRAMMES 26
3.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 28
3.3.1 LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 28
3.3.2 INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT WITH A
"LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION" COMPONENT 31
PART II: UPDATING OF COUNTRY STUDIES 35
CHAPTER 1: SENEGAL 37
1.1 BACKGROUND 37
1.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 38
1.3 CATTLE 39
1.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 39
1.3.2 DISEASES 40
1.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 41
1.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 41
1.4.1 INDEX OF PRODUCTIVITY 41
1.4.2 DISEASES 42
1.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 42
1.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 42
1.5.2 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 43
1.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 44
1.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 46
CHAPTER 2: THE GAMBIA 47
2.1 BACKGROUND 47
2.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 47
2.3 CATTLE 48
2.3.1 N'DAMA BREED CHARACTERISATION 48
2.3.2 DISEASES 50
2.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION 50
2.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 51
2.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 51
2.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 51
2.5.2 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 52
2.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 53
2.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 54
CHAPTER 3: GUINEABISSAU 55
3.1 BACKGROUND 55
3.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 55
3.3 CATTLE 56
3.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 56
3.3.2 DISEASES 57
3.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION 57
3.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 59
3.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 59
3.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 59
3.5.2 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 59
3.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 60
3.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 60
CHAPTER 4: GUINEA 61
4.1 BACKGROUND 61
4.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 61
4.2.1 CATTLE 61
4.2.2 SHEEP AND GOATS 62
4.3 CATTLE 62
4.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 62
4.3.2 DISEASES 63
4.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION 63
4.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 64
4.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 64
4.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 64
4.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 64
VI
4.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 66
4.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 66
CHAPTER 5: SIERRA LEONE 69
5.1 BACKGROUND 69
5.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 69
5.3 CATTLE 70
5.3.1 N'DAMA BREED CHARACTERISATION 70
5.3.2 DISEASES 72
5.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 72
5.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 73
5.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 73
5.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 74
CHAPTER 6: LIBERIA 75
6.1 BACKGROUND 75
6.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 75
6.3 CATTLE 76
6.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 76
6.3.2 DISEASES 76
6.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION 76
6.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 76
6.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 76
6.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 76
6.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 77
6.5.3 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 77
6.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 78
6.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 78
CHAPTER 7: MALI 79
7.1 BACKGROUND 79
7.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 80
7.3 CATTLE 80
7.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 81
VI 1
7.3.2 DISEASES 82
7.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENTAND COMPOSITION 82
7.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 83
7.5 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT 83
7.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES AND PROGRAMMES 83
7.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 84
7.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 85
7.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 86
CHAPTER 8: BURKINA FASO 87
8.1 BACKGROUND 87
8.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 88
8.3 CATTLE 88
8.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 88
8.3.2 DISEASES 91
8.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 91
8.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 93
8.4.1 SHEEP 93
8.4.2 GOATS 93
8.4.3 DISEASES 94
8.4.4 HERD MANAGEMENT 94
8.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVnTES 95
8.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 95
8.5.2 MULTIPLICATION AND EXTENSION 95
8.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 95
8.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 97
8.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 97
CHAPTER 9: COTE D'lVOIRE 99
9.1 BACKGROUND 99
9.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 99
9.3 CATTLE 101
9.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 101
Vlll
9.3.2 DISEASES 104
9.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENTAND COMPOSITION 104
9.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 104
9.4.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 104
9.4.2 DISEASES 107
9.4.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 107
9.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 108
9.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 108
9.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 108
9.5.3 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 110
9.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Ill
9.7MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 112
CHAPTER 10: GHANA 113
10.1 BACKGROUND 113
10.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 113
10.3 CATTLE 114
10.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 115
10.3.2 DISEASES 117
10.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION 117
10.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 117
10.4.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 117
10.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 118
10.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 118
10.5.2 DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIPLICATION ACTIVITIES 118
10.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 119
10.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 119
CHAPTER 11: TOGO 121
11.1 BACKGROUND 121
11.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 121
11.3 CATTLE 122
11.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 122
IX
11.3.2 DISEASES 126
1 1.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION 126
11.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 126
11.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 126
11.4.2 DISEASES 129
11.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 129
11.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 129
11.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 130
11.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 131
11.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 131
11.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 132
CHAPTER 12: BENIN 135
12.1 BACKGROUND 135
12.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 136
12.3 CATTLE 137
12.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 137
12.3.2 DISEASES 139
12.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION 140
12.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 140
12.4.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION 140
12.4.2 DISEASES 140
12.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 141
12.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 141
12.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 141
12.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 142
12.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 143
12.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 144
CHAPTER 13: NIGERIA 145
13.1 BACKGROUND 145
13.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 145
13.3 CATTLE 147
13.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 147
13.3.2 DISEASES 149
13.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 149
13.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 150
13.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 150
13.4.2 DISEASES 152
13.4.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 152
13.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 152
13.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 152
13.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 152
13.5.3 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 154
13.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 154
13.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 155
CHAPTER 14: CAMEROON 157
14.1 BACKGROUND 157
14.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 157
14.3 CATTLE 158
14.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 158
14.3.2 DISEASES 158
14.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 159
14.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 159
14.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 159
14.4.2 DISEASES 159
14.4.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 159
14.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 160
14.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 160
14.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 161
14.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 161
14.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 162
14.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 162
XI
CHAPTER 15: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 163
15.1 BACKGROUND 163
15.2 CATTLE NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 163
15.2.1 CATTLE 163
15.2.2 SHEEP AND GOATS 165
15.3 CATTLE 166
15.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 166
15.3.2 DISEASES 166
15.3.3 HERD COMPOSITION 166
15.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 168
15.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 168
15.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 168
15.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 168
15.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 168
15.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 169
15.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 169
CHAPTER 16: GABON 171
16.1 BACKGROUND 171
16.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 171
16.3 CATTLE 172
16.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 172
16.3.2 DISEASES 173
16.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 173
16.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 174
16.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 174
16.4.2 DISEASES 174
16.4.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 174
16.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 175
16.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 175
16.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 175
16.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 176
Xll
16.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 176
16.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 177
CHAPTER 17: CONGO 179
17.1 BACKGROUND 179
17.2 CATTLE NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 180
17.3 CATTLE 180
17.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 180
17.3.2 DISEASES 182
17.3.3 MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 182
17.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 183
17.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 183
17.4.2 HERD MANAGEMENT 184
17.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 184
17.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 184
17.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 184
17.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 186
17.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 187
17.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 187
CHAPTER 18: ZAIRE 189
18.1 BACKGROUND 189
18.2 CATTLE NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 189
18.3 CATTLE 190
18.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 190
18.3.2 DISEASES 191
18.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT 191
18.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 192
18.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 192
18.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES 192
18.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS 192
18.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 194
18.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 195
Mil
18.7 MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1977 195
CHAPTER 19: EQUATORIAL GUINEA 197
19.1 BACKGROUND 197
19.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 198
19.3 CATTLE 199
19.4 SHEEP AND GOATS 199
19.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION 199
19.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 199
19.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 200
19.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977 201
This On©
 

XV
PREFACE
The third volume of this joint report was prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO/OAA) and the International Livestock Centre for Africa
(ILCA/CIPEA). The data contained in this report were collected in the various countries by Drs
Shaw, Assogbakpe and Ly during consultative FAO missions and complemented by data provided
by national research stations participating in the African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network
initiated by ILCA and staff liaising with the FAO Programme for the Control of African Animal
Trypanosomiasis and for the development of the relevant zones.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to all concerned for their efficient collaboration,
without which this document could not have been produced.
This volume is the continuation of volumes 1 and 2 of this study and to avoid confusing
readers, it was unanimously decided that this volume should be published in both the FAO and
ILCA series under the old method of numbering. This volume will therefore be published as
FAO study: Animal Production and Health Paper 20/3 and ILCA Monograph 2, Volume 3.
This volume was written for the FAO by C H Hoste and E Chalon with the
GCP/RAF/190/ITA regional project team for the upgrading, multiplication and conservation of
trypanotolerant livestock in West Africa, and for ILCA by J C M Trail, C H Hoste and Y J
Wissocq with the Animal Productivity and Trypanotolerant Team.

XV11
INTRODUCTION
Volume 1 of this report Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa presented the
study area and its livestock and a description of trypanotolerant cattle and their productivity.
Recommendations and possible locations for further evaluating the production potential and the
management and conservation of these livestock breeds were also presented.
Volume 2 presented detailed information on trypanotolerant livestock found in each of
the 18 countries of the study area.
Field missions to collect the data presented and analysed in Volumes 1 and 2 were
undertaken between 1977 and 1978. The data presented therefore reflect the situation prevailing
in 1975-76 and at the latest in 1977. These data were released almost 10 years after the initial
survey, during which time rapid developments have taken place in this sector. A reappraisal of
trypanotolerant livestock and an initial assessment of activities carried out by countries and
regional and international bodies were therefore deemed necessary.
Recent data on countries published in this volume were collected during an FAO study
to evaluate supply and demand in trypanotolerant breeding cattle and to assess the contribution
of trypanotolerant cattle to the national economy. The study, entitled Trypanotolerant Cattle and
Livestock Development in West and Central Africa (Shaw and Hoste, 1987), was based on data
collected between April and June 1985.
Additional data were provided by national research institutions in the various countries
and the research team of the ILCA-coordinated African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network, in
collaboration with the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD).
Information was obtained from questionnaires sent out regularly by FAO to liaison
officers working with the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and
Related Development in relevant zones. This volume therefore presents major results obtained
since the publication of Volumes 1 and 2 and updates national data on trypanotolerant cattle.
Part 1 of this present Volume 3 analyses populations and their trends between the two
surveys (Chapter 1) and reviews research activities (Chapter 2) and development activities
(Chapter 3). It also gives recent information available on the potential and utilisation of
trypanotolerant livestock, which accounts for its title.
Part 2 presents recent data for the 18 study countries, as well as for Equatorial Guinea
which was not covered in Volume 2. This information should be studied in conjunction with
Volume 2 for an overall and updated view of trypanotolerant livestock production in each
country. Countries are discussed in the same order in both volumes.
An additional section on major developments occurring during the study period has
been included at the end of each country study.
A selected bibliography for each country is included at the end of each country study. A
general list of references for Parts 1 and 2 appears at the end of the document. The main
comments and analyses are summarised in the conclusion.

PART 1
POTENTIAL AND UTILISATION OF
TRYPANOTOLERANT LIVESTOCK

CHAPTER 1
POPULATIONS AND THEIR CHANGES
The study countries are the same as those covered in Volumes 1 and 2. In addition, Equatorial
Guinea has also been included in the present study.
An important difference between this and the previous volumes is that, because of the
unavailability of recent and reliable data on the different regions of a country, no distinction is
made between general data and data for a study area for countries which are only partially
affected by animal trypanosomiasis.
The geographical description, relief and hydrography of the area therefore remain
unchanged. With regard to climate and vegetation, it should be noted that the countries of the
Sahel and adjacent countries experienced low precipitations in the late 1970s and early 1980s,
resulting in increased degradation of the vegetation and an alarming increase in the rate of
erosion and desertification. However, it appears that the climatic situation has since improved.
The distribution of the tsetse fly, which is directly related to changes in the climate and
vegetation, has also changed. Only a few reliable studies have been made recently. These were
revised by Katondo (1984) and used to update the tsetse fly distribution map published by
CSTR/OUA in 1977. Depending on the country, the northern distribution limits may be fixed at
between 50 and 100 km further south than shown in Volume 1.
This chapter discusses human and animal populations and trypanotolerant cattle, sheep
and goat numbers by breed.
1.1 HUMAN AND LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS
General statistics for 1985 on total area, human populations and livestock and population
densities are presented in Table 1.1 for each country included in the study.
1.1.1 HUMAN POPULATION
The total human population in the 19 countries in 1985 was estimated at 205 million; this was
37% of the total population of Africa in a region covering only 26% of the continent. Average
density was 26 inhabitants/km compared to 19 inhabitants/km for the whole of Africa.
Population densities in the individual countries of the study area ranged from 104
inhabitants/km in Nigeria to 4.1 inhabitants/km in the Central African Republic.
Compared with data given in Volume 1, the population in the study area has increased
by about 40 million inhabitants in eight years a mean annual growth rate of 2.8%. However, there
is a wide variation between countries: the population growth rate for Equatorial Guinea is 1.8%
and for Cote d'lvoire 4%. Population density has increased from 21 inhabitants/km2 in 1977 to 26
inhabitants/km2 in 1985.
Table 1.1. Human and animal populations, 1985.
Livestock numbers Livestock densities in the study
zone
Cattle Cattle SheeP- Liveweight
goats
Trypano-
Country Size Inhabitants Total tolerant Sheep Goat hd/km hd/km kg/inhab*
Benin 112622 3 833 000 922 000 760 000 1242 900 1093 200 8.2(8) 20.7(4) 51.8(9)
Faso"13 274 200 6 836 000 3 000 000 1000 000 2 100 000 2 645 000 10.9(3) 17.3(5) 86.2(3)
Cameroon 475 000 9 972 000 4 099 000 11000 2 300 000 2 500 000 8.6(6) 10.1(9) 77.4(5)
Central
African 623 000 2 607 000 2147 400 7 400 93 619 1016 748 3.4(13) 1.8(16) 144.4(2)
Republic
Congo 342 000 1900 000 65 000 65 000 85 000 180 000 0.2(16) 0.8(18) 8.4(16)
cHvoire 322 500 1018 000 922 000 672 000 1032 000 748 000 2.8(14) 5.5(13) 17.9(13)
rqUn">rial 28 051 300 060 320 100 5 000 20 000 0.01(19) C.9(17) 1.8(19)
vj Li 11 1 L c\
Gabon 267 700 1300 152 17 400 17 400 96000 90000 0.06(18) 0.7(19) 50.0(17)
Gambia 11300 695 886 305 000 299 000 162000 175 000 29.5(1) 29.8(2) 82.0(4)
Ghana 238 500 12 205 574 1002 000 994 000 1554 760 1282677 4.2(12) 11.9(6) 18.1(12)
Guinea 245 900 6 000 000 2 307 000 2 307 000 1026 000 914 785 9.4(5) 7.9(11) 69.9(6)
Bissau3 36125 870 000 300 000 300 000 110 000 230 000 8.3(7) 9.4(10) 64.6(8)
Liberia 114 400 2 061498 12 600 12 600 210 000 200 000 0.1(17) 3.6(14) 4.9(18)
Mali 1240 000 7 850 000 6 663 000 1092 000 6 329 000 6 928 300 5.3(9) 10.7(7) 173.0(1)
Nigeria 923 750 96 000 000 10 900 000 200 000 9 500 000 22 300 000 11.8(2) 34.4(1) 25.3(10)
Senegal 196 200 6 038 000 2200 000 1053 000 1967 000 983 000 10.8(4) 11.2(8) 69.8(7)
Leone 7230° 3700000 333 200 333 200 264 000 145 000 4.6(10) 5.6(12) 16.9(14)
Togo 56 800 3 015 000 247 000 242000 620 772 734 937 4.3(11) 23.0(3) 22.4(11)
Zaire 2 345 000 29 671407 1461000 451100 964 200 4 501700 0.6(15) 2.3(15) 11.8(15)
Grand 7 922 348 205 022 577 36 903 920 9 816 800 29 662 25146 688 347 4.6 9.6 37.1
total
*l(hd) of cattle = 0.66 TLU.
1 small ruminant = 0.08 TLU.
1 TLU (Tropical Livestock Unit) = 250 kg liveweight.
Source : Compiled by authors.
1.1.2 CATTLE POPULATION
The total cattle population of the 19 countries in the study area in 1985 was estimated at 37
million head; this was 21% of the African cattle population, of which only 9.8% were considered
trypanotolerant. This wide variation is due to the large number of zebus found outside the tsetse
areas of Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Nigeria (an estimated 20 million head, 50% of which
are in Nigeria) or in areas of negligible trypanosomiasis risk such as Cameroon or Central African
Republic.
The countries with the highest cattle population densities are the Gambia, with about 30
head/km and Nigeria with almost 12 head/km . The lowest densities are to be found in the
central African countries (Gabon, Congo, Zaire and Equatorial Guinea) with half a head of
cattle or less per square kilometre. It would be inappropriate to make a direct comparison
between these figures and those for 1977 as they were not obtained from the same source and
some countries have since carried out a more accurate census and revised their national statistics.
However, a comparison may be made between the cattle populations of these countries between
1975 and 1985, using the figures given by Hoste (1987a) which were obtained from the same
sources for the main livestock producing regions of tropical Africa.
Although mean growth rate of the cattle population was 1.4% during the study period,
the growth rates were 2.3% in Sudano-Sahelian Africa, 1.0% in humid and subhumid West Africa
and 3.9% in humid central Africa. The growth rate for East Africa was 0.8% and for southern
Africa 1.0%.
1.13 SHEEP AND GOAT POPULATION
Statistics on small ruminants populations are even less reliable than data available on cattle
numbers. In 1985 the total small ruminants population in the 19 study countries was 77 million
head (30 million sheep and 47 million goats)
Average population density for small ruminants was 10 head/km in the 19 study
countries, with the highest density in Nigeria (34 head/km ) and the lowest in Gabon (0.7
head/km )
A direct comparison between these figures and those for 1977 will prove erroneous.
With regard to populations, a comparison of the figures for 1975 and those for 1985 by Hoste
(1987a) indicate a growth rate of 1.8% for tropical Africa, 2.2% for Sudano-Sahelian Africa,
1.6% for humid and subhumid West Africa, 0.5% for central Africa, 1.7% for East Africa and
1.6% for southern Africa.
1.2 TRYPANOTOLERANT CATTLE GROUPS
Table 1.2 indicates for individual countries the number of animals and percentages of the cattle
population accounted for by each trypanotolerant group.
Out of a total of 10 million trypanotolerant cattle, counted in 1985, the long-horned
Bos taurus group, represented by the N'Dama is the largest group, accounting for 49.5%. The
Savannah Shorthorn is the next largest group with 20% followed by the Dwarf West African
Shorthorn which accounts for 1.0%. Zebu x N'Dama crossbreeds account for 12.6% and zebu x
West African Shorthorn for 16.9% of the trypanotolerant cattle population.
Table 1.2. Cattle numbers by breed classification and country, 1985.
Dwarf W.A Savannah Zebu x Savannah
N'Dama Shorthorn Shorthorn ZebuxN'Dama Shorthorn
Country No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Benin 500 0.01 37 500b 36.6 58 000f 2.9 - - 664 000p 40.2
Burkina Faso - - - - 49 000d 4.9 - - 510 000J 30.8
Cameroon 1700 0.03 1000c 1.0 8 300h 0.5 - - - -
Central African
Republic 600 0.01
- - 6 700d 0.37 1001) - - -
Congo 54 400 1.1 10 600b 10.5) - - - - - -
C6te d'lvoire 138 000 2.8 1000b 0.9 35 000d 7.8 - - 183 000J 11.1
Equa. Guinea - - - - l00h 0.03 - - - -
Gabon 16 000 0.34 500b 0.5) 500d 40) 0.1 - - -
Gambia 290 000 5.9 - - - - 9 000i 0.7 - -
Ghana 30 200 0.6 100c 0.1 839 300e 2.7 - - 124 400n 7.5
Guinea 2192000 45.3 - - - - 115 000J 9.3 - -
Guinea Bissau 300 000 6.2 - - - - - - - -
Liberia 7 100 0.16 5 500a 5.4 - - - - - -
Mali 409 000 8.4 - - - - 683 000k 55.2 - -
Nigeria 26 000 0.55 26 000c 25.5 53 000g 2.8 - - 95 000q 5.8
Senegal 644 000 13.2 - - - - 409 000i 33.0 - -
Sierra Leone 333 200 6.9 - - - - - - - -
Togo 5000 0.1 2 500b 2.4 158 000f 8.0 - - 76 500c 4.6
Zaire 415 000 8.3 15 000b 17.1 - 21 l00n 1.7 _ -
Total 4 862700 100 99 700 100 1963 900 100 1237 600 100 1652900 100
(%) of total
trypanotolerant 495 lfJ 200 12fi fi9
population
a. Liberian Dwarf b. Lagoon c. Forest Muturu d. Baoule e. Ghana Shorthorn f. Somba g. Savannah Muturu h. Bakosi,
Doaya and Kapsiki i. Djakore j. Mere k. Bambara 1. Mbororo Zebu x N'Dama m. N'Dama x Mateba and N'Dama x
Angola or Africander n. Ghanaian Sanga o. Borgou p. Borgou and Borgou crosses q. Keteku.
Source: Compiled by authors.
Compared with the figures for 1977 given in Volume 1, the trypanotolerant cattle
population increased at an average annual rate of 3.2% during the eight-year study period.
The relatively high growth rate is mainly due to a substantial increase of 4.5% in the
N'Dama population which increased by 45 to 50% in relation to the total trypanotolerant cattle
population.
The Savannah Shorthorn population increased at a rate of 2% per year. However, its
percentage of all trypanotolerant cattle dropped from 22 to 20% during this period. The number
of West African Dwarf Shorthorn remained stable with an annual rate of increase of 0.2%.
Consequently the percentage has decreased from 1.3% to 1.0% of all trypanotolerant cattle. The
general opinion is that crossbreeding with the zebu breed has led to a rapid rise in the number of
crossbreeds and that the pure trypanotolerant breeds are in danger of extinction. This is not
confirmed by the above figures in view of the fact that the zebu x West African Shorthorn
population increased at a rate of only 2.1% and its percentage dropped from 32 to 29% of all
trypanotolerant cattle.
These results should, however, be critically evaluated as the cattle populations for most
countries are based on projections and not actual census figures. Nevertheless, an effort can be
made to study the development trend of individual trypanotolerant groups in each country and
determine whether the changes observed are real or due to national readjustments in numbers.
1.2.1 THE N'DAMA BREED
The geographical distribution of the N'Dama cattle group in 1985 in their original breeding areas
and areas of introduction is shown in Table 1.3.
In the original breeding areas, more detailed studies of the numbers than those
conducted in Volume I were made in Guinea Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone. A direct
comparison between the two sets of data cannot therefore be made. The significant drop in the
number of N'Dama cattle in Senegal (-14%), Mali (-12%) and Liberia (-35%) is of particular
interest. On the other hand, the number of N'Dama cattle in Cote d'lvoire seems to have
increased considerably.
Results for the introduction zones could be more readily compared and a significant
increase in the N'Dama population during the eight-year study period was noted (308 000 head in
1977 compared with 549 400 head in 1985). An annual growth rate could not be calculated
because several head of cattle were imported during the study period (Shaw and Hoste, 1987).
Table 1.3. Geographical distribution of the N'Dama cattle (1985).
Percentage of
Country
N'Dama population Percentage of Total cattle N'Dama in total
in study total N'Dama population of cattle population of
Original areas
area population study area study area
Guinea 2 192 000 45.3 2 307 000 95.0
Senegal 644 000 13.3 2 200 000 29.2
Mali 409 000 8.4 6 663 000 6.1
Sierra Leone 333 200 6.9 333 200 100
Guinea Bissau 300 000 6.2 300 000 100
Gambia 290 000 5.9 305 000 95.1
C6te d'lvoire 138 000 2.8 922 000 14.9
Liberia 7 100 0.16 12 600 56.3
Subtotal 4 313 300 88.96 13 042 800 33.0
Areas of introduction
Zaire 415 000 8.3 1461000 27.3
Congo 54 400 1.1 65 000 83.7
Ghana 30 200 0.6 1002 000 3.0
Nigeria 26 000 0.55 10 900 000 0.2
Gabon 16 000 0.34 17 400 91.9
Togo 5000 0.1 247 000 2.0
Cameroon 1700 0.03 4099 000 0.04
Central African
Republic 600 0.01 2 147 400 0.03
Benin 500 0.01 922 000 0.05
Burkina Faso - - 3000 000
Equatorial Guinea - 320 -
Subtotal 549 400 11.04 23 861 120 2.2
Total 4 862 700 100 36 903 920 13.1
Source: Compiled by authors.

Table 1.5. Geographical distribution of the Dwarf Shorthorn group, 1985.
Percentage of Dwarf
Dwarf Shorthorn Percentage of total Total population in total
Country and
breed name
population Dwarf Shorthorn cattle population
of study area
cattle population
of study area
Original areas
in study area population
Benin (Lagune) 37 500 36.6 922 000 4.1
Nigeria (Muturu) 26 000 25.5 10 900 000 0.2
Liberia (Muturu) 5 500 5.4 12 600 4.4
Togo (Lagune) 2 500 2.5 247 000 1.0
C6te d'lvoire
(Lagune)
1000 0.9 922 000 0.1
Cameroon (Muturu) 1000 0.9 4 099 000 0.02
Ghana (Muturu) 100 0.1 1 002 000 0.01
Subtotal 73 600 71.9 18 104 600 0.4
Areas of introduction
Zaire (Lagune) 15 000 17.9 1461000 1.2
Congo (Lagune) 10 600 10.5 65 000 16.3
Gabon (Lagune) 500 0.5 17 400 2.8
Subtotal 26 100 28.1 1 543 400 1.8
Total 99 700 100 19 648 000 0.5
Source: Compiled by authors.
The major changes to be noted are the rapid disappearance of the Muturu in Liberia
(-63%) and in Nigeria (-32%) which is allegedly offset by the increase in the number of Lagune in
Benin (+87%). However, the population figures being very small and census figures unreliable,
what shall be kept in mind is simply that this trypanotolerant cattle group has remained more or
less stable in number during the study period although they remain seriously exposed to
extinction.
1.2.4 ZEBU X HUMPLESS CATTLE GROUP
Table 1.6 gives the numbers of N'Dama and Shorthorn crosses by country.
In general, the zebu x N'Dama population increased at a higher annual rate than the
zebu x Shorthorn crossbreeds (+2.5% compared to + 1.8%). The zebu x N'Dama population
increased significantly in Guinea and Mali. A large number of these crossbreeds have also been
introduced into the Gambia.
The zebu x Shorthorn population increased fivefold in Cote d'lvoire and Benin
(+33%). It remained stable in Burkina Faso, Ghana and Togo. The difference in the number
recorded for Nigeria appears to be due to the difference in census methods employed.
10
Table 1.6. Distribution of the zebu x taurine crossbreed, 1985.
Percentage of
Zebux Zebux
Shorthorn
crossbreeds
Percentage Total cattle crossbreeds in
Country and breed
name
N'Dama of all
crossbreeds
population of total cattle
crossbreeds study area study area
Mali (M6r6) 683 000 - 23.6 6 663 000 10.2
Benin (Borgou) - 664 000 22.9 922 000 72.0
Burkina Faso (M6r6) - 510 000 17.6 3 000 000 17.0
Senegal (Djokor6) 409 000 - 14.1 2 200 000 18.6
Cote d'lvoire (M6r6) - 183 000 6.4 922 000 19.8
Ghana (Sanga) - 124 000 4.4 1002 000 12.4
Guinea 115 000 - 3.97 2 307 000 4.9
Nigeria (Keteku) - 95 000 3.27 10 900 000 0.8
Togo (Borgou) - 76 500 2.7 247 000 30.9
Zaire 21 100 - 0.73 1461000 1.4
Gambia 9000 - 0.31 305 000 2.9
Central African
Republic (Bambara) 100 - 0.02 217 400 0.004
Gabon 400 - 17 400 2.3
Total 1 237 600 1652900 100 32 093 800 11.1
2 890 500
Source: Compiled by authors.
1.3 TRYPANOTOLERANT SMALL RUMINANT BREEDS
Estimated numbers of small ruminants by country are presented in Table 1.1. The total small
ruminant population in the 19 study countries was 77 million, comprising 30 sheep and 47 million
goats, a ratio of 1.6:1.
The trypanotolerant population may be estimated by subtracting the large numbers of
non-trypanotolerant small ruminants found in Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Cameroon
and Zaire. Table 1.7 gives the most reliable estimates obtained in spite of numerous unknown
factors.
The trypanotolerant small ruminant population in the 19 West African countries
studied is estimated at 32 million of which 12 million are sheep and 20 million goats. In all the
West African countries except Nigeria, the number of sheep is only marginally higher than that of
goats (9.4 million compared to 9.1 million). In Nigeria and central African countries, however,
there are substantially more goats than sheep (10.8 million goats and 2.6 million sheep). The ratio
of goat to sheep may be as high as 11:1 in the Central African Republic or 5:1 in Zaire.
Because of the unreliable nature of the data available, they cannot be compared with
the data given in Volume 1. Nevertheless, it appears that the trypanotolerant sheep and goat
populations have remained static.
11
Table 1.7. Trypanotolerant sheep and goat populations by country, 1985.
Country Sheep Goat Sheep + goat
1093 2 336
1830* 3 000*
585* 1 125*
1017 1 111
748 1780
180 265
20 25
90 186
175 337
1283 2 838
230 340
915 1941
200 410
1385* 2 650*
5 320* 6 320*
385* 1155*
145 409
735 1356
3 600* 4 370*
19 936 31954
Benin 1243
Burkina Faso 1 170'
Cameroon 540'
Central African Republic 94
C6te d'lvoire 1032
Congo 85
Equatorial Guinea 5
Gabon 96
Gambia 162
Ghana 1555
Guinea 110
Guinea 1026
Liberia 210
Mali 1265'
Nigeria 1000
Senegal 770'
Sierra Leone 264
Togo 621
Zaire 770'
Total 12018
Estimates are based on proportions determined in FAO/1LCA/UNEP (1980) and applied to current populations.
Source: Compiled by authors.
By comparing the human and animal population figures given above, the following
conclusions may be drawn:
• The total animal population increased during the study period but at a lower rate than the
human population
• The trypanotolerant cattle population maintained a relatively high rate of increase of 3.2%
per year due mainly to a preference for the N'Dama breed which increased at a rate of
4.5% during the study period
• Overall data available do not confirm the general theory that the population of zebu x West
African Shorthorn is increasing at a faster rate than purebred trypanotolerant population
although this would evidently vary from country to country
• The trypanotolerant sheep and goat populations are increasing at a lower rate than
expected for these species
• Some progress has been made in the past few years in the compilation of reliable and
comparable national statistics. However, greater effort should be made in this field.

13
CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Research activities on trypanotolerant livestock may be classified under two main headings,
depending on whether the emphasis is on studying and increasing the productivity level of these
breeds or on their trypanotolerance.
Both topics are of course complementary and interactive but for clarity purposes, are
treated separately. Recent developments in the research policies of the different countries are
discussed in section 2.1 and the results obtained in the two areas are evaluated in section 2.2.
2.1 RESEARCH POLICIES ON TRYPANOTOLERANT LIVESTOCK
BREEDING
A review of the 19 West and central African countries would be a tedious exercise. Furthermore,
some of these countries have continued to pursue the same research policies since the previous
study and continue to strive for improving their livestock production systems. This report will
therefore focus on the major achievements of the past 10 years.
A major activity in trypanotolerant livestock research was the establishment in the
Gambia of the International Trypanotolerance Centre (ITC/CIT) which became operational in
1984.
ITC was established through the stated political will of the Gambia and with a loan
from the African Development Bank (ADB) for its construction, as part of a national livestock
development project. The Centre has also developed a research programme. The entomological
section is funded by the UK Overseas Development Administration (ODA), the Animal Health
and Production Section by the regional funds of the European Economic Community (EEC)
through the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) and the International Laboratory
for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD).
Senegal collaborates actively with ITC in this research programme from its station in
Kolda, Casamance. There has also been a radical change in its livestock development policies
which now encourage studies to be conducted in the village environment rather than on-station.
A systems approach which appears promising has also been developed.
In view of the size of its trypanotolerant livestock population, Guinea has taken an
important decision in the field of animal research and production to discontinue crossbreeding of
the N'Dama breed with the exotic Red Steppe breed. At the same time, priority is being given to
research activities on the N'Dama and the establishment of a national breeding programme for
this breed.
On the other hand, Mali seems to be committed to pursuing its programme of
crossbreeding the N'Dama breed with exotic breeds such as the Red Steppes at the Centre de
recherches zootechniques de Sotuba in an effort to improve milk production in the suburban
14
areas of the capital. The activities of the Central Veterinary Laboratory now include the planning
of chemoprophylaxis strategies for the trypanocidal treatment of various livestock species and for
tsetse control.
Burkina Faso continues to support the Centre for Animal Trypanosomiasis Research
(CRTA) and its two components the tsetse programme and the trypanotolerant programme.
Togo has, however, expressed the wish to discontinue research programmes on trypanotolerance
at Avetonou Livestock Production and Research Centre (ALPRC) and to focus on production of
draught oxen and beef cattle.
Despite the small size of its trypanotolerant cattle, Cameroon has agreed that the
Livestock Production Research Centre (LPRC) should maintain and study local trypanotolerant
cattle breeds on-station. The major objective here is to conserve the genetic stock of its local
breeds but this effort is noteworthy.
Central African countries are still more concerned with increasing the number of
trypanotolerant livestock than with actual research on those breeds. Only Gabon and Zaire are
actively conducting research on trypanotolerant livestock within the framework of the African
Trypanotolerant Livestock Network. The small ruminant programme in the Congo may be
included in this category because it is pursuing with applied research objectives. However, these
are far from real research policies on trypanotolerant livestock.
2.2 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF
TRYPANOTOLERANT BREEDS
Two detailed studies which provided substantial additional information on the productivity of
trypanotolerant cattle were conducted during the study period. The first, conducted in Senegal
and published by Fall et al (1982), provided additional information on the productivity of
Djallonke sheep and N'Dama cattle maintained on station at Kolda. The second, conducted in
Sierra Leone and published by Carew et al (1986), provided comparative results on the
productivity of the N'Dama and Sahiwal breeds and crossbreeds of the two breeds raised at Teko
Station. Data analysis and preparation of the reports were carried out in collaboration with the
Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance team of ILCA
The most important activity of the study period was the establishment of the African
Trypanotolerant Livestock Network by ILCA and ILRAD and the knowledge already derived
from its work.
The Network was established following a joint FAO/ILCA/UNEP study. The results of
the study were published in Volumes 1 and 2 of this Monograph. The brief introduction to the
Network is an extract from ILCA (1986a).
A large amount of data had been collected during visits made in 1977 and 1978 as part
of the FAO/ILCA/UNEP study. The main contribution of the study is that it rehabilitated
trypanotolerant livestock in showing its relatively high productivity and renewed interest in
trypanotolerant livestock. Nevertheless, it was evident that more detailed data would have to be
obtained on the productivity of different trypanotolerant breeds maintained in different areas
and under different levels of tsetse challenge and livestock production systems.
Consequently, ILCA developed a research network to improve livestock production in
tsetse-affected regions of Africa by achieving a better understanding of genetic resistance,
15
acquired resistance, environmental factors which affect susceptibility and the effectiveness of
current control measures and ensuring optimal application of both existing knowledge and recent
research findings (ILCA, 1986a).
The selection of sites for the network was based on several criteria: complementarity in
terms of disease level, tsetse challenge and livestock breeds; the willingness of national
institutions concerned to cooperate; the availability of basic research infrastructure; and the
extent to which donor agencies were prepared to provide the supplementary funds required.
The key factor determining the success of such a network, which requires the collection
of very large quantities of data in fields as diverse as environment, veterinary epidemiology and
livestock production parameters, is the standardisation of protocols and data-recording systems
and the training of field staff in the collection of data. To this end, ILCA, in collaboration with
ILRAD and the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) has organised
training courses in English and French every year since 1982, and in 1983 published a training
manual (Murray et al, 1983).
Within the Network, ILRAD is responsible for training, standardisation of protocols on
livestock diseases, and evaluation of trypanosomiasis risk and ILCA is responsible for
coordinating research activities at the sites selected and for collaborating with national
organisations and donor agencies. ILCA is also responsible for the animal production and
nutrition as well as for data-processing aspects.
By December 1986, training had been provided for 53 field staff and 1 1 sites had been
established in 7 countries. Tsetse and animal populations for each site are presented in Table 2.1.
This table illustrates clearly the very wide range of combinations between tsetse populations and
livestock production systems in which data are routinely collected. Additional data were obtained
by a comprehensive analysis of data from a network-associated site in Tanzania.
By the end of 1985 eight sites had already collected data covering at least the two-year
period 1 January 1984 to 31 December 1985. An internal meeting of the Network was therefore
convened to plan how the preliminary results for each site were to be analysed. The proceedings
of that meeting was published in June 1986 (ILCA, 1986a), and a report on the first two years of
the Network were published in December 1986 (ILCA, 1986b).
Since then, the Network has continued to collect data and a second meeting, held in
November 1987, was attended by over 100 researchers who reviewed the progress made in their
various activities. Fourteen sites in nine countries were represented. Research workers from
other national and international institutions also participated in the meeting at which recognised
specialists presented the state-of-the-art knowledge in their respective fields.
The meeting also evaluated all programmes and planned future activities of the
Network. These activities will be conducted under four major topics:
• trypanosomiasis epidemiology
• trypanotolerance
• genetics of trypanotolerance
• biological and economic evaluation of the effect of control measures on productivity.
Further information on these topics may be found under the relevant sections.
16
Table 2. 1 . Tsetse and livestock populations at Network sites.
Site Country Tsetse group Species Type Management
system
Kolo Zaire palpalis Cattle Trypanotolerant Ranch
Avetonou Togo palpalis
Cattle and
sheep
Trypanotolerant and
non-trypanotolerant
Ranch and
Village
Sokode Togo palpalis Sheep andgoat Trypanotolerant Village
Tengrela C6te d'lvoire palpalis
Cattle and
sheep
Trypanotolerant and
non-trypanotolerant Village
Boundiali C6te d'lvoire palpalis Cattle andsheep
Trypanotolerant and
non-trypanotolerant
Village
Idiofa Zaire palpalis andfusca Cattle Trypanotolerant Village
OGAPROV Gabon palpalis andfusca Cattle Trypanotolerant andnon-trypanotolerant
Ranch
Mushie Zaire fusca Cattle Trypanotolerant Ranch
Muhaka Kenya morsitans andfusca Cattle Non-trypanotolerant Ranch
Ghibe Ethiopia morsitans and palpalis Cattle Non-trypanotolerant Village
rrc The Gambia morsitans and palpalis Cattle Trypanotolerant Village
Source: ILCA (1987).
2.3 RESEARCH ON TRYPANOTOLERANCE
As was clearly stated in the introduction to this chapter, the division between research activities
on productivity and those on trypanotolerance was somewhat arbitrary. For example, it is evident
that data collected and analysed by the African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network will make a
significant contribution toward a better understanding of trypanotolerance.
At the same time, more basic research is being conducted by national and international
laboratories on the vector-parasite-host complex which are discussed in the following section.
The ultimate objective of these research activities is to strengthen the trypanotolerance of
trypanotolerant breeds and to induce it in local or exotic trypanosusceptible breeds, in order to
increase the potential for livestock production in tsetse-infested areas.
Since it is impossible to cover all the aspects involved in a single institution, each
laboratory or centre is more or less specialised. Current research work is classified according to
whether the main focus is on the vector, the parasite or the host. Although the first two are not
directly concerned with trypanotolerance, they cannot be ignored when studying this
phenomenon. The following review is from Hoste (1987a) and ILCA (1988a).
2.3.1 VECTORIAL POTENTIAL OF TSETSE
The vectorial potential of any given tsetse species is a function of its ability to ingest
trypanosomes when feeding on an infected host, to develop an infection and to transmit infective
trypanosomcs to new hosts. Many factors related to the tsetse (species, sex, age, physiological
conditions, feeding habits), the trypanosome involved (strain, forms, number), and the ecology
(climate, host availability) can influence each of these three stages.
17
Research on this subject has been conducted by various African and European
institutes, including the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Kenya
and the Tsetse Research Laboratory (TRL) at Langford, Bristol, UK.
A review by Rogers (1985) on trypanosomiasis risk was published recently. The
problem has since become even more complex. Recent research has even produced some
evidence of discrepancies in tsetse resistance to trypanosome infection (Maudlin et al, 1986).
Another important area of research concerns the factors determining the tsetse-host
attraction. This needs to be studied at the breed, species and individual level, since it is obvious
that an increased number of bites increases the risk of infection. Research in that field is
conducted mainly by ICIPE, TRL and the Tropical Development and Research Institute (TDRI)
in the UK, the Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division of the Veterinary Services in Zimbabwe and,
more recently, the tsetse control team of the Centre de recherches sur les trypanosomoses
animales (CRTA) in Burkina Faso.
Researchers of the African Trypanotolerance Livestock Network are also studying the
various factors which determine tsetse challenge and their relationship with trypanosome
prevalence in livestock.
23.2 STUDY OF THE PARASITE
ILRAD has undertaken to improve the current level of knowledge of the trypanosome, its
characteristics, development and ability to modify its structure, with a view to controlling
multiplication of the trypanosomes. This may eventually lead to the production of a vaccine.
Trypanosome infections, particularly in trypanotolerant animals often result in
low-level and sporadic parasitaemia. More reliable methods of diagnosis in the field should
therefore be developed, particularly in cases where samples can only be obtained at very
infrequent intervals. Such methods would contribute towards more accurate trypanosome
diagnosis and research methods.
CRTA is also studying the trypanosome, mainly to monitor and compare its
development within trypanotolerant and trypano- susceptible animals.
233 FINAL-HOST RESPONSE
This covers two very distinct areas of research: mechanisms of trypanotolerance and
characterisation of the trypanotolerance trait of the most trypanotolerant cattle breeds.
Several research centres in Africa and elsewhere are currently working on the
definition of trypanotolerance, on means of determining or at least evaluating it, and on possible
selection criteria.
Trypanotolerance appears to be associated with at least three apparently related
characteristics with independent genetic control, namely the capacity to control parasitaemia,
resist the development of anaemia and develop an effective immune response (Murray, 1988).
ILRAD and CRTA conducted detailed studies on the development of chancres at bites
area but no significant results were recorded (ILRAD, 1986).
18
Research work, notably with experimental infections by injections, has demonstrated
that differences in levels of parasitaemia may be the result of innate differences in the immune
response and that within the immune responses, the antibody response constitutes the most
important factor. Many other factors, such as the host's ability to stimulate pleomorphism in the
trypanosome or certain physiological characteristics, may also be implicated in these resistance
mechanisms to trypanosoma. A comprehensive summary on the subject has been written by
Murray et al (1982) and a more specific one on the immunology of the African trypanosomiasis
by Roelants and Pinder (1984). The main research organisations studying this aspect of the host
response are ILRAD (ILCA, 1986) and CRTA
Various individual and external factors often interfere with the understanding of the
phenomenon of trypanotolerance, making it an extremely difficult field of research, but
nevertheless an interesting one. In fact, trypanotolerance can be affected by the age and sex of
the animal, by maternally derived immunity, previous infections, stress factors such as poor
nutrition, overwork, inter-current disease and physiological condition (weaning, parturition,
lactation) and the animal's susceptibility to other diseases. It can also be affected by the intensity
of the trypanosomiasis risk and the virulence of the trypanosome strain involved. Available
information on the influence of all these factors on trypanotolerance was reviewed by Murray et
al (1982) and more recently by Toure and Hoste (1986a).
Researchers of the African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network conducting studies on
the genetics of trypanotolerance are primarily concerned with the traditional method of
genetically improving resistance to diseases which could provide information directly usable in
practical animal breeding applications. Results obtained so far have been promising and further
research to determine heritability and genetic correlation between criteria associated with the
traits described by Murray (ILCA, 1988) is being conducted.
Furthermore, disease resistance in some domestic and laboratory species has been
shown to be associated with the major histocompatibilty complex (MHC). An association
between the MHC and trypanotolerance, and the identification of individuals having superior
trypanotolerance traits through this association could pave the way for developing cost-effective
and practical trypanotolerance selection programmes (Teale et al, 1988).
Major research efforts are also being made to identify genetic marker systems for
characterising trypanotolerant and trypano-susceptible animals. Ideally, these markers should be
simple and low-cost and should be usable as criteria for selecting for trypanotolerance. Two
research centres studying this aspect of trypanotolerance are based in West Africa: CRTA in
Burkina Faso and the Avetonou Research and Livestock Production Centre (Centre d'Elevage
d'Avetonou, Togo) (ARLPC). An ILRAD team is also studying this subject as are other
institutes in Europe including the Animal Breeding Research Organisation (ABRO) in
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium and the
National Agricultural Research Institute (INRA) in Jouy-en-josas, France.
Although no definitive and simple parameter has yet been found, some promising
results seem to have been obtained by comparing haemotypes of trypanotolerant and
trypano-susceptible livestock, such as polymorphism of serum proteins (albumin, transferin),
erythrocytes (blood types, haemoglobin, nucleoside purine, phosphorylase purine, carbonic
anhydrase, dehydrogenase malate) and leucocytes (major histocompatibility system, deaminase
adenosine) (CRTA, 1986).
19
In conclusion, it should be emphasised that since the publication of Volumes 1 and 2 of
this Monograph, decisive progress has been made by countries and research organisations
involved.
Almost all tsetse-infested West and central African countries are aware of the
importance of pure trypanotolerant breeds and the need to conduct research on these breeds.
The enthusiasm shown by national research bodies to be integrated into or to participate in the
African Trypanotolerance Livestock Network is ample evidence of this fact.
The establishment, during this period, of the African Trypanotolerant Livestock
Network which covers or will cover 16 sites in 10 countries (ILCA 1988b) demonstrates the
dynamism of the two major international research centres, ILCA and ILRAD. The desire of the
international community to participate in research activities on trypanotolerant livestock is also
reflected in the funding it provided for the establishment of the International Trypanotolerance
Centre (ITC/CIT).
In spite of these encouraging results, the major part of the work remains to be
completed and the efforts already made should be sustained. Improved contacts between national
and international research institutes during the past 10 years have resulted in increased
collaboration and in certain cases joint programme planning. Donor agencies are aware of this
and are now encouraging closer collaboration. The biannual meetings of the International
Scientific Council for Trypanotolerant Research and Control, an institution of the Organisation
of African Unity (ISCTRC/OAU) have also substantially contributed towards improving contact
and collaboration among researchers.

21
CHAPTER 3
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
While research on the productivity of trypanotolerant livestock and trypanotolerance were being
conducted during the past 10 years, major changes also occurred in multiplication units and
livestock development projects. Although some activities have been discontinued, most are being
continued and developed and several new projects are being implemented.
The most important and recent developments of the period, however, were the efforts
made by governments of countries involved and donor agencies to plan and coordinate their
activities in this field. That is why we have chosen to devote a paragraph to planning and
coordination activities before tackling the output of development projects and multiplication
units.
3.1 PLANNING AND COORDINATION OF DEVELOPMENT
ACTIVITIES
During the past few years, considerable effort has been made to plan and coordinate
development activities on trypanotolerant livestock production. Almost all the countries studied
have developed a national trypanotolerant livestock development strategy or have at least
identified some priority activities in this field, on their own or with the assistance of external
missions. Consultation and coordination structures have also been set up and/or became
operational during the past 10 years.
3.1.1 PLANNING
The most recent project study or studies carried out by each country to plan or promote national
livestock production are presented in Table 3.1. Most of these documents were produced within
the past five years and are therefore still relevant. In spite of their diverse origins, they all
submitted a number of clearly identified project documents considered as priorities by the
governments concerned. Consequently, there are a number of documents available which will
assist in determining the context in which development activities are or will be carried out. It
should be noted that this is a relatively new phenomenon. Furthermore, as is evident in Table 3.1,
most prospective donors and executing agencies were involved in planning these development
policies and in identifying or formulating new projects. This should facilitate funding and promote
regional cooperation.
FAO, on its part, has made considerable efforts in this field. Out of the 19 countries
studied, 15 were visited by support missions either as part of the International Programme for the
Coordination of Dairy Development and the International Programme for the Development of
the Meat Sector, or the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and
Development of Relevant Areas.
22
Table 3.1. Recent studies conducted on the development of trypanotolerant livestock.
Country Title of study Body responsible
Bibliographic
reference
Senegal Sectorial study of animal husbandry in Senegal (location
and scope)
WB/FAO/ DSPA ( 1982)
UNDP (1982)Government
Development of the Gambia River Basin Pre-investment
Section Plan
UNDP
Gambia PICDL/PIDSV Mission (2) FAO
UNDP
FAO (1980)
UNDP (1982)Development of the Gambia River Basin Pre-investment
action plan
Guinea Bissau Mission PICDL/PIDSV (2)
Sectorial study on animal husbandry
FAO
WB
FAO (1985)
Tacher (1985)
Guinea PAG Mission (3) to Mano River Union countries
Livestock development project. Feasibility study
FAO
WB
FAO (1983)
BDPA (1985)
Sierra Leone Livestock development study EDF
FAO
Hunting (1979)
FAO (1983)PAG Mission (3) to Mano River Union countries
Liberia
Benin
PICDL/PIDSV Mission (2) FAO
PAG (3) Mission to Mano River Union countries FAO
FAO (1979)
FAO (1983)
Study on the possibilities for increasing animal protein
production
EDF EFD, in
preparation
Mali PICDL/PIDSV (2) FAO FAO (1977)
DNE (1984)Status report on livestock production in Mali Government
Burkina Faso Livestock production in Burkina Faso (4 volumes) FAO FAO (1985)
Cote d'lvoire Strategy and plan of action for the development
of livestock production (summary +11 annexes)
FAO/
government
FAO (1986)
Ghana PAG (3) Mission FAO FAO (1985)
Togo PAG (3) Mission FAO FAO (1981)
PAG (3) Mission
National Seminar on Livestock Production
PICDL/PIDSV Mission (2)
FAO
Government
FAO
FAO (1981)
MFEEP (1982)
FAO (1984)
Nigeria A livestock production plan for Nigeria WB/government FMA (1981)
Cameroon Food self-sufficiency. Gold book. Bamenda Government
FAO
Cameroon (1984)
Central African
Republic
Feasibility study of trypanotolerant cattle
Preparation of second livestock development project
BADEAC/gov't
WB/gov't
BDPA (1984)
BDPA (1984)
Gabon Identification of the needs of the Livestock Services
Fifth Plan 1984-1988. Objectives, strategies, cost
FAO
Government
FAO (1984)
Gabon (1985)
Congo PAG Mission (3) FAO FAO (1982)
Zaire
Equatorial
Guinea
PICDL/PIDSV Mission (2) FAO FAO (1983)
Agropastoral Association
PICDL/PIDSV Mission (2)
Preliminary studies for a livestock project
WB/UNDP/
government
FAO (1986)
in progress
Note: (1) Refer to selected bibliography for each country.
