Genebank Platform Proposal 30 July 2016 1 1 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.0 Platform Narrative ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.0.1 Rationale and scope .................................................................................................................. 4 1.0.2 Platform structure and modules ............................................................................................. 11 1.0.3. Impact pathway and theory of change .................................................................................. 12 1.0.4 Capacity development ............................................................................................................ 14 1.0.5 Platform leadership, management and governance .............................................................. 15 1.1 Platform budget narrative (excerpt from online submission tool) ................................................ 17 1.1.1 General information ............................................................................................................... 17 1.1.2 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 17 1.1.3 Platform funding plan ............................................................................................................. 18 1.1.4 Platform management and support costs .............................................................................. 19 1.1.5 Platform financial management principles ............................................................................. 19 1.1.6 Budgeted costs for certain key activities ................................................................................ 22 2.Business case .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.1 Expertise and track record ......................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Supporting and maintaining access to materials, sites, services and networks ........................ 23 2.3 Interactions between the Platform and users ........................................................................... 24 2.4 Intellectual asset management ................................................................................................. 25 2.5 Open access management ......................................................................................................... 26 2.6 Communication strategy ........................................................................................................... 26 2.7 Risk management ...................................................................................................................... 27 3. Modules ........................................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Conservation Module: support and improve essential genebank operations ........................... 27 3.1.1 MODULE NARRATIVE .............................................................................................................. 27 3.1.2 MODULE BUDGET NARRATIVE (EXCERPT FROM ONLINE SUBMISSION TOOL) ..................................... 40 3.1.3 PLATFORM UPLIFT BUDGET ..................................................................................................... 45 3.2 Use Module: Empowering effective use of genetic resources .................................................. 47 3.2.1 MODULE NARRATIVE .............................................................................................................. 47 3.2.2 MODULE BUDGET NARRATIVE (EXCERPT FROM THE ONLINE SUBMISSION TOOL) ................................ 55 3.2.3 MODULE UPLIFT BUDGET ........................................................................................................ 56 3.3 POLICY MODULE: GENETIC RESOURCES POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND COMPLIANCE ...................................... 57 3.3.1 MODULE NARRATIVE .............................................................................................................. 57 2 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 3.3.2 MODULE BUDGET NARRATIVE (EXCERPT FROM THE ONLINE SUBMISSION TOOL) ................................ 65 3.3.3 MODULE UPLIFT BUDGET ........................................................................................................ 66 4. Annexes ........................................................................................................................................... 67 Annex 1. CGIAR Genebanks: status summary ................................................................................. 67 Annex 2. Projections of the annual income from the endowment fund ......................................... 82 Annex 3. Curriculum vitae of key personnel .................................................................................... 84 Annex 4. Interactions between the Genebank Platform, CRPs and other users ........................... 113 Annex 5a. Intellectual Asset management .................................................................................... 126 Annex 5b. Open Access management ........................................................................................... 127 Annex 6. References ...................................................................................................................... 129 Annex 7. Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 130 3 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 1.0 Platform Narrative 1.0.1 Rationale and scope CGIAR genebanks safeguard some of the largest and most widely used collections of crop diversity in the world, critical to attaining global development goals to end hunger and improve food and nutrition security, which arguably gives their stewardship an imperative and prominence unsurpassed by any other single undertaking in CGIAR. The genebanks, as a key driver of international exchange of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), are fundamental to delivering the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework (SRF) and three System Level Outcomes (SLO) of reduced poverty, improved food and nutrition security, and improved natural resources systems and ecosystem services. Most directly, the genebanks, through this Platform, will ensure increased conservation and use of genetic resources (sub-Intermediate Development Outcome (sub- IDO) 4.4.) and contribute to achieving Targets 2.5 and 2.a of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Box 1). Box 1. Global targets and outcomes for the Genebank Platform SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2: “End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture” Target 2.5: by 2020 maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed. Target 2.a: increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development, and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular in least developed countries. CGIAR STRATEGY AND RESULTS FRAMEWORK SYSTEM LEVEL OUTCOME “Improved food and nutrition security for health” INTERMEDIATE DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME 4 “Increased productivity” Sub-IDO 4.4 “Increased conservation and use of genetic resources” The importance of the collections managed by CGIAR is recognized in international policy. Through 1 agreements (Article 15) signed in 2006 between each CGIAR Center and the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), Centers are obliged to make collections and associated data under their management available under the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit Sharing of the ITPGRFA. Under the same agreements, the 1 planttreaty.org/content/agreements-concluded-under-article-15 4 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 genebanks are bound to “manage and administer these ex situ collections in accordance with internationally accepted standards, in particular the Genebank Standards, as endorsed by the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture” (FAO 2014). The Governing Body of the Treaty has emphasized the importance of the continuing support of the CGIAR Fund Council to the 2 development of the global system for ex situ conservation . Nine of the 11 CGIAR genebanks are also compliant with the principles and criteria of the Fund Disbursement Strategy of the Global Crop 3 Diversity Trust (Crop Trust) , which allows them to receive long-term support from the endowment fund managed by the Crop Trust, which is recognized by the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA as an essential element of the Funding Strategy of the ITPGRFA. What the CGIAR Genebanks offer The 11 CGIAR genebanks manage 750,000 accessions in 35 collections, as seed, as plants in the field or screenhouse, in tissue culture, in cryopreservation and as DNA samples. These collections include tree species, forages, crop wild relatives, root and tuber crops, and bananas, as well as a wide range of cereals and grain legumes. CGIAR genebanks conserve, by far, the world’s most genetically diverse and widely disseminated collection of germplasm available under the Multilateral System of the ITPGRFA. The associated germplasm health units (GHUs) ensure germplasm is distributed without phytosanitary risk. A summary of the work and status of each genebank and GHU is provided in Annex 1. 4 The CGIAR is responsible for 94% of the reported distributions of germplasm under the ITPGRFA . Between 2012 and 2014, the genebanks distributed more than 380,000 samples in response to requests, of which more than a third was received by users outside CGIAR in 120 countries (Figures 1 to 5). The value of each of these accessions and the unique knowledge provided by the collection curators to germplasm requestors is difficult to quantify, largely because of the challenge of tracing back and attributing impact to such upstream contributions. While new improved varieties, (e.g. scuba rice, drought-tolerant maize, rust-resistant wheat) include genebank accessions in their pedigrees, the specific contribution of genebanks to economic returns has generally been too challenging to quantify. A few studies have formally linked impact back to genebanks (see Box 2). Box 2. Some examples of impact of genebanks Ø IRRI studied pedigree data in 2011 (McCouch et al., 2012) and discovered that: • of 4317 released rice varieties, 90% of non-IRRI varieties and 100% of IRRI varieties had at least one accession from the genebank in its pedigree; • the 12 most popular IRRI genebank accessions have been used in more than 1000 crosses each; • around 11% of the collection has been used in at least one cross. Ø A study of the use of the CIAT genebank (Johnson, Pachico and Wortmann, 2003) revealed that 60% of the 411 bean varieties released since 1976 contain material from CIAT’s collection. Ø Pigeonpea accession ICP 8863 collected from a farmer's field and conserved in the ICRISAT genebank, was found to have promising resistance to Fusarium wilt, a fungus disease devastating yields in India. The purified line was released as ‘Maruthi’ in 1986. The impact of this genebank accession was estimated to be US$ 61.7 million in 1996, with a 65% internal rate of return (Bantilan and Joshi, 1996). Ø The CGIAR Standing Panel on Impact Assessment commissioned a study (Robinson & Srinivasan, 2 planttreaty.org/content/resolution-82015-policy-guidance-global-crop-diversity-trust 3 croptrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Crop-Trust-Fund-Disbursement-Strategy.pdf 4 planttreaty.org/sites/default/files/gb6w20e.pdf 5 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 2013) to assess the impact of two improved varieties released in Asia, which were developed using germplasm that could be clearly traced back to CGIAR genebanks. The study estimated that the aggregate economic benefits accruing from the adoption of Kasetsart 50 (cv. KU 50), an improved cassava variety, exceed US$ 44 million in Thailand and US$ 53 million in Vietnam (at adoption levels of 60% and 75%, respectively). Cv. CMC 76, a key parent in the pedigree of KU 50, came from the CIAT genebank after being collected in Venezuela in 1967, and was selected by CIAT cassava breeders during the evaluation of genebank accessions. Ø Similarly, the germplasm used in the evaluations and crosses to create cv. Cooperation 88 (C88), a blight resistant potato variety now spreading rapidly in China, was derived from the CIP genebank. Harboring diversity from the center of origin of the potato in the Andes, the collection contributed essential diversity to broaden the genetic basis of the potato in China. C88 is calculated to have accrued economic benefits of US$ 350 million, increasing to US$ 465 million per year if farm-level adoption continues to increase. The 11 genebanks, strategically located in centers of crop diversity, ensure that germplasm acquisitions and distributions are comprehensively global, with a diverse partner and user base (Figure 5). Distribution figures reported from the genebanks since 2012 illustrate that every genebank has a truly global outreach (Figure 2). This is also reflected in an analysis of genebank distributions that illustrates the degree to which CGIAR is contributing to germplasm exchange worldwide, underpinning the interdependence among countries for diversity in these major staple crops. Figure 3 traces the movement of genebank materials of different geographical origins to all regions of the world. Some of the largest national genebanks, such as those of USDA and the Leibniz- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) in Germany, exhibit germplasm flows that are strongly influenced by their geographical location, whereas the CGIAR Centers are facilitating a busy, global exchange of germplasm of diverse geographical origins. Given such a wide outreach, the potential for further growth in distributions is substantial. There is a reasonable basis to expect increased demand for germplasm from CGIAR genebanks. Present-day technologies for disease indexing, high-throughput sequencing and phenotyping and screening data have the potential to create a dramatic increase in value and demand for diversity (McCouch et al. 2012). Most Centers report an overall increase in distribution in recent years and, given a supportive policy framework, this can be expected to continue. The annual rate of distribution between 1985 and 2009 for nine CGIAR genebanks was 39,970 samples, according to Galluzzi et al (2016). Between 2012 and 2014, the same nine genebanks reported an annual average 5 distribution of 91,973 samples . What the Platform offers In addition to the Centers’ individual achievements, the collaboration among the CGIAR genebanks over several decades, through the Systemwide Program on Genetic Resources and the Genebanks CRP strengthened what has come to be called a “Global System” for the ex situ conservation and 6 sustainable use of PGRFA at a global level. Specific achievements include: • critical contributions to the negotiation of the FAO In Trust Agreements, the ITPGRFA, the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) used for all germplasm exchange, and the agreements concluded under Article 15 of the ITPGRFA, which covers the in trust collections; 5 Reports in the CRP online reporting tool (grants.croptrust.org/ltg). 6 There are different understandings of the term “global system”. Here we refer to the worldwide community of genebanks and institutes, which are working together and individually to conserve and use PGRFA, and the policy instruments and global action plans that bind them together and support their work. CGIAR genebanks, given the size and diversity of their collections, their global mandate, and extensiveness of their partnerships form the central pillar to this system. 6 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 • 7 major contributions to the development of the Global Plan of Action , The State of the World's 8 9 Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the FAO Genebank Standards ; • commitment to the building of the backup collections in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV), underpinning its awareness-raising success ; • 10 development of Genesys , the global portal through which the research community may now access information on more than 2.7 million accessions, and the Systemwide Information Network on Genetic Resources (SINGER) before it; • development of a genebank quality management system (QMS), based on a history of sharing best practices, protocols and guidelines. Figure 1. Distribution of germplasm from the CGIAR genebanks (2012 - 2014) 7 fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/seeds-pgr/gpa/en/ 8 fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/seeds-pgr/sow/en/ 9 fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/seeds-pgr/gbs/en/ 10 www.genesys-pgr.org 7 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Figure 2. Number of countries within regions receiving germplasm from individual Centers (2012 – 2014) CGIAR USDA Figure 3. Comparison of germplasm distributions of CGIAR IPK, Germany (1985–2009) genebanks and the national genebanks of the USA (2005–2015) and Germany (2007–2015). Each geographical region has a unique color. Germplasm flows are represented by a line from the region from which the germplasm originates to the region of the recipient. Thus, a light blue line represents material originating from West Asia and distributed by the genebank to different locations around the world. The width of the line depicts the relative number of distributions over the stated period. Source: Khoury, 2016. 8 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Figure 4. Distribution of samples inside and outside the CGIAR from individual Centers based on reported figures (2012 – 2014) Figure 5. Proportion of external distributions received by different user types (2012–2014). Since 2012, the genebanks have been working together under the independent oversight of the Crop Trust in the Genebank CRP. This has brought about stronger monitoring, evaluation, reporting and learning, and has ensured a tighter cohesion towards shared targets and quality management. For the first time, the CGIAR genebanks are able to report their status and progress at a system level using common metrics. The development and adoption of improved and common data management tools has also accelerated. Following in the footsteps of the CRP, this Platform will provide a strengthened governance structure and continue to improve integration and cohesion across Centers and crops. This is important in the current context, where the genebanks have different levels of experience and resources, but together are recognized under one brand – CGIAR – which is widely taken to symbolize the highest standards of operation. Shared approaches will bring about greater efficiency, more powerful tools and resources to access collections, alignment of standards, and stronger trust and transparency, not only among the CGIAR genebanks but also beyond. The term “platform” symbolizes the solid, systemwide strength of the genebanks in providing the cohesion and grounding, together with the other Platforms, by which the Agri-food System CRPs 9 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 (AFS CRPs) will modernize their breeding programs and deliver genetic gains and increased productivity. Global Challenges At present, the CGIAR genebanks employ around 400 skilled staff, undertaking a range of operations to monitor, test, germinate, multiply, clean, culture, document and package germplasm, under high scientific standards of operation. In the three-year period between 2012 and 2014, these staff regenerated more than 200,000 accessions, sub-cultured more than 100,000 tissue-culture samples, health-tested more than 140,000 accessions and acquired more than 30,000 new accessions. Given 11 the threats faced by plant species and habitats and the decline in occurrence of traditional landraces in many parts of the world (Brush, S. 2004), CGIAR genebanks’ primary role in ensuring the conservation of crop genetic resources is vital for supporting the SRF and for future generations to have access to the genetic diversity that is no longer found in farmers’ fields or wild habitats. Key to increasing the value of these resources is developing a deeper understanding of their potential use. Large-scale genetic and phenotypic characterization of collections is triggering an explosion in our scientific understanding, with the potential to effect tremendous change in productivity, sustainability and resilience of improved crop varieties. A vision of CGIAR genebanks providing a complete guide to the collections in terms of taxonomic, geographic, genotypic and phenotypic attributes of accessions is no longer science fiction, but neither is it realistically attainable within the scope of this Platform. What is proposed here puts priority on long-term conservation, and takes a significant step towards the “complete characterization” of the collections. The length of this step depends on the outputs of collaboration with primary users, and the capacity of the genebanks to complement these outputs with their own efforts to characterize those collections that are not currently the focus of breeders’ or users’ attention. In aiming for increase in both conservation and use of PGRFA, the Platform will address three major challenges: • CGIAR must do more for less. New technologies, knowledge and processes offer the possibility of further raising standards to become more efficient and more effective. The genebanks must work strategically, both individually and together within the global system, to exploit new opportunities, conserve more diversity and respond to more demands while controlling costs. Furthermore, they must achieve all these without compromising their obligation to ensure the long-term conservation of the materials in their care. • CGIAR must, in aiming for increased genetic gain, respond better to breeders’ needs for genetic diversity and specific traits. The genebanks must align their operations towards more targeted use and exploitation of the collections. This they can do by enriching the data associated with them. In particular, genebanks should exploit the tools and data resulting from the large-scale genotyping and phenotyping initiatives of the AFS CRPs and other CGIAR Platforms. Stronger integration and two-way flow of information between the genebanks and the rest of the CGIAR portfolio are critical to achieving this aim. • CGIAR must comply with its legal obligations and engage in shaping international genetic resources agreements. CGIAR’s acquisition, development and dissemination of genetic resources and data are directly affected by international agreements. If those agreements fail, or if they are implemented in ways that do not reflect the realities of agricultural research and development, the CGIAR’s mission will be undermined. The CGIAR must proactively engage in the development of these processes to ensure that they create a supportive policy environment for CGIAR genebanks, breeding programs and national partners. 11 iucnredlist.org/ 10 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 1.0.2 Platform structure and modules To respond to these three challenges, the Platform is structured into three modules: Conservation Module: Support and improve essential genebank operations At the core of the Platform, and by far its largest component, is the sustained and improved operation of the 11 genebanks and GHUs, the routine work that is essential to ensure that the germplasm in the collections is healthy, viable, free of important pests and pathogens, and available for distribution. A much clearer picture of the status of the collections has been revealed as a result of the Genebank CRP. Most notably, of the 734 000 accessions held by CGIAR in 2014, 529 000 (72%) were available for distribution and 413 000 (59%) were safety duplicated. In order to reach agreed performance targets of 90% availability and safety duplication, the genebanks will regenerate and GHUs will carry out phytosanitary cleaning of accessions that are currently not safe to distribute. Special attention is needed to improve the status of collections of clonal crops, wild species and trees. This involves research to develop effective phytosanitary diagnostics, optimize cryopreservation and storage protocols, eliminate redundancies in collections, and determine more strategic methods of conservation and curation of costly-to-conserve taxa. For collections processing large numbers of accessions, automation of germination testing, seed sorting and handling processes also has the potential to bring about significant efficiencies. Through increased efficiency, critical review, and more strategic curation, the genebanks will be able to improve operations while controlling costs by 2022. These elements of work are focused on improving the status and use of the CGIAR genebanks and GHUs for the benefit of existing and new users throughout CGIAR and beyond. All activities are carried out within the context of a rational global system. Genebanks (inside or outside CGIAR) holding the same or similar crops must collaborate to avoid duplication of activities and provide means to benefit from each other’s skills and facilities. Global conservation priorities are described in individual 17 crop conservation strategies, which were published between 2006–2012. Through revisiting these strategies, CGIAR will sustain and expand its partnership within crop communities and address capacity building priorities, renew institute roles and strengthen collective actions. A global gap analysis will also be undertaken to direct strategic joint collecting missions targeting under-represented genetic diversity and traits to address climate change challenges. Use Module: Empower effective us of plant genetic resources The key for genebanks to enable smarter and more targeted use of diversity is closer collaboration with their primary users. Through the Platform, the genebanks will foster stronger flows of information, tools and skills between genebanks and genebank users. Coordinated approaches to genotyping and phenotyping, and standardization of methods and tools, through the Excellence in 12 Breeding Platform, as well as initiatives beyond the CGIAR, such as DivSeek and the ITPGRFA’s 13 Global Information System (GLIS ), will empower the Use Module to ensure that big data generated by the AFS CRPs and other Platforms will be directly linkable to genebank databases. Where possible, the genebanks will also seek opportunities to expand the genotyping of the collections, either through uplift funding or other means. In this way, less well-known parts of the collection may be genotyped and associated with phenotypic traits of interest, contributing to the more complete characterization of the collections. 12 www.divseek.org 13 planttreaty.org/content/gis 11 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 The genebanks have a suite of both emerging and more mature tools and methods for exploring the collections: mini-cores at ICRISAT; Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) subsets at ICARDA; molecular atlas at CIMMYT; whole-genome sequence data for thousands of accessions at IRRI. With improved data, and improved data standardization facilitated by the Excellence in Breeding Platform, the genebanks will be able to scale up and develop germplasm selections for specific users, traits, taxonomies or geographies. The global web portal, Genesys, will be substantially revamped by enriching data content and building search and visualization tools in collaboration with specialist software developers. Richer data and powerful search tools will provide major incentives for new partners and users to participate in Genesys and stimulate its use further. Policy Module: Engage in genetic resources policy development and compliance From a policy perspective, the day-to-day operations of genebanks and their downstream users are subject to an increasingly complex range of international and national laws concerning access and benefit-sharing, intellectual property, and biosafety (Lopez Noriega et al 2013). There is evidence that some of these developments are creating barriers to agricultural research (Heisey and Day Rubenstein, 2015). New scientific and technical capacities, such as gene editing and genomics, are provoking policy-related questions and challenges that are not addressed in existing international agreements. CGIAR genebanks are expected to adhere to the highest standards of compliance and transparency and act as central players in the evolving global system. Their proactive engagement in genetic resources policy development is of utmost importance in pursuit of CGIAR’s mission. This Module will provide the capacity, authority and expertise to coordinate systemwide consideration of policy developments, engage strategically in international policy fora, and strengthen capacity within the system for full and transparent compliance. Within CGIAR, the genebank community has always been the most immediately affected by the changing policy environment, and has made important contributions to relevant policy fora. The Policy Module will consolidate and build upon the previous achievements of the community and engage other CGIAR constituencies, including the Centers’ Intellectual Property (IP) focal points, Excellence in Breeding and Big Data Platforms, Science Leaders, breeders, social scientists, and the System Office. Through the establishment of a Multi-stakeholder PGR Policy Group, the Module will ensure engagement with a range of experts from outside the CGIAR. 1.0.3. Impact pathway and theory of change The pathway towards impact of the genebanks and GHUs may be traced by following the route of the germplasm and associated data. The genebanks contribute in multiple ways to IDOs for Increased resilience of the poor to climate change and other shocks; Improved diets for poor and vulnerable people; Natural capital enhanced and protected, especially from climate change; and Enhanced benefits from ecosystem goods and services. The activities of the Platform, however, are targeted specifically to bring about Increased conservation and use of genetic resources and Increased productivity. The genebanks also distribute germplasm and data to a wide range of users outside the CGIAR, feeding into numerous, diverse outcomes worldwide. In some cases, where breeding or domestication programs are fewer or less developed (e.g. forages, tree species) or where genebanks provide a source of clean planting material (e.g. root, tuber and banana crops), distribution outside the CGIAR may be more prominent than internally (Figure 4). While the major role of the Platform is to maintain the collections and facilitate GHUs to sustain these distributions, activities will focus on increasing conservation of PGRFA through improving efficiency and the representation of diversity in collections, and on increasing use of PGR through 12 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 improving search tools, data and access to diversity. Framing both these efforts is the effort to ensure that the CGIAR operates within a positive policy context. The specific outcomes will be: 1. Disease-free, viable, documented germplasm made available 2. More effective access and use of germplasm enabled 3. Supportive policy environment developed 4. Crop diversity conserved in a rational and effective global system Figure 6. The Platform modules and outcomes are synergistic, leading to increased conservation and use of genetic resources within a rational and effective global system. These outcomes are illustrated in Figure 6, and within the CGIAR portfolio in Figure 7. The first three outcomes are the result of the work of the three modules: Conservation, Use and Policy. The data, tools and subsets produced by the Use Module provide easier access to the disease-free, viable germplasm of the Conservation Module, and the Policy Module facilitates the delivery of both data and germplasm to the user. All three outcomes are essential to the successful use of germplasm by the AFS CRPs and contribute to building a stronger global system for conservation and use as a whole. The role of the Platform is to facilitate and augment these interactions across multiple crops and Centers, and ensure a fulsome collaboration with the Excellence in Breeding and Big Data Platforms and the AFS CRPs, so that the Platform outcomes are attained at scale and result in Increased Conservation and Use of Genetic Resources and the achievement of SDG Target 2.5. 13 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Figure 7. The Genebank Platform provides germplasm, data, knowledge, policy advice and phytosanitary services to the system, and feeds into the generalized theory of change of the AFS CRPs and Platforms. 1.0.4 Capacity development Fundamental to developing a more effective global system of partners contributing on a global level to the conservation and use of genetic resources is the sustaining and augmenting of capacity, both internally and externally to the CGIAR. Capacity development underpins all Module activities and is fundamental to the strengthening of genebank operations and efficiency. Within the current budget, the Platform will exploit opportunities to strengthen capacity as widely as possible within the framework of project implementation, and by contributing to the wider ranging capacity development efforts of the AFS CRPs. The Platform will invest at least 14% of its budget specifically on the capacity strengthening of the genebanks, GHUs and national partners. This includes the continued strengthening of QMS for both genebanks and GHUs, upgrading of equipment, storage facilities and data management software, optimization of procedures, development of tools and capacity to associate big data with genebank accessions and activities to develop capacity for policy compliance. QMS provides an important framework by which capacity needs can be assessed and addressed at the level of individual staff as well as at a genebank and institute level. The planned review and validation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) and staff time allocations to specific operations will introduce a means to further monitor capacity and capacity development. Through consultations to update the 17 crop conservation strategies, the capacity building priorities of national and regional partners will be identified and aggregated across regions and thematic areas. The Platform will develop an annual program of three to five strategic capacity building 14 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 events, where possible aligning internal needs with those expressed in the crop strategies. Expertise from within or outside the CGIAR will be called upon to lead these events. A small number of target countries will be identified for follow up by specific CGIAR Centers, who will provide more in depth training and secondment opportunities. Well-documented genebank SOPs have a heightened significance given that staff succession is a key area for strengthening as eight of the 12 current genebank managers and a significant number of national staff, who were recruited 30 or more years ago at the founding of several Center genebanks, will retire in the next six years. Exchanges between such experienced staff and those who are new to the job will be encouraged through GOAL (genebank operations and advance learning) workshops, which bring together genebank staff to share their expertise and perspectives in implementing and optimizing operations, meeting standards and achieving efficiencies. The Platform website will be harnessed as an online tool to disseminate protocols, training resources and knowledge related to genebank operations, germplasm health, data management, and policies to a much wider audience. 1.0.5 Platform leadership, management and governance Platform governance and management is presented in Figure 8. The Executive Board (EB) of the Crop Trust takes the ultimate responsibility for the Platform’s governance. The EB is made up of representatives from national and international organizations with specialist knowledge or experience of PGRFA conservation and use, four of whom are appointed by the ITPGRFA Governing Body and one by the CGIAR System Management Board. The CGIAR representative on the EB will be responsible for ensuring that the opinions of the Systems Board and Office are fully represented. An Independent Advisory Committee (IAC) will be established. The role of this Committee will be to: • provide external input from key stakeholders, and strategic guidance on major Platform decisions, directions and fund raising; • facilitate collaboration between genebanks and AFS CRPs, as well as other key external partners; • advise on major issues or conflicts between implementing partners or others as needed; and • advise on specific issues of technical implementation as needed. The membership of the IAC will comprise: four or more PGRFA conservation and use experts (one of whom should take the role of Chair) drawn from national programs, universities, the private sector or other stakeholders; three ex officio delegates (one representing the Centers, one AFS CRPs and the Excellence in Breeding Platform Leader); and the Executive Director of the Crop Trust. The IAC will have at least one face-to-face meeting per year. Additional expertise or stakeholders may be invited to meetings as required. The Crop Trust will provide the Secretariat. The membership and chair of the IAC will be appointed by the Crop Trust EB in consultation with the System Management Board. While Center and genebank management have responsibility for the day-to-day operations of the genebanks, the Platform activities will be implemented under the guidance of the Management Team (MT), which has the role to: • direct funding allocations to collective activities; • plan and monitor collective activities; • develop indicators and targets and review progress towards them; and • provide overall guidance in the management of the Platform and the execution of reviews, meetings and other events. 