(2) PICDL/PIDSV International Programme for the Coordination of Dairy Development/ International Programme for
the Development of the Meat Sector.
(3) PAG Mission is preparatory assistance mission to countries within the framework of the FAO Programme for theControl
of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Development of Relevant Areas.
Source: Country studies.
23
3.1.2 COORDINATION
In 1974, the World Food Conference requested FAO to undertake a long-term programme for
the control of African trypanosomiasis (AAT). A preparatory five-year phase was initiated in
1975, during which FAO and the various funding bodies involved focused their efforts on training
senior and intermediate-level national staff, strengthening research on the disease and its vector
and treatment of trypanotolerant livestock. Several meetings of expert groups and consultative
missions discussed various aspects of the AAT including the socio-economic problems of
integrated rural development and environmental conservation.
The Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis was launched in
1979 and a steering body, the AAT Commission, was created. Most tsetse-affected countries and
major agencies are members of the Commission which meets every two years. The fourth meeting
of the Commission, which coordinates all activities on the various aspects of the programmes, was
held in Ouagadougou in November 1986.
At its last two sessions, the Commission emphasised the need for five subregional
support units to be established for the development of tsetse-infested areas or areas in which
tsetse had recently been eradicated. Following these recommendations, the Government of Italy,
in collaboration with FAO, established the first sub-regional unit in West Africa in Ouagadougou
in 1983. Seven countries of the subregion-Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Mali,
Niger and Congo-are directly involved. The other units have not yet been established. FAO also
launched a more specific programme for the upgrading, multiplication, and conservation of
trypanotolerant livestock in West Africa with the assistance of the Italian Government. The
programme directly involves Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'lvoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea
Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Cameroon, the Central African Republic,
Congo, Gabon, Nigeria and Zaire (which have a relatively large trypanotolerant livestock) and
other interested countries, collaborate closely in this programme.
The objectives of this trypanotolerant livestock programme are:
• to provide governments of countries concerned with data on the characteristics,
availability, cost and health status of trypanotolerant livestock
• to assist governments in the formulation of development projects on the use of
trypanotolerant livestock and in obtaining funding for such projects
• to provide technical assistance to ongoing projects
• to encourage transfers of breeding stock, genetic material (semen and embryos) and
biological specimens between countries
• to evaluate training requirements of individual countries and provide the necessary
training
• to study, recommend and encourage measures for the conservation of trypanotolerant
breeds in danger of extinction and/or absorption.
To this end, the project cooperates closely with:
• national and international centres conducting research on trypanotolerance
• national projects for selection and multiplication of trypanotolerant livestock
• development projects utilising trypanotolerant livestock, including draught animals.
As part of this FAO regional project, a detailed survey was conducted in 19 West and
central African countries covered by the project, to investigate the trade in trypanotolerant cattle
breeding stock and supply and demand in each country. This study was the subject of an FAO
publication (Shaw and Hoste, 1987). The information collected during these missions and from
24
other sources was also used by FAO and ILCA in the preparation of this present Volume 3 of
Trypanotolerant livestock in West and Central Africa. Finally, FAO in collaboration with ILCA
ILRAD and the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Cooperation is preparing a
documentary film on trypanotolerant livestock and trypanotolerance.
In order to facilitate the coordination of activities in these areas and the operations of
the two regional projects, the latter requested each participating country, through the
Commission, to set up a national interministerial and multidisciplinary committee for the control
of AAT and development of tsetse-infested areas or areas recently freed from tsetse and appoint
a liaison officer with the programme. The officer will collect information on all national activities
on AAT control and will, therefore, be the main contact for all external bodies wishing to operate
in that field. A remarkable tool has thus been developed in each country and should be fully
utilised.
Apart from efforts at the national level to chart a strategy for the identification and
coordination of projects, donor agencies, which are often involved in these projects, hold
consultations, and the frequent round-table discussions between governments and donor agencies
are an indication of the concern for efficiency which is currently the main preoccupation of all
parties concerned.
Planning and coordination activities undertaken during the past few years reflect the
importance attached to livestock production in tsetse-infested areas. There is good reason to be
optimistic as these activities, which are discussed in the next two paragraphs, were undertaken
recently or are yet to be undertaken.
3.2 MULTIPLICATION UNITS
This section discusses only those structures concerned primarily with the multiplication of
trypanotolerant livestock for use in the production of improved breeding stock, draught animals
(in the case of cattle) or meat, and with relatively large herds (generally 500 head or more).
Furthermore, only new structures or those with a substantial change in the number of livestock
are mentioned. Consequently, herds considered as static during the study period are not included
and to obtain an overall view of the situation of multiplication units the data contained in this
document should be studied in conjunction with those presented in Volumes 1 and 2.
This section is divided into three parts: the first deals with cattle programmes; the
second deals with small ruminants; and the third discusses performance evaluation programmes
necessary to ensure the success of both cattle and sheep-goat upgrading and multiplication
activities.
3.2.1 CATTLE PROGRAMMES
Table 3.2 lists trypanotolerant cattle multiplication herds which have either expanded or are
newly constituted. Twelve countries have reactivated, improved or established trypanotolerant
cattle multiplication units during the past 10 years.
25
Table 3.2. Expanding or recently established trypanotolerant cattle mu tiplication herds.
Country
Name of
structure
Estab
lishment
date
Breed and
numbers
Objectives/
Remarks
External
aid
Guinea
N'Dama selection
and mutiplication
centre
1979 N'Dama: 300 head in 1985
Selection and multiplication centre
Difficulty in constituting
Centre herds
UNDP/
FAO
Phase II, envisaged for 1986,
will focus on the rural area
Mali
Yanfolila N'Dama
(ONDY) Ranch,
Madina Diassa
1974 N'Dama: 984 head in 1977
and 1800 in 1985
EDF funding will end in 1987 EDF
C6te
d'lvoire
Marahoue Ranch 1975 N'Dama: 3 000 head in
1977 and 12 000 head
in 1985
N'Dama selection and
multiplication
EDF
Commercial cattle
breeding projects
N'Dama x Abondance
+ Noroningue 1979
1980
330 N'Dama +394
N'damance in 1984
crossbreeding
+ Panya 19771980
282 N'Dama, 394 zebu
1554 crossbreeds in 1984
Zebu x N'Dama crossbreed
+ Badikaha (herd) 1980 1300 Shorthorn in 1985 Beef production
Ghana
Wulugu Livestock
Company
1980 700 WAS in 1985
Multiplication and production of
draught oxen
Bank of
Ghana
Togo Adele Ranch 1979
Somba and N'Dama 2740
head in 1984
Absorption of Somba by N'Dama
for production of draught oxen,
area 60 000 ha, 15 600 TLU
EDF
Benin M'betecoucou
Station
1972
1975
Borgou:110 head in 1977,
1660 head in 1986
100 head of Lagune in
1977, 500 head in 1986
Borgou selection and
multiplication
Lagune selection and
multiplication
UNDP/
FAO 1975
ADB,
since 1978Samiondji Station
Nigeria
State ranches(n=25)
Private ranches
(n=625)
11 300 N'Dama in 1985
106 000 WAS + N'Dama
inl985
Importation of 5000 N'Dama
from the Gambia in the 1980's
Came
roon
SOCAPALM
(Cameroon Oilpalm
Company)
1979
350 N'Dama in 1979, 950
head in 1985
Importation of 350 head from
Zaire
Central
African
Republic
Bambari Station
63 Baoule in 1977
200 head in 1985
Regrouping of Baoule
in one station
WB
N'Dama
Gabon Okouma Ranch 850 (1978), 1600 (1985)
1 10 N'Dama imported in the
1980s
Nyanga Ranch 35 (1978), 8300 (1985)
Projected herd size of 30 000
head in 1992
Lekabi Ranch
Ngounie Ranch
1980
1980
3370 head in 1985
1080 head in 1985
Projected herd size of
12 000 head in 1992
Projected herd size of 5000 head
in 1992 plus 3500 in village
nucleus herds
Congo N'Dama
Importation of 3000 head from
Zaire between 1975 and 1982
Louila Ranch
Louboulou Ranch
Dihesse Ranch
2700 (1977), 5700 (1985)
2750 (1977), 3540 (1985)
3500(1977), 13 000 (1985)
Projected herd size of 5000 head EDF 1978
to 1982
Projected herd size of 5000 head
Projected herd size of 15 000 head
WB/France
till 1978
Zaire Mushie Ranch
Kalombi Ranch
Lombo Ranch
1977 177 000 head in 1984
1400 (1977), 4000 (1984)
9000 (1977), 15 000 (1984)
Projected herd size of 23 500
head; private ranches
Projected herd size of 4000 head;
private ranches
Projected herd size of
15 000 head; private ranches
An estimated 120 000 head were born or introduced into this livestock production system during the study period.
Source: Volume II. Country studies.
26
3.2.2 SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAMMES
Just like with the cattle programmes small experimental herds maintained by universities and
research centres and herds which have remained relatively static during the study period are not
taken into account. These restrictions indicate that little importance was given to small ruminants
during the study period. In fact, only four countries could be considered as having made any
significant progress in this field: Congo, Cote d'lvoire, Ghana and Togo. The activities
undertaken in these countries are presented below.
Cote d'lvoire: This country exerted the most effort in sheep production during the past
10 years and has obtained spectacular results. Of particular interest is the establishment in 1976,
with EDF and FAC assistance of the National Sheep Centre (CNO) in Boumi which maintained
a flock of 3400 sheep including 1600 dams in 1986 and the "Elevage SODEPALM of Toumoudi",
which has a flock of 5300 sheep. These activities are part of a National Sheep Selection
Programme (PNSO) presented in Table 4.
Ghana: Two multiplication units have been established in this country. Ejura farm was
established in 1983 with a herd of 880 sheep and 140 goats as part of a development programme
aimed at improving sheep and goat production. The Juaso Oil Palm Plantation maintained a herd
of about 320 sheep in 1983.
Togo: Togo, with FAC assistance, established a multiplication, selection and distribution
centre under traditional management system for Djallonke sheep. In 1986, the station at
Kolokope had a flock of 2000 sheep.
Congo: The Peoples' Republic of the Congo decided recently to develop small ruminant
production. With the assistance of FAO, the Government has established a technical support
centre for small ruminant production. Phases 1 and 2 were implemented between 1982 and 1987.
Technical assistance for a livestock centre recently established at Inoni-Falaise was also provided
by FAO.
It should be emphasised once again that few resources are allocated to small ruminant
upgrading and multiplication and that the term "small ruminants" generally refers only to sheep.
The goat production sector, although a major source of animal protein, is still neglected.
3.23 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PROGRAMMES
A discussion of performance evaluation programmes and cattle and small ruminant programmes
in the same chapter may, a priori, seem out of place. However, the development of performance
evaluation systems directly influences results obtained in multiplication units . Furthermore, it
must be acknowledged that this topic has hitherto been often neglected and that is why a detailed
discussion has been devoted to it in this chapter.
The objectives of multiplication centres or units are, or should be, to produce upgraded
breeding stock or at least to increase the productivity of their animals. To this end, a simple but
adequate performance evaluation system, adapted to particular situations, which enables the
official to make the necessary management decisions, should be developed. Unfortunately, such
systems do not exist or are not considered a priority in most existing units and even in newly
established units.
1 FAC = Fonds d'aide et de cooperation (France).
27
It may be said with confidence that in most cases, when livestock production results are
not as good as expected, this is because production is not stringently and accurately monitored.
However, the task of the breeder and in particular the processing and interpretation of data
collected in the field have been greatly facilitated with the development of the computer.
The initial programme was planned and developed on a large scale in the early 1970s
and implemented in Botswana (McNamara et al, 1974) where it was used as part of a beef cattle
selection programme to monitor 5000 cattle on 16 farms and stations participating in the
programme. The system was subsequently used in Swaziland, and in Kenya under the title "Kenya
Beef Recording System" (KBRS) by ILCA (ILCA 1977).
During the same period in Cote d'lvoire, a computerised individual monitoring system
for use in traditional livestock production systems was developed by IEMVT researchers (Poivey
et al, 1978 and 1981). Using such a system, which operates on the principle of exchange lists and
thus permanent dialogue between producers (through extension staff) and the biometrics unit,
8000 head of livestock in 64 village herds were monitored in 1980. A second programme for the
evaluation of weight performances in cattle-rearing and fattening units was developed
simultaneously and used to monitor and evaluate over 1000 young bulls in 1980 in village trial and
selection stations established. A computerised monitoring programme for use in a ranching
system has been developed by another IEMVT team and is currently being tested in Mali
(Planchenault, 1985).
The main disadvantage of these monitoring and evaluation performance systems is the
distance between recording sites (village, ranch etc) and processing centres and the constraint
imposed by "heavy" data-processing equipment (air conditioning, size and cost of hardware,
programs requiring a large memory etc). In all instances, this causes delays, sometimes inordinate,
between the time the data were collected and the time they were sent to the producer for
decision-making. This major constraint has now been overcome with the development of the
microcomputer which is relatively low-cost and has a large memory.
With the development of the microcomputer, ILCA developed "IDEAS" (ILCA Data
Entry and Analysis Systems/Systeme CIPEA d'enregistrement et d'analyse de donnees) (Wissocq
et al, 1988). This system:
• processes all the major parameters: reproduction, viability, growth, milk, wool, traction
and amalgamates them into suitable indices of productivity for all animal species: cattle,
sheep, goats, camels, horses and donkeys
• provides standardised data base files for regional comparisons and national
decision-making
• records climatic, nutritional and management data for use in the biological interpretation
of statistical results
• allows all information on an individual animal to be immediately accessible
• allows the analyses on an individual farm to run to the point where all logical herd-level
decisions can be made without having access to large computer facilities.
Such a tool, when widely disseminated, should considerably improve day-to-day
management and animal and economic performances of multiplication units. The immediate
consequence would be renewed interest on the part of donors in such projects and a revitalisation
of the sector.
28
Consequently, since 1985, ILCA and FAO have jointly organised a training course on
the standardisation of data on animal production in Africa and the utilisation of IDEAS software
package.
3.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
In an effort to simplify presentation, an initial distinction will be made between "livestock"
projects and integrated rural development projects with a livestock component. A further
distinction is made within "livestock" projects, between general projects (national or regional)
and specific projects: animal health, animal traction and small ruminants.
3.3.1 LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Four types of livestock development projects are discussed under this heading:
1. "General" projects
2. Animal health projects
3. "Animal traction" projects and
4. Small ruminant projects.
3.3.1.1 GENERAL PROJECTS
Livestock development projects for each country are presented in Table 3.3. These involve
several aspects such as strengthening of national services, training of producers, range
management etc, at the provincial, national or regional level.
Some of these projects have been mentioned in Volumes 1 and 2 and are therefore
relatively old. They are included in the Table either because they continue to receive external
funding or they are still being implemented. Finally, new projects have been planned and
included in this list.
3.3.1.2 ANIMAL HEALTH PROJECTS
During the past 10 years renewed outbreaks of rinderpest have been reported and a new
Pan-African Rinderpest Vaccination Campaign was carried out by OAU/IBAR with the
assistance of the EEC. Within the past few years, however, a series of emergency measures were
introduced in some countries with the assistance of the FAO Technical Cooperation Programme.
Although not specific to trypanotolerant livestock production, these projects are important to,
and directly influence, its development. The following countries have benefited from such
assistance: Senegal (1983 and 1985), the Gambia (1981 and 1983), Sierra Leone (1984), Liberia
(1983/84), Mali (1983 and 1984), Burkina Faso (1984), Togo (1980), Nigeria (1986) and Zaire
(1986).
A bovine pleuropneumonia vaccination programme was also funded by FAO in 1986 in
the Central African Republic, primarily for the vaccination of livestock from neighbouring
countries.
29
Table 3.3. General livestock development projects.
Country Name of
structure
Estab
lishment
Breeds and number
External aid
and durationor implimentation
Objectives/Remarks
date area
Senegal
Improvement of
livestock production
and pastures in Bakel
Department
Senegal Oriental
Livestock Development
Project (PDESO)
1975
1976
350 000 ha, 40 000
head of cattle
Extension service in animal
husbandry
Phase II
USAID
1985-1989
1 300 000 ha
132 000 head
of cattle
Improvement of health and
extension services
WB/BADEA/
Kuwait
Phasell 85/89
Project on the
establishment and
development of the
International
Trypanotolerance
Centre (ITC)
1984 The entire country.
Continued
monitoring of
50 000 head of
N'Dama
Strengthening of veterinary services ADB loan
repayable
over a
50-year of
10-year grace
period
Reduction of mortality rate by 50%
Gambia Reduction of calving interval to less
than 24 months
Improve annual growth by 50 kg or
more
Guinea
Project on the
modernisation and
development of the
livestock sector
1986 Entire country Strengthening of national services
Increasing meat production by 75%
Increasing milk production by 95%
Establishment of a training centre
and a vaccine production unit
WB/FAC/
CCCE/
BADEA
4 years
First phase
Livestock development 1978 ± 100 000 ha
Entire country
Improvement of animal health
marketing and extension services etc
(project discontinued)
Strengthening of the veterinary
laboratory and National Directorate
for Livestock
EDF till 1985
in Southern Mali
Mali project
Mali Livestock Sector 1982 USAID
5 yearsProject
Burkina
Faso
Improvement of
traditional animal
husbandry in Como6
(Phase II)
1982 Upper Basin region Pastoral development EDF till 1985
Development of East
Sondre' pastoral zone 1981
1980
The
Sondr6 region
Le'o region
Range management Netherlands
till 1985
The
Netherlands
Feedlot centre and
Leo pastoral zone
Feedlot centre and range
management
SODEPRA North
(livestock production
extension in the North)
+ since 1984 extension
on zebu production in
the North
1972
1984
417 700 sedentary Extension for producers
Range management
CCCE/FAC/
GTZ/AGCD
Phase 3,
1986-1990
cattle
315 100 head of
transhumant cattle
Cote
d'lvoire
38 200 draught
animals
23 800 ranch cattle
Sodepra Central 1975/76
1986
54 250 head of cattle
29 730 sheep
Extension for producers UNDP/FAO
till 1985 and
ADB for 4 yrs
Belgium for
3 yrs
National Artificial
Insemination Centre
Entire country Development of AI for cattle and
sheep
Benin
Project to develop
livestock production
in South Borgou
Project to promote
livestock production
in Atacora
1983
South Borgou
province
Improvement of traditional animal
husbandry system EDF
Atacora province Development of traditional animal
husbandry
GTZ from
1983-88
Came
roon
Meat Plan I and II 1975/86
1980/85
1986/87
Adamaoua and
North West province
Loan to producers, setting-up
ranches, slaughter houses,
strengthening veterinary services,
tsetse eradication mission etc.
Defining a national livestock
development strategy
WB end of
Phase I in
January 1986
WB/Initial studies for a
livestock production
project
Entire country UNDP for
10 months
Central
African
Republic
Second livestock
production plan 1986 Entire country
Stengthening of national services
Extension for Mbororo producers
revitalisation of trypanotolerant
cattle production
Setting-up of a veterinary laboratory
WB/IFAD/
BAD/EDF
for 5 years
FAC
Gabon
Agro-pastoral
development of
Lebamba zone
1980
1985
Lebamba zone Study of socio-economic aspects
UNDP
duration
2 years
Development of
nucleus herds
Vicinity of
Nucleus herds provided by
Agrogabon
OGAPROV/
Agrogabon
Congo
Livestock development
in Boundji District 1986 Boundji District
Supply of material, equipment and
FAOtechnical assistance
Source: Volume II. Country studies.
30
Apart from these purely health projects, the following projects have been funded
during the past 10 years to strengthen or establish veterinary structures.
Guinea Bissau: In 1985, the country received assistance in the form of laboratory
material, medicines and vaccines from UNDP.
Guinea: Between 1984 and 1986, FENU provided funds for the construction and
equipping of five veterinary centres and a small laboratory in Upper Guinea.
Central African Republic: FAC plans to contribute towards the funding of veterinary
laboratory to be established in Bangui as part of the second livestock development project.
Zaire: Since 1986, Belgium has funded a veterinary assistance project involving between
5000 and 10 000 head of cattle for producers in Mbanza Ngungu, Bas-Zaire.
3.3.1.3 "ANIMAL TRACTION" PROJECTS
Only specific animal traction projects are discussed in this section. Most integrated rural
development projects which include a livestock production component (see section 3.3.2) also
include an animal traction component. Table 3.5 gives a more comprehensive view of current
activities in animal traction.
Only three countries, Benin, Sierra Leone and Togo, have had or currently have specific
development projects on animal traction. They are discussed briefly below:
Benin: The national animal traction and animal production project launched with
UNDP assistance ended in 1977. A new animal traction project funded by The Netherlands was
started in 1980, but ended in 1983. New funding sources are being sought.
Sierra Leone: The Work Oxen Project was started in 1978 with ODA assistance to
promote training and distribution of work oxen. Plans are currently underway to set up work oxen
project units in each province.
Togo: The "Projet sur la promotion de la traction animale" was launched in 1977
(PROPTA ex PRODEBO). It coordinates all national activities on animal traction. It aims to
train 6000 pairs of oxen, as well as trainers and provide veterinary supplies for the projects. EDF
is providing external support.
These examples do not reflect the renewed interest shown in animal traction in the
various West and central African countries during the past few years. In this respect, meetings on
animal traction organised in 1985 and 1986 by Togo and Sierra Leone with the assistance of
USAID, and current efforts being deployed jointly by FAO and ILCA to set up an animal
traction research network, are very eloquent. As a result of these efforts, new projects may be
implemented in the near future.
3.3.1.4 "SMALL RUMINANT" PROJECTS
A special effort has been made by eight countries to develop livestock multiplication upgrading
and training projects on small ruminant production. The projects and their main objectives are
presented in Table 3.4.
The project implemented in Cote d'lvoire is also supported by the two multiplication
units, the National Sheep Centre (CNO) and the Toumodi SODEPALM animal production
.11
scheme. Although the reproduction career of about 5000 ewes is currently being monitored
under this programme, the aim is to rapidly constitute a selection herd of 10 000 ewes. The
programme has already produced spectacular results and provides producers participating in the
scheme with highly productive breeding rams. This demonstrates the importance of these
selection schemes and indicates that some of them are quite suited to livestock production
conditions in Africa.
Table 3.4. Projects on the development of small ruminants production.
Estab
lished
Breed and numbers
External aid
duration
Country Name of structure or area of Objective/remarks
Project to develop
sheep production in
Kaoloack and Fatick
Regions
(PRODELOV)
implementation
FAC Phase II
1985-89Senegal 3000 ha Training on sheep production
C6te
d'lvoire
National sheep
selection programme
(PNSO)
1983
Entire country 3600
ewes monitored in
1985
Improvement and multiplication of
Djallonke sheep
FACPhase I
1983-87
Ghana Development of sheepand goat production
Ejura Farm and
producers in vicinity
West African Dwarf x Sahel
crossbreeding
UNDP/FAO
initially
I lealth aspect EDF 1980
Togo
Small ruminants
project
1980 Entire country
USAID since
Research, demonstration and
extension activities at Kolope Station
1985
FAC 1983-87
Benin
Development of small
ruminant production
project
1978
Atacora, Borgou
and Zou provinces
Phase I: health
USAID
Phase I
1978-83
Phase II
1983-88
Phase II: livestock production
Came
roon
Project to assist
traditional sheep
producers
1981 Northwest province Bamenda-Mankon Station research
on diseases and productivity
Belgium
FAO(tech-
nical
Congo
Sheep-goat Technical
Centre (CAT)
1982
Likouala, Basin, and
Plateaux Region
Animal health, improvement on
pasture mass selection herding,
night pens
assistance)
Phase I
1982-85
Phase II
1985-87
Equa
torial
Guinea
Milk goat project 1985 Bioko Island
Survey under village conditions
On-station production and
technology
GTZ
Source: Volume 2. Country studies.
3.3.2 INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT WITH A "LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION" COMPONENT
Each of the integrated rural development projects presented in Table 3.5 include a "livestock
production" component. However, this is mainly geared towards the breeding, training and
maintenance of work oxen for use in crop production as part of the project's global objectives. In
certain cases the aim of the project is to integrate agricultural and livestock production. In most
instances, however, the livestock "production" component is mentioned "pour memoire" or to
boast that the projects are integrated rural development schemes while actually they are often the
"least important" component of these projects.
32
Table 3.5. Integrated rural development projects with
Estab
lished
a livestock component.
Breed and External
Country Name of structure implementation
numbers or Objectives/remarks aid
durationareas
Senegal
Lower Casamance Integrated
Agricultural Development Project
(PIDAC)
1979
Under the
Casamance
Development
Company
Tagging and monitoring of
draught oxen; herd manage
ment; veterinary pharmacies
Sedhiou Rice Project Casamance Training of farmers using
draught animals
Gambia
Gambia Mixed Farming and
Resources Management Project 1980 Entire country
Training of farmers in use of
draught animals
USAID
1980-85
Guinea
Bissau
Zone I Integrated Project
Zone II Integrated Project
Biombo,
Cacheu, Oio
Assistance to livestock service,
development of animal traction
Distribution of 3000 teams of
oxen
Sweden
Bafata, Gabu
EDF/
FAC
Sierra
Leone
Koinadugu Integrated
Development Project
Koinadugu
District Management of Musaia Station
Funding till
1986
Northern Integrated Agricultural
Development Project
Northern
province
Management of Malal Mara
ranch (200 ha and 200 head in
1985)
Mali South Mali Project (CMDT) Cotton zone
Training in animal traction by
Malian Textiles Company
WB
Burkina
Faso
Integrated Development of the
central-eastern ORD 1983
Central-eastern
ORD
Strengthening regional
livestock structures
Nouhao valley range
management
Italy/FAO
5 years
C6te
d'lvoire
Development of livestock pro
duction in the southeastern region
1981
1984
1983
South-east of
the country Establishment of farms CCCE
ADB
Development of livestock
production in the forest region of
the southwest
South-west of
the country
Intensive mixed farming and
animal husbandry
Development of livestock pro
duction in the western forest region
West of the
country
Animal species with short
breeding cycle
Belgium
Ghana Ghanaian/German Agricultural
Development Project (GGADP)
Northern Region Integrated
Project (NORRIP)
Upper Region Agricultural
Development Project (URADEP)
1974 Northern and
Upper regions
Training in animal traction GTZ
1970
1977 Upper Region
Planning body for development
of northern region
All activities of the Ministry of
Agriculture in the region
CIDAWB/
ODA/GTZ
till 1984
Togo
North Togo Integrated
Development Programme 1976 Kara Region
Training in cattle and sheep
breeding
UNDP/FAC
Phase III
1981-86
Atacora Integrated Rural
Development Project
Atacora
province
WB/FIDA/
Benin 1983
1983
Rural development OPEC
1983-88
WB/FTDA/
OPEZou Integrated Rural
Development Project Zou province
Ou6m6 province
Rural development WB/FAC/
CCCE
National Oilseeds Industries
company (SONICOG)
ex-(SOBEPALM)
Livestock production on
oilpalm plantations
1981-88
Central
African
Republic
Ouham-Pende Integrated Rural
Development Project
Ouham-Pende Development of animal traction
Integrated rural development
GTZ
UNDP
Project on the rural development
of Bamangui-Bangoran-Vakaga
Districts
1985 Bamangui,
Bangoran and
Vakaga Districts
Zaire
Kwango-Kwilu Integrated
Agricultural Development Project 1986 Kwango-Kwilu
Refresher course for field
officials
WB/GTZ/
FAO
Equatorial
Guinea
Niefang Integrated Rural
Development Project Niefang Small ruminants deworming FAC
Source: Volume II. Country studies.
33
At the end of this chapter on development activities on trypanotolerant livestock
production during the past 10 years one could say there is reason to be optimistic, if not
complacent. Encouraging results have been achieved and, more importantly, the groundwork for
the planning and coordination of development programmes has been laid. These efforts should
prove productive within the next few years and the next decade for the development of
trypanotolerant livestock production can be approached with confidence.

PART 2
UPDATING OF COUNTRY STUDIES

37
CHAPTER 1
SENEGAL
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Directorate of Animal Health and Production (La Direction de la Sante et des Productions
Animates) is currently reporting to the State Secretariat for Animal Resources (Le Secretariat
d'Etat aux Ressources Animates) which is itself under the Ministry of Rural Development [le
Ministere du Developpement Rural (MDR)].
The Agricultural Research Institute of Senegal [L'Institut Senegalais de Recherches
Agricoles (ISRA)], also under MDR, consists of six departments, three of which are involved
with livestock production: a Research Support Department (Departement appui a la recherche),
a Research Department for Production Systems and Technology Transfer to Rural Areas
(Departement de recherches sur les systemes de production et le transfert de technologie en
milieu rural) and a Department of Animal Health and Production Research (Departement de
recherches sur la sante animale et les productions animates) which includes the Livestock
Research Centres of Kolda and Dahra and the National Livestock Production and Veterinary
Research Laboratory [Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Veterinaires (LNERV)]
in Dakar-Hann.
Data for the country and study area are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Senegal, 1983.
Country Study area
Human population (1983)
- number 6 038 000
- density 30.7/km2
Animal population (1983)
-cattle 220000G 1210000
-sheep 1967000 | 1245000
-goats 983 000 /
Sources: For human population, projections (+2.8%) based on 1976 national census, Direction de la Santd et des
Productions Animales (DSPA), 1985. For animal population, Ministry of Rural Development, Livestock
Production Division Statistics, 1985 (quoted by Ly, 1985).
In 1979, tsetse infested 70 000 km2 (or 36% of the country) out of a total area of
196 200 km (Toure, 1979). According to a new tsetse distribution map prepared by Laveissiere
and Toure (1982), all of the Casamance Region is infested with tsetse as well as most parts of
Senegal Oriental, a strip in the south of Sine Saloum along the Gambian border and the coast,
and the Dakar and Thies areas. G. p. gambiensis is found in all the areas mentioned. G. morsitans
submorsitans is found throughout the Casamance Region, in the south of Sine Saloum and in the
south, southeast and northeast of Senegal Oriental. G. longipalpis is found in the northeast, west
and southwest of Casamance.
38
The combined effect of drought and abuse of forest resources has resulted in major
changes in the distribution of tsetse in the mid-east areas of the country within the past few years.
G. morsitans submorsitans, which used to be found as far north as longitude 14°40' only 10 years
ago, has practically disappeared above 13°50'N (Diaite, 1984).
1.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
The number of cattle in 1983 in the departments of the three regions studied is shown in Table 2,
broken down according to the three breeds—N'Dama, Djakore and Gobra Zebu—found in the
area. The N'Dama constitutes 53% of the cattle population in the study area and about 30% of
the total number of cattle. The Djakore accounts for 33% of the herd in the study area and
18.5% of the total population.
Statistics in Senegal do not always differentiate between sheep and goats. It is generally
agreed that two-thirds of all the small ruminants are sheep and one-third goats. The number of
small ruminants by species, when available, is given in Table 2.
Table 2. Livestock numbers in the study area of Senegal, 1983.
Cattle
Region and department Total N'Dama Djakore' Zebu Sheep Goat
CASAMANCE
Ziguinchor 12 700 12 700 - - 9 050 12750
Oussouye 8000 8000 - - 2510 3 350
Bignona 77 000 77 000 - - 54 700 23 070
Sedhiou 84 000 84 000 - - 53 370 47 000
Kolda 158400 158 400 - - 91870 129930
Velingara 108 700 108 700 - - 40000 45700
Subtotal 448 800 448 800 - - 252 500 261 800
SENEGAL ORIENTAL
Tambacounda 151 470 106 000 37 900 7 570 139 740
Bakel 162580 1600 157 680 3 300 18 760
Kedougou 22550 22550 - - 65700
Subtotal 336 600 130 150 195 580 10870 224 200
SINE SALOUM
Fatik 57 406 - 14 352 43 054 118 850
Foundiougne 46 451 18 580 27 871 - 140 093
Gossas 52 225 - 13 225 39 000 33 732
Kaffrine 126 615 4 700 80 370 41545 67 839
Kaolack 49 848 - 26 918 22 930 64135
Nioro du Rip 92055 41455 50 600 - 82 706
Subtotal 424 600 64 735 213 336 146529 507 400
Total (study zone) 1210 000 643 685 408 916 157 399 1244 900
Source: DSPA (1983).
39
1.3 CATTLE
13.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
1.3.1.1 N'DAMA
Livestock production stations and ranches show a preference for N'Dama with fawn coats as
these are preferred by countries importing N'Dama. Another reason given is that this coat colour
is associated with a greater resistance to trypanosomiasis. However, a study conducted by Toure
et al (1981) showed that fawn N'Dama are neither more nor less trypanotolerant than white,
black or pied N'Dama.
1.3.1.1.1 Performance traits
A comprehensive study of reproduction parameters for N'Dama raised on-station was
conducted by ISRA with the assistance of ILCA in 1982 (Fall et al, 1982). Detailed
information on reproduction parameters, mortality, body weight, linear measurements
and productivity are presented in this document.
The main results obtained at the station during the 1974-81 period are:
• Age at first calving is given as 39.8 months ± 0.8 months with a coefficient of variation
(CV) of 14.1%; a calving interval of 495 ± 16 days with a coefficient of variation of 26%;
an average breeding career of 7.5 years and an average lifespan of 10.8 years
• Mortality rates in calves are 9.6% between birth and weaning at six months and 1.3% from
six months to one year. Mortality rate for breeding cows is 2.9% per year and average
interval between generations is 6.7 years
• Average daily weight gain for calves is 0.36 kg between birth and weaning at six months
and 0.21 kg/day between birth and 30 months. Average body weight of cows is 234 kg
• The three body measurements of the animal—weight at withers, scapulo-ischiale length
and chest girth—were analysed and correlated with body weight
• Reproduction parameters, viability and body weight of calves and dams have been
combined to obtain the productivity index.
1.3.1.1.2 Index of productivity
Table 3 summarises estimates of the production traits of the N'Dama based on the index
computed in Volume 1 which is defined as the total weight of one-year-old calves plus the
liveweight equivalent of milked-out yield per cow maintained per year or per 100-kg cow
maintained per year.
Table 3. N'Dama productivity estimates at CRZ, Kolda.
Adult female viability (%) 97
Calving percentage 75
Calf viability to one year (%) 80
Calf weight at one year (kg) 111
Productivity index per cow per annum (kg) 67.6
Adult female weight (KG) 232
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per annum (kg) 29.1
Source: Compiled by authors.
40
The methods used to calculate productivity indices in the ILCA study (1982) were
slightly different and are as follows:
Index 1 : Calf weight at nine months per cow per year. Calculated for each calving as the product of
the weight of calf at nine months x 365 * calving interval.
Index 2: Calf weight at nine months per 100 kg per cow per annum. Calculated as index 1 + average
weight of cow x 100.
Index 3: Total weight of calves at nine months per 100 kg metabolic weight per cow per annum.
Calculated as index 1-r average cow weight to the power 0.73 x 100.
The value of these indices calculated from 280 data sets are 70.1, 29.1 and 127 kg for
indexes 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
Since the publication of these results, CRZ, Kolda has started a research programme in
village environment. Preliminary comparative data obtained for N'Dama raised at CRZ and
traditional production systems are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Comparative average weight of N'Dama raised at CRZ, Kolda, and in the traditional production system.
Age
CRZ, Kolda
Females
Birth
3 months
6 months
9 months
Males
Birth
3 months
6 months
9 months
Traditional livestock production system
Birth
3 months
6 months
9 months
Jumber Mean weight (kg)
66 16.33
52 46.42
38 71.86
14 78.08
69 16.49
48 44.44
38 86.13
10
69
1
2
6
89.9
14.05
22.0
37.02
46.66
Source: CRZ (1984).
1.3.1.2 DJAKORE
Comparative productivity research on this breed was first conducted by ISRA, primarily as part of
the production systems study. However, no new data are currently available.
132 DISEASES
Thirteen outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease were reported in the Louga and Diourbel regions
between 1983 and 1984 (DSPA 1983). According to the most recent report by the Directorate
of Animal Health and Production (FAO, 1986), there were several outbreaks of rinderpest in
neighbouring countries in 1984 and 1985. No case of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia was
reported during this period. Several outbreaks of anthrax (58 foci of blackquarter and 23 of
41
anthrax) were recorded. The number of reported outbreaks of botulism remained stable (25 foci)
as did the number of cases of pasteurellosis (25 foci).
Senegal received FAO assistance in 1983 for a one-year project entitled "Emergency
Rinderpest Campaign and Strengthening of Dakar Laboratory" and in 1985 for a Rinderpest
Control Project.
133 HERD MANAGEMENT
There has been a rapid increase in the use of animal traction in Senegal and the number of
draught oxen in 1985 was estimated at 130 000 teams. (P H Starkey, Reading, UK, personal
communication, 1986).
Lhoste( 1986) emphasises the increasing use of females for animal traction. In Sine
Saloum, 325 pairs of cows and 9039 pairs of oxen were used in 1974. In 1981, 8051 pairs of cows
and 23 054 pairs of oxen were used. Since 1978, one-fourth of the traction power has been
supplied by cows. The major difficulty is to synchronise the breeding season of the two cows with
ploughing. A rest period of three to four months should be allowed during calving (end of
pregnancy and beginning of lactation). Work females also have less draught power and less
resistance than males. Nevertheless, agropastoralists recognise the numerous advantages of using
females for traction:
• the longer working life of the female
• females are easier to train and move at a faster pace
• production of milk and calves.
1.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
A comprehensive study of the performance traits of West African dwarf sheep raised under
village conditions was conducted by ISRA with the assistance of ILCA in 1982 (ILCA 1982).
Detailed data on reproduction parameters, mortality rates, weight, body measurements and
productivity are given in this document.
follows:
The main results obtained at this station during the period 1974 to 1981 were as
age at first lambing 575 days with a lambing interval of 495 days
mortality rates for sheep were: 33% from birth to weaning at four months and 19% from
four months to one year old. Mortality rate for breeding ewes was 14.8% per year
daily weight gain for sheep was 0.06 kg from birth to weaning at four months and 0.04 kg
from birth to one year. Average body weight for ewes was 23.5 kg
the three body measurements, height at withers, scapulo- ischial length and chest girth were
analysed and correlated with body weight
reproduction parameters, viability and body weight of ewes and lambs were combined to
obtain productivity indices.
1.4.1 INDEX OF PRODUCTIVITY
Table 5 summarises estimates of the productivity of West African dwarf sheep using the index
defined in Volume I as the total weight of lambs at five months per ewe maintained per year or
per 10 kg of ewe maintained per year.
42
Table 5. Productivity estimates for West African dwarf sheep.
Ewe viability (%) 85.2
Lambing rate (%) 115
Lamb viability to one year (%) 48
Lamb weight at 5 months (kg) 10
Productivity index per ewe per year (kg) 5.96
Ewe weight (kg) 23.5
Productivity index per 10-kg ewe maintained per year (kg) 2.54
Source: Compiled by authors.
The following new productivity indices for ewes were calculated using methods similar
to those used for cows (ILCA, 1982):
Index 1: Total weight of lambs weaned at four months per ewe per year. Calculated for each lambing
as being the total weight of lambs weaned at four months per ewe x 365 + next lambing
interval
Index 2: Total weight of lambs weaned per kg of ewe maintained per year. Calculated as index
1 + average weight of ewe.
Index 3: Total weight of lambs weaned per metabolic weight of ewe raised per year. Calculated as
index 1 + average weight of ewe maintained to the power 0.73.
The results obtained for 397 data sets were 11.5 kg for index 1, 466 g for index 2 and
1103 gfor index 3.
1.4.2 DISEASES
There was a significant drop in the number of reported cases of peste de petits ruminants in
1983-84 compared to 1982-83 (6 foci as against 13) (FAO, 1986).
There was an increase in the number of sheep and goat pasteurellosis foci in 1984-85
(37 foci compared to 33 in 1983-84). There was no increase in the number of sheep pox foci (2
foci).
1.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
1.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The following four research centres in Senegal work on trypanotolerance or with trypanotolerant
breeds.
The National Laboratory for Livestock Production and Veterinary Research (LNERV)
continues its activities on vaccine production and research on trypanosomiasis, trypanotolerance
and trypanotolerant livestock (cattle and small ruminants) (LNERV, 1985). Technical assistance
is provided by IEMVT (France) and recently by the World Bank through ISRA
In 1985, CRZ, Kolda maintained 450 N'Dama and 200 West African dwarf sheep.
Twelve sires are sent each year to the study area and the programme will eventually be extended
to all ecological areas in which N'Dama are found (Ly, 1985). The mandate of the centre is the
dissemination of genetic innovation obtained under station conditions. To this end, a
pre-extension programme was introduced in 1978 involving a number of herds in nearby villages,
43
to prepare and monitor reception conditions and utilisation of sires supplied by the station and
eventually evaluate their effect on herd productivity.
Thirteen herds in seven villages, comprising 1300 head, are currently involved in the
programme (Landais, 1985).
These two bodies should collaborate with the International Trypanotolerance Centre in
The Gambia within the framework of the African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network.
CRNA, Bambey, is now mainly involved with crop research. Its livestock component
(trypanotolerant livestock selection and crossbreeding) has been closed down and the livestock
distributed to the Kaolack and Casamance stations.
Finally, the Experimental Units (UE) programme of the Kaolack Centre in Sine
Saloum has been taken over by ISRA systems and production team. ISRA's livestock research
programmes for 1985 were as follows (ISRA 1985):
• Production systems in Sine Saloum (Kaolack and Fatick): surveys, monitoring and
livestock trials
• Production systems in Basse-Casamance: livestock production and monitoring systems,
animal traction
• Support research for production systems in Sine Saloum (Kaolack and Fatick regions):
animal traction equipment.
1.5.2 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Various development projects on trypanotolerant livestock have been launched since the last
study was completed.
The Project to Develop Livestock Production in Senegal Oriental (PDESO) is
managed by the Textile Fibres Development Company (SO.DE.FI.TEX). It was launched in 1976
with funds provided by the World Bank, BADEA and Kuwait. The initial phase of the project
was to encourage livestock production in the northern part of Senegal Oriental north of the
Dakar-Bamako railway, a project involving an area of 1 300 000 ha and 132 000 head of cattle. A
second phase is to be implemented between 1980 and 1985 (Agri-Afrique, 1985 and Kane and Ka,
1986).
In 1984, PDESO introduced a southern area livestock production phase in Senegal
Oriental and Haute Casamance to provide adequate veterinary service and training in the
nutritional aspect of breeding stock. This project covered 456 000 head of cattle and 260 000
head of sheep and goats and will last for five years (Agri-Afrique, 1985 and SO.DE.FI.TEX, 1986).
SO.DE.FI.TEX is also responsible for the "Senegal and Haute Casamance Rural
Project" (PDRSO) and is primarily involved with the dissemination of animal traction (15 000
teams). The five-year project, begun in 1985, is funded by the CCCE, IDA FAC, Kuwait and
Senegal (Agri-Afrique, 1987).
The Casamance Region Development Company (SOMIVAC) also has a livestock
production development component as part of a new project, "The Lower Casamance Integrated
Agricultural Development Project" (PIDAC). This phase was introduced in 1979 to tag draught
animals and monitor diseases within the framework of the SOMIVAC "agricultural programme".
These activities were extended in 1981 with the establishment of small- scale rural projects. The
livestock production programme comprises various aspects: herd management, management of
44
sheep barns, veterinary materials and products, village veterinary pharmacies, training etc
(PIDAC/SOMIVAC, 1986).
The Project to Improve Livestock Production and Pastures in Bakel Department,
launched in 1975, aims to train producers in livestock management activities (350 000 ha and
40 000 head of cattle managed). The second phase, to be implemented between 1985 and 1989, is
funded by USAID (Agri-Afrique, 1985).
The Sedhiou Rice Project (PRS) in Casamance provides training for farmers in the use
of draught animals and encourages the production and fattening of trypanotolerant cattle.
Since the last study was completed, a sheep production project has been established in
Sine Saloum. The "Project to Develop Sheep Production in Kaolack and Fatick Regions"
(PRODELOV) covers Gossas, Guinguineo-Gandiaye and Mbar, an area of 3000 ha. A second
phase, to be implemented between 1985 and 1989, will be funded by the FAC (Ly, 1985 and
Agri-Afrique, 1985).
In 1982, UNDP undertook a study at the request of the Gambian River Basin
Authorities during which three livestock development projects were identified:
• Integrated Livestock Production Development Project in Kedougou Department,
Senegal Oriental (a six-year project starting in 1981)
• Development of the livestock production sector in Casamance (a five-year project
starting in 1981)
• Livestock Fattening Project in Sine Saloum, expansion of pilot units for intensive beef
production (a two-year project starting in 1981) (UNDP, 1982).
These projects are, however, in the planning stage.
Finally, it should be pointed out that the new agricultural policy of Senegal encourages
private investment in identified projects. With regard to trypanotolerant livestock production,
some privately owned structures are currently being established (Ly, 1985). These include:
• the ranch for the finishing beef cattle in Senegal Oriental. Planned production of 4000
head per year. Cost: 800 million CFA francs
• the fattening company (SABEVI). Planned production of between 4000 and 6000 head
per year. Cost: 850 million CFA francs
• SOPELA N'Dama Multiplication Unit in Missira. Cost: 200 million CFA francs.
• There are also indications that some private companies are interested in establishing a
trypanotolerant cattle ranch in Kedougou Department.
1.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agri-Afrique. 1985. Dossier Sénégal. Les prévisions du Vllleme Plan (1985-1989) pour l'élevage.
Agri-Afrique 228, 3 Decembre 1985.
Agri-Afrique. 1987. Sénégal: Evolution du programme SODEFITEX de Développement rural du Senegal
Oriental. Agri-Afrique 256, 10 March 1987.
CRZ (Centre de recherche zootechniques de Kolda, Sénégal). 1984. Rapport d'activité. (Activity report).
Diatie A. 1984. Country Report - Senegal. Presented at the first meeting to coordinate the activities in West
Africa of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related
Developments held in Bobo-Dioulasso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
DSPA (Direction de la santé et des productions animales). 1982. Etude sectorielle de Vélevage au Sénégal
(situation et perspectives). Ministere du Développement Rural, Dakar, Senegal.
45
DSPA (Direction de la sant6 et des productions animates). 1983. Notes succintes sur la situation sanitaire et
les méthodes de la prophylaxie appliquées aux Sénégalpendant I'année 1983. Ministere du
Developpement Rural, Dakar, Senegal.
DSPA (Direction de la santé et des productions animates). 1985. Sous-secteur Elevage, Vlleme Plan.
Ministere du Développement Rural, Dakar, Senegal.
Fall A, Diop M, Sandford J, Wissocq Y J, Durkin J and Trail J C M (eds). 1982. Evaluation ofthe
productivities ofDjallonke sheep and N'Dama cattle at the Centre de recherches zootechniques de
Kolda, Senegal. ILCA Research Report 3. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa),
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 70 pp.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Consultants' report on the
improvement ofanimal health services in CILSS member countries. Vol II : Country reports and
projectproposals. Consultations held in Banjul, The Gambia, 23-27 June 1986. FAO, Rome, Italy.
ISRA (Institut sénégalais de recherches agricoles). 1985. Orientation et programmes de recherches du
Dipartement systimes et transfert. ISRA, Dakar-Hann, Senegal.
Kane A and Ka A. 1986. Responsabilisation des agropasteurs ou la deperissement d'une structure
d'encadrement: le Projet de developpement de I'élevage au Senegal-Oriental (PDESO)
Tambacounda. Report presented at the "Methodes de recherche sur les systemes d'elevage en
Afrique intertropicale" workshop held in Mbour, ISRA, Dakar, 2-8 February 1986.
Landais E. 1985. Elémentspour la preparation du programme de recherches sur les systimes de production et
le transfert de tecnologie en milieu rural. Haute Casamance et Sénégal-Oriental. ISRA (Institut
sénégalais de recherches agricoles), Dakar, Senegal.
Laveissiere C and Toure S M. 1982. La repartition des glossines au Sénégal. ORSTOM (Office de la
recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer), Paris, France.
Lhoste P. 1986. ^-.'utilization de I'energie animale en Afrique intertropicale. Report presented at the
"Methodes de recherches sur les systemes d'elevage en Afrique intertropicale" workshop held in
Mbour from 2-8 February 1986. ISRA (Institut senégalais de recherches agricoles), Dakar,
Senegal.
Lhoste P. 1987. L'association agriculture-élevage. Evolution du systeme agropastoral au Sine Saloum
(Sénégal). Etudes et syntheses de 1'IEMVT 21. IEMVT (Institut d'elevage et de médecine
vétérinaire des pays tropicaux), Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France. 314 pp.
LNERV (Laboratoire National de l'élevage et de recherches vétdrinaires). 1985. Activity reportfor 1984.
Ly B. 1985. Consultation mission sur la commerce et la multiplication du bétail trypanotolerant.
GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
PIDAC/SOMIVAC (Projet intégré de développement agricole en Basse-Casamance/Societé de mise en
valeur agricole de la Casamance). 1986. Les actions de développement de I'élevage entreprises par le
projet intégré de développement agricole en Basse-Casamance (PIDAC/SOMIVAC). Report
presented at the "Méthodes de recherche sur les systemes d'elevage en Afrique intertropicale"
workshop held in Mbour, 2-8 February 1986. ISRA (Institut sénégalais de recherches agricoles),
Dakar, Senegal.
Poats S V, Lichte J, Oxtey J, Russo S L and Starkey P H. 1985. Animal traction in a farming systems
perspective:A Farming Systems Support Project Networkshop, March 3-8, 1985, Kara, Togo. FSSP
Network Report 1. FSSP (Farming Systems Support Project), Univ. of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA. 187 pp.
SODEFITEX (Textile Fibres Development Company). 1986. Le volet élevage sud du projet de développement
rural du Sénégal-Oriental et de la Haute-Casamance. Report presented at the "Méthodes de
recherche sur les systemes d'elevage en Afrique intertropicale" workshop held in Mbour, 2-8
February 1986. ISRA (Institut sénégalais de recherches agricoles), Dakar, Senegal.
Toure S M. 1979. Evaluation desprojets de lutte contre les glossines et les trypanosomes. 5. La situation
sanitaire en Ripublique du Sénégal. Proceedings of the Khorogo symposium, Cote d'lvoire, 6-9
November 1979, GTZ (German Agency for Technical Cooperation) publication, Federal
Republic of Germany, pp. 47-53.
46
Toure S M, Seye M, Gueye E and Diate M. 1981. Etudes comparatives sur les bovins N'Dama de Haute
Casamance pour évaluer leur trypanotolcrancc en fonction de la couleur de robe. Revue d'élevage
et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 34(3):281-287.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1982. Development ofthe Gambia RiverBasin
Peinvestment action plan. In support ofcountry development strategies. New York, USA. 251 pp.
1.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The number of cattle fell slightly in the country (-10%) and the study area (-8%) during the study
period. Sheep and goat populations increased slightly (+11% for the whole country and +20%
for the study area). Although the trypanotolerant cattle population (N'Dama and Djakore)
remains the largest group in the country (48% of the total cattle stock in 1983 and 47% in 1976),
the drop in the percentage of N'Dama within this group is alarming (746 000 head in 1976 and
644 000 head in 1983, a drop of -14%). Data analysis carried out jointly by ISRA and ILCA
provided valuable information on the performance traits of N'Dama cattle and Djakore sheep
raised under station conditions. New ISRA research programmes to be funded through a World
Bank project should provide important data on livestock production under village conditions.
Finally, during the past few years, major efforts have been made with regard to livestock
research and development in the Casamance, Sine Saloum and Senegal Oriental regions. The
government encourages private investments in this sector and several private ranches should be
established within the next few years. Furthermore, with close cooperation with the International
Trypanotolerance Centre (ITC) in The Gambia, significant progress should be made in
trypanotolerant livestock production in Senegal in the near future. It should be stressed that
Senegal is one of the major exporters of N'Dama breeding stocks.
47
CHAPTER 2
THE GAMBIA
2.1 BACKGROUND
The Animal Health and Production Department (AHPD), under the Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources is responsible for all livestock production activities. It currently comprises
seven divisions, four of which are concerned with livestock production: the Directorate, the
Animal Health Division, the Animal Husbandry and Production Division and the Animal
Industries Division.
Background data for the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of the Gambia, 1983.
Human population (1983)
- number 695 886
- density 61.6/km
Animal population (1983)
- cattle 305 000
- sheep 162 000
-goats 175 000
Sources: For human population: 1983 census figures.
For animal population: projections based on 1978-79 census carried out by the Animal Health
and Production Department (AHPD) (0% for cattle, 2.5% for sheep and goats).
According to FAO (1986) report, G. morsitans submorsitans is found throughout the
country in the dry savannah woodlands, except in the west of the Western Division. G. palpalis
gambiensis is found on either side of the river in natural areas of oil palm groves, mangrove
swamps, the intermediate forested swamps and the steep riverbanks of Upper River Division.
The presence of G. longipalpis has not been reported recently.
The International Trypanotolerance Centre (ITC) is currently conducting a detailed
study on tsetse distribution as part of its research programme. During the initial year of their
study, Snow and Rawlings (1986) confirmed the presence of G. palpalis in the areas around
Gunjur (low density) and Pirang (high density). G. morsitans was found in the Kcneba area (high
density) and the Nioo and Sare Ngai areas (low density).
2.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
The final results of the national livestock census carried out in 1978-79 were still being compiled
when the last study was published. These data have been used in Table 2 which shows the
livestock population and density by administrative division.
48
Table 2. Cattle numbers and density by administrative division, 1979.
Administrative Population Densities per km
division
Cattle Sheep Goats Cattle Sheep Goats
Western 39 700 23 484 32 429 21.5 12.7 17.6
Lower River 30 800 14 307 13 451 20.1 9.4 8.8
McCarthy 96 700 48 185 44 996 34.0 16.9 15.8
Upper River 86 000 33 045 40 437 42.9 16.5 20.2
North Bank 51850 26 938 26 782 23.5 12.2 12.2
Total 305 000 145 959 158 095 26.9 12.9 13.9
Source: AHPD (1979). Densities calculated by authors.
The Gambia still has one of the densest cattle populations in Africa. Cattle numbers
2 2 2seem fairly stable. Stocking rate was 25.5/km in 1973, 27/km in 1975, 26.2/km in 1978 and
26.8/km2 in 1979.
The highest livestock concentrations are found in the Upper River and McCarthy
Island Divisions which occupy 47% of the total area and account for 44% of the cattle
population, 55% of the sheep population and 54% of the goat population.
2.3 CATTLE
Almost the whole cattle population of The Gambia is of the N'Dama type. Some N'Dama x zebu
crossbreeds and zebu are found in the eastern part of the country. In 1985 the N'Dama
accounted for 95% (290 000 head) of the total cattle population, the N'Dama x zebu crossbreeds
for 3% (9000 head) and the zebus for 2% (6000 head) (Quartey, 1984; Shaw, 1985).
23.1 N'DAMA BREED CHARACTERISATION
As of its establishment in 1984, ITC developed a livestock breeding and monitoring methodology.
The preliminary results, which were submitted to the ITC Board of Trustees at its first two
meetings (ITC, 1985; 1986), are presented in this document. More comprehensive data on the
performance traits of N'Dama under village conditions in the Gambia will, however, be published
shortly by the Centre.
2.3.1.1 PERFORMANCE TRAITS
According to a survey conducted by Clifford between 1974 and 1979 (Clifford, 1986a), age at first
calving is between 40 and 66 months and fertility rate between 50 and 60% in areas of low
trypanosomiasis challenge.
A recent study on annual calving patterns, based on 83 births in 15 herds in Keneba,
Manduwarr, Karantaba and Burong (ITC, 1985), shows that 44.6% of calves are born in
November, December, January and February.
49
In 1986, Clifford (1986b) quoted the body weight by age group of 21 herds in the
Kombo area under village conditions in an area of low trypanosomiasis risk. The results are given
in Table 3.
Table 3. Body weight by age group in the Kombo area.
Age Number Weight (kg) Extremes
Females
Subtotal
Males
8D 523 230 (165-345)
6D 53 199 (130-275)
4D 52 177 (100-290)
2D 61 151 ( 80-220)
1-2 82 110 ( 50-160)
0-1 179 66 ( 25-130)
1010
8D 20 283 (200-350)
6D 19 205 (150-250)
4D 33 190 (140-265)
2D 40 161 ( 85-220)
1-2 61 121 (60-175)
0-1 156 69 (30-145)
Subtotal 329
Source: Clifford (1986b).
ITC (1985) noted trypanosomiasis infection rate varied with age and that weight was
also influenced by infection rate. Preliminary results of this study are given for information
purposes in Table 4.
Table 4. Influence of age on trypanosomiasis infection rate and of infection rate on growth.
Infection rate and age Age Infection rate(%) Average weight (kg)
0-1 year 2.1 44.5
1-3 years 7 128
3-6 years 6.8 216
6 years 6.5
I T
248
S E
Gunjur Keneba
Infection rate tryp.(%) of cattle 2.3 9.1
Average age
- preweaning 47 42
- postweaning 130 127
-of breeding females (>4 years) 242 222
Source: ITC (1985).
50
ITC has also started studying the milk-yield potential of N'Dama in the Gambia (ITC,
1986). A total of 400 lactations for 85 cows (53 at Keneba and 32 at Gunjur) were monitored.
The results, based on data collected for individual cows over a four-month period at an interval of
25 to 35 days, indicate an average daily milk yield of 1.6 kg per cow at Keneba and 1.2 kg at
Gunjur. This, according to the authors, accounts for the higher average daily weight gain of calves
at Keneba (0.21 kg/day) compared to those at Gunjur (0.16 kg/day).
2.3.2 DISEASES
Since the joint vaccination campaign against rinderpest (P.C 15) was carried out between 1966
and 1969, there has been no outbreak of the disease in The Gambia. All calves are vaccinated
annually against the disease. In 1981 and 1983, The Gambia received FAO assistance in the form
of vehicles, vaccines and refrigerating and veterinary materials, as part of the Pan-African
Emergency Vaccination Campaign against Rinderpest. FAO also provided technical assistance
for the training of staff.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is still a serious threat in The Gambia and annual
vaccination is compulsory.
There are occasional outbreaks of anthrax, blackquarter and hemorrhagic septicemia.
Sporadic cases of tuberculosis and brucellosis have also been reported but there incidence has
been low. Streptothricosis is a major problem among calves during the rainy season.
Liver flukes are found in areas bordering rivers and in swampy areas but its incidence is
unknown for the time being.
Babesiosis and anaplasmosis are common diseases although the infection rate is low
(FAO, 1986).
According to an ITC survey conducted in the Gunjur and Keneba areas, the rate of
trypanosomiasis infection in cattle was 2.3% and 9.1%, respectively.
233 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
The most important feature of the husbandry system practised in The Gambia is the fact that the
animals are not herded in enclosures but are tethered by their horns to wooden stakes at night.
After pasture grazing the herd returns to the night pen area where each animal is tethered to tis
stake by the horns. This is worth noting when monitoring and conducting individual research on
supplementary feeding.
Herd composition in two ITC areas of operation is analysed in Table 5.
Table 5 shows that there is a significant difference between animals in the 0-1 year
group and those in the 1-2-year group for both males and females. This indicates a high mortality
rate between birth and 1 year.
With regard to animal traction, FAO (1980) gives a figure of 17 672 oxen (5.8% of the
national cattle population) for 1978. In 1970, this number was between 300 and 400 oxen.
These figures demonstrate the growing interest in draught animals shown by farmers
during the past few years. Draught animals are put to work at about five years old and work
51
continuously for five years. It should nevertheless be noted that in spite of an increased interest
much of the draught power required is provided by donkeys.
Table 5. Herd composition in two areas.
Villages Kombo Kiang West
Females 8
6
4
2
1-2 years
0-1 year
Subtotal
Number
Male castrates
Males
8
8
6
4
2
1-2 year
0-1 year
Subtotal
Number
Total
Total number
43.5%
4.0%
3.9%
4.6%
6.1%
13.4%
75.4%
1010
0%
1.5
1.4%
2.5%
3.0%
4.6%
11.7%
24.6%
329
100%
1339
29.9%
5.3%
5.7%
4.3%
8.1%
9.5%
62.8%
450
7.4%
3.1%
2.1%
3.1%
3.9%
8.1%
9.5%
37.2%
266
100%
716
Source: Touray and Clifford (1985).
2.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
The most recent data available on sheep and goats are for diseases.
The latest Animal Health and Production Department report presented at a
FAO/CILSS (FAO, 1986) meeting identifies the major disease affecting sheep and goats in
The Gambia as peste de petits ruminants (PPR) which causes heavy losses and requires the
organisation of vaccination campaigns. Streptothricosis and internal parasites are widespread
and also cause heavy economic losses.
2.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
2.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The most important event of the study period was the establishment of the International
Trypanotolerance Centre (ITC) which is responsible for and has significantly promoted the
"Trypanosomiasis Research Programme in the Gambia". The activities of the Centre and of
Yundum station are presented in Table 6.
52
Table 6. Research centres and programmes in The Gambia.
Name
Location
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Aid
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
International Trypanotolerance Centre
Three major project sites: Abuko, 10 km from Banjul;
Bansang, 310 km from Banjul and Keneba, 170 km from Banjul.
Abuko 35 ha; Bansang 200 ha and Keneba 200 ha.
N'Dama
The production and development subproject (see below) ensures the continuing
survey of the 50 000 head of N'Dama and the research subproject monitors 2000
head. The Centre will also maintain breeding stocks and research animals.
to encourage better utilisation of trypanotolerant livestock and increase productivity
of village herds using all possible means. The Centre consists of three components:
- a production and development subproject which aims to reduce mortality rate by
50%
- a research subproject which conducts field and station studies on the
trypanotolerance and productivity of N'Dama under village conditions.
- a training subproject which is expected to begin in 1987.
The production and development subproject is funded by ADD loan repayable over a
period of 50 years with a grace period of 10 years.
The productivity aspect of the research subproject is funded by the EEC through
ILCA and ILRAD and the tsetse and trypanosomiasis aspect by ODA and Belgium.
The initial phase of this subproject will last three years and the second phase is in the
planning stage. The training subproject should be funded by UNDP and managed by
FAO.
The initial phase should last four years. The Centre which commenced operations in
1984, will be officially opened in early 1987.
Yundum Experimental Station and sheep and goat development project.
Yundum, 25 km from Banjul and Yoroberi Kunda.
Animal Health and Productivity Department
200 ha
120 N'Dama and a nucleus herd of 16 sheep.
to study reproduction performances and parameters of N'Dama; intensification of
sheep and goat production.
Assistance requested from UNDP.
Sources: Shaw (1985); Touray (1985).
2.5.2 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
The Gambia Mixed Farming and Resource Management Project envisaged in the previous study
was established in 1980 with the assistance of USAID for a period of five years. Although the
main objective of the scheme is the production of wheat for human consumption, it also includes
a draught power component.
Between 1985 and 1987, The Gambia received funds from UNDP for the
implementation of a programme entitled "Assistance to the Department of Animal Health and
Production". The aim of the project, which is managed by FAO, is to reorganise the
administrative aspect and the field sections of the Department of Animal Health and Production.
The Livestock Marketing Board (LMB) is responsible for marketing and exporting
trypanotolerant breeding stock. The LMB has holding grounds at Pirang and Farabasuta with a
capacity of 300 head each, at Kabokor of 600 head and at Sikunda for 100 head. These serve as
an assembly point for animals purchased in villages for slaughter or for export (Shaw, 1985).
53
In the more specific field of livestock production, FAO carried out a study mission as
part of the international programme for the development of the meat sector. The following four
projects, for which funds are being sought, have been identified:
• Animal health improvement
- Institution: AHPD
Location : Various sites in the country
Duration : Four years
- Cost : US$ 2 450 000
• Applied research on trypanotolerance and production of trypanotolerant livestock
- Institution: AHPD
Location : To be decided
Duration : Four years
- Cost : US$ 2 100 000
• N'Dama multiplication and improvement Centre
- Institution: AHPD
- Location : Yori Beri Kunda
- Duration : Five years
- Cost : US$ 2 500 000
• Sheep breeding pilot project
- Institution: AHPD
- Location: Yundum
- Duration : One year
- Cost : US$ 50 000
However, projects 2 and 3 can be considered to be covered by ITC activities.
The Gambia River Basin Authority is also planning to establish a project to improve
N'Dama livestock and increase the number of N'Dama breeding centres (UNDP, 1982 ) has been
envisaged but so far implementation has not yet begun.
2.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Clifford D. 1986a. Reproductiveperformance ofN'Dama cattle in the Gambia. Second International
Trypanotolerance Centre Council meeting, February 1986. The Gambia.
Clifford D. 1986b. Weights by age in 21 Kombo districts herds. Second International Trypanotolerance
Centre Council meeting, February 1986. The Gambia.
Department of Health and Production, The Gambia. 1979. Annual report for 1979 Ministry of Agriculture
and Natural Resources, Banjul, The Gambia.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1980. International meat development
scheme: Report on a mission to the Gambia. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Consultants' report on the
improvement of animal health services in CILSS member countries. Vol II - Country reports and
project proposals. Consultations held in Banjul, The Gambia, 23-27 June 1986. FAO, Rome, Italy.
ITC (International Trypanotolerance Centre). 1985. First International Trypanotolerance Centre Council
Meeting. February 1985.
ITC (International Trypanotolerance Centre). 1986. Second International Trypanotolerance Council
Meeting, February 1986.
Quartey S B. 1984. First meeting to coordinate the activities in West Africa of the Programme for the
Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related Developments held in Bobo-Dioulasso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
54
Shaw A. 1985. Report on a consultation mission on the marketing and breeding oftrypanotolerant cattle. FAO
project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
SnowW F and Rawlings P. 1986. Entomology component ofthe International Trypanotolerance Centre, The
Gambia. A summary ofobservations made during the firstyear. Second International
Trypanotolerance Centre Council Meeting, February 1986. The Gambia.
Touray B N. 1985. On-going activities ofthe ITC. First International Trypanotolerance Council Meeting,
February 1985.
Touray B N and Clifford D. 1985. The national N'Dama herd in The Gambia. First International
Trypanotolerance Council Meeting, February 1985.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1982. Development ofthe Gambia River Basin.
Preinvestment action plan. In support of country development strategies. New York, USA. 251 pp.
2.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The cattle population of The Gambia has been considered stable for several years and the cattle
population density remains the highest in Africa. The sheep and goat population increased
slightly during the same period ( + 12%). However, the increase was due exclusively to an
increase in the sheep population which appears to be increasing while the number of goats
remains static. The use of draught power has increased considerably over the past 10 years and
the number of draught animals is currently estimated at 5.8% of the total livestock population.
The landmark event in livestock production was the establishment in 1984 of the
International Trypanotolerance Centre (ITC) and the development of its research and
development programmes. This Centre is of importance not only to livestock production m The
Gambia but to all countries involved in trypanotolerant livestock production.
55
CHAPTER 3
GUINEA BISSAU
3.1 BACKGROUND
In 1984, Guinea Bissau created a Ministry of Rural Development (Le Ministere du
Developpement Rural) comprising several "Directorates" one of which is the "General
Directorate of Livestock Production". The latter consists of three departments: the Department
of Animal Health (comprising nine veterinary sections subdivided into 13 veterinary stations,
modern abattoirs and traditional slaughterhouses), the Department of Animal Production [Le
Departement de la production animale (including breeding stations)] and the Department of
Veterinary Research (which includes the Central Laboratory and regional branches) (Tacher,
1985).
Table 1 contains data for human and animal populations of Guinea Bissau.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Guinea Bissau, 1985.
Human population (1985)
- number 870 000
- density 24/km2
Animal population (1985)
- cattle 300 000
-sheep 110 000
- goat 230 000
Source: For human population: projections (+2.2%) from 1979 census.
Chardonnet (1983) mentions an earlier survey on tsetse distribution conducted by Pinto
in 1951 which provides more information than the OAU/STRC map of 1977. However, it needs
to be updated. According to this survey, G. palpalis is found in almost all of the coastal areas and
on the islands off the estuaries. G. morsitans is widely distributed in southern Gabu and Bafata
regions and in the regions north of Rio Cowbal. There are also pockets of infestation in the Oio
region. The rest of the country has a lower tsetse density. G. longipalpis is found in most areas of
the country and G. fusca in the south.
3.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Table 2 shows livestock distribution by region for 1980, when the most recent census was carried
out.
56
Table 2. Livestock numbers and distribution in Guinea Bissau, 1980.
Regions Cattle % Sheep % Goats %
Cacheu 25 565 9.8 4926 5.2 31607 16.1
Bissau 1111 0.4 1141 1.2 4644 2.3
Oio 34 060 13.1 12619 13.4 47 912 24.5
Bafata 74 283 28.6 45 669 48.3 58 650 30
Gabu 105 225 40.4 28145 29.7 36 507 18.6
Bolama 1718 0.7 549 0.6 3 956 2
Biombo 7 376 3.6 122 0.1 2771 1.4
Quinara 2996 1.1 741 0.8 4 049 2
Tombali 5 914 2.3 699 0.7 5 333 2.7
Total 258 248 100 94 614 100 195 429 100
Source: Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Rural (1985).
3.3 CATTLE
33.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
The 300 000 head of cattle in Guinea Bissau described as "N'Dama" are not of the typical
N'Dama type but represent a rather heterogeneous population. The "Livestock Department"
still makes a distinction between Boenca or the typical N'Dama and Fulani based on phenotypes
such as size, coat colour, shape of the horns etc. Manjaca breeds are currently very few and may
be considered as extinct (FAO, 1985).
3.3.1.1 N'DAMA PRODUCTION PARAMETERS
Production parameters (FAO, 1985) for Bafata and Gabu sectors, where the cattle are mainly of
the Foula type, are given below:
- Age at first calving
- Weaning age
- Fertility rate:
4 years
10-12 months
50%
- Age at culling : about 10 years
The relatively long calving intervals and in particular, an unbalanced nutritional regime,
account for the low fertility rate. Furthermore, surveys conducted recently in the Gabu area
suggest that the number of bulls available for servicing is insufficient. Apparently the normal
practice, is to use the neighbour's bull for servicing purposes during free-ranging.
The calving season is mainly between September and November indicating that cows are
serviced mainly in January and February. Tacher (1985) confirms these figures in his report for
the World Bank and gives age at first calving of 4 years and 4 months, weaning age of 9 months
and calving rate of 49.5%.
FAO (1985) gives a mortality rate of 28.2% for 0 to 1-year old Fulani N'Dama calves
and of 16.85 between 1 and 2 years. Tacher (1985) gives a mortality rate of 15% for 0 to 1 year
old calves and an overall mortality rate of 8% but does not make any distinction between breeds.
Fulani parameters of production (FAO, 1985) are:
- Birthweight : 10-12 kg
57
- Carcass weight : about 90 kg
- Milk yield : 0.6 kg milked out daily during the rainy season (approximately
one-third of total milk yield, the remaining two-third being
consumed by the calf). At Bissora station, 120 kg of milk
was obtained by hand-milking over a 150-day lactation period.
332 DISEASES
The disease status is based on a few animal disease surveys or clinical diagnoses rarely confirmed
by pathological examinations (FAO, 1986).
The health status can be considered as relatively good because of the absence of deadly
diseases such as Rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) . The last outbreak
of rinderpest was reported in 1967. However, there is still the risk of an outbreak through contact
with animals from neighbouring countries in search of pasture. In 1984/85 Guinea Bissau
received FAO assistance under the "Livestock Health Production Project" which provided
vaccines and equipment for a rinderpest vaccination campaign (FAO, 1985).
Black quarter causes heavy losses among 1 to 2-year-old calves. Other diseases include
anthrax (all age groups), brucellosis (28.4% of animals in the Northeastern region are affected),
pasteurellosis (affects mainly calves at the end of the rainy season), tetanus and tuberculosis (2%
of carcasses examined) (Tacher, 1985). No data are availabe on the incidence of these diseases.
Trypanosomiasis is widespread. A survey of calves between the ages of 0 and 2 years
indicated that more than two-thirds of the calves are infected at an average age of 43 days. T.
vivax (64%) trypanosoma is the most widespread followed by T. congolensis (28%) and T. brucei
(7%). There are isolated cases of other parasitic diseases such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis
(Ansumane, 1986).
Several cases of multiple gastro-intestinal parasitism have been reported. Ascaridiosis,
coccidiosis and strongylosis are common among 0-4 month old calves. Strongylosis is common
among adults particularly during the rainy season.
Infection by ticks mangemites, and fleas are also common. The sporadic outbreaks of
streptothricosis which pose no serious threat to Bos taurus have been reported (Tacher, 1985).
333 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
Tacher (1985) described herd management methods in Guinea Bissau. Livestock production is
practised extensively throughout the country. It is coexistent with rather than integrated into the
agricultural system except in areas in which draught power is being developed. Forages are not
cultivated and agricultural byproducts and forages are not conserved. Little use is made of
household refuse and agro-industrial byproducts (except for the use of brewer's dregs and cotton
seeds).
Sedentary livestock breeding and a type of transhumance livestock production are
practised in Guinea Bissau. This is well documented by Tacher (1985) who can be used as
reference for further information. The development of draught power is relatively recent. There
are currently between 2000 and 4000 pairs of work oxen. A work oxen development project is
being implemented in Bafata and Gabu sectors. The project is funded by FED and FAC and
trained 2960 pairs of bullocks between 1978 and 1984. The aim was to train and allocate 3000
58
pairs and provide health follow-up and control. The project's funding will soon come to an end
(FAO, 1985).
Herd composition, based on the 1980 census, is presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Herd composition in Guinea Bissau, 1980.
Females
Cows 46.3
Heifers 13.8
Calves 10.7
Males
Bulls 6.9
Steers 4.2
Young males 9.4
Calves 8.7
Total 70.8 Total 29.2
Source: Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Rural (1985).
A study on herd size was carried out by the Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Rural in
1984. The results appear in Table 4.
Table 4. Cattle herd sizes in the nine regions of Guinea Bissau.
Number of herds
Region Herd size 0-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 301
Cacheu 1579 1503 56 15 5 - -
Bissau 188 188 - - - - - -
Oio 1919 1779 117 20 2 1 - -
Bafata 1085 492 390 131 42 16 7 7
Gabu 1566 874 616 40 13 8 15 -
Bolama 308 308 - - - - - -
Biombo 1232 1223 8 1 - - - -
Quinara 288 225 3 - - - - -
Tombali 326 326 - - - - - -
Total 8431 6918 1190 207 62 25 22 7
% 100 82.1 14.1 2.5 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1
Source: Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Rural (1985).
Average number of cattle per household is about 37. However, as is evident from Table
5, this varies considerably between regions.
Table 5. Number of cattle per household in Guinea Bissau.
Number of cattle per householdRegion Number of cattle
Cacheu
Bissau
Oio
Bafata
Gabu
Bolama
Biombo
25 565
1 111
34 060
74 283
105 225
1718
9 376
16.2
5.9
17.7
68.4
67.1
5.5
7.6
Quinara
Tombali
2 996
5 845
13.1
17.9
Source: Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Rural (1985).
59
3.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
According to an FAO (1985) study, production parameters for sheep are: lambing rate 167%,
mortality rate between 0 and 6 months 15-20%, and average adult weight 25 to 30 kg.
Fertility rate for goats is estimated at 250-300%, mortality rate for 0-6-month-old kids
at 10-12% and average adult weight at 18-21 kg.
3.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
3.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The two state ranches, both under the Director of Veterinary Services, continue their activities.
In 1985 the Bissora Station maintained about 150 N'Dama and 10 Gir and 5 N'Dama x
Gir crossbreeds produced by artificial insemination of N'Dama cows. It aims to improve beef and
milk production in the N'Dama. Crossbreeding with Zebu Nelore is also envisaged. The station,
which received external funding from Switzerland, is also involved in the extension of draught
power.
Bissau Station continues its activities aimed at improving milk production (Ly, 1985).
Funding for the Pradis Station project is still being sought.
3.5.2 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Data on the integrated rice and cotton (Bafata) and groundnut (Bafata) development
projects and the Rice Seed Multiplication Project (Contuobel) are unavailable.
However, the projects continue with their activities.
The following new development projects on livestock breeding were submitted at a
CILSS meeting in 1986 (FAO, 1986):
• UNDP project to provide laboratory material, medicines and vaccines (implemented in
1985)
• FAO livestock health protection project for a joint vaccination campaign against
anthrax and blackquarter and strengthening of the livestock section
• Zone 1 (Biombo, Cacheu and Oio) integrated project: assistance to the livestock
production section of this area and development of the use of work oxen (financed by
Sweden)
• Zone 2 integrated project (Bafata and Gabu): this project has distributed an estimated
3000 pairs of work oxen
• Financial assistance is provided by FED and FAC.
In 1985, an FAO mission visited the country to identify rural development projects with
livestock production components. The following projects were endorsed:
• Assistance to Bissora livestock production station
• Establishment of a livestock research centre at Bissora
• Establishment of small ruminants research site.
In Gabu, the following projects/studies were endorsed:
Study of the traditional livestock production system
Campaign to prevent mortality of calves between 15 days and 4 months old
60
Epizootiologic study of disease constraints in the country
Socio-economic study of methods of improving animal production
Improvement of livestock and meat marketing methods.
The projects have been submitted to donors by the government but there is no
indication as to whether funding will be provided.
3.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ansumane B. 1986. Country Report: Guinea Bissau. Presented at the New Techniques for African Animal
Trypanosomiasis Control Workshop held in Bamako, 9-11 December and organised by FAO.
Chardonnet P. 1983. Approche de I'élevage et de lapathologie bovine en Zone Est. Ministry of Rural
Development.
Directorate of Livestock Productions. 1977. Annual Report, 1977.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1985. Draft Report: Guinea Bissau.
Programme international de coordination du developpement laitier et programme international
de développement du secteur des viandes. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Consultants' report on the
improvement ofanimal health services in CILSS member countries. Vol II : Country reports and
projectproposals. Consultations held in Banjul, The Gambia, 23-27 June 1986. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Ly B. 1985. Report on a consultation mission on the marketing and breeding of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO
Project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Rural, Direccao dos Servicos Pecuarios. 1985. Boletim de Pecuaria, Jan.
1985.
Tacher G. 1985. Etude sectorielle de I'elevage en Guinée Bissau effectuée pour le compte de la Banque
Mondiale. IEMVT (Institut d'elevage et de medecine veterinaire des pays tropicaux),
Maisons-Alfort, France.
3.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The figures given in this study for the human and animal populations are significantly higher than
those presented in the previous study and are based on data for censuses carried out following
the publication of Volume 2 of this study. They, therefore, better reflect the current situation in
the country. One should, therefore, try to avoid making comparisons between the two series. In
view of the renewed interest shown in animal husbandry during the past few years, the
government is giving priority to this sector. Some development projects are in the pipeline. A
comprehensive study of the sector was carried out in 1985 and funds are being sought for several
projects which have already been identified.
These various activities should help determine the potential for livestock production in
Guinea Bissau and encourage its future development.
61
CHAPTER 4
GUINEA
4.1 BACKGROUND
In 1984 the Ministry of Agricultural Development was subdivided into a State Secretariat for
Livestock and Fisheries, a State Secretariat for Rural and Craft Development and a State
Secretariat for Water Resources and Forestry.
Data for the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Guinea, 1983/1984.
Human population (1983)
- number 6 000 000
- density 24.4/km2
Animal population (1984)
-cattle 2307 000
- sheep 1 026 000
- goats 914 785
Source: For human population: 1983 census figures.
For animal population: Estimates by the Directorate of Livestock Production, 1984
(FAO, 1985).
According to a study by Sanders (1984), almost the entire country is infested by tsetse.
G. fusca is found in Lower Guinea and Forest Guinea, G. longipalpis and G. morsitans
submorsitans in Central and Upper Guinea, G. tachinoides in Upper and Lower Guinea, G.
pallicera and G. tabaniformis in Forest Guinea and G. palpalis gambiensis in all regions.
4.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
4.2.1 CATTLE
Table 2 shows cattle numbers by region and for the country for 1984.
Table 2. Cattle distribution by region for 1984.
Region
Area Cattle
cattle
density/km"
Average
km2 % of total area Number % of national herd
Lower Guinea 45 000 18 299 910 13 6.5
Central Guinea 54 900 22 1084 290 47 19.7
Upper Guinea 100 000 41 761310 33 7.7
Forest Guinea 46 000 19 161490 7 3.4
Total 245 900 100 2 307 000 100 9.4
Source: Animal Husbandry Division (1984) quoted by Ly (1985).
62
Table 2 shows that the Fouta Djallon Highlands in Central Guinea account for about
47% of the national herd. Lower Guinea accounts for 13% of the herd with a cattle density lower
than the national average of 9.4%. The coastal area has less cattle and large stretches of land are
devoid of cattle. The cattle population in Central Guinea is evenly distributed. Upper Guinea
accounts for a third of the national herd. However, the stocking density is 2.5 times lower than
that for Central Guinea and the distribution more uneven. Forest Guinea has the lowest cattle
population in the country.
4.2.2 SHEEP AND GOATS
The distribution of sheep and goats by region and in the country in 1984 is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Distribution of sheep and goats by region, 1984.
Region Sheep % Density/km2 Goats % Density/km
2
Lower Guinea 196 660 19 4.3 170 600 19 3.8
Central Guinea 440 710 43 8.0 489 595 53 8.9
Upper Guinea 278 630 27 2.8 127 295 14 1.3
Forest Guinea 110000 11 2.4 127 295 14 2.8
Total 1026 000 100 4.2 914 785 100 3.7
Source: Directorate of Livestock Production (1984) quoted by Ly (1985).
According to this Table, sheep and goats are found throughout the country. The
greatest concentration, however, is in Central Guinea.
4.3 CATTLE
43.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
The N'Dama breed accounts for 95% or 2 192 000 head of the cattle population in Guinea. The
remaining 5% (115 000 head) are zebu x N'Dama crossbreds found mainly in the north-east of
the country, near the border with Mali.
4.3.1.1 N'DAMA PRODUCTION PARAMETERS
The most recent production parameters provided by the Livestock Division (BDPA, 1984) are
given in Table 4. The figures are for production under village conditions.
Table 4. N'Dama production parameters.
Fertility rate
Mortality rate 0-1 year
1-2 years
2-3 years
3 years and over
54%
34%
12%
10%
3-5%
Source: BDPA (1985).
The N'Dama Selection and Multiplication Centre at Boke also collected some data.
However, in view of initial difficulties experienced by the centre, during its establishment these
parameters cannot be considered as the norm for N'Dama production under station conditions in
Guinea.
63
4.3.1.2 ZEBU X N'DAMA CROSSBRED OR "MERE"
No recent data are available on this breed.
4.3.1.3 IMPORTED CATTLE
All research programmes on exotic cattle have been discontinued.
4.3.2 DISEASES
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia has been brought under control although there are still
sporadic outbreaks. Anthrax and blackquarter are on the decline with the introduction of routine
vaccination. A vaccination campaign against swine rinderpest is envisaged in border areas to
guard against possible infection from neighbouring countries.
Guinea received FAO assistance in 1983-84 under the "Emergency vaccination
campaign against rinderpest" (Ly, 1985).
Trypanosomiasis is generally not a serious problem in Guinea due to the
trypanotolerance of the N'Dama breed. Mortality due to trypanosomiasis is recorded mainly in
areas along the eastern and northern borders where there is uncontrolled N'Dama x zebu
crossbreeding. The main foci of trypanosomiasis are to be found in Upper Guinea (Mandiana,
Siguiri, Kerouane, Kankan, Kouroussa) and the areas bordering the Fouta Djallon Highlands
(Kounolara, Gaoual, Tougue, Mali, Koubia, Dinguirage and Dabola) (Sande, 1984).
433 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
4.3.3.1 DESCRIPTION
Animal husbandry practices in Guinea have remained unchanged over the past few years.
4.3.3.2 HERD SIZE AND COMPOSITION
Village herds generally contain a high percentage of bulls and steers. A "herd" usually consists of
several individual herds belonging to a number of owners.
Bulls in large herds containing several hundred head of cattle are usually better
developed. There is also a higher percentage of oxen, sometimes as old as seven or eight years,
probably indicating that some males are withdrawn from the breeding process and retained as a
sort of "savings on the hoof".
Owners of large herds generally select males with a good conformation and offspring of
old cows which have weaned a large number of calves as replacement bulls. This empirical,
pedigree breeding is a simple method based on adaptability, hardiness, trypanotolerance and
conformation (Devillard, 1985).
Average herd composition for the country according to the Livestock Division (FAO,
1985) is shown in Table 5.
64
Table 5. Cattle herd composition.
Age Male Age Female
0-1 year
1-2 years I
2-3 years /
3-4 years
> 4 years
10%
8%
6%
0-1 year
1-2 years \
2-3 years >
3-4 years/
> 4 years
10%
25%
41%
Total 24% Total 76%
Source: FAO (1985).
4.3.3.3 WORK OXEN
The use of work oxen in Guinea is a major activity introduced in Central Guinea as early as 1925.
Today animal traction is more widely used in Upper Guinea where 9% of the cattle are draught
oxen while the national average is 4.2%. The number of draught oxen and distribution by region
in 1983 is given in Table 6.
Table 6. Number and distribution of work oxen, 1983.
Region Number of cattle % of oxen Number of oxen (1)
Lower Guinea 292 920 1% 2900
Central Guinea 1084 801 1% 21700
Upper Guinea 770 587 9% 69 350
Forest Guinea 159 721 3% 4 700
Total 2 306 029 4.2% 98 650
(1) Calculated by authors.
Source: Directorate of Livestock Production, Guinea (1983).
4.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
No recent data on small ruminants are available.
4.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
4.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
All animal husbandry research in Guinea currently focuses on genetically improving beef and
milk production of the N'Dama as well as its draught power. Attempts at crossbreeding using
exotic breeds such as the Red Steppe have proved unsuccessful and have been discontinued.
Research on natural pastures are also being conducted at national research centres listed in
Table 7.
The three research centres no longer receive external aid.
4.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
The new livestock development strategy is based on N'Dama selection from the N'Dama
Selection and Multiplication Centre at Boke, in the north of Lower Guinea.
The Centre which started its operations in 1981 with UNDP/FAO funding is under the
State Secretariat for Livestock Production and Fisheries. In 1987, it maintained 282 head of
65
N'Dama. Its objectives are to genetically improve the milk and beef production of the N'Dama as
well as its animal power. Furthermore, the Centre provides training in animal health and livestock
production for private traditional producers.
A second phase, expected to begin in July 1986, will focus mainly on the rural areas
(extension and intensification of health measures, improvement of production and marketing
conditions). The Boke centre will thus serve as a support and demonstration centre. The
programme will involve about 250 000 cattle (Moustapha, 1986 and Sande, personal
communication, 1987).
Between 1984 and 1986 Guinea received a total of US$ 218 000 for the construction
and equipping of five veterinary centres and a small laboratory in Upper Guinea.
Table 7. National research centres in Guinea.
Name
Organisation responsible
Size
: Ditinn State Farm
: State Secretariat for Livestock Production and Fisheries
: 1000 ha of natural pastures
Breeds and numbers : In 1987 there were 87 head of N'Dama and 50 N'Dama x Red Steppecrossbreds but the latter are being phased out
Objectives and activities
External aid
Genetic improvement of the N'Dama for milk and beef production and
draught purposes. The Centre was selected by the Mano River Union
(MRU) to implement the Programme for the Genetic Improvement of
Trypanotolerant Livestock
A feasibility study is envisaged prior to a request for funding by the EEC.
Name
Organisation responsible
Size
Famoyla State Farm
State Secretariat for Livestock Production and Fisheries.
1600 ha out of which 75 ha are cultivated and 80 ha are improved pastures.
Breeds and numbers
Objectives and activities
Crossbreeding has been discontinued and reconversion with pure N'Dama is
being carried out. In 1984, two thirds of the 60 head of cattle were N'Dama
and one-third were crossbreeds. The latter are being phased out.
Similar to those of Ditinn State Farm.
Name
Organisation responsible
Breeds and numbers
Foulaya National Agricultural Research Institute (INRAF)
State Secretariat for Research
Crossbreeding has been discontinued and reconversion using pure
N'Dama (50 head in 1983) is being carried out. The Centre was selected by
MRU to implement the Programme for the Genetic Improvement of
Trypanotolerant Livestock
Source: Ly (1985) and Sandc (personal communication, 1987).
A major project on the modernisation and development of the livestock sector is
currently being implemented. The objective of the four-year project is to increase meat
production by 75% and milk production by 95% within 20 years. It involves several phases one of
which is the improvement of the present state of the livestock sector and the introduction of a
private sector into livestock production development. A team of expatriate technical assistants, a
training centre and a vaccination production unit will also be provided under the project. The
66
total cost of the project to be funded by the World Bank, FAC, EEC, BADEA, the Government
of Guinea and direct contributions from beneficiaries is estimated at US$ 22 million
(Agri-Afrique, 1986a and 1986b; Marches Tropicawc, 1986).
It should also be emphasised that as part of its Programme for the Genetic
Improvement of Trypanotolerant Cattle, the Mano River Union has selected the N'Dama
Selection and Multiplication Centre at Boke, Ditinn State Farm and the National Agricultural
Research Institute as part of the network.
4.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agri-Afrique. 1986a. Guinea: Pret CCCE de 40 millions FF en faveur de Yilevage. Agri-Afrique 238, 6 May
1986.
Agri-Afrique. 1986b. Guinea: Vers la privatisation de VilevAgt. Agri-Afrique 244, 9 September 1986.
BDPA (Bureau pour le développement de la production agricole). 1985. Projet de développement de
I'ttevage. Vol I, Etude de faisabilité.
Devillard J M. 1985. Mission de consultation en genetique sur le centre de sélection, multiplication et
amélioration du troupeau bovin N'Dama de Boké (Guinea). UNDP/FAO/GUI/78/007 project. 5
May -7 June 1985.
Direction générale de l'élevage, Guinea. 1983. Rapport sur la culture attelée.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1983. Report to the Mano River Union ofa
preparatory assistance mission under the FAO Programmefor the Control ofAfrican Animal
Trypanosomiasis and Related Development. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1985. Questionnaire on African animal
trypanosomiasis in countries covered by Projects RAF/190-190/ITA. FAO projects
GCP/RAF/190-191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Ly B. 1985. Report on a consultation mission on the marketing and breeding oftrypanotolerant cattle. FAO
project GCP/RAF/190-191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Marchds Tropicaux. 1986. Guinée: Elevage, Prochaine privatisation. Marches Tropicawc 2125, 1 August 1986.
Moustapha A. 1986. Le Centre de selection du betail N'Dama, Boké. Report presented at the "Atelier de
travail sur les nouvelles techniques de lutte contre la trypanosomiase animate africaine " held in
Bamako, Mali, from 9-11 December 1985 under the FAO Programme for the Control of Animal
Trypanosomiasis. FAO projects GCP/RAF/190-191/JTA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Sande K. 1984. Country Report-Republic of Guinea. Presented at the first meeting to coordinate the activities
in West Africa of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related
Development held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
4.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
In view of the recent changes which have taken place in Guinea and which directly affected
livestock production, the situation in this sector cannot be easily evaluated. The figures contained
in this study, based on surveys and pilot censuses carried out in preparation for a national
livestock development project, are significantly higher than those for 1976-77. However, they do
give a better reflection of the actual situation.
With 45% of the total N'Dama population, Guinea accounts for the largest number of
N'Dama cattle.
Within the last few years, three significant events have occurred in the livestock
production sector:
67
• Liberalisation of the internal market with the suppression of State sales quotas
• Discontinuation of crossbreeding of N'Dama with exotic breeds, consequently giving
priority to projects on the improvement of the pure N'Dama breed
• The implementation in 1986 of a national project on the modernisation and
development of the livestock sector following numerous studies.
In the light of the above decisions, the prospects for livestock production in Guinea
appear promising and the country may be in a position once again to export improved N'Dama
breeding stock.

69
CHAPTER 5
SIERRA LEONE
5.1 BACKGROUND
The country is divided into three administrative provinces and the Western area which includes
the capital, Freetown.
Makeni is the capital of the Northern Province, Kenema of the Eastern Province and
Bo of the Southern Province.
Livestock activities are the responsibility of the Veterinary Division of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Natural Resources which is a merger of two ministries, the Ministry of National
Resources and the Ministry of Agriculture.
Data for the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Sierra Leone, 1984.
Human population (1984)
- number 3 700 000
2-density 51/km
Animal population (1984)
-cattle 333 181
- sheep 264 000
- goats 145 000
Source: For human population, official projection (+2.3%) based on the 1974 census.
For animal population, projection ( + 1.3% for sheep and goats and 0.0% for cattle)
based on the Hunting Technical Services Limited Report census (1979).
During area-specific surveys conducted by Luckins et al (1979), no tsetse species were
captured at Njala. G. palpalis was captured at Tcko and Musaia. According to a recent survey,
G. tachinoides is found in the Northern Province around Tcko (Carew, 1984).
5.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
An aerial animal population census was carried out by Hunting Technical Services Ltd in 1978.
The results were not available for publication in Volume 2 of this study and are presented in
Table 2 by province or district.
70
53 CATTLE
The majority of the cattle population in Sierra Leone (333 181 head) are of the trypanotolerant
N'Dama breed.
Table 2. Livestock distribution in Sierra Leone, 1978.
District Cattle Sheep Goats
Bo
Bonthe
Moyamba
Pujehun
Southern Province
Kailahun
Kenema
Kono
Eastern Province
Bombali
Kambia
Koinadugu
Port Loko
Tonkolili
Northern Province
Western Province
Total
2027
137
7 015
512
9 691
592
291
29 397
30 280
76 456
22037
151 455
30 815
11572
292 335
875
333 181
13 123
5 096
31525
11710
61454
6 828
21553
8 678
37 059
27 422
14 978
34 808
47 900
17 437
142 545
2 952
244 010
16 702
8 314
9 417
2 399
36 833
10 241
5 711
6 819
22 771
24 318
6 729
14 215
15 510
14 854
73 626
832
134062
Source: Hunting Technical Services Ltd (1979).
53.1 N'DAMA BREED CHARACTERISATION
5.3.1.1 PERFORMANCE TRAITS
The report of the Hunting Technical Services Ltd gives an age at first calving under village
conditions of 48 months, calving rate of 65%, mean herd mortality rate of 15%, mortality rate of
calves between 0 and 1 year of 45% and adult mortality rate of 3%.
Teko Livestock Station imported some Sahiwal in 1974 with the aim of improving the
milk production of the N'Dama. Data collected between 1971 and 1980 were analysed with the
assistance of ILCA (Carew et al, 1986) and give valuable information on the comparative
performance of the N'Dama, Sahiwal and their crossbreds.
The main results of this study are given in Table 3.
71
Table 3. Production traits of N'Dama, N'Dama x Sahiwal and Sahiwal at Teko station (estimated least squares means).
N'Dama Sahiwal N'Dama x Sahiwal
Age at first calving (months) 46.5 ± 0.7
Calving interval (days) 545
Calf mortality rate(%)
-perinatal 2
-0-6 months 6.4
- perinatal 8.4
and 0-6 months
-6-12 months 1.5
- adult cow mortality rate 0
Weight(kg)
- birth 14.9
- 3 months 35.3
- 6 months 49.9
- 9 months 63.0
- 12 months 75.5
- 15 months 84.5
- 18 months 94.4
- of mature cows: 208
- at calving 225
- 3 months after calving 192
- 6 months after calving 188
- 9 months after calving 191
ADG of calves (g/d)
- 0-6 months 194
-0-18 months 146
37.7 ± 1.2
4.7
25.5
30.2
23.8
62.5
97.9
129.6
152.2
191.3
218.8
395
336
321
337
411
361
32.4 ± 2.1
4
2.7
6.7
16.6
22.0
45.8
66.4
83.5
98.0
112.6
134.7
238
206
210
213
246
208
Source: Carew et al (1986).
5.3.1.2 PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
Table 4 summarises estimates of the main production traits of the N'Dama based on the index
defined in Volume I of the previous study.
Table 4. N'Dama productivity estimates at Teko station.
Adult females viability (%)
Calving percentage (%)
Calf viability to one year (%)
Calf weight at 1 year (kg)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg)
Adult females weight (kg)
Productivity index per 100 kg of cow per year (kg)
100
67
92.1
75.5
46.5
208
22.3
Source: Index compiled by authors.
In the study by Carew et al (1986), the following indices were calculated using a slightly
different method from that used to calculate earlier indexes:
Index 1: Calf weight at 6 months per cow per year calculated for each calving as the product of calf
weight at 6 months x 365 + calving interval
72
Index 2: Calf weight at 6 months per 100 kg of cow per year, calculated as index 1 + average weight
of cow x 100
Index 3: Total weight of calves at 6 months per 100 kg metabolic weight per cow per year, calculated
as index 1 + average cow weight raised to the power 0.73 x 100.
The results appear in Table 5.
Table 5. Productivity index by breed for the three breeds.
Index 1 Index 2 Index 3
N'Dama
N'Dama x Sahiwal
Sahiwal
35
39.6
67.8
19.7
21.8
21.1
80
90
101
Source: Carew et al (1986).
Furthermore, this study shows that for 6-month-old calves, the Sahiwal breed, compared
to the N'Dama, produces 13% more calves per cow per year, 11% more calves per 100 kg cow
maintained per year and 12% more calves per 100 kg metabolic weight per cow per year.
Compared to the N'Dama, productivity estimates for 6 month-old-calves produced by
the pure Sahiwal breed was 105% higher per cow per year, 16% higher per 100 kg of cow per
year and 34% higher per 100 kg metabolic weight per cow per year. It should, however, be
emphasised that these results were obtained under station conditions and may vary considerably
under other environmental conditions (Carew et al, 1986). There are no longer any pure Sahiwal
at Teko station.
53.2 DISEASES
In spite of vaccination campaigns conducted over the past 15 years, rinderpest and contagious
bovine pleuropneumonia are a major threat. In 1984, a "Protective vaccination campaign against
rinderpest" was funded by FAO as part of a cooperation programme for assistance project. In
January 1985, this project was followed by the Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC).
Although animal trypanosomiasis does not seem to be a major problem, a joint
FAO/IAEA mission was undertaken in 1986 at the request of the government to study the
possibility of using the release of sterile males to control african animal trypanosomiasis.
533 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
Through the activities of the Sierra Leone Work Oxen Project, started in 1978, work oxen are
now extensively used in the Northern Province. The project had trained 350 pairs of draught oxen
by the end of 1984, mainly in the Bombali and Koinadugu districts. With an estimated N'Dama
population of 330 000, the country can produce 40 000 draught oxen (Starkey, 1982). It has been
envisaged to establish Work Oxen Units in the other provinces with the Ministry of Agriculture
and Natural Resources which has been providing funds to the project since 1985, with the
participation of ODA (Shaw, 1985; Starkey, 1986).
5.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
No recent data on sheep and goats were available.
73
5.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
Musaia Stock Farm, Njala University College and Teko Station continue to carry out upgrading
and multiplication activities with N'Dama cattle. In 1983, Njala University maintained a herd of
210 N'Dama and Teko Station a herd of 60 N'Dama, 50 crossbreds and 15 Sahiwals. In 1986, the
last of the purebred Sahiwals had allegedly disappeared at this station. Data on Musaia Stock
Farm were not available.
There are a number of rural development projects referred to as IADP (Integrated
Agricultural Development Project) with a livestock production component. They include:
The Koinadugu Integrated Agricultural Development Project which should end in 1986
and is managed by Musaia Station.
The Northern Integrated Development Project manages the Malal Mara ranch which
has an area of 200 ha. In 1985, the ranch had a herd of 200 head. These two projects are managed
by the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Other Integrated Agricultural Development projects (IADP) include the Eastern Area
IADP and the Northwest IADP, neither of which has a livestock component (FAO, 1983).
Other developmental activities include the Work Oxen Project mentioned above and
the Mano River Union (MRU) Development Programme with several components: pastures and
forage resources, development of trypanotolerant cattle and sheep and pig production (Shaw,
1985).
A feasibility study was conducted recently by an FAO mission in the three MRU
countries on the establishment of a N'Dama Upgrading and Multiplication Centre Network
(Gyening, 1986). The centres selected for Sierra Leone are Musaia, Teko, Malal Mara and Njala
University.
An FAO mission is expected to visit Sierra Leone in September 1986, to identify a Small
Ruminants Production Development Project and an Integrated Livestock and Agricultural
Development Project.
5.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carew S F. 1984. Country Report: Sierra Leone. Presented at the first meeting to coordinate the activities in
West Africa of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related
Development held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Carew S F, Sandford J, Wissocq Y J, Durkin J and Trail J C M. 1986. N'Dama cattle production at Teko
Livestock Station, Sierra Leone and initial results from crossbreeding with Sahiwal. ILCA Bulletin
23:2-10.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1983. Report to the Mano River Union of a
preparatory assistance mission under the FAO Programme for the Control of African Animal
Trypanosomiasis and Related Development. Rome, Italy. 99 pp.
Gyening K 0. 1986. Consultant's report on trypanotolerant cattle in the Mano River Union States. FAO (Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Hunting Technical Services Limited. 1979. Report, 1979. Sierra Leone. Livestock development study. Volumes
I and II. Freetown, Sierra Lconc. 312 pp.
74
Kuckins A G, Mitchell D and Blasdalc P. 1979. T)\e status oftsetse and trypanosomiasis in Sierra Leone with
special reference to multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
Shaw A. 1985. Consultation Mission on the marketing and breeding of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO project
GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Starkcy P H. 1979. Draught Oxen Project. Background, proposals, progress. Sierra Leone Work Oxen Project,
Njala University College, Freetown, Sierra Leone. 16 pp.
Starkey P H. 1982. N'Dama cattle as draught animals in Sierra Leone. WorldAnimal Review (FAO) 42:19-26.
Starkey P H and Kann B. 1985. Animal traction in Sierra Leone. In: Poats S V, Lichte J, Oxley J, Russo S L
and Starkcy P H (eds), Animal traction in a farming systems perspective. A farming systems support
project networkshop, March 3-8, 1985, Kara, Togo. FSSP Network Report 1. FSSP (Farming
Systems Support Project), University of Florida, Florida, USA. pp. 35-36.
5.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
A detailed study including aerial surveys was carried out in 1978-79 on the livestock sector in
Sierra Leone. Even though the data presented in this study were collected several years ago, they
are evidently more representative of the current situation than previous data.
Additional data were obtained by analysing data for Teko Station on the production of
N'Dama raised under station conditions and on N'Dama x Sahiwal crossbreds. The disappearance
of the pure Sahiwal breed and the decreasing number of N'Dama x Sahiwal crossbreds indicate
that in spite of the relatively high performances obtained, crossbreeding between trypanotolerant
and trypanosusceptible breeds remain difficult to control even in a well controlled environment.
The continued participation of Sierra Leone in the joint Mano River Union
programme for the upgrading of the N'Dama would ensure that it continues to develop its cattle
breeding sector.
75
CHAPTER 6
LIBERIA
6.1 BACKGROUND
The National Livestock Bureau (NLB) of the Ministry of Agriculture is still in charge of the
livestock sector.
Data for human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Liberia, 1982/83.
Human population (1982)
-number 2 061498
-density 21.4/km2
Animal population (1983)
- cattle 12 600
-sheep 210 000
- goats 200 000
Source: For human population, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (1983). For animal population estimates,
National Bureau (1983) quoted by Shaw (1985).
According to Pabs-Garnon (1984), G. palpalpis, although distributed widely, is found
mainly in the north-east of the country. G. nigrofusca and G. fusca are found in the forest zones.
Detailed studies were conducted only in Bong and Sinoe counties (Pabs-Garnon, personal
communication, 1985).
6.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Livestock numbers by county are summarised in Table 2.
Table 2. Livestock numbers in Liberia, 1983.
Country Total % N'Dama Muturu
Bong 2346 18.6 1290 1056
Cape Mount 151 1.2 136 15
Grand Bassa 1200 9.67 976 224
Grand Gedeh 1762 13.96 1762 0
Lofa 824 6.53 824 (1
Maryland 2087 16.54 522 1565
Monteserrado 270 2.14 177 93
Nimba 716 5.67 716 0
Sinoe 3242 25.69 710 2534
Total 12600 100 7113 5487
Source: National Livestock Bureau, Liberia (1983) quoted by Shaw (1985).
76
The cattle population of Liberia—7113 N'Dama and 5487 Muturu—are exclusively of
the trypanotolerant breed. The N'Dama are found mainly in Bong (north) and Grand Gedeh
(south-east) counties and the Muturu in Maryland and Sinoe (south) counties.
The cattle populations of Grand Gedeh, Lofa and Nimba countries are wholly
trypanotolerant.
No recent data on small ruminant distribution are available.
6.3 CATTLE
6.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
6.3.1.1 LIBERIAN DWARF
No data on the productivity of this breed are available.
6.3.1.2 N'DAMA
Research on the performance traits of the N'Dama conducted at the Central Agricultural
Research Institute (CARI, 1983) gave an age of first calving of between 30 and 35 months, a
calving rate of 83% and a mortality rate of 27% for 0 to 1-year-old calves.
6.3.2 DISEASES
In 1983-84, Liberia implemented an Emergency Rinderpest Vaccination Programme as part of
an FAO technical cooperation assistance programme project (Shaw, 1985).
Pabs-Garnon (1984) indicated that T. brucei and T. congolense were isolated on
N'Dama and Muturu cattle.
6.33 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
No new data on herd management are available.
6.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
No recent data on production parameters for small ruminants could be obtained.
6.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
6.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The activities of the two research centres carrying out research on trypanotolerance are described
in Table 3.
77
Table 3. Research centres in Liberia.
Name : CAES (Central Agricultural Experimental Station) is now known as
CARI (Central Agricultural Research Institute).
resronsrtll'e11 : Livestock Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Monrovia
Size : 100 ha
Breeds and : 182 head, mainly N'Dama with some Muturu and N'Dama x Muturu crossbreds.
numbers 14 goats and 70 sheep.
Objective : Selection, multiplication and study of production parameters of the N'Dama and
Muturu breeds. Training centre for draught animals.
CARI has been selected as a multiplication and selection centre for N'Dama in
Liberia (as part of the Mano River Union Programme).
Name : College of Agriculture and Forestry (CAF)
S^T university of Liberia
Size : 100 ha
Breeds and : In 1980 the Brown Swiss were slaughtered and the number of
numbers cattle dropped to 6.
Source: Shaw (1985).
6.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
In 1984, the largest multiplication herds in Liberia were maintained by the Liberia Agricultural
Company in Bong county (200 head), David Moore Farm (300 head), Foya Unity Cooperative
(150 head) and Todec State Farm (100 head). Smaller livestock units are also maintained at Buto
Oil Corporation in Sinoe county (60 head), the United Methodist Church (35 head), Panama
Agricultural Training Centre (25 head) and Sasstown Project. Cattle breeds maintained in these
centres are of the N'Dama and Muturu types (Shaw, 1985).
Other large farms such as President Tubman Farm, Minister Phillip Farm, the Liberian
Government Farm, Firestone Plantation (ceded to CAF) and Bomittill Farm are no longer in
operation (Shaw, 1985).
6.53 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
FAO undertook a mission to formulate projects in the three countries of the Mano River Union
(MRU) (FAO, 1983).
In 1984, delegates from the three MRU countries participated in a workshop organised
with the assistance of FAO to study the possibility of establishing an N'Dama Improvement and
Multiplication Centre Network in the three countries.
A mission recently visited the three countries to promote the project (Gycning, 1986).
CARI, CAF, LAC, Todee, Foya and Mr Moore's Farm were selected to participate in the
network.
Other studies are also planned at the national level, the EEC intends to fund a
feasibility study shortly on the possibilities of increasing animal beef protein production. Within
this framework, an N'Dama Selection and Multiplication Centre, which will also distribute
animals to villages producers, will be set up. The possibility of developing animal traction will also
be studied.
78
The cost of the study is estimated at 75 000 ECUs (Shaw, 1985).
Finally, a mission is expected to visit the country by the end of 1986 to formulate an
integrated development project with a livestock component.
6.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
CARI (Central Agricultural Research Institute). 1983. 1981-1982, Annual Research Report. CARI, Suakoto,
Liberia.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1983. Report to the Mano River Union of
a preparatory assistance mission under the FAO Programme for the Control ofAfrican Animal
Trypanosomiasis and Related Development. Rome, Italy. 99 pp.
Gyening K 0. 1986. Consultant's report on trypanotolerant cattle in the Mano River Union States. FAO (Food
and Agriculture Orgainization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, Liberia. 1983. Economic survey ofLiberia 1982. Monrovia,
Liberia.
National Livestock Bureau, Liberia. 1985. Rules and regulations governing the importation ofanimals into
Liberia. Ministry of Agriculture, Monrovia, Liberia.
Pabs-Garnon L. 1985. Country Report-Liberia. Presented at the first meeting to coordinate the activities in
West Africa of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related
Development held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Shaw A. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and breeding of trypanotolerant cattle, FAO project
GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
6.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
While the sheep and goat populations have substantially increased during the study period, there
has been a dramatic fall in the number of cattle. However, in the absence of reliable census
figures, these figures should be analysed with some caution.
It should be noted that the drop in the cattle population is due to the rapid
disappearance of the Muturu rather than of the N'Dama. In fact, the Muturu population,
estimated at 15 000 head in 1976-77, has allegedly dropped to 5500 head by 1983. The studies
and projects envisaged by the EEC and the joint Mano River Union Project should help revitalise
cattle production in Liberia.
79
CHAPTER 7
MALI
7.1 BACKGROUND
In 1981, the Ministry of Rural Development (le Ministere du Developpement rural) was
restructured and is now the Ministry responsible for Rural Development (le Ministere charge du
Developpement rural). This ministry comprises the Animal Husbandry Department, the Water
Resources and Forestry Department and the National Cooperation Department. The Ministry is
also in charge of the National Institute for Animal Husbandry, Forestry and Hydrobiological
Research (INRZFH), the Mali Animal Husbandry and Beef Office (OMBEVI) and the Central
Veterinary Laboratory (LCV) responsible for the production of vaccines and animal health
research.
The country is divided into seven administrative regions and Bamako district,
corresponding to eight veterinary regions covering 46 sectors and 128 veterinary stations.
Table 1 gives data for human and animal populations for the country.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Mali.
Country Study area
Human population (1985)
- number 7 850 000
- density 6.3/km
Animal population
-cattle (1984) 6 663 000 2 099 000
- sheep ( 1983) 6 329 000 1 026 800
-goats (1983) 6 928 000 1 047 300
Sources: For human population, projections (+2.6 %) based on 1977 census figures. Directorate of Affairs. Economic
For cattle population, estimates of the National Livestock Directorate (DNE) (1983) (quoted by Assogbakpe,
1985); for small ruminants, OMBEVI (1984) from 1982 census.
Recent surveys on tsetse distribution were conducted by Ashton et al (1980) and
Okiwelu et al (1980).
According to Ashton et al (1980), the northern limit of G. tachinoides in Mali can be
defined by a line running from west to east south of the River Senegal, north of the Baoule river,
above the "Boucle de Baoule", north of Segou and then northwards to San. G. palpalis is found
in the south-east of the country. Its northern limits are defined by a line running from the point at
which the River Niger crosses the southern Malian border north towards the confluence of the
rivers Bafing and Bani then south towards the Mali border.
Distribution of G. morsitans submorsitans follows a continuous and discrete pattern.
The northern limits of continuous distribution of G. morsitans submorsitans is similar to
that of G. tachinoides and extends from the western border of Mali, northwards above the
"Boucle de Baoule" and thence southward just below Bamako crossing the border between
80
Mankono and Tingrela. Localised distributions of G. morsitans occur in the area of the Niger
between Bamako and Segou and in the region where the Bagoe and Bating rejoin the river Bani.
7.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Livestock numbers for the area in 1983 are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Livestock numbers and distribution in Mali ('000).
Cattle Small ruminants
Region
Cattle
total N'Dama %
Cross-
breds % Zebu % Sheep Goats
Kayes
Kayes 233 7 3 51 22 175 75 126.3 173.6
Bafoulab6 78 15 20 47 60 16 20 35.8 50
K6ni6ba 30 30 100 - - - - 17.3 14.5
Kita 53 28 23 20 36 5 9 13 13.8
Koulikoro
Koulikoro 65 7 10 34 53 24 37 52.3 52.5
Bamako 10 2 15 6 60 2 25 8.5 7.5
Kangaba 29 29 100 - - - - 9.6 7.8
Dioila 214 43 20 104 49 67 31 100 90.2
Segou
Segou 151 - - 21 14 130 86 157 237
San 79 - - - - 79 100 86 48
Tomiman 91 - - - - 91 100 105 35
Sikasso
Yanfolila 66 60 90 5 8 1 2 19.6 21.4
Bougouni 230 70 30 75 33 85 37 44.6 41
Kolondi6ba 160 24 15 69 43 67 42 44.7 45.6
Kadiolo 70 21 30 27 38 22 32 25.5 23.2
Sikasso 219 44 20 72 33 103 47 91.9 104.5
Koutiala 257 26 10 139 54 92 36 77.4 71.6
Yorosso 64 3 5 13 19 48 76 12.3 10.1
Total 2099 409 20 683 32 1007 48 1026.8 1047.3
Sources: Distribution of cattle by breed estimated by authors in consultation with the Directorate of National Livestock,
1984; OMBEV1, 1983 and 1984 for small ruminants.
There was a significant reduction in livestock numbers between 1972 and 1982 mainly
in Mopti, Timbucktu and Gao regions due to the combined effects of drought (shortage of
forage, insufficient water points) and necessary destocking (sales and slaughter) (FAO, 1982).
7.3 CATTLE
In 1985, the trypanotolerant cattle population was estimated at 409 000 head of N'Dama and
683 000 head of N'Dama x zebu crossbreds.
81
73.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
7.3.1.1 N'DAMA PERFORMANCE TRAITS
A survey was conducted in 1983 in the Sikasso region (DNE, 1983) to collect data on the
performance traits of N'Dama under village conditions. A total of 1814 cattle distributed in three
herd types (sedentary (S), short transhumant (t) and long transhumant (T)) were involved. The
major results obtained from the survey are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Performance traits of the N'Dama under village conditions.
S t T
Number of adult cows 1699 38 77
Age at first calving (years) 5 5 6
Calving rate (%) 62 66 84
-r 1.2 7.7 4.1
- extremes 60 to 64.7 50.9 to 81.6 74.4 to 92.9
Calving interval (months) 19.4 18.2 14.3
Mortality rate for 0-1-year-old
- female
calves (%)
16.2 16.7 38.9
-male 13.3 15.0 23.1
Adult mortality rate (%)
- female - 18.4 -
-male - 13.2 -
S = sedentary; t = short transhumant; T = long transhumant.
Source: DNE (1983).
Production traits for 1984 and 1985 for N'Dama raised at Madina Diassa ranch are
given in Table 4. The mortality quotient mentioned in the Table is the number of calves which die
in a year divided by the number of calves born in the same year.
Table 4. Performance traits of N'Dama raised at Madina Diassa ranch in 1984 and 1985.
1984 1986
Fertility rate (%) 58.7 54.8
Total mortality rate (%) 18.9
Mortality rate for male and female calves (%) 35.9
Mortality rate for 0-1 -year-old calves (%) 24.3
Mortality quotient for 0-1-year-old calves (%) 32.4 26.2
Birthweight (kg) 13.7 12.3
Weight at 30 days (kg) 12.7 ± 0.5 15
-male 22.3 ± 1.25
- female 20.4 ± 1.05
Average weight at 180 days (kg)
- male 65
- female 61.5
Weight at 205 days (kg) 60.54 ± 4.3
Weight at 550 days (kg) 97.6 ± 9.3 115 to 143
Average weight of adult males (kg) 300
Average weight of adult females (kg) 220
Average daily weight gain between 30 and 205 (lays (g/d) 216.4 ± 20
Average daily weight gain between 205 and 550 days (g/d) 122.7 ± 20
Sources: Planchenault (1985); FAO (1986a).
82
7.3.1.1.1 Index of productivity
Table 5 summarises estimates of the main production parameters required to calculate a
productivity index based on the total weight of 1-year-old calves produced per 100-kg cow
maintained per year. These productivity indices are based on data collected under village
conditions and on ranches in areas of high trypanosomiasis risk in which cattle are raised
primarily for beef.
Table 5. N'Dama productivity estimates.
Ranch Village
Cow viability (%) 87.8. 81.6
Calving rate (%) 54.8 62
Calf viability to 1 year (%) 75.7 83.8
Calf weight at 1 year (kg) (estimated) 120 81
Productivity index/cow/year (kg) 53 46.3
Cow weight (kg) 250 230
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year 21.1 20.2
Source: Indexes calculated by authors.
7.3.1.2 MERE OR BAMBARA
No recent data are available on the Mere.
7.3.1.3 OTHER CROSSBREDS
Recent data on the production parameters of N'Dama x exotic breeds are not available.
73.2 DISEASES
Rinderpest is currently a major problem particularly in areas bordering Mauritania.
In 1983 and 1984, Mali received assistance in the form of the "Emergency vaccination
campaign against rinderpest" and "Strengthening of the production capacity of the Central
Veterinary Laboratory" projects.
The report of the Directorate of Livestock and Animal Health sectors presented at an
FAO/CILSS meeting (FAO, 1986b) indicated that in 1985 there were persistent outbreaks of
rinderpest (20 foci), no focus of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, several outbreaks of
blackquarter (21 foci) and anthrax (11 foci) and of pasteurellosis (47 foci).
Studies carried out on animal trypanosomiasis in the Niger Basin between Bamako and
Segou (Awab et al, 1981) show cattle infection rate of 5.36% during the rainy season and 3.11%
during the dry season. The tsetse species found are T. vivax, followed by T. congolense and T.
brucei in that order.
733 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
Fattening and animal traction are developing at a satisfactory rate. The number of draught oxen
in the country in 1984 was estimated at 400 000 head. These animals are generally put to work
between age 3 and 9.
83
The livestock production component of the Mali Textile Company (CMDT) manages a
herd estimated at 200 000 draught oxen. About 10 Kuri cows and bulls were introduced recently
into the Bouganaba area in the Sikasso District to study the possibility of improving their
conformation (DNE, 1984a) .
A survey conducted in Sikasso region (DNE, 1983) analysed the composition of
sedentary herds (S), short transhumant herds (t) and long transhumant herds (T). The results are
given in Table 6.
Table 6. Herd composition in Sikasso region (%).
Number of herds
Total cattle number
Males
0-1 year
1-3 years
Entire adult males
Castrated adult males
Total
Females
0-1 year
1-3 years
Adults
Total
Sedentary herds; t = short transhumant herds; T = long transhumant herds.
Source: DNE (1983).
7.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
No recent data on the production parameters of sheep and goats have been obtained since the
last study.
7.5 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENT
7.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES AND PROGRAMMES
In June 1984, CRZ, Sotuba maintained 217 head of cattle 113 of which were Moor Zebu, 39
N'Dama and the remainder crossbreds. CRZ has discontinued its research on the pure N'Dama
breed. It is currently conducting studies on 1/2 Steppe Red, 1/4 Moor Zebu and 1/4 N'Dama
crossbreds. These crossbreds should subsequently be distributed in the Bamako region for dairy
production.
The Central Veterinary Laboratory (LCV) is the only institution currently conducting
research on Animal Trypanosomiasis in Mali. Its trypanosomiasis activities focus on research on
strategies for the use of trypanocidal products on various types of livestock. To this end, a study
on the effect of trypanocidal products on N'Dama productivity, partly financed by FAO, is
117 3 3
4879 124 216
8.6 8.1 6.0
10.6 12.9 15.7
3.6 3.2 3.3
19.0 10.5 2.8
41.8 34.7 27.8
9.9 13.7 8.3
13.5 21.0 19.9
34.8 30.6 44
58.2 65.3 72.2
84
currently being conducted at the Madina Diassa ranch. Preliminary results of this study indicate a
highly significant difference between treated and untreated groups (Traore, 1986).
Furthermore, LCV is implementing a chemopreventive programme for village herds in
Djinikorola and Yaban in Sikasso sector.
The entomological section of LCV, which is operated by entomologists of LCV and the
cx-Terres nouvelles project completed in 1981 (Diall, 1984) is currently participating in a tsetse
eradication trial using screens in Madina Diassa area, in collaboration with the Parasitology
Department of the School of Medicine.
Other activities include research on helminthology, bacteriology and virology.
Furthermore, LCV is still engaged in the production of vaccines (LCV, 1984).
7.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
The two N'Dama multiplication herds in Mali, maintained under Operation N'Dama Yanfolila
(ONDY) and Sikasso Tea Farm, are still in operation. In January 1987, the ONDY herd
consisted of 1706 N'Dama comprising 159 male calves, 137 female calves, 486 heifers, 243 steers,
641 cows and 40 bulls. FED funding, which was resumed in 1982 following a two-year break, was
discontinued during the first semester of 1987. The herd on Tea Farm remains static at around
140 head. It should be noted that since the herd was constituted in 1973, no new animals have
been introduced. Consequently, there has been an extremely high level of inbreeding
(Assogbakpe, 1985; Traore, personal communication, 1987).
No recent data are available on the Baguinda Integrated Development Operation.
The objectives of the Mali Livestock Sector Project are to strengthen the Central
Veterinary Laboratory and the National Directorate of Livestock with particular emphasis on
cold storage facilities, rural credit facilities for fattening animals under village conditions and
research on animal productivity conducted in collaboration with INRZFH and ILCA.
Furthermore, the project conducts research on tsetse and tick distributions and trypanosomes
control (vector-disease aspect). This five-year project, funded by USAID, commenced in August
1982 and is a continuation of Mali Livestock I and II projects.
The Mali South Livestock Development project covers Sikasso region, Dioila sector in
the Bamako region and the southern areas of Segou, San and Tominian sectors involving an area
of 100 000 km2 and in 1983, 1 692 600 head of cattle and 1 109 700 sheep and goats. Programme
activities included improvement of animal health services (construction of vaccination pens,
equipping of veterinary stations and pest control), fattening of livestock under village conditions,
providing credit facilities for the purchase of oxen and distribution of sires in the rural area. The
five-year project, funded by the EEC, commenced in 1979. An evaluation mission was
undertaken in July 1984 (SATEC, 1984). Due to marked discrepancies in the performance of
various phases funding was discontinued and the programme ended in December 1984.
The Livestock and Meat Credit Establishment (ECIBEV) is concerned with meat
production in some villages in Koulikoro region and operates a fcedlot in Tienfala, 30 km from
Bamako. It receives aid under the USAID sectoral project.
A study mission to prepare a Livestock Development Project in the Kayes south area
was undertaken in 1984. The establishment of an N'Dama Multiplication Station is envisaged as
part of this project (DNE, 1984b).
85
7.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ashton D R, Goodwin J T, Ba A and Cisse A. 1981. Tsetse distribution in the Republic of Mali. An interim
report. In: Sixteenth Meeting of the International Scientific Councilfor Trypanosomiasis Research
and Control, Yaounde (Cameroun), 1979. OAU/STRC Publication 111. OAU/STRC
(Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical and Research Commission), Nairobi, Kenya.
pp. 341-348.
Assogbakpe F. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle,
FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Awan M A Q, Maiga S, Bouare S and Telly A. 1981. The status ofbovine trypanosomiasis and seasonal
variation in its occurrence in Zone I (Niger Valley) of the Republic of Mali. Chemonics, Washington
D.C., USA. 90 pp + 8 figures.
Dhiver B and Piquier H. 1982. Mission d'assistance techique à la Directon National de l'Elevage pour le
suivi et l'évaluation du Projet de développement de l'élevage dans le sud-Mali. SATEC (Société
d'assistance technique et de conseil), Paris, France.
Diall O. 1985. Country Report: Mali. Presented at the first meeting to coordinate the activities in West Africa
of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related Development
held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
DNE (Direction national de l'élevage). 1983. Rapport d'une enquête réalisée à Sikasso en mai 1983 par la
cellule d'appui à la DNE.
DNE (Direction national de l'élevage). 1984a. Rapport sur la situation de l'élevage au Mali. Octobre 1984.
DNE (Direction national de l'élevage). 1984b. Mission d'étude d'un projet de développement de l'élevage dans
la zone de Kayes-sud.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1982. Republic of Mali. Report of the
multi-donor mission on thefood agriculture and livestock situation. OSRO: Report 01/83/E.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986a. Mission to Madina Diassa ranch
within the framework of the activities of FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986b. Consultants' report on the
improvement of animal health services in CILSS member countries. Vol II: Country reports and
project proposals. Consultations held in Banjul, The Gambia, 23-27 June 1986. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Laboratoire central vétérinaire (Central Veterinary Laboratory). 1984. Rapport d'activités du Laboratoire
Central Vétérinaire, année 1983.
Le Hazif J and Lobry J C. 1983. La viande d'embouche bovine au Mali. Production et étude du marché
d'exportation. BDPA (Bureau pour le développement de la production agricole) Paris, France. 99
pp.
Okiwelu S N, Van Wettere P and Maiga S. 1980. Distribution and ecology of the tsetse fly (Niger Valley).
Chemonics, Washington D.C., USA.
OMBEVI (Office malien du bétail et de la viande). 1983. Statistiques du bétail et de la viande, 1982.
OMBEVI, Mali.
OMBEVI (Office malien du bétail et de la viande). 1984. Répartition géographique des petits ruminants par
secteur et par région. OMBEVI, Mali.
Planchenault D. 1985. Rapport de mission au ranch de Madina Diassa. IEMVT/CIRAD (Institut d'élevage et
de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux/Centre de coopération international en recherche
agronomique pour le développement), Paris, France.
SATEC (Société d'assistance technique et de conseil). 1984. Mission d'évaluation du Projet de
Développement de l'élevage dans le sud-Mali. Colson F and Perron J. SATEC, Paris, France.
Shaw A P M and Kamate C. 1981. An economic evaluation of the trypanosomiasis problem in zone one.
Chemonics, Washington D.C., USA. 283 pp.
Traoré M. 1986. Technical Report. FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
86
USAID (United States Agency for International Development). 1982. Mali livestock sectorproject. Phase II.
Project paper.
7.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The significant difference between cattle population figures given in this volume and those for
1976-77 points once again the difficulty involved in obtaining reliable estimates when censuses
are not carried out. A small ruminant census carried out in 1982 shows that figures for 1976-77
were grossly underestimated.
Total cattle population in the study area increased at a steady rate of +16% from
1 810 000 head in 1977 to 2 099 000 head in 1984. However, distribution by breed changed
significantly, revealing a gradual and alarming disappearance of the N'Dama (N'Dama -12%,
zebu x N'Dama +31% and zebu +22%).
Since early 1987, and except for the CMDT draught oxen training operations in
Southern Mali Madina Diassa (ONDY) ranch has been the sole operation involved in
trypanotolerant livestock development in Mali following the end of the Mali South Livestock
Development Project, except for the CMDT draught oxen training operations in the area.
87
CHAPTER 8
BURKINA FASO
8.1 BACKGROUND
The Republic of Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso in August 1983.
The Directorate of Animal Husbandry is one of five technical directorates of the
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. It comprises four central departments: the
Department of Pastoral Resources, the Department of Animal Husbandry, the Animal Health
Department and the Animal Products Inspectorate. Three structures, the Laboratory for
Veterinary Research and Diagnosis, the National Veterinary Pharmacy (PHANAVET) and the
Tsetse Eradication School (ELAT) (FAO, 1986a) are also attached to the Ministry.
The Regional Development Offices (ORD) have been replaced by 1 1 Provincial
Agricultural Development Bodies (OPDA). The aim of these bodies is to develop agricultural
production (animal and crop) and they comprise all decentralised bodies of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry.
Data on human and animal populations of Burkina Faso are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Burkina Faso, 1984.
Country Study area
Human population (1984)
- number 6 836 000 5 600 000
- density 25.5/km2 27.5/km2
Animal population (1984)
-cattle 3 000 000 1800 000
- sheep 2 100 000 1 200 000
-goats 2645000 1825 000
Source: Livestock Division (quoted by Ly, 1985).
Specific surveys on tsetse distribution have been conducted recently. Cuisance et al
(1984) carried out a study in the Sidcradougou pastoral area and reported the presence of G.
palpalis gambiensis, G. tachinoides and G. morsitans submorsitans. According to an FAO survey
conducted in 1985-86 at Ceziet-Lanviera ranch near the village of Samorogouan, G. palpalis
gambiensis, G. morsitans submorsitans and G. tachinoides are found throughout this region
(FAO, 1986b).
Tsetse distribution surveys are also being conducted in Nouhao valley, within the
framework of an integrated development project in the Eastern-Central region, with the
assistance of GCP/RAF/191/ITA FAO project.
88
8.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
To facilitate comparisons with the last study and taking into account the fact that the new
administrative divisions still do not have all the statistics, livestock numbers for 1982 are given
under the former regions in Table 2.
Table 2. Livestock numbers and distribution in the former "departments" in 1982.
Department Cattle Sheep-Goats
Number %
Density
nb/km Number %
Density
nb/km
Sahel 574 000 20 15.6 797 000 18 21.6
Nord 129 195 4.5 10.5 310 030 7 25.2
Centre-Nord 258 390 9 11.9 664 350 15 30.8
Hauts-Bassins(*) 200 970 7 8.1 398 610 9 16.1
Centre-Ouest 258 390 9 22.9 265 740 6 10
Centre 315 810 11 14.4 354 320 8 16.1
Centre-Est 129 195 4.5 11.5 132 870 3 11.8
Est 373 230 13 7.5 442 900 10 8.9
Volta-Noire 373 230 13 11.3 531480 12 16.1
Sud-Ouest 129 195 4.5 7.4 265 740 6 15.2
Comoe 129 195 4.5 7 265 740 6 14.4
Total 2 871000 100 10.4 4 429 000 100 16.2
(*) Bobo-Dioulasso and Diebougou OPDA.
Source: Livestock Division statistical data (1984).
The 490 000 Mere or Baoule and 510 000 zebu x humpless cattle account for almost
two-thirds of the cattle population in Burkina Faso, the remaining 2 000 000 head being zebu.
The latter are found mainly in the north of the country. Their geographic distribution and the
degree of crossbreeding with humpless cattle depends on adaptability to the climate and their
susceptibility to diseases, in particular trypanosomiasis. However, in the Western region, where
the most fertile soils are found, the zebu can migrate far south during the dry season without
serious trypanosomiasis risk. Abundant pasture can be found and adequate health treatment is
provided (FAO, 1985).
8.3 CATTLE
A study of livestock in Burkina Faso was carried out in 1985 by the Sub-regional Development
Aid Unit as part of an FAO programme for the eradication of animal trypanosomiasis. Most of
the results presented below are from that study (FAO, 1985).
8.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
Distribution of the various breeds of cattle depends on latitude. The zebu is found in the north
and the humpless breeds in the south with a transition zone of crossbreds between the 11th and
12th parallels (roughly between the 900 and 1000 mm isohyetes).
89
The zebu population consists of two breeds, the Sudanian Fulani Zebu which makes up
almost the total cattle population and the Azouak, imported from Niger, of which there are only
about a thousand head (FAO, 1985).
8.3.1.1 MERE OR BAOULE PRODUCTION TRAITS
A recent study on the production traits of humpless cattle was carried out in Poni province
(Oumarou, 1986). The means for data collected on 51 herds consisting of 2498 head are given in
Table 3.
Table 3. Baoul6 production traits.
Fertility rate (n = 970) 57.7%
Age at first calving (n = 271) 56 months
Calving interval (n = 448) 17 months
Mortality rate of calves 7.3%
of heifers 4.6%
of cows 1.2%
Total 5.2%
Milk yield (n = 40) 300 ml/d
(250 - 600 ml)
Birthweight of males (n = 4) 9 - 13.5 kg
of females (n = 4) 9- 12 kg
mean(n =8) 11 kg
Weight at 5 months 39 kg
Adult cow weight (n = 5) 150 kg
Average carcass yield (n = 7) 42%
Source: Oumarou (1986).
8.3.1.1.1 Index of productivity
Table 4 summarises estimates of the main productivity index required to calculate a productivity
index giving the total weight of one year old calves produced per 100 kg of cow maintained per
year. This productivity index is based on data collected under village conditions with average
trypanosomiasis challenge for beef production.
Table 4. Baoul6 productivity estimates under village conditions.
Cow viability (%) 98.8
Calving rate (%) 57.7
Calf viability to one year (%) 92.7
Calf weight at one year (kg) 70 (a)
Annual milked-out yield (kg) 50 (a)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg) 33.1
Adult cow weight (kg) 50
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg) 28.6
(a) Estimates.
Source: Indexes calculated by authors.
90
8.3.1.2 ZEBU CROSSBREED X HUMPLESS CATTLE
No recent data on the productivity of crossbreds are available.
8.3.1.3 N'DAMA
The N'Dama breed is no longer found in Burkina Faso except for a few head kept on station and
some zebu x N'Dama crossbreds in the south-west of the country.
8.3.1.4 ZEBU PRODUCTION TRAITS
Several surveys have been conducted to estimate the major production parameters of livestock in
Burkina Faso (mainly zebu and zebu x humpless cattle crossbreds) (FAO, 1985). The results of
these surveys are given in Table 5.
Table 5. Zebu production traits.
Fertility rate (%) 60
Mortality rate (%)
0-1 year 25^0
1-3 years 3-10
Adults 3
Offtake (%) 11-12
Annual growth rate (%) 2
Source: FAO (1985).
8.3.1.4.1 Index of productivity
Table 6 gives the major estimated production parameters required to calculate a productivity
index giving the total weight of 1 -year-old calves produced per 100 kg of cow raised per year. This
index is based on data collected for beef production under village conditions with average
trypanosomiasis risk.
Tabic 6. Zebu productivity estimates under village conditions.
Adult female viability (%) 97
Calving rate (%) 60
Calf viability to one year (%) 60
Calf weight at 1 yr (kg) 120(a)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg) 43.8
Adult cow weight (kg) 280
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg) 15.6
(a) lislimatcs.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
8.3.1.5 AZOUAK AND ITS CROSSES
No recent data have been collected on this breed. However, the numbers remain small and most
are kept under station conditions.
91
83.2 DISEASES
In 1984 Burkina Faso carried out an "Emergency vaccination campaign against rinderpest" with
FAO assistance. According to the last report of the Department of Animal Health submitted at
an FAO/CILSS meeting (FAO, 1986), there were six reported foci of rinderpest in the central
and southern parts of the country during the first semester of 1986. In 1985 there were seven foci
in the north of the country alone. Isolated outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
were also reported and four foci were reported in 1985. Other diseases are pasteurellosis, anthrax
and blackquarter, tuberculosis and brucellosis.
Among parasitic diseases, trypanosomiasis is the major constraint to animal
productivity. Almost all herds are vaccinated against the major contagious diseases. Herds are
also treated with trypanocidal drugs when they migrate to tsetse- infested areas. In this regard,
the possibility of chemoresistance should be pointed out. According to a study carried out
between 1982 and 1984, in the Bobo Dioulasso area (Authie, 1984) 13 strains of T. congolense
were shown to be resistant to isometamidium, and seven of these were also resistant to Berenil.
833 HERD MANAGEMENT
The different animal husbandry systems in Burkina Faso are described in detail in an FAO study
on livestock production in this country (FAO, 1985). Data presented below complement those
presented in Volume 2 of this study .
8.3.3.1 HERD MANAGEMENT IN CROPPING AREAS
Sedentary livestock production is practised in the south Sudan pastoral area and in the central
region which has a high population density and by producers from traditionally pastoral ethnic
groups. Once settled, these herders get involved in supplementary activities such as farming or
trade, which require a fixed habitat.
In these regions livestock are generally owned by non- pastoralist ethnic groups
primarily engaged in farming (Silmi-Mossi, Mossi, Bissa, Lobi). This accounts for the fact of their
herds being sedentary.
The herds "home part" is the night park where the animals are generally guarded. The
location of the night park is changed from time to time and the droppings collected for use as
fertiliser on the pearl millet and sorghum fields of the producer/herder. Cattle graze mainly on
natural pastures. Supplementary feeding with agro-industrial byproducts is rare. Dairy cows and
sick animals are given a supplement of groundnut and cowpca haulms and millet and sorghum
bran. When herds arc kept for fattening, as is done by some farmers/herders in Pouytenga,
Namentenga Province, the animals are given a maize supplement almost throughout the year. In
September, some farmers take their herds out to "salt-lick areas" with a high content in sulphates
and calcium carbonates for a "salt cure". The well-known are found in the Sahel zone north of
Djelgodji.
8.3.3.2 TRANSHUMANCE
Livestock mobility (transhumance, nomadism, migration) is determined by ethnic group,
pastoralists lifestyle and habitat of origin. The Fulani in Oudalan are nomads. In the Sahel and
North Sudan zones and the Central region, however, they are transhumant pastoralists.
92
The Kcl Tamachcck (Tuaregs and Bella) are all nomads. The Silmi-Mossi in Mossi
country practise a very short transhumance and may be considered as sedentary.
Human and livestock migrations are practised primarily by producers in the Gondo
Burkinabe area, mainly in the west of Sourou (Barani District) who migrate to the Black Volta
area and those in Djclgodji area who migrate to Gourma. In the case of the latter, migration
along the north-east border of Mossi country has become a regular phenomenon since the 1973
drought.
Other areas of migrations may be found in west of Mossi country, particularly in Samo
country.
8.3.3.3 HERD COMPOSITION
Herds may be divided into three categories according to size and composition:
• herds in which the animals are owned by several farmers; the herds are generally sedentary
and never consist of more than 25 to 30 head
• herds composed of animals owned by a Fulani "producer/herdsman", and animals owned
by traders, farmers, civil servants. The average size is between 40 and 50 head
• herds owned mainly by a Fulani producer/owner. Herds of more than 120 head are divided
into two or three groups depending on the size of available family labour. Herds may consist
of between 10 and 200 head and sometimes 5000 head (FAO, 1985).
In 1986, FAO conducted a survey on herd composition in Gaoua region, on 51 Baoule
herds comprising 2498 head. The results are given in Table 7.
Table 7. Herd composition (%).
Females Males
Cows 35.5 Young bulls 6.8
Heifers 19.3 Steers 15.0
Female calves 9.2 Males calves 9.8
Castrates 4.4
Total 64 36
Source: Oumarou (1986).
8.3.3.3 ANIMAL TRACTION
Animal traction was introduced in Burkina Faso about 30 years ago and is extensively used in
areas in which cotton is cultivated (Bobo-Dioulasso, Dedougou). Few trypanotolerant cattle are
used and most draught animals are zebu or zebu x humpless cattle. The zebu is preferred because
it is easier to train, has a larger conformation and is found in large numbers in the humpless area.
The number of draught animals in the country is currently estimated at over 82 000 head
(P H Starkcy, Reading, UK, personal communication, 1986).
93
8.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
8.4.1 SHEEP
Production parameters collected during a Small Ruminants Breeding Programme in Yatenga and
Sahel ORDs in 1977 and quoted by Dissct (1985) are given in Table 8.
Table 8. Production parameters for Mossi and Fulani sheep.
Mossi sheep
13.5 months
Peul sheep
Age at first lambing 13-15 months
Cyclical prolificity 100.2% 100.3%
Annual fertility rate 103-105% 75-84%
Birth distribution 2/3-3/4 3/4
Cold season Cold season
Offtake 16.45% 19.5%
Source: Results of the Yatenga Small Ruminants Project, quoted by Disset (1985).
Production parameters for Djallonke sheep collected at Sondre-east Station are
presented in Table 9.
Table 9. Production traits for Djallonk6 sheep.
Age at first lambing
Lambing season
Fecundity rate
Cyclical prolificity rate
Fertility rate
Ewe productivity index
13-14 months
Throughout the year
97%
118%
115%
0.77-1.06 weaned lamb
Source: Results obtained at Sondr6-cast Ranch, quoted by Disset (1985).
8.4.2 GOATS
Performance traits obtained by the Programme for the Development of Small Ruminants in
Yatenga and Sahel ORDs in 1977 and quoted by Dissct (1985) are given in Table 10.
Table 10. Performance traits for Mossi and Fulani goats.
Age at first kidding
Annual fertility rate
Annual fertility rate
Kidding season
Offtake
Mossi goats Fulani goats
9-12 months -
107% 103%
91% 60-64%
Throughout
the year 52-56%
Cold season
21% 18.95%
Source: Results of the Yatenga Small Ruminants Project, quoted by Disset (1985).
<U
8.4.3 DISEASES
There are still pathological differences between the north and south of the country. Malnutrition
appears to be the major cause of disease in the north while the humid climate in the south is
responsible for certain diseases most of which are parasitic diseases. Rinderpest is found
throughout the country. Little information is available on other diseases (FAO, 1985).
8.4.4 HERD MANAGEMENT
The FAO report on animal husbandry in Burkina Faso describes various small ruminant
production systems (FAO, 1985). Systems vary from north to south or central.
In the north animals are herded throughout the year by herdsmen. Goats may be
allowed to graze freely during the dry season but are taken to water points at least once a day.
Stocking rates by hectare are well above average and with the recent drought, the goat, which
consumes even thorns, has been blamed for being destructive. A few night parks, milking or
veterinary treatment pens are sometimes constructed with thorn branches.
The animals may be given a supplement of millet stalks, wheat bran or cotton seeds.
In the central part of the country animals are herded only during the cropping season.
Following the harvest, they are allowed to roam around the compounds (zaka) consisting of
between one and five family units. An enclosure is constructed for the animals within the
compound. The droppings are collected from these enclosures once or twice a year for use as
manure in the fields. Crop residues are fed to the animals as a supplement.
In the south and south-west, the animals graze freely almost all year round. During the
cropping season, crops are protected from the animals which are confined to empty huts at night
as a precaution against theft. As the droppings are rarely used as manure, confinement huts are
never cleaned up.
Table 1 1 shows a typical herd composition.
Tabic 1 1. Typical herd composition for sheep and goats.
Sheep Goats
Males
Females
Breeding femclcs
0-1-ycar-old animals
Dam/young ratio
33.6 27.9
66.4 72.1
41.4 39.0
42.7 46.8
1:1 1:1.2
Source: FAO (1985).
95
8.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
8.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The Animal Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (CRTA) has been continuing its studies on the
biological control of G. palpalis gambiensis by the sterile male technique and the integrated
control of tsetse in the Sidcradougou area. The Centre is funded by France (IEMVT) and RFA
(GTZ). Since 1978 CRTA has been conducting a research programme on trypanotolcrance,
identification and characterisation of trypanotolerant animals and resistance transmission and
resistances mechanism. Furthermore, a cattle reproduction control programme with special
emphasis on reproduction physiology, artificial insemination and embryo transfer was introduced
in 1984.
The School for Tsetse Control (ELAT) is no longer funded by France and Germany,
but FAO provides funds for training technical staff for tsetse control organisations in the
subregion.
The Veterinary Research and and Diagnosis Laboratory has been renovated and
provided with laboratory equipment with funds provided by the Federal Republic of Germany.
The bacteriology, virology-serology and parasitology units are already in operation. France has
provided technical assistance for the preparation of an epidemiological map of the country
(FAO, 1986a).
The Burkinabe Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute (IBRAZ) has planned a
Livestock Research Programme to be implemented at Saria Agricultural Station in the
Sudano-Sahelian zone. The programme will focus mainly on small ruminants and the following
activities: improvement of local breeds, production systems and feed regimes. The four-year
project is estimated at 412 million CFA francs.
8.5.2 MULTIPLICATION AND EXTENSION
In 1985, Samandcni Station located near Bobo Dioulasso maintained 103 Baoulc and zebu x
Baoulc crossbreeds on 1 150 ha. The station has a stocking capacity of 250 cattle head. New
activity programmes are currently being studied (Kaboret, 1985).
Banankeledaga Station maintains almost 250 head of Baoule, zebu and N'Dama cattle
owned by CRTA and about 150 sheep belonging to the Directorate of Animal Husbandry.
Matourkou Training Centre and Farako-Ba Station maintain demonstration herds for
teaching purposes.
8.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
With regard to development projects presented in Volume 2, the Village Livestock Breeding
Project and Project to improve Village Herds in Banfora ORD have been completed.
The Voltas Basin Development Project (AW), and the Banfora Feed-lot and Work
Oxen Assistance Project continue their activities. The West Volta Livestock Project (PEOV)
continues its activities on beef production on a reduced scale. The project is directed by the Bobo
Dioulasso and Dedougou OPDA.
96
Since then, other trypanotolerant livestock projects have been set up. The main ones
are described in Table 12.
Table 12. Development projects.
Title and description Donor-cost (in '000 CFA)
Remarks/Duration
Development of Sondre-Est pastoral zone Donor:The Netherlands
Cost: 82 000
Duration : 1981 to 1984
Remarks : Mangua, implemented by AW
Livestock Project in Haut-Bassins and Como6 ORDs Donor : FED
Cost : 550 000
Duration: 1982 to 1985
Remarks : Sideradougou
Integrated rural development of Centre-Est ORD Donor : Italy-FAO
Cost: 13 117 000
Duration : 1983 to 1990
Remarks : 1 962 000 for livestock production including
500 000 CFA for the development of Nouhao
rangelands
Leo feedlot and pastoral zone Donor : The Netherlands
Cost : 210 000
Duration : 1980 to 1982
Remarks : Extended from 1983 to 1986.
Source: FAO (1985).
FAO implemented two regional projects in Burkina Faso funded by the Italian
Government in 1983 as part of the FAO Programme for the Control of African Animal
Trypanosomiasis and Development of Affected areas. The two projects, entitled "Improvement,
multiplication and conservation of trypanotolerant livestock in West Africa" and "Sub-regional
Support Unit for Development within the framework of the Programme for the Control of
African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Development" of Affected areas are based in
Ouagadougou. They provide methodological support in areas within their scope in various
countries of the subregion. Duration for both projects is five years.
In 1986, an FAO project formulation mission identified a project for the Control of
African Animal Trypanosomiasis in the Niger River Basin (Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso)
(FAO, 1986c) to be funded within the framework of the FAO programme for the control of
African animal trypanosomiasis. UNDP was approached and expressed interest in the project
which should begin in 1987.
Burkina Faso as well as the other countries of the "Conseil de l'Entente" received
assistance in 1987 from the FAO for the preparation of a transhumant movement map, as part of
a technical cooperation programme.
97
8.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Authie E. 1984. Mise en evidence d'une resistance aux trypanocides parmi des souches des Trypanosoma
congolense recemment isolees au Burkina. Reme d'elevage et de medecine veterinaire des pays
tropicaux, numero special. pp. 219-235.
Cuisance D, Politzar H, Tamboura I, Merot P and Lamarque G. 1984. Repartition des glossines dans la
zone pastorale d'accueil de Sideradougou, Burkina. Revue d'elevage et de medecine veterinaire des
pays tropicaux, numero special, pp. 99-1 14.
Direction de l'Elevage, Burkina Faso. 1984. Donnees statistiques.
Disset R. 1985. Etude particuliere de I'elevage des petits ruminants au Burkina Faso. Consultation mission for
FAO project GCP/RAF/191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986a. Consultants' report on the
improvement of animal health services in CILSS member countries. Vol II : Country reports and
project proposals. Consultations held in Banjul, The Gambia, 23-27 June 1986. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986b. Factfinding mission to
Ceziet-Lanviera Ranch. FAO project GCP/RAF/191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986c. Projet de lutte contre la
trypanosomiase animale africaine dans le Bassin du Fleuve Niger (respectivement au Niger, au Benin
et au Burkina Faso). Presentation du projet au programme des Nations Unies pour le
Developpement (Fonds Mondial de Developpement). FAO project GCP/RAF/191/ITA.
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Kaboret A. 1985. Etude de redynamisation de la station d'elevage bovin de Samandeni. Thesis submitted at
the end of a course sponsored by FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Ly B. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO project
GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Oumarou S. 1986. Contribution a I'Etude des parametres de I'elevage bovin (taurins) dans la province du Poni
(ou "pays Lobi"). Thesis submitted at the end of a course sponsored by FAO project
GCP/RAF/191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
8.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
Various reforms, including some in the livestock sector, are currently being carried out in Burkina
Faso, formerly Upper Volta.
Cattle, sheep and goat populations increased during the study period. However, cattle
distribution by breed has changed significantly. In 1977, zebu accounted for 33% of the cattle
population in this area. By 1984, this figure had increased to over 45%! The Shorthorn
population has remained static (484 000 head in 1977 and 490 000 head in 1983) and their
relative importance in national livestock production has decreased.
Major development projects are currently being implemented in the south of the
country. Their main objective, however, is not the development of Shorthorn production but the
development of reception areas for zebu migrating from the Sahel.
The main bodies currently working on trypanotolerant livestock in Burkina Faso are
CRTA, which is carrying out research on trypanotolerance in Burkina Faso, and FAO, which in
1982 implemented two regional projects as part of its Programme for the Control of African
Animal Trypanosomiasis and Development of Affected Areas.

99
CHAPTER 9
COTE D'lVOIRE
9.1 BACKGROUND
Yamoussoukro became the capital of Cote d'lvoire in 1983, replacing Abidjan.
The Ministry of Animal Production, created in 1966, was merged with the State
Secretariat for Agriculture (Le Secretariat d'Etat a l'Agriculture) in 1983 as the Ministry of Rural
Development (le Ministere du Developpement rural).
Following a re-organisation of the ministries in July 1986, two ministries, the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Ministry of Water Resources and Forestry, were created from the Ministry of
Agriculture, Water Resources and Forestry. The Ministry of Rural Development was
restructured to create two ministries: the Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of
Animal Production.
Data on human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Cote d'lvoire, 1985.
Human population (1985)
- number 10 187 000
-density 31.77/km2
Animal population (1985)
- cattle 922 000
- sheep 1 032 000
- goats 748 000
Sources: For human population: data for 1983, projections (+4.1%) based on 1975 census figures, Ministry of
Economy and Finance. For cattle, sheep and goat populations: the Directorate for Livestock
Production in the Ministry of Rural Development (MDR), 1985; Animal Production Development
Company (SODEPRA) (1985) and Sarniguet (1986).
A recent study on tsetse distribution in Ivory Coast Northern Savannah region was
carried out by FAO and GTZ in 1979/80. According to the survey, the riverine species G.palpalis
palpalis, G. palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides and the savannah species G. morsitans
submorsitans and G. longipalpis are found throughout the study area. G. fusca, G. medicorum, G.
palicera pallicera and G. palpalis are found in the south of the study area (UNDP-FAO/GTZ,
1982).
9.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Livestock numbers in each region in 1982 are given in Table 2.
In 1985, the national herd was estimated at 922 000 cattle out of which, 605 000 cattle
are found in the sedentary traditional system, farms and ranches and 317 000 in the transhumant
system.
100
The Northern region accounts for an estimated 86% of the cattle population, the
Southern region for 10% and South Forest region for 4%.
Tabic 2. Livestock numbers and distribution, 1985.
Numbers '7c
North Zone
- Transhumant
- Sedentary
- Farms and ranches
Subtotal for North
Centre Zone
- Humplcss cattle under traditional system
- Humplcss cattle on farms and ranches
- Subtotal for Centre Zone
West, South-east and South-west Zones
- Humpless cattle under traditional system
- Humpless cattle on farms and ranches
Subtotal for South Forest Zone
317000
455 900
23 800
796 700 86.5
90 500 Management
4 500
95 000 10.3
20 000 Management
9 500
29 500 3.2
Subtotal for farms and ranches 37 800 4.0
Rounded total
- Sedentary
-Transhumant
Total cattle number
605 000 65.8
317 000 34.2
922 000 100.0
Source: Sarniguet (1986).
Cattle numbers and distribution for 1985 by livestock production systems in Northern
region are given in Table 3.
Table 3. Cattle numbers and distribution in the Northern Departments, 1985.
Department Sedentary
livestock
Transhumant
livestock Work oxen
Stations and
ranches Total cattle
Touba
Biankouma
Seguela
Mankono
Odienne
Boundiali
Khorogo
Fcrkcssedougou
Bouna
9 700 - 500 - 10 200
6 300 - - 3000 9 300
3600 - 400 12600 16 600
5900 - 500 - 6 400
25 900 1400 2000 - 29 300
50 000 69 200 12 700 2 300 134 200
25 500 152 000 12 400 200 290 100
76 900 65 300 9 300 5 700 157 200
13900 27 200 400 - 141500
Total 417 700 315 100 38 200 23 800 794 800
Source: Sarniguet (1986).
Cattle distribution by breed in the Northern regions for the years 1979, 1982 and 1985
are shown in Table 4. The figures give an indication of the extent of zebu x humpless
crossbreeding operations in the northern part of the country.
101
The Table shows a significant decline in the number of Baoule from 73% of the cattle
population in the north in 1979 to 56% in 1985. This indicates an annual decrease of 4.5% per
year. At this rate, if no conservation measures are taken, the percentage will drop to 20% within
the next 20 years and the breed will become extinct within the next 40 years.
Table 4. Cattle numbers and distribution by breed in the northern region, 1985 (%).
1979 1982 1985
Region B
29
ND
68.5
M Z B ND M Z B ND M Z
Touba 2 0.5 11.5 83 5 0.5 16 78 5 1
Odienne 0.5 99.5 - - 0.2 99.8 - - 100 - -
Boundiali 78 13 6.5 2.5 70 18 3 9 69 7 15 9
Ferkesse dougou - - - - 86 3 11 1 76 6 17 1
Korhogo Nord 94 3 3 - 93 2 5 - 63 2 32 3
Korhogo Sud 72 2 23 3
Bouna 99 0.5 - 0.5 97 1.5 0.5 1 88 1 10 1
Total 73 23 3 1 67 27 4.5 1.5 56 25 16 3
B = Baoule; ND = N'Dama; C
Source: Hoste (1986).
Crossbred; Z = Zebu.
9.3 CATTLE
9.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
In 1985, the trypanotolerant cattle population of Cote d'lvoire was an estimated 672 000 head
comprising 138 000 N'Dama, 350 000 Baoule, 1000 Lagune and 183 000 zebu x humpless
crossbreds.
9.3.1.1 BAOULE PRODUCTION TRAITS
Landais and Poivey (1981) quoted a mortality rate of 18.3% for 0-1-year-old calves under village
conditions, including 4.2% dying before they are a month old and following a sample survey in 65
pens operated by SODEPRA Nord 1.3% for calves dying within three days of birth. Godet et al
(1981) estimate milk yield at between 130 and 150 kg for a 210-day lactation period (standard
deviation 122 days). Hoste et al (1983) give a milk yield of 400 kg (coefficient of variation 22%)
for a 210-day lactation period for cows at CRZ Bouake.
Khorogo CRZ studied average daily weight gain under village conditions for various
ages in Affouvassou, Centre region. The results are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Average daily weight gain (g/d) for calves in Affouvassou.
Age (months)
1 2 3 4 5 6 6-12 Cumul
ADG(g/d) 203 137 107
Numbers 32 32 32
110 127
32 32
180
32
76 110
3132
Source: CRZ, Khorogo (1980).
102
9.3.1.2 N'DAMA PRODUCTION TRAITS
In its technical annual report (SODEPRA, 1984), the Animal Production Development
Company gives various data for reproduction parameters and mortality rate for N'Dama.
Parameters collected under village conditions are given in Table 6 and those for ranches or
breeding stations in Table 7. Numbers and standard deviations are not given and these figures
should, therefore, be taken just as examples.
Table 6. N'Dama reproduction traits and mortality rate under village conditions (1984 data).
SODEPRA-North SODEPRA-Centre
Fecundity rate (%) 48 48.3
Mortality rate (%)
- Overall - 3.3
-0-1 -year-old calves 10.2
- Adults 3
Source: SODEPRA (1984).
Table 7. N'Dama reproduction traits and mortality rate ranch-reared, 1984.
Marahoue' Abokouamekro Sipilou
Fertility rate (%)
Fecundity rate (%)
Mortality rate -Overall
- Calves
Females -Heifers
- Breeding heifers
-Cows
Males - Male calves
- Steers
- Bulls
Source: SODEPRA (1984).
Godet et al (1981) give the following estimates for N'Dama milk yield under traditional
management: average milk yield of between 200 and 220 kg for a lactation period of 210 days
(standard deviation 122 days). Hoste et al (1983) gave a milk yield of 475 kg for CRZ, Bouake
(coefficient of variation of 22%) for a 210-day lactation period.
Data collected by SODEPRA (SODEPRA, 1984) for growth rate for calves raised on
ranch or breeding stations are given in Table 8.
A feedlot trial was conducted under breeding station conditions to determine the
potential for fattening N'Dama calves (Janssens, 1986). A total of 60 two-year-old N'Dama steers
were given a supplementary feed of cotton seeds, molasses and licking powder for 6 months.
Initial weight was 178 ± 8 kg and weight at the end of six maintained months was 225 ±_ 15 kg.
Average weight gain during the 6-month trial period was therefore 260 g/d.
60.3 53.3 47
64.6 55.9 47.6
7.3 15.1 11.1
7 26 10.1
8.12 i 8.6
2.96 /
12.8
7.7
4.94 7.2 17.3
8.4 i
12.8 15.5
9 J
5.6 7.2 8.7
103
Table 8. Growth rate for N'Dama calves under ranch or station conditions.
1. Data collected on Marahou6 ranch
Average weight (kg) at 9 months in breeding herd
- Males 103.3 kg
- Females 99.4 kg
Average weight(kg) at 9 months in ranch herd
- Males 98.3 kg
- Females 95 kg
2. Data collected on Noroningue Station
Age class Birth 2jii 6m 12m 18 m 24 m
n = 21 23 39 42 56 40
Weight (kg) 19.5 64 108 156 212 230
Source: SODEPRA (1984).
9.3.1.2.1 Index of productivity
Table 9 summarises estimates of the main production traits required to build up a
productivity index based on the total weight of 1-year-old calves per 100 kg of cow raised per
year. The index is based on data for beef production collected under ranch conditions with
average trypanosomiasis risk.
Table 9. N'Dama productivity estimates for beef production under ranch or station conditions with average
trypanosomiasis risk.
Adult females viability (%) 92.8
Calving rate 60.3
Calf viability to 1 year (%) 74
Calf weight at 1 year (kg) 127
Productivity index per cow per year (kg) 58.7
Cow weight (kg) 250 (a)
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per annum (kg) 23.5
(a) Estimates.
Source: Index calculated by authors.
9.3.1.3 MERE
No recent data are available on the Mere.
9.3.1.4 LAGUNE
No special studies on the Lagune breed have been carried out during the past 10 years.
9.3.1.5 ZEBU
Bonnet (1983-84) gave an estimated fertility rate of 55%, mortality rate for 0-1-year-old calves
of 8% and an abortion rate of 4%. These figures were obtained from a survey of 3500 head of
zebu from sedentary herds (Rombaut, personal communication).
104
9.3.2 DISEASES
The disease status in Cote d'lvoire is described in detail by Toure (1986). Rinderpest is a constant
threat and between 1983 and 1985 there were outbreaks of the disease in Ferkessedougou,
Djeriba, Niclle, Sanhala, Khorogo and Sinematiali regions. In 1984, seven cases of contagious
bovine pleuropneumonia were reported. There were outbreaks of anthrax and blackquarter in
the north-cast and north-west of the country in 1984. Bovine brucellosis, pasteurellosis and
tuberculosis remain major problems. There have been no recent reports of foot- and-mouth
disease and vaccination against this disease is not given.
Apart from trypanosomiasis, on which available data are sparse, few parasitic
epidemiology studies have been conducted although it is agreed that parasitic diseases are
widespread. Douati (1984) mentions a survey on animal diseases conducted by SODEPRA on
village humpless cattle in northern Cote d'lvoire which gives an infestation rate of 13% for 0 to 2-
year-old calves. The Tsetse Eradication Project gives a mean infestation rate of 25% in this
region for zebu calves.
9.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
Landais (1983) analysed the sex composition of nine herds comprising 1407 head in Khorogo
region. He reported that 24.6% were males and 75.5% were females. There were few males over
two years and even fewer bulls. In 1983, the Marahoue herd consisted females, 20.1% males and
9.1% calves.
The number of draught animals in 1983 was estimated at over 34 000 in the
cotton-producing region of which 27 700 were trained by SODEPRA Nord. In 1985, this scheme
handled an estimated 38 200 head of draught animals (Sarniguet, 1986).
9.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
9.4.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
9.4.1.1 SHEEP
Major efforts have been made to improve and develop small ruminant production in Cote
d'lvoire and recent data on production traits have been collected.
9.4.1.1.1 Performance traits
Bassewitz (1983) gives reproduction parameters and mortality rate for West African dwarf sheep
under improved village conditions and under pastoral management. These two animal husbandry
systems are more specific to the north of the country. In the first type of system the sheep are
given supplementary feed (see section on "Herd composition and management"). The data are
presented in Table 10.
Disset (1986) gives the reproduction traits and mortality rates obtained under villae
conditions. He gives a fertility rate of 106%, a lamb mortality rate of 3.7%, an adult mortality of
2.4% and an overall mortality rate of 6% (these figures are underestimates as some animals are
born and die without being included in the survey).
105
Table 10. Reproduction traits of West African dwarf sheep under improved village and pastoral management conditions
(weighted arithmetic means: 1980/81).
Improved village conditions Pastoral conditions
Number of lambings surveyed
Fertility rate (%)
Prolificity rate (%)
Mortality rate (%)
- Global
- Males
- Females
207
122
107
21
16
25
362
151
109
24
30
19
Source: Bassewitz (1983).
Data on the reproductive performance and mortality rate of West African dwarf sheep
under ranch or breeding station conditions are given in Table 11.
Table 11. Reproductive traits and mortality rate of West African dwarfsheep under ranch or breeding station conditions.
(*)1 2 3 4 5 6
Fertility rate (%) 80 121 138 144 200 142
Prolificity rate (%) 113 109 132 124
Mortality rate (%)
- Global 10 28.1 7.0 7.5
- Young 15.6 13.8 11.4 21.4 7.9
-Adults 6.8 1.5 11 2.7
Sources:(*) CRZ, Bouak6 (1982).
Herds managed by SODEPRA-Nord (SODEPRA, 1984).
Badikaha Semen Farm (SODEPRA, 1984).
National Sheep Breeding Centre (Disset, 1986).
Sud Forestier Project (SODEPRA, 1984).
Toumadi Sheep Production Scheme (Disset and Rombaut, 1986).
Table 12 contains data on the growth parameter of lambs raised under ranch or station
conditions presented by SODEPRA in its technical activities report for 1984.
Table 12. Growth parameter of lambs raised under ranch or breeding station conditions.
Data collected at the National Sheep Breeding Centre
Birthweight of
- Single litter males
- Twin litter males
- Male average
- Single litter females
-Twin litter females
- Female average
- Male and female average
- Weight at 80 days
-of males
- of females
- average
Average daily weight gain (g/d)
2.08
1.9
2.1
2.03
1.74
1.90
1.96
10.95
9.86
10.41
106
Weight(kg)
-of males
- of females
- average
Data collected at the Sud-est Forestier project
Birthweight (kg)
- of males
- of females
Weight at 3 months
19.84
16.79
18.13
1.9
1.8
11.3
Source: SODEPRA (1984).
106
Disset and Rombaut (1986) give information on lamb growth at Sodepalm Sheep Farm,
Toumodi. These data are given in Table 13.
Table 13. Growth parameters for sheep on SODEPALM Sheep Farm, Toumodi.
Birthweight (kg)
- Single-litter lambs 2.47
- Twin-litter lambs 2. 16
Weaning weight (kg)
- Single-litter lambs 14.9
- Twin-litter lambs 13.85
Source: Disset and Rombaut (1986).
Daily weight gain for male lambs of single and twin litter births by age class are given in
Table 14. Data were collected at Sodepalm Sheep Farm, Toumodi.
Table 14. Daily weight gain (DWG) of lambs by age class (g/d).
Ages
0-30 d 30-90 d 90-120 d 120-180 d 205 d
Single-litter birth 173.4 105
Twin-litter birth 142 90
100 98
87 99
Source: Sodepalm (1983-1984).
9.4.1.1.2 Productivity index
Table 15 summarises estimates of the main production traits required to calculate a productivity
index giving the total weight of 5-month-old lambs produced per 10 kg of ewe maintained per
year. This index is calculated from data collected at the National Sheep Breeding Centre.
Table 15. Productivity estimates.
Ewe viability (%) 95 (a)
Lambing rate (%) 137.5
Lamb viability to one year (%) 95
Lamb weight at 5 months (kg) 14 (a)
Productivity index per ewe per year (kg) 18.7
Ewe weight (kg) 25 (a)
Productivity index per 10 kg of ewe maintained per year 7.5
(a) Estimates.
Source: Index calculated by authors.
9.4.1.2 GOATS
This aspect of livestock production has been more or less neglected and no recent data could be
obtained.
107
9.4.2 DISEASES
Peste des petits ruminants is the most serious viral disease. In 1984, there were three outbreaks
involving 577 cases, of which 547 were fatal. A total of 21 731 doses of vaccine were injected to
small ruminants.
Sheep pasteurellosis is controlled with a limited rate of coverage (1126 immunisations
in 1984). The same applies for sheep pox and anthrax (Toure, 1986).
Nervous dysfunctions due to nutritional deficiencies are reported under intensive
farming conditions. Recently, cases of adenocarcinoma of the pituary mucosa, a disease with a
rapidly evolving morbidity rate were reported for the first time (Rombaut, personal
communication).
9.43 HERD MANAGEMENT
In his 1983 document, Bassewitz gives a detailed description of flock management in northern
Ivory Coast. New data contained in the report are summarised below. Bassewitz (1983) classifies
flock management under four systems: urban production system, Fulani pastoral production
system, improved traditional management system and the free-range system. Urban livestock
production is the most intensive of the traditional livestock production systems but involves only
5% of the sheep population. The animals, mainly Sahelian x West African dwarf crossbreeds,
freely graze by the roadside and on refuse during the day, returning at nightfall to be locked up in
mud huts. They are given a regular supplementary feed of corn, corn bran and cooking salt. This
type of animal husbandry system is practised more for prestige purposes and as an investment
rather than for commercial reasons.
Pastoral management became important following the sedentarisation of the Fulani in
Cote d'lvoire in 1972. An estimated 25% of the sheep population in the North are managed
under this semi-sedentary husbandry system. Flocks are herded during the day by the owner's
children and kept in an enclosure made up of thorn branches at night. This is a typical Sahelian
practice introduced by the nomadic Fulanis. Flocks are generally large and are given little or no
supplementary feed. However, traditional health care is provided. Flocks are raised for
commercial purposes.
Almost 70% of the sheep in the north of the country are managed under the improved
traditional management system. This system is practised mainly by the Senoufo in the north and
northeast. Its main features are night penning, organised distribution of supplements, health care
and herding by hired herdsmen or family members.
The free-range system is of minor importance in the north but widely practised in the
Guinea savanna and forest region. The animals, which are considered as an investment, live as
commensals are given no health care while being allowed to roam the village grazing by the
roadside and on household refuse. Consequently, they cause considerable damage to crops,
resulting in conflicts between farming and pastoral communities.
108
9.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
9.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
As a result of the cabinet reshuffling in July 1986, the Department of Education and Scientific
Research was divided up into four ministries: the Ministry of National Education, responsible for
Higher Secondary Education; the Ministry of Technical and Professional Training; the Ministry
of Primary Education and the Ministry of Scientific Research. Within this Ministry, animal
husbandry activities are carried out mainly by the Centre de recherche zootechnique (CRZ) de
Minankro, Bouake. In 1986, the centre, which is the Livestock Production Department of the
Institut des Savanes (IDESSA), maintained 200 N'Dama, 430 Baoule and 80 crossbreds of
various combinations. The National Artificial Insemination Centre (CNIA) and the Central
Laboratory for Animal Nutrition (LANCENA), which are structures of the Ministry of Livestock
Production, conduct studies on animal husbandry under field or laboratory conditions. CNIA is
under the Bingerville Animal Pathology Laboratory which carries out diagnostic work and
produces vaccines. LANCENA (06 BP 353) is situated within the Ecole Nationale Superieure
d'Agronomie at Abobo in the outskirts of Abidjan. It controls the quality of animal feed
produced in Cote d'lvoire and carries out analyses and research on the nutritive value of
feedstuff and digestibility of local products.
The National Sheep Centre (CNO) at Beoumi on Lake Koussou develops and
improves livestock production techniques and material. It also conducts studies on the nutritional
aspect of sheep production, improvement of pastures and selection of forages most suitable for
sheep production. It also serves as a control base for rams in the National Programme for the
Genetic Selection of West African Dwarf Sheep. The programme is partly Financed by FAC.
SODEPRA, in collaboration with the International Livestock Centre for Africa
(ILCA) and the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), carries out
research on the productivity and health of trypanotolerant cattle and small ruminants at Tengrela
and Boundiali within the framework of the African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network (ILCA,
1986). A small ecological laboratory has also been set up at Korhogo, as part of the Tsetse
Eradication Project being implemented with the collaboration of Germany (GTZ), to determine
the effect of insecticides on the fauna of regions in which the programme is being conducted. In
1986, the study programme of the project was concerned with testing new techniques for the
control of G. morsitans, studying the effect of chemical attractants on G. tachinoides and the
behaviour of G. longipalpis and G. palpalis palpalis (Douati, 1986).
9.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
Major livestock multiplication activities are still carried out by the Societe de developpement des
productions animales (SODEPRA) through its three N'Dama ranches described in Table 16.
SODEPRA is also responsible for "Commercial Cattle Operations" which aim to
develop various crossbreds to meet the demand for improved animals in Cote d'lvoire. This
project is being implemented in Noroningue and Panya stations and is presented in Table 17.
109
Table 16. SODEPRA ranches on which N'Dama cattle are bred.
Name Abokouam6kro Sipilou La Marahou6
Location Near Yamoussoukro
120 km south of Bouak6
Near Biankouma
north-west of Man
North-east
ofS6g61a
Organisation responsible SODEPRA SODEPRA SODEPRA
Size 12 000 ha 12 000 ha 99 160 ha of which
65 960 are usable
Breeds and numbers 3000 N'Dama (end 1984) 3465 N'Dama (end 1984) 12 212 N'Dama (in 1985)
Starting year 1962 1964 1975
Objectives Selection and multiplication
of the N'Dama breed
External aid FED
Source: Shaw (1985).
Table 17. Commercial cattle operations.
Name Panya Station Noroningue Station
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Near Boundiali
SODEPRA
9000 ha
2283 in 1984 of which 432 zebu, 282
N'Dama, 15 Ndamaze and 1554
Ndamaze.
Ndamaze production (N'Dama x
Zebu Gobra crossbreds)
BSIE and own resources
North of Ferkessedougou
SODEPRA
1200 ha
394 Ndamance and 332 N'Dama in
1984
Ndamance production (N'Dama x
Abondance crossbreds) Ndasie
production (cross between N'Dama
and Fleckvieh) BSIE and own
resources
Source: De Rochemontiex (1984); Shaw (1985).
The Ministry of Animal Production is also in charge of the following livestock centres:
Bingerville Livestock Centre in the southern region near Abidjan works mainly with
poultry and also provides training for producers.
Bingerville Animal Pathology Laboratory recently set up an artificial insemination
Centre for the collection and freezing of cattle semen and the collection and packaging
of ram semen. An insemination programme funded by the Belgian and Ivoirian
governments was initiated in 1986. The project aims to inseminate 25 000 sheep and
5000 head of cattle over a three-year period.
The National Sheep Centre whose objectives are: to develop and improve breeding
techniques, provide training for herders and specialised technicians, conduct selection of
the West African dwarf breed and supply producers with efficient breeding stock. In
1984, CNO had a flock of 2060 sheep and currently operates in association with six
private breeders selected as selection and multiplication breeders under the selection
programme (SODEPRA, 1984).
The Oil Palm Development Company (Palm Industrie) maintains over 7000 head of
cattle on five plantations located in the coastal area. In 1984, the herds consisted of 1000
Baoule and crossbreds on the Ehania plantation, 3000 N'Dama at Fresco, 800 N'Dama
at Bolo, 1500 N'Dama in December 1986.
110
• The Societe de developpement des palmiers a huile (SODEPALM) has a sheep
production programme at Toumodi. In 1986, the station had 5324 sheep. The
programme was launched in 1979, with joint funding jointly by FAC and CCCE.
External aid will cease in December 1986.
9.5.3 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
Livestock development activities are still carried out mainly by SODEPRA.
SODEPRA-nord (training of livestock producers in the Northern region) covers seven
areas: Touba, Odienne, Boundiali, Ferkessedougou, Bouna and Korhogo north and south.
The programme involves 417 700 head of sedentary and 315 100 head of transhumant
cattle, 38 200 draught oxen and 23 800 head of cattle raised on ranches or breeding stations.
External aid is provided by France (CCCE and FAC), Germany (GTZ), Belgium (AGCD),
(SODEPRA, 1985; Sarniguet, 1986). Since 1984, SODEPRA has also carried out the "Operation
of Zebu Training in the North" and "Operation of Sheep Production in the North".
The project to provide Training and Development of Breeding farms in the Central
Region covers five departments: Bouake, Katiola, Boundoukou, Dimbokro and Yamoussoukro.
In 1984 the project involved 54 252 head of cattle and 29 730 sheep. In 1985, funds were provided
by ADB for a four-year period.
SODEPRA is also responsible for the Ferkessedougou Commercial Feedlot Centre
which has fattened an estimated 7966 head of cattle. The project also trained 38 000 draught
oxen in collaboration with Ivorian Textiles Company (CIDT).
SODEPRA is also responsible for Badikaha Semen Farm, located 50 km southeast of
Khorogo. The farm has an area of 6732 ha and in 1982 maintained 1327 head of N'Dama,
Ndamance and Baoule. It will be the main multiplication centre for Ndamance breeding stock
from Noroningue.
Recently, three other development projects were implemented:
• The project to develop livestock production in the forest areas of the South-eastern
region, began in 1981, and is based in Abidjan. It is funded by CCCE.
• The project to develop livestock production in the forest area of the Western Region,
based in Gagnoa, was launched in 1984 and is funded by ADB.
• The project to develop livestock production in the forest areas of Ouest Region, based
at Man, was launched in 1983. It is funded by the Government of Belgium.
These three projects focus primarily on the development of intensive mixed farming and
short-cycle livestock breed.
No recent data are available for the Bandana Valley Development Project operated by
SODEPRA.
A National Sheep Selection Programme was launched in 1983. It is managed by the
Ministry of Animal Production and funded by FAC. The programme aims to improve the
conformation and sale weight of West African dwarf sheep (Humbert, 1984).
Finally, an important meeting was organised jointly by the government and FAO in 1986
in Bouake. The meeting followed a series of consultations in the field to define a strategy and a
Ill
plan of action for livestock development for the years 1986-2000. Several development projects
were identified during the meeting. The following involve cattle and small ruminant production:
Establishment of dairy teaching farms
Establishment of dairy production belts
Providing assistance in the production of veterinary vaccines
Animal Trypanosomiasis Control Project in Cote d'lvoire
Mobile veterinary diagnosis units
Extensive semi-industrial improved feeding operations
Pilot improved feeding and finishing operation in conjunction with animal traction in
cotton-producing areas
Mini-ranch operations
Baoule Selection and Multiplication Centre Project.
Funds are being sought for the various projects.
9.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bassewitz H G. 1983. Perspectives d'amelioration de I'elevage ovin villageois en zone soudanaise de I'Afrique
de I'Ouest, examinees par I'exemple de la Cote d'lvoire.
CRZ de Bouake. 1981. Contribution a l'etude des troupeaux villageois sedentaires du Nord Ivoirien: analyse de
la mortalite des veaux entre la naissance et un an.
CRZ dc Khorogo. 1980. Contribution a I'etude de la production laitiere et de la traite en elevage sedentaire,
village d'Affouvassou.
De Rochcmonteix. 1984. Elevage naisseurs dc Panya-Noroninguc. Rapport annuel (annual report) 1984.
Disset R. 1984. La promotion de I'elevage ovin en region du centre. Mission Report. CEL. POV 309, July 1984.
Disset R. 1986. Elevage ovin: la production ovine et caprine en Cote d'lvoire. Ministere du Developpcment
Rural, Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire.
Disset R and Rombaut D. 1986. Evaluation de I'elevage ovin de la SODEPALM a Toumoudi (Projet
Manioc/ovin). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
Douati A. 1985. Country report : Cote d'lvoire. Presented at the first meeting to coordinate the activities in
West Africa of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related
Development held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Orgainization
of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Douati A. 1986. Programme d'activite et budget previsionnel pour la campagne 1986. Projet "Lutte
antiglossinaire". Ministere du Developpcment rural.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Strategic et plan d'action pour le
Developpement de I'élevage en Cote d'lvoire. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations), Rome, Italy.
Godet G, Landais E, Poivey J P, Agabriel J and Mawudo W. 1981. La traite et la production laitiere dans les
troupeau villageois sedentaire au nord de la Cote d'lvoire. Revue d'elevage et de medecine
vetcrinaire des pays tropicaux 34(1):63-71.
Hoste C. 1986. Genetic improvement of ruminants in Cote d'lvoire. FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA.
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Hoste C, Cloc L, Deslandes P and Poivey J P. 1983. A study of milk production of suckling N'Dama and
Baoule cows in Cote d'lvoire and growth of their calves. Revue d'elevage et de medecine veterinaire
des pays tropicaux 36(2): 197-207.
Humbert J M. 1984. Le programme national de selection ovine de Cote d'lvoire. Report presented at the
"Journces techniques de reflexion sur I'elevage et la protection des pctits ruminants au Togo."
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
112
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986. The ILCA/ILRAD Trypanotolerance Network.
Situation Report, December 1985. Proceedings of a network meeting. ILCA, Nairobi, Kenya/ILCA,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 98 pp.
Janssens L. 1984. Encadrement etpromotion desfermes d'élevage dans le centre de la Côte d'Ivoire. Final
report.
Landais E. 1983. Analyse des systèmes d'élevage bovin sédentaire du Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire. Vol. II. Données
zootechniques et conclusions générales. IEMVT (Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des
pays tropicaux), Maisons Alfort, France. 759 pp.
MDR (Ministere du développement rural). 1984. Direction de l'Elevage, 1984. Rapport d'activités.
Sarniguet J. 1986. Stratégie et plan d'action pour le Développe ment de l'élevage. Consultant's Technical
Report on the economic aspect of livestock production.
SEDES (Société d'études et de développement des productions animales). 1985. Opération d'encadrement
des éleveurs du nord de la Côte d'Ivoire. Etude de faisabilité de la troisième phase de l'opération
1986-1990. Rapport définitif. SEDES, Paris, France.
Shaw A. 1985. Consultation Mission on the marketing and breeding of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO project
GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
SODEPRA (Société de développement des productions animales). 1984. Rapport des activités techniques.
Ministère du Développement Rural. Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Touré S M. 1986. Santé animale et Médecine vétérinaire préventive en Côte d'Ivoire. Bilan actuel 1985 et
prévisions de politique sanitaire. FAO project GCP/RAF/191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
UNDP-FAO/GTZ (United Nations Development Programme-Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations/German Agency for Technical Cooperation). 1982. Etude de {'infestation
glossinaire en Côte d'Ivoire. Cartographie de la répartition desglossines. Côte d'Ivoire, Ministere de
la production animale, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
9.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
In 1986, Côte d'Ivoire with FAO assistance developed a strategy and plan of action for national
livestock development. During that period various studies on all sectors and animal species were
published. The increase in the zebu population which numbered 107 000 head in 1977 should be
noted. In 1986, it was estimated at 250 000 head. The percentage of Baoulc in the
trypanotolerant population, compared to N'Dama, has decreased significantly due to a lack of
interest in the breed and crossbreeding with European breeds. The largest N'Dama ranch in
West Africa, with 12 000 head of N'Dama, is located in Côte d'Ivoire. A dairy programme using
N'Dama x Abondance crossbreds is currently being implemented in the vicinity of some large
towns.
Côte d'Ivoire has made major efforts to improve and develop its small ruminant
production. A major event in the subregion was the implementation of a National Sheep
Selection Programme in 1983 which has produced significant results. Improved West African
dwarf breeding rams may soon be on the international market.
113
CHAPTER 10
GHANA
10.1 BACKGROUND
In 1984, following a reorganisation of the regions, Upper Region was divided up into Upper East
Region and Upper West Region.
Recent data for the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Ghana, 1983 and 1984.
Human population (1984)
-number 12 205 574
-density 51.1/km2
Animal population(1983)
-cattle 1002015
-sheep 1554 760
- goat 1 282 677
Sources: For human population: population census office, Accra, 1984. For animal population, Veterinary Services,
Ministry of Agriculture, 1985.
Between 1979 and 1983 the Government of Ghana, in collaboration with the Federal
Republic of Germany, conducted a survey on tsetse distribution in the Upper and Northern
Region as part of the Ghanaian-German Tsetse Fly Control Project (Taylor, 1984; Gycning,
1985).
According to the survey, G. palpalis palpalis and G. tachinoides are found in areas
bordering the major rivers. However, tsetse infestation is relatively low except in areas around the
Red Volta which have a high level of infestation. The two riverine species are also found in the
Yendi, Tamale, Walewale and Bambilla areas in the Northern Region, and in Damongo and
Bole areas, where G. morsitans submortisans are also found.
10.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Table 2 gives estimates of livestock population by species and region as published by the Ministry
of Agriculture for 1983.
According to these figures, the distribution of cattle remains uneven. Upper and
Northern Regions account for 73.7% of the national herd and the plains of Greater Accra and
Volta Regions for 18.2%.
Sheep and goats are also heavily concentrated in the north. Upper and Northern Regions
account for 40% of the sheep and 40% of the goat populations.
114
Table 2. Livestock numbers in Ghana, 1983.
Region
Cattle Sheep Goats
Number % Number % Number %
Upper 392 597 39.1 339 353 21.8 303 085 23.6
Northern 348 349 34.8 276 016 17.8 238 063 18.5
Brong Ahafo 37 606 3.7 312651 20.2 274 691 21.4
Ashanti 11248 1.2 167 060 10.7 117 399 9.2
Western 4 306 0.4 203 353 13 96 936 7.6
Eastern 20 534 2.1 185 145 12 184 529 14.3
Volta 89 407 9 - -
Greater Accra 93 166 9.3 - -
Total 1002 015 100 1 554 760 100 1 282 677 100
Source: Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, 1984.
Table 3 gives the cattle, sheep and goat populations in Ghana between 1973 and 1983.
According to the Table, the animal population increased at a regular rate between 1973 and
1981. In 1982, the number fell due mainly to the effects of drought.
Table 3. Livestock population, 1973-S3.
Year Cattle Sheep Goats
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
729 448
744 602
776 608
790 601
823 661
835 912
857 004
876 841
947 112
924 697
1002 015
906 102
902 236
905 767
900 466
1 129 850
1 107 946
1314 664
1449 418
1672014
1 482 274
1 553 760
744 114
779 084
790 428
874 200
980 742
1314 664
1 303 889
1 303 889
1 406 970
1 215 059
1282677
Source: Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Agriculture, 1984.
10.3 CATTLE
Cattle breed distribution according to region in Ghana, estimated from census figures provided by
the Veterinary Services Department (1983), are given in Table 4.
Trypanotolerant cattle account for 86% of the cattle population of Ghana which is
estimated at over 1 000 000 head. The Ghana Shorthorn accounts for 83% of the trypanotolerant
cattle population, the N'Dama 3% and a nucleus herd of Muturu in the Western Region 0.03%.
The remainder of the national herd consists of Sanga cattle, a cross between WAS and
zebu (12.4%) and zebu cattle (0.8%). Zebu (White Fulani and Sokoto Gudali types), are
imported from Nigeria. Some Nellore Zebu have also been imported from Brazil.
115
Some state and privately owned farms still maintain some exotic breeds (Frisonne,
Jersey, Hereford) from countries with temperate climates.
Table 4. Cattle number and breed distribution in Ghana, 1983.
Region Zebus Sanga N'Dama Ghana S. Muturu Total
Upper 3 446 39 389 8 964 344 798 - 392 597
Northern 665 11 161 6 880 330 038 - 348 744
B/Ahafo 787 2196 3711 39 912 - 37 606
Ashanti 838 1484 1534 7 392 - 11248
Western 5 13 102 4 119 67 4 306
Central 4286 121 - 4 407
Eastern 811 6 580 2 852 10 291 - 20 534
Volta 526 29 337 3 871 55 673 - 89 407
S/Accra 1000 29992 2 247 59 927 - 93 166
Total 8 078 124 438 30 161 839 271 67 1002 015
% 0.8 12.42 3.02 83.76 0.03 100
Source: Veterinary Services Department, 1984.
Cattle production under traditional management accounts for 99.2% of the cattle
population of Ghana. Only 0.8% of the cattle population is raised on ranches or research stations.
10.3.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
The only recent data available are for the Ghana Shorthorn and the Sokoto Gudali Zebu.
10.3.1.1 GHANA SHORTHORN PRODUCTION TRAITS
Table 5 gives the major production parameters for Ghana Shorthorn maintained at the
Agricultural Research station, Legon, according to Millar (1979).
Table 5. Ghana Shorthorn production parameters.
Age at first calving
Interval between first and second calvings
Calving intervals
Calf mortality
47.9 i. 11-3 months (n = 33, cv = 25.7 %)
18.9 ± 8.9 months (n = 27, cv = 47.1 %)
16.7 ± 1.7 months (n = 82, cv = 10.2 %)
109 calves, 10 pre-weaning deaths = 10 %
Source: Millar (1979).
10.3.1.1.1 Productivity index
Estimates of the major production parameters required to calculate a productivity index going
total weight of one year old calves per 100 kg of cow maintained per year are given in Table 6.
This index is based on data collected at the Agricultural Research Station, Legon, and on
estimates.
116
Tabic 6. Ghana Shorthorn productivity estimates.
Adult cow viability
Calving rate (%)
Calf viability to one year (%)
Calf weight at one year (kg)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg)
Cow weight (kg)
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg)
96(a)
71
90
135(a)
88
180(a)
48.8
(a) Estimates.
Source: Index calculated by authors.
10.3.1.2 GHANAIAN SANGA
No recent data for production parameters for this breed are available.
10.3.1.3 N'DAMA
Recent data on N'Dama are not available.
10.3.1.4 WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHORTHORN
No recent data have been collected on this breed.
10.3.1.5 ZEBU PRODUCTION TRAITS
The different parameters obtained for Ghana Shorthorn were compared with those for Sokoto
Gudali Zebu raised under similar conditions. The data are given in Table 7.
Table 7. Sokoto Gudali Zebu production traits.
Age at first calving
Interval between first and second calving
Calving interval
Calf mortality
43.4 + 7.9 months (n = 24, cv = 18.2 %)
17.1 ± 7.5 months (n = 27, cv = 44.1%)
15.6 ± 2.4 months (n = 27, cv = 15.4 %)
129 calves, 8 preweaning deaths = 6.2 %)
Source: Millar (1979).
10.3.1.5.1 Productivity index
Productivity index for Sokoto Gudali Zebu based on the production traits given above and on
estimates are presented in Table 8.
Table 8. Sokoto Gudali Zebu productivity estimates.
Adult cow viability (%)
Calving rate (%)
Calf viability to one year (%)
Calf weight at one year (kg)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg)
Cow weight
Productivity index/100-kg cow maintained/annum (kg)
95(a)
76
93.8
100(a)
71.1
180 (a)
40.6
(a) Estimates.
Source: Index calculated by authors.
117
103.2 DISEASES
Rinderpest and other endemic diseases such as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia,
streptothricosis, trypanosomiases and anthrax are under control. Gyening (1985) noted that
25 482 trypanosomiasis treatments were provided by the health unit of the Department of
Veterinary Services in 1982.
1033 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
In the 1930s animal traction was introduced into Upper Region and used by 3000 farmers.
However, with the introduction of mechanised farming in 1957, the use of draught power which
was promising fell sharply.
Its use was encouraged in Pong Tamale Region in the north in 1970 when difficulties
were encountered in obtaining spare parts for tractors. Assistance was provided by various
missions including GTZ, with the support of the Government.
The Ghanaian German Agricultural Development Project (GGADP) was started in
1974 in the Northern and Upper Regions. In December 1979, there were 5000 farms in the
Northern Region and 1000 in the Upper Region using animal traction (Munzinger, 1982; Norrip
Technical Unit and Wardrop Deloitte, 1984). According to Starkey, the number of draught oxen
in 1986 was estimated at 20 000 head (P H Starkey, Reading, UK, personal communication, 1986).
10.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
10.4.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
10.4.1.1 SHEEP PRODUCTION TRAITS
Recent data for productivity performance of West African Dwarf Shorthorn (WAD) and
Nungua Blackhead (NBH) are given in Table 9.
Table 9. West African Dwarf (WAD) and Nungua Blackhead (NBH) productivity traits.
\f~~~ WAD standard ,, „ NBH standardMean deviation Mean deviation
Fertility 0.79 0.17 0.72 0.14
Prolificacy 1.51 0.26 1.02 0.2
% of lambs surviving after weaning 0.84 0.11 0.94 0.05
Lambing % per ewe serviced 1.19 0.31 0.89 0.26
Birthweight (kg) 1.3 0.09 2.2 0.07
Weight at weaning (kg) 5.8 0.28 9.8 0.24
Source: Ngere et al (1981).
10.4.1.2 GOATS
No recent data could be obtained on goats.
118
10.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
10.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The research stations of the University of Ghana, Kumasi University and Achimota Animal
Research Institute continue to carry out their various research activities.
Recent data for agricultural stations of the University of Ghana are unavailable.
10.5.2 DEVELOPMENT AND MULTIPLICATION ACTIVITIES
There are no recent data on livestock numbers on State Farms, Animal Husbandry Farms, Shai
Hills Ranch or ranches operated by the Ghana Livestock Company.
Of the 12 farms managed by the Animal Husbandry Service, five have ceased operation.
Artificial insemination of cattle, within the framework of development activities in
breeding stations, are no longer carried out at the following research stations:
• Sogakope in Volta Region
• Pong Tamale in Northern Region
• Kasua in Greater Region.
Semen from Brahman, Droughtmaster, Bradford, Frisonne and Sahiwal breeds,
imported from Kenya, was used in the three stations.
No recent data could be obtained on the livestock production aspect of the
Ghanaian-German Fertilising Project.
Development activities in Northern Region are carried out by two important
institutions, the Upper Region Agricultural Development Programme (URADEP) started in
1977 and the Northern Region Integrated Programme (NORRIP) launched in 1970.
URADEP aims to improve agricultural production by initiating various integrated rural
development programmes in Upper Region. This body was funded by the World Bank, Britain
and the Federal Republic of Germany. NORRIP, which is funded by CIDA, conducts similar
activities in the Northern Region.
In 1983 the Sheep and Goat Production Development Project being implemented on
Ejura Farm maintained 880 sheep and 140 goats. Most of the ewes are crossed with the Sahel
breed with the aim of improving format, and distributing taller animals to village breeders. The
project also aims to improve traditional livestock management in seven villages (Vallerand, 1983).
Other stations involved in sheep and goat production are The Sheep and Goat Diseases
Research Station at Techiman which has 400 animals including 180 ewes and 12 goats, and the
Juaso Sheep Production on Oil Palm Plantation Station, which maintains 320 sheep.
With regard to new activities, the Aveyime Cattle Breeding Project, launched in 1974
with 50 head of cattle and the assistance of the Government of Italy, was revitalised in November
1984 with funding from EEC and 1200 head of cattle. This number is expected to reach 2000
head by the end of the fifth year of the project.
Its primary objective is beef production. However, it will also be involved in intensive
training and extension activities designed to help local farmers improve their beef production.
119
A new company, Wulugu Livestock Company established in 1980, is also involved in
livestock production. Located in Northern Region, 80% of its funds are provided by the Bank of
Ghana. It maintains 700 head of West African Shorthorn and its objectives are to provide rural
breeding stock draught animals and assistance to traditional farmers.
In 1985, as part of its Animal Trypanosomiasis Control and Related Development
Programme, an FAO Project Formulating Mission visited Ghana to assist the Ghana
Government in planning "Development in Onchocercosis Freed Areas of Northern and Upper
Regions " projects. Consequently, the following projects were formulated:
• Livestock Development Assistance in Onchocercosis-Freed Resettlement Areas of
North Ghana
• West African Shorthorn Breeding and Selection Centre. Training and Technical
Assistance Centre for the extension service of the Animal Husbandry Department
(FAO, 1985).
A second FAO mission visited Ghana in 1986, to conduct feasibility studies on the
second project (FAO, 1986).
10.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Animal Husbandry Department, Ghana. 1985. Livestock statistics 1979-1984.
Assogbakpe F. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant livestock.
FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1985. Mission report on livestock
development in onchocerciasis control/tsetse areas of Ghana. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Feasibility studyfor "improvement
andpromotion centre for the West African Shorthorn Cattle breed". FAO projects
GCP/RAF/190-191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Gyening K 0. 1985. Desk study for preparatory assistance mission to Ghana.
Millar D. 1979. Relationship between inbreeding levels and some reproductive performance traits in West
African Shorthorn and Sokoto Gudali cows at Agricultural Research Station, Legon. Department of
Animal Science, Ghana University, Legon, Ghana. 52 pp.
Ngere L O and Aboagye G. 1981. Reproductive performance of the West African Dwarf and the Nungua
Blackhead sheep of Ghana. Animal Production (UK) 33:249-252.
Norrip Technical Unit and Wardrop Deloitte. 1984. Programme Proposal No. 8. Animal traction, IDA 2
and 3, July.
Taylor J K. 1985. Ghana country report. Presented at the first coordinating meeting of the activities in West
Africa of the Programme for African Animal Trypanosomiasis Control and Development of
Affected Areas held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Vallerand F. 1983. Mission report to West Africa (Togo, Ghana, Cote d'lvoire). FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
Veterinary Services Department, Ghana. 1984. Livestock disease control statistics 1973-1983, Appendices
A,B,C.
10.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The livestock population increased steadily during the study period. The West African Shorthorn
remains the dominant cattle breed, accounting for 84% of the total cattle population. Compared
120
with neighbouring countries, the zebu and zebu x Shorthorn populations have not increased in
Ghana (at least until 1983, when data were last available).
The government is currently making major efforts to develop and support livestock
production in the northern part of the country. With the creation of Upper West Region and the
priority accorded to it in development activities, a programme to improve and develop the West
African Shorthorn should be introduced shortly. The programme would trigger awareness among
producers about the need to conserve their animals as pure breds and improve their format to
meet the increasing demand for draught animals.
121
CHAPTER 11
TOGO
11.1 BACKGROUND
The Ministry of Rural Development is still responsible for eight Directorates. Three of which are
concerned with animal production. These are the General Directorate of Rural Development,
the Directorate for Animal Production and the Avetonou Research and Animal Production
Centre (CREAT) are concerned with livestock production. The Veterinary Services and Animal
Health Directorate remain under the Ministry of Rural Development.
Data on human and animal populations for the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Togo, 1984 and 1985.
Human population (1985)
- number 3 015 000
- density 53.1/km2
Animal population (1984)
-cattle 246 893
- sheep 620 772
-goats 734 937
Sources: For human population: projections (+ 2.8%) for 1985 based on 1981 census figures.
For animal population: 1984 estimates, Directorate of Veterinary Services and Animal Health.
According to a Tsetse Distribution Survey conducted by Mawuena in Southern Togo
(Mawuena, 1981), G. tachinoides is found up to its southern distribution boundary at 645' latitude
North (near Avetonou) and G. palpalispalpalis.as far down as the coast (615' N). As far as the
morsitans group is concerned, G. longipalpis was trapped only at Egbi, near Avetonou.
11.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
The distribution of livestock in the five regions is shown in Table 2.1. The cattle population is
concentrated largely in the north, with Savanes and Kara Regions accounting for 70% of the
national herd.
Table 2. 1 Cattle distribution in Togo, 1984.
7
Regions Total numbers % of national herd Stocking density/km
Savanes 82 234 33.4 9.5
Kara 71586 29.0 15.9
Centre 36 500 14.8 1.8
Plateaux 41711 16.8 2.4
Maritime 14 862 6^0 2A
Total 246 893 100 43
Source: Directorate of Veterinary and Animal Health Services (Direction des services v6tdrinaires et de la santd
animale), 1984.
122
The distribution of sheep and goats in the five regions is given in Table 2.2. The
Table indicates that there are seven times as many small ruminants as cattle in the country,
concentrated mainly in the Savanes and Maritime Regions.
Table 2.2 Sheep and goat distribution in Togo, 1984.
Total numbers ^eep stocking Numbers % of national g^ numbers % of nationalRegion density hd/km herd herd
Savanes 260 220 30 138 677 22.1 121 543 16.6
Kara 125 791 27.9 67 413 10.9 58 378 7.9
Centre 219 300 10.9 101300 16.4 118000 16.1
Plateaux 242 898 14.4 114 882 18.6 128016 17.4
Maritime 507 500 74 198 500 32.0 309 000 42
Total 1 355 709 23.8 620 772 100 734 937 100
Source: Directorate of Veterinary and Animal Health Services (1984).
11.3 CATTLE
113.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
In 1984, the trypanotolerant cattle population of Togo was 242 000 head comprising 5000
N'Dama, 158 000 Somba, 2500 Lagune and 76 500 Borgou. Exotic breeds such as German Brown,
German Yellow, Gir and Guzen Zebu have either disappeared or are disappearing.
11.3.1.1 LAGUNE
Recent data collected on the measurements of this breed in Maritime Region (Agbemelo, 1983)
are given in Table 3.
Table 3. Measurements of Lagune by age class and sex.
Height at withers Chest girth Scapulo-ischial length
1-2 years Male(n=20)
Female (n=25)
2-3 years Male (n=13)
Female (n=39)
3-4 years Male (n= 13)
Female (n=27)
>4 years Male(n=8)
Female
Source: Agbemelo (1983).
86.20 ±2.54
82.18 ±2.5
91.15 ±2.95
89.38 ±2.27
93.66 ±2.1
92.0 ± 1.52
99.12 ±2.15
96.38 ±0.89
106.05 ±5.73
102.48 ±4.37
11 1.30 ±4.2
108.54 ±3.82
125.07 ±3.83
121.81 ±2.62
137.25 ±8.95
132.65 ±0.99
95.50 ±4. 18
91.88 ±3.45
99.10 ±5.48
93.87 ±3. 14
110.36 ±2.94
105.55 ±3.25
121.37 ±6.13
119.20 ±1.29
123
11.3.1.1.1 Production traits
Table 4 gives some production parameters for cattle raised under traditional management
recorded by Agbemelo (1983) in Maritime Region. Standard deviations are not given and the
values should therefore be taken as examples.
Table 4. Lagune production traits.
Fecundity rate (%) (n = 54) 43
Age at first calving (year) 3.5-4
Calving interval (months) 24
Male calf mortality rate (%) 37.9
Female calf mortality rate (%) 31.4
Heifer mortality rate (%) 0.85
Adult mortality rate (%) 1.21
Daily milk yield (kg) (n = 23) 1.5
- during a 225-day lactation period 295.3
Weight of animals (kg)
1 to 2 years old (n = 53) 96
2 to 3 years old (n = 120) 111
3 to 4 years old (n = 130) 157
4 to 8 years old (n = 191) 209
Source: Agbemelo (1983).
11.3.1.1.2 Productivity index
Table 5 summarises estimates of the main production traits required to build up a productivity
index based on total weight of one year old calves per 100 kg of cow maintained per annum. The
index is calculated from data given above and from estimates.
Table 5. Lagune productivity estimates under village conditions.
Cow viability (%) 98(a)
Calving rate (%) 43
Calf viability to one year (%) 66(a)
Calf weight at one year (kg) 96
Productivity index per cow per year (kg) 27.5
Cow weight (kg) 157
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg) 17.5
(a) Estimates.
Source: Index calculated by authors.
11.3.1.2 SOMBA
Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11 contain data for fecundity and mortality rates and calf weight gain for
Somba maintained at CREAT. Avegan (1984) collected data on Somba cow milk production on
25 animals. Total milk yield over a lactation period of 143 ±. 6 days was 228.5 +. 22.4 kg.
124
11.3.1.3 BORGOU
No recent data on Borgou production traits are available.
11.3.1.4 N'DAMA PRODUCTION TRAITS
Data collected at CREAT in 1981 for N'Dama fecundity and mortality rates are given in Table 6
and compared with data for Somba and zebu raised under station conditions.
Table 6. N'Dama, Somba and zebu fecundity and mortality rates under station conditions.
N'Dama Somba Zebu
Fecundity rate (%) 45 72 33
Mortality rate (%)
0 to 1-year-old calves 13.4 12.9 8.3
0 to 2-year-old calves 7.4 15.2 10.5
Adult cows 09 \S 3J)
Source: Grell et al (1982a).
According to Grell et al (1982a) mean calf weights for N'Dama, Somba and zebu are
108, 106 and 130 kg, respectively.
The main results obtained for weight changes and annual gain for female N'Dama,
Somba and zebu studied at CREAT are given in Table 7. The Table indicates that Somba and
N'Dama weight gains are higher than that of zebu.
Table 7. Weight changes and annual weight gain of N'Dama, Somba and zebu under station conditions.
Age group
years
N'Dama Somba Zebu
(%) (l)n kg n kg n kg
2-3 15 1574 168 58 164 62 197
4-5 15 251 235 25 253 76 246
5 and over 55 204 260 81 262 91 262
Average weight 236 240 244
Weight gain 2-3 years 48 57 25
3-4 years 19 32 24
4-5 years 25 9 16
Average weight gain/head 13.8 14.7 9.8
" " 1 ' /TLU 14.6 15.3 10.0
(1) = Number of weighings.
Source: Grell et al (1982a).
Grell et al (1982b) also studied the weight changes of N'Dama and Somba at the
Research and Livestock Breeding Centre at Avetonou. The results are given in Table 8.
Table 8. Weight changes of N'Dama and Somba at CREAT (kg).
N'Dama Somba
n X s- n X
s-
X X
Birthweight 1133 21.2 5.6 104 21.4 5.1
Weight at 120 days (1) 470 67.7 16.1 22 76.0 13.2
Weight at weaning 882 102.2 22.5 58 118.4 28.8
Weight at 360 days (1) 596 106.5 21.4 28 117.1 19.1
Weight at 720 days (1) 455 175.5 32.0 13 167.8 35.6
(1) Weight adjusted forage, based on average daily weight gain between two consecutive weighings.
Source: Grell et al (1982b).
125
Rudenauer (1982) studied the effect of various types of pasture on N'Dama
productivity. The main results of the study, given in Table 9, indicate that the net weight gain and
daily weight gain of N'Dama on PanicumlCentrosema are higher than that of N'Dama on natural
pastures.
Table 9. N'Dama productivity by station and type of pasture.
Natural pasture PanicumlCentrosema
Initial weight (kg) at 330 days
Final weight at 974 days
Net weight gain (kg)
Average daily weight gain (g/d)
112.87
214.05
101.18
157.1
109.11
288.3
160.6
249.4
Source: Rudenauer (1982).
11.3.1.4.1 Productivity index
Productivity index for N'Dama, Somba and Zebu under station conditions calculated from
production parameters collected at CREAT in 1981 are given in Table 10. According to the
Table, productivity indices for N'Dama and Somba are higher than those of zebu.
Table 10. Productivity estimates for N'Dama, Somba and zebu under station conditions.
Breeds
Parameter N'Dama Somba Zebu
Cowviabilty (%) 98.1 97.1 98.3
Calving percentage (%) 61 60 33
Calf viability to one year(%) 94.9 87 92.1
Calf weight at one year (kg) 109.9 142.3 163.4
Productivity index per cow per year (%) 64.2 75.3 50
Cow weight (kg) 236 240 244
Productivity index per 100-kg of cow maintained per year 27.2 31.4 20.5
Source: Grell et al (1982a).
11.3.1.5 WAKWA CROSSES
No recent data could be obtained for this breed.
11.3.1.6 BAOULE
Morkramer and Dekpo (1984) studied the production traits of a herd of Baoule purchased from
Cote d'lvoire in 1979 and raised under station conditions at the Research and Breeding Centre.
Table 1 1 shows estimates for the main parameters required to calculate a productivity
index giving the total weight of one-year-old calves per 100 kg of cow raised per year. The results
obtained for this herd cannot be compared with those given in Table 10.
Table 11. Cattle productivity estimates for Baoul6 maintained at CREAT.
Cow viabilty (%) 99.1
Calving percentage(%) 61
Calf viability to one year(%) 92.4
Calf weight at one year(kg) 77.8
Productivity index per cow per year (kg) 43.5
Cow weight (kg)
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg) 25.3
Source: Morkramer and Dekpo (1984).
126
11.3.1.7 ZEBU
In Tables 6, 7 and 10, data on zebu production traits were compared with those for other breeds.
11.3.2 DISEASES
A detailed report on the disease situation in Togo was prepared by an FAO preparatory
assistance mission to Togo in 1981 (FAO, 1981).
A contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccination campaign was conducted between
1972 and 1975 in Savanes, Kara and Central Regions during which infected animals were
eliminated. Since 1975, some combined pleuropneumonia-rinderpest vaccinations have been
given, particularly since an emergency rinderpest campaign was launched in 1980 with the
assistance of FED and FAO.
A recent serological survey on the scope of brucellosis indicated that 41% of the
national herd was infected.
Trypanosomiasis is still endemic in Togo.
11.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
In 1983, the Project on the Development of Cattle Breeding in Plateaux and Central Regions
maintained an estimated 400 head of cattle, including 129 draught animals, in various centres.
Between January and September 1983, it supplied various bodies with 836 draught animals.
In 1984, there were 4195 pairs of draught oxen in the country. Distribution by region is
given in Table 12.
Table 12. Distribution of draught oxen in Togo, 1984.
Region Number of pairs %
Savanes 3214 76.6
Kara 637 15.2
Central 257 6.1
Plateaux 55 1.3
Maritime 32 0.8
Total 4195 100
Source: Poatsetal (1985).
11.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
11.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
11.4.1.1 SHEEP PRODUCTION TRAITS
Defly et al (1982) reported a fecundity rate of 90% and a mortality rate of 40% for 0-1 year old
lambs and 10% for lambs over 1 year under village conditions. Weights at birth, 1 month, 4
months and adulthood were 1.6, 4.4, 15 and 18 kg, respectively, for females and 2, 5.3, 18 and
26 kg for males.
127
Data collected by Amegee (1984) at the Agricultural College Farm are given in Table
13. The Table compares production parameters for West African dwarf and Vogan sheep.
Table 13 indicates that the West African dwarf sheep is more prolific than the Vogan.
However, milk yield and birthweight of the Vogan are higher.
Table 13. West African dwarf and Vogan production traits.
West African dwarf Vogan
Prolificity rate (%) 148.4 145.5
Lambing interval (months) 7.3 7.6
Overall mortality rate (%) 20 25
Birthweight(kg)
Single litter - males 1.7 2.7
- females 1.6 2.6
Twin litter -males 1.5 2.5
- females 1.3 2.3
Milk yield (kg)
Ewe with one lamb 57.4 (in 105 d) 122 (in 124 d)
Ewe with two lambs 86.4 (in 112d) 184 (in 139 d)
Source: Amegee (1984).
In 1984, the "Togo North" project collected data on production traits of 43 flocks with
a total of 14 477 sheep. The results, according to flock management system, appear in Table 14.
Table 14. Production traits for West African dwarf sheep according to flock management system.
Flock management system Production traits
C IT ECS PES I
Annual fecundity rate (%) 120 127 152 148 163
Mortality rate for 0-1 year old (%) 56 29 25 22 15
Adult mortality rate (%) 14 16 5.5 4.6 1.5
(1) T : Control system
IT : Improved traditional management system (preventive and curative treatments, improved housing)
ECS : Extensive communal management system
PES : Extensive individual management system
I: Intensive management system - artificial pastures, night pens, servicing by selected rams.
Source: van Vlaenderen (1984).
11.4.1.1.1 Productivity index
Table 15 summarises estimates for the main production parameters required to calculate a
productivity index giving the total birthweight of five-month-old lambs produced per 10 kg of ewe
maintained per year. This index is based on data collected under village conditions in an area of
low to moderate trypanosomiasis risk.
Table 15. Productivity estimates for West African dwarf sheep under traditional management.
Ewe viability (%) 94.5
Lambing rate (%) 152
Lamb viability to one year (%) 75
Lamb weight at 5 months (kg) 15
Productivity index per ewe per year (kg) 17.6
Ewe weight (kg) 23
Productivity index per 10-kg ewe maintained per year(kg) 7.6
Source: Index calculated by authors.
128
11.4.1.2 GOAT PRODUCTION TRAITS
Defly et al (1982) compared various production parameters for West African Dwarf goats under
traditional management with those obtained under improved management conditions. Table 16
gives the main results of the study.
Table 16. West African Dwarf goat production traits under traditional management and improved
management.
Parameter Traditionalmanagement
Improved
management
Kidding rate (%)
Age at first kidding (months)
Average kidding interval (months)
Mortality rate (%) 0-1 year
over one year
Weight (kg) of females at birth
1 month
" "4 months
6 months
Ewe weight
Weight of males at birth
1 month
4 months
6 months
" " maturity
50 180
20 18
12 10
45 15
15 10
1.0 -
3.0 -
8.5 -
10.0 -
14.0 -
1.5 -
4.0 -
11.7 -
12.0 -
17.0 -
Source: Defly et al (1982).
Amegee (1984) recorded an estimated prolificacy rate of 169.6%, and an overall
mortality rate of 30%. Birthweights for single- and twin-litter males were 1.16 and 1.14 kg,
respectively, and for single- and twin-litter females 1.07 and 0.97 kg, respectively.
11.4.1.2.1 Productivity index
Table 17 shows estimates for production parameters required to calculate a productivity index
giving the total weight of five-month-old kids produced per 10 kg of she-goat maintained per
year. The index is based on data collected under improved management conditions in areas of low
to average tsetse challenge areas.
Table 17. Estimates for West African Dwarf goat productivity maintained under improved management.
Female goat viability (%)
Kidding rate (%)
Kid viability to one year (%)
Kid weight at 5 months (kg)
Productivity index per female goat per year (kg)
Female goat weight (kg)
Productivity index per 10-kg female goat maintained per year (kg)
90
180
85
10
16.1
20(a)
8
(a) Estimate.
Source: Index calculated by authors.
129
11.4.2 DISEASES
PPR is still endemic and a major problem particularly in Maritime Region. The disease is rapidly
fatal in young animals and the constraint to small ruminant production justifies the need for
regular vaccination campaigns (FAO, 1981).
Numerous parasitic diseases such as helminthiasis and coccidiosis mange bloodsucking
ectoparasites (ticks and fleas) also pose major problems (FAO, 1984).
In 1982-83, as part of the Atakpame Small Ruminants Project, 200 219 internal
deworming treatments and 77 444 external deworming treatments 121 974 vaccinations against
peste des petits ruminants (Pessinaba, 1984).
Mawuena (1985) showed that although West African dwarf sheep and goats are
trypanotolerant, their survival in the tsetse-infested areas, especially in highly infested areas, is at
the cost of their health. T. vivax infection caused anaemia, delayed growth or weight loss.
A study carried out at Sokode showed that 5.9% of sheep and 6.5% of goats were
infected by Trypanosoma (ILCA, 1986).
11.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
11.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The two research centres mentioned in Volume 2 of this study continue their work on
trypanotolerant livestock in Togo. Their activities are described in Table 18.
Table 18. Research centres.
Name Avetonou Livestock Production and Research Centre
Location Avetonou, 100 km from Lome
Breeds and numbers 219Q head comprised of 1035 N>Dama, 487 local breed, 213 zebu, 107 Baoule' and 384
crossbreds (as at 31/3/86)
Objectives Research on the selection of N'dama, trypanotolcrance heritability, the effect of
supplementary feed and lysozymes on trypanotolerant cattle will continue till 1988.
New objectives are crossbreeding between the local N'Dama, zebu and Somba;
distribution of draught animals and continuous experiments extension work
External aid GTZ
Name Agricultural College
Organisation responsible University of Benin
Objectives' Improvement of different food crop varieties in Togo combined with sheep production.
Sources: Assogbakpe (1985); CREAT/GTZ (1986).
As part of the activities of the African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network and in
collaboration with ILCA and ILRAD, CREAT carries out studies in Avetonou and at the
Regional Directorate for Rural Development, Sokodo Central Region, on trypanotolerant cattle
production traits and productivity, trypanosoma infection rate and tsetse infestation rate (ILCA,
1986).
130
11.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
A number of stations in the country maintain small herds of cattle, sheep and goats. The most
recent on these data stations are given in Table 19.
Table 19. Multiplication herds.
Name
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Adele ranch
60 000 ha of which 56 000 are usable; stocking rate of 15 600 TLU
2734 Somba and N'Dama in 1986
Improving the local breed through the use of N'Dama bulls. Crossbreeding programme
to produce 7300 pairs of draught oxen in 20 years. Introduction of crossbreds into the
traditional livestock production system
EEC
Name
Location
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Borgou ranch
Savanes Region
48 700 ha
Capacity for 15 000 head. The ranch has not yet commenced operations
Somba and N'Dama crossbreeding programme
Introduction of crossbreds obtained in the traditional system to improve the stock.
Undetermined
Name
Location
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Dako ranch
Central Region
23 500 ha
Capacity for 5000 head of which 2000 will be obtained from Borgou ranch, 2000 from
village herds and 1000 produced on the ranch itself. The ranch has not yet commenced
operations
Production of beef cattle, distribution of draught animals and Shorthorn crosses
To be decided
Name
Size
Numbers
Objectives
"B6na Development" ranch. Germano-Togolese Mixed Economy Company established
in 1972
130 developed hectares
The ranch has a sheep farm and in 1984 maintained a herd of 1290 head of cattle
Production and marketing of ranch produce
Name
Numbers
Size
Objective
External aid
Kolokope' Station
Estimated at 1994 sheep in 1986, of which 1267 were ewes and 727 were rams
125 ha
Multiplication, selection and introduction under traditional production system
FAC
Source: Vallerand (1983); Addeh (1985); Lopez (1986).
Data on other small multiplication centres are given in Table 20.
Table 20. Other multiplication centres.
Name Situation Remarks
Nassabl6 Station
Na Station
Dzogbegan Monastery
Dayes-Apeyin6 Centre
Tove Agricultural Institute
Adeta Multipurpose Centre
Savanna Region
Central Region
Dayes Region
Plateau Region
54 N'Dama
Local breed
Local breed and 66 Wakwa
crossbreds
Local breed
30 N'Dama
Local breed
Source: Directorate of Veterinary and Animal Health Services (1984).
131
11.53 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
The following development projects are in progress in Togo:
• The "North Togo Integrated Development Programme to extend work oxen production
and constitute a cattle and small ruminants herd traditional farmers to supply with
nucleus herds. Phase 3 of this project is currently being implemented (1981-1986).
Funding is provided by UNDP. A small ruminant development project undertaken as
part of an FAO technical Cooperation Programme was integrated into the above
project in 1981.
• Work oxen development project (PROPTA, formerly PRODEBO). This project was
begun in 1977 to coordinate all national work oxen activities. Its objective is to train
6000 pairs of oxen and supply other centres with work oxen and draught equipment. It
also provides training for trainers from institutions involved in work oxen and supplies
other projects with veterinary products.
• "Small Ruminants" Project. This project was launched in 1980 with funding provided by
EEC to set up The Kolokope Support Centre. Its activities, particularly in the field of
animal health, were strengthened in 1985 with funds provided by USAID. A research
and extension component was introduced in 1983 at Kolokope Station. This component
will be funded by FAC till 1987.
Recent data on the Agricultural Pilot Project are unavailable.
A preparatory FAO assistance mission to the Togolese Government (FAO, 1981)
identified three livestock development projects:
• Strengthening Veterinary services by setting up diagnostic laboratories and a veterinary
pharmacy
• Establishiment of a national work oxen support centre
• Livestock products marketing improvement programme.
However, funding is still being sought for the above projects.
11.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Addeh K. 1985. Country report : Togo. Presented at the first meeting to coordinate the activities in West
Africa of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related
Development held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Agbemelo K. 1983. Contribution to the study oflocal cattle breeds in Togo: The Lagune breed. ILCA
(International Livestock Centre for Africa), Bamako, Mali.
Amegee Y. 1984. Quelques potentiality zootechniques des ovins et caprins du Togo. Report presented at the
"Journées techniques de réflexions sur l'elevage et la protection sanitaire des petits ruminants au
Togo" held in Lome, Togo and organised by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Assogbakpe F. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication oftrypanotolerant cattle. FAO
project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Avegan D K. 1984. Etude des aptitudes de la race bovine Somba, importance de son elevage au Togo. Thesis,
Diploma in Applied Science. Institut polytechnique rural de Katibougou, Mali. 73 pp.
CREAT/GTZ (Centre de recherche et d'elevage, Avetenou, Togo/German Agency for Technical
Cooperation). 1986. Rapport annuel 11, 1985-1986. CREAT, Togo. 62 pp.
Defly A and Handlos M. 1982. Introduction des petits ruminants dans les villages. CREAT (Centre de
recherche et d'e1evage, Avetonou, Togo), Togo.
Direction des services vétérinaires et de la santé animale, Togo. 1984. Rapport annuel 1984. Togo. 59 pp.
132
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1981. Mission d'assistance préparatoire au
Gouvernement de la République togolaise. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1984. Proceedings of the "Journées
techniques de réflexion sur l'élevage et la protection sanitaire des petits ruminants au Togo" held
in Lome, Togo and organised by FAO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Formulation Mission:
Trypanosomiasis control in the Niger River Basin. FAO project GCP/RAF/191/ITA.
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Grell H, Freitas E K, Dekpo K and Johnson B. 1982a. Productivité des races N'Dama, Taurin - race locale,
Zébu Peul et leurs croisements en station. CREAT (Centre de recherche et d'élevage, Avetonou
Togo), Togo.
Grell H, Schlote W, Morkrammer G and Johnson B. 1982b. L'évolution pondérale des N'dama, race locale et
croisements. CREAT (Centre de recherche et d'élevage, Avetonou Togo), Togo.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986. The ILCA/ILRAD trypanotolerance network.
Situation report, December 1985. Proceedings of a network meeting held at ILCA, Nairobi. ILCA,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 98 pp.
Lopez G. 1986. Assistance technique a la CEBV concernant l'identification d'activités d'intéret
communautaire en matiere de production animale et de recherche zootechnique. FAO project
GCP/RAF/191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Mawuena K and Mensan K. 1981. Distribution of Glossines in Southern Togo. In: Karbe E and Freitas E K
(eds), Trypanotolerance and animalproduction. GTZ/CREAT publication, pp. 6-9.
Mawuena et al. 1985. L'infection trypanosomienne chez les petits ruminants Djallonké des Régions
sud-guinéennes du sud-ouest du Togo. Trypanotolérance et production animale. GTZ/CREAT
publication 4.
Morkramer G and Dekpo K. 1984. Characterstics of a Boualé herd. In: Freitas E K and Fimmen H O (eds),
Trypanotolerance and animalproduction. GTZ/CREAT publication 3. pp. 52-60.
Pessinaba Y I. 1984. Projet Petits Ruminants: Elevage traditional des petits ruminants - voies d'amélioration.
Report to the "Journées techniques de réflexion sur l'élevage et la protection des petits ruminants
au Togo" held in Lome and organised by FAO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Poats S V, Lichte J, Oxley J, Russo S L and Starkey P H. 1985. Animal traction in a farming systems
perspective:A Farming Systems Support Project Networkshop, March 3-8, 1985, Kara, Togo. FSSP
Network Report 1. FSSP (Farming Systems Support Project), University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA. 187 pp.
Rudenauer M. 1982. Production de viande de bovins trypanotolérants en savane guinéenne d'Afrique
occidentale. GTZ (German Society for Technical Coorperation), Eschborn, Germany. 344 pp.
Vallerand F. 1983. Report on a mission to West Africa (Togo, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire). FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
Van Vlaenderen. 1983. Etude comparative de différents systèmes d'élevage ovin dans la région de la Kara.
Projet Nord-Togo. Ministere du Développement rural, Togo.
Yaovi A. 1984. Tentatives de développpement de l'élevage bovin dans la région des Plateaux du Togo. Thesis
for a degree in Applied Science. Institut Polytechnique rural de Katibougou, Mali.
11.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The cattle population increased slightly during the study period while the goat population
remained stagnant and the sheep population dropped significantly (-22%).
Cattle production developed much more rapidly in Kara region and the population
doubled between 1976 and 1984. However, there was no significant change in the distribution by
breed. The most significant changes are in the numbers of Lagune which continue to decrease
133
and of Borgou, which increased slightly compared to other breeds. Comprehensive data on the
performance of the Lagune under village conditions were collected and analysed in 1983.
The most spectacular results obtained during the past 10 years were in the development
of work oxen and in the support to, and improvement of sheep production.
The CREAT's mandate was recently reviewed and the emphasis is currently on the
production of work oxen and no longer on trypanotolerance. The 10-year research programme
on trypanotolerance heritability will continue into 1988 in order to complete the 10 years initially
planned.

135
CHAPTER 12
BENIN
12.1 BACKGROUND
Following the last cabinet reshuffling in 1984 resulted the Ministry of State Farms, Livestock
Production and Fisheries created in 198Q and charge of Livestock Production, Water Resources,
Forestry and Hunting, Fisheries and State Farms, was reintegrated into the Ministry of Rural
Development and Cooperative Action (MDRAC) of which it was originally a part.
SODERA (Animal Resources Development Company) was dissolved in 1984 and its
operations taken over by two new structures:
The Directorate of State Farms a new department was created with the same status
as the Directorate of Livestock Production and Fisheries.
- OBEPEP (Benin Office for the Management of Livestock and Fisheries Products)
was also set up.
The National Directorate of Livestock Production and Animal Industries which is under
the MDRAC was recently transferred from Parakou to Cotonou. A Trypanosomiasis Division has
been created within this Directorate.
Livestock production services are provided in the six administrative regions of the
country by the Livestock Production and Animal Industries Divisions (DEIA). DEIA heads were
deployed in Regional Action Centres (CARDER) set up by the Ministry of Rural Development
in 1975. The CARDER are involved in all activities relating to regional livestock production, agri
culture, water resources and forestry, fisheries and packaging (Codjia, 1984; Assogbakpe, 1985).
Livestock production zones were recently created in each province with the supervision
of DEIA staff.
Data for human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Benin, 1984.
Human population (1984)
- number 3 833 000
- density 34/km2
Animal population (1984)
-cattle 922000
-sheep 1242 900goats 093 2
Source: For human population projections (+ 2.8%) from 1979 census. For animal population, 1983/84 estimates by the
Livestock Production Service (quoted by Assogbakpe, 1985).
No survey on tsetse distribution has been conducted since 1978. However, Glossina
fuscipleuris is found in the south-east region near Porto Novo (Codjia, personal communications,
1986).
136
12.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
The livestock population of the six provinces in 1983/84 are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Livestock numbers and distribution, 1983/84.
Cattle Sheep Goats
Province Numbers %(*) Numbers
%(♦) Numbers %(♦)
Borgou 600 000 65 571900 46 364900 33.4
Atacora 215 000 23.3 222 600 18 260 000 23.6
Zou 60 000 6.5 253 000 20.3 244 000 22.3
Ou6m6 23 000 2.5 81500 6.5 94 200 8.5
Atlantic 15 000 1.7 18 600 1.5 40100 3.7
Mono 9000 1 95 300 7.7 90 000 8.5
Total 922 000 100 1242 900 100 1093 200 100
(*) Percentage of national herd.
Source: Livestock Production Departments, 1983/84 estimates.
Cattle distribution by breed, according to data provided by the Ministry of Rural
Development and Cooperative Action is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Livestock breeds and numbers by region, 1983/84.
Crosses
Provinces N'Dama Lagune Somba Borgou Zebu
LxB S xB ZxB
Borgou - - 30% 25% -
Atacora - 26.8% 54.8% 1.4% 5.8%
Zou 15% - 15% 5% 65%
Ouem6 40% - 35% 25% -
Atlantic 80% - - - -
Mono 80% - 10% 2% 8%
Total 500 37 500 58 000 316 000 162 000
45%
11.2%
20%
348 000
Source: FAO (1986).
In 1984, there were an estimated 760 000 head of trypanotolerant cattle in the People's
Republic of Benin. However, they are gradually being absorbed by zebu.
The largest group are the crossbreds, 30% of which are N'Dama x Borgou crossbreeds.
The distribution of cattle breeds in Benin is undergoing profound changes and the
number of zebu x Borgou crossbreds given in Table 3 is certainly grossly underestimated. In fact,
several cattle owners have complained that pure Borgou bulls can no longer be found.
137
12.3 CATTLE
123.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
12.3.1.1 LAGUNE PRODUCTION TRAITS
Data on production traits for Lagune maintained under village conditions were collected in 1984
and compared with those obtained under improved management conditions. The results appear
in Table 4.
Table 4. Lagune production traits under traditional management and under improved conditions.
Traditional
management
Improved
management
Age at first calving 36-48 months (a)
Fecundity rate 35^5%
Calving interval 730 d(a)
Mortality rate ( year) 7%
Birthweight - female 12 kg
-male 10 kg
Weaning weight (14 m) female 45-50 kg
(12 m) male 34-40 kg
Mature weight 120 kg
Ijveweight at slaughter
24-36 months (a)
58%
365 d(a)
5%
11kg
10 kg
85 kg
83 kg
152 kg
120-150 kg
(a) Estimates.
Source: Samiondji Farm (1984).
Sintondji (1984) indicates an age at first calving (calculated for 17 cows) of 29 months
and 3 days, a calving interval of 13 months and 18 days (based on 25 females and 60 calving
intervals).
12.3.1.1.1 Productivity index
Table 5 gives estimates of the main production parameters required to calculate a productivity
index giving the total weight of 1 -year-old calves per 100 kg of cow maintained per year. This
index is computed from data collected under village conditions and given in Table 4 and data
from Samiondji Farm (Annual Report, 1984).
Table 5. Lagune productivity estimates under traditional management and station conditions.
T 1(a)
Cow viability (%)
Calving rate (%)
Calf viability to 1 year (%)
Calf weight at 1 year (kg)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg)
Cow weight (kg)
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg)
(a) T = Traditional management system; I = Improved conditions.
(b) Estimate.
Source: Index calculated by authors.
95(b) 94
45 45
93 78
40 85.2
17.2 30.8
120 152
14.3 20.3
138
12.3.1.2 SOMBA
In 1984, Boukoumbe region, the original area of the Somba breed had an estimated 17 000 head
of pure Somba. However, there is a high risk of crossbreeding with zebu and Borgou.
Monitoring control herds in Atacora by the Benin Project for the Rural Development
of Atacora, launched in 1983, herds in Atacora. The Livestock should result in the future in
availability of data on the productivity of this race. Currently, the Livestock PRoduction
Department in Atocara Province has no data on this breed.
12.3.1.3 BORGOU
The number of pure Borgou is gradually decreasing.
The breed is a stabilised cross between the West African Shorthorn and the zebu. It still
retains its coat colour and outward characteristics. However, with the gradual infusion of zebu
blood, there is a risk that the Borgou may lose its characteristics and in particular, its
trypanotolerance trait.
12.3.1.3.1 Production traits
Auer (1983/1984) reported an age at first calving of 50 months, calving interval of 20 months, and
an estimated milk yield of 500 g/d for pure Borgou. Estimated weight at various ages, calculated
from measurements, is given in Table 6. The data are for control herds in Atacora.
Table 6. Estimated weight of Borgou under traditional management from their measurements.
Females Males Total
Number Weight (kg) Number Weight (kg) Number Weight (kg)
1 year 5 79 7 79 12 79
5 years 12 1S4 91 190 103 190
10 years 1 157 48 199 49 188
Source: Auer (1983/84).
12.3.1.3.2. Productivity index
Table 7 summarises the estimates of the main production traits required to compute a
productivity index giving total weight of 1 -year-old calves per 100-kg cow per year. This
productivity index is calculated from data collected at M'Betecoucou Ranch (Lopez, 1985).
Table 7. Borgou production traits, M'B6tecoucou ranch.
Cowviability (%)
Calving rate (%)
Calf viability to 1 year (%)
Calf weight to 1 year (kg)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg)
Cow weight (kg)
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg)
96.7
70.2
95
110(a)
74.5
225
33.2
(a) Estimate.
Source: Index calculated by authors.
139
12.3.1.4 PABLI
It appears that this breed is extinct.
12.3.1.5 CROSSBREDS
The number of ciossbreds in the total cattle population of Benin is increasing. In descending
order of importance, this group includes zebu x Borgou, Borgou x Somba and Borgou or zebu x
Lagune crossbreds.
Producers are currently interested in having larger-framed draught animals through
increased crossbreeding.
12.3.1.5.1 Performance traits
Lagune x Borgou productivity estimates obtained during a livestock production monitoring
exercice of 15 control herds totalling 754 head are given in Table 8 (Auer and Auer, 1982).
Table 8. Lagune x Borgou production estimates under village conditions.
Age at first calving (n=316) 54 months (41-64)
Calving interval (n=523) 19 months (13-27)
Fecundity rate 63 %
Female calf mortality rate 45 %
Male calf mortality rate 55 %
Adult mortality rate 15 %
Calfbirthweight 8 kg
Culled cow weight (at 13 years) 179 kg
Weight of 3-year-old steers 136 kg
Milk yield 200-500 g/d
Source: Auer and Auer (1982).
FAO (1986) reported a fecundity rate of 100% for 20 zebu x Borgou cows maintained
at the Etoile Monastery. Daily milk yield was estimated at 1.25 kg per cow and young bull weight
at 15 months at 180 kg. These animals are given trypanocidal treatment and a supplement of
mineral salts, yam, cassava and brewer's dregs.
12.3.2 DISEASES
A detailed description of the disease situation was given in the report of an FAO (1981)
Preparatory Assistance mission to the Republic of Benin. Rinderpest and contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia are a threat in some provinces. Pasteurellosis is endemic. Blackquarter is
reported mainly in Borgou.
Streptothricosis, tuberculosis and foot-and-mouth disease have also been reported.
Examinations carried out by Carder Diagnostic Laboratory at Atacora indicate that the
rate of infestation by tick borne parasites (babesia and trypanosoma), strongylus,
paramphistoman and coccidiae is high for some herds (MDRAC, 1986).
Trypanosomiasis is widespread in the north and south of the country. In 1984, a total of
39 outbreaks were reported in Mono Province (FAO, 1986).
140
12.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
The different livestock management systems are described in detail in the report on the National
Technical Round Table on Trypanotolerant Cattle Production in Benin (MDRAC, 1986). In
Benin, 99.4% of livestock are produced in the traditional management system and 0.6% on
ranches or in research stations.
Production systems vary, depending on the region. In Atacora in the northeast of Benin,
transhumance is practised for six months of the year. A semi-sedentary production system is
found in the south. In Borgou, the system is semi-sedentary while in Zou Oueme, Mono and
Atlantic Regions the system is sedentary.
Compared to this internal transhumance by national producers within the country
external transhumance (by producers from neighbouring countries) is practised on a relatively
large scale. An estimated 40 000 head of transhumant cattle (between 5000 and 10 000 in Atacora
province alone) entered Benin in 1981. This type of transhumance partly accounts for the
increase in crossbreeding between local breeds and zebu and the gradual disappearance of local
trypanotolerant cattle breeds. The work oxen programme stagnated in 1975 following a promising
start in 1965. It was revitalised in 1980 with funding provided by the World Bank of Carder
Borgou and in particular, of its activities on animal traction.
The number of work oxen was estimated at 15 206 teams in 1984. It is envisaged that
18 000 teams would have been trained by 1986 (FAO, 1986).
A survey on herd composition was conducted in Zou Province in 1982 (Auer and Auer,
1982). The results are given in Table 9.
Table 9. Herd composition in Zou Province (%).
Females Males
Calves 13
Heifers 22
Cows 37
Calves
Steers
Bulls
11
11
6
Total 72 Total 2X
Source: Auer and Auer (1982).
12.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
12.4.1 BREED CHARACTERISATION
The health component of the USAID Livestock Development Project has been completed. A
Livestock Production Study Project (Phase II) is planned to collect new data on small ruminants
production parameters.
12.4.2 DISEASES
Peste des petits ruminants is very frequent and routine vaccination against the disease is
necessary in places of occurrence.
141
12.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
12.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
A veterinary and livestock research laboratory has been set up in Agoukanmey, about 10 km from
Cotonou. A unit of the laboratory at Niouli, 80 km from Cotonou, carries out research on
forages.
The activities of the laboratory are currently limited to the study of local and imported
exotic poultry breeds. However, a study of small ruminants performances is envisaged.
There are two diagnostic laboratories in Benin, one of which is located in Natitingou.lt
is under CARDER Atacora (Atacora Integrated Rural Development Project and Atacora
Livestock Production Development Project). The laboratory includes bacteriology, parasitology
and serology units, a tsetse control research unit and a mobile support clinic which monitors
control cattle herds (MDRAC, 1986).
The other laboratory, located in Cotonou, Atlantic Province, carries out blood and
faecal examinations.
Bohicon Laboratory is temporarily closed.
12.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
Current information on the main ranches and breeding stations in the Republic of Benin are
given in Table 10.
Table 10. Multiplication herds.
Okpara Breeding Centre
Organisation responsible
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Directorate of State Farms (MDRAC)
330 Borgou and 135 N'Dama (1986)
Quarantine area for animals en route to Kpinnou.
Self-funding
Sekon Agricultural Secondary school
Organisation responsible
Breeds and numbers
Ministry of Middle and Higher Education
1 19 Borgou x Lagune crossbreds and Lagune (1986). The Alpine Brown has
disappeared.
Kpinnou Farm
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Directorate of State Farms (MDRAC)
440 ha (300 in use)
161 Borgou, 35 Lagune, 395 pigs (1986)
Feedlot for Borgou (from Samiondji) Pig production for selection and
distribution to village breeders
ADB till end of 1985. New funding sources are being sought.
M'BetL'coucou Station
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
External aid
Directorate of State Farms (MDRAC)
20 000 ha (1000 ha in use)
1392 Borgou (1986)
ADB till end of 1986. Funding sources are being sought.
Samiondji Station
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
External aid
Directorate of State Farms (MDRAC)
15 000 ha (9000 ha in use)
503 Lagune, 182 Borgou, 69 M6r6 (1986)
ADB till end of 1986. ADB funding for a second phase.
Source: FAO (1986).
142
12.53 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Information on the various development projects being implemented is given in Table 11.
Table 11. Development projects.
SONICOG (National oil and soap processing) Company (Replaces SOBEPALH)
Organisation responsible Ministry of Finance and Economy
Size Recent data unavailable
Breeds and numbers 245 crossbreds in North Ouidah and 63 in Ouedo in 1986
Objectives Production of manure and beef
Work Oxen and Livestock Production Project
Organisation responsible Directorate of State Farms
External aid End of funding
South Borgou Livestock Production Development Project
Organisation responsible Directorate of Livestock Production (MDRAC)
External aid EEC/FED/RPB
Small Ruminant Production Development Project
External aid USAID. Phase 1 of project (health aspect) completed. A second
phase (livestock production component) is envisaged
Integrated Rural Development Project in Atacora
Organisation responsible MDRAC
Duration 1983-1986
External aid WB/IFAD/OPEC
Atacora Livestock Production Development Project
Organisation responsible MDRAC
Duration 1983-1988
External aid GTZ/RPB
Zou Province Integrated Rural Development Project
Organisation responsible MDRAC
Duration 1983-1988
Organisation responsible MDRAC
Duration 1983-1988
External aid WB/FAC/CCCE
Work Oxen Project
Organisation responsible MDRAC
Duration 1980-1983
External aid Holland/RPB Funds are being sought to continue the project
Parakou Fattening Project
Organisation responsible MDRAC
Duration End of project. Funding is being sought.
Source: FAO (1986).
A mission on the feasibility of a single trypanosomes and tsetse flies control programme
for the five "Etats de l'Entente" (Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali), was carried out in
1980 (Gruvel and Tacher, 1980).
At the request of the Government of the Republic of Benin, an FAO mission visited
the country in 1981 and identified the following development projects:
Animal trypanosomiasis control and development of regions freed from tsetse flies
143
Establishment of a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Parakou with mobile
epizootic diseases monitoring units, with branches specialised in small-scale
livestock production and a trypanosomiasis unit
Promoting and assisting livestock production in southern Benin
Improvement of animal products marketing in southern Benin
Livestock production and veterinary research units.
In an update of the mission report, an additional project entitled "Conservation of
Animal Genetic Resources through the development and multiplication of purebred Lagune,
Somba and Pabli cattle" has been included (Toure, 1984).
Additional activities to the livestock production component of the Integrated Rural
Development Project in Zou Province (Chabeuf, 1983; Audru and Chabeuf, 1984) focused in
particular on:
the establishment of a parasitology laboratory in Dassa Zoume
a Sheep Breeding Development Project including the establishment of a Sheep
Production Centre in M'B6tecoucou, rehabilitation of this farm and establishment
of subsidiary cattle and sheep production farms.
In 1986, FAO considered the possibility of setting up an African Animal
Trypanosomiasis and Tsetse Control Project in the Niger River Valley (Niger, Burkina Faso and
Benin) under the FAO Animal Trypanosomiasis Control Programme. Funding for the project is
being sought (FAO, 1986).
Funding for all these project proposals has not been found yet.
12.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Assogbakpe F. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO
project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Audru J and Chabeuf N. 1984. Etudes d'actions compUmentaires au volet tlevage du Projet de
DeveloppementRural Integri de la Province du Zou (Ripubliquepopulaire du Be~nin). IEMVT
(Institut d'elevage et de m£decine vetdrinaire des pays tropicaux), Maisons-Alfort, France.
Auer J. 1983/84. Sum de troupeaux témoins dans VAtacora.
Auer J and Auer C. 1982. Elevage traditionel des bovins dans la province du Zou de la République
populaire du Benin. In: Karbe and Freitas (eds), Trypanotolirance etproduction animal.
Proceedings of a seminar, 10-14 May 1982, Lome and Avetonou. GTZ (German Agency for
Technical Cooperation), Eschborn, Germany.
Codjia V. 1985. Country Report : Benin. Presented at the first coordination meeting in West Africa of the
Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Development of Infested
Areas held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1981. Preparatory Assistance Mission to
the Government of the Republic of Benin. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Consultation mission on the study
of trypanotolerant breeds of cattle in Benin. FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso.
Ferme d'elevage de Samiondji. 1984. Rapport annuel. Periode du ler Janvier au 31 decembre. Ministere des
Fermes d'Etats, de l'Elevage et de la Peche, Cotonou.
Gruvel J and Tacher G. 1980. Lutte contre les Glossines dans les Etats de I'Entente.
Lopez G. 1985. TechnicalAssistance Mission to CEBV. Final Report. FAO project GCP/RAF/191/ITA.
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
144
MDRAC (Ministere du developpement rural et de Taction cooperative, Republique populaire du Bdnin).
1986. Report ofthe "Jemmées techniques nationales de reflexions surl'élevage bovin trypanotolérant
au Bénin " held in Bohicon, 11-15 February 1986 with the technical assistance of FAO project
GCP/RAF/190/TTA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Ranch d'é1evage de M'Betecoucou. 1984. Rapport annuel. Période de lerJanvier au 31 décembre. Ministere
des Fermes d'Etat, de l'e1evage, et de la peche.
Sintondji B. 1984. Determination de I'dge au premier velage et de la durée de I'intervelage chez lesfemelles au
ranch de Samiondji. Communication a la Direction de la Recherche scientifique-Cotonou.
Ministere du Ddveloppement Rural et de l'Action Coopdrative.
Toure S M. 1984. Revised 1981 PAG report on the identification ofanimal health projects. FAO project
GCP/RAF/191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
12.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The cattle, sheep and goat population increased relatively fast during the study period.
The percentage of each breed in the total population also changed slightly. The
percentage of Borgou and crossbreds increased from 69% in 1977 to 72% in 1984 while the
percentage of Somba dropped from 10% to 6%. The population of Lagune is still adequate for
conservation and development programmes to be undertaken. However, the station responsible
for the breed also maintains Borgou which is a potential threat to the purity of the Lagune.
Animal traction has developed rapidly since the early 1980's and more than 18 000 pairs
of oxen should be in use by 1986.
While multiplication herds are experiencing some operations difficulties, new livestock
development projects were, however, launched during the last few years almost all over the
country. These should notably increase the productivity of the national herd within the next few
years.
145
CHAPTER 13
NIGERIA
13.1 BACKGROUND
The Federal Livestock Department (FLD) is currently responsible for the planning,
management, evaluation and coordination of animal health programmes.
The National Livestock Project Unit (NLPU) and the River Basin Rural Development
Authorities are in charge of implementing FLD's guidelines. The Federal Department of Pest
Control Services is responsible for tsetse eradication and control.
The Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR) carries out research on
the tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis.
Research on livestock production and diseases is still conducted in universities.
Data on the human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Nigeria, 1985.
Human population (1985)
- number 96 000 000
- density 104/km
Animal population (1985),
-cattle 10 900 000
- sheep 22 300 000
-goat 9 500 000
Source: For human population, official projections (+2.5%) from 1963 census, quoted by Shaw (1985).
For animal population projections (+ 1.5% for cattle and +2.85 for sheep and goats) from the data of the
Federal Ministry of Agriculture (1981).
Species found are: for thepalpalis group G. tachinoides which is found in the
north-east, G. palpalispalpalis, G. pallicera pallicera and G. caligena. Of the morsitans group, G.
longipalpis is found in the south. The area of distribution of G. morsitans submorsitans in the
north is gradually shrinking with the destruction of its habitat by the extension of arable land. As
for thefiisca group, G. fusca, G. tabaniformis, G. nigrofusca, G. medicorum and G. haningtoni
species are found all over the country (Putt et al, 1980; Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division,
1960-78).
13.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Recent data on the study area presented in Volume II are unavailable. The only data currently
available are for cattle, sheep and goat populations in the nine states of Southern Nigeria
(Akinwumi and Ikpi, 1985).
146
In 1984, the cattle population of the nine states was 306 970 heads with the
trypanotolerant cattle population standing at about 67 000 head. Distribution of the cattle
population in the nine southern States of Nigeria is given in Table 2.
Table 2. Distribution of cattle in the nine southern Nigerian States.
State
Trypanotolerant
cattle
Trypanosusceptible
cattle Total
Number % Number % Number %
Ogun 6 621 35.79 11879 64.21 18500 6.03
Ondo 6486 39.21 10 056 60.79 16 542 5.39
Oyo 25 211 18.00 114 843 82.00 140054 45.62
Lagos 3 947 70.52 1650 29.48 5 597 1.82
Bendel 1984 5.76 32 448 94.24 34 432 11.22
Anambra 12 239 34.17 23 583 65.83 35 821 11.67
Imo 7 715 37.99 12 591 62.01 20 306 6.62
Rivers 471 17.54 2 214 82.46 2685 0.87
Cross River 2 658 8.05 30 375 91.95 33 033 10.76
S. Nigeria 67 332 21.93 239 639 78.07 306 970 100.00
Source: State Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Department files and survey, September 1984 quoted by Akinwumi
and Ikpi (1985).
The 1984 distribution of trypanotolerant cattle by breed in the nine States studied is
shown in Table 3. Oyo State, where the main N'Dama-producing ranches are located, has about
25 000 head of trypanotolerant cattle and Anambra State some 12 000 head of trypanotolerant
Muturu.
Kwara and Gongola States, which are not included in Tables 2 and 3, also possess
trypanotolerant cattle. There are 53 000 Keteku and 40 000 Muturu cattle in Kwara State and
40 000 head of trypanotolerant cattle in Gongola State (RIM, 1984).
The total trypanotolerant population is estimated at about 200 000, including 26 000
N'Dama, 53 000 Savannah Muturu, 26 000 Forest Muturu and 95 000 Keteku. Recent data on
Benue State are unavailable.
Table 3. Geographical distribution of trypanotolerant cattle in nine States studied in southern Nigeria.
State Muturu N'Dama Keteku Total
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Ogun 536 8.1 4 677 70.6 1408 21.3 6 621 100
Ondo 3 660 56.4 2 540 39.1 286 4.5 6486 100
Oyo 8 847 35.1 13 859 55.0 2505 9.9 25 211 100
Lagos 1217 30.8 2080 52.7 650 16.5 3 947 100
Bendel 1547 75.8 437 24.2 - - 1984 100
Anambra 11310 92.4 815 6.7 114 0.9 12239 100
Imo 7 412 96.1 303 3.9 - - 7 715 100
Rivers 399 84.7 72 15.3 - - 471 100
Cross Rivers 2575 96.9 51 1.9 32 1.2 2 658 100
Total 37 503 55.7 24 834 36.9 4995 7.4 67 332 100
Source: State Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Department files and survey, 1984 quoted by Akinwumi and Ikpi
(1985).
147
Sheep and goat distribution by State is given in Table 4 for 1981, the last year for which
data by State are available.
Table 4. Sheep and goat distribution by State, 1981.
State Goat Sheep
Anambra
Bauchi
Bendel
Benue
Borno
Cross Rivers
Gongola
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Kwara
Lagos
Niger
Ogun
Onda
Oyo
Plateau
Rivers
Sokoto
400 000
1500 000
450 000
900 000
2 250 000
450 000
850 000
300 000
2600 000
4 500 000
600 000
50 000
750 000
400 000
450 000
1 100 000
1600 000
150 000
1950 000
250 000
600 000
100 000
250 000
950 000
100 000
300 000
150 000
1000 000
1800 000
150 000
450 000
150 000
200 000
500 000
200 000
50 000
135 000
Total 21250 000 7 335 000
Source: Federal Ministry of Agriculture (1981).
13.3 CATTLE
13.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
13.3.1.1 MUTURU
Table 5 gives some data on Muturu production traits.
13.3.1.2 N'DAMA
The most recent data available on N'Dama production traits were collected by Robert and Gray
in 1973 and quoted in Volume II. Various production parameters for N'Dama, Muturu and zebu
under station conditions are compared in Table 5.
148
Table 5. N'Dama, Muturu and zebu production traits.
N'Dama Muturu Zebu
Age at first calving (d)
Calving interval (d)
Weight at birth (kg) - male
- female
3 months - male
- female
6 months - male
- female
9 months -male
- female
12 months -male
- female
15 months - male
- female
18 months - male
- female
Cow weight (kg)
1-2 years
2-3 years
3-4 years
4-5 years
5-6 years
684 (n =3) 635 (n=6) 761 (n=9)
363(n=12) 350(n=12) 403 (n=8)
18.1 13.7 263
15.9 13.9 22.7
54.6 38.9 78
54.3 37.5 773
- 71.2 1303
92.1 61.5 128.6
119.3 98.1 178.2
112.4 82.5 165.0
137.4 108.1 206.7
124.6. 933 193.2
166.7 123.3 225.0
152.9 94.4 221.8
191.7 147.2 251.7
165.8 110.0 234.3
181 109 282
216 145 300
252 167 323
270 177 331
275 204 374
Source: Roberts and Gray (1973).
The N'Dama and Muturu breeds mature earlier and have a shorter calving interval than
zebu breeds. However, zebu breeds gain weight faster.
13.3.1.3 KETEKU
Recent data on Keteku production traits are unavailable. Estimates of major production
parameters, based on data given in Volume II, and a productivity index giving total weight of
one-year-old calves per 100 kg of cow maintained per year are given in Table 6.
Table 6. Keteku productivity estimates.
Adult female viability (%)
Calving rate (%)
Calf viability to 1 year (%)
Weight of 1 -year-old calves (kg)
Milked-out yield (kg)
Productivity index per cow per year(kg)
Adult female weight (kg)
Productivity index per 100 kg of cow maintained per year (kg)
97.8
65
95.8
140(a)
50(a)
93.6
295
31.7
(a) Estimates.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
149
13.3.1.4 N'DAMA X KETEKU CROSSBREDS
No recent data were available on this crossbred.
13.3.1.5 ZEBU
Some zebu production traits are compared in Table 5 with those for N'Dama and Keteku.
133.2 DISEASES
Cases of suspected rinderpest were reported during the latter part of 1982 and a vaccination
programme launched in May 1983. New outbreaks were reported in Ganye region and Gongola
States in 1984 (RIM, 1984).
In 1986, Nigeria received FAO assistance under a project entitled "Strenghthening of
Technical Basis for Rinderpest Vaccine Production". The objective of the project was to improve
vaccine production at the National Veterinary Research Institute.
The main trypanosomiasis vectors are still T. vivax, T. congolense and T. bruceL The
effect of trypanosomiasis on N'Dama, Keteku and Muturu is indicated in a study carried out by
Ilemobade in 1981 (Uemobade, 1981).
1333 HERD MANAGEMENT
Three livestock management systems were discussed in the previous study. In the present study,
Akinwumi and Ikpi (1985) have chosen to describe five systems.
13.3.3.1 FREE-ROAMING
Here, management input is minimal although some supplements are given. The reported calving
rate of 86% is the highest in the five systems. This is due to the fact that animals can graze freely
after the harvest choosing from a wider variety of feeds (maize, cassava etc). Furthermore,
breeding is not controlled.
However, cattle run greater risks under this type of management system (rustling, snake
bites, other accidents) and often turn wild. This management system is found mainly in Bendel,
Ogun, Ondo and Rivers States.
13.3.3.2 FAMILY HUSBANDRY
Animals are tethered close to the house where they can be watched. This system is found in all
states except Bendel State. Calving rates are about 56%.
13.3.3.3 COMMUNAL MANAGEMENT
Cattle belonging to various owners in a village are herded together. The system, found mainly in
Ondo State, was developed in certain regions to minimise damage to crops by cattle and prevent
conflicts between farmers and cattle owners.
This system has being largely responsible for the conservation of the Muturu. Calving
rates are relatively high (72%).
150
13.3.3.4 RANGELANDS ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
This type of management is the most widely practised in all nine States. The animals are herded
in well defined areas. This system is regarded as a first step towards a ranching system. In eastern
Nigeria, rangelands were fenced for use as pastures. A significant number of young oxen are
maintained for fattening and marketing purposes.
This management system is practised by numerous Fulani and zebu cattle owners in
Oyo, Ogun and Ondo States. The calving rate of 29% is the lowest in the five systems.
13.3.3.5 RANCHING
This is an intensive production system. Each ranch maintains numerous pastures divided into
fenced paddocks to ensure controlled grazing. Several ranches have improved pastures.
The main objectives of these ranches are breeding, fattening and marketing. The calving
rates of about 35% are relatively low.
13.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
13.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
13.4.1.1 SHEEP PRODUCTION TRAITS
A study made by Upton (1985) provides reliable data on production traits for West African
dwarf sheep under village conditions. The main results of the study are given in Table 7.
Table 7. Production traits for West African dwarf sheep under village conditions.
Average litter size 1.23
Parturition interval (d) 322
Annual reproduction rate =( a x 365):b 1.44
Survival rate to 3 months 0.84
Survival rate between 3 and 12 months 0.83
Survival rate between 0 and 12 months 0.7
Lambing rate: 0.98
- lamb survival to 12 months = c x f
Liveweight at 12 months (kg) 19.7
Breeding herd mortality 0.16
Source: Upton (1985); Sumberg and Cassaday (1985).
13.4.1.1.1 Productivity index
Table 8 summarises the estimates of the main production parameters required to compute a
productivity index giving the total weight of 5-month-old lambs produced per 10 kg of ewe
maintained per year. This productivity index is based on the data in Table 7 collected by Upton
(1985).
151
Table 8. Sheep productivity estimates.
Ewe viability (%) 94
Lambing rate (%) 144
Lamb viability to 1 year (%) 70
Lamb weight at 5 months 10(a)
Productivity index per ewe per year (kg) 10.4
Ewe weight (kg) 20
Productivity index per 10 kg of ewe per year (kg) 5.2
(a) Estimate.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
13.4.1.2 GOAT PRODUCTION TRAITS
Mack et al (1985) conducted research on West African Dwarf goats in Fashola village, 60 km
north of Ibadan, Mgbakwu village in Anambra State, and Okwe village in Imo State. The results
are given in Table 9.
Table 9. West African Dwarf goat production traits.
Fashola Mgbakwu Okwe
Number of parturitions 41 109 57
Litter size 1.7 1.5 1.3
Kidding interval (d) 271±.89 263±42 -
Number of kids per goat per year 23 2.0 -
Monthly kidding percentage 8.1 8.5 8.8
Kid mortality rate
- Overall per month (%) 2.6±4.4 4.4±1.8 4.2±2.5
-0-90 days (%) 11.1 24.8 18.6
Kid weight )
at 30 days (kg 3.5 2.5 2.4
at 90 days (kg) 5.7 4.7 4
Daily weight gain from 30-90 days (g/d) 36.6 36.6 33.3
Source: Mack et al (1985); Sumberg and Cassaday (1985).
13.4.1.2.1 Productivity index
Table 10 summarises the estimates of the main production parameters required to compute a
productivity index giving the total weight of 5-month-old kids produced per 10 kg of goat
maintained per year. This productivity index is based on data collected under traditional
management systems.
Table 10. Goat productivity estimates.
Female viability (%) 80
Kidding rate (%) 210
Kid viability to 1 year (%) 52
Kid weight at 5 months (kg) 7.5(a)
Productivity index per goat per year (kg) 9.1
Goat weight (kg) 19 (a)
Productivity index per 10 kg of goat maintained per year (kg) 4.7
(a) Estimates.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
152
13.42 DISEASES
Results of research carried out by the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) in
Badeku and Fashola on blood and gastro-intestinal parasites infestations affecting goats are given
in Table 11.
Table 1 1. Blood and gastro-intestinal parasitic infestation rate in goats.
Badeku Fashola
Number of observations 1048 1142
Blood parasites
- Trypanosomes (%) 0.1 3.5
- Babesia (%) 6.8 20.4
- Anaplasma (%) 0.7 0.4
Gastro-intestinal parasites
- Strongylus (%) 14.1 34.0
-Strongyloids(%) 10.8 17.2
- Moniezia 10.7 9.1
- Coccidia 69 26.2
Source: ILCA (1986).
In 1973, Fabiye (quoted by Sumberg and Cassaday, 1985) indicated high infestation
rates by strongyloides and haemonchus during the rainy season in Zaria. Gaigera,
oesophagostomwn and trichostrongylus were prevalent during the latter part of the rainy season.
13.43 HERD MANAGEMENT
No recent data on herd management are available.
13.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
13.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The main research centres are the Universities of Ibadan, Ife and Nsukka and the Nigerian
Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research (NlI'K). The research centres conduct research on the
reproduction, nutrition and health of trypanotolerant cattle.
The International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) and the International
Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) are conducting research on small
ruminants production parameters in Badeku and Fashola, under the African Trypanosomiasis
Research Network. ILCA continues to implement its own research programmes in the humid
(Ibadan) and subhumid zones (Kaduna).
13.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
The total number of cattle raised on government or private ranches in 1984 is given in Table 12.
153
Table 12. Number of cattle raised by the government and private ranch.
Number of
State government Number of Number of Number Total number on
ranches cattle private ranches of cattle ranches
Rivers 2 67 1 124 191
Cross river 4 466 8 1473 1939
Imo 1 386 6 225 611
Ondo 3 2432 36 17 290 19 722
Anambra 1 447 3 371 818
Bendel 3 143 4 352 495
Lagos - - 22 2019 2019
Oyo 7 6876 457 75 565 82441
Ogun 4 511 88 9127 9 638
Source: Cattle survey, Nigeria, September 1984. Quoted by Akinwumi and Ikpi (1985).
Recent data on six multiplication centres are given in Table 13. Akunnu and Imeko
ranches were not mentioned in the previous study.
Table 13. Multiplication herds.
Name:
Location:
Organisation responsible:
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Upper Ogun Ranch
Oyo State, 50 km west of Oyo
Western livestock Company (WLC), Ibadan
10 522 ha
2258 N'Dama in 1984
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock for distribution to other ranches.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Fashola Stock Farm
Oyo State, 50 km west of Oyo
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ibadan
550 ha
620 N'Dama, Keteku and crossbreds in 1985
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock. The ranch also serves as a transit
station for imported animals.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Ogboro ranch
Oyo State, 150 km north of Oyo
WLC, Ibadan
1864 ha
1646 N'Dama in 1984
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Akunnu ranch
Ondo State, 70 km east of Ado-Ekiti
WLC, Ibadan
8094 ha
1652 N'Dama in 1984
N'Dama multiplication and production of breeding stock. In future the ranch will
supply breeding stock to other ranches.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breed and number
Objectives
Oko-Ako Ranch
Ondo State, 90 km north-east of Ado-Ekiti
WLC, Ibadan
10 025 ha
455 N'Dama, Keteku and crossbreeds in 1984
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Source: Shaw (1985).
Imeko Ranch
Ogun State, 90 km northeast of Abeokuta
WLC, Ibadan
4000 ha
200 N'Dama from Upper Ogun Ranch in 1985
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock. The ranch was built up in 1983
and started operation in 1984. In the future, the ranch may be used for fattening
activities.
All WLC ranches receive financial aid from the World Bank and the Western Livestock
Company.
154
Recent data on other multiplication herds described in the previous study are not
available.
13.53 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
Few additional data on development projects involving trypanotolerant cattle were available. As
part of its activities, ILCA, in collaboration with IITA, has developed a fodder bank system with a
view to increasing livestock production output. A number of these banks have been established
since 1980 including several in Plateau, Niger, Benue and Gongola States, that is in places where
trypanotolerant animals are also to be found (von Kaufmann, 1986).
13.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Akinwumi J A and Ikpi T E. 1985. Trypanptolerant cattle production in Southern Nigeria. Report submitted to
ILCA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 31 pp.
Federal Livestock Department, Nigeria. 1976/77 and 1977/78. Nineteenth and 20th Annual Report ofthe
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division. Layon Graphic Press, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Nigeria. 1981. The Green Revolution. A livestockproduction plan for Nigeria
- Final report. Green Revolution National Committee, Lagos, Nigeria. 236 pp.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Nigeria. 1982. Annual report. Lagos, Nigeria.
Hill D H. 1976. Trypanosomiasis in N'Dama and White Fulani heifers exposed to natural infection on a
ranch in Western Nigeria. Bulletin ofAnimal Health and Production in Africa 24(2):117-124.
Ikede B 0. 1981. The understanding of the pathological effects of trypanosomiasis in ruminants as a basis
for diagnosis. In: Ilemobade A A (ed), Proceedings of the First National Conference on Tsetse and
Trypanosomiasis Research in Nigeria. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. pp. 96-107.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1984. Livestockproduction in the subhumidzone of West
Africa. A regional review. ILCA Systems Study 2. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 184 pp.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986. The ILCA/ILRAD Trypanotolerance Network.
Situation report, December 1985. Proceedings of a network meeting held at ILCA, Nairobi. ILCA,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 98 pp.
Ilemobade A A. 1981. Research in the field of animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: an overview. In:
Ilemobade AA (ed), Proceedings ofthe First National Conference on Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis
Research in Nigeria. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 333 pp.
von Kaufmann R, Chater S and Blench R (eds). 1986. Livestock systems research in Nigeria's subhumid zone.
Proceedings of the Second ILCA/NAPRI Symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria, 29 October-2
November 1984. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 484
pp.
Mack S D, Sumberg J E and Okali C. 1985. Small ruminant production under pressure: The example of
goats in southeast Nigeria. In: Sumberg J E and Cassaday K (eds), Sheep and goats in humid West
Africa. Proceedings of the Workshop on Small Ruminant Production Systems in the Humid Zone
of West Africa held in Ibadan, Nigeria, 23-26 January 1984. ILCA (International Livestock
Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 47-52.
OAU/FAO/UNEP (Organization of African Unity/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations/United Nations Environment Programme). 1983. Second OAUFxpert Committee Meeting
on Animal Genetic Resources in Africa. 24-28 November 1983, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
OAU/STRC/IBAR/ Publication. Nairobi, Kenya. 155 pp.
Olutogun 0. 1976. Reproductiveperformance andgrowth ofN'Dama andKeteku cattle under ranching
conditions in the Guinea Savannah ofNigeria. PhD thesis, Department of Animal Science,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 127 pp.
155
Olutogun S. 1983. The breeding, productivity and adaptability oftrypanotolerant N'Dama cattle oftropical
Africa. 22nd Expert Committee Meeting on Animal Genetic Resources in Africa. Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe.
Putt S N H, Shaw A P M, Matthewman R W, Bourn D M, Underwood M, James A D, Hallam M J and
Ellis P R. 1980. The social and economic implications oftrypanosomiasis control. A study of its
impact on livestockproduction and rural development in northern Nigeria. University of Reading,
Reading, UK. 549 pp.
RIM (Resource Inventory and Management Limited). 1984. Livestock and land use in Southern Gongola
State, Nigeria. Final Report, Volume II. Main text. 169 pp.
Roberts C J and Gray A R. 1973. Studies on trypanosome resistant cattle: the breeding and growth
performance of N'Dama, Zebu and Muturu cattle maintained under the same conditions of
husbandry. TropicalAnimal Health and Production 5:211-219.
Shaw A. 1985. Consultation mission on trypanotolerant livestock and multiplication oftrypanotolerant
livestock. FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Sumberg J E and Cassaday (eds). 1985. Sheep and goats in humid WestAfrica. Proceedings of the Workshop
on Small Ruminant Production Systems in the Humid Zone of West Africa, held in Ibadan,
Nigeria, 23-26 January 1984. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. 74 pp.
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division. 1960-1978.Annual reports. Federal Livestock Department, Kaduna,
Nigeria.
Upton M. 1985. Models of improved production systems for small ruminants. In: Sumberg J E and Cassaday
K (eds), Sheep and goats in humid WestAfrica. Proceedings of the Workshop on Small Ruminant
Production Systems in the Humid Zone of West Africa, held in Ibadan, Nigeria, 23-26 January
1984. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 55-67.
World Bank Animal Review. 1981. Mission. Livestock Production Plan for Nigeria.
13.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The total trypanotolerant cattle population, which nowadays is only 200 000 head declined
significantly by almost a third during the study period. However, the N'Dama population
increased from 15 000 to 20 000 head, as opposed to the other breeds which declined in a similar
proportion. A special programme on the N'Dama breed is being implemented. In this regard, an
estimated 5000 head were imported in the 1980s (Hoste and Shaw, 1987). Research activities
carried out by ILCA, in collaboration with universities and other research bodies under the
humid and subhumid zone programmes have provided important data on the productivity of
trypanotolerant cattle and sheep breeds.
The government is currently exerting major efforts to develop N'Dama production in
the southern States. Taking into account the current attractive pricing policy in the livestock
sector, it is likely that some private producers will import N'Dama breeding stock for N'Dama
production in the near future.
156
157
CHAPTER 14
CAMEROON
14.1 BACKGROUND
The country, which was originally divided into seven provinces, is now divided into 10 provinces.
The Northwest and Southwest provinces comprise the former English-speaking West Cameroon
and the other eight provinces the former French-speaking East Cameroon.
Data on human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Cameroon.
Human population (1986)
- number 9 972 000
- density 920.9/km2
Animal population (1984)
- cattle 4 099 305
- sheep 2 300 000
- goats 2 500 000
Source: For human population: official projection (+2.4%) for 1986 from 1976 census figures.
For animal population: Cameroon (1984).
14.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
The numbers and distribution of cattle in 1984 are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Cattle numbers and distribution, 1984.
Province Numbers
% of national
herd
Estimated humpless
cattle population
Far North
North
Adamaoua
West
North-West
South-West
Littoral
Centre
East
South
1 030 662 6567-7880
441193 77.43
1702429 952
178 815 4.36
489 147 11.93 1277
11429 0.28
2 867 0.07
25 000 0.61 1508
209 763 5.12
8000 0.2
Total 4 099 305 100 10 304-11617
Source: Cameroon (1984).
According to Table 2, North, Far North and Adamaoua Provinces account for 77.4% of
the national herd. Although 80% of the country is infested by the tsetse fly, trypanosusceptible
zebu constitute over 99.8% of the national cattle herd.
158
- - 1 805 400 37.6
- - 441600 9.2
- - 984 000 20.5
- - 456 000 9.5
9600 14 400 24 000 0.5
105 400 158 600 264 000 5.5
263 000 394 000 657 000 13.7
73 200 100 800 168 000 3.5
Sheep and goat populations and distribution in 1984 are given in Table 3.
Table 3. Sheep and goat numbers and distribution in Cameroon, 1984.
Province Sheep Goats Total % of livestock
Far North
North and Adamaoua
West
North-west
South-west
Littoral
Centre and South
East
Total 2 300 000 2500 000 4 800 000 100
Source: Cameroon (1984).
According to Table 3, North, Far North and Adamaoua Provinces still account for
50.4% of the total small ruminants population. A total of 1 113 000 sheep and goats, comprising
22.4% of the population, are found in North, North-west, Littoral, Centre, South and East
Provinces. Out of this number, 657 000 are found in Centre and South Provinces. Data on the
distribution of sheep and goats by trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible breeds are not
available.
14.3 CATTLE
14.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
Cameroon has about 1 1 000 head of trypanotolerant cattle consisting of 1500-2000 N'Dama,
6500-8000 Kapsiki and Doayo, 1000-1300 Bakosi and 800-1300 Muturu.
Between the end of 1979 and late 1981, 370 N'Dama (22 males and 348 females) were
imported from Kouden, N'Konjock and JVL in Zaire under the M'bongo SOCAPALM
(Littoral) project for cattle production under palm plantation. By August 1984, the herd
numbered 900 head, including 340 cows.
Production traits recorded in 1983/84 give a fertility rate of 63%, a mortality rate from
birth to 1 year of 4%, and a mortality rate for animals over 1 year old of 5%. Mean weight at birth
is 17.6 kg and average daily weight gain for unweaned calves is 315 g/d (SOCAPALM, 1984).
14.3.2 DISEASES
The rinderpest epidemic which broke out in the country in February 1983 caused the death of
approximately 21 000 head of cattle in both the trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible
populations. Although no further outbreaks have been reported since then, the disease remains
endemic in the country (FAO, 1985).
In 1979, a tsetse and trypanosomiasis control programme was launched in Benue
Province (FAO, 1979). Cameroon is making major efforts to control animal trypanosomiasis. At
the end of the 1983-84 Tsetse Eradication Campaign, the Special Tsetse Eradication Mission
(MSEG) eradicated the tsetse fly on an estimated 1 700 000 ha thanks to the Tsetse Division of
N'Gaoundere with the assistance of the Tsetse Division of Garoua, another 1 350 000 ha were
also freed from tsetse infestation (MSEG, 1983).
159
A mission (Mawuena, 1985) undertaken under the tsetse and trypanosomes control
activities has submitted a project entitled "Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomiasis Surveillance Unit
for Tsetse- freed Areas and Strengthening of Special Tsetse Eradication Mission in the Republic
of Cameroon with Technical Materials".
1433 HERD MANAGEMENT
Some N'Dama cattle are used as work oxen on the oil palm plantations located in the southern
half of the country.
14.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
14.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
14.4.1.1 SHEEP PRODUCTION TRAITS
Table 4 gives production traits recorded by IRZ under improved management (IRZ, 1983-84)
and Neilsen at the Bamenda-Mankon station (Neilsen, 1985).
Table 4. Production traits for West African dwarf sheep under improved management and station conditions.
Improved
management On-station
Fertility rate (%)
Twinning rate (%)
Mortality rate (%) 0-4 months
Weight at birth (%)
Weight at 1 month
at 2 months
at 4 months
of 1-year-old ewes
Average daily weight gain (g/d)
0-30 days
30-80 days
75
10
39
3.3
15
95.2 (n=21)
21.3 (n=21)
30.8
2.05 (a)-1.57(b)(n=48-24)
5.18 (a)-3.84(b)(n =48-24)
8.03 (a)-5.00(b)(n =48-24)
21.2 (a)-19.5(b)
104 (a)-74(b) (n =48-24)
79 (a)-63(b)(n =48-24)
(a) Single birth; (b) twin birth.
Source: For on-station, Nielsen (1985). For improved management, IRZ (1983-84).
14.4.2 DISEASES
No recent data on diseases are available.
14.43 HERD MANAGEMENT
Five major management systems are used in Cameroon. They were described in detail at the
Seminar on Small Ruminant Production held in Bata in 1985 (UDEAC, 1985):
a) Free-ranging: The animal is allowed to roam freely and fend for itself. This managment system
involved numerous drawbacks (agropastoral conflicts, poor management of pastures etc) and
is prohibited by law. It is, nevertheless, the most common small ruminant management system
in Adamaoua and Littoral Provinces.
b) Tethering: The animal is tethered to a stake or shrub. Although this system prevents conflicts,
animals have to be provided with food and water.
160
c) Herding: The herd is cared for by a herder.
d) Improved management: This system is becoming more popular. Animals are usually fed
supplements (groundnut and cowpea haulm, millet stalks and cakes) and provided with health
care. Large herds of 1000 head or more are usual under this sytem.
e) Fattening is practised mainly in Far North and North Provinces. Small feedlot units maintain
between 20 and 30 castrates which are marketed after a few months of fattening. However,
small ruminant fattening is generally limited to one or two animals kept for between 8 and 12
months at most (UDEAC, 1985).
Herd size varies substantially depending on the region. In the southern provinces.with
the exception of the West and North-west, average herd size is between 5 and 10 heads. In the
northern provinces and North and North-west Provinces, herds of between 15 and 20 head are
common. In Far North Province average herd size is 100 head.
Sheep and goats are raised in separate flocks or in mixed flocks of sheep and goats or in
herds of sheep and cattle.
14.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
14.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The Livestock Research Institute (IRZ) continues to carry out research activities on the
improvement and selection of local cattle, sheep and goat breeds and on nutrition. In 1984, IRZ
launched a research programme on trypanotolerant breeds aimed primarily at conserving the
purity of these breeds.
Yagoua station in Far North Province currently maintains over 200 head of Kapsiki and
Namshi which will subsequently be used to form two purebred herds of 250 breeding females. An
attempt at establishing Muturu breed on Bangangte Station, Western Province failed for
unknown reasons. A further attempt is, however, envisaged.
The following research stations are also managed by IRZ:
Bambui Station which has a zebu-based beef production programme and a milk
production programme using Holstein and Jersey cows. It also conducts research on
pastures;
Jakiri Station, a National Livestock Production and Veterinary Training Centre
(Assogbakpe, 1985).
Recent data on other research stations mentioned in Volume II could not be obtained.
The National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET) conducts analyses and manufactures
vaccines in Bokle Garoua. It was established in 1984 and received FAO assistance in 1985 under
the project entitled "Vaccine Production at Bokle Laboratory".
A project to provide aid to village sheep producers in Cameroon, with Belgian funding
was implemented at Bamenda-Mankon Station, North-West Province in 1981. The project
conducts research on the diseases and productivity of the West African dwarf sheep.
161
14.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
In 1979, an N'Dama Production Centre was established on the M'Bongo Plantation of the
Cameroon Oilpalm Company (SOCAPALM). The Centre has an area of 10 000 ha and
maintained 952 N'Dama, including 340 breeding females in 1985. It aims to produce 4200 head of
cattle, including 1300 breeding females for beef production. CCCE provides 65% of the external
aid. Phase I will last six years (SOCAPALM, 1984).
14.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
The Investment Centre [Centre d'Investissement (FAOAVorld Bank)] conducted several
missions to Cameroon in 1984 to identify priority agricultural investment projects which could
attract external aid (FAO, 1984).
An FAO mission visited Cameroon in 1985 (FAO, 1985) under the Dairy Development
Coordination Programme (PICDL) and the International Programme for the Development of
the Meat Sector (PIDSV). At the end of the mission, the following development projects were
submitted:
development of animal traction
establishment of two pilot centres for the development of small-scale sheep and
goat production
introduction of trypanotolerant cattle to areas of high trypanosomiasis challenge
with a view to developing beef production.
The "Meat II plan", which covers Adamaoua and North-west Provinces, is the main
livestock development project in Cameroon. Phase II of the project, which was discontinued in
January 1986, comprised five components:
The loans-to-producers scheme (through FONADER)
The establishment of three ranches, two abattoirs and livestock production training
and extension units (UVE) to be implemented through the Animal Products
Development Company (SODEPA)
The Special Tsetse Eradication Mission (MSEG)
The strengthening of veterinary services in Adamaoua
The Coordination Unit.
To pave the way for the implementation of "Meat II Plan" an agreement for a project
entitled "Preliminary Studies for a Livestock Production Project", was signed between the
Government of Cameroon which will provide US$ 320 (XX) from loans secured from the
International Development Association (IDA), UNDP which will contribute US$80 000 and the
World Bank which will implement the project.
The immediate objective of the project which should be completed in 10 months is to
carry out a series of baseline studies on:
the socio-economic environment of livestock production
the impact of tsetse control activities
loans to producers
the financial viability of the Animal Products Development Company (SODEPA).
A second FAO consultation mission was scheduled for the end of 1986 to study the
possibilities for conserving and multiplying endangered trypanotolerant breeds and identify their
role in national livestock development policies (Hoste, 1986).
162
A project to establish stations in Batouri, Garoua and Mbam region for the
development of small ruminant production is under consideration (UDEAC, 1985).
14.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Assogbakpe F. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle.
FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Cameroon. 1981. Fifth Five Year Plan.
Cameroon. 1984. Autosuffisance alimentaire. Livre d'Or, Cornice Agropastoral de Bamenda.
FAO (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations). 1979. Technical Report: trypanosomiasis
control. Establishment ofthe Binout Division for the Eradication of Tsetse (TCP/8/CMR/01/M).
FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1984. Report ofthe Centrefor Investment.
Cameroon: General identification mission. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Hoste. 1986. Mission Report: Development oftrypanotolerant livestockproduction in Cameroon. FAO project
GCP/RAF/19/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. IRZ (Institut de recherches zootechniques.
1983-1984. Rapport annuel. Yaounde, Cameroon.
Mawuena K. 1985. Report on a consultation mission on the control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis to CAR,
Ruanda, Burundi, Cameroon. FAO (Food and Agriculure Organization of the United Nations),
Rome, Italy.
MSEG (Mission speciale d'eradication des Glossines). 1983. Rapport annuel 1984. Yaounde, Cameroon.
Nielsen M. 1985. Projet d'aide aux éleveurs traditionels de moutons aux Cameroun. Rapport technique 2:
Reproduction-croissance-mortalités. Institut de Médecine tropical Prince Leopold, Antwerpen,
Belgique. 33 pp.
SOCAPALM (Sociéte Camerounaise de palmeraies). 1984. Resultats acquis en matiere d'e1evage du bovin
N'Dama sous palmeraies industrielles a la SOCOPALM, plantation de M'bongo.
UDEAC (Union douanicrc des dtats d'Afrique centrale). 1985. Elevage despetits ruminants en République
du Cameroun. Proceedings of a seminar on small ruminant production in UDEAC member
countries, held from 2-15 May 1985 in Bata.
14.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
Trypanotolerant cattle production is still of minor importance in Cameroon where the total
trypanotolerant population is about 11 000 head. This estimate is significantly higher than the
figure for 1977 and the increase is certainly due to imports and N'Dama production development
at SOCAPALM.
Although limited in numbers, trypanotolerant cattle breeds have not been neglected and
IRZ has initiated a research programme on these breeds. Purebred herds of about 250 breeding
Kapsoki, Namshi and Muturu cows raised under station conditions are being or will shortly be
formed.
The encouraging results obtained by SOCAPALM also indicate that trypanotolerant
cattle breeds may become important in the south of the country on oilpalm plantations or in areas
such as the relatively sparsely populated Centre Province.
163
CHAPTER 15
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
15.1 BACKGROUND
The General Directorate of Livestock Production and Animal Industries is now under the
Ministry for Rural Development. It comprises the Directorate of Animal Production and
Industries which is responsible for the Bambari Multiplication Centre and Doumie and Katakpa
stations and a Directorate of Animal Health in charge of Bouar and Bambari Veterinary
Laboratories. Data on human and animal populations for the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of the Central African Republic (1983 and 1984).
Human population (1984)
- number 2 607 000
- density 4.2/km
Animal population (1983)
-cattle 2147 384
-sheep 93 619goats 1016 748
Source: For human population, official projections from 1986-1990 the Five Year Development Plan.
For animal population, RCA (1983).
There are still no specialised bodies or departments responsible for tsetse and African
animal trypanosomiasis control in spite of the serious health threat posed by this disease.
According to Mawuena (1984), almost the whole country is infested by the tsetse fly except for
the mountainous Western region in Bouar which is in a high-altitude area. Several species have
been identified in the region in previous years. However, the data available need to be updated.
Tsetse control campaigns were organised in 1961-62 (in Topia Region), and in 1967 and 1970. It
appears that the areas treated have been totally re-infested.
15.2 CATTLE NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
15.2.1 CATTLE
The cattle population of the Central African Republic still consists mainly of Mbororo Zebu. The
remainder of the population consists of Fulani Zebu, and of trypanotolerant cattle maintained in
the sharecropping system or on livestock production stations and some zebu x humpless cattle
crossbreds. A census was carried out during the rinderpest vaccination campaign conducted in
1983. Table 2 shows cattle distribution by district in 1983, of all cattle mainly belonging to the
zebu breed (nomadic cattle), and of trypanotolerant cattle and crossbreds (sedentary cattle).
164
Table 2. Cattle distribution by administrative division, 1983.
Nomadic cattle Sedentary cattle
Veterinary
Inspectorate District Population
No. of sharecropping
units
Population
Western Nana-Mamb6r6
Haute-Sangha and
402006 62 605
Sangha Economique 207 975 33 1217
Total 610 041 95 1822
North-west Ouham-Pend6 413 480 31 440
Ouham 254355 96 1005
Total 667 835 127 1445
Centre-South Ombella-Mpoko 367 368 917
Lobaye 69 445 74
Total 436 813 991
Centre-North Kemo Grib 41423 17 218
Gribi Economique 18 178 4 34
Bamingui Bangoran - - -
Vakage 57 703 - -
Total 114 304 21 (1)252
Eastern Ouaka 210023 181 3 470
Basse-Kotto 91578 106 1690
Mbomou 6 278 10 97
Haute-Kotto 350 11 542
Total 308 299 308 (2)5 761
Total (CRA) 2 137 292 10 092
(1) 1982 data have been used for 1983 for lack of fresh data.
Source: RCA (1983).
The total cattle population increased to 2 147 384 head, including 99.6% of
trypanosusceptible cattle and 0.4% of humpless cattle. According to estimates by the General
Directorate of Livestock and Animal Industries, the trypanotolerant cattle population for 1984
was about 7400 head comprised of 6700 Baoule, 600 N'Dama, and 100 zebu x humpless
crossbreds.
Ranches and research stations account for 7% of the trypanotolerant cattle population.
The remaining 93% are maintained under traditional management systems (Dgeia, 1984).
At the end of sharecropping operations in 1970, there were an estimated 22 000 Bos
Taurus (Desrotour, 1982). Since then, the humpless cattle population has been increasingly
declining at a mean annual rate of 4.9%. Table 3 summarises the development of this breed,
based on 4500 head imported between 1955 and 1969.
165
Table 3. Development ofBos taunts numbers in sharecropping operations.
Year
Number of Bos taunts
in sharecropping
operations
Growth rate
in%
1965
1969
1978
1984
7 620
15150
9 550
7 400
+ 18.7
-5
-4.2
Source: BDPA (1985).
15.2.2 SHEEP AND GOATS
The distribution of sheep and goats in 1983 by district is given in Table 4. The data were collected
during annual agricultural surveys and during the census carried out by some livestock
inspectorates. No data on the distribution of sheep and goats between trypanotolerant and
trypanosusceptible small ruminants were obtained.
Table 4. Distribution of sheep and goats by district, 1983.
Centre-North
Veterinary
inspectorate District Sheep Goats
Western Nana-Mamb6r6
Sangha 1 {con.
18 019
5140
119 898
28 637
Total 23 159 148 535
North-West Ouham-Pend6
Ouham
17 574
19 209
122 230
197 419
Total 36 783 319 649
Centre-South Ombella-Mpoko
Lobave
4 071
3 845
43 269
38 861
Total 7 916 82130
Kemo, Gribing.
Gribingui.Econ.
Baminigui Bangoran
Vakata
Total
559
974
2228
3 761
46 373
35 166
10 051
91590
Eastern Ouaka
Basse-Kotto
Haute-Kotto
Mbomou
Haute-Mbomou
Total
16 306
5 249
445
22 000
180 536
143 177
27 047
24 084
374 844
Total CAR, 1983 93 619 1 016 748
Source: RCA (1983).
As was the case in 1975, there are 10 times more goats than sheep and the goat
population is concentrated mainly in the Western and Eastern Regions. The six administrative
districts of Nana-Mambere, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Ouaka, Bamingui-Bangoran and Basse-
Kotto account for 76% of the total population (UDEAC, 1985).
166
15.3 CATTLE
15.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
15.3.1.1 BAOULE
The only recent data available are those collected in 1984 by a BDPA mission, for Baoule herds
maintained under sharecropping systems. The results are given in Table 5.
Table 5. Baoul6 production traits in herds raised in sharecropping systems.
Age at first calving 2 years 10 months-3 years
Fertility rate 66%
Mortality rate
- 1 year 23%
-adult 5%
- overall 10-16.6%
Source: BDPA (1984).
15.3.2 DISEASES
According to BPDA (1984), the main diseases reported in 1982 were rinderpest, bovine
pleuropneumonia, brucellosis and tuberculosis. In 1986, the Central African Republic received
FAO assistance under a disease control project entitled "Bovine Pleuropneumonia Control
Project".
Gastro-intestinal parasites, mainly strongylus, account for 50% of deaths among young
animals for which an infestation rate as high as 80% is registered. Trypanosome infestation
account for 10% of deaths among young animals, 13% of adult mortality, 18% of abortions and
8% of total livestock mortality.
15.3.3 HERD COMPOSITION
15.3.3.1 SHARECROPPING SYSTEM
The BDPA study carried out in 1984 also gave data on composition of herds maintained in the
sharecropping system. As shown on Table 6, these reflect:
a comparable number of males and females among calves not offtaken
- a sharp decline in the proportion of young bulls (9.5% compared to 18% for
heifers) in the 1-3-year-age class, indicating an early and selective offtake of males
probably as early as age 2
a proportion of bulls (5.6%) i.e. 1 bull out of 17.9 head corresponding to an average
sharecropping herd size of 18 to 20 head
an absence of oxen, due to the fact that producers are unfamiliar with the selection
and management of breeding stock and therefore only raise entire males which are
sometimes sold as work oxen.
167
Table 6. Composition of herds maintained in the sharecropping system (%).
Bulls
Cows
Young bulls
Male calves
Heifers
Female calves
5.6
9.5
11.6
42.3
18.0
13.0
26.7
73.3
Total 100
Source: BDPA (1984).
15.3.3.2 RANCHING
Recent data on ranching are not available.
15.3.3.3 ANIMAL TRACTION
The number of work oxen in the Central African Republic in 1983 was 3132 pairs of oxen. The
administrative subdistrict of Paoua alone accounted for 2160 out of the 2742 pairs in
Ouham-Pende Province.
Table 7 shows the distribution of work oxen by administrative district in 1983.
Table 7. Distribution of work oxen by administrative district, 1983.
Administrative district
Ouham-Pend6
Ouham
Gribingui economique and Kemo Gribingui
Ouaka and Basse-Kotto
Pairs of oxen % of work oxen
2742 87.5
190 6.1
50 1.6
150 4.8
Total 3132 100
Source: BDPA (1984).
Ouham-Pende and Ouham divisions together account for 93.6% of the total work oxen
population, with a mean growth rate of 40% per year. The distribution of work oxen by breed in
Ouham-Pende administrative district in 1983 is shown in Table 8.
Table 8. Distribution ofwork oxen by breed in Ouham-Pende\ 1983 (%).
Breed Work oxen
M'Bororo Zebu
Fulani Zebu
Baoul6 Shorthorn
N'Dama Shorthorn
Zebu crossbred x Shorthorn
Others
84.2
2.5
9.9
0.9
1.0
1.5
Total 100
Source: BDPA (1984).
The number of work oxen in Ouako and Basse-Kotto, however, is lower and its growth
is limited.
The use of animal traction is, therefore, developing rapidly. Recent statistics available
indicate that there were 3455 pairs of work oxen in 1985 (ACADOP, 1985).
168
15.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
The proportion is still 1 sheep for 30 inhabitants and 1 goat for 3 inhabitants. Herd offtake rate is
estimated at 30%.
The sheep population includes all shades, from the Forest West African Dwarf type to
the long-haired Sahel type. The goat population consists mainly of the West African Dwarf breed.
15.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
15.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The Pasteur Institute in Bangui continues its research activities on ticks and tick-borne diseases.
15.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
The only station for which recent data were available was Bambari Station. In 1984, the station
maintained 200 N'Dama and under the Second Livestock Development plan, this number should
reach 354 head in five years. The objective of the station is to collect the available Shorthorns
from former sharecropping schemes to redistribute them to M'Bororo Zebu producers who will
cross them with their zebu to produce crossbred work oxen.
15.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
The most important development project in the Central African Republic is the Second
Livestock Development Plan. The project, which was launched in 1986 and which was expected
to be finalised in 1990, is funded by WB/IFAD/ADB/CAR and FED. It is an extension of FAO,
FED and World Bank projects and covers the whole country. It comes under the General
Directorate for Livestock and Animal Industries, and is mainly geared towards improving
M'Bororo production. However, it also has three objectives relating to trypanotolerant cattle:
to encourage, through Bambari Station, the use of Shorthorn x zebu crossbreds as
work oxen;
to distribute an estimated 2372 trypanotolerant cattle among about 100
sharecropping herds and train producers;
to produce 1200 young bulls during the initial year for animal traction. This number
should reach 5600 head within five years.
Under the project, FAC will contribute towards the funding of a veterinary laboratory to
be set up in Bangui (Marches tropicaux, 1986). Finally, two integrated rural development projects
currently being implemented include livestock production components. These are the
Ouham-Pcnde Integrated Rural Development Project financed by GTZ which aims to promote
animal traction and the Integrated Rural Development Projects for Bamangui, Bangoran and
Vakagan Administrative Districts which were launched in 1985 with UNDP funding.
In 1984, the Agricultural Production Development Office (BDPA) conducted a
BDEAC feasibility study on a trypanotolerant cattle conservation project in the Central African
Republic (BDPA, 1984). Although the project was not independently funded, some of the
proposals were incoporated into the Second Livestock Production Development Plan.
169
In 1985, the Central African Republic received UNDP assistance under a project
entitled Integrated Rural Development of Bamingui-Bangoran and Vakaga Administrative
Districts.
15.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACADOP (Agence Centrafricaine de Développement de l'Ouham-Pendé). 1985. Courrier Rural, revue des
groupes Villageois et Services de l'Agence Centrafricaine de Développement de l'Ouham-Pendé 3,
Jan-Mar 1985.
BDPA (Bureau pour le développement de la production agricole). 1984. Crouail J C, Raveau J C and
Bonifiglioli A. Etude defaisabilité du projet de sauvegarde des bovins trypanotolérants en
République Centrafricaine. Vol.I Diagnostic; Vol. 2 Description du Programme retenu et Etude
économique; Vol. 3 Etudes des alternatives. BDPA, Paris, France.
Desrotour J. 1981. Situation actuelle de l'élevage en République Centrafricaine - Proposition.
Desrotour J. 1982. L'introduction de Baoulé en République Centrafricaine. In: Proceedings ofthe Seminar
on Trypanotolerance andAnimal Production, 10-14 May 1982, Lomé andAvetonou, Togo. GTZ
(German Agency for Technical Cooperation), Eschborn, West Germany, pp. 101-110.
DGEIA (Direction générale de l'élevage et des industries animales). 1984. Rapport annuel 1983. Ministère
du Développpement rural.
Mawuena K. 1984. Report on a consultation mission on the control of tsetse and animal trypanosomiasis in
CAR. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
République Centrafricaine, Service de l'élevage et des industries animales. 1983. Rapport annuel 1983.
UDEAC (Union Douaniere des Etats d'Afrique Centrale). 1985. Elevage despetits ruminants en République
Centrafricaine. Report of the seminar on small ruminant production in UDEAC member
countries, 2-15 May 1985, Bâta.
15.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The cattle population continues to increase at a rapid rate mainly as a result of the influx of
M'bororo Zebu from neighbouring countries.The cattle population increased from 1 115 000
head in 1977 to an estimated 2 150 000 head during the study period. On the other hand, the
trypanotolerant cattle population has decreased from 22 000 in 1970 to 7400 head. However,
renewed interest is being shown in these breeds and several studies on their conservation have
been undertaken within the past few years.
Under the 2n Livestock Production Development Plan which was launched in 1988, a
number of activities geared at trypanotolerant breeds have been carried out. Promising results
obtained hitherto indicate that the decline in numbers will soon come to an end and that
production of these breeds will be resumed within the next few years.

171
CHAPTER 16
GABON
16.1 BACKGROUND
Data on human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Gabon, 1983 and 1985.
Human population (1983)
- number 1 300 152
2- density 4.9/km
Animal population (1985)
-cattle 17 400
- sheep 96 000goats 0
Source: For human population: Direction G6nerale de I'Economie, 1984 (estimates).
For animal population: Direction G6n6rale de PElevage, 1985.
The only specific study carried out recently at Okouma ranch (ILCA, 1986) indicate
that G. palpalis, G. nashi and G. tabaniformis are found in Okouma and G. tabaniformis and
G. palpalis in North-Lekedi.
16.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Table 2 shows cattle distribution by management system for 1985.
Table 2. Cattle numbers and distribution, 1985.
Number in ranches OGAPROV Okouma 658
South Lekedi 930
1588
Agrogabon Nyanga 8 250
Lekabi 3 372
Ngounie 1081
12 703
Size of small units
Franceville (private) 1300
1. Remainder of former sharecropping schemes
Figures vary with sources 1000 to 2000 (5th Plan)
1000 to 1500 (BDPA, 1984)
Number selected 1500
2. Leboka Producers' Cooperatives (North Lekedi) 300
Total 17 400
Source: OGAPROV (1985); Agrogabon, quoted by Assogbakpe (1985).
The livestock population in Gabon, and in particular the cattle population, has
increased significantly during the past few years. Cattle numbers increased from 6180 in 1981 to
17 391 in 1984. That was due partly to several importations of N'Dama (7653 head) from Senegal,
the Gambia, Zaire and Congo during the period (Shaw, 1986). Table 3 shows changes in cattle,
sheep and goat numbers in Gabon between 1975 and 1984.
172
Table 3. Changes in cattle, sheep and goat numbers
Year Cattle Sheep and goats
1975(1) 2 427 47 000
1976 (2) 2 852 112000
1981 (3) 6 180 136 225
1985 (4) 17 391 186 000
Source: 1. FAO study 20/2, 1980.
2, 3 Direction de l'Elevage, 1981 and UDEAC, 1982.
4. Direction G6n6rale de l'Elevage, 1985.
16.3 CATTLE
16.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
In 1985, the cattle population consisted of 16 000 N'Dama imported mainly from Zaire and
Senegal, 500 Baoule, 500 Lagune and 400 crossbreds.
16.3.1.1 N'DAMA PRODUCTION TRAITS
Data on the production traits of N'Dama raised on ranches were not available for publication in
volume II. Data were collected at Okouma and South Lekedi ranches in 1983 and 1984 by
OGAPROV (OGAPROV, 1985) on local Okouma N'Dama (O) imported from Zaire, which
have adapted well to local conditions and Senegal N'Dama (S) imported from Senegal in 1981.
Table 4 gives fertility rates for these two breeds.
Table 4. Fertility rate of O and S N'Dama.
Number of
calves bornBrecd Numbers Fertility rate
N'Dama (O) 365 243
103
66.5
N'Dama (S) 152 67.7
Source: OGAPROV (1985).
For all breeds maintained in Okouma and South Lekedi ranches (Okouma and Senegal
N'Dama, Nguni and Nguni x N'Dama crossbreds), survival rate to weaning is 84% (274 calves
surviving to weaning out of 326 calves born). Overall mortality rate is 4,27 % (82 deaths out of
1922 head) (OGAPROV, 1985). Data on N'Dama mortality rate between 1982 and 1985 were
collected by ILCA (1986). They are given in Table 5.
Table 5. Mortality rate (%).
Breeds Adult Preweaning
N'Dama (O)
N'Dama (S)
2.9
3.9
8.9
Source: ILCA (1986).
Note: The results given in this Table were obtained without chemoprophylaxis treatment against trypanosomiasis.
Okouma and N'Dama mortality rates were 2.29b lower with chemoprophylaxis. Adjusted female calf weight based on weight at
250 days is given in Table 6.
Table 6. Weight of female calves (based on weight at 250 days).
Breed Weight (kg) Indices
N'Dama (O)
N'Dama (S)
83
76
100
91.9
Source: OGAPROV (1985).
173
The indices indicate that (O) N'Dama growth weight is superior to that of (S) N'Dama
due to the fact that (O) N'Dama has adapted better to local conditions. Average daily weight
gain (ADG) between weaning and 24 months was calculated. The results are given in Table 7.
Table 7. Average daily weight gain between weaning and 24 months.
Breed Weight(kg) Indices (kg) ADGkg/d Indices
N'Dama (O)
N'Dama (S)
187
183
100
97.9
0.156 100
97.40.152
Source: OGAPROV (1985).
Table 7 shows no marked difference between (O) N'Dama and (S) N'Dama with regard
to growth between weaning and 24 months. Adult cow weight for (O) N'Dama was 196 kg and
for (S) N'Dama 175 kg (OGAPROV, 1985).
16.3.1.1.1 Productivity index
Table 8 summarises estimates for the main production parameters required to calculate a
productivity index giving the total weight of one-year-old calves produced per 100 kg of cow
maintained per year. This productivity index is based on data collected in Okouma and South
Lekedi ranches for Okouma N'Dama under average trypanosomiasis risk.
Table 8. Okouma N'Dama productivity index.
Cow viability (%) 9X1
Calving rate (%) 66.5
Calf viability to 1 year (%) 9 1.3
Weight of 1-year-old calves (kg) 130 (a)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg) 80
Adult cow weight (kg) 196
Productivity index per 100 kg of cow maintained per year (kg) 40.8
(a) Estimates.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
Data on the production traits of trypanosusceptible Nguni and Nguni x Okouma
N'Dama and Nguni and Senegal N'Dama crosses were also collected on Okouma and South
Lekedi ranches. The numbers involved were relatively small and do not allow a valid comparison
with the data obtained for the N'Dama breed. However, it should be noted that, although the
mean performances of Nguni are superior to those of N'Dama, the number of Nguni on Okouma
and South Lekedi ranches is declining. Mortality rate for Nguni unprotected with trypanocidal
chemoprophylaxis is significantly higher than for N'Dama (OGAPROV, 1985).
16.3.2 DISEASES
High mortality rates due to a viral epidemic, the Rift Valley Fever and trypanosomiasis were
recorded in ranches in 1982. Leptospirosis was responsible for abortions, stillbirths and deaths
among young calves. Streptothricosis cases were also recorded in some ranches (BDPA, 1984).
16.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT
Animal husbandry is practised in three forms in Gabon:
the remainders of the sharecropping schemes;
extensive ranching : Nyanga, Lekabi, Ngounie (Agrogabon);
intensive ranching : Okouma, South Lekedi (OGAPROV) and Franceville.
174
A new approach to livestock production is currently being tried. Under this scheme,
ranch-trained livestock producers (former herdsmen) are provided with assistance in the form of
low rents, loans for the purchase of their seed-stock and with adequate facilities in an effort to
encourage the establishment of local stocks. Intensive training is also provided. The OGAPROV
programme aims to establish seven 70-ha farms in North Lekedi ranch. Three producers have
already commenced operations and the financial results are encouraging.
The objective of the Agrogabon programme is to establish village seed herds in the
vicinity of La Ngounie ranch, as part of a regional Integrated Operation.
The Lebamba Agro-pastoral Project has conducted studies on the socio-economic
aspects of livestock production in the zone. The slaughter of animals is normally forbidden by
social taboos. However, with new animal species such as cattle, these taboos may become
irrelevant (Rochez, 1985).
Animal traction was introduced in the Lebamba groundnut producing zone in 1961 and
technical assistance was provided until 1970. It is to be reintroduced in the region through the
Lebamba Agro- pastoral Project, which aims to distribute 30 teams of oxen within the next four
years, after a proper socio-economic study has been carried out (Rochez, 1985).
16.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
16.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
Although development programmes do not often include small ruminants, the Directorate of
Livestock Production has established a sheep farm in the south-east which will subsequently be
taken over by OGAPROV.
The farm was initially designed to provide technical support to sheep production
development in this part of the country. It was subsequently converted into a Kirdi x Dorper
crossbred lamb production farm. These animals are referred to as "Okouma", the name of the
plateau on which the farm is located. Okouma sheep are white with a black head. Adult males
weigh between 45 and 60 kg and ewes between 45 and 50 kg.
The flock currently consists of an estimated 300 sheep. Breeding stocks have been
distributed to potential breeders with adequate facilities since 1982 (UDEAC, 1985).
16.4.2 DISEASES
Units of the Directorate of Livestock Production are currently implementing a comprehensive
health programme (deworming ectoparasites treatment and distribution of mineral salts).
OGAPROV farm is also carrying out a prophylaxis programme which includes
trypanosomiasis and parasitic control and distribution of mineral salts, vaccination against
anthrax, brucellosis. Rift Valley Fever and enterotoxaemia (UDEAC, 1985).
16.4.3 HERD MANAGEMENT
The traditional management system is still the most common. Sheep and goats are kept in small
herds and slaughtered during traditional feasts for family consumption.