15 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Figure 8. Governance and management structure The MT comprises the Platform Coordinator, Policy Module coordinator, GHU focal point, Systems 14 Office focal point, Executive Committee of the Article 15 group (A15). The MT chair will rotate between non-Crop Trust members. It will have monthly virtual meetings, which may extend to include the full group of genebank managers once a quarter. The MT will also meet face-to-face at least twice a year. The agenda and minutes will be shared with all Platform members for comments and input. The Crop Trust provides an overall coordinating role for the Platform. The Platform Coordinator will oversee the technical and financial management of the Platform as a whole, and coordinate the activities of the Conservation and Use Modules with the guidance of the MT. Annual reporting of genebank and Module activities will continue through the existing online reporting tool (ORT), monitored by the Platform Coordinator and reported to the Systems Office. A Finance and Administration Committee (FAC) made up of Crop Trust staff will administer contracts and carry out financial monitoring and reporting. They will review the implementation of Financial Guidelines and help develop approaches for a more consistent and fairer allocation of funding across the system. The Policy Module will be coordinated by Bioversity International with IRRI. While the activities of the Policy Module will be guided by the MT and come under the same governance as the Platform, official CGIAR positions or decisions will be reviewed and approved by the CGIAR System Management Board. In addition, the Crop Trust Executive Director will provide a report on the Genebank Platform annually to the System Management Board. Each GHU will be subject to individual technical review. The planned reviews for the genebanks will follow a different format to the individual reviews that took place during the CRP, taking a cross- cutting perspective on specific themes such as data quality and management, composition of 14 The Article 15 group superseeds the former InterCenter Working Group on Genetic Resources. It comprises the genebank managers of the CGIAR Centers which have designated their collections under Article 15 of the ITPGRFA. Genebank managers from CIMMYT, CIP and IRRI currently make up the Executive Committee. 16 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 collections and efficiencies. The independent validation of genebank SOPs will complement these reviews by focusing on individual genebank operations. 1.1 Platform budget narrative (excerpt from online submission tool) 1.1.1 General information Platform Name Genebank Platform Platform Lead Center Global Crop Diversity Trust 1.1.2 Summary Module Name Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total Module 1 - Conservation 28,801,137 27,267,680 27,360,997 25,746,050 25,442,432 24,163,419 158,781,715 Module 2 - Use 1,339,931 1,378,821 1,449,985 1,399,985 1,324,985 1,224,985 8,118,691 Module 3 - 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 4,658,872 Policy Management 692,966 692,966 692,966 692,966 692,966 692,966 4,157,795 & Support Cost Strategic Competitive - - - - - - - Research Grant 31,610,512 30,115,946 30,280,427 28,615,479 28,236,861 26,857,849 175,717,074 Conservation Module A very large proportion (83%) of the total budget is made up of the core genebank requirements for operations and upgrading. This represents the part of the budget that will be increasingly supported by the endowment. Costs for each collection are based on the 2010 15 Costing Study , modified according to reported expenditures between 2012 and 2015. Upgrading costs are determined through an analysis of equipment and its serviceable age, and based on needs for known activities (e.g. cryopreservation, seed increase, phytosanitation and health testing), to reach agreed performance targets. Overall costs are projected to decline over the years, as the genebanks reach targets and efficiencies are made. Funds for conservation research are allocated to leading Centers to retain or hire specialists, who will work with other Centers to research seed longevity in target crops. IRRI will be one of these Centers because of its existing expertise, and the other two will be selected according to defined priorities, which will include a focus on the more expensive seed crops to conserve, such as crop wild relatives and forages. ICARDA and CIAT both have strong expertise in Geographical Information System (GIS)-based diversity analyses and together will lead a global gap analysis for priority setting of targeted collecting in partnership with NARS. Funds for collecting projects will be allocated according to identified priorities. Uplift funds are pegged to the Conservation Module, but are relevant to the entire Platform. 15 library.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10947/2566/fc4_funding_proposal_CGIAR_Genebanks.pdf?sequence=1 17 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Use Module Funds will be provided to develop the Genesys database software, partner linkages and search tools, and to support each genebank to obtain and manage available evaluation and genotyping datasets so that they are directly linked to genebank databases. A phased approach will be adopted whereby Bioversity, CIMMYT, CIP, CIAT and IRRI will initiate efforts to develop mechanisms and approaches for associating additional data with existing accession passport data over a two-year period, after which all other Centers will be supported to carry out similar work built upon the lessons learned from these initial experiences. Individual Centers, which manage crop collections that are currently not the focus of AFS CRP activities, will receive limited funding to carry out characterization or data enrichment specifically on these collections. Policy Module The budget is dedicated to the management of the policy coordinating unit and its activities. Funds will cover the costs of: bringing together the requisite people within CGIAR to build consensus, raise awareness and strengthen capacity; engagement in international meetings; meetings of the Multi-stakeholder PGR Policy Group; supporting participation of CGIAR scientists in policy dialogues; and developing and disseminating research outputs, policy briefs, guides, decision making tools, etc. The budget will cover scientific and administrative staff time and expert consultations. Management Costs These include the costs of Crop Trust staff to administer the agreements, contracts and disbursements relating to the Platform. These funds also cover the indirect costs of the Crop Trust. 1.1.3 Platform funding plan Funding Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total Needed W1+W2 24,860,512 21,055,946 18,750,427 15,265,479 13,206,861 11,827,850 104,967,074 W3 - - - - - - - Bilateral 6,750,000 9,060,000 11,530,000 13,350,000 15,030,000 15,030,000 70,750,000 Other - - - - - - - 31,610,512 30,115,946 30,280,427 28,615,479 28,236,861 26,857,849 175,717,074 Funding Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total Secured 16 W1+W2 24,860,512 21,055,946 18,750,427 15,265,479 13,206,861 11,827,850 104,967,074 W3 - - - - - - - Bilateral 6,750,000 9,060,000 11,530,000 13,350,000 15,030,000 15,030,000 70,750,000 Other - - - - - - - 31,610,512 30,115,946 30,280,427 28,615,479 28,236,861 26,857,849 175,717,074 16 Assumed secured 18 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 1.1.4 Platform management and support costs Management and support expenditure represents the Platform’s share of the Crop Trust’s indirect costs. The Crop Trust’s direct platform expenditure has been included under Conservation and Use Modules. The following is a breakdown of the indirect costs that are included in the Platform: Budget Budget Budget Budget Budget Budget Description 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Administrative salaries 432,450 432,450 432,450 432,450 432,450 432,450 Staff Development and recruitment 8,426 8,426 8,426 8,426 8,426 8,426 Professional Services 28,873 28,873 28,873 28,873 28,873 28,873 Governance 63,774 63,774 63,774 63,774 63,774 63,774 Travel and meetings 14,360 14,360 14,360 14,360 14,360 14,360 Communications 65,205 65,205 65,205 65,205 65,205 65,205 Other IT/Facilities 44,480 44,480 44,480 44,480 44,480 44,480 Contingency 35,398 35,398 35,398 35,398 35,398 35,398 Total M&S Indirect costs 692,966 692,966 692,966 692,966 692,966 692,966 The total management and support costs for the six years amount to USD 4.16m, which represents 2.4% of the total direct costs of the Platform. The Crop Trust’s indirect overhead rate is calculated based on the Crop Trust’s indirect costs as a % of the Crop Trust’s total program expenditure (excluding pass-through funds) and amounts to approximately 40% per annum. Consequently, a 40% overhead is charged to the Crop Trust’s direct costs of USD 9.91m within the platform and proportionally split across each of the above indirect cost line items. Please note that the overhead rate is not calculated on pass-through funding and we have excluded fundraising expenditure from the indirect cost charge to the Platform. 1.1.5 Platform financial management principles This Platform has a unique financing mechanism made up of long-term grants from the income of an endowment managed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust and secured funding from the CGIAR. We are working on the principle that USD 93.1 million will be provided from the CGIAR up to 2021 as agreed at the 13th and 14th Fund Council (FC) meetings17. These funds will be sourced from a specific financing mechanism as well as from W1+218. Given that this proposal extends to 2022, we presume also that the same funding mechanism will continue at a slightly reduced rate beyond 2021 to support those elements of the Platform that will not be funded by the endowment. The Crop Trust will aim to provide a cumulative total of USD 55.72 by 2021 and USD 70.7 million by 2022 from the endowment mechanism according to projected rates of growth. 1) Allocation process to the modules for W1+2 17 FC13 meeting summary is provided at: library.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10947/3942/FC13%20Summary%20FINAL.pdf?sequence=1 18 FC14 meeting summary is provided at:cgiarweb.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Summary-of-CGIAR- FC14-Final.pdf 19 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Conservation Module: 83% of the total budget is allocated to Centers according to their identified needs for routine operation determined in the 2010 Costing Study19 and on the costs of required additional work to reach agreed performance targets. Expenditure of these funds will be closely monitored. Overexpenditure will not be allowed and the use of available funds resulting from underexpenditure in any one year will be allowed only upon approval of a workplan and budget or capital purchase plan. The overall costs are expected to decrease across the course of the next six years as targets are met. A second Costing Study will take place between 2019 and 2021 to reassess staff time allocations and review the costs of routine operations for each genebank. Two factors will be essential for the new analysis to succeed in producing more accurate costs: (1) the genebanks are working under reviewed and validated QMS, and functioning closer to a steady state, and (2) the detailed implementation of CGIAR Financial Guidelines is better understood and aligned across Centers. USD 11.9 million is allocated to Center GHUs, of which USD 3 million will be allocated to collective activities (e.g. publications and website, joint training events, joint projects), communications and workshops. The rest will be allocated to the Centers by the Management Team based on identified need and the level of phytosanitary work required for the specific crops involved. USD 6.7 million is allocated to ongoing work on cryopreservation at IITA, CIP and Bioversity International, and to IRRI for seed longevity studies. Further allocations will be agreed by the Management Team to be made to two Centers who will lead research on seed longevity for crop wild relatives, forages or possibly alternative priorities. USD 5 million is allocated to collecting activities. CIAT and ICARDA will receive support to lead a global GIS-based gap analysis, which will result in the identification of collecting priorities. No more than 20 joint, multi-crop collecting projects will be awarded funds according to the review and approval of submitted proposals. These proposals may be submitted by CGIAR Centers or NARS partners. USD 2.7 million is allocated to the development of data management and quality management systems. Funds are allocated to the six Centers who are evaluating or adopting GRIN-Global. CIMMYT will be funded to provide specialist support for GRIN-Global development and backstopping. QMS backstopping, review and validation will be funded directly from the Crop Trust. Use Module: The proposed budget provides indicative costs for the development of Genesys (40% of the Use Module budget) and allocations to all Centers for obtaining and developing datasets and germplasm subsets. A phased approach will be adopted, whereby five Centers (Bioversity, CIAT, CIMMYT, CIP, IRRI) will receive funding to commence activities in 2017 and 2018, and all Centers will receive support from 2019 having learned from the experiences and adopted good practices from the first five Centers. Special recognition for additional support will be given to those Centers for working on collections that are not the focus of AFS CRPs. These activities will be discussed at the Annual Genebank Meeting in November 2016 and a detailed workplan put in place and monitored by the Management Team. 19 library.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10947/2566/fc4_funding_proposal_CGIAR_Genebanks.pdf?sequence=1 20 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Policy Module: These funds were approved at FC13 for the support of a policy unit based at Bioversity International, which will carry out the Module activities. With the oversight of the Management Team, the policy unit will allocate funds to specific activities and needs, including the participation of genebank managers or other CGIAR staff to related policy meetings. 2) Level of budget ownership of the module leadership (tracking, reporting, revising, etc.) The Crop Trust, in conjunction with the Management Team, has full responsibility for both the overall budget management and leadership of the Conservation and Use Modules. The Centers will know their individual budgets for routine operations and upgrading from 2017 to 2022, and will be able to revise their costs within the defined budget totals but not exceed them. Bioversity International, in conjunction with the Management Team, will have full budget ownership and leadership of the Policy Module. 3) Rules and expectations around annual variances for module and participating partners budgets The principles adopted for the Genebank Platform will be the same as those used in the Genebank CRP. No variance in budget overall totals for routine genebank operations will be allowed. The planned second Costing Study will provide the framework for any revision of these costs. The costs of the Conservation Module activities are not likely to vary since they are based on ongoing activities and relatively well-known costs. The costs of the Policy Module are also relatively fixed. The activities of the Use Module will need to be scaled according to the budget provided. This may limit outputs, especially if the data and tools expected to be generated from AFS CRPs and the Excellence in Breeding Platform are not available or able to be linked to genebank databases for whatever reasons. There are no contingency funds within the budget. There is very little scope for accommodating unexpected variances caused by fluctuations in currency exchange rates or other major events or changes in costs. This is an identified risk, which will need to be monitored and managed by the Management Team. 4) Expected major capital investments (>$25,000) Center Items Estimated Costs (USD) 3 x tissue culture chambers, controlled environment chamber, CIAT 335,534 horizontal sterilizer, autoclave, stomacher, 2 x tractors 5 x long-term storage chambers, immunocytometer, 2 x CIP spectrophotometers, 3 x large capacity cryotanks, nitrogen generation 847,258 plan, microscope, 2 x autoclave, growth chamber, storage cabinet ICRAF Freezer (-80ºC), double cab pick-up 70,735 ICRISAT Seed drying room 35,000 IITA Refurbishment of -20ºC and -5ºC storage chambers 1,287,834 IRRI 5 x conviron germinators, pre-cooler equipment, can sealer 318,360 Total 2,895,721 21 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 1.1.6 Budgeted costs for certain key activities Estimate annual average cost (USD) Gender 0 Youth (only for those who have relevant set of activities 0 in this area) Capacity development 3,970,000 Impact assessment 75,000 Intellectual asset management 580,000 Open access and data management 200,000 Communication Included in the management costs 2.Business case 2.1 Expertise and track record This proposal builds on the positive outputs and achievements of the SGRP and the Genebank CRP (see Box 3) and has a unique long-term perspective that takes account of the in-perpetuity nature of the work and obligations of the CGIAR genebanks to the global community. As with the current Genebank CRP, the financial underpinning of the Platform proposal is shared between the CGIAR and a growing endowment managed by the Crop Trust (see Annex 2 for projections of the endowment growth). The concepts behind the Platform are based on the “Genebank Options 20 th Paper” that was presented to the Fund Council (FC) at their 13 meeting, in April 2015. This proposal corresponds to “Option 2”, which was approved for support by the FC. This option covers the core operations of the CGIAR genebanks but has no scope for significant research or capacity building towards development outcomes, which instead should take place within the AFS CRPs and other Platforms in collaboration with the genebanks. The Genebank Platform expands upon the Genebank CRP by incorporating a new module on policy and activities to strengthen quality management of GHUs. The governance and management will also be strengthened by introducing additional independent oversight, with the aims of managing any potential conflicts of interest, encouraging integration of activities across programs and ensuring that the genebanks are not isolated from the rest of the portfolio. This structure will continue to serve in the longer term, when the endowment is providing the majority of the genebanks’ operating funds. The funding of the Platform will be guaranteed, as it has been since 2012, through a special mixed funding mechanism, the details of which are to be determined by the System Council in collaboration with the Crop Trust. This sui generis approach enables CGIAR Centers to ensure that their formal commitments for the long-term conservation of the collections are not adversely influenced by changing research priorities or financial pressures. The implementers of the Platform activities are the genebank managers, GHU leaders and their teams, including key specialist staff with expertise in seed longevity, cryopreservation, data management, gap analysis, etc. The Platform will provide a supportive environment for new 20 library.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10947/3849/CGIAR-Genebanks_OptionsPaper_6April2015_FC13.pdf?sequence=1 22 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 expertise and fresh faces to lead the genebanks after the retirement of a number of current genebank managers. The overall coordination of the Platform and specific areas of work (e.g. QMS development, Genesys development) will be managed by the Crop Trust, who have a Science Team with experience in leading large global PGRFA projects, pulling together international and national institutes from agriculture and conservation domains. The Policy Module will be coordinated by Bioversity International (see Annex 3 for CVs). The CGIAR and Crop Trust partnership has been highly beneficial to both parties (Box 3). The principles of the Crop Trust’s Fund Disbursement strategy are wholly in line with those of CGIAR, striving for science quality, high standards of operation, value for money and a global, rationalized approach to long-term conservation. The Crop Trust has invested heavily in fund raising, improving data management systems such as GRIN-Global and Genesys, partnership with NARS, and collecting and using crop wild relatives (CWR), all of which have contributed synergistically to achieving the objectives of Genebanks CRP and other CRPs. Results of a survey conducted in 2015 of relevant Center staff indicated that 94% of the 36 respondents were satisfied overall with the Crop Trust’s implementation of its ‘Project Manager’ role in the Genebank CRP. The internal audit of the Genebank CRP, which was undertaken on behalf of CGIAR, also highlighted several good financial and technical practices. The positive reception of the Genebank Options paper at FC13 and the prioritization of genebanks for funding from Window 1 provide welcome signs that the benefits of this productive partnership between the Crop Trust and the CGIAR are widely recognized. Box 3. Achievements of the Genebank CRP • Increased availability and security of collections. • Shared monitoring framework and performance targets. • Transparent and informative reporting on the status of the collections. • GRIN-Global (genebank data management software) adopted in three Centers, with a further three in the process. • Quality Management System tailored to genebanks and implementation of FAO standards. • Bigger and better Genesys (global portal for accession data). • Strengthened relationship with key partners (e.g. USDA, EMBRAPA, AVRDC, CGN, MSB, SPC, IPK, etc.) through reviews, meetings and advisory groups. • Secured annual funding from Window 1. 2.2 Supporting and maintaining access to materials, sites, services and networks Access to genebank and GHU services, germplasm and data are obligatory as per CGIAR Centers’ agreements with the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA. Germplasm and associated data are made available upon signature of the SMTA. The Policy Module will play an important role in ensuring that negotiations to modify the SMTA or conditions surrounding the implementation of the ITPGRFA are positively influenced by the CGIAR and take into account the interests of the genebanks and genebank users. Accessions may be searched for and ordered online through individual genebank websites and through the web portal, Genesys, or by direct requests to genebank staff. Further, the CGIAR genebanks guide on average more than 7000 visitors around their facilities annually. 23 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Box 4. Services and expertise provided by the Genebank Platform • Provision of germplasm and associated data. • Health indexing and phytosanitary cleaning of germplasm. • Advice on selection and use of diversity. • Taxonomy, identity verification and biogeographic profile of wild and cultivated diversity. • Provision of germplasm subsets. • Conservation of breeders’ and researchers stocks • Long-term conservation of safety duplicated materials • Development of tools to identify germplasm subsets. • Source of clean planting material for clonal crops. • Advice on phytosanitary regulations and procedures for the exchange of germplasm. • Multiplication and processing of clean seed for “orphan” crops and oversight of the distribution of breeders’ materials. • Assessment and development of genebank data management software and tools. • Evaluation and adoption of GRIN-Global genebank management software. • Partnership in Genesys for sharing genebank accession data. • Sharing of QMS standards and practices. • Training and backstopping in genebank operations (e.g. viability testing, germination, storage conditions). • Development or optimization of cryopreservation protocols. • Advice and decision-making tools for operating under applicable legal framework(s). • Partnership opportunities to influence international policy development processes. The genebanks and GHUs provide more than germplasm and data. An overview of the services and expertise that the Genebank Platform provides upon request to users both inside and outside the CGIAR is given in Box 4. The availability of such services will become better known to new users and collaborators through capacity building activities and the Platform website. The funding available to support some activities (e.g. multiplication of clean seed or clean planting material) on the scale that would ideally be required will be a limiting factor, and strategic approaches will need to be explored (where they do not already exist) to identify partner organizations that are better placed to provide services such as multiplication at a local level. The acquisition policies of the genebanks are also evolving rapidly as the range of genetic stocks expands. In general, the genebanks pursue a rationalized approach to their operations, whereby the most costly genebank activities (e.g. regeneration, cryopreservation) are focused on in trust21 materials that are prioritized for long-term conservation. However, that does not preclude the possibility of the genebanks providing either oversight or the storage conditions for the medium- term conservation of breeders’ or researchers’ materials, as long as costs are covered where necessary. Each genebank has an acquisition policy that determines the acquisition (or not) and subsequent curation of incoming materials. Where necessary, this policy is being strengthened through QMS and updated in conversation with breeders and researchers. 2.3 Interactions between the Platform and users Primary users within the CGIAR. Researchers and breeders potentially from all CRPs and Platforms within the CGIAR will call upon the Genebank Platform for germplasm, data, associated genebank 21 The collections that are held in trust under Article 15 24 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 and GHU services and PGRFA policy advice. More detailed information on the linkages between the Genebank Platform and CRPs, other Platforms and users in general is found in Annex 4. The relationship with primary users has the potential to be highly synergistic in terms of generating data and demand for germplasm. The Platform, especially through the Use Module, will encourage a much stronger engagement with users, and flow of information back to the genebank. Experience has illustrated that this cannot be left to passive or opportunistic collaboration. The genebanks must actively engage with users, on a day-to-day basis, through employing specialist focal points, improving survey tools, and providing incentives, services and in-kind support to leverage improved feedback and data. The new Platform structures will work in coordination to facilitate engagement and interoperability among new genotyping, phenotyping, evaluation and research datasets on the one hand and genebank passport data on the other. Formal mechanisms and particularly the Excellence in Breeding Module Advisory Groups will be key to supporting joint planning, collaboration and integration of research and data management systems. Other primary users. Requests for germplasm or support may originate from universities, NARS, advanced research institutes, genebanks, NGOs, farmer groups and the private sector. The genebanks have developed ties with specific communities that have endured for decades. The role of the Platform will be to consolidate and expand these ties to include new users and to encourage a more productive two-way flow of information. As with CGIAR users, the genebanks will leverage feedback and data. Through crop conservation strategies and partnership in Genesys, collaboration will be strengthened with national and regional organizations to encourage the generation and sharing of evaluation and other data within communities of crop researchers. The Platform is also developing a communication strategy based on a website and newsletter that will provide news updates, tools and information with the aim of encouraging awareness of the collections and building capacity and facilitating dialogue. Other key institutions: national genebanks and other research partners. CGIAR has strong partnerships with key national institutions, which together form the global system. While partnership with numerous institutes is considered to be crucial by individual genebanks, a small subset of these organizations play a particularly significant role across the system because of the size or complementarity of their collections. These include EMBRAPA, USDA, CGN, AVRDC, IPK, FAO, NBPGR, RDA, MSB as well as regional PGRFA networks and organizations. Reviewers, expertise and partnership are regularly sourced from such institutions. As above, communities that have been brought together to develop global conservation strategies for individual crops will continue to be engaged or re-engaged, either informally or through more formal Crop User Groups depending on the role and existence of other crop-based networks. These communities will aim to drive the implementation of priority conservation actions, rationalization of efforts and strengthening of complementary roles and responsibilities. Efforts to genotype collections or analyze diversity will incorporate major collections held by national partners, where possible, so as to ensure that studies take a global and not just a CGIAR perspective. 2.4 Intellectual asset management The Platform’s management of genetic resources will comply with the CGIAR Principles on the Management of Intellectual Assets (IA) in general, and Article 4.2 in particular. Following the agreements under Article 15 of the ITPGRFA, the CGIAR genebanks will make germplasm available to recipients using the SMTA. CGIAR may also use the SMTA to transfer improved germplasm that incorporates materials received from the Multilateral System of the ITPGRFA (defined as ‘PGRFA under Development’). In these cases, conditions may be added, as permitted under the SMTA and Section 6 of the CGIAR Principles on the Management of Intellectual Assets, which establishes the 25 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 conditions under which CGIAR may enter into ‘limited exclusivity’ or ‘restrictive use’ agreements. (See Annex 5a for more details). All CGIAR genebanks will continue to make their data publicly available and searchable, as part of the strategy to promote more effective use. Research papers, policy briefs, conservation protocols, training materials, and written submissions to international policy fora, will be made public through the Platforms’ own website or publication in open access journals. Software and web tools will be made available under open access licenses. Each Center will enlist its IP Focal Point to make plans for, and monitor, its IA management practices under the Genebank Platform, with general oversight from the Platform IAC. Full compliance with the CGIAR IA principles and its commitments pursuant to the 2006 agreements with the Governing Body will be included in partnership contracts under this Platform. 2.5 Open access management The platform will ensure that all of its information products are made publicly available in conformity with the CGIAR Open Access and Data Management Policy (OA Policy) and also with the expectations under the ITPGRFA (Articles 13.2.a & 17; SMTA 6.9) that non-confidential information about materials in the Multilateral System will be made available through a global information system. All CGIAR genebanks make their data publicly available and searchable, as part of the strategy to promote more effective use. Genesys provides a common portal for access to information on all CGIAR accessions and is recognized as an element of the ITPGRFA’s GLIS. It collates data from international and national genebanks into a searchable public database under a signed agreement with each data provider, which states that providers should only provide data that can be made publicly available. Genesys is being managed and developed by the Crop Trust under the guidance of an Advisory Committee. The Conservation and Use Modules will contribute to the enhanced functioning of Genesys, and develop new tools and methods for sharing, associating, and harvesting accession level data. Data collected as part of policy-linked research (for example, trends in Centers’ and partners’ acquisitions, distributions and uses of PGR, data, or traditional knowledge under different policy regimes) will be made available in conformance with the OA Policy. Through IRRI, the CGIAR is also taking a leading role in the further development of GLIS to facilitate data sharing through interoperable systems and thus promote broader open data access. Enhancements to Genesys will focus on interoperability. IP Focal Points of participating Centers will assist in planning, monitoring, and reporting their Centers’ OA practices under the Platform and the IAC will assume ultimate responsibility for ensuring the Platform complies with OA Policy and ITPGRFA-related expectations. More details may be found in Annex 5b. 2.6 Communication strategy A communication strategy is being developed to help the Platform improve the understanding of the importance of the PGR conservation in genebanks, the efficiency of genebank operations, the use made of genebank material by researchers, and the policies that apply to the acquisition, use and distribution of germplasm. Outreach to the audiences that help fulfil the objectives of the Platform (i.e. plant breeders and evaluation specialists, other research scientists and people in interested organizations) will be the primary thrust of Platform communications. The main channel for external communications is a Platform website that is currently under development. The website will offer access to: (1) accurate, detailed information on the operations and policies of genebanks and GHUs, including SOPs, annual reports and review results; (2) the 26 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 conservation of specific crops; (3) Genesys and other relevant databases; (4) publications and capacity building resources; (5) relevant news. A newsletter will also be published and emailed regularly to stakeholders. The newsletter will not contain detailed technical information, but will offer a series of signposts to materials available through the Platform website (and possibly elsewhere). 2.7 Risk management All 11 genebanks have individual risk management strategies to mitigate against a range of potential threats encompassing the healthy functioning of the genebanks. Highly refined genebank procedures are in place to control many of the risks affecting long-term conservation and distribution of germplasm. Risk management strategies will be published annually on the Platform website. This level of risk management is of paramount importance to the sustainability of the collections and is the responsibility of the individual Centers, although the Platform has a role in supporting the strengthening and validation of these strategies. The risks and risk control measures concerning the successful implementation of Platform activities are described in Table 1. One of the key performance targets is the safety duplication of 90% of all accessions by 2022. While safety duplication ensures that collections are not lost, the physical infrastructure and operations of a genebank remain vulnerable to extraordinary natural and man-made disasters. It is important to highlight that the Platform cannot support the rebuilding of facilities in the event of a disaster or extraordinary event. 3. Modules 3.1 Conservation Module: support and improve essential genebank operations 3.1.1 Module Narrative 3.1.1.1 Rationale, scope The Conservation Module, first and foremost, supports the core genebank operations, the minimum activities that must be undertaken by the genebanks without which the fundamental security of the collections and their use are at serious risk. However, the aims of the Platform are to increase conservation whilst controlling costs. The Module, therefore, will have a major thrust in improving the long-term sustainability and efficiency of the genebanks and, where possible, the global system as a whole, while strategically increasing the representation of crop gene pools in ex situ conservation. Four key performance targets concerning the availability, security, documentation and quality management of the collections were agreed in 2013 (Table 2). All Centers are now working towards these targets, and through continued support all (except CIP) aim to reach them by the end of 2022. GHUs are required to adhere to similar high standards of operation as the genebanks. CIP and CIMMYT have pursued ISO 17025 accreditation. However, for several Centers and crops (e.g. IITA, ILRI, ICRAF, CIP), more work is needed to establish routine phytosanitary diagnostics, and to build capacity to accelerate the rate of germplasm indexing and phytosanitary cleaning. The GHUs will work towards externally validated QMS, adopting a similar approach as the genebanks. 27 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Table 1. Summary of risk management measures Risk Level of overall risk Responsible Mitigation measures Platform management Clear legal agreement and responsibilities, agreed planning Platform Coordinator/Platform Finance and reporting templates that are appropriate to Genebank Failure in contractual obligations Low and Administrative Committee Platform, regular communications between Platform Coordinator and System Management Office. Monthly Management Team meetings and minutes, Breakdown of trust or communication Low Platform Coordinator/Management Team support for A15 Group communications, Annual Genebank between Platform partners Meetings, annual feedback sessions, past experience. MoU developed outlining roles and responsibilities of Crop Crop Trust Executive Board and Director/ Trust, Centers and System management with mechanisms Conflict of interest between Crop Trust and Low System Management Board and System in place should source of conflict arise. Clear delineation CGIAR Council between fundraising and scientific management roles of Crop Trust. Platform outputs Independent Advisory Inadequate input from partners to achieve Frequent and formal coordination at all levels with Moderate Committee/Excellence in Breeding proposed outputs Platforms and CRPs Advisory Groups/Genebank management Misuse of resources towards unplanned Platform Finance and Administration Detailed workplans and budgets, Annual Genebank Low outputs Committee Meetings, past experience Planning and consultation in developing collective work, Lack of engagement in collective activities Moderate Management Team monitoring of outputs, re-alignment of activities where needed Alternative providers or partners to generate data, Independent Advisory Failure to make sequence and other alternative forms of characterisation data, close monitoring Moderate Committee/Management characterisation data available and participation in policy discussions relating to open Team/Genebank management access. Facilities Lists of equipment for each genebank (not yet GHU), the Equipment breakdown affects performance Moderate Genebank & Center management date of purchase and serviceable age have been collated. of genebanks and GHUs Needs for equipment purchase or replacement have been 28 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Risk Level of overall risk Responsible Mitigation measures accounted for in the budget. Platform activity focuses on the calibration of all genebank equipment. Adequate backup of essential equipment part of QMS. All genebanks have priority access to backup generators. Lists of genebank infrastructure (not yet GHU) have been Inadequate infrastructure compromises collated. Genebank reviews have highlighted where Moderate Genebank & Center management performance of genebanks and GHUs infrastructure is considered to be inadequate. ILRI has addressed review recommendations. CIAT is raising funds to address recommendations. Natural or man-made threats to facilities and Every Center genebank has a risk management strategy Moderate Genebank & Center management collections including an emergency evacuation plan. Partnership Independent Advisory Attendance of Excellence in Breeding Advisory Groups, Failure in coordination with Platforms Low Committee/Excellence in Breeding participation of Excellence in Breeding staff in Use Module Advisory Group members meetings and planning. Independent Advisory Committee/ Participation in Excellence in Breeding activities, support for Failure in coordination with CRPs Moderate Management Team/ Genebank collaboration and attendance of meetings for each Management genebank manager. Annual Genebank Meetings hosted by NARS partners, joint Management Team/ Genebank projects, crop conservation strategy development with crop Failure in engagement of external partners Low Management conservation and research communities, distribution of germplasm and data Close monitoring and participation in international Reputational loss for being associated with Management Team/Center management/ Moderate deliberations concerning access and benefit sharing rules ‘biopiracy’ System Management Board and how they apply to germplasm and associated data. Funding Shortfall in endowment funding Moderate Crop Trust Executive Director Fund raising strategy in place System Council/System Management FC13 and FC14 agreement secures agreed funding, support Shortfall in funding from Windows 1 and 2 Low Board of Centers and CRP leaders Fluctuations in institute costs and full cost Task Force on implementation of Financial Guidelines, clear High Center management recovery guidelines on acceptable costs, multi-year budgets, financial 29 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Risk Level of overall risk Responsible Mitigation measures monitoring and reporting of FCR elements, allowance of carryover. Prioritization of funds towards genebank routine Inadequate budget for proposed activities High Platform Coordinator/Management Team operations, rationalization of activities, raising bilateral funding Failure to attract bilateral funding Moderate Management Team/Center management Delay or reduction of uplift activities Pre-financing by Centers, delay or reduction of activities Delay in disbursement of funds High Finance and Administration Committee where possible, prioritization of genebank routine operations. Global public goods High standard genebank procedures, validated quality Loss or corruption of germplasm Low Genebank management management systems, safety duplication. Genebank management/Crop Trust Loss or corruption of data Low Regular backups, security measures in place Genesys Manager Failure of tools or software to achieve Adequate testing and piloting of tools, dynamic user Moderate Management Team Module outputs feedback mechanisms Major investment in policy compliance and CGIAR representation in policy development; multiple Failure to comply with relevant national or System Management Board/Center Low mechanisms and feedback loops in place to monitor and international policy management/ Policy Unit support compliance; compliance reported annually to System Management Board 30 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Genebank efficiencies will be pursued on several levels, including in data management, routine operations, rationalization across same-crop collections within the global system, and cost-analysis. Activities will focus on improving the quality of data resources and developing or adopting software and tools to support increased efficiency of workflows, implementation of digital labeling and use of more automated processes from field to store. Today, at least six Centers (CIP, CIMMYT, CIAT, ILRI, ICRISAT and IITA) are adopting GRIN-Global as their primary system for genebank data management. This provides an opportunity for increased integration and standardization of data across the system. IRRI and CIMMYT will focus on achieving efficiencies by harmonizing data and systems across the genebank-breeder continuum Table 2. Key performance indicators Indicators Targets % collection which is clean of pathogens of quarantine risk, viable, and in sufficient quantity to Availability 1 be immediately available for international distribution from medium-term storage (or local 90% accessions available distribution for some tree spp.). For seed crops: % collection held in long-term storage at two locations and also in Svalbard Global Security Seed Vault (except for tree spp.). 90% seed accessions safety duplicated 2 For clonal crops: % of the collection held in long- 50% clonal accessions in cryopreservation term storage or cryopreservation at two locations; % Intermediate target 90% accessions of the collection held in slow growth conditions in duplicated in in vitro vitro at two locations. 3 % collection with minimum passport and/or Data availability characterization data online 90% accessions documented QMS 4 Quality Management System Agreed elements of QMS/ISO are in place Understanding the specific factors that affect seed longevity, and improving long-term storage, is critical to improving efficiency. Optimized procedures and improved drying and storage conditions have the potential to increase the longevity of germplasm in storage by decades, and to have a substantial impact on management costs. Building large-scale cryobanks of expensive-to-maintain clonal crop collections also presents a tremendous opportunity to improve the security of the collections, rationalize in vitro and field collections and eliminate the need for continuous re- culturing of in vitro samples for safety duplication. Other efficiencies and cost-savings will be highlighted through the review and validation of individual genebanks’ QMS and through ongoing cost analysis. Genotyping of the whole or large parts of a collection promises a new level of quality and genetic integrity control. Molecular markers and sequence data can be effectively used for accession identification during acquisition, regeneration and multiplication, elimination of duplicates, clarification of taxonomic relationships and ploidy levels, and the stratification of collections according to genetic relationships and gene pools. The genotyping of materials coming into the clonal crop collections is already becoming routine and plays a major role in limiting acquisition to only unique accessions. The funding is not available in this Platform to carry out systematic 31 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 genotyping of entire collections. However, the genebanks will benefit from such initiatives instigated by the Excellence in Breeding Platform and the AFS CRPs, and uplift funds will be sought to strategically expand genotyping efforts to core collections and other important subsets. Two major collective exercises will feed into the objectives of the Conservation Module: (1) A global gap analysis and consultation process will integrate data from multiple sources to direct joint collecting missions and address trait and genetic diversity gaps in collections, and (2) Crop conservation strategies development will bring together crop conservation and research communities to identify priorities for capacity building and conservation actions, develop the roles of CGIAR genebanks and increase participation in Genesys. These exercises will form a framework for CGIAR genebanks to sustain and expand their partnerships with national and regional organizations and to direct limited resources for building capacity towards achieving maximum gains. 3.1.1.2 Objectives and targets The activities of the Conservation Module (Table 3) contribute to all four Platform outcomes but most particularly to the first and fourth: 1. Disease-free, viable, documented germplasm made available 2. More effective access and use of germplasm enabled 3. Policy engagement and compliance ensured 4. Crop diversity conserved in a rational and effective global system Objective 1.1: To sustain core genebank operations and ensure germplasm is secure and available Activity 1.1.1 Managing the genebank: germplasm processing, testing, storage, data management, regeneration, safety duplication Activities cover: accession or sample registration; phytosanitary cleaning and processing; storage in seed, field, in vitro and cryobanks, and safety backup; viability monitoring; regeneration and multiplication; and basic characterization. These activities are driven by the rate of distribution from the collection (1.1.2) and by the degree to which historic and new incoming accessions have been fully tested, processed and safety duplicated. The genebanks are aiming for targets of 90% availability and safety duplication by 2021. All activities generate a large amount of information that is used for decision-making and improving operations, which requires specialized database systems to manage and query data. Collective development of GRIN-Global will enable the sharing of solutions to bugs and issues, joint backstopping and software improvements across multiple Centers. It will also facilitate the integration of data for analysis or access across Centers. Activity 1.1.2 Health testing and distributing germplasm Centers are committed to distribution of disease-free, highly viable and well-documented germplasm in response to requests for use in research, breeding and training in food and agriculture under their agreements with the ITPGRFA. Testing and cleaning accessions that are currently not safe to distribute will be a priority, affecting mainly clonal but also some seed collections. The changing prevalence and spread of pests and diseases influences the need for phytosanitary controls. Objective 1.2 To improve genebank operations and management Activity 1.2.1 Quality management and upgrading Most genebanks will have put in place minimum elements of a QMS by 2017. The next phase of QMS development involves independent validation of SOPs, and the development of new SOPs on 32 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 phytosanitary processes, information management, and other operations. In addition, genebanks will focus on testing and calibrating equipment and replacing items that have passed their serviceable age and capacity. Activity 1.2.2 Researching conservation methods Monitoring the viability of seeds in storage is costly in staff time and the seeds themselves. Most genebanks err on the side of caution, and follow strictly a regime of monitoring every 5 or 10 years. With leadership from IRRI, the genebanks will explore a variety of improved approaches to assess viability, including automation of germination tests and non-destructive methods, and develop better models to predict longevity at the crop, accession, and seed lot level. There will be a particular focus on wild species and crops such as forages, which are highly demanding in terms of regeneration and viability testing. This research will contribute to optimizing and customizing the quantity of seeds to store per accession, and estimating optimal viability monitoring intervals. Genebanks managing clonal crop collections will continue to systematically cryobank their collections and develop the QMS framework within which they operate. Activity 1.2.3 Analysing costs and building efficiencies The individual genebanks’ costs to maintain diversity are based on an economic study and costing tool developed in GPG2 (a World Bank-funded project coordinated by Bioversity). The tool will be refined to improve consistency of cost estimates across Centers and used to review and revise current cost estimates. In parallel, a task force of Finance Directors is addressing the need to harmonize the implementation of CGIAR Financial Guidelines. Through building QMS, optimizing processes and comparing the staff needs and costs of individual operations within genebanks holding similar crop types, potential efficiencies will be highlighted and addressed. Bringing all these elements together, the genebanks will be enabled to control costs or redirect resources more efficiently. Activity 1.2.4 Improving representation: analyzing diversity, identifying gaps, eliminating duplicates and collecting Linking with the Use Module, activities will utilize available phenotypic and genomic information generated on an accession level to identify duplicates. This information will also be applied, together with other genebank data, in a global analysis to assess the diversity in collections, and the geographical, taxonomic, trait and genetic gaps in the collection, to be filled through collecting or complementary conservation strategies. A formal consultation will take place with breeders and climate change specialists to prioritize sought-after traits to address climate change. CIAT and ICARDA will carry out the analyses using GIS-based tools to identify collecting targets. Multi-crop collecting missions will be carried out in partnership with national organizations. Activity 1.2.5 Strengthening capacity in germplasm health management and conservation Capacity building efforts will be directed through crop conservation strategy development processes. Priorities will be defined by NARS and aggregated across crops. Joint events will be planned building on existing QMS and staff training events. Current systems of internships, exchanges and training courses will be shared and built upon so that resources are pooled and specific expertise is shared across Centers. 33 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Table 3. Activities, outputs and targets of the Conservation Module Activities Strategic Relevance Outputs Indicators and Targets Assumptions Objective 1.1: To sustain core genebank operations and ensure germplasm is secure and available 1.1.1 Managing the genebank: Increasing institutional and other seed processing, testing, Representative, documented, 90% of collections conserved, safety costs can be managed so that storage, data management, available and secure germplasm in 35 duplicated, documented and genebanks receive sufficient regeneration, safety CGIAR obligations to the ITPGRFA crop collections available by 2022 operating funds from fixed duplication to conserve and make available budgets. germplasm from in trust collections are fulfilled 80% relevant requests serviced The costs of GHUs are fully 1.1.2 Health testing and Disease-free germplasm distributed annually covered in service charges. distributing germplasm upon request Customer satisfaction of 80% or Investment is made in developing higher annually protocols to test for new diseases. Objective 1.2: To improve core genebank operations and management GRIN-Global operating in six Centers (CIAT, CIMMYT, CIP, ICRISAT, IITA, ILRI) by 2018 50 SOPs in place by 2018 and validated 2020 Appropriate level of investment in 1.2.1 Quality management and High standard of operation and SOPs validated and improved for CGIAR infrastructure. upgrading quality management clearly activities including germplasm health Other genebank QMS elements (e.g. illustrated in 11 genebanks acquisition policy, curation policy, risk management, staff succession, Quality management results in barcoding) in place by 2018 and improved management. validated by 2020 All genebank equipment is serviceable and calibrated by 2022 34 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Activities Strategic Relevance Outputs Indicators and Targets Assumptions Historical viability re-testing data collated and analysed in all genebanks by 2020 Storage periods redefined in at least 10 crops by 2020 and in 20 crops by 2022 1.2.2 Researching conservation Sustainability of operations Step change increase in length of Existing technologies only require Cryopreservation protocols methods improved as materials are able to optimization to obtain be kept for longer in storage time germplasm may be stored optimized for sweetpotato and yam improvements by 2022 500 accessions cryobanked annually 5% reduction in average time taken to carry out phytosanitary controls by 2022 Comprehensive revised cost analysis Institutional support is provided 1.2.3 Analysing costs and Long-term sustainability of the Transparent and comparable published by 2020 to build fairer and more building efficiencies genebanks is facilitated genebank operations and costs by consistent application of CGIAR crop group Reduction in annual operating costs Financial Guidelines across the of 5% by 2022 System. Representation of 22 crop genepools Users provide information on 1.2.4 Improving representation: analysing Representation of genetic, in ex situ conservation quantified by needs and AFS partners provide taxonomic, geographical and 2020 information on traits. diversity, identifying gaps, Increased conservation globally eliminating duplicates and environmental diversity and traits Gaps in at least 8 crop genepools collecting improved addressed through CGIAR-NARS joint Collecting of threatened and collecting missions by 2022 unique germplasm is politically and physically possible 35 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Activities Strategic Relevance Outputs Indicators and Targets Assumptions 20 NARS & 30 CGIAR staff involved in CGIAR capacity building events annually 1.2.5 Strengthening capacity in germplasm health Global system for conservation Improved capacity in NARS and closer NARS have the capacity to comply 10 crop strategies updated by 2019, with international policies on management and conservation and use of PGRFA is strengthened partnership with genebanks 17 crop strategies updated by 2022 germplasm exchange. 20 services provided by CGIAR to NARS annually 36 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 3.1.1.3 Science quality Maintaining the genetic integrity of thousands of unique accessions and providing the right accession when requested, demands quality of science and service. After a broad consultative process mediated by FAO, international standards for genebank management were developed and published in 1994, and updated standards published in 2014 (FAO 2014). The CGIAR genebanks have been foremost in implementing these standards. The FAO standards give guidance on the various conditions in which the accessions are managed (e.g. temperature and relative humidity in storage). In the course of the Genebank CRP further targets were agreed by the Centers to ensure that collections are available and secure (Table 2). These high standards are appropriate to the standing of the CGIAR in the global system and their role in safeguarding and making available crop diversity on a worldwide basis. A further major advance was achieved, as part of the Genebank CRP, through the establishment of a formal QMS in each genebank. Firstly, the QMS ensures that SOPs are documented in detail. SOPs incorporate numerous essential elements of genebank management, including health and safety measures for staff (exceptionally important in the case of working with liquid nitrogen), risk management, access control, and institutional and genebank policies. In this way, the QMS helps to generate increased transparency and confidence, for the benefit of donors, partners and users. The minimum elements of QMS, which are being put into place in the current CRP, will be validated and reviewed through external auditing. Additional SOPs will be documented for phytosanitary processes, equipment maintenance and calibration, information management, identity authentication and measuring user satisfaction. Interactions with centers of excellence and experts in areas such as seed longevity, germplasm health, database management, and communications and knowledge sharing will help ensure that up-to-date science is applied in genebank management and used as the basis for improvements in operations and rationalization of activities. Ultimately, the feedback from genebank users provides the strongest indication of the quality of the genebanks’ work. Every genebank will have a process to garner user feedback as part of their QMS, and levels of satisfaction will be monitored annually. The Platform Coordinator, MT and expert leadership in Centers will review each genebank’s status with regard to performance targets annually. 3.1.1.4 System linkages Linkages of the Genebank Platform with the Excellence in Breeding and Big Data Platforms and AFS CRPs are illustrated in Figure 9. The Conservation Module will support these linkages through the provision of germplasm and information on accessions within the collections upon the request and collaboration of users within the AFS CRPs, Platforms and other CRPs. This flow of germplasm and data must be better matched with the feedback of research results and information from the CRPs to the genebanks. Through the tools, processes and alliances generated by the Use Module, these new data will be associated with accession data in genebank databases and Genesys to add value to the collections, and facilitate their further use. These data also have a catalytic role to play in enhancing genebank management. A key partner here is the Excellence in Breeding Platform, given its role to broker genotyping and phenotyping services across CRPs. Making a dramatic improvement in genetic integrity and quality control requires genotyping, which will be generated most effectively through coordination with the Excellence in Breeding Platform Module 3 (Genotyping Services). Efficiencies also require investment in automation and mechanization of seed processing and accession phenotyping, which should be coordinated with Module 4 (phenotyping/automation/ mechanization). 37 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Other forms of linkage occur in the provision of all the services listed above to AFS CRPs and other users. It is important to note that the GHUs provide phytosanitary testing and cleaning services both to the genebanks and the AFS CRPS. Also, clonal crop collections, as sometimes the only source of disease-free material, may have a special function of providing clean source material directly to seed systems. Figure 9. Primary linkages with the Conservation Module within the CGIAR portfolio To strengthen the global system on conservation and use, the Module will link with key national genebanks and other institutes through training, information exchanges and partnerships in selected activities. The conservation and use practitioners of individual crops will be brought together through formal mechanisms such as crop user groups, or informally as appropriate, to revisit priorities and implement global conservation strategies. The strategies will also be improved to ensure better coordination and sharing of crop-based activities and rationalization among collections at national, regional and global levels. 3.1.1.5 Climate Change A key component of successful adaptation to climate change is the development of more resilient varieties able to yield well under future climatic conditions, with resistance to new pests and diseases. More than just a one-off process, the need is for a pipeline enabling broad, continual adaptation to unpredictable changes. The portfolio of varieties and crops deployed on farm must be backed-up by a reservoir of diversity maintained ex situ, and be linked to a process for rapidly incorporating ex situ diversity into new climate-smart genepools. The genebanks will provide the reservoir of ex situ diversity. Improved and efficient conservation and documentation of germplasm will ensure that the materials with traits essential for climate change mitigation and adaptation are 38 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 available. Investment in upgrading GHUs and research into new diagnostics will also allow CGIAR to respond to a changing prevalence and virulence of pests and diseases related to climate change. Land use change, urbanization, population growth and development have taken their toll on genetic diversity available in farmers’ fields and natural habitats. Many of the accessions held in the CGIAR genebanks are no longer available on farms and in natural habitats in situ. By focusing attention, resources and partnership on assessing gaps in collections, the CGIAR will target collecting efforts to ensure that representation of diversity in the collections is increased. Climate change also affects genebank operations. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall affects drying and storage conditions, the performance of facilities and equipment and the harvest of high quality seed for long-term storage. Genebank procedures ensure an adequate level of safety duplication to avoid accession loss and the SGSV provides a backup of the collections. With uplift funding, the genebanks may improve the sustainability of their facilities and equipment through a specialist assessment of energy efficiency. Solar panels have been installed at CIMMYT and are saving annual costs of around USD 50,000. Customized energy saving technologies may be installed at other genebanks. 3.1.1.6 Capacity development The Conservation Module focuses substantially on capacity building activities internally but also externally. In the course of the current CRP, external reviews and strengthening of QMS, together with a preliminary assessment of staff time allocations to genebank operations, have helped identify priority capacity needs in each Center. The Module will address individual genebank’s needs while continuing to nurture cross-Center mentoring and fertilization of ideas to improve operations and efficiencies across the system as a whole. These exchanges will extend to and involve NARS partners as much as feasibility possible, leading to the development of more formal CoPs where appropriate. The capacity building elements of the Module activities are outlined in Table 4. Focussing more broadly on the global system, the conservation and research communities of each of the CGIAR mandate crops will be brought together through consultation, meetings and surveys to review and update the crop conservation strategies. Through this process, priorities for NARS capacity building will be reviewed across crops and regions, and at least three joint capacity building events will take place annually to address expressed priorities. These events will be coordinated with QMS strengthening events, such as the GOAL workshops. Individual Centers may follow up with specific countries to provide further mentoring and training opportunities. Table 4. Capacity building elements in the Conservation Module (indicators are provided in Table 3) Objective Capacity building element • Annual GOAL workshops • Purchase of new equipment 1.2.1 Quality management • Documentation of SOPs and upgrading • Staff training • Review recommendations addressed • GRIN-Global operation and development • Improved protocols for seed conservation 1.2.2 Researching • Improved protocols for cryopreservation conservation methods • Improved protocols for germplasm health testing • Cryobanks developed 1.2.4 Improving • Improved knowledge on diversity in collections worldwide representation: analysing (including NARS collections) diversity, identifying gaps, • Improved representation of diversity in collections 39 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 eliminating duplicates and collecting • One-on-one mentoring between genebanks and NARS partners 1.2.5 Strengthening capacity in germplasm health • Training of NARS staff by individual genebanks management and • Joint capacity-building events conservation • Crop conservation strategies developed • Services provided to NARS 3.1.1.7 Intellectual asset and open access management See Sections 2.4 and 2.5. 3.1.1.8 Module management Recognizing that the leadership and implementation of the conservation activities will remain with individual genebanks, the activities of this Module will be coordinated by the Platform Coordinator. The MT will provide oversight and guidance on fund allocation and management to ensure activities reach performance targets and outputs are achieved. Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out on a continued basis by the Platform Coordinator and through the review of annual reports in the ORT. The audit of QMS will be a core component contributing independent validation of the genebank status and standards of operation. This will be supported by thematic review across or within crop groups, concerning the following areas: data management tools, data quality and availability, representativeness of diversity within the collections and efficiency of operations, rationalization of activities and value for money. 3.1.2 Module Budget Narrative (excerpt from online submission tool) 3.1.2.1 General Information Platform Name Genebank Platform Platform Lead Center Global Crop Diversity Trust 3.1.2.2 Summary Funding Needed Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total W1+W2 22,051,137 182,07,680 15,830,997 12,396,050 10,412,432 9,133,419 88,031,715 W3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bilateral 6,750,000 9,060,000 11,530,000 13,350,000 15,030,000 15,030,000 70,750,000 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28,801,137 27,267,680 27,360,997 25,746,050 25,442,432 24,163,419 158,781,715 40 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Funding Secured Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total W1+W222 22,051,137 18,207,680 15,830,997 12,396,050 10,412,432 9,133,419 88,031,715 W3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bilateral 6,750,000 9,060,000 11,530,000 13,350,000 15,030,000 15,030,000 70,750,000 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28,801,137 27,267,680 27,360,997 25,746,050 25,442,432 24,163,419 158,781,715 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total Personnel 11,399,552 11,002,798 10,766,592 10,417,741 10,386,139 10,239,849 64,212,671 Travel 1,086,248 1,054,486 1,018,711 954,514 937,582 968,422 6,019,964 Capital Equipment 2,523,875 1,936,503 2,014,043 1,060,951 863,238 819,502 9,218,112 Other Supplies and Services 8,439,874 8,130,640 8,102,053 7,866,940 7,877,045 7,485,072 47,901,623 CGIAR Collaborations 1,775,000 1,749,750 2,121,237 2,349,300 2,313,764 1,674,452 11,983,503 Non CGIAR Collaborations 607,024 605,785 583,098 523,760 524,133 509,918 3,353,718 Indirect Cost 2,969,563 2,787,718 2,755,264 2,572,844 2,540,531 2,466,205 16,092,124 28,801,137 27,267,680 27,360,997 25,746,050 25,442,432 24,163,419 158,781,715 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total AfricaRice 664,955 749,201 783,661 498,394 503,313 508,479 3,708,003 Bioversity 1,410,837 1,390,505 1,345,883 1,321,080 1,325,899 1,330,962 8,125,165 CIAT 3,929,164 3,627,570 3,296,390 2,977,728 2,987,570 2,997,906 19,816,329 CIMMYT 1,865,046 1,869,297 1,873,759 1,728,373 1,733,291 1,738,457 10,808,224 CIP 5,342,420 4,710,497 4,645,737 4,678,771 4,514,857 4,385,098 28,277,379 ICARDA 2,611,872 3,045,631 2,953,690 2,466,361 2,475,627 2,035,146 15,588,326 ICRAF 1,260,001 1,263,000 1,266,150 1,269,456 1,272,932 1,216,577 7,548,115 22 Assumed secured 41 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total ICRISAT 2,357,462 2,361,712 2,291,185 2,188,371 2,193,291 2,198,457 13,590,479 IITA 2,797,978 1,946,348 2,394,260 1,889,578 1,728,715 1,709,479 12,466,358 ILRI 1,470,002 1,427,503 1,435,377 1,443,645 1,452,328 1,371,444 8,600,299 IRRI 2,239,448 2,054,351 1,874,768 1,849,449 1,854,372 1,859,541 11,731,929 Platform coordination 1,076,953 1,072,317 1,078,900 1,085,543 1,086,473 1,137,422 6,537,605 costs Commissioned funds 1,775,000 1,749,750 2,121,237 2,349,300 2,313,764 1,674,452 11,983,503 28,801,137 27,267,680 27,360,998 25,746,050 25,442,432 24,163,419 158,781,715 3.1.2.3 Additional explanations for certain accounting categories Benefits: At this stage we were not able to gather detailed information by Center about percentages of fringe benefits costs included in personnel costs. In a survey the Crop Trust initiated in 2015 within the framework of the ‘Parity Model’ the Centers provided detailed lists of items included in their personnel costs. Please see below the replies from the centers. Africa Rice: Salaries, Retirement Fund, Medical Insurance, Life and other Insurances, Housing and Utilities, Education Allowance, Settling-in Allowance, Food Allowance, Responsibility Allowance bonus, Travel - Home leave, Overtime and Sunday Premium, Social Security, PF Patronal, Commuting Allowance, Vacations, Bonus, Other Benefits – NRS, Allowances – RRS Bioversity: Salaries, Retirement Fund, Medical Insurance, Life and other Insurances, Child Allowance, Insurance admin Fees. CIAT: International Staff: Salary, Benefits, Repatriation expenses; National Staff: Salary, legal benefits, extralegal benefits/ fringe benefits, Food service, Endowment, Transport service. CIMMYT: Base salary; Retirement benefits; Life and Medical Insurance; Housing, utilities, Education, joining and departure costs and home leave for IRS; Professional development; Paid leaves; Membership fees; Annual Medical Examinations; social security and housing fund, vacation and annual bonus, savings fund, grocery cards for NRS. CIP: Medical Insurance and labor benefits according to country allowances. ICARDA: Basic Salary, Housing Allowance (where applicable), Transport Allowance (where applicable), Employee savings (15% of basic), Insurance, Education allowance (where applicable), Home leave entitlement or dependent travel (where applicable), End of Service benefits (for local staff), Other incidental costs of staff (e.g. AIARC fees, passport renewal, professional). 