175
The only example of improved livestock production is the sheep farm established on
Okouma Plateau by the Directorate of Livestock Production.
16.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
16.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
In collaboration with the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) and the International
Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), OGPAROV has extended its research
activities over the past few years, within the framework of the African Animal Trypanosomiasis
Network.
16.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
The current situation regarding multiplication herds is shown in Table 9.
Work on Lekedi and Nyanga ranches facilities construction begun in 1980 and in 1981,
respectively (J.Van Lancker Company, 1982).
Table 9. Multiplication herds.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Franceville Presidential ranch
Upper Ogou6 Region
Office of the President, Libreville
8000 ha
1300 N'Dama in 1985
Production of beef cattle and breeding stock.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
OGAPROV-Okouma and South Lekedi
Upper Ogou6 Region
OGAPROV, P O Box 245, Moanda
1000 ha in use. To be extended to 1500 ha
658 head in Okouma and 930 head in South Lekedi in 1985 including 1360 N'Dama, 150
N'Dama x Tuli and 48 Nguni
Crossbreeding programme, production of breeding stock and beef cattle. Training of
producers in North Lekedi which currently has three units of 300 head.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Nyanga ranch
Nyanga Region, near Tchibanga
Agrogabon, P O Box 2248, Libreville
18 000 ha. Could be extended to 95 000 ha
8259 N'Dama. Cattle number should reach 30 000 head in 1992
Beef production and N'Dama multiplication
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Lekabi ranch
Upper Ogou6 region, north-west of Franceville
Agrogabon, P O Box 2248, Libreville
65 000 ha
3372 N'Dama in 1985. A herd of 12 000 head is envisaged by 1992
Beef production and N'Dama multiplication.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
La Ngouni6 ranch
La Ngouni6 Region, 10 km south of N'dende village
Agrogabon, P O Box 2248, Libreville
40 000 ha
1081 N'Dama in 1985, expected to reach 5000 head in 1999. Out of this number 3500
head will be placed in 240 nucleus herds under traditional management
Beef production and N'Dama multiplication
Distribution of 15 breeding stock per village unit to 240 units which comes to about 3500
head N'Dama.
Source: OGAPROV (1985); Agrogabon (1985); Assogbakpc (1985).
176
No recent data on the other farms and production stations mentioned in Volume II
were available.
16.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
In 1981, Gabon received UNDP funding for a project entitled Agro-pastoral Development of
Lebamba Zone. The objectives of the five-year project are to study the socio-economic aspects of
livestock production in this region with a view to developing model structures and introducing
animal traction.
Agrogabon, in collaboration with Ngounie ranch, plans to establish 240 nucleus herds
with a herd expected to reach 3500 head by 1993 with a view to developing village production. In
this respect, a feasibility study was conducted in 1983 by J. Van Lancker (Compagnie J. Van
Lancker, 1983) and the first seed-stock were distributed in 1985.
In 1985, a project entitled Identification of the Needs of the Livestock Production
Department was supported by FAO funds. It was aimed at determining the veterinary facilities
(laboratories) to be set up, evaluating staffing requirements and identifying the nature and
amount of the external aid required.
An FAO consultation mission visited Gabon in 1985 to conduct a study on the
establishment of an inter-states multiplication and distribution centre of trypanotolerant breeds
in UDEAC-member countries (Hoste, 1985). A feasibility study was carried out in 1986.
16.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Assogbakpe F. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO
project, GCP/RAF/ 190/ITA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
BDPA (Bureau pour le Développement de la Production Agricole). 1984. Etude defaisabilite duprojet de
sauvegarde des bovins trypanotolerants en Republique Centrafricaine, Ministere du Developpement
rural centrafricain and BDPA, Paris, France.
Compagnie J. Van Lancker. 1982. Projet du developpement de l'elevage. Ranch de Nyanga et ranch de
Lekabi. Updating, December 1982. Republic of Gabon, Agrogabon-Elevage.
Compagnie J.Van Lancker. 1983. Projet de developppement de l'élevage bovin dans la Province de la Ngounié.
Ranch de Ngounie' - Elevage villageois. Etude defaisabilité (Feasibility study). Final report,
September 1983. Republic of Gabon, Agrogabon-Elevage.
Direction generale de l'economie, Ministere de l'economie et de finances, Gabon. 1984. Tableau de bord de
I'economie, situation 1983, perspectives 1984-1985. Direction generale de l'elevage. Ministere de
l'agriculture de l'elevage et d'economie rural, Gabon. 1981 Progress report.
Direction générale de l'elevage, Ministere de l'agriculture de l'e1evage et de l'économie rural, Gabon. 1985.
Verne Plan, 1984-1988. Bilan-Objectifs-strategie-cout. Internal document.
Hoste C. 1985. Mission Report. Assistance mission to UDEAC with a view to establishing a centre for the
multiplication and distribution of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986. The 1LCA/ILRAD Trypanotolerance Network.
Situation Report, December 1985. Proceedings of a network meeeting. ILCA, Nairobi,
Kenya/ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
OGAPROV (Office Gabonais d'amelioration et de production de viande). 1985. Rapport technique 1984.
Rochez A. 1985. Projet de Developpement agro-pastoral de Lebamba. Proposition pour I 'introduction de la
culture attelee dans les Departements de Dolla et de Louetsi Wano. Mission Report, FAO (Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.
177
Shaw A. 1986. Trade in trypanotolerant cattle in West and Central Africa. FAO project, GCP/RAF/190/ITA,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
UDEAC (Union Douaniere des Etats d'Afrique Centrale). 1982. Avant-projet: Etude et lutte contre les
epizooties en Afrique Centrale, Bangui. Central African Republic.
UDEAC (Union Douaniere des Etats d'Afrique Centrale). 1985. L'élevage despetits ruminants en
Republique du Gabon. Report of a seminar on small ruminant production in UDEAC member
states, 2-15 May 1985, Bangui, Central African Republic.
16.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
The results presented in this study are an indication of the priority accorded livestock production
in Gabon. In 1975, the cattle population was an estimated 2500 head. In 1985/86 the number had
increased to 17 400 head, 16 000 of which were N'Dama. The sheep and goat populations
increased by almost 100% during the same period.
An estimated 10 000 N'Dama were imported during the 1980's with a view to
developing national livestock production. The cattle importation programme has, in theory being
completed. The ranches involved should now implement the multiplication aspect of the
programme in the shortest possible time in order to meet the high demand of village producers
for stock.
A new communal ranch for UDEAC member countries will be established shortly in
Gabon. The feasibility study on the project has just been completed and funds are being sought.
178
179
CHAPTER 17
CONGO
17.1 BACKGROUND
The Directorate of Livestock Production created in 1981, is under the Ministry of Agriculture
and Livestock Production which is responsible for almost all state companies concerned with
agriculture.
The Directorate comprises the following five divisions:
Cattle, Sheep and Goat Production Division
Poultry Farming Division
Pig Production Division
Animal Health Division
Veterinary Inspection Division.
Data on human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of the Congo, 1983/1984.
Human population (1984)
- number 1 900 000
- density 5.5/km2
Animal population (1983)
- cattle 65 000
- sheep 85 000
- goats 180 000
Source: For human population: Assogbakpe (1985).
For animal population: Direction de I'Elevage (1983) quoted by Assogbakpe (1985).
According to Frezil and Eouzan (FAO, 1982) G. morsitans is not found in the Congo.
Distribution and infestation rate of G. palpalis and G. fusca is uneven. The riverine gallery forests
of Upper Likouala, Djoue valley (tributary of the Congo upstream from Brazzaville), Niari and its
main tributaries, are infested with G. palpalis palpalis and G. fuscipes quanzensis.
The dominant species may vary depending on the area. G. palpalis palpalis is rare
around Makoua; G. fuscipes quanzensis seems to be the most common species in Moukomo. This
species is also common in villages located at the foothills of the Bateke land.
G. fusca species are not very common in the country and G. tabaniformis is more
frequent than G. fusca. The latter was not found south of latitude 2 north until 1953. G.
tabaniformis is found along the Congo River as far south as Brazzaville and even farther
(Louboulou Ranch).
Tsetse control using traps was introduced in 1979 in the two main infestation areas:
Niari area located along the Brazzaville-Pointe noire axis (G. palpalis palpalis
vector),
The "Couloir" area on Congo River upstream from Brazzaville (G. fuscipes
quanzensis Vector). The main objective of the programme was to control human
trypanosomiasis (EOUZAN, 1986).
180
17.2 CATTLE NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Cattle distribution in the different ranches in 1982/83 is shown in Table 2. N'Dama is the main
breed raised in ranches.
Table 2. Distribution of cattle in the different ranches, 1983.
Ranches Numbers
Dihesse 12111
Louila 5 732
Louboulou 3 549
Massangui 7 537
Louamba 6 701
Total 35 630
Source: BDPA (1984).
Table 3 shows the distribution of cattle under traditional management in 1982/83. Some
16 000 N'Dama are maintained under this system, the remainder being Lagunc breeds and some
crossbreds.
Table 3. Distribution of cattle under traditional management, 1982/83.
Region Number
Kouilou 10
Niari 3 513
Lekoumou 481
Bouenza 10 953
Pool-Braz. 10 789
Plateaux 70
Cuvette 455
Sangha 99
Private schemes 3 000
Total 29 370
Source: Direction de l'Elevage (1982).
The cattle population of the Congo is 65 000 head, including some 54 000 N'Dama and
10 600Lagune.
Between 1977 and 1983, the number of cattle increased from 43 000 head to 65 000
head through importation of large numbers of N'Dama (1985 head) from Zaire.
173 CATTLE
173.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
17.3.1.1 N'DAMA
Ranches or production stations account for 65.5% of the N'Dama population. Only 34.5% are
under traditional management.

182
Table 6. N'Dama productivity estimates.
1979 1981
Adult female viability (%)
Calving rate (%)
Calf viability to 1 year (%)
Calf weight at 1 year (kg)
Productivity estimates per cow per year (kg)
Cow weight (kg)
Productivity estimate per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg)
98.7 98.7
72.9 75
95.5 96
120(a) 120(a)
84 86.9
250 250
33.6 34.8
(a) Estimates.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
17.3.1.2 LAGUNE
No recent data on the production parameters of this breed are available.
173.2 DISEASES
The health situation in the country remains satisfactory. No case of rinderpest has been reported
and streptothricosis remains a marginal problem.
A few outbreaks of bovine pleuropneumonia were reported in herds maintained in the
vicinity of Djambala. The disease seems to be under control. Brucellosis is widespread (37% of
positive-testing in some ranches in 1977) and vaccination has been recommended to prevent
abortions. Tuberculosis is often mentioned. However, the confirmed cases are few. Cases of
otitis, the aetiology of which has not been indicated, have also been reported on some ranches.
Trypanosomiasis vectors are T. vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei. Mortality rate is 25% (FAO,
1982; 1985).
1733 MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
The two management systems used in the Congo are the village and ranching systems. BDPA
(1984) gives a detailed description of both systems.
17.3.3.1 VILLAGE MANAGEMENT
The village-management system (share-tenancy) smallholder herds are found mainly in the
southern part of the country with the greatest concentration in Bouenza, Pool and Niari Regions.
A total of 954 Lagune were imported from Benin between 1953 and 1959 under
individual sharecropping schemes mainly in Kimango District. Beneficiaries were required to
repay the loan with an equal number of cattle of the same age as that provided plus half the herd
natural growth, at the end of the contract. At the same time, the M'Passa N'Dama Multiplication
Station was providing competent producers with N'Dama on a loan basis. Here, the
sharecropping repayment of the loan on contract only provided natural growth.
Since 1963, the government has been trying to establish large herds through collective
sharecropping. A total of 100 heifers and five bulls were loaned to cooperatives of 20 members.
Members committed themselves and raised a working capital through the payment of a
contribution. The four collective herds established in 1963 were a failure due to the following
reasons:
183
misunderstanding between members
unequal distribution of contributions as some members contributed land and other
labour. The relative value of these services could not be easily evaluated
- the misconception of the populations which regarded the associations solely as a
means of obtaining cattle and lacked a spirit of cooperation.
Consequently, conditions for participating in sharecropping operations have been
slightly modified. Participation is now limited to members of pre-cooperatives or family units.
The operations have being temporarily discontinued due to a shortage of distribution
stock at M'passa Station and of lack of resources to recover government cattle detained by
sharecroppers. Smallholder cattle owners or sharecroppers are to be found in all provinces except
Likouala.
17.3.3.2 RANCHING
The Government is the biggest cattle producer with some 40 000 head maintained under
extensive ranching by the "Office du Gros Betail" (OGB). Government-owned livestock are
maintained in
six main units: M'passa, Louila, Massangui, Louamba, Louboulou and Dihesse
an agropastoral society at Madingou
other small regional or research stations located in
Pool (km Rouge Cattle Research Centre, Mankoussou, Kinpala and
Kilebe-Moussa farms)
- the highlands (Etoro farm)
the Basin (Etumbi farm)
Sangha and Likouala.
Cattle on all Government farms are of the N'Dama breed except for those at the km
Rouge Cattle Research Station which takes up research already conducted on the acclimatisation
of 295 head of zebu and Frison imported from Cuba.
Since 1948, N'Dama have been imported from Guinea, Senegal and Zaire for Louila,
Louboulou and Dihesse ranches. Zebu cattle were also imported from Cameroon and Central
African Republic but died from trypanosomiasis, streptothricosis or piroplasmosis in spite of
treatment. Management of these ranches have proved difficult. The farm hands have no tradition
of livestock management. The N'Dama, normally docile in its original habitat, rapidly becomes
wild in these vast expanses of rangelands where it loses all contact with man (Crouail, 1984).
17.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
17.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
17.4.1.1 SHEEP
In 1981, the Ministry of Planning conducted a survey to estimate the main production
parameters for sheep under village conditions. The productivity index showing the total weight of
five-month-old lambs per 10 kg of ewe per year was calculated from data collected during this
survey and is given in Table 7.
184
Table 7. Productivity estimates for West African dwarf sheep.
Ewe viability (%) 90
Lambing rate (%) 78
Lamb viabilty to one year (%) 67
Lamb weight at five months (kg) 13(a)
Productivity index per ewe per year (kg) 7.15
Ewe weight (kg) 25
Productivity index per 10-kg ewe maintained per year (kg) 2&
(a) Estimates.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
17.4.1.2 GOATS
Estimates for the main production parameters required to calculate a productivity index giving
the total weight of five-month-old kids produced per 10 kg of dam per year are given in Table 8.
The index is based on data collected under village conditions (Ministere du Plan, 1984).
Table 8. Productivity estimates for West African Dwarf goat.
She-goat viability (%) 90
Kidding rate (%) 70
Kid viability to one year (%) 67
Kid weight at five months (kg) 13(a)
Productivity index per goat per year (kg) 6.4
Adult goat weight (kg) 18
Productivity index per 10 kg of goat maintained per year 3.55
(a) Estimates.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
17.4.2 HERD MANAGEMENT
In 1982, sheep management systems took these three forms (FAO, 1982):
Village sheep management system where sheep are allowed to graze freely
Urban sheep management system, practised in some urban areas by individuals who
are mainly traders: the animals are kept in an enclosure in the compound and are
raised for sale during major religious feasts and for home consumption
Organised sheep breeding practised by individuals and missions in urban areas:
sheep graze in controlled (fenced) pastures and on sheep farms. Supplementary
feeding in the form of maize and salt licks is normally provided. Regular health care
is provided (drenching for gastro-intestinal parasites) and young males castrated.
17.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
17.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
The Brazzaville Veterinary Laboratory continues its work on the identification of diseases on
State farms.
17.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
The largest multiplication herds in the country are listed in Table 9. There are also smaller
government livestock production centres at Etoro, Plateaux region (17 head), Mankoussou, Pool
Region, Etumbi, Cuvette region (27 head), Sangha (22 head) and Likouala (12 head). These
figures are for 1985. Recent data on Odziba sheep farm are unavailable.
185
Table 9. Multiplication herds.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Remarks
Mpassa farm
Pool region, 2 km from Mindouli
Office du Gros B6tail (OGB)
16 000 ha available, 2000 ha in use
500 N'Dama (1985)
Should be converted into a livestock research centre (CRZ)
Lack of funds to launch the CRZ.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Remarks
APN farm
Pool Region, 20 km from Kindamba
National People's Army
500 ha
476 N'Dama and 250 sheep (1985)
Beef production
Supplies the Army.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Remarks
Louila Ranch
Pool Region, 30 km from Mindouli
OGB
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production
13 000 ha of fenced pastures
5732 N'Dama (1983 and 1985)
Beef production and stock breeding
Projected herd size of 6000 head.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Remarks
Louboulou Ranch
Bouenza, 30 km from Loudima
OGB
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production
16 000 ha including 12 000 ha of fenced pastures
3543 N'Dama (1983 and 1985)
Production of beef cattle and breeding stock
Projected herd size of between 6 000 and 8000 head.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Remarks
Dihesse ranch
Bouenza, 45 km from Loudima
OGB
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production
64 000 ha including 30 000 ha of fenced pastures
12 111 N'Dama in 1983 and 13 000 in 1985
Beef production and stock breeding
Projected herd size of 16 000 with possibilities for expansion.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Remarks
Louamba ranch
Bouenza, 25 km from Nkayi
OGB
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production
12 000 ha of which 7251 ha in use
6071 N'Dama in 1983 and 7143 in 1985
Beef production and stock breeding
Projected herd size of 8000 head.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Remarks
Massangui Ranch
Bouenza, Mouyondzi District
OGB
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
Remarks
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production
30 000 ha available. 12 200 ha in use
7537 N'Dama in 1983; 7691 in 1985
Production of beef cattle and breeding stock
Projected herd size of 9000 head. ^_
Madingou Agro-pastoral Company
Bouenza, 15 km from Madingou
Congolo-Romania Company
Ministry of Agriculture and
Livestock Production
1867 N'Dama in 1985
Production of beef cattle
Source: BDPA (1984); FAO (1985).
186
Plans for the establishment of two new ranches are under consideration. Data on the
ranches are given on Table 10.
Table 10. Planned new ranches.
Name Cuvette Ranch
Location Makoua, Cuvette Region
Organisation responsible OGB
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production
Size -
Breeds and numbers Projected herd size of 5000 N'Dama
Objectives Establishment of a breeding herd
Remarks Funds are still being sought.
Name Plateau Ranch
Location Plateau Region
Organisation responsible
OGB
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production
Size -
Breeds and numbers Projected herd size of 2000 N'Dama
Objectives Establishment of a breeding herd
Remarks Funds are still being sought.
Source : FAO (1985).
17.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
As part of the African Animal Trypanosomiasis Control and Development of infested areas
programme, an FAO mission visited the country in 1981 (FAO, 1982) and identified the following
projects:
Establishment of N'Dama cattle production centre in Makoua, Cuvette Region
Identification of cattle production projects in the Plateaux Region
Assistance for the operation of Technical Support Centres for Small Ruminant
Production
Trypanosome control in the People's Republic of Congo
Planning of a National Work Oxen Development Project.
In 1985, Congo received UNDP assistance for three months as part of the
implementation of a project entitled Assistance au Programme des Villages
Centres-Developpement rural Integre. The project also plans to develop sheep production
under village conditions.
In 1982, FAO provided assistance to the Congo for a period of four years under a
project entitled "Assistance to the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production for the
Development of Food Crop and Livestock Production in Rural Areas.
Technical Support Centres (CAT) for the development of small ruminant production
were recently established in Makoua, Cuvette, Region, Impfomdo, Likouala Region and at
Mpouya, Plateaux region with a view to boosting small ruminant production.
These centre programmes will include several aspects: animal health, pasture
improvement, mass selection, herding and night shelters. The Centres, in collaboration with
village smallholders, will develop production methods easy to disseminate and to master by all
small ruminant owners.
187
Funds for the project are entirely provided by the Government. Technical assistance for
Phase 1 (1982-1985) and Phase II (1985-1987) will be provided by FAO under the project
entitled Technical Support Centre for Small Ruminants Production.
Another small ruminant project was launched in 1984, i.e. the Inoni-Falaises Sheep
Production Unit to be established in the Pool Region, north of Brazzaville. The objectives of the
two-year project are lamb meat production, the introduction of forage grasses and legumes into
rural areas, training of village sheep producers distribution of breeding stock to smallholders,
development of a health monitoring system and training of extension workers specialised in sheep
production.
Technical assistance is provided by FAO under the "Inoni-Falaises Sheep Production
Centre Project".
From the end of 1986, FAO will provide assistance to Congo, mainly in the form of
materials, equipment and staff for 26 months, as part of a programme to develop livestock
production in Boundji District (Marches Tropicaux, 1986).
17.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Assogbakpe F. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant livestock.
FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
BDPA (Bureau pour le Developpement de la Production Agricole). 1984. Crouail J C, Raveau J C and
Bonifiglioli A, Etude de faisabilite du projet de sauvegarde des bovins trypanotolerants en
Republique Centrafricaine, Ministere du Developpement rural centrafricain and BDPA. BDPA,
Paris, France.
Eouzan J P. 1986. Bilan des experiences de lutte non polluantes contre les glossines dans les foyers de maladie
du sommeil en Republique populaire du Congo. Report presented at the workshop on New
Techniques for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis, 9-11 December 1986. FAO
projects GCP/RAF/190-191/ITA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1982. Report of a preliminary assistance
mission to the Peoples Republic of Congo. Programme for the Control ofAfrican Animal
Trypanosomiasis and Development of Infested Areas. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1985. Questionnaire on African animal
trypanosomiasis in countries covered by FAO projects GCP/RAF/190-191/ITA, Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso.
Marches Tropicaux. 1986. FAO: aide a l'elevage dans le district de Bounji. Marches Tropicaux 2127, August
1986.
Ministere de Pagriculture, Congo. 1982. Rapport annuel de l'lnspection vetcrinaire de Janvier a decembre
1982. Direction de l'elevage.
Ministere du Plan, Congo. 1981. Esquisses du Plan de Developpement de l'elevage.
UDEAC (Union Douanierc des Etats d'Afriquc Ccntralc). 1985. L'elevage des pclits ruminants an Congo.
Report of a seminar on small ruminant production in UDEAC member states, 2-15 May 1985.
Bata.
17.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
Significant developments have occured with regard to cattle production. The cattle population,
which numbered 43 300 head in 1977 is currently estimated at 65 000 head. Importation of almost
2000 N'Dama and an estimated annual herd growth rate of 10% account for the increase in
188
numbers during this period. Figures given are for cattle maintained both under traditional
management and on ranches (Hoste and Shaw, 1987).
The country is also focusing its efforts on small ruminants production. The small
ruminant population increased by almost 100% during this period. With the establishment of
Small Ruminants Technical Support Centres (CAT) and the technical assistance provided, a
rapid increase in sheep and goat production rate is expected.
189
CHAPTER 18
ZAIRE
18.1 BACKGROUND
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (DADR) now consists of 8 Directorates.
The Directorate of Livestock Production and Animal Health (DPSA) formulates and proposes a
livestock development policy for Zaire and monitors the implementation of such a policy by its
regional and subregional departments as well as by private and statal producers.
The Directorate is also responsible for the implementation of livestock production
support and extension projects such as the Ituri Project Office (BPI), North Kivu Project, and the
Veterinary Laboratories in Kinshasa and Lumumbashi. The technical aspects of these projects
are supervised by DPSA and the administrative and financial aspects by the General Directorate
for Projects Management (DAGP).
The Ministry is also in charge of The National Office for the Development of Livestock
Production (ONDE), a parastatal which operates some government ranches (FAO, 1985).
Data on human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Zaire, 1983 and 1984.
For the country For the study area
Human population (1984)
- number
- density
Animal population (1983)
- cattle
- sheep
- goats
Source: For human population: projections (+ 2.5%) based on 1982 census. National Statistics Institute (1984).
For animal population: DADR (1984) (estimates).
Zaire does not have a government body responsible for tsetse and animal
trypanosomiasis control. This falls under the normal responsibilities of DPSA
18.2 CATTLE NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Table 2 gives cattle numbers and distribution in Zaire for 1983. The study area comprises the
three regions of Kinshasa and Lower Zaire, Bandundu and Equator. The boundaries are based
on the geographical distribution of trypanotolerant cattle. More than 85% of the cattle
population of about 358 823 head in the study area are trypanotolerant.
29 671407 10 334 524
12.65/km2 13.5/km2
1461000 358 823
964 200 231408
4 501 700 1 395 527
190
Table 2. Livestock numbers and distribution in Zaire, 1983.
Region Area Cattle Sheep Goats
Kinshasa and Lower Zaire 63 885 129 644 77 136 270 102
Bandundu 295 658 175 100 115 704 630 238
F.quator 403 293 54 079 38 568 495 187
Upper Zaire 503 239 349 469 67 494 675 255
Kivu 256 662 310882 221766 716 572
Shaba 496 965 269 519 154 272 405 153
East Kasai 168 216 38 440 125 346 723 972
West Kasai 156 967 134 467 163 914 585 221
Total 2 344 885 1461600 964 200 4 501 700
Source: DADR (1984).
Table 3 shows cattle distribution by breed. An estimated 90% of the 451 100
trypanotolerant cattle in Zaire are of the N'Dama breed.
Table 3. Cattle numbers and distribution by breed.
Breeds Numbers
N'Dama
Lagune
Afrikander
Anchole
Exotic breeds(*) + crossbreds
Mateba and crossbreds
350 000-450000
15 000-20 000
620 000
350 000
45 000
16 000-22 000
Total 1461000
(*) = Imported breeds: Brown Swiss, Sahiwal.
Source: DADR (1984).
18.3 CATTLE
18.3.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
18.3.1.1 LAGUNE
No recent data on this breed are available.
18.3.1.2 N'DAMA PRODUCTION TRAITS
N'Dama fecundity rates on Kolo and Mushie ranches were between 75 and 85%. Mortality rate
for 15 days-to-1 -year-old calves was between 5 and 8%. Overall mortality rate was 1 to 2%.
Breeding cow weight recorded at Kolo ranch was 308 kg and 273 kg at Mushie ranch (ILCA,
1986).
191
18.3.1.2.1 Productivity index
Table 4 summarises the estimates of the main production parameters required to calculate a
productivity index showing the total weight of 1-year-old calves produced per 100 kg of cow
maintained per year. This index is based on data collected at Kolo ranch for production of beef
cattle under moderate trypanosomiasis risk.
Table 4. N'Dama productivity estimates under moderate trypanosomiasis risk at Kolo ranch.
Adult females viability (%)
Calving rate (%)
Calf viability to 1 year (%)
Calf weight at 1 year (kg)
Productivity index per cow per year (kg)
Adult females weight (kg)
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year(kg)
98.5
80
95
134(a)
102.6
308
33.3
(a) Estimates.
Source: Indices calculated by author.
18.3.2 DISEASES
Animal trypanosomiasis is still a major problem in Zaire. Rinderpest is believed in the Northern,
North-eastern and Eastern Regions, and Zaire has received FAO assistance as part of the
implementation of a project entitled "Emergency Rinderpest Vaccination Campaign".
Foot-and-mouth disease allegedly affects 3% of the cattle population and in northeastern Zaire,
24% of cattle are said to be affected by contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Tuberculosis,
brucellosis, anthrax, blackquarter and lumpy skin diseases are reported to be endemic and
theileriosis is found mainly in the north and north-eastern part of the country (FAO, 1985).
18.3.3 HERD MANAGEMENT
Table 5 gives the distribution by breed of 194 775 head of cattle in Lower Zaire, East Kasai and
Equator Regions. The data were obtained from a survey conducted in 1985 in these regions.
Tabic 5. Cattle distribution by livestock management systems in Lower Zaire, East Kasai, Equator and Bandudu
Regions.
Number of
herds
Average herd
sizeNumbers
State farms 20 584 6 3431
Religious organisations 32 096 14 2293
Large individual herds (> 1000 head) 130 239 14 9303
Small individual herds ( < 1000 head) 11856 100 119
Total 194 775 134 1454
Source: N'lemba quoted by Shaw (1985).
192
18.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
No recent data on small ruminant production parameters are available.
18.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
18.5.1 RESEARCH CENTRES
Belgian assistance to the Kinshasa Veterinary Laboratory was extended to cover the period
1984-1986. The laboratory continues to produce vaccines and conduct research on
trypanosomiasis.
Lumumbashi Veterinary Institute conducts research on trypanosomiasis in collaboration
with the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lumumbashi University.
The National Institute for Agricultural Research (INERA) focuses mainly on
agricultural research. However, it maintains several herds, mainly in Mvuazi, Lower River
subdivision, Lower Zaire (552 head in 1985) and in Gandajika, Kabinda subregion, in East Kasai
(187 head in 1985).
Certain national structures are currently conducting research within the framework of
the African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network co-ordinated by the International Livestock
Center for Africa (ILCA). Research programmes were launched in 1983 in Kolo and Mushie
ranches and in 1985 in the rural areas (ILCA, 1986).
18.5.2 MULTIPLICATION HERDS
The Rural Economy Grouping was privatised in 1983-84. A mission from the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development is expected to visit Lower Zaire to determine the number of
cattle owned by sharecroppers.
Data on the main sharecropping centres are given in Table 6.
Table 6. Sharecropping centres.
Name Idiofa People's Progress Diocesan
and Development Office (BDD)
Location Diocese of Idiofa Kitwit, Kwilu subregion, Bandudu
Organisation responsible DPP Kitwit
PO Box 8251 P.O.Box 144, Kwilu
Kinshasa
Size -
Breeds and numbers 10 000 head in the diocese 3000 NDama
(in 1986) Lagune, Afrikander and Angolan
crossbreeds (1984)
Livestock development, Production of beef and breedingObjectives veterinary assistance. Sharecropping
operations. Research on productivity
and trypanosomiasis in collaboration
with ILCA
stock. Sharecropping operations.
Hxternal Aid Belgian Government
Source: Shaw (1985).
Recent data on other sharecropping centres covered in Volume II are unavailable.
Current data on the main multiplication herds are given in Table 7.
193
Table 7. Multiplication herds.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Lola ranch
Equator Region, North Ubangui subrcgion, Bosobolo
Agricultural Development Centre
60 000 ha
6500 N'Dama (1984)
production of beef cattle and breeding stock
Between 1978 and 1983, Belgian Government
State ranch.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Kolo ranch
Kolo-Fuma, Lower Zaire subregion.
J. Van Lacker Company, P.O.Box 199, Kinshasa
50 000 ha
Between 23 000 and 25 000 N'Dama (1984)
Commercial ranch. Production of breeding stock for the local market and export.
Productivity and trypanosomiasis research by ILCA
Private ranch.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Mushie ranch
Bandudu region, Mai-Ndombe subregion
J. Van Lacker Company, P.O. Box 199, Kinshasa
30 000 ha in use
17 000 N'Dama in 1984. Projected herd size of 23 500 N'Dama by 1989/90
Commercial ranch, production of breeding stock for the local market and export.
Productivity and trypanosomiasis research by ILCA
Private ranch.
Name
Location
Kitomessa Farms and Plantations (PEK)
Lovo and Sanzikwa, Lower Zaire
PEKOrganisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
20 000 ha
7329 N'Dama in 1984
Production of beef cattle and breeding stock
Private ranch
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Mateba ranches :
- Mateba and Kanga sector
- Kiasunda sector
- Yuku sector
Mateba and Kanga sector are located on Mateba Island and the banks of the Congo
River near Boma, in Lower Zaire
- Kiansunda sector, located in Malangua, Lower Zaire
- Yuku sector, located in Yuku, Lower Zaire.
Soci6t6 des Grands Elevages du Bas Zaire (SGE)
- Mateba and Kanga sector: 7000 ha on the Island and 20 000 ha on either bank of the
river
- Kiasunda sector: 35 000 ha
- Yuku sector: 20 000 ha
Total for all the ranches: 21 300
N'Dama x Mateba crossbreds in 1984
Commercial ranch
Private ranch
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Ndongo Zola ranch
Moanda, Lower Zaire Region and Lower River subregion
Private
2500 ha
1420 N'Dama x Lagune crossbreds in 1984
Commercial ranch
194
Table 7. (Cont'd)
Name
Size
Organisation responsible
Size
Objectives
External aid
Kalombi farm
Near Feshi, Bandundu Region, Kwango subregion
Kitwit, P O Box 69
5000 ha
4000 N'Dama x zebu crossbreds in 1984
Commercial ranch
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Mpaka ranch
Equator Region, North Ubangui subregion in Bosobolo zone
Agricultural Development Centre (CDA)
75 000 ha of which 25 000 in use
10 000 N'Dama x Ituru Afrikander in 1984
Production of beef cattle
State ranch.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Fiwa ranch
Equator region, North Ubangui subregion, Bosobolo zone
Agricultural Development Centre (CDA)
3000 N'Dama in 1984
Production of beef cattle
State farm.
Name
Location
Organisation responsible
Size
Breeds and numbers
Objectives
External aid
Lombo, Bosondjo and Lusana ranches
Lombo and Bosondjo are located in Equator Region, North Ubangui. Lusana is located
in Kwilu subregion Bandudu
Lever Plantations, Zaire (PLZ)
PO Box 86 11, Kinshasa
20 000 ha for Lombo
Mostly N'Dama. Some zebu and zebu x N'Dama. 3000 head in Lomba, 2000 in
Bosondjo and 10 000 in Lusanain 1984.
Production of beef cattle
Private ranch.
Source: Shaw (1985).
There are no data available on the other ranches mentioned in the previous study.
Furthermore, it is likely that the Directorate of Livestock Production and Animal Health
(DPSA) holds no records of several other large ranches.
18.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development has studied and submitted a project
entitled CODAIK or the Kwango-Kwilo Integrated Agricultural Development Project
(Company) in southern Bandudu Region.
The following activities, funded by IDA, FRG and FAO have been carried out:
refresher course for field staff, adaptation trials on improved maize varities and establishment of
a 200 ha multiplication centre for improved seed varieties. The project is concentrating on
agricultural production with a weak livestock production component.
A project to provide producers with veterinary assistance is to be launched in
Mbanza-Ngungu Region, Lower Zaire. It will be funded by the Government of Belgium and will
cover between 5000 and 10 000 head of cattle in the study area. The Belgian Government will
also fund the following projects, which include a livestock production component (FAO, 1985):
improvement of livestock production in Kasongo
production of anaplasmosis vaccines
195
livestock production in the Idiofa area
assistance to livestock producers and fishermen in Mbandaka.
Several projects to train work oxen are in progress:
Nkata Project based in Masuika, West Kasai and Mbuji-mayi Rural Project based in
East Kasai. Both projects are funded by the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief
(OXFAM) and train an estimated 30-40 pairs of work oxen annually
The Integrated Rural Development Project in Luala Valley, funded by the
Government of Italy, which provides about 10 work oxen annually.
The World Bank plans to introduce a work oxen training programme as part of the West
Kasai Project (Starkey, 1984).
18.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
DADR (Departement de l'agriculture et du developpement rural), Zaire. 1984. Rapport annuel 1984.
Kinshasa, Zaire.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1985. Questionnaire on African animal
trypanosomiasis in countries covered by FAO Projects FAO GCP/RAF/190-191/ITA.
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986. Tlie ILCA/ILRAD Trypanotolerance Network.
Situation Report, December 1985. Proceedings of a network meeting. ILCA, Nairobi, Kenya/ILCA,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 98 pp.
Institut national des statistiques, Zaire. 1984. Rapport annuel 1984. Kinshasa, Zaire.
Shaw A. 1985. Consultant mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO project
GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Starkey P H. 1984. Tlie use of draught animalpower in the Kasai Occidental and Kasai Oriental regions of
Zaire. Report of an advisory mission undertaken from 30 January to 1 1 February 1984. British
Overseas Development Administation. London, UK. 40 pp.
18.7 MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1977
The trypanotolerant cattle population in Zaire continues to increase at a regular rate. In 1977,
there were only 274 000 head. The number is currently estimated at 450 000 head, an increase
due solely to the growth in the N'Dama population. The number of Lagune and zebu x Shorthorn
has remained static.
The N'Dama population is estimated at 415 000 head and accounts for over 70% of the
cattle on large private ranches.
Over 3000 head of selected N'Dama were exported in the 1980's, mainly to Gabon
(Hoste and Shaw, 1987).
With the launching of a research programme under the ILCA/ILRAD Network, very
important and useful data on N'Dama performances under ranch and village conditions should
become available.
196
197
CHAPTER 19
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
19.1 BACKGROUND
Equatorial Guinea was not included in Volumes I and II of the original FAO/ILCA/UNDP study.
Detailed general background information concerning this country is, therefore, given below.
The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is partly situated on mainland West Africa, and
partly on Bioko, Annobon, Corisco, Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico islands, in the Gulf of
Guinea, off the West African coast.
Mainland Equatorial Guinea, formerly known as Rio Muni, is bounded on the North by
Cameroon and on the South by Gabon.
The country comprises seven provinces and 18 districts. The capital, Malabo, is situated
on Bioko island.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Rural Development comprises three
Directorates: a Directorate of Agriculture, a Directorate of Livestock and a Directorate of
Agricultural Extension Service (SEA). The latter is responsible for 12 offices throughout the
country, each consisting of three departments: Animal Health and Production, Agricultural
Extension and Domestic Economy.
Background data for the country are given in Table 1. Equatorial Guinea has a typical
tropical climate influenced by the south-west monsoon winds and the warm waters of the Gulf of
Guinea.
Bioko island experiences two seasons: a dry season between November and April and a
rainy season between April and October. There are four seasons on the mainland: a dry season
lasting from June to August, a rainy season between September and November, a short dry
season between December and March and a short rainy season in April-May. The climate is
generally extremely humid (relative humidity is between 80 and 95%). Average rainfall is
between 2000 and 2500 mm and mean temperature 26°C depending on the altitude.
Mainland Equatorial Guinea is relatively mountainous with altitude increasing from the
coast to the hinterland. The coastline plain is 20 km wide and borders on several mountain
ranges (Siete hills 600 m, Mounts Mitra and Biyemeycmc 1200 m, Sierra de Cristal 1200 m,
Mounts Chocolate and Alen 1200 m), interspersed with peneplains usable for livestock
production.
Bioko island is of volcanic origin. Its peak is 3007 m above sea level. It harbours a wide
plain of about 15 000 ha (Moka Valley) located at an altitude of between 1200 and 1500 m.
The OAU tsetse distribution map published by Ford and Katondo (1976) shows that the entire
country, including Bioko island, is infested by G. palpalis. Thefusca group is allegedly confined to
the mainland. Infestation rate varies with altitude and plains such as Moka Plain in Bioko Island
are considered tsetse-free.
198
Table 1. Background data on Equatorial Guinea.
Total area distribu ted
of which: mainland
Bioko island
Annobon island
Corisco island
Elobey Grande island
Elobey Chico island
Latitude 3°48'N - 1°27'S
Longitude 5°37'E-11019'E
Human population (1983)
-number 300 060 in habitants
- density 10/km2
Animal populatior1 (1983)
- cattle 320
- sheep 5000
- goats 20 000
28 051.
26 000
2017
17
IS
2
0
5 km*
km2
km2
km2
km2
.3 km2
2 km2
} mainland and islands
Source: For human population, provisional figures for 1983 pre-census; for animal population, FAO (1985).
19.2 LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION
Estimates of livestock numbers by species and region are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Livestock distribution by species, 1983.
Cattle Sheep Goats
Bioko
Continent
220
100
1000
4000
5000
15000
Total 320 5000 20000
Source: FAO data (1985), revised by experts from the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and Rural Development
(Ministere de l'agriculture, de l'6levage et du d6veloppement rural), 1985.
Thus, village smallholders possess very few ruminants. In comparison, the population of
short-growth-cycle animals is large. Average herd composition in Niefang District on the
mainland is given as an example in Table 3.
Table 3. Herd composition in Niefang District.
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Pigs
Chickens
Ducks
Number of
head/farm
with species
Number of head
% of farms
with animals
for 1000 farms
in district
is 1.6 240
39 11 1209
21 3.9 819
63 7.8 4914
39 2.7 1053
Source: HDPA (1983) quoted by Hoste (1985).
199
19.3 CATTLE
There is an estimated 100 head of trypanotolerant cattle in Equatorial Guinea.
The 207 head counted on Bioko island in 1983 in high altitude Moka valley are all
owned by a single company. The herd consists of European breeds and comprises 69 Charolais,
113 Andalusian and 25 crossbreds.
Weight of 4-year-old males is 400 kg for Charolais, 360 kg for crossbreds and 300 kg for
Andalusian Retinto.
Cattle on the mainland consists of the Savannah Shorthorn breed from Cameroon.
Average adult weight is between 200 and 230 kg. No data is available on production parameters
for this breed. The private producer with a herd of about 40 head near BATA reported the
presence in his herd of two Shorthorn x Jersey cows whose origins could not be traced back.
No study on diseases has been carried out and the few existing herds are maintained under a
highly traditional management system (FAO, 1985).
19.4 SHEEP AND GOATS
19.4.1 BREED DESCRIPTION
Sheep and goats on both the island and mainland are all of the West African Dwarf breeds.
Surveys on the production parameters of these breeds are under way (GTZ project).
As is the case with cattle, there is little information on the disease status of small
ruminants. The management system is mainly traditional, i.e. animals are allowed to graze freely
except during the farming season.
19.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
Research and development activities focus mainly on agriculture in an effort to boost cocoa and
coffee exports and increase food production in the rural areas. The few existing research stations
and farms are mainly concerned with poultry and pig production. A United Nations project to
develop rabbit production is also being implemented.
Some of these centres were formerly involved with small ruminants and still maintain a
few head. The main ones are:
Evinanyong Station (125 ha and 30 goats)
Musola Research Centre (on Bioko island) which still has 12 head of cattle and
about 20 head of small ruminants
The Aconibe complex of 30 ha which currently maintains only a few small
ruminants but previously had some cattle
Mongomo complex which maintains some goats
Bata Nfunga Station which maintains some goats
The private project in Moka Valley on Bioko island which has great potential for
expansion and in collaboration with which the government intends to launch a national cattle
production project, is not included in this list.
200
The only current effort in the field of small ruminant production is a goat's milk
production project on Bioko island, launched with German cooperation assistance (GTZ). The
project covers two aspects. The first deals with surveys on various production parameters which
will be conducted under village conditions. The second will focus mainly on the milk production
and technological aspects on stations.
Major efforts are also being made to provide training and equipment to animal
production and health departments in the country. In this connection, the German Agency for
Technical Cooperation (GTZ), awarded 36 scholarships for a one-year training course for
national staff in the following fields: diagnosis, treatment and border health control and in
laboratory analyses.
The World Bank also plans to construct three veterinary clinics, two diagnostic
laboratories and two veterinary products stores.
The following four integrated rural development projects do not have a separate
livestock production component:
Niefang, funded by FAC
- Bata/Nfunga funded by FED
North Mougomo funded by IFAD
Nsork-Nsomo funded by Euro-action accord.
The only livestock productioon activities envisaged in the Niefang project, the most
ambitious of all projects in terms of animal production, are:
poultry vaccination
yearly drenching and spraying of pigs
twice-yearly drenching and spraying of sheep and goats.
An FAO mission visited Equatorial Guinea in 1983 as part of the International
Programme for the Development of the Meat Sector and the International Dairy Products
Development Coordination Programme and identified the following livestock development
projects: Development of Cattle production in Moka Valley, Improvement of Goat Production
on continental Equatorial Guinea and Pilot Cattle Breeding Scheme in Rio Muni (FAO, 1983).
Funds for these projects are still being sought.
19.6 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1985. International Programmefor the
Development of the Meat Sector and International Programmefor Coordinating the Development of
the Dairy Sector. Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Draft Report, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Ford J and Katondo K M. 1976. The distribution of tsetse flies (Glossina) in Africa 1973. Sheet 1: Palpalis
group; Sheet 2: Morsitans group; Sheet 3: Fusca group. Thematic maps, scale 1: 5 000 000.
OAU/STRC (Organization of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission),
Lagos, Nigeria. Each map on 3 sheets.
Hoste C. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO
project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
UDEAC (Union Douaniere des Etats d'Afrique Centrale). 1984. Rapport de mission sur ^identification et
I'evolution des besoins de la Republique de Guinee Equatoriale en matiere d'élevage. B. Takam,
UDEAC.
UDEAC (Union Douaniere des Etats d'Afrique Centrale). 1985. L'elevage des petits ruminants au Congo.
Report of a seminar on small ruminant production in UDEAC member states, 2-15 May 1985.
Bangui, Central African Republic.
201
19.7 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE 1977
In view of the fact that Equatorial Guinea was not included in the previous studies, a comparative
analysis of the data obtained cannot be made.
However, two major events which occurred during the period covered and have a major
impact in the livestock production sector should be noted. They are:
Equatorial Guinea's entry into the Customs Union of Central African States
(UDEAC). When the community's centre for N'Dama improvement and
multiplication becomes operational, Equatorial Guinea will gain access to a supply
of high grade breeding stock to launch cattle production and livestock breeding
operations
the entry of Equatorial Guinea into the franc zone in 1985, an event which will
obviously affect the national economy and consequently, the price of livestock
products.
Various development projects, some of which are currently being implemented, have
been formulated. However, it should be emphasised that relatively little importance is given to
the livestock component in existing projects.
202
203
SUMMARY
In 1985, there were 9.8 million (estimated) head of trypanotolerant cattle in the 19 West and
central African countries of the study area. The trypanotolerant sheep and goat population was
estimated at 12 and 20 million, respectively. The trypanotolerant cattle population consists of
4.9 million N'Dama, 2 million Savannah Shorthorn, 0.1 million Dwarf Shorthorn and 2.8 million
zebu x Shorthorn crossbreds.
The trypanotolerant cattle population increased at an annual rate of 3.2% over the last
eight years due mainly to a substantial increase of 4.5% in the number of N'Dama. The small
ruminant population on the other hand, apparently remained static or increased very slightly.
These figures should, however, be treated with caution, as national statistics on small ruminants
are often unreliable.
A further and unexpected result of this study is the relatively slow rate of crossbreeding
increase between zebu and Shorthorn cattle despite the fears expressed with regard to possible
dilution of pure breeds. This, of course, varies with the countries concerned. However, efforts in
protecting pure breeds should, in any way, be relaxed.
In recent years, the governments of the 19 countries covered have started to become
aware of the value of their trypanotolerant livestock population. Consequently, national research
policies have focused on the development of pure breeds and traditional livestock production
systems, in open collaboration with regional and international organisations operating in the
same field. These countries have also made significant efforts in the planning and coordination of
their activities aimed at developing trypanotolerant livestock production.
Major progress has also been made in research activities on trypanotolerant cattle and
trypanotolerance since the publication of the first two volumes of this study.
More concrete results were evidently obtained on knowledge of the productivity of
trypanotolerant species than on the mechanisms of typanotolerance. This was closely linked to
the establishment by ILCA and ILRAD of "The African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network".
However, achievements in the field of basic research, and more particularly, in other potential
areas of research opened up by research results on the genetics of trypanotolerance should not
be overlooked. They may have practical applications in animal selections in the not-too-distant
future.
Finally, as regards the development of livestock production through the use of
trypanotolerant breeds efforts have mainly focused on developing national strategies for livestock
production development in almost all the countries covered. Furthermore, potential donor and
executing agencies have very often been involved in the formulation of these strategies. This
should facilitate the search for funding and regional coordination. FAO has registered significant
results through its Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and
Developments of Infested Areas particularly in the fields of training, project formulation and
coordination.
204
Obviously, a number of trypanotolerant livestock multiplication and development
projects were discontinued during the study period. At the same time, some new projects were
attracting funding. Efforts made during the past years have not all achieved their goals yet. One
can, therefore, reasonably hope for harmonious and rapid development in the field of
trypanotolerant livestock production in the next 10 years.
205
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carew S F, Sandford J, Wissocq Y J, Durkin J and Trail J C M. 1986. N'Dama cattle production at Teko
Livestock Station, Sierra Leone and initial results from crossbreeding with Sahiwal. ILCA Bulletin
23:2-10.
CRTA (Centre de recherches sur les trypanosomes animales). 1986. Rapport d'activité, 1985. IEMVT
(Institut d'e1evage et de medecine vetérinaire des pays tropicaux), Maisons Alfort, France.
Fall A, Diop M, Sanford J, Wissocq Y J, Durkin J and Trail J C M. 1982. Evaluation oftheproductivities of
Djallonke sheep and N'Dama cattle at the Centre de Recherches Zootechniques, Kolda, Senegal.
ILCA Research Report 3. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1984a. First meeting to coordinate the
activities in West Africa of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis
and Development of Infested Areas held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO, Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1984b. Report to the Mono River Union of
a preparatory assistance mission under the FAO Programmefor the Control ofAfrican Animal
Trypanosomiasis and Related Development. FAO, Rome, Italy.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1985a. Consultation mission on the
marketing and multiplication oftrypanotolerant cattle. FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA.
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1985. Questionnaire on African animal
trypanosomiasis in countries covered by FAO projects GCP/RAF/190-191/ITA. Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Proceedings ofan Experts' Meeting
on the Improvement ofAnimal Health Services in CILSS Member Countries. Vol II-Country
Reports and Draft projects. 23-27 June 1986, Banjul, The Gambia. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Hoste C. 1987a. Elevage et trypanosomiase animale africaine. These de doctorat d'Etat es sciences naturelles,
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France.
Hoste C. 1987b. Trypanotolerant livestock and African animal trypanosomiasis. WorldAnimal Review
(FAO) 62:41-50.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986a. The ILCA/ILRAD Trypanotolerance Network.
Situation report, December 1985. Proceedings of network meeting held at ILCA, Nairobi, 30 Nov -
1 Dec 1985. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 98 pp.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986b. The African Trypanotolerant Livestock
Network. Indications from results 1983-1985. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 138 pp.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1987. Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance
Group. In: ILCA Annual Report 1986/87. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 29-32; 37-39.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1988a. Trypanotolerance Thrust. In: ILCA Annual Report
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