42 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 ICRAF: Basic Salary, Cost of living adjustment for –IRS, housing and security allowance, commuting allowance, health and life insurance, severance/separation cost, dependents education allowance, social security and pension, home leave. ICRISAT: NRS: there are SMG, NRS, and SSB cadres. The following details cover all cadres of staff. However, not all benefits are paid to all cadres. Individual personnel costs includes Basic salary, Dearness Allowances, House Rent Allowance, Transport Allowances, Professional Development Allowance, Telephone cost reimbursement, Gratuity, Pension, Provident fund, Medical, Education, Relocation, Home Leave, Leave Encashment and other minor allowances. IITA: IRS - Salaries, Retirement Benefit, Insurance, Home Leave, Education Board/Tuition, Education Travel, Medical/Clinic, Medical Travel, Housing Allowance/Rent, Leave Allowance, Vehicle Allowance/Insurance, Furnishing Allowance, Hardship Allowance, Initial Arrival, Repatriation, Nightwatch/Gardener, Spouse Travel, Sabbatical Costs, NRS - Salaries, Asset Acquisition, Retirement Benefit, Insurance, Overtime, Medical/Clinic, Housing Allowance, Leave Allowance, Vehicle/Transport Allowance, Social Insurance Trust Fund, Lunch Allowance/Canteen, Staff Loan Interest Subsidy, Nightguard/Gardener, Furnishing Allowance, Subsistence Allowance, Utility Allowance, Entertainment Allowance, Other. ILRI: NRS - Basic salary, accrued leave, medical insurance, annual pension contribution, severance benefit, staff development fund, catastrophic insurance, transport allowance, human resource recharges IRS – as for NRS plus education, leave travel, housing. IRRI: GRS - costs include base salary, pension, medical and life insurance, joining and departure costs, transportation, shipping allowance, children education & travel, home leave travel, housing and compassionate travel. NRS - Headquarters-based, the costs include base salary, statutory benefits (Social Security System, Health Maintenance Organization, 13th month pay), medical insurance, retirement plan, shuttle bus, rice allowance, vehicle/transportation and other allowances. Global Crop Diversity Trust: Professional Staff (IRS): Health, Life & Disability Insurance, Accrued Annual Leave, Retirement Plan, Travel - Relocation Allowance, Education Grant, Education Travel, Basic Medical Insurance, Appointment and Repatriation Travel, Shipping and Storage, Home Leave Travel, Emergency Travel, Other Benefits. Support Staff (NRS): Health, Life & Disability Insurance, Accrued Annual Leave, Retirement Plan, Basic Medical Insurance, Emergency Travel. Other supplies and services: Other Supplies and Services: Provide a brief description and rationale for other Supplies and Services required, including cost assumptions used to develop the budget for these costs. In a survey the Crop Trust initiated in 2015 (‘Parity Model’) the following Supplies and Services items were reported by the centers. Please note that not every Genebank necessarily has expenses against all items in this list. 43 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Supplies and Services (only costs directly attributable to Platform activities) Supplies Services purchased Equipment < USD 3,000 Travel Office Procurement Office Seed Health Testing services Laboratory Services IT Transport services Catering Security Consultancies Other (please specify) Internal Space Charge Pooled space costs Building rental Security Buildings maintenance (specific to Genebank) Equipment maintenance (specific to Genebank) Electricity and power Water Use of screenhouses, greenhouses Other e.g. sewage, rubbish collection etc. Land Charges Land rental Farm services Irrigation Electricity and power Water 3.1.2.4 Other Sources of Funding for this Project The funding for this proposal is comparatively secure. Both donors have made commitments to provide support: (1) The funding provided from the endowment, managed by the Crop Trust, is dedicated specifically to support the costs of managing the international collections. Nine of the 11 CGIAR genebanks are guaranteed long-term funding from existing grants with the Crop Trust. These grants are expected to increase in size in line with the growth of the endowment. The proposal budget is based on current endowment growth projections. More details on the endowment projections are provided in Annex 2. (2) The CGIAR Fund Council recognized the importance of ensuring support to the genebanks is 44 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 secure, and the proposed funding up to 2021 from the CGIAR (USD 93.1 m) has been discussed and approved at two Fund Council meetings (footnote to the minutes of FC 13). A special mechanism is being considered to source these funds (footnote FC14 minutes). 3.1.2.5 Budgeted Costs for certain Key Activities Estimate annual Please describe main key activities for the average cost (USD) applicable categories below, as described in the guidance for full proposal Gender Youth QMS, replacing/acquiring equipment and facilities, Capacity development 3,000,000 training, GOAL workshops, data management software development, optimization Impact assessment 75,000 M&E specialist Intellectual asset management See Policy Module Open access and data management See Policy Module Communication Included in Management costs 3.1.3 Platform Uplift Budget Outcome Description Amount W1 + W2 Needed (%) W3 (%) Bilateral (%) Other (%) GREEN GENEBANKS Feasibility study for energy/water/waste efficiency options, installation of solar panels, water harvesting facilities, better insulation of cold rooms, improved recycling capacity 8,750,000 0 0 100 0 customized to individual genebanks. Estimated costs: USD850,000 for 10 genebanks and USD 250,000 for CIMMYT. GENOTYPING OF ALL COLLECTIONS FOR COMPOSITION ANALYSIS AND QUALITY CONTROL Comprehensive genotyping of all accessions that are not the focus of existing characterization efforts. The work would be 32,000,000 100 0 100 0 outsourced through the Excellence in Breeding Platform in a phased and targeted manner, depending on availability of funds, crop type and ongoing work. Genotyping options would 45 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Outcome Description Amount W1 + W2 Needed (%) W3 (%) Bilateral (%) Other (%) be explored with assistance from the Genotyping Module of the Excellence in Breeding Platform. Outputs would contribute to the improved management of collections through the elimination of duplicates, a better recognition of genetically over/under- represented parts of collections, prioritization of accessions for conservation options (including 'archiving' of accessions), and stratification of collections for varying uses. The data generated would serve as reference to monitor genetic integrity at various points in genebank processes in the future. Depending on the crop and extent of linkage disequilibrium, the genome-wide genotypes generated could also be used for association and other use studies. Costs: 700,000 accessions not yet characterized @ $40/accessions + 11 FTE @ $120,000/yr for 3 years. IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF CROP WILD RELATIVES AND ORPHAN CROPS This activity will provide additional funds to focus on the conservation and use of CWR and orphan crops within the global system. It will include a survey of existing collections, their status and management, research on breeding systems, seed physiology, seed 13,000,000 0 0 100 0 cryopreservation or other alternative long- term conservation options and the development of genebank standards for low- cost operations. Costs: 11 genebanks @ $250,000/yr plus NARS partners total $500,000/yr CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FOR THE GLOBAL SYSTEM International MSc course and transferable curriculum on PGR conservation and use in partnership with major national genebanks (e.g. IPK, NBPGR, USDA, RDA, CGN, etc) Costs: Development of the curriculum $100,000 & 10 MSc studentships/yr @ $25,000/yr 11,250,000 0 0 100 0 Capacity transformation package for selected NARS, based on a holistic approach to PGR conservation, use and exchange. The package will be developed based on a needs assessment and agreement of scope and priorities. A schedule of training and upgrading activities will then be custom built bringing in 46 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Outcome Description Amount W1 + W2 Needed (%) W3 (%) Bilateral (%) Other (%) all aspects of conservation and use as needed (e.g. genebank operations, QMS, data management, seed longevity, storage options, phytosanitary controls, association/integration and availability of data, characterization and and use of PGR, compliance with international policy). Costs: 3 NARS per region (5 regions) @ $750,000 ea. 3.2 Use Module: Empowering effective use of genetic resources 3.2.1 Module Narrative 3.2.1.1 Rationale, scope The CGIAR crop improvement programs need to increase the rate of genetic gain to 2% a year, as a vital component of achieving the SLOs to reduce poverty and improve food and nutrition security for human health. Many factors potentially limit the rate of genetic gain: inadequate throughput capacity for phenotyping; evaluation in inappropriate and changing environments; inability to measure precisely the trait(s) required; inadequate knowledge of the genetic control of the trait; inadequate incorporation of genetic knowledge into breeding; inefficient organization of breeding logistics; and insufficient genetic variance. The challenge addressed by the Use Module is to contribute to increased rates of genetic gain through more effective access and targeted use of genetic materials that better meet the needs of the AFS CRPs. This does not necessarily mean increasing the total number of accessions delivered, but rather enabling smarter and facilitated use of, and choices in, the germplasm conserved in the genebanks. Activities fall into two key interacting areas: (1) developing, organizing, and facilitating access to, the tools and information resources required to target and deliver the accessions most likely to meet the needs of the AFS CRPs; and (2) working with the AFS CRPs and the Excellence in Breeding and Big Data Platforms to ensure that there are no gaps, no duplication of efforts, and an integrated approach that ensures a seamless connection from genebank to users, be they breeders or other researchers. The interactions between the Use Module and the AFS CRPs, including those facilitated through the Excellence in Breeding Platform, are illustrated in Figure 10. Choosing the accessions that are most likely to contain the variants needed by breeders has always been, and remains, the biggest challenge facing genebanks and their users. Often, it has not been possible to do any better than choosing a random subset. Breeders then have to screen a very large number of accessions to find the right one. If, because their priority traits are difficult, slow or expensive to screen, they simply cannot screen a sufficiently large number of accessions, they are likely to fail in their search. Even where large-scale screening of accessions is possible, it may be ineffective, as the expression of favorable alleles for a trait may be masked by a genetic background, which means that such alleles remain hidden until transferred to a different genetic background. Overcoming this requires a range of activities. Genebank staff routinely document data on the origins of their accessions and make the data publicly available through databases such as Genesys. Where the latitude and longitude of the original collecting site is known, spatial analysis may be used to make better predictions of which accessions are likely to contain alleles for adaptation to 47 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 various stresses, including those associated with climate change. This is an approach that has been championed by ICARDA under the name FIGS (Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy), and the Use Module will mainstream this and other methods for forming germplasm subsets, for all genebanks and their users. Genebank staff also routinely score traits that have high heritability and low genetic by environment (G×E) interaction, and that are easy to measure and record (“characterization data”), and also make these data available through public databases. To address the cases where these data are relevant to the needs of breeders, Genesys will be enhanced to enable user-friendly querying and selection of high-value subsets based on phenotypic data. However, data that is most relevant to germplasm use are collected by the users of genebank accessions. These include phenotypic data on traits of agronomic importance, expression and “omics” data, genotypic data (increasingly sequence data), estimates of breeding values, and pedigrees. Together, they form a massive resource that could facilitate better-targeted use, although to date they have been underused, because they have not been available to the genebanks and are not always tied to accessions. The Excellence in Breeding Platform is planning to develop interoperable, distributed data systems to facilitate data sharing among partnerships for faster genetic gain. With relatively small additional investment, and working closely with the Excellence in Breeding Platform and breeders, the Use Module will develop additional tools that will enable genebanks to piggyback on these data sharing mechanisms in order to mine the data collected by recipients and users of genebank accessions. The additional data will be used to design improved high-value subsets, such as core collections, mini-cores, FIGS and trait-specific subsets, and to make better-tailored selections in response to each individual request and need. Although the focus of Use Module is on the enhanced and facilitated use of ex situ crop genetic resources by the AFS CRPs, the resulting tools and services will also help address the needs of other users outside the framework of the AFS CRPs. This includes breeders, researchers, farmers and others, and also includes the orphan crops that are conserved in CGIAR genebanks but not addressed in any AFS CRP. Also included are users whose focus is to enhance the conservation and use of genetic diversity in situ, to address the SLO of improving natural resource systems and ecosystem services. 3.2.1.2 Objectives and targets The activities of the Use Module (Table 5) contribute to all four Platform outcomes, but most particularly to the second outcome, focusing on the way genebank collections are accessed and used: 1. Disease-free, viable, documented germplasm made available 2. More effective access and use of germplasm enabled 3. Policy engagement and compliance ensured 4. Crop diversity conserved in a rational and effective global system Activity 2.1.1 Promote information integration between genebanks and breeding programs In the past, there has been little incentive for real-time integration of data between (pre)breeding efforts and genebanks. With advances in breeding technologies, and an increased reliance on specialist partnerships, AFS CRPs are better poised to share data among collaborators. The Excellence in Breeding and Big Data Platforms will work with the AFS CRPs to develop standards and tools enabling interoperability among genebanks and breeders’ databases. This will provide genebanks with unprecedented opportunities to link data collected by users back to genebank accessions and increase the value of the collections. 48 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Figure 10. Interactions between the AFS CRPs, Platforms and the Use Module to enable users to make more effective use of genetic diversity conserved in the genebanks. As part of this activity, Genesys will be enhanced for analytic functionality and enabled to communicate with databases that share standards, such as those to be used as part of the Plant Breeding API23, and databases that are based on similar tools, like those being developed in the GOBII24 project. Genesys developers will work within the design specifications provided by the Excellence in Breeding Platform, particularly the Bioinformatics and Trait Mobilization Modules, to evaluate and adapt tools or mechanisms for storing, managing, and linking phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental data to accessions. A key facilitating element will be a common system for the unique identification and tracking of germplasm samples (accessions and their progeny and other derivatives) through the use of Permanent Unique Identifiers (PUIs), so that data can be traced back to accessions in genebanks25. An expanded Genesys development team or network will make Genesys interoperable with other relevant databases and data warehouses. To guide initial development efforts, a number of ‘frontrunner’ genebanks will test-drive methodologies and software designed to enable better targeting of genebank materials into breeding programs. Based on the experience gathered during this initial phase, additional genebanks will integrate best methods and practices, starting in 2019. 23 Plant Breeding Application Programming Interface [http://docs.brapi.apiary.io/#] 24 Genomic & Opensource Breeding Informatics Initiative [http://cbsugobii05.tc.cornell.edu/wordpress] 25 Such as the Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) to be used for the GLIS of the ITPGRFA [http://www.planttreaty.org/content/gis] 49 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Activity 2.1.2 Empower genebank clients with intuitive, user-driven query tools Given the rapid expansion of genomic and phenotypic/phenomic data, visualization tools will increasingly be required to display summarized information at a ‘resolution’ and format that are appropriate for mainstream breeding work (i.e. 1 or 2 recombination events per chromosome and generation; traits pursued as breeding targets). These visualization tools should be linked to databases holding accession data and integrated so that users can easily move between different tools to visualize trait distributions in relation to genetic similarity, allelic composition, and geographical distribution across adaptation zones. Based on user feedback, new dynamic query interfaces and search engines will be developed to enable users to rank how likely individual accessions are to meet their needs, based on custom- designed combinations of phenotypic, genetic, passport, and environmental/climatic criteria. To the extent feasible, the query interfaces will also tap into methods and algorithms designed to identify associations between collection sites and environmental data (FIGS), genetic and trait data (GWAS), or genetic and environmental data (selection signatures), developed in this or other Platforms, CRPs26 and elsewhere. Strategic partnerships with advanced bioinformatics groups, particularly those who work at the interface between genomics and breeding informatics and have a track record in designing visualization tools, will be a critical component for success of this activity. Activity 2.1.3 Enrich data on collections through focal subsets This activity will encourage individual genebank users to focus in-depth phenotyping efforts on common subsets of accessions to create synergies amongst otherwise disconnected studies. Experience suggests that better-characterized genebank accessions tend to be requested more frequently. Offering pre-formatted and genetically well-characterized ‘focal subsets’ will act as an incentive for users to focus phenotyping efforts on common groups of accessions. It can also help to manage increased demand for germplasm by providing requesters with ready sets of germplasm. Over time, these subsets will grow and enable, at little additional cost, meta-analyses of data from multi-site field trials, experiments quantifying physiological component traits, and ‘omics-based deep-phenotyping efforts, for example in the context of physiological crop modeling or the identification of causal SNP variants for future CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing of elite materials. Focal subsets will include traditional core or mini-core collections, FIGS and other trait-specific subsets, for example focused on climate change mitigation and adaptation. AFS CRPs are expected to take a leading role in the molecular characterization of selected genebank accessions, for example through genotyping-by-sequencing or whole-genome re-sequencing. This activity will only invest in sequencing those accessions in ‘focal subsets’ that are not being characterized by AFS CRPs. Uplift funding is required for more extensive genotyping. Service providers will be sourced via the Genotyping Module of the Excellence in Breeding Platform to promote harmonization and optimization of technologies. 26 A Genebank Platform representative will participate in the Expert Advisory Group of the Excellence in Breeding Platform’s Trait Mobilization Module, which focuses on the selection and pipelining of genetic-analysis tools relevant to this Activity. 50 Table 5. Activities, outputs and targets of the Use Module Genebank Platform 2017-2022 A ctivity Strategic Relevance Outputs Indicators and Targets Assumptions Objective 2.1 To facilitate more effective access and use through targeted delivery of germplasm that better meets the needs of users 100% of in-trust accessions assigned DOIs by 2019 Excellence in Breeding and Big Genesys links to web services provided by the Data Platforms jointly succeed in developing the infrastructure, 2.1.1 Promote Users will have access to a Genesys (and where applicable Excellence in Breeding Platform by 2019 tools and mechanisms for information new class of information with in-house databases) contains Frontrunner genebanks able to quantify the number interoperability integration between high value for targeting the or has access to all available of accessions contributing to released varieties genebanks and selection of genebank relevant information from through DOIs by 2020 and all CGIAR genebanks by Collaboration with Excellence in Breeding and Big Data is effective breeding programs accessions to more precisely varied user communities on 2022 meet their needs each accession Use of DOIs promoted in 11 NARS genebanks by 2021 AFS CRPs use tools from Excellence in Breeding to make their data All Genesys partners have assigned DOIs by 2022 available Genesys (and where applicable in-house genebank databases) Tools available to visualize combinations of 2.1.2 Empower Users are able to target and available through a user- phenotypic, genetic and environmental data linked to genebank clients with select germplasm much more friendly online interface that genebank accessions by 2020. intuitive, user-driven effectively, reducing the need facilitates custom designed Activity 2.1.1 is successful query tools for large-scale screening searches of germplasm based Novel query interfaces available based on phenotypic, on integration of genetic, passport or environmental parameters by environmental, phenotypic and 2020. genotypic information At least three focal subsets targeting specific Sufficient information on 2.1.3 Enrich data on purposes assembled and genotyped by each accessions is available through collections through Users encouraged to explore Availability and use of data-rich genebank by 2020. linkages to AFS-user communities use of focal subsets larger parts of the collections subsets of accessions Subsets promoted for phenotyping by users and user- to designate meaningful subsets of generated datasets available to genebanks by 2022. the collection 51 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 3.2.1.3 Science quality The major challenge of the Use Module over the next six years is to maintain high quality data management and data association when partnering with user communities. Each community has established its own standards, often through independent processes. Traditionally, science quality standards are implemented strictly within a project, starting with formulating hypotheses and designing experiments and finishing with the publication of scientific conclusions. Working in broader partnerships introduces new challenges to harmonize disparate or incompatible standards for identifying and recording data on samples, and differing technical capacities, which will need to be addressed through this Module, in collaboration with the Excellence in Breeding and Big Data Platforms as well as the AFS CRPs. The first key challenge is to overcome the problems of disparate standards for recording and managing data in different communities. Standard crop and trait ontologies are being developed, which will be covered by the Excellence in Breeding Platform and incorporated into breeders’ data management systems. The Use Module will engage with the Excellence in Breeding Platform to ensure that the long-established genebank standards for recording traits are incorporated and harmonized with these ontologies. A second key challenge is to overcome the difficulty of tracking germplasm samples across laboratories and breeding programs. Collaborating partners studying the same germplasm must have assurance that they are indeed studying identical accessions. This Module will facilitate the use of globally recognized PUIs for germplasm that are recognized and traceable across laboratories. In some crops, genebank accessions and breeders’ materials may be combined in the same database; where this is not done, the minimum requirement will be interoperable databases, using the PUIs to connect data on the same material or derived material from different databases. Since new technologies in informatics, sequencing and phenotyping rely absolutely on collaboration between laboratories, these requirements are becoming almost universally recognized, and are a priority not only for the Excellence in Breeding Platform, but also for several other initiatives, such as DivSeek and the GLIS. Harmonizing with these initiatives is crucial to ensure quality of science in collaboration with genebank users. GLIS has selected Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) as preferred PUIs for germplasm samples. The use of these as unique accession identifiers for conservation in the genebank as well as a mechanism to enhance objective monitoring of the use of accessions and their derivatives, as a complement to seeking feedback from users, will be explored. This approach has the added advantage of enabling users to comply with their obligation, set by the SMTA under which they obtain accessions, to make their results available through GLIS. 3.2.1.4 System linkages For CGIAR mandate crops, the AFS CRPs are the primary “doers” that transform genetic resources into impact through the SLOs. For these crops, the primary system linkages required for more 27 effective use of PGR are illustrated in Figure 11. For some crops , measures to enhance the effectiveness of use will require more direct linkages with primary users outside the CGIAR system. 27 Crops that are conserved in the genebanks but are not part of any AFS CRP include various forages (ICARDA, CIAT & ILRI), pea & grasspea (ICARDA), finger-, foxtail, barnyard, little, kodo and proso millets (ICRISAT), Andean Root and Tuber Crops (CIP) and some legume species (African yam bean, Bambara groundnut, Winged bean: IITA). 52 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 The Use Module will develop and deliver tools and services for users, such as subsets of germplasm based on priorities and needs set by the primary users. The AFS CRPs will interact with CCAFS to set priorities for coordinated mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change; and similarly with A4NH for coordinated improvement of human nutrition and health. These interactions will be used by the AFS CRPs to help formulate their priorities and needs from the Use Module. Therefore, although effective use of genetic resources is a vital component of the SLOs and IDOs on climate change and food and nutrition, linkages between this Module and CCAFS or A4NH will be mediated where possible through the AFS CRPs. Where it is not possible to work through AFS CRPs, the Module will link directly with the Global Integrating Programs and non-CGIAR organizations. Figure 11. Primary linkages between the Use Module and the rest of the CGIAR portfolio The AFS CRPs need tools and services to be developed and delivered by the Big Data and the Excellence in Breeding Platforms; all three platforms need similar interactions with the AFS CRPs. Development of tools and services must be integrated among the three platforms. The Genebank and Excellence in Breeding Platforms will use the Big Data Platform’s infrastructure and information services where appropriate. Equally, the Genebank Platform will design tools that build on the tools and technologies and partnerships developed by the Excellence in Breeding Platform. To achieve their outputs, the Big Data and Excellence in Breeding Platforms will need to form partnerships with appropriate advanced research institutes and other developers of advanced technologies; the Genebank Platform will only need to tap into these as appropriate, without needing to form independent partnerships. Each genebank manager would be the link between the Module and their corresponding AFS CRP, responsible for communication to ensure the genebank delivers the tools, 53 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 germplasm and information needed and the associated accession-specific data from the AFS CRPs is linked back to accessions. There will need to be joint planning, regular communication, and cross testing of tools and services with the Excellence in Breeding and Big Data Platforms. This will require a series of dedicated face- to-face workshops and online meetings, as well as reciprocal representation in each other’s technical meetings and governance structures to ensure full compatibility and interoperability. For example, the Excellence in Breeding Platform would define and establish protocols for interoperability, and would interact with the Big Data Platform to implement them effectively; meanwhile, the Genebank Platform would facilitate the adaptation of protocols to the genebanks’ needs, test the efficacy of connections from genebank data to users’ data, and provide feedback to Excellence in Breeding and Big Data. 3.2.1.5 Climate Change Working with the Excellence in Breeding Platform and the AFS CRPs, the Use Module will add tools and services required to ensure that the genebanks play their expected role in providing the reservoir of ex situ diversity needed to enable rapid adaptation to perpetual climate change. Climate change will increasingly require the use of genetic resources that were originally developed in geographies other than the breeders’ target markets. This will require more than ever that breeders “think outside the box” in sourcing the most appropriate parents for their breeding. This in turn will be possible only with more effective methodologies to recognize, choose and utilize the right genetic resources. The Platform’s aim of attributing passport, characterization and other relevant data to the accessions in the collections already ensures that users will be able to access diversity through a base set of selection criteria. Core and dynamic subsets developed through the activities of the Use Module will be underpinned by geographical, taxonomic and genotypic data, generated by or in collaboration with users, and will provide an entry point into the collections for traits of relevance to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Once users have identified accessions from subsets with traits of interest, they will be able to explore deeper into the collections and select further accessions with similar geographies, taxonomies or genotypes. As further data are generated through the activities of the AFS CRPs, the Excellence in Breeding Platform and other users, the subsets will be refined and tools enriched to support yet more exploration and use of the collections, allowing the genebanks to react ever more smartly to trends and needs driven by climate change and other pressures. 3.2.1.6 Capacity development The primary goal in capacity development for the Use Module is to help NARS and other national partners benefit from the tools developed. Users outside the CGIAR will need training to enable them to select more appropriate germplasm for their use, and will need enhanced capacity to share their data online. Bringing the national partners into the project will be done by one-on-one interactions. Workshops for smallholder farmer communities may also take place, as the opportunity arises, to demonstrate the power of linking trait information to accessions, and particularly to solicit their help and advice in targeting germplasm for particular uses or target audiences. Where possible, priorities for such capacity development will be set jointly with the AFS CRPs and the Excellence in Breeding Platform. The concept of sharing data through interoperable databases applies only to databases that are available online. Most genebanks, researchers and breeders in developing countries, do not have 54 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 such databases; many do not have well-organized databases of any kind and still rely on paper or spreadsheets. This requires multiple levels of capacity building, with the Use Module integrating its efforts with other capacity building initiatives. National genebanks lacking capacity in basic genebank data management will need capacity building through the Conservation Module. Once their basic data management reaches a minimal level, the Use Module can build further capacity to allow them to share their data online. This would normally involve uploading their data to existing online systems such as Genesys, which would automatically enable access to the new tools to search their data. 3.2.1.7 Intellectual asset and open access management See 2.4 and 2.5. 3.2.1.8 Module management The activities of the Use Module will be implemented and managed by the Centers with coordination from the Platform Coordinator and MT as outlined in Figure 8. Accomplishment of outputs and targets will be responsibility of the Center genebanks, with annual monitoring and evaluation being managed by the Platform Coordinator through the ORT. Annual reports summarizing progress will be compiled and made publicly available. The MT will provide oversight and guidance to ensure that targets are achieved. Progress, challenges and limiting factors for accomplishing targets will be discussed at the Annual Genebank Meeting, with recommendations as needed being forwarded to the MT and Center management. 3.2.2 Module Budget Narrative (excerpt from the online submission tool) 3.2.2.1 General Information Platform Name Genebank Platform Platform Lead Center Global Crop Diversity Trust 3.2.2.2 Summary Funding Needed Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total W1+W2 1,339,931 1,378,821 1,449,985 1,399,985 1,324,985 1,224,985 8,118,691 W3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bilateral 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,339,931 1,378,821 1,449,985 1,399,985 1,324,985 1,224,985 8,118,691 55 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Funding Secured Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total 28 W1+W2 1,339,931 1,378,821 1,449,985 1,399,985 1,324,985 1,224,985 8,118,691 W3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bilateral 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,339,931 1,378,821 1,449,985 1,399,985 1,324,985 1,224,985 8,118,691 3.2.2.3 Additional explanations for certain accounting categories See 3.1.2.3 3.2.2.4 Other Sources of Funding for this Project See 3.1.2.4 3.2.2.5 Budgeted Costs for certain Key Activities Estimate annual average Please describe main key activities for the cost (USD) applicable categories below, as described in the guidance for full proposal Gender Youth Capacity development 670,000 Tool & software development Impact assessment Intellectual asset management See Policy Module Open access and data See Policy Module management Communication In Management costs 3.2.3 Module Uplift Budget See 3.1.3 28 Assumed secured 56 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 3.3 Policy Module: Genetic resources policy development and compliance 3.3.1 Module Narrative 3.3.1.1 Rationale, scope The genebanks are being subjected to an evolving and increasingly complex portfolio of international legal agreements. These laws can have, and in some cases already are having, negative impacts on agricultural research and development (Helsey & Day Rubenstein 2015), including the work of CGIAR genebanks, breeders and biotechnologists. (Halewood et al 2013; Lopez Noriega et al 2013). It is essential for CGIAR to harness its scientific expertise and social capital to influence the development and implementation of these agreements, to ensure that they ultimately contribute to an enabling environment, whereby genetic diversity is made available on equitable terms to agricultural researchers, plant breeders, national programs, and ultimately farmers, in pursuance of food security and sustainable agricultural intensification. At the international level, in the next few years, CGIAR will have significant opportunities to influence policy outcomes at the level of the ITPGRFA’s Governing Body, the Conferences of the Parties to the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing, FAO’s Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the International Plant Protection Convention. As part of these processes, CGIAR will need to engage in smaller inter-sessional intergovernmental ‘working groups’ created by the larger decision-making bodies to evaluate options. One of the challenges that CGIAR needs to address in this context is the fact that the ‘–omics’ revolution, including cutting edge work of the Excellence in Breeding Platform and the AFS CRPs are setting the stage to explore uses of PGR that are not directly addressed by the international agreement listed above. As a result, this research will take place, at least temporarily, in an environment characterized by legal uncertainty and competing visions of how it, and the products of its application, should be regulated. It will be critically important for CGIAR to ensure that the interests of international agricultural research and development are reflected in the decisions that are ultimately taken. At the national level, CGIAR genebanks and breeders must also contend with the fact that many countries are still developing systems to implement their international obligations. This leads to uncertainty and delays in developing agreements for acquiring new materials and the conditions under which they can be used and distributed. CGIAR can leverage its experience and connections to provide assistance to regional organizations, national programs, and key partners to put systems in place so that countries can fully participate in globally coordinated programs for PGR conservation and use. At the same time, CGIAR needs to dedicate more resources to ensure that ‘its own house is in order,’ by complying with its existing PGR legal obligations derived from this increasingly complex mix of international agreements and national implementing laws. The level of awareness concerning scientists’ legal obligations related to PGR is generally quite low and unevenly spread across CGIAR. The Centers are still working to get systems in place for long-term compliance with the ITPGRFA. And the practical consequences (and legal uncertainties) associated with compliance with the Nagoya Protocol are only just beginning to emerge. CGIAR’s position in the global system of conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources has changed in the last two decades. Today, a range of actors – including developing country NARS, private sector, universities and development NGOs – are able to play larger roles in agricultural research for development than in the past. To increase its effectiveness in the PGR policy arena, 57 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 CGIAR must have the capacity to proactively engage with representatives of these groups, along with experts from Secretariats of key international agreements, and farmers’ organizations. To this end, a Multi-stakeholder PGR Policy Group will be established, comprising internationally recognized experts, drawn from a range of constituencies outside CGIAR, to provide feedback and advice and identify options for the CGIAR’s engagement in PGR policy issues. It will also provide a basis for the development of policy alliances with like-minded groups to influence international policy processes. Through the Policy Module’s activities, the institutional capacity for CGIAR to address the challenges described above will be built in each Center. Representatives will be brought together from the multiple networks and expert groups within the CGIAR that are, or should be, engaged in addressing genetic resources policy issues, including the Article 15 group, CLIPNet (Centers’ IP focal points), science leaders, social scientists and germplasm health specialists. The Module will raise awareness and strengthen the capacity of CGIAR genebanks, breeders and other PGR users to understand and comply with their policy obligations. It will coordinate the development of technical inputs to enable evidence-based decision-making at international, national and organizational levels. 3.3.1.2 Objectives and targets The activities of the Policy Module (Table 6) contribute to all four Platform outcomes, but most particularly to the third and fourth: 1. Disease-free, viable, documented germplasm made available 2. More effective access and use of germplasm enabled 3. Policy engagement and compliance ensured 4. Crop diversity conserved in a rational and effective global system Objective 3.1 To ensure Centers comply with international policies and laws, increase their influence in policy-making processes and strengthen capacity of national programs Activity 3.1.1 Monitoring and ensuring compliance with international policies and laws The Policy Module will conduct a rolling analysis of the Centers’ legal and policy obligations (and room to maneuver) that arise from applicable international agreements and the national laws that exist (or do not) to implement them. Information will be collated from across the CGIAR about uncertainties and challenges concerning existing and evolving legal frameworks. The range of options available will be explored and decision-making tools and guidelines developed for CGIAR genebanks and other users (e.g. Centers’ Guide to the Use of the SMTA including guidance on the Nagoya Protocol). The Policy Module will carry out targeted awareness-raising sessions at meetings of genebank managers, research managers, other PGR user communities, and Center IP focal points, and provide a ‘helpdesk’ service for the genebanks, and other PGR users across CGIAR. If and when compliance issues are raised by international bodies (e.g. the ongoing investigations of the CGIAR Centers use of the SMTA at the request of the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA), policy experts will support the staff of genebanks and research programs to ensure they understand the nature of the investigations, assemble their responses, identify options for adopting policies that are in compliance, etc. Activity 3.1.2 Engaging in the processes of developing international policies and laws The Policy Module will analyse the actual and potential influences of global, regional and national level policies on CGIAR genebank activities and other scientists’ ability to access, use, and distribute genetic resources and related information, and to share related benefits. Strategies for engaging in international policy-making processes will be identified to promote evidence-based decisions for optimizing the potential contributions of genetic resources to agricultural research and 58 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 development. These contributions will take many forms, including policy briefs, written responses to information requests from Secretariats, discussion papers, side events, and participation as delegates or expert resource persons in international meetings. The Module will develop a more expansive, flagship publication for submission to the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA. This publication will go beyond the traditional report of the status of the CGIAR collections and distributions of germplasm to include information about developments concerning new tools and methods for targeting useful genetic traits, capacity building events and opportunities, impact stories and spillover benefits at national, regional and global levels. This publication will also present analyses of the influence of international agreements (including ITPGRFA, CBD, Nagoya Protocol, UPOV, IPPC) on Centers’ and partners’ use of genetic resources and data, and options for policy reforms to overcome challenges identified. The Policy Module will liaise with scientists in the Conservation and Use Modules concerning genebank experiences; it will survey breeders, molecular biologists, natural resources managers, social scientists, IP managers and science leaders through existing CGIAR networks, CRPs and platforms. It will engage representative experts from across CGIAR to develop written contributions, and to participate in intergovernmental meetings as necessary. It will coordinate interactions with regional blocks of delegates and representatives of stakeholder groups attending international meetings. Activity 3.1.3 Strengthening the capacity of national partners to implement and influence international policies and laws The Policy Module will work to strengthen the capacity of key CGIAR partners and national programs to address PGR policy issues, and provide a means for institutional knowledge retention and re- education. Much of this work will be dedicated to information exchange and engagement of CGIAR scientists in national program policy meetings, and vice versa, with the objective of partners adopting mutually supportive policy approaches. Subject to available bilateral funding, the Module will work directly with national programs and regional organizations to put systems in place to implement international obligations. In such cases, the Module will work closely with the Secretariats of the relevant international agreements, building on the successful model of the FAO/Bioversity International/Treaty Secretariat Joint Program to provide technical assistance to developing countries implementing the ITPGRFA (which has been repeatedly welcomed by the Governing Body). Activity 3.1.4 Convening the Multi-stakeholder PGR policy group In service of all above activities, the Module will convene a Multi-stakeholder PGR Policy Group, which will identify important issues for CGIAR to consider and identify options for addressing them. The Multi-stakeholder Group will not be part of the governance of the Platform or Module, but will provide perspectives and feedback only. It will include eight experts in PGRFA policy drawn from outside the CGIAR, including from the private sector, Northern and Southern governments, civil society and/or farmers organizations, the Secretariats of the ITPGRFA and CBD/Nagoya Protocol, universities and Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR). It will be essential, based on lessons learned from the operation of the earlier Genetic Resources Policy Committee (GRPC), for a number of representatives of CGIAR Centers, CRPs and CoPs to be included in the committee to ensure relevance, transparency, and systemwide buy-in. Some of the members of the Genebank IAC will also be members of the Multi-stakeholder PGR Policy Group. The Group will meet in person once a year, and a second time virtually, as necessary. Meetings will be held back-to-back with other CGIAR meetings in order to create opportunities for interaction. 59 Table 6 Activities, outputs and targets of the Policy Module Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Activity Strategic Relevance Outputs Indicators and Targets Assumptions Objective 3.1 To ensure Centers comply with international policies and laws, increase their influence in policy-making processes and strengthen capacity of national programs Annual white paper on genetic resources policy and CGIAR compliance Guidelines for Centers operating under Nagoya Protocol by 2017 Revised guidelines for operating under Failure to comply with legal the ITPGRFA in harmony with the 3.1.1: Monitoring and ensuring obligations exposes Centers and Nagoya Protocol by 2019 Centers’ fully compliant with plant Centers are willing to comply compliance with international the CGIAR to legal liability and loss genetic resources policy obligations Centers policy compliance decision with obligations policies and laws of reputation, and generates making tool by 2020 disaffection with the global system Policy instruments for use by CGIAR for acquiring germplasm, data and traditional knowledge for purposes outside the ITPGRFA by 2018 and for distributing germplasm by 2020 Bi-annual meta report to ITPGRFA Governing Body (2017, 2019, 2021) Bi-annual reports to CGRFA (2017, Delegates at international CGIAR plays recognized role in 2019, 2021); CBD/Nagoya Protocol COP policy meetings are willing to be engaged on CGIAR influencing international policy (2018, 2020, 2022) 3.1.2. Engaging in the processes CGIAR has opportunities to shape perspectives and interests development of developing international the policies that govern its own and Research papers on: adoption of SMTA CGIAR and CGIAR Centers policies and laws partners’ genetic resources work Evidence-based policy on distributions to user groups (2017); contribute timely inputs to the recommendations to international adoption of Nagoya on acquisition, use time-limited opportunities to bodies and distribution (2019); ABS issues influence international policy regarding data sharing and use (2020). outcomes. CGIAR representation in 6-8 international policy meetings annually 60 Genebank Platform 2017-2022 Activity Strategic Relevance Outputs Indicators and Targets Assumptions Decision making tool for developing national policies to implement the Partners have commitment 3.1.3: Strengthening the capacity Positive national policy National partners have tools and ITPGRFA’s multilateral system available from their management and of CGIAR and national partners to development that supports CGIAR mechanisms to support their online by 2017 governments to implement implement and influence research and development implementation of plant genetic and support appropriate international policies and laws partnerships. resources policies. Annual PGR policy sessions led by Platform scientists, in national and national policy. regional workshops. Annual contributions to CGIAR position and participation in international policy The CGIAR will be well positioned Sound inputs guide CGIAR compliance 3.1.4 Convening the Multi- fora, engagement with national All relevant stakeholder to engage in a highly politicized and engagement in international PGR stakeholder PGR Policy group. programs, and development of groups are willing to engage. policy field. policy-making. instruments and processes for use by CGIAR Centers and programs 61 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 3.3.1.3 Science quality The scientific outputs of the Module will include white papers, policy briefs, decision-making tools, position statements, and peer reviewed research papers. The quality of these outputs will depend upon their being based on a solid appreciation of the day-to-day operations and challenges faced by the genebanks, and other PGR users in the CGIAR system. It will also depend upon systematic peer review by the same users as well as policy experts from both inside and outside the CGIAR. The Module will create space for internationally recognized PGR users and policy experts from outside the CGIAR to contribute to the Module’s science quality through a combination of mechanisms, including the Multi-stakeholder PGR Policy Group, the MT, and the IAC. To tackle policy issues involved in different areas of CGIAR work, scientists and policy experts engaged in the platform activities will be organized into ‘pods’ of expertise: conventional breeding, biotechnological applications, genebanking, collecting, ‘omics’ data compilation and sharing, agroforestry and forest trees; and around relevant areas of PGR policy: access and benefit sharing, intellectual property, biosecurity, farmers’ and breeders’ rights and phytosanitary issues. In each of these areas, the Module will coordinate and support data gathering and pooling and the development of reports and scientific papers in support of the Module’s objectives and for wider consumption. Two of the scientists providing coordination of the Module are from Bioversity International’s Genetic Resources Policies, Institutions and Monitoring group. Bioversity has maintained a group of scientists working on PGR policy issues since 1995. Under the auspices of the SGRP, this group coordinated representation of the CGIAR throughout the negotiation of the ITPGRFA, SMTA and Nagoya Protocol. Bioversity’s policy experts and the A15 group jointly developed a number of policy briefs, information documents and statements on behalf of the CGIAR for meetings of the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA, CBD Conferences of the Parties and CGRFA. More recently, some Center IP focal points and the Consortium Office General Legal Counsel have become involved in these efforts. Under the framework of the Joint FAO/Bioversity/ITPGRFA Secretariat Joint Program, Bioversity has coordinated projects to implement the ITPGRFA in 15 countries. More recently, Bioversity is partnering with the CBD Secretariat, the African Union Commission and the GIZ-hosted ABS Capacity Development Initiative to work on mutually supportive implementation of the Nagoya Protocol. The third member of the coordinating team, Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton, is the Head of the IRRI genebank and one of the Executive members of the Article 15 Group. For years he has attended meetings of the ITPGRFA on behalf of the CGIAR. He is currently working on GLIS with the ITPGRFA Secretariat. 3.3.1.4 System linkages As stated in the call for proposals, the Policy Module should “provide a means and schedule for independently advising PGR governance, and the CGIAR at large, on high priority matters related to PGR policy.” This calls for tailor-made forms of system linkages (Figure 12). The Module will organize PGR policy awareness-raising and consultation sessions during meetings of the Science Leaders and DGs (in addition to other groups listed below). The Module will periodically develop white papers designed for internal CGIAR use, summarizing its analysis concerning priority matters related to PGR policy, with a particular focus on opportunities for the CGIAR to influence international policy developments, and priority actions related to compliance. These papers will be submitted to the MT and IAC, and subsequently circulated to CRP and Platform Leaders, DGs, Systems Office, etc. Submissions setting out CGIAR positions on issues being considered by international bodies (e.g. Governing Body of the ITPGRFA) will be submitted for approval by the CGIAR System Management Board. A ‘help desk’ will provide technical backup for the genebanks and other platforms and CRPs 62 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 confronting uncertainties related to the application of policies and laws to their acquisition, use or distribution of genetic resources and related data. Figure 12. Primary linkages with the Policy Module within the CGIAR portfolio Policy research will be directly linked to, and circumscribed by, the ‘service needs’ of the genebanks (and other PGR users) in CGIAR. Given a relatively small budget for original research, it will be important for the Module to liaise with CRPs to identify opportunities for linked-up studies of thematically aligned policy research and take advantage of the broader research scope and resources of the CRPs. In this regard, the Module will liaise with CCAFS (under an activity entitled ‘Global policy support for biologically diverse, climate resilient agriculture,’ in Flagship 1); FTA (under Flagship 1, which tackles tree genetic resources policy issues at local, national and international scales); and PIM (under Flagship 1, Cluster 1.2 on ‘Technological innovation and sustainable intensification: Science policy and innovation systems for sustainable intensification’). Similarly, the Module will be reliant on feedback, inputs and participation of breeders, biotechnologists, IP managers and others from across CGIAR in the development of contributions to international policy fora. To this end the Module’s modus operandi will involve working through networked CoP in CGIAR, including first and foremost, the A15 Group and CLIPNet, building upon the cooperation of members of those networks to address PGR policy-related issues. The Module will also engage the Science Leaders and Excellence in Breeding and Big Data Platforms. The coordinators or executive committees of these networks will assist in ‘pushing and pulling’ information through their communication channels, and promoting participation of particular scientists with expertise in issues that require focused attention. This will foster new networks among CGIAR breeders and social scientists, who are able to dedicate time to PGR policy issues. 3.3.1.5 Climate Change Climate change is increasing the already high level of interdependence of countries on genetic resources for food and agriculture. As climates ‘migrate’ across political borders, breeders, 63 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 researchers and farmers will need access to adaptive traits in plant populations that evolved under similar climate conditions in other parts of the world, or that reside in materials that have been improved by plant breeders to address climate-related challenges. They will also need access to data related to those materials. The Conservation and Use Modules activities are attempting to address these rapidly changing needs for access to germplasm and data. Equally, the Policy Module will work on PGR policies to increase the availability and use of genetic resources for agricultural research and development, including for use to adapt to, and mitigate, climate-change-related challenges. Under its activity ‘Global policy support for biologically diverse, climate resilient agriculture,’ CCAFS addresses these themes in part, supporting national programs to take advantage of (and develop appropriate) policies to access and or share genetic diversity for use in climate change adaptation programs. It has also developed submissions for international policy meetings concerning countries’ increasing interdependence as a result of climate change, and the importance of policy support for international systems of sharing genetic diversity. The Policy Module will work closely with CCAFS to ensure complementarity (and no duplication) of efforts. In some cases, they will work together to develop joint submissions to international bodies and develop capacity strengthening activities and materials for national programs. 3.3.1.6 Capacity development Capacity development is a core component of the Policy Module. Most of the Module’s capacity development activities will be concentrated on CGIAR compliance with PGR agreements and laws, and the CGIAR’s participation in international policy-making processes. A relatively small proportion of the Policy Module’s resources will be dedicated to complementary forms of capacity development for national programs and partners to be able to address PGR policy challenges. These resources will be used to support: CGIAR scientists to attend workshops and conferences convened by regional organizations wherein genetic resources policy issues are being considered; participation of national program representatives in training workshops organized by the Platform that are primarily targeting CGIAR scientists; and assembling and sharing guides, decision-making tools, and background literature on the platform’s website, for use by national program policy actors. 3.3.1.7 Intellectual asset and open access management See 2.4 and 2.5 3.3.1.8 Module management Policy Module activities will be coordinated by staff from Bioversity International and IRRI under the guidance of the MT, and come under the same governance as the rest of the Platform. However, official CGIAR positions or decisions will be reviewed and approved by the CGIAR System Standing Committee. The Policy coordinating unit will organize partners’ participation and play a substantial role in many of the research, capacity building and awareness raising activities. It will manage the Module’s budget, dispense funds and develop contractual arrangements where necessary, ensuring that all activities are well executed and appropriately resourced. 64 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 3.3.2 Module Budget Narrative (excerpt from the online submission tool) 3.3.2.1 General Information 3.3.2.2 Summary Funding Needed Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total W1+W2 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 4,658,872 W3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bilateral 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 4,658,872 Funding Secured Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total W1+W2 29 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 4,658,872 W3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bilateral 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 4,658,872 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total Personnel 244,247 244,247 244,247 244,247 244,247 244,247 1,465,482 Travel 228,500 228,500 228,500 228,500 228,500 228,500 1,371,000 Capital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equipment Other Supplies and Services 192,307 192,307 192,307 192,307 192,307 192,307 1,153,842 CGIAR collaborations 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Non CGIAR Collaborations 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indirect Cost 111,425 111,425 111,425 111,425 111,425 111,425 668,548 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 4,658,872 29 Assumed secured 65 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Total Bioversity 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 4,658,872 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 776,479 4,658,872 These costs relate to the costs of running a policy unit at Bioversity International and the activities, meetings and events that they coordinate to ensure compliance to international PGRFA policy across the CGIAR. These funds will cover the costs of existing staff and relatively fixed activities. 3.3.2.3 Additional explanations for certain accounting categories Benefits: At this stage we were not able to gather detailed information by center about percentages of fringe benefits costs included in personnel costs. In a survey the Crop Trust initiated in 2015 within the framework of the ‘Parity Model’ the centers provided detailed lists of items included in their personnel costs. Please see below the replies from the centers. Bioversity: Salaries, Retirement Fund, Medical Insurance, Life and other Insurances, Child Allowance, Insurance admin Fees. 3.3.2.4 Other Sources of Funding for this Project See 3.1.2.4 3.3.2.5 Budgeted Costs for certain Key Activities Estimate annual Please describe main key activities for the average cost applicable categories below, as described in the (USD) guidance for full proposal Gender Youth (only for those who have relevant set of activities in this area) Capacity development 300,000 Training and events to build capacity in policy compliance Impact assessment - Intellectual asset management 580,000 Training and events to ensure policy compliance Open access and data management 200,000 Training and events to ensure policy compliance Communication Included in Management and Support costs 3.3.3 Module Uplift Budget See 3.1.3 66 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 4. Annexes Annex 1. CGIAR Genebanks: status summary 1. Africa Rice Africa Rice is unique in representing an association of 25 African countries, on whose behalf it conserves and makes available a collection of rice originating mostly from African countries, including the world’s largest collection of Oryza glaberrima. The Collections genebank will be transferred from Benin and Nigeria to purpose-built facilities in Cote D’Ivoire in 2016. The move will allow Africa Rice to consolidate its collection in one place for the first time in 14 years, with both medium-term and long-term storage facilities. Marie-Noelle Ndjiondjop (Head of Genetic Resources) has more than 20 years’ experience in rice research as a molecular geneticist. Dro Daniel Tia (Genebank scientist) has 12 years experience in germplasm characterization and conservation. Expertise Fatimata Bachabi (Genebank scientist) has been working on seed distribution, conservation and safety duplication for 7 years Alphonse Junior Goungoulou (Genebank scientist) has expertise in database management. Accession numbers in 2016 19,983 Projected accession numbers in 21,159 2022 Availability in 2015 78% Safety Duplication in 2015 40% Status Documentation in 2015 39% Minimum elements in place by end of Quality Management System 2016 Date to reach Performance Targets 2021 (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTE30s) 17 Germplasm Health Africa Rice has only recently recruited expertise to develop seed testing capacity. Unit Further technical staff will need to be hired and trained in order to ensure sound routine practices are in place. Aside from consolidating its new genebank in Cote D’Ivoire, Africa Rice plans to: Plans for • Establish a new, improved data management system improvement • Establish a seed health testing unit and to optimize procedures • Regenerate and safety duplicate 12,000 accessions to reach targets Plans for efficiency • Reduce the time between harvest and storage in long-term conditions in order to attain better seed longevity. “Particularly noteworthy was the obviously strong integration of the genebank activities into the overall institutional programme of work, especially with the crop breeding, plant pathology and molecular biology activities”. External review – “A more assertive role of the GRU in the procedures that facilitate use as well as selected quotes annual planning meetings between genebank and plant breeders/researchers to plan activities related to the characterization, evaluation and screening of germplasm will further facilitate the use of a broader genetic diversity in Africa’s rice breeding programmes.” 30 Full time equivalents 67 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Integration with • Collaboration in high throughput and precision phenotyping of accessions for a wide range of stresses. researchers and breeders • Japanese funded project with Africa Rice geneticists to evaluate O. glaberrima for early flowering and tolerance of stagnant flooding Distribution between 46,991 samples were distributed; 47% to users (mostly NARS) outside the CGIAR in 45 2012–2014 countries. 2. Bioversity International Bioversity International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre (ITC) is hosted by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven) in Belgium. Bioversity does not have its own field stations but instead collaborates closely with national genebanks through its Collections MusaNet network, who carry out fieldwork on its behalf. MusaNet’s thematic groups (Conservation, Diversity, Evaluation, Information and Genomics) also provide expert guidance. Nicolas Roux (Musa Genetic Resources Group Leader) coordinates the work on banana genetic resources within Bioversity and within the wider research community as MusaNet coordinator. Ines van den Houwe (Genebank manager) has 20 years of managing and developing the in vitro banana collection in Leuven Bart Panis (Cryopreservation specialist) a pioneer in developing cryopreservation protocols in numerous crops. Expertise Julie Sardos and Rachel Chase (Characterization specialists) verify the genetic integrity of the material maintained at ITC by molecular characterization and morphological characterization. Max Ruas (Database manager) has expertise in data management and maintains the Musa Germplasm Information System (MGIS) which contains information on the ITC and 17 national collections. Virus indexing is outsourced to University of Liege and molecular characterisation to the Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Republic. Field verification is mainly conducted with USDA31 in Puerto Rico. Accession numbers in 2015 1518 in tissue culture and 945 in cryopreservation Projected accession numbers in 2022 1,820 Availability in 2015 62% Safety Duplication in 2015 62% in cryopreservation (meets target) Status Documentation in 2015 31% Minimum elements in place by end of Quality Management System 2016 Date to reach Performance Targets 2019 (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 10.7 Germplasm Health The University of Liege provides virus-indexing and sanitation services with Unit backstopping from Queensland Department for Plant Industries. The genebank has a reputation for very high standards of phytosanitary safety. 31 United States Department of Agriculture 68 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 • The % availability is expected to increase once the quarantine status of the Banana Streak Virus (BSV) complex is resolved. In the meantime, affected accessions are made available for research in the form of lyophilized leaves. Plans for improvement • Research on long-term seed conservation to increase the representation of crop wild relatives in the collection. • Ensuring availability of good quality characterization and evaluation data on 90% accessions in the collection • Elimination of an estimated 5% internal duplication in the collection after molecular and morphological analyses Plans for efficiency • Develop molecular tools by 2020 that will detect somaclonal variation, avoiding the need to periodically test trueness-to-type of in vitro accessions in the field • Develop more effective molecular tools for virus detection to reduce substantially the time required for virus indexing (not yet funded). “With solid foundations in the scientific reputation of the university and in close association with the scientific milieu there, the genebank has maintained a high level External review – of conservation management and research … the staff of the genebank has built a selected quotes highly collegiate and dynamic network of partnerships with research, conservation and crop improvement organizations throughout the tropical world.” “The review notes that there have been several calls to address gaps in the collection, which have so far met limited response, especially in the case of wild species.” • Evaluation and testing of selected accessions with multiple national partners as part of the International Musa Testing Programme Integration with researchers and • Genome wide association studies (i.e. GWAS) breeders • Phenotyping for important traits • Development of information system to link genetic resources from genebank, to genome and breeding databases. Distribution between 2478 samples distributed; 84% to users (mostly universities but also NARS and private 2012–2014 individuals) outside the CGIAR in 29 countries. 3. CIAT CIAT manages large and diverse collections of beans and tropical forages as seed and whole plants, and cassava in vitro and as bonsai plants. Facilities are old and ill-suited Collections for a genebank. Part of the funding has been raised to build a state-of-the-art facility. The genebank has use of three “exceptional” field sites to provide specific growing conditions for different forage and bean taxa. Daniel Debouck (Genetic Resources Program Leader) Leading Phaseolus taxonomist, germplasm collector and genebank manager of 19 years. Peter Wenzl (Incoming Genetic Resources Program Leader) Specialist in crop genetics and germplasm enhancement with 20 years research and project leadership experience. Expertise Maritza Cuervo Ibáñez: (Germplasm health) Virologist and coordinator of germplasm health laboratory for 12 years. Luis G. Santos (Agronomist) Coordinator of seed conservation Ericson Aranzales (Biotechnologist) Coordinator of tissue culture Angela Hernández (Information engineer) Responsible for software and database improvement Javier Gereda (Agronomist) Specialist in agronomy and seed germplasm production. 69 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Beans Forages Cassava 37,987 23,140 6,643 Accession numbers in 2016 (incl. 1,200 trees and whole plants) Projected accession 38,500 23,340 6,948 numbers in 2022 Availability in 2015 63% 62% 63% Status Safety Duplication in 2015 73% 69% 34% Documentation in 2015 68% 33% 44% Quality Management Minimum elements in place by end of 2016 System Date to reach Performance 2019 2019 2019 Targets (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 78 (including GHU) There is a well-established GHU of nine staff at CIAT, together with an onsite branch of Germplasm Health the national phytosanitary agency, with whom there is a close collaboration. The GHU Unit has received little investment over the years and is in clear need of upgrading. The building of the new genebank will address this issue. • Capture legacy evaluation information from breeders and adopt GRIN-Global data management Plans for • Rationalization of the beans and forages collection through morphological and improvement molecular analyses • Regeneration of more than 15,000 accessions to reach targets of 90% availability and safety duplication • Safety duplication of the cassava collection is frequently hampered by national phytosanitary controls. There are less costly alternatives (bonsai collection or Plans for efficiency cryopreservation) which need to be established as safety duplicates. • Forage community will agree a conservation strategy, which will lead to rationalization/archiving of parts of the forage collection “The respected US scientist Paul Gepts called the GRP “... one of the best organised units in the world...” and stated that “... operations of the collection, in terms of seed External review – increase, viability and disease testing, etc., are a model for other PGR Units as to selected quotes systematic conservation, rigour of operations ...”. “Given the history of the GRP and the lack of a proper technical review in the past, there is some space to further improve the quality of the operations.” • Partner of the Bean-Adapt genomic project (UC-Davis, USDA, IPK), Harvest Plus Integration with for high iron. researchers and breeders • Partner of the Cassava TILLING Project, Cassava Brown Streak Virus Project. • Partner of the Livestock-Plus project on Brachiaria germplasm. Beans: 11,428 samples distributed; 68% to users outside the CGIAR, including wide ranging recipients from universities, NARS, commercial sector and significant numbers of farmers organizations and private individuals. Distribution between Forages: 3,138 samples distributed; 83% to users outside the CGIAR, mostly NARS but 2012–2015 also significant numbers in universities, commercial sector and farmers organizations. Cassava: 5,536 samples distributed; 20% to users outside (mostly universities) the CGIAR. In total, CIAT distributed germplasm to 39 countries. 4. CIMMYT The CIMMYT genebank is a well-equipped, purpose-built facility, partly powered by Collections solar panels. The genebank functions at high levels of efficiency, distributing sometimes up to 50,000 samples annually. 70 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Tom Payne (Wheat Germplasm Bank manager) with nearly 28 years of involvement as a wheat scientist in various countries with CIMMYT. Denise Costich (Maize Germplasm Bank manager) with extensive experience in maize Expertise crop wild relatives, and the molecular genetic analysis of the crop. Monica Mezzalama (Seed Health Laboratory manager) responsible for achieving and maintaining ISO 17025 accreditation, and CIMMYT’s Excellence through Stewardship standards. Maize Wheat 28,316 (inc. field 152,835 Accession numbers in 2016 collection of 161 Tripsacum) Projected accession numbers in 30,092 162,838 2022 Availability in 2015 62% 86% Status Safety Duplication in 2015 29% 60% Documentation in 2015 100% 69% Quality Management System ISO 9001:2008 Date to reach Performance Targets 2021 2017 (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) 17 (not including staff funded by other Number of staff (FTEs) CRPs) Germplasm Health The CIMMYT GHU is a well-established service unit, which has attained ISO/IEC 17025 Unit accreditation and provides seed health testing services to users at a competitive per- unit cost. • Explore potential for automating viability testing through image analysis Plans for • Develop GRIN-Global and better integration of accession data with breeders’ improvement data • Regeneration and safety duplication of 50,000 accessions to reach targets • Increase seed longevity in long-term storage • Increase annual rate of maize regeneration through improving disease and crop Plans for efficiency management, which will lead to a significant reduction in field costs. • Improve conservation of wheat crop wild relatives in collaboration with ICARDA. • Stratify the collection through diversified management of accessions, including archiving certain parts of the collection. “The CIMMYT genebanks have a long history of being relatively well-supported, and an outstanding record of providing germplasm and information, which has supported External review – international crop development and global food security.” selected quotes “There is a deficit in understanding the biology behind long and short seed life. Institutions that have held large collections over a long period of time are clearly in a unique position to contribute to this much-needed research.” Maize: 35,261 samples distributed; 32% distributed to users outside the CGIAR, primarily to NARS and the commercial sector, but also a large number to universities. Distribution between 2012–2014 Wheat: 63,509 samples distributed; 34% distributed to users outside the CGIAR, mainly to NARS, but also a large number to universities. In total, CIMMYT distributed samples to 92 countries. 5. CIP A highly complex collection of difficult-to-conserve crops and the largest in vitro collection in the CGIAR. Field and screenhouse collections are managed on three sites in addition to the main Lima campus. The collections include a large number of wild Collections species. A large-scale cryobank for potato and sweet potato is in the process of being developed. Andean Root and Tuber Crops (ARTC) comprise nine families of non-Annex 1 crops, held in vitro and in the field. 71 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Dave Ellis (Head of Genebank) Joining the CIP genebank from USDA’s Fort Collins genebank, Dave has had many years experience in the public and private sector in genetic resources conservation, in vitro, cryobiology, molecular biology and physiology. Noelle Berkley (Genetic Resources Conservation Manager) has recently joined CIP. She has expertise in genetic resources conservation, molecular biology and pathology. Rene Gomez (Senior curator) curates the cultivated potato collection. Expert in potato taxonomy with more than 20 years’ experience working with native Andean potato. Alberto Salas (Senior advisor) is a retired but very active world expert in wild potato taxonomy and biogeography. He was responsible for collecting much of the CIP potato collection. Genonveva Rossel (Curator) Expert in sweet potato genetic resources with 10 years experience Ivan Manrique (Curator) curates the ARTC collection with more than 10 years experience Expertise Ana Panta (In vitro specialist) Cryopreservation and in vitro specialist who has worked more than 20 years at CIP and heads the in vitro labs Rainer Vollmer (Cryopreservation leader) Cryopreservation specialist who leads the large-scale cryopreservation of potato and sweet potato Edwin Rojas (Software developer) leads database development at CIP and advises other CGIAR Centers in data management and barcoding. Oswaldo Chavez (Database manager) data management, software design and statistics Brenda Zea (Phytosanitary/quarantine specialist) manages the quarantine and phytosanitary cleaning of accessions Nataly Franco (In vitro specialist) manages seed and in vitro safety duplicates in Huancayo, SGSV, EMBRAPA and CIAT. Rosario Franco (Germplasm acquisition and distribution) specializes in germplasm requests and distributions Fanny Vargas (Curator) manages the herbarium Jan Kreuse (Head, Virology) specialist in virology, and manages the GHU Potato Sweet potato ARTC Seed accession numbers in 2322 1144 868 2016 Clonal accession numbers in 4725 6499 1460 2016 Projected seed accession 2650 1300 900 numbers in 2022 Project clonal accession 5000 6600 1600 numbers in 2022 Status Availability in 2015 38% 19% 0% Safety Duplication in 2015 91% 87% 69% Documentation in 2015 62% 29% 15% Quality Management ISO 17025 System Date to reach Performance 2021 >2021 >2021 Targets (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 93.9 (incl. cryo team) Germplasm Health A well-established unit, which is ISO 17025 accredited. Because of lack of investment Unit over the years, there is need for upgrading facilities, equipment and processes. 72 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 • Advances in phytosanitary research, if funded, would contribute to substantial improvements in the conservation of the collections, in particular a leap of technology is needed to reduce the time required to test and clean the sweet potato and ARTC collections. (No funding has been available to develop phytosanitary diagnostics for ARTC, rendering them mostly unavailable for international distribution). Plans for improvement • Increased capacity is needed in facilities to accommodate the growing herbarium, DNA bank and cryobank. • Cryopreservation of 50% of the potato collection and 15% of the sweet potato collection • Testing and cleaning of 2400 potato and 2100 sweet potato accessions • Viability testing and regeneration of 1800 wild potato and 600 sweet potato seed accessions • Completion of ongoing identity verification of field, screenhouse and in vitro collections will allow the field collection to be rationalized by approximately 50% • More than 50% of the potato collection will be cryopreserved, which will allow a Plans for efficiency 25% reduction of accessions maintained in vitro and eliminate the need to multiply and ship safety duplicates annually to EMBRAPA. • Reduction of staff by 10 FTEs as a result of rationalization of the field and in vitro collections “The Review Panel recognises that genebank staff are highly skilled and dedicated. They have embraced change … and bought into a push to reduce redundancy in the collections” External review – “Closer relations between the genebank and the RTB CRP will generate many benefits, selected quotes such as the better planning of field trials and accession-specific trait associations. The RP were informed of many areas of research interest, including the impacts of climate change across Peru. Clearly, improved integration of research datasets and genebank accessions information would be beneficial, leading to better decision making on pre- breeding lines for banking; or which clones to clean; etc.” • Traits from breeding trials will be linked, where applicable, to accessions Integration with • Breeding and genebank databases will be linked to allow key information to be researchers and cross referenced breeders • The genebank will be better integrated into the Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) CRP to allow greater synergy and coordination between the groups Potato: 9742 samples distributed; 40% to users (mostly universities) outside the CGIAR Sweet potato: 7276 samples distributed; 9% to users (mostly universities) outside the Distribution between 2012–2014 CGIAR ARTC: 1563 samples distributed; 46% to users (mostly universities) outside the CGIAR In total CIP distributed to 41 countries. 6. ICARDA ICARDA manage highly diverse collections of eight crop groups, characterized by traditional landraces and wild species from the Fertile Crescent. ICARDA’s FIGS32 subsets (subsets enriched for specific traits inferred from environmental modelling) Collections are frequently requested. The genebank is located on two sites: Morocco for the conservation of cultivated species of wheat, barley, chickpea and lentil; and Lebanon for crop wild relatives of cereals and legumes. 32 Focussed Identification of Germplasm Strategy 73 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Ahmed Amri (Head of Genetic Resources Unit) has decades-long expertise in both ex situ and in situ conservation, curation of cereals and their wild relatives, cereal pre- breeding and breeding, establishment of genetic resources programmes. Athanasios Tsivelikas (Genebank Manager in Morocco) is expert in ex situ conservation and curation of cereals and food legumes, evaluation of genetic resources, gap analysis and collecting novel diversity. Fawzy Nawar (Senior documentation specialist) is a PGR documentalist who developed Genesys and specializes in linking genebank databases to other databases (e.g. BMS). Expertise Mariana Yazbek (Genebank Manager in Lebanon) is a taxonomist with expertise in in situ conservation and best practices for ex situ. conservation of food legumes and forage legume genetic resources. Ali Shehadeh (Genebank manager in Syria) has curated the forage and range collection for many years. He has expertise in legume taxonomy, gap analysis and collecting novel diversity. Abdallah Bari and Kenneth Street (part-time consultants) are responsible for the development of FIGS sub-setting approaches. Barley and Grain legumes Forages wheat Accession numbers in 2016 76,140 44,175 35,335 Projected accession 80,340 47,175 37,135 numbers in 2022 (seed and clonal) Availability in 2014 77% 49% 23% Safety Duplication in 2014 91% 71% 60% Status Documentation in 2014 62% Quality Management Minimum elements in place by end of 2016 System Date to reach Performance 2021 2021 2023 Targets (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 20.55 Germplasm Health ICARDA is relying on national phytosanitary services while they rebuild their own Unit capacity to carry out routine germplasm health testing. Further funding will be needed to ensure adequate capacity is in place in both Morocco and Lebanon. • ICARDA is re-establishing its active collection from duplicates received from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. This demands a 5-year investment in staff and equipment • Increased storage capacity in Morocco to host active and base collections of cereals and food legumes (two cold rooms); Plans for improvement • Increase capacity of Seed health laboratories in Morocco and Lebanon to overcome the backlog of health testing and cleaning. • Develop strategic approaches to acquisition, especially breeding materials • Undertake collecting missions to fill the gaps, targeting adaptive traits. • Efficient approaches for mining genetic resources for useful sought-after traits (FIGS development). • Collaboration with CIMMYT for safe duplication of all genetic resources held at ICARDA Plans for efficiency • Joint multiplication with CIMMYT of Aegilops and wild Triticum in Lebanon • Multiplication of some range species in New Zealand and other NARS collaborating in the collecting missions 74 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 • FIGS subsets development for evaluation by CRPs Wheat, Dryland Cereals and Food Legumes Integration with researchers and • Joint evaluation of FIGS subsets with ICARDA researchers and students breeders • Joint pre-breeding activities with CRPs Wheat, Dryland Cereals and Food Legumes, focusing on use of wild relative species. • Genotyping and phenotyping of genetic resources (FIGS subsets; others) Barley and wheat: 18,107 samples distributed; 31% distributed to users (mostly NARs and universities) outside the CGIAR Grain legumes: 5937 samples distributed; 2% distributed to users (private individuals) Distribution between 2012–2014 outside the CGIAR Forages: 187 samples distributed; 6% distributed to users (universities and NARS) outside the CGIAR. In total, ICARDA distributed to 22 countries. 7. ICRAF ICRAF has the task of conserving domesticated, partially domesticated and wild tree species. These include species of value for their fruit, timber, medicinal properties or other products. In total, more than 180 species are held as seed and 43 species are Collections held in the field at 38 sites in 15 countries, mostly in Africa but also in Peru, Bangladesh and Viet Nam. ICRAF manages seed in medium-term storage. Long-term storage is provided by Kunming Institute of Botany, China. Nearly all field sites are managed by national partners and germplasm is made available locally. Alice Muchugi (Genetic Resources Manager) has more than 15 years experience in research on sustainable utilization and conservation of indigenous plant genetic resources. Ramni Jamnadass (Leader in Tree Diversity, Domestication and Delivery) has extensive Expertise research experience in utilization, improvement and conservation of tree genetic resources. Zakayo Kinyanjui (Seed scientist) has been managing the ICRAF seed-testing laboratory since 2014 and has wide experience in seed research, developing germination protocols for several species. Multipurpose Fruit trees held in species held as the field seed Accession numbers in 2016 5219 3600 Projected accession numbers in 2022 5319 3600 Availability in 2015 40% Available locally Status Safety Duplication in 2015 15% 9% Documentation in 2015 70% 80% Quality Management System Minimum elements in place by end of 2017 Date to reach Performance Targets 2021 2021 (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 17.61 (including regional staff) ICRAF depends on the expertise of national partners to provide health monitoring in Germplasm Health the field. Genebank staff carry out minimal tests for diseases of quarantine risk. Unit Setting up a qualified GHU should be considered. Plans for • Since the collection concerns long-lived species, there is little possibility for improvement multiplying seed within an acceptable time frame. ICRAF will, however, re-collect specific target species to ensure that sufficient seed is available for distribution. 75 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 • ICRAF will develop strategic conservation priorities for its seed and field collection by the end of 2016. As a result of this, plans will be made for shifting Plans for efficiency the responsibility for the maintenance of some field sites and species to other parties and focusing on a defined scope for long-term conservation as part of the ICRAF collection. This will include ensuring that long-lived species have sufficient seed for distribution. “The GRU’s existing collections are globally significant, and their value will be increased External review – once they are fully characterized, and their passport data is complete. However, in order for ICRAF’s GRU to fulfil its true potential, it needs to develop a collections selected quotes acquisition and retention policy based on ICRAF’s global mandate, identified user needs and cost-effectiveness.” • ICRAF Genebank is a source and repository of agroforestry tree germplasm for research under the Forestry, Trees and Agroforestry CRP, especially through Flagship 1 (Tree genetic resources to bridge production gaps and promote Integration with resilience) with linkages to other CRPs and Platforms. researchers and • The genebank has a unique collection of African dryland forage species that breeders directly support research activities in Flagship 3 (Animal Feed and Forages) in the Livestock CRP. • Field genebanks play a dual role of providing planting propagules and data for biological characterization and growth performance. Fruit trees: 8274 samples distributed; 24% to users outside the CGIAR, mostly farmer organizations and NARS. Distribution between Multipurpose trees: 2163 samples distributed; 66% to users (mostly farmer 2012–2015 organizations) outside the CGIAR In total, ICRAF distributed to 22 countries. 8. ICRISAT ICRISAT manages collections of six crops of dryland cereals and grain legumes: pearl millet, small millets, sorghum, chickpea, groundnut and pigeonpea. As well as Collections managing the international genebank in Hyderabad, ICRISAT carries out conservation activities in three regional stations in Africa, which have limited facilities but represent important portals for collecting and distributing germplasm and interacting with key users regionally. Hari Upadhyaya (Director Genebank) Groundnut breeder and genebank manager for many years. Recognized by multiple awards, including the Frank Meyer Medal for Genetic Resources in 2013, for his work on developing mini-core collections to Expertise promote use of the collection. D.V.S.S.R. Sastry (Seed collection manager) has more than 30 years experience working at the ICRISAT genebank and manages the seed collections. K.N. Reddy (Curator) expert in pearl millet and pigeonpea taxonomy and collection management. 76 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Millets and Chickpea, sorghum groundnut and pigeonpea Accession numbers in 2016 74,102 49,819 Projected accession numbers in 2022 94,930 53,521 (seed and clonal) Availability in 2015 89% 78% Status Safety Duplication in 2015 12% 18% Documentation in 2015 96% 96% Minimum elements in place by end Quality Management System of 2016 Date to reach Performance Targets 2020 2020 (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 44.4 (not including regional staff) Germplasm Health ICRISAT has a well-established GHU and good collaboration with national Unit phytosanitary authorities. Facilitating the movement of germplasm inside and outside India continues to be an important priority. • Seed increase and safety duplication of more than 90,000 accessions to reach targets • Establish new data management software and capacity to increase availability of Plans for information to users improvement • Define the role and capacity of operations in Africa and ensure all materials are consolidated in long-term storage in Hyderabad • Capture legacy data of wild species characterization and evaluation data • Full implementation of barcoding, including field data collection • Reduce number of germplasm lines regenerated and multiplied Plans for efficiency • Increase seed longevity in base collections (by transferring seed with higher viability) • Significantly reduce time taken from introduction to long-term conservation “The Review Panel had an impression of a well-organized and effective operation with External review – dedicated staff. Also the agronomy at the regeneration sites was of high quality.” “Much information is generated about the collections (e.g. the tremendous success of selected quotes the mini-core collections). The RP considers it a missed opportunity that so little of this information is made available for genebank users.” • Development of multiple-trait specific germplasm lines in mini-core collections in Integration with collaboration with breeders to develop high yielding, climate resilient and researchers and nutritionally dense cultivars with a broad genetic base. breeders • Open field days for researchers and breeders to view genebank accessions during germplasm regeneration and characterization Chickpea, groundnut and pigeonpea: 25,271 samples distributed; 81% to users outside the CGIAR, mostly universities and some NARS. Distribution Millets and sorghum: 14,538 samples distributed; 60% to users outside the CGIAR, to NARS, universities and the commercial sector. In total, ICRISAT distributed to 41 countries. 9. IITA IITA manages a range of crops of importance to Africa (cowpea, maize, soybean, Bambara groundnut, African yam bean and other legume species, banana, cassava and Collections yam) requiring very different conservation methods (seed, field and in vitro), and demanding particular attention to prevalent phytosanitary threats. 77 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Michael Abberton (Genebank manager) has expertise in genetic resources, crop improvement, genomics and climate change. Badara Gueye (In vitro specialist) specialist in vitro culture, including cryopreservation, Expertise plant physiology and cell biology. Tchamba Marimagne (Database manager) specialist in database design, administration and management specifically for genebanks. Lava Kumar (Head of GHU) is an expert virologist who oversees the GHU and works in germplasm health and diagnostics. Seed collections Clonal crop collections Accession numbers in 2016 23,317 9440 Projected accession numbers in 2022 23,731 9440 (seed and clonal) Availability in 2015 30% 26% Status Safety Duplication in 2015 50% 32% Documentation in 2015 70% 69% Quality Management System Minimum elements in place by end of 2016 Date to reach Performance Targets 2017 2021 (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 40.64 Germplasm Health A well-established GHU, but requires significant investment to increase staff capacity Unit and refurbish laboratories and a screenhouse. • Establish and implement high-throughput germplasm cleaning procedure for yam • Develop a cryobank for the clonal crop collections Plans for • Promote increased and more effective levels of distribution and use of the clonal improvement collections • Regenerate and health test more than 14,000 seed accessions to reach targets of availability • Health test and clean 6952 clonal accessions to reach targets of availability. • Reduced regeneration frequency by improvements in seed longevity, particularly in medium-term storage • Full implementation of CIAT cassava MTS system, using silver nitrate in the conservation culture medium, extending intervals between sub cultures. Plans for efficiency • Electricity from solar power. • Full implementation of electronic data capture and field barcoding. • Increased efficiency of field management for pest and diseases and field operations. • Use of LIMS and increased levels of automation. “The genebank documentation is handled with precision, using inventory software. The data are published on the web in an accessible website, which is being upgraded.” External review – “Considering IITA’s leadership role, one germplasm accession that has not been selected quotes characterized is one too many. IITA is therefore encouraged to complete, as a matter of utmost urgency, the characterization of all its germplasm accessions and the provision of the data online.” Strong collaborations are in place with breeders under RTB and Grain Legume and Integration with Maize CRPs, and these will further develop in the next phase. Research collaborations researchers and also include work on important crops outside the CRPs, for example, with Crops for breeders the Future Research Centre on Bambara groundnut, and with NARs on clonal crops in particular. 78 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Seed collections: 6231 samples distributed; 48% to users (universities and NARS) outside the CGIAR. Distribution between 2012–2014 Clonal crop collections: 299 samples distributed; 59% to users (universities and NARS) outside the CGIAR In total, IITA has distributed to 28 countries. 10. ILRI ILRI manages a collection of 18,640 accessions of 1,723 tropical forage species in Ethiopia. The extremely wide taxonomic diversity of the collection, and the fact that it Collections is mainly composed of wild species, demands quite a different management approach in comparison with typical crop genebanks. The genebank is currently undergoing major renovation to replace the aged, prefabricated structure in which it was previously housed, and to provide facilities to support a modernized genebank. Jean Hanson (Genebank manager) has more than 35 years experience in running the ILRI genebank and has co-authored many related manuals and scientific papers. Expertise Chris Jones (Feed & Forages Biosciences Program leader) is developing the ILRI program on feed and forage bioscience and has expertise in phenotyping and genotyping forage diversity. Accession numbers in 2016 17,114 as seed; 1561 in the field Projected accession numbers in 2022 18,600 Availability in 2015 47% Safety Duplication in 2015 21% Documentation in 2015 0% Status Minimum elements in place by end of Quality Management System 2016 Date to reach Performance Targets 2022 (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 30 Germplasm Health The genebank is responsible for seed health testing. Unit • Develop customized strategies for the conservation of individual species based on improved knowledge of seed longevity, demand and diversity. Plans for • Increase the use of the collection by making good quality data more readily improvement available • Increase availability and safety duplication of more than 8,000 accessions with low seed number and viability • Forage strategy will inform conservation priorities and new research will inform Plans for efficiency longevity intervals, which will lead to rationalization and stratified management of parts of the forage collection “A key factor for effectively developing a germplasm collection that serves a dual purpose (i.e. meeting the needs of a broad range of users, and conserving germplasm for the future) yet remains manageable in size, is having a curator that understands External review – the gene pools of the crops in question, who is actively engaged with users and other selected quotes PGR institutes conserving the same or similar material.” “… it is essential that the germplasm is made to work and in order for this to happen there needs to be good connection to the potential user community.” Interaction between • ILRI germplasm conservation activities are closely linked to forage germplasm researchers and use and trait identification, the CIAT and EMBRAPA breeding programmes and breeders forage seed systems for delivery through the Livestock CRP. Distribution between 2948 samples distributed; 98% to users outside the CGIAR, mainly NARS and universities. 2012–2014 ILRI distributed to 28 countries. 11. IRRI 79 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 IRRI’s Genetic Resource Centre (GRC) operates at high levels of efficiency and throughput and has been able to meet increasing demands for germplasm while maintaining high standards of conservation. The facilities have aged significantly and Collections IRRI is raising funds to build new facilities. The collection is also of a significant age and many accessions are now approaching the upper limits of their expected lifetime. If seed longevity drops dramatically, as predicted, this will trigger a major effort in seed rejuvenation. Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton (Head, Genetic Resources Centre) has expertise in genetic resources conservation, use, data management, policy, genetics and pre-breeding. Fiona Hay (Deputy Head, Genetic Resources Centre) specializes in seed storage Expertise physiology, seed dormancy, process automation and best practices. Patricia Gonzales (Head, Seed Health Unit) expert in phytosanitary and biosafety testing and compliance with IRRI, national and international regulations. Accession numbers in 2016 127,577 Projected accession numbers in 2022 130,000 Availability in 2015 94% (meets targets) Safety Duplication in 2015 91% (meets targets) Documentation in 2015 86% Status Minimum elements in place by end of Quality Management System 2016 Date to reach Performance Targets 2016 (90% availability, safety duplication and documentation) Number of staff (FTEs) 41.7 IRRI has a well-established GHU, which provides services to users at a competitive per- unit cost. It is a recognized component of the Philippines quarantine and phytosanitary Germplasm Health certification system with responsibilities to the Philippines Government as well as to Unit IRRI. At times of high throughput the genebank staff may assist GHU staff to process samples. The working space and incubation rooms have reached maximum capacity and there is a need to invest in facilities and equipment. • IRRI has a strong focus on seed conservation research, which is enabling it to make significant inroads into improving operations, automating key processes, Plans for streamlining data gathering, increasing the longevity of seeds in storage and improvement improving the precision of predicting seed longevity. • Conservation of wild species requires improvement to ensure adequate genetic representation in the collection. • IRRI is currently building an automated seed phenotype sorter, which will allow seed processing to take place overnight and free staff for other routine operations. • IRRI aims to significantly reduce the time taken by incoming samples to reach Plans for efficiency long-term storage conditions, and to strategically increase seed harvested. • Research to increase longevity in storage will in the long term bring efficiency by reducing the frequency of seed rejuvenation. However, any potential gains at this time may be offset by an expected increase in the need for rejuvenation because many accessions in the collection are reaching the upper limits of their expected lifetime. 80 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 “The review team acknowledged the efforts of IRRI management to forge a strong integration between conservation and use of genetic resources and the product- focused breeding programmes in the context of GRiSP. Such thrust is apparent in the gene discovery research and in the enhanced collaboration between breeders and External review – genebank staff in the use of genebank materials.” selected quotes “The GRC applies very high standards in its operations. It would, therefore, create a “Gold Standard” if the GRC completes and consolidates a fully documented Quality Management System for its basic genebank operations. The review team notes that attempts have been made in the past to establish this QMS but that the effort has not been completed.” GRiSP incorporates a connected suite of activities along the full pathway to impact from the genebank accession to the farmer and consumer. Thanks to additional funding through GRiSP and related bilateral projects, the work of the GRC extends well beyond the scope of the Genebanks CRP and this new Genebank Platform, to include molecular analysis of genetic diversity. In the last five years, the remit of the GRC was Integration with extended to include the creation, maintenance and distribution of high-value genetic researchers and stocks and the sequencing of accessions. This is reflected in a major increase in breeders requests for seed: at almost 35,000 samples/year averaged over the 5-year period 2011-2015, the number of requests is not far short of double the average (20,000/year) during the previous 5 years. Starting in January 2016, the GRC was integrated into the new Genetics and Biotechnology Division of IRRI, to further tighten links between the genebank and researchers. Regular meetings are held with IRRI breeders to set priorities. Distribution between 119,330 samples distributed; 35% to a wide range of users outside the CGIAR, in a 2012-2014 total of 50 countries. 81 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Annex 2. Projections of the annual income from the endowment fund Status of the Endowment The Crop Trust was set up by the FAO and the CGIAR to transition from ad hoc funding for the world’s most important genebank collections towards sustainable funding, by raising a sufficient endowment to provide permanent financial security. This point of departure has been reaffirmed by the CGIAR Fund Council in 2011 when considering and endorsing the 2012-2016 Genebanks CRP and again in 2015 in considering the 2015 Genebanks Option Paper. As set out in the 2012 proposal for the Genebanks CRP, “The subject of how to build the endowment and bring sustainable funding to the collections .. must be concretely addressed by the broad alliance of the Trust, Consortium, Centers, Fund Council and other CGIAR donors”. At that time, the alliance was already considering the need for a separate mechanism for the “provision of annual supplementary funding” to cover the costs of genebank expenses. Donors still have a considerable path ahead of them to live up to their commitment to ensure sustainable funding of the genebanks. In a challenging environment for fundraising, in 2014-2015 the Crop Trust has re-connected with current partners and has targeted new governments as future donors. In total, more than 50 governments have been invited to contribute towards raising the endowment fund to reach the USD 500 million target that is required to sustain the crop collections protected under Article 15 of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), including the 11 CGIAR collections. This fundraising drive by the Crop Trust took place in a macro-economic and political setting where many European donors are diverting available overseas aid funding toward addressing the refugee migration crisis affecting the continent. Low oil prices have also constrained the ability of oil- exporting countries in the Gulf and elsewhere to contribute towards public causes. Weak economic conditions in major emerging countries of the G-20 are also compounding challenges towards raising foreign assistance resources. Despite these headwinds, the Crop Trust carried through in its commitment to invite the world community to contribute to the endowment fund. A Pledging Conference took place on 15 April 2016 in Washington DC, in conjunction with the IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings. It brought together a diverse group of donor partners and laid the foundations for an eventual doubling the endowment to USD 313.9 million; yet with USD 175 million currently paid into the endowment, donor partners still have considerable efforts to undertake to follow through on their pledges. Total donor pledges to the Crop Trust, including for the endowment, for projects implemented by the Crop Trust and for operational expenditures of the Crop Trust Secretariat, increased to USD 512.2 million. Updates since the Pledging Conference Since the conference, further governments have made financial commitments towards the endowment fund, including G-20 countries as first-time donors to the Crop Trust; some of these are non-signatories of the ITPGRFA, thus broadening the base of political support. Nevertheless, many of the current donors of the CGIAR have yet to come through as donors to the endowment fund, or they have provided funding at a lower level than proposed by the Crop Trust as an appropriate burden-sharing donation with respect to their GDP size and per-capita income. 82 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 The Pledging Conference kicked off a campaign to solicit support from those governments that were not yet ready to pledge funding for the endowment but have shown an interest. As a means to increase public visibility the Crop Trust is building an alliance of eminent persons in support of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and specifically in support of SDG Target 2.5 that calls for the conservation of global crop diversity by 2020. To complement grant funding for the endowment, the Crop Trust Donors’ Council and Executive Board approved the new Concessional Borrowing Framework. On this basis, Crop Trust management is currently in discussion with German government lender KfW about a possible first soft loan. Loan proceeds would be invested in the endowment over the life of the loan, generating additional investment income - after payment of loan interest - in support of the annual operating expenditures of the CGIAR crop collections. Going forward The outcome of the Pledging Conference points towards the need for a multi-faceted strategy to mobilize resources in support of the running costs of the CGIAR genebanks. This includes outreach towards foundations, private corporations and industry associations, as well as wealthy individuals and private households, with the latter two groups both as donors and investors. For example, banking partner Deutsche Bank has re-affirmed its commitment towards the innovative financial mechanism of the Investment Sharing Facility, enabling capital market investors to contribute a share of their investment income to the Crop Trust. World Coffee Research, the seed industry and entrepreneurs in media, entertainment and technology, represented by METal International have also pledged financial support. Some of these resources will benefit directly the CGIAR collections. The results from the Pledging Conference do not yet enable the Crop Trust to deliver the projected endowment income over the 2017-2022 horizon of the Genebank Platform, as envisaged at the 13th Fund Council meeting in April 2015. Nevertheless, the Crop Trust stands by its commitment to provide annual funding as a contribution to the Genebank Platform, as follows: USD 6.75 million for 2017; USD 9.06 million for 2018; USD 11.53 million for 2019; USD 13.35 million for 2020; and USD 15.03 million for 2021. These financial contributions therefore remain unchanged from those promised. Such transfers would be partly sourced from investment income earned on the endowment and partly from other sources of funding. With respect to income to be drawn from the endowment, the caveats as stated above remain and the actual annual investment income will vary around the long- term average target return of the endowment portfolio of 4.0% plus the rate of US dollar inflation. Such a return may, however, not be achievable over the next six years, given historically low capital market interest rates on bonds and high volatility in world equity markets, driven by high levels of liquidity from central banks and an uncertain world economic outlook. Should sustained investment returns dip below the average long-term target, a restriction in income distributions from the endowment to the CGIAR crop collections may have to be considered so as to protect the capital value of the endowment fund. The Crop Trust will undertake every effort to mobilize other short-term grant funding from public and private partners to complement investment income to be withdrawn from the endowment, in order to meet the projected overall annual contributions by the Crop Trust to the Genebank Platform over the period 2017-2022. Such other sources of funding will have to be supported by the donors. Donor funds would be allocated through Window 2 and Window 3, or they could be channeled directly by donors through the Crop Trust to selected CGIAR collections. Such near-term resource mobilization efforts will be deployed in parallel to the medium-term objective of building up the endowment fund further to the target level. 83 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Annex 3. Curriculum vitae of key personnel Name: Michael ABBERTON Current position and affiliation Head, Genetic Resources Centre, IITA Profile Plant breeding, genetic resources, climate change Employment 2016 to present: Head, Genetic Resources Centre, Deputy Director West Africa, Deputy Director Crop Breeding and Biotechnology, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 2012 to present: Chair in Public Good Plant Breeding, Aberystwyth University, UK 2010- 2012: Head, Genome Diversity and Plant Breeding, Director of International Development, IBERS 2008-2010: Head, Crop Breeding and Genomics, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, UK 2007-2008: Programme Leader, Plant Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER) Education PhD University of Manchester (1988) Title: Chromosome specific behaviour in an autopolyploid series BSc Hons Degree in Botany 1st Class, and D.H. Valentine Prize, University of Manchester (1984) Selected publications: Istvan Nagy, Susanne Barth, Jeanne Mehenni-Ciz, Michael T Abberton & Dan Milbourne. 2013. A hybrid next-generation transcript sequencing-based approach to identify allelic and homeolog-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in allotetraploid white clover. BMC Genomics, 14(1): 100. Yates, S., Swain, M., Hegarty, M., Chernukin, I., Lowe, M., Allison, G., Ruttink, T., Abberton, M., Jenkins, G. & Skot, L. 2014. De novo assembly of red clover transcriptome based on RNA-Seq data provides insight into drought response, gene discovery and marker identification. BMC Genomics, 15(453): 1–33. Shitta, N.S., Abberton, M., Adesoye, A.I., Adewale, D.B. & Oyatomi, O. 2015. Analysis of genetic diversity of African yam bean using SSR markers derived from cowpea. Plant Genetic Resources – Characterization and Utilization, 14(1): 50–56. Abberton et al. 2015. Global agricultural intensification during climate change: a role for genomics. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2015: 1–4. Kole, C. and 39 others. 2015. Application of genomics-assisted breeding for generation of climate resilient crops: progress and prospects. Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 563. 16p. [doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00563] Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Delivery of plant breeding programs, large multinational projects and large UK-funded projects, including public-private partnerships. Role in the Genebank Platform Genebank Manager. Implementation of activities under the Platform. 84 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Ahmed AMRI Current position and affiliation Head of Genetic Resources Unit, and Deputy Director for Biodiversity and Integrated Gene Management Program at ICARDA Profile: Cereal breeding: 21 years of experience, with release of 26 cereal varieties. In situ/on-farm conservation of agrobiodiversity: 15 years. Conducted 5 projects in West Asia and North Africa. Conservation of genetic resources: participated in 12 collecting missions. 40 years of experience in aspects related to genetic resources conservation and use. Employment 2008 to date: Head of Genetic Resources Unit at ICARDA. 2005–2008: Regional Coordinator of ICARDA for West Asia. 1999–2005: Regional Coordinator for GEF in situ conservation project in West Asia at ICARDA. 1980–1999: Cereal breeder, INRA-Morocco. Education PhD Genetics and breeding, Kansas State University, Manahattan, KS, USA MSc Course work at University of Minnesota, USA, and degree from IAV-Hassan II in Morocco. Selected publications Amri, A., Hatchett, J.H., Cox, T.S., El Bouhssini, M. & Sears, R.G. 1990. Resistance to Hessian fly from North African Durum Wheat Germplasm. Crop Science, 30: 378–381. Amri, A., Cox, T.S., Hatchett, J.H. & Gill, B.S. 1990. Complementary action of genes for Hessian fly resistance in the wheat cultivar "Seneca". Journal of Heredity, 83(2): 378–381. Rawashdseh, I. & Amri, A. 2006. Genetic characterization of date palm varieties using RAPD markers. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(3): 234–242. Mohammadi, R. & Amri, A. 2012. Analysis of genotype×environment interaction in rain-fed durum wheat of Iran using GGE-biplot and non-parametric methods. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 92: 757–770. Mazid, A., Shideed, K. & Amri, A. 2014. Assessment of on-farm conservation of dryland agrobiodiversity and its impact on rural livelihoods in the Fertile Crescent. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 29(4): 366–377. Shehadeh, A., Amri, A. & Maxted, N. 2013. Ecogeographic survey and gap analysis of Lathyrus L. species. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 60(7): 2101–2113. Mohammadi, R. & Amri, A. 2013. Phenotypic diversity and relationships among a worldwide durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) germplasm collection under rainfed conditions of Iran. Crop & Pasture Science, 64: 87–99. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery National Coordinator of Cereal Research in Morocco (15 years; strong breeding programs with release of 60 varieties, including the first hessian fly resistant ones); Regional Coordinator West Asia Program at ICARDA (6 years. Management of GEF project in four countries); Head of Genetic Resources Unit and Deputy Director BIGM program at ICARDA (8 years; coordination of 9 projects). Role in the Genebank Platform Applying best practices for conservation of genetic resources; building linkages between Genebanks CRP/Platform and AFS CRPs; contribute to the building of the Global System for conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA; contribute to gap analysis, FIGS development, policy aspects. 85 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Paula BRAMEL Current position and affiliation Scientific Advisor, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Bonn, Germany Profile Plant breeding, genetic resources, climate change, research management Employment 2015 to date: Scientific Advisor, Global Crop Diversity Trust 2012-2015: Global Crop Diversity Trust, Deputy Executive Director 2006-2012: IITA, Deputy Director General, Research for Development 2004-2006: IITA, Director for East and Southern Africa, Research for Development 2002-2004: CRS, CARE, and others as consultant for biodiversity and seed systems 1996-2002: ICRISAT, Principal Scientist, Genetic Resources and Head of Genebank 1985-1996: Kansas State University, Assistant Professor Education Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1985, Plant Breeding and Cytogenetics M.S. Iowa State University, 1980, Plant Breeding B.S. Iowa State University, 1978, Agronomy Selected publications: Kamala, Venkateswaran, Hari C, Sharma, Daggu Monohar Rao, Kodeboyina S. Varaprasad, Paula J. Bramel, and Subhash Chandra. 2012. Interactions of spotted stem borer Chilo partellus with wild relatives of sorghum. Plant Breeding 131: 511-521 Ferguson, Morag E., Richard B. Jones, Paula J Bramel, Carlos Dominguez, Carla Torre do Vale, and Jie Han. 2011. Post-flooding disaster crop diversity recovery: A case study of cowpeas in Mozambique. Disasters Rupakula Aruna, D. Manohar Rao, S. Sivaramakrishnan, L. Janardhan Reddy, Paula Bramel and Hari Upadhyaya. 2009. Efficiency of three DNA markers in revealing genetic variation among wild Cajanus species. Plant Genetic Resources, Volume 7, Issue 02, pp 113-121 Bhattacharjee, Ranjana, I. S. Khairwal, Paula J. Bramel and K. N. Reddy. 2007. Establishment of a pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] core collection based on geographical distribution and quantitative traits. Euphytica 155:35-45. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery More than 30 years of experience as a researcher, which includes 11 years as a Tenured Associate Professor of Agronomy at Kansas State University as a sorghum breeder, and 12 years of experience in research management at ICRISAT and IITA. In additions, more than 10 years of experience at Executive Management, at IITA and Crop Trust She has extensive experience with managing large scale research for development projects in Southeast Asia and Africa at ICRISAT and IITA. Was Chair of the Genebank CRP management team and member of Crop Trust implementation team. Role in the Genebank Platform Member of technical and management team at the Crop Trust. Provide technical advice as needed, especially to the Use Module. 86 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Janny van BEEM Current position and affiliation Genebank Quality Management Systems (QMS) specialist, Global Crop Diversity Trust Profile: Conservation standards of plant genetic resources under the Multilateral System of the ITPGRFA Employment 2014 to date: Genebank QMS specialist, consultant for the Global Crop Diversity Trust 2010–2014: Head of Acquisition and Distribution Unit, International Potato Center (CIP) 1996-2003: Wheat breeder, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) Education Ph.D. 1995 Cornell University, Plant Breeding and Genetics Department B.Sc. 1986 Colorado State University, Department of Biology Selected publications Vargas, F., A. Salas, G. Rossel, R. Gomez, I. Manrique and J. van Beem. 2012. Preservation of Biodiversity in CIP’ Ochoa Herbarium at the International Potato Center. XIV Botanical Congress, Trujillo Peru, 9-12 October 2012. van Beem, J., V. Mohler, R. Lukman, M. van Ginkel, M. William, J. Crossa and A.J. Worland. 2005. Analysis of Genetic Factors Influencing the Developmental Rate of Globally Important CIMMYT Wheat Cultivars. Crop Science 45:2113-2119. van Beem, J., A.J. Worland, and M. van Ginkel. 2001. The influence of earliness per se genes on flowering time in CIMMYT wheats. In: the Kronstad Symposium, Ciudad Obregon 15-16 March 2001. van Beem, J., M. van Ginkel, and S. Rajaram. 2000. Differences in development rate of CIMMYT wheats adapted to irrigated, rain-fed, and semi-arid environments. In: Wheat in a Global Environment. International Wheat Conference, 6; Budapest, Hungary; 5-9 Jun 2000. p. 281. van Beem, J., T. Farquhar, H. Meyer, M.P. Reynolds., R. Singh, and M. van Ginkel. 1998. Influence of Rht dwarfing genes on stem morphology, biochemistry and biomechanics, and associated lodging effects in wheat. In: Proceeding of the 9th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Vol 2, Aug 2-7, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. p.366-368. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Implementation at CIP of ISO-accredited quality standards (ISO 17025) in relevant genebank activities that guaranteed safe conservation, maintenance and distribution of plant genetic resources Focal point at CIP in establishing networks with Peruvian policy makers (National Institute in Defense and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (INDECOPI), INIA, SENASA, and the National Committee against Biopiracy) Oversight and coordination of the deployment and data collection of the Global Wheat Yield Trial (GAWYT) in 92 countries with the aim to identify desirable genetic traits for specific eco-regional programs Role in the Genebank Platform Coordinate the development of individualized Quality and Risk Management Systems in nine Centre Genebanks and the QMS framework as a whole. 87 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Denise COSTICH Current position and affiliation October 2012 to present. Head, Wellhausen-Anderson Maize Genetic Resources Collection. CIMMYT- Mexico. Profile Maize (and grasses) genetics and genomics; population biology; ecological genetics; plant evolution and systematics. Employment 2011–2012: Plant Biologist USDA-ARS, Cornell University, USA. 2006–2011: Research Biologist and Lab Manager, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, USA. 2007–2011: Project Manager, USDA-DOE Plant Feedstock Genomics for Bioenergy, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, USA. 2004–2006: Research Associate Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, USA. Education PhD in Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA. 12/1989 BSc in Biology (Concentration in Ecology and Systematics), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Selected publications Yongsheng Wu, Felix San Vicente, Kaijian Huang, Thanda Dhliwayo, Denise E. Costich, Kassa Semagn, Nair Sudha, Michael Olsen, Boddupalli M. Prasanna, Xuecai Zhang & Raman Babu. 2016. Molecular characterization of CIMMYT maize inbred lines with genotyping‑by‑sequencing SNPs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics Online 5 Feb 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2664-8 Paul L. Sanchez, Denise E. Costich, Bernd Friebe, Terry A. Coffelt, Matthew A. Jenks & Michael A. Gore. 2014. Genome size variation in guayule and mariola: Fundamental descriptors for polyploid plant taxa. Industrial Crops and Products, 54: 1–5. Lu, F., A. Lipka, R. Elshire, J. Glaubitz, J.H. Cherney, M.D. Casler, E. Buckler & D.E. Costich. 2013. Switchgrass genomic diversity, ploidy and evolution: novel insights from a network-based SNP discovery protocol. PLoS Genetics 9(1): e1003215. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003215. Chia, J.-M., Costich, D., Buckler, E. and 36 others .2012. Maize HapMap2 identifies extant variation from a genome in flux. Nature Genetics 44: 803–807. Costich, D.E., Friebe, B., Sheehan, M.J., Casler, M.D. & Buckler, E.S.. 2010. Genome-size variation in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum): Flow cytometry and cytology reveal rampant aneuploidy. The Plant Genome, 3: 130–141. Blakey, C.A., Costich, D.E., Sokolov, V. & Islam-Faridi, M.N. 2007. Tripsacum genetics: from observations along a river to molecular genomics. Maydica, 52: 81–99. [Walton Galinat Commemorative Issue]. Role in the Genebank Platform Genebank manager. Manage activities on conservation and use. 88 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Maritza CUERVO IBAÑEZ Current position and affiliation Coordinator and Virologist, Germplasm Health Laboratory, Genetic Resources Program, CIAT Profile Plant germplasm health, plant virology, molecular biology, safe movement of plant germplasm, control of plant pathogens, standardization and implementation of molecular diagnostic methods of pathogens. Adviser to the plant quarantine authority of Colombia ICA for the safe movement of bean, cassava, rice and tropical forage germplasm. Employment 2006-2016 Coordinator and Virologist, Germplasm Health Laboratory, Genetic Resources Program CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 1989-2006 Research Assistant, Laboratory of Virology Program, CIAT, Cali, Colombia. Education MSc on Neotropical Plant Genetic Resources. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Colombia. Biotechnology Specialist. Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de Palmira, Colombia. Selected publications Di Feo, L., Zanini, A., Rodríguez Pardina, P., Cuervo, M., Carvajal-Yepes, M., Cuellar, W.J. 2015. First Report of Cassava common mosaic virus and Cassava frogskin-associated virus Infecting Cassava in Argentina. Plant Disease 99 (5): 733. Carvajal-Yepes, M., Olaya, C., Lozano, I., Cuervo, M., Castaño, M., Cuéllar, W.J. 2014. Unraveling complex viral infections in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from Colombia. Virus Research 186: 76-86. Calvert, L.A., Cuervo, M., Lozano, I., Villareal, N., Arroyave, J. 2008. Identification of three strains of a virus associated with cassava plants affected by frogskin disease. Journal of Phytopathology 156: 647- 653. Role in the Genebank Platform GHU leader. Ensure absence of diseases of quarantine importance for all accessions stored in the genebank and distributed to users. Implementation of controls during seed increase in the field and after harvest, and monitoring of the in vitro cassava collection. Collaboration with the Virology and Pathology Programs of CIAT to improve protocols to detect and clean germplasm for diseases of quarantine importance. 89 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Daniel G. DEBOUCK Current position and affiliation Leader, Genetic Resources Program, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. Profile Genebank manager (78 Staff) for 3 major collections (over 68 000 accessions of Phaseolus beans, Manihot cassava and tropical forages). Plant conservation geneticist, and plant explorer. Awardee of the Frank N. Meyer Medal of plant genetic resources in 2010. Employment 2009–2016: Leader, Genetic Resources Program, CIAT, Colombia. 1996–2009: Head, Genetic Resources Unit, CIAT, Colombia. 1992–1996: Senior Scientist, IPGRI-Americas, Colombia. 1990–1992: Research Officer, IBPGR, Italy. Education PhD, cum maxima suma laude, major in Plant Physiology and minor in Ethnobotany and Plant Ecology. Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de l'Etat, Gembloux, Belgium. Certificat en Phytotechnie Tropicale, cum maxima suma laude. Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de l'Etat, Gembloux, Belgium. Selected publications Gujaria-Verma, N., Ramsay, L., Sharpe, A.G., Sanderson, L.-A., Debouck, D.G., Tar’an, B. & Bett, K.E. 2016. Gene-based SNP discovery in tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common bean (P. vulgaris) for diversity analysis and comparative mapping. BMC Genomics, 17(239): 1–16. Andueza-Noh, R.H., Serrano-Serrano, M.L., Chacón-Sánchez, M.I., Sanchéz del Pino, I., Camacho-Pérez, L., Coello-Coello, J., Mijangos-Cortés, J., Debouck, D.G. & Martínez-Castillo, J. 2013. Multiple domestications of the Mesoamerican gene pool of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.): evidence from chloroplast DNA sequences. Gen Res & Crop Evol, 60(3): 1069–1086. Porch, T.G., Beaver, J.S., Debouck, D.G., Jackson, S., Kelly, J.D. & Dempewolf, H. 2013. Use of wild relatives and closely related species to adapt common bean to climate change. Agronomy, 3: 433–461. Chacón-Sánchez., M.I., Motta-Aldana, J.R., Serrano-Serrano, M.L. & Debouck, D.G. 2012. Domestication of Lima beans: a new look at an old problem. pp. 330–343, in: P. Gepts, T.R. Famula, R.L. Bettinger, S.B. Brush, A.B. Damania, P.E. McGuire and C.O. Qualset (eds.). Biodiversity in Agriculture: domestication, evolution and sustainability. CUP. UK Salcedo-Castaño, J., Arraya-Villalobos, R., Castañeda-Alvarez, N., Toro-Chica, O. & Debouck, D.G. 2011. Phaseolus hygrophilus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), a new wild bean species from the wet forests of Costa Rica, with notes about section Brevilegumeni. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 5(1): 53–65. Ramírez-Villegas, J., Khoury, C., Jarvis, A., Debouck, D.G. & Guarino, L. 2010. A gap analysis methodology for collecting crop genepools: a case study with Phaseolus beans. PLoS ONE Biology, 5(10): 1–18. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery While as Head of GRU, co-PI for a US$ 1.2 million project on Gene flow analysis for environmental safety, involving Colombia and Costa Rica, and two institutions in Germany (with support of BMZ, Germany). Role in the Genebank Platform Collaborator in conservation science and genetic diversity studies. 90 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: David ELLIS Current position and affiliation International Potato Center, Lima, Peru, Head of Genebank. Leader, Program for Conserving Biodiversity for the Future Profile Over 30 years of genetic resources management in academia, industry and the private sector. Expertise in plant development, medicinal compounds in plants (taxol), plant molecular biology (modification of plant cell walls and control of plant reproduction), plant and insect ecology, cryobiology and conservation of plant genetic resources and diversity. Employment 2012 to present: Head of Genebank & Leader, CIP 2004–2012: Plant Physiologist/Curator, NCGRP, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA. 2002–2004: Director of Operations, CellFor Inc., Victoria, B.C., Canada. 2000–2002: Founding Scientist and Director of Molecular Biology, CellFor Inc., Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Education PhD in Botany, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. BA in Botany with Honors, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana. USA. Selected publications Cruz, J.L., Alves, A.A., LeCain, D.R., Ellis, D.D. & Morgan. J.A. 2016. Interactive effects between nitrogen fertilization and elevated CO2 on growth and gas exchange of papaya seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae, 202: 32–40. Panta, A., Panis, B., Ynouye, C., Swennen, R., Roca, W., Tay, D. & Ellis, D. 2015. Improved cryopreservation method for the long-term conservation of the world potato germplasm collection. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 120(1): 117–125. Vollmer, R., Panta, A., Tay, D., Roca, W. & Ellis. D. 2014. Effect of sucrose pre-culture and PVS2 exposure on the cryopreservation of sweet potato shoot tips [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] using the PVS2 droplet vitrification. Acta Horticulturae, 1039: 265–271. Jenderek, M.M., Ambruzs, B., Tanner, J., Holman, G., Ledbetter, C., Postman, J., Ellis, D. & Leslie, C. 2014. Extending the dormant bud cryopreservation method to new tree species. ISHS Acta Horticulturae, No. 1039: II International Symposium on Plant Cryopreservation. [DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1039.16] Perez, W., Nahui, M., Ellis, D. & Forbes, G.A. 2014. Wide phenotypic diversity for resistance to Phytophthora infestans found in potato landraces from Peru. Plant Disease, 98(11): 1530–1533. Alves, A.A.C., Manthey, L., Isabelle, T., Ellis, D. & Jenderek, M.M. 2014. Diversity in oil content and fatty acid profile in seeds of wild cassava germplasm. Industrial Crops and Products, 60: 310–315. Hay, F.R., de Guzman, F., Ellis, D., Makahiya, H., Borromeo, T. & Sackville Hamilton, N.R. 2013. Viability of Oryza sativa (L.) seeds stored under genebank conditions for up to 30 years. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 60: 275–296. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Member of Scientific Advisory Board for SeedSavers and ANDES 2009–2011, Chair, Plant Germplasm Organizing Committee, National Plant Germplasm System. Role in the Genebank Platform Member of the current Management Team; member of the Executive Committee for the Article 15 Genebank Managers. Genebank manager at CIP responsible for budget and deliverables from the platform. 91 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Patria G. GONZALES Current position and affiliation Manager, Seed Health Unit, IRRI Profile Managed the Seed Health Unit for more than 20 years. Extensive knowledge of seed pathology- Identification of seed-borne microorganisms associated with rice, testing procedures/detection methods for seed-borne fungi, nematodes, and bacteria, isolation techniques, photomicroscopy, knowledge in quarantine protocols and regulations. Employment 2007 to present Seed Health Unit, IRRI, Philippines 1992-2007 Associate Scientist, IRRI, Philippines 1981-1985 Research Associate, Seed Unit, U.P. College of Forestry, Philippines 1979 –1981 Research Associate, Field Crops Disease Laboratory, U.P. Los Baños, College, Philippines Education MSc Plant pathology & soil science, University of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB), Philippines BSc Agriculture UPLB, Philippines Selected publications Mew, T. W. and P.G. Gonzales. 2002. A Handbook of Rice Seed-borne Fungi. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute, and Enfield, N.H. (USA): Science Publishers, Inc. 83 p. Gonzales, P.G. and C.C. Huelma. 2014. Seed health improvement for crop and pest management. In D.O. Manzanilla, J.D. Janiya, and D.E. Johnson (eds). Establishing community-based seed systems: A training manual. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute Merca, S.D. P.G. Gonzales, C.C. Huelma, J.O. Guervarra and T.W. Mew. 2001. Fungi associated with rice seeds. In T.W. Mew and B. Cottyn (Eds) Seed health and seed associated micro-organisms for rice disease management. Limited proceedings No. 6, Los Baños (Philippines): IRRI. Pp. 25-31. Merca, S.D., P.G. Gonzales C.C. Huelma, J.O. Guevarra and T.W.Mew. 1997. Seed-borne fungi associated with reduced planting value of farmer grown rice seeds 1993-1994 from Cavite, Quezon, and Laguna provinces. Paper presented during the 26th Anniversary and Annual Scientific Meeting of Pest Management Council of the Philippines, Inc., 2-5 May 1996, Benguet State P.G. Gonzales and T.W. Mew. Microhabitat of Seed-borne Fungal Pathogens Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Member of Scientific Advisory Board for SeedSavers and ANDES 2009–2011, Chair, Plant Germplasm Organizing Committee, National Plant Germplasm System. Role in the Genebank Platform GHU leader. Conduct seed health testing as part of the processing of seeds for genebank storage. Contributed to GPG2 Project on Safe Movement of Germplasm. 92 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Luigi GUARINO Current position and affiliation Director of Science & Programs, Global Crop Diversity Trust Profile Plant genetic resources conservation Employment 2016: Director of Science & Programs, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Germany 2007–2015: Senior Scientist, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Italy 2002–2007: Plant Genetic Resources Adviser, Fiji 1987–2002: Scientist, Bioversity International, Cyprus, Kenya & Colombia Education BA Applied Biology, University of Cambridge, UK Selected publications Guarino, L., Ramanatha Rao, V. & Reid, R. (eds). 1995. Collecting Plant Genetic Diversity. Technical Guidelines. CAB International, Wellesbourne. Burke, M.B. Lobell D.B. &Guarino L. 2009. Shifts in African crop climates by 2050, and the implications for crop improvement and genetic resources conservation. Global Environmental Change, 19(3): 317-325. Dawson, I.K. Hedley, P.E. Guarino L. & Jaenicke H. 2009. Does biotechnology have a role in the promotion of underutilised crops? Food Policy, 34(4): 319–328. Jaenicke, H. Dawson, I.K. Guarino L. & Hermann, M. 2009. Impacts of underutilized plant species promotion on biodiversity. ISHS Acta Horticulturae, no. 806. International Symposium on Underutilized Plants for Food Security, Nutrition, Income and Sustainable Development. 621–628. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.806.77 Guarino, L. & Lobel, D.B. l. 2011. A walk on the wild side. Nature Climate Change, 1: 374–375. Westengen, O.T., Jeppson, S. & Guarino, L. 2013. Global ex situ crop diversity conservation and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault: assessing the current status. PLOS one, 8(5). Khoury, C.K., Bjorkman, A.D., Dempewolf, H., Ramirez-Villegas, J., Guarino, L., Jarvis, A., Rieseberg, L.H. & Struik, PC. 2014. Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(11): 4001–4006. Castañeda-Álvarez, N., Khoury, C., Achicanoy, H., Bernau, V., Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R., Guarino, L., Harker, R., Jarvis, A., Maxted, N., Müller, J., Ramirez-Villegas, J., Sosa, C., Struik, P., Vincent, H. & Toll, J. 2016. Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants, 16022. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery: Pacific Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources Network (PAPGREN). Organized from scratch and ran for 4 years a regional PGRFA network covering two dozen countries and territories. Securing the Biological Basis of Agriculture and Promoting New and Fuller Use of Crop Genetic Resources. On management team of global project implemented by Crop Trust, funded by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Collecting, Protecting and Preparing Crop Wild Relatives. Developed and helped implement global project supported by Government of Norway. Role in the Genebank Platform Member of Management Team. 93 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Michael HALEWOOD Current position and affiliation Leader, Genetic Resources Policies, Institutions and Monitoring group, Bioversity International. Profile Designing, overseeing and conducting policy-relevant research and capacity building projects concerning the management and conservation of agricultural biological diversity from local to global levels. Main research areas: factors affecting availability and use of crop diversity on-farm, and in globally developed systems of conservation and sustainable use; access and benefit sharing. Employment 2001 to present: Leader, Genetic Resources Policies, Institutions and Monitoring Group, Bioversity International, Italy 1997–2001: Coordinator, Crucible Group, International Development Research Centre, Canada Education Doctor of Jurisprudence, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University Bachelor of Law, University of Toronto Bachelor of Arts and Science (Political Science), University of Toronto Selected publications Galuzzi, G., Halewood, M., Lopez, I. & Vernooy, R. (2016). Twenty five years of international exchanges of plant genetic resources facilitated by the CGIAR genebanks: a case study on international interdependence. Biodiversity and Conservation 25(8), 1421-1446, DOI: 10.1007/s10531-016-1109-7. Halewood, M. (ed.) 2016. Farmers’ Crop Varieties and Farmers’ Rights: Challenges in Taxonomy, Agriculture and Law. Routledge, Oxon. Bedmar Villanueva, A., Halewood, M. & López Noriega, I. 2015. Agricultural Biodiversity in climate change adaptation planning: an analysis of the National Adaptation Programs of Action. CCAFS Working Paper no. 95. Halewood, M. 2014. International efforts to pool and conserve crop genetic resources in times of radical legal change. In: M. Cimoli, G. Dosi, K.E, Maskus, R.L., R.L. Okediji, J.L. Reichman, and J.E. Stiglitz (eds). Intellectual Property Rights: Legal and Economic Challenges for Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Halewood, M., Lopez Noriega I. & Louafi, S. (eds.). 2013. Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons: Challenges in international governance and law, Routledge, Oxon. Halewood, M. 2013. What kind of goods are plant genetic resources for food and agriculture? Towards the identification and development of a new global commons. International Journal of the Commons. 7(2): 278–312. Halewood, M., Andrieux, E., Crisson, L., Gapusi, J.R., Wasswa Mulumba, J., Koffi, E.K., Yangzome Dorji, T., Bhatta, M.R. & Balma, D. 2013. Implementing ‘Mutually Supportive’ Access and Benefit Sharing Mechanisms under the Plant Treaty, Convention on Biological Diversity, and Nagoya Protocol. Law. Environment and Development Journal 9/1 Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Managed Genetic Resources Policy Initiative I, 2005–2009 (US$ 5 million). Managed Genetic Resources Policy Initiative II, 2011–2015 (US$ 5 million); Coordinated international 50-member ‘think tank’ called the Crucible Group, focusing on genetic resources and intellectual property-related issues. Role in the Genebank Platform Coordinator of the Policy Module, coordinating on behalf of the Platform Management Team. 94 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Ruaraidh SACKVILLE HAMILTON Current position and affiliation Principal Scientist, Evolutionary Biology, and Head, T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Profile Over 40 years of experience in the conservation and use of crop genetic resources, including best practices and workflow management systems for genebank management; database design and data management; statistics, genetics and genomics; crop wild relatives; pre-breeding; plant breeding; plant ecology; GM biosafety; and international policy on access and benefit-sharing. Employment 2002 to present: Head, T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 1991–2002: Head, Biodiversity Group and Genetic Resources Unit, IGER, Aberystwyth, UK 1986–1991: Senior Research Fellow, University of Wales at Bangor, Bangor, UK 1984–1986: Senior Research Fellow, CIAT, Cali, Colombia Education PhD Plant Genetic Resources, University of Cambridge, UK MA Applied Biology, University of Cambridge, UK. Selected publications Zhao, X., Daygon, V.D., McNally, K.L., Sackville Hamilton, N.R., Xie, F., Reinke, R.F. & Fitzgerald, M.A. 2016. Identification of stable QTLs causing chalk in rice grains in nine environments. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 129: 141–153. Leung, H., Raghavan, C., Zhou, B., Oliva, R., Choi, I.R., Lacorte, V., Jubay, M.L., Cruz, C.V., Gregorio, G., Singh, R.K.& Sackville Hamilton, N.R. 2015. Allele mining and enhanced genetic recombination for rice breeding. Rice, 8: 1–11. Alexandrov, N., Tai, S., Wang, W., Mansueto, L., Palis, K., Fuentes, R.R., Ulat, V.J., Chebotarov, D., Zhang, G., Li, Z. & Sackville Hamilton, N.R. 2015. SNP-Seek database of SNPs derived from 3000 rice genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 43: D1023–D1027. Banaticla-Hilario, M.C.N., McNally, K.L., van den Berg, R.G., & Sackville Hamilton, N.R. 2013. Crossability patterns within and among Oryza series sativae species from Asia and Australia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 60: 1899–1914. Halewood, M., et al. 2013. Changing rates of acquisition of plant genetic resources by international gene banks. pp. 99–132, in: M. Halewood, I.L. Noriega and S. Nouafi (eds). Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons. Publ. for Bioversity International by Routledge, Oxon, UK. McCouch, S.R., McNally, K.L., Wang, W., & Sackville Hamilton, N.R. 2012. Genomics of gene banks: A case study in rice. American Journal of Botany, 99: 407–423. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Currently managing a budget of US$ 5.98 million under Genebanks CRP and GRiSP and associated special projects. Past successes include the GPG1 and GPG2 genebank upgrading projects, establishing a new conservation research program at IRRI, and the 3000 rice genomes project. Expert on loan to help develop ITPGRFA’s “Global Information System”. Member of steering, advisory or executive committees of Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Divseek and Genesys. Role in the Genebank Platform Head of IRRI genebank; member of executive committee of A15G and the Management Team. Also contributing to the coordination of the Policy Module. 95 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Jean HANSON Current position and affiliation Leader, Forage Diversity, ILRI Profile Genetic resources specialist with 40 years of experience in seed conservation and genebank management, mostly in developing countries. Current research interests include management of forage genetic resources, seed longevity in genebanks, morphological and nutritional characterization, seed production, forage adoption, and knowledge sharing. Employment 2014 to date: Leader, Forage Diversity, International Livestock Research Institute, Ethiopia 1986–2010: Leader, Forage Diversity/genebank manager, ILRI, Ethiopia 1978–1983: Technical co-operation officer in DFID, National Biological Institute, Indonesia 1976–1978: Post-doctoral fellow, Maize Programme, CIMMYT, Mexico Education PhD seed storage, University of Birmingham, UK. MSc Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources, University of Birmingham, UK. Selected publications Maass, B.L., Jamnadass, R.H., Hanson, J. & Pengelly, B.C. 2005. Determining sources of diversity in cultivated and wild Lablab purpureus related to provenance of germplasm by using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 52: 683–695. Pengelly, B.C., Cook, B.G., Partridge, I.J., Eagles, D.A., Peters, M., Hanson, J., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Mullen, B.F., Schultze-Kraft, R., Franco, A. & O’Brien, R. 2005. Selection of Forages for the Tropics (SoFT) – a database and selection tool for identifying forages adapted to local conditions in the tropics and subtropics. In: F.P. O’Mara, R.J. Wilkins, L. t’Mannetje, D.K. Lovett, P.A.M. Rogers and T.M. Boland (eds). XX International Grassland Congress. Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Ponsens, J., Hanson, J., Schellberg, J. & Moeseler, B.M. 2010. Characterization of phenotypic diversity, yield and response to drought stress in a collection of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) accessions. Field Crops Research, 118: 57–72. Reid, R.S., Serneels, S., Nyabenge, M. & Hanson, J. 2005. The changing face of pastoral systems in grass dominated ecosystems of Eastern Africa. pp. 19–76, in: J.M. Suttie, S.G. Reynolds and C. Batello (eds.). Grasslands of the World. FAO Plant Protection and Production Series, No. 34. FAO, Rome. Rao, N.K., Hanson, J., Dulloo, M.E., Ghosh, K., Nowel, D. & Larinde, M. 2006. Manual of seed handling in genebanks. Handbooks for Genebanks, No. 8. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. Van de Wouw, M., Hanson, J. & Luethi, S. 1999. Morphological and agonomic characterization of a collection of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and P. purpureum × P. glaucum. Tropical Grasslands, 33(3): 150–158. Wanjala, B.W., Obonyo, M., Wchira, F.N., Muchugi, A., Mulaa, M., Harvey, J., Skilton, R.A., Proud, J. & Hanson, J. 2013. Genetic diversity in Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cultivars: Implications for breeding and conservation. AoB PLANTS, 5: Article plt022. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plt022. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Managing a project of US$ 1.5 to 2 million in recent years, and has developed funding proposals for up to US$ 10 million on use of forage diversity. Role in the Genebank Platform Genebank platform. Implementation of Conservation and Use Module activities in ILRI. 96 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Fiona HAY Current position and affiliation Senior Scientist I, Genetic Resources Expert, T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, IRRI HQ. Profile More than 20 years research on seed collection, germination/dormancy, storage behaviour and longevity in relation to genebank management and use of collections. Chief Editor, Seed Science and Technology. Employment 2012 to date: Senior Scientist I, Genetic Resources Expert, T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, IRRI 2009–2012: Scientist II, Genetic Resources Expert, T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center, IRRI 1997–2009: Seed Physiologist, Millennium Seed Bank Partnership, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK Education PhD The development of seed longevity in wild plant species. King’s College, University of London, UK MSc Applied statistics and operational research. Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. Selected publications Hansen, M.A.E., Hay, F.R. & Carstensen, J.M. 2015. A virtual seed file: the use of multispectral image analysis in the management of genebank seed accessions. Plant Genetic Resources. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1479262115000362 Whitehouse, K.J., Hay, F.R. & Ellis, R.H. 2015. Increases in the longevity of desiccation-phase developing rice seeds: response to high temperature drying depends on harvest moisture content. Annals of Botany, 116: 247–259. Hay, F.R., de Guzman, F. & Sackville Hamilton, N.R. 2015. Viability monitoring intervals for genebank samples of Oryza sativa. Seed Science and Technology, 43: 218–237. Hay, F.R., Timple, S. & van Duijn, B. 2015. Can chlorophyll fluorescence be used to determine the optimal time to harvest rice seeds for long-term genebank storage? Seed Science Research, 25: 321–334. Hay, F.R., Mead, A. & Bloomberg, M. 2014. Modelling seed germination in response to continuous variables: use and limitations of probit analysis and alternative approaches. Seed Science Research, 24: 165–186. Hay, F.R. & Probert, R.J. 2013. Advances in seed conservation of wild plant species: a review of recent research. Conservation Physiology, 1: Issue 110.1093/conphys/cot030 Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery PI for two collecting projects (East Africa and Bangladesh) IRRI Recommendation Action Plan (Genebank CRP project) Seed Longevity Initiative of CGIAR Genebanks (Genebank CRP project). Role in the Genebank Platform Deputy Head, T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center at IRRI, Head of conservation research and leading research activities on seed longevity. 97 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Jan KREUZE Current position and affiliation Head, Germplasm Health Unit, CIP Profile Plant virology, molecular diagnostics and genetic engineering Employment 2011 to present Global Science leader Virology, Bacteriology and Diagnostics. CIP, Peru. 2006-2011 Molecular virologist CIP. CIP, Peru. 2003-2006 Associate Expert in Molecular Virology. CIP, Peru. 2002-2003 Research scientist. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden. Education PhD Virology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Ir. (MSc) in plant breeding at Wageningen Agricultural University Selected publications Untiveros M, Olspert A, Artola K, Firth AE, Kreuze JF and Valkonen JPT (2016) A novel sweet potato potyvirus ORF is expressed via polymerase slippage and suppresses RNA silencing. Molecular Plant Pathology in press, DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12366 Kyndt T, Quispe D, Zhai H, Jarret RL, Ghislain M, Q-C Liu, Gheysen G, Kreuze JF (2015) The genome of cultivated sweetpotato contains Agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: an example of a naturally transgenic food crop Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112, 18: 5844–5849, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1419685112 Gibson R, Kreuze J. (2015) Degeneration in sweetpotato due to viruses, virus cleaned planting material and reversion: a review. Plant Pathology, 64, 1–15 Doi: 10.1111/ppa.12273 Boonham, N., Kreuze, J., Winter, S., van der Vlugt, R., Bergervoet, J., Tomlinson, J., Mumford, R. (2014) Methods in virus diagnostics: From ELISA to next generation sequencing. Virus research 186: 20-31 DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.007 Cuellar, W.J., Kreuze, J.F., Rajamäki, M.L., Cruzado, K.R., Untiveros, M., and Valkonen, J.P.T. (2009) Elimination of antiviral defense by viral RNase III. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 10354-10358 DOI 10.1073/pnas.0806042106 Kreuze, J.F., Pérez, A., Untiveros, M., Quispe, D., Fuentes, S., Barker, I., Simon, R. (2009) Complete viral genome sequence and discovery of novel viruses by deep sequencing of small RNAs: a generic method for diagnosis, discovery and sequencing of viruses. Virology 388: 1-7 DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.024 Role in the Genebank Platform GHU leader. Routine diagnostics of all germplasm entering and leaving CIP-Lima, development of improved diagnostics methods and support of diagnostics to ensure germplasm health in regional distribution hubs. 98 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Lava KUMAR Current position and affiliation Head, Germplasm Health Unit/Virologist; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria Profile Virology; molecular biology; epidemiology; diagnostics; phytosanitation; germplasm health management; host plant resistance; IPM & IDM; germplasm indexing; production of disease-free planting material; international exchange of germplasm; knowledge and technology dissemination Employment 2010 to present: Head, Germplasm Health Unit / Virologist, IITA, Nigeria 2007 to 2010: Virologist (West & Central Africa): IITA, Nigeria 2005 to 2007: Scientist – Virology: ICRISAT, India 2004 to 1999: Special Project Scientist (Virology): ICRISAT, India Education PhD Virology. Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India MSc Virology Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India Selected publications Kumar, P.L., Selvarajan, R., Iskra-Caruana, M.-L., Chabannes, M. & Hanna, R. 2015. Biology, etiology and control of virus diseases of banana and plantain. Advances in Virus Research, 91: 229–269. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.006] Kamowa-Mbewe, W., Kumar, P.L., Changadeya, W., Ntawuruhunga, P. & Legg, J.P. 2015. Diversity, distribution and effects on cassava cultivars of cassava brown streak viruses in Malawi. Journal of Phytopathology, 163(6): 433–443. [doi: 10.1111/jph.12339] Silva, G., Bömer, M., Nkere, C., Kumar, P.L. & Seal, S.E. 2015. Rapid and specific detection of Yam mosaic virus by reverse-transcription recombinase polymerase amplification. Journal of Virological Methods, 222: 138–144. [Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.06.011] Patil, B.L. & Kumar, P.L. 2015. Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus: a legume-infecting Emaravirus from South Asia. Molecular Plant Pathology, 16(8): 775–786. [Doi. No. 10.1111/mpp.12238] Kumar, P.L., Hanna, R., Alabi, O.J., Soko, M.M., Oben, T.T., Vangu, G.H.P. & Naidu, R.A. 2011. Banana bunchy top virus in sub-Saharan Africa: investigations on virus distribution and diversity. Virus Research, 159: 171–182. Gerald Otti, G., Bouvaine, S., Kimata, B., Mkamillo, G., Kumar, P.L., Tomlins, K., Maruthi, M.N. 2016. High throughput multiplex real time PCR assay method for the simultaneous quantification of DNA and RNA viruses infecting cassava plants. Applied Microbiology (forthcoming). Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Initiated BBTV Alliance in 2009, for BBTD control in Africa; Led disease component of GLCI, funded by BMGF, which led to the mapping of cassava brown streak in East Africa and also development of diagnostic capacity; Led, plant health component of seed yam of YIIFSWA project funded by BMGF; Advisory member and observer of the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council. Role in the Genebank Platform Liaison with CGIAR GHUs on needs assessment and priorities; link to AFS CRPs on RTB, MAIZE and DCLASS. 99 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Safaa KUMARI Current position and affiliation Head of ICARDA Seed Health Lab/Plant Virologist, ICARDA, Terbol Station, Lebanon Profile Monitoring the seed health status and safe movement of germplasm and breeding lines during seed exchanges. Working on all possible approaches to reduce losses caused by viruses affecting cereal and legume crops in CWANA countries. Development of screening methodology to identify sources of virus resistance. Development of diagnostic kits for the detection of specific cereal and legume viruses. Conducting virus disease surveys in collaboration with NARS to quantify virus incidence. Employment 2015 to present Head of ICARDA Seed Health Lab/Plant Virologist, ICARDA, Terbol, Lebanon 2012-2015 Plant Virologist, ICARDA, in Tunisia 2003-2012 Plant Virologist, ICARDA, in Aleppo, Syria Education PhD Luteoviruses in food legumes. Aleppo University, Syria. MSc Seed-borne viruses of lentil. Tishreen University, Syria. Selected publications Kraberger, S., S.G. Kumari, A.A. Hamed, B. Gronenborn, J.E. Thomas, M. Sharman, G.W. Harkins, B.M. Muhire, D.P. Martin and A. Varsani. 2015. Molecular diversity of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus in Sudan: High rates of intra-species recombination – a driving force in the emergence of new strains. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 29: 203–215. Ghannam, A., S.G. Kumari, S. Muyldermans and A.Q. Abbady. 2015. Camelid nanobodies with high affinity for broad bean mottle virus: a possible promising tool to immunomodulate plant resistance against viruses. Plant Molecular Biology, 87: 355-369. Makkouk, K.M., S.G. Kumari, J.A.G. van Leur and R.A.C. Jones. 2014. Control of plant virus diseases in cool- season grain legume crops. Advances in Virus Research, 90: 207-253. Mumtaz, H., S.G. Kumari, S. Mansoor, D.P. Martin and R.W. Briddon. 2011. Analysis of the sequence of a dicot-infecting mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae) originating from Syria. Virus Genus, 42: 422-428. Kumari, S.G., I. Muharram, K. M. Makkouk, A. Al-Ansi, R. El-Pasha, W. A. Al-Motwkel, A. Haj Kassem. 2006. Identification of viral diseases affecting barley and bread wheat crops in Yemen. Australasian Plant Pathology, 35: 563-568. Kumari, S.G. and K.M. Makkouk. 2003. Differentiation among Bean leafroll virus susceptible and resistant lentil and faba bean genotypes on the basis of virus movement and multiplication. Journal of Phytopathology, 151: 19-25. Kumari, S.G., K.M. Makkouk, L. Katul and H.J. Vetten. 2001. Polyclonal antibodies to the bacterially expressed coat protein of Faba bean necrotic yellows virus. Journal of Phytopathology, 149:543-550. Role in the Genebank Platform Monitoring and clearance of germplasm shipments from quarantine risks (insect pests, pathogens and weeds) associated with the movement of germplasm. 100 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Isabel LÓPEZ NORIEGA Current position and affiliation Policy specialist, Bioversity International Profile Policy research, analysis and advocacy in the area of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; design and coordination of multi-country projects on the conservation and use of crop diversity, involving research and development partners at local, national and international levels; capacity building for the implementation of international conventions on genetic resources; representation in the CGIAR Centres (up to 2012) and Bioversity International in the governing bodies and negotiating working groups of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore. Employment 2006 to Present: Scientist and Policy specialist, Bioversity International 2000–2006: Junior researcher at the Unesco Chair for the Environment, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid Education MA International Biodiversity Law, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain Law, five year degree, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Selected publications López Noriega, I. 2016. Defensive protection of farmers’ varieties. In: M. Halewood (ed.). Farmers' Crop Varieties and Farmers' Rights: Challenges in Taxonomy and Law. Routledge, London & New York. Jarvis, D.I., Hodgkin, T., Brown, A., Tuxill, J., López Noriega, I., Smale, M. & Sthapit, B. 2016. Crop Genetic Diversity in the Field and on the Farm. Principles and Applications in Research Practices. Yale University Press, New Haven & London. Maggioni, L., López Noriega, I., Lapeña García, I. & Engels, J. 2015. Collecting plant genetic resources in Europe: a survey of legal requirements and practical experiences. In: B. Coolsaet, F., Batur, A. Broggiato, J. Pitseys and Dedeurwaerdere (eds.). Implementing the Nagoya Protocol: Comparing Access and Benefit-sharing Regimes in Europe. Brill/Nijhof, Enschede, Netherlands. Halewood, M., López Noriega, I. & Louafi, S. (eds.). 2013. Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons. Challenges in international law and governance. Routledge, London & New York. López Noriega, I., Halewood, M., Galluzzi, G., Vernooy, R., Bertacchini, E., Gauchan, D. & Welch, E. 2013. How Policies Affect the Use of Plant Genetic Resources: The Experience of the CGIAR. Resources, 2(3): 231–269. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery 2012–2016 Grant manager and coordinator of the project “Improving seed systems for smallholder farmers’ food security”, US$ 2 million, funded by SDC and implemented in five countries. 2006–2016 Member of the Bioversity team in charge of the Genetic Resource Policy Initiative, ca. US$ 10 million , funded by DGIS and implemented in 13 countries and two regions. 2006–2012 Policy-related assistance to CGIAR Centres under the System-wide Genetic Resource Programme. Role in the Genebank Platform Policy specialist. 101 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Charlotte LUSTY Current position and affiliation Genebank Program Coordinator, Global Crop Diversity Trust Profile Project management, genetic resources conservation, animal-plant interactions, botany Employment 2008 to present Senior Scientist, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Italy & Germany 2000–2007 Scientist, Bioversity International, France 1994–2000 Research Officer, UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Center, UK 1991–1993 Field Researcher, Jane Goodall Insitute, Tanzania Education BSc (Hons) Degree in Zoology (2.1) University of Edinburgh Selected publications: Lusty, C., Guarino, L, Toll, J. & Lainoff, B. 2014. Genebanks: past, present and optimistic future. In: N Van Alfen (ed.). Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems. Academic Press. McCouch, S. et al. 2013. Agriculture feeding the future. Nature, 499: 23–24. doi:10.1038/499023a Ngoh Newilah, G., Lusty, C., Van den Bergh, I., Akyeampong, E., Davey, M.W., & Tomekpe, K. 2008. Evaluating bananas and plantains grown in Cameroon as a potential source of carotenoids. Food-Global Science Books, 2 (2): , 135 –138. Davey, M.W., E. Stals, E., G. Ngoh Newilah, G., K. Tomekpe, K., C. Lusty, C., R. Markham, R., R. Swennen, R., & J. Keulemans, J. 2007. Sampling strategies and variability in fruit pulp micronutrient contents in West and Central African bananas and plantains (Musa species). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(7): . 2633–2644. Lusty, C. & J. Yuen, J. 2005. Documenting the ‘3M’ Approach in Genetic Resources Policy Initiative. GRPI working paper. Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. & MacKinven, A. 1998. The world list of threatened trees. World Conservation Press. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and deliver Coordinates the current Genebank CRP. Coordinated and played a key role in the genebank costing study which lead to the publication of Shands, H., Hawtin, G. & MacNeil, G. 2010. The Cost to the CGIAR Centres of maintaining and distributing germplasm. Also managed or managed components of the following large projects: “Securing the Biological Basis of Agriculture and Promoting New and Fuller Use of Crop Genetic Resources”funded by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; HarvestPlus Challenge Programme initiative to address micronutrient-deficiencies with high-provitamin A plantain cultivars; Global Conservation Strategy for Musa; “Conservation and Sustainable Management of Trees”, funded by the Government of the Netherlands. Role in the Genebank Platform Platform Coordinator 102 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Sebastien MASSART Current position and affiliation Associated Professor, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège. In collaboration with Bioversity International Profile Expertise in plant pathology, diagnostic protocol development and routine application (in public and private organizations), and virus sanitation of Musa germplasm. Employment 2015 to present Associate Professor, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, GxABT, University of Liège, Belgium 2014 Post-doc scientist, Department of microbiology, University of Girona, Spain 2013-2014 Post-doc scientist, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, GxABT, University of Liège, Belgium 2010-2013 Business Development Manager, DNAVision S.A. (company of diagnostic service), Belgium Education PhD in Agronomical sciences and biological engineering, GxABT, University of Liège, Belgium Agronomical engineer, GxABT, University of Liège, Belgium Selected publications: Massart, S., Olmos, A., Jijakli, H., & Candresse, T. (2014). Current impact and future directions of high throughput sequencing in plant virus diagnostics. Virus Research, 188, 90-96. Massart, S., Olmos, A., Jijakli, H., & Candresse, T. (2014). Diagnosis of viral diseases and high throughput sequencing: Towards a paradigm shift? Virologie, 18(V), 247-250. Massart, S., Nagy, C., & Jijakli, H. (2014). Development of the simultaneous detection of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 and clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus in potato tubers by a multiplex real-time PCR assay. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 138, 29-37. De Clerck, C., Fujiwara, A., Joncour, P., Léonard, S., Félix, M.-L., Francis, F., Jijakli, H., Tsuchida, T., & Massart, S. (2015). A metagenomic approach from aphid’s hemolymph sheds light on the potential roles of co-existing endosymbionts. Microbiome, 3(63). Massart, S., Brostaux, Y., Barbarossa, L., Batlle, A., Cesar, V., Dutrecq, O., Fonseca, F., Guillem, R., Komorowska, B., Olmos, A., Steyer, S., Wetzel, T., Kummert, J., & Jijakli, H. (2009). Interlaboratory Evaluation Of Two Reverse-Transcriptase Polymeric Chain Reaction-Based Methods For Detection Of Four Fruit Tree Viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 154(1), 133-141. Role in the Genebank Platform Virus indexing and sanitation of Musa germplasm on behalf of Bioversity International. 103 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Monica MEZZALAMA Current position and affiliation Head Seed Health Laboratory and Plant Pathologist, CIIMYT, Mexico Profile Plant pathology, with an emphasis on biological control, chemical control, epidemiology of foliar and root diseases on cereals, seed borne pathogens, phytosanitary management of germplasm movement, and standardization of plant pathogen detection protocols. Responsibilities have included supervision of a seed health laboratory, seed multiplication sites and international seed distribution activities; preparation and implementation of protocols to avoid and detect the unintentional presence of transgenes in maize germplasm; and quality management systems, genetic resources conservation, animal-plant interactions, botany. Employment 2000 to present Senior Scientist, Plant Pathologist and Head, Seed Health Laboratory, CIMMYT 2004-2008 Head of Seed Inspection and Distribution Unit, CIMMYT 1997-2000 Consultant Plant Pathologist, CIMMYT 1994-1996 Assistant Professor at Dipartimento di Valorizzazione e Protezione delle Risorse Agroforestali- Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, University of Turin, Italy Education PhD in Plant Pathology (Mycology) University of Bologna, Italy Diploma di Laurea in Scienze Agrarie (108/110) (agronomy), University of Turin, Italy Selected publications: Duveiller E. Mezzalama M., Legreve A. 2014. Wheat Grain Chain: Good Practices for Minimizing the Risk of Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Contamination in Nontraditional Warmer Wheat-Growing Areas. In: Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains. J. F. Leslie and A F. Logrieco Ed. pp. 220-229. John Wiley &Sons, USA, UK. Martinez-Cisneros B A, Juarez-Lopez G, Valencia-Torres N, Duran-Peralta E., Mezzalama M. 2014. First report of bacterial stalk rot of maize caused by Dickeya zeae in Mexico. Plant Disease, 98, 9, 1267. M. Mezzalama, Crouch J. Ortiz r. 2009. Monitoring the threat of unintentional transgene flow into maize gene banks and breeding materials. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, October 15, 2009 No. 4. http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/archive.html. Ortiz, R., et al. 2008. Wheat genetic resources enhancement by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55(7):1095-1140. Ortiz R., Taba S., Chavez Tovar V., Mezzalama M., Xu Y., Yan J.,Crouch J. 2010. Conserving and enhancing maize genetic resources as global public goods: a perspective from CIMMYT. Crop Science, 50:13-28. Role in the Genebank Platform GHU leader. Testing maize and wheat seed for the presence of pathogens of quarantine or economic importance is the first step for fostering a safe exchange of germplasm around the world. In addition maize germplasm that is stored in CIMMYT Wellhausen and Anderson Germplasm Collection must be conserved free from transgenes that may occur unintentionally. My active role is the coordination, supervision and implementation of the related laboratory activities. 104 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Alice MUCHUGI Current position and affiliations January 2014 to date Genetic Resource Unit Manager, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi. Profile More than 15 years’ experience in research on sustainable utilization and conservation of indigenous plant genetic resources. Research mainly on morphological, biochemical and genetic characterization of plant germplasm Employment History 2007–2013: Consultant, Genetic Resource Unit Manager, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi. 2002 –2013: Senior Lecturer: Dept of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Kenya. 2001 –2002: Lecturer: Nairobi Technical Training Institute, Kenya Education PhD in Population Genetics, Kenyatta University, Kenya MSc in Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Kenya BSc in Agriculture, Egerton University, Kenya Selected publications: Makueti, J.T., Otieno, G., Tchoundjeu, Z., Muchugi, A., Tsobeng, A., Asaah, E. & Kariba, R. 2015. Genetic diversity of Dacryodes edulis provenances used in controlled breeding trials, Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 7(12): 327–339. DOI: 10.5897/JPBCS2015.0511 Gwali, S., Vaillant, A., Nakabonge, G., Lamoris Okullo, J.B., Eilu, G., Muchugi, A. & Bouvet, J.M. 2014. Genetic diversity in shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa subspecies nilotica) ethno-varieties in Uganda assessed with microsatellite markers. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 24(3): 163-175. Macharia, M.W., Run, S., Muchugi, A. & Palapala, V. 2014. Genetic structure and diversity of East African taro (Colocasia esculenta L Schott) African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(29): 2950–2955. Russell, J.R., Hedley, P.E., Cardle, L., Dancey, S., Morris, J., Booth, A., Odee, D., Mwaura, L., Omondi, W., Angaine, P., Machua, J., Muchugi, A., Milne, I., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R. & Dawson, I.K. 2014. tropiTree: An NGS-Based EST-SSR Resource for 24 Tropical Tree Species. PLoS ONE, 9(7): e102502. Wanjala, B.W., Obonyo, M., Wachira, F.N., Muchugi, A., Mulaa, M., Harvey, J., Skilton, R.A., Proud, J. & Hanson, J. 2013. Genetic diversity in Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cultivars: implications for breeding and conservation. AoB PLANTS, 5: plt022; doi:10.1093/aobpla/plt022 Muchugi, A., Muluvi, G.M., Kindt, R., Kadu, C.A.C., Simons, A.J. & Jamnadass, R.H. 2008. Genetic structuring of important medicinal species of genus Warburgia as revealed by AFLP analysis. Trees Genetics and Genome, 4: 787–795. Muchugi, A.M., Lengkeek, A.G., Agufa, C.A.C, Muluvi, G.M., Njagi, E.N.M. & Dawson, I.K. 2006. Genetic variation in the threatened medicinal tree Prunus africana in Kenya and Cameroon: implications for current management and evolutionary history. South African Journal of Botany, 72: 498–506. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and deliver ICRAF Focal person CRP Genebanks (2012–2016), managing Genebank in Nairobi and field genebanks in six regions. Project PI Lake Victoria Research (VicRes) Grant (2008–2011) implemented in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Role in the Genebank Platform ICRAF Genebank Manager-Focal point person in the platform. Oversee activities in the Conservation and Use Modules. 105 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Marie-Noëlle NDJIONDJOP Current position and affiliation Head of Genetic Resources, Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Cotonou, Benin Profile Scientist and manager in agricultural research for development, with progressive career as Post- Doctoral fellow, Associate Principal Scientist and Principal Scientist at international levels. Attained Doctorate Degree in Plant Biology with emphasis on biochemistry and molecular biology, and with strong background in research for development in rice genetic resources and biotechnology for rice improvement; research management and coordination; and leadership and team management. Received the 2005 Director General’s Service award for an impressive contribution to resource mobilization and strengthening scientific capacity at The Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice). Received Dr. Robert J. Carsky Memorial Award in recognition of outstanding service and contribution to the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) for the period 2011–2012. Employment 2013 to date: Head of Genetic Resources (AfricaRice) 2012 to 2013: Senior Molecular Biologist and GRiSP Theme 1 Leader for Africa (AfricaRice) Education PhD in Plant Biology, University of Montpellier MSc in Nutrition in Developing Countries, University of Montpellier MSc in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Montpellier BSc in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Montpellier Selected publications: Wang, M., Yu, Y., Haberer, G., Marri, P.R., Fan, C., Goicoechea, J.L., Ndjiondjop, M.N. & Wing, R.A. 2014. The genome sequence of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and evidence for independent domestication. Nature Genetics, 46: 982–988. Ndjiondjop, M.N., Futakuchi, K., Cisse, F., Baimey, H., & Bocco, R. 2012. Field evaluation of rice genotypes from the two cultivated species (Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and their interspecifics for tolerance to drought. Crop Science, 52(2): 524–538. [DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2011.05.0] Bocco, R., et al. 2012. Agro-morphological characterization of a population of introgression lines derived from crosses between IR 64 (Oryza sativa indica) and TOG 5681 (Oryza glaberrima) for drought tolerance. Plant Science 183: 65–76. Ndjiondjop, M.N., Manneh, B., Cissoko, M., Drame, N.K., Glele Kakai, R., Bocco, R., Baimey, H. & Wopereis, M. 2010. Drought resistance in an interspecific backcross population of rice (Oryza spp.) derived from the cross WAB56-104 (O. sativa) × CG14 (O. glaberrima). Plant Science, 179: 364–373. Albar, L., Bangratz, M., Hébrard, E., Ndjiondjop, M.N., Jones, M.P. & Ghesquière, A. 2006. Mutations in the eIF(iso)4G translation initiation factor confer high resistance of rice to Rice yellow mottle virus. Plant Journal, 47: 417–426. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery I worked with several projects for more than US$ 1.7 million funded by The Generation Challenge Programme. 3-year USAID-funded project to support the training of scientists and young students from NARS countries, and to invest in facilities with the view to establish molecular biology laboratories in the NARS countries. Role in the Genebank Platform Genebank manager. Implement activities of Conservation and Use Modules. 106 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Matija OBREZA Current position and affiliation Information Systems Manager, Global Crop Diversity Trust Profile 20 years of experience in design and development of software applications. He moved from the private sector to IITA in 2007, where he implemented a series of IT solutions, including barcoding the genebank collections. Matija joined the Crop Trust in 2013 to manage development of Genesys, the global database on PGRFA maintained in genebanks around the world. Since then Matija’s role extended to include responsibility for internal IT systems of the Crop Trust as well as overseeing information needs of all projects implemented by the organization. Employment 2014–2016: Information Systems Manager, Global Crop Diversity Trust 2013–2014: Genesys II Project Manager, Global Crop Diversity Trust 2011–2013: Software Developer, CELSTEC, Open Universiteit Nederland 2007–2011: Software Development Service Manager, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Education BSc in Computer and Information Science (level ISCED 5A) at University of Maribor, Slovenia. Selected publications N/A Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery N/A Role in the Genebank Platform Software developer and manager of Genesys, Backstopping of information management activities in the genebanks 107 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Thomas PAYNE Current position and affiliation Head, Wellhausen-Anderson Wheat Genetic Resources Collection; Head, International Wheat Improvement Network. CIMMYT-Mexico; Profile Wheat breeder, pathologist Employment 2005 to present: Head, Wellhausen-Anderson Wheat Genetic Resources Collection. CIMMYT-Mexico. 2000 to present: Head, International Wheat Improvement Network. CIMMYT-Mexico. 2003 –2005; 2009 – present: Secretary, CIMMYT Board of Trustees. 2001 –2003: Assistant/Interim Director, Wheat Program. CIMMYT-Mexico.. 1997 –2000: Regional Wheat Breeder/Pathologist. CIMMYT-Ethiopia. 1994 –1997: Team Leader and Wheat Breeder. CIMMYT-Zimbabwe. 1991 –1994: Facultative and Winter Wheat Breeder. CIMMYT-Turkey and CIMMYT/ICARDA-Syria. Education PhD. Winter Wheat Breeding. University of Nebraska. Major: Agronomy – Plant Breeding. MSc. Oats Breeding. University of Minnesota. Major: Plant Breeding. Selected publications Prashant Vikram, Jorge Franco, Juan Burgueno-Ferrera, Huihui Li, and 18 others. 2016. Unlocking the genetic diversity of Creole wheats. 2016. Nature Scientific Reports, 6: Article number: 23092 [doi:10.1038/srep23092]. Huihui Li, et al., 2015. A high density GBS map of bread wheat and its application for dissecting complex disease resistance traits. BMC Genomics, 16: 216 [DOI 10.1186/s12864-015-1424-5] Sehgal, D., Vikram, P., Sansaloni, C.P., Ortiz, C., Pierre, C.S., Payne, T., Ellis, M., Amri, A., Petroli, C.D., Wenzl, P. & Sukhwinder-Singh. 2015. Exploring and mobilizing the gene bank biodiversity for wheat improvement. PLoS ONE, 10(7): e0132112. [doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132112] Vivi, N., Arief, I.H., DeLacy, J.C.,, Payne, T. Singh, R., Braun, H.-J., Tian, T., Basford, K.E. & Dieters, M.J. 2015. Evaluating testing strategies for plant breeding field trials: redesigning a CIMMYT International Wheat Nursery. Crop Science, 55: 164–177 [doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.06.0415] Hazekamp, Th. Payne, T. S. & Sackville Hamilton, N.R. 2014. Assessing rice and wheat germplasm collections using similarity groups. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 61: 841–851 [DOI 10.1007/s10722-014-0079-4] Mathews, K.L., Chapman, S.C., Trethowan, R., Pfeiffer, W., van Ginkel, M., Crossa, J., Payne, T., DeLacy, I., Fox, P.N. & Cooper, M. 2007. Global adaptation patterns of Australian and CIMMYT spring bread wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 115(6): 819–835 [DOI 10.1007/s00122-007-0611-4] Trethowan, R.M., van Ginkel, M., Ammar, K., Crossa, J., Payne, T.S., Cukadar, B., Rajaram, S. & Hernandez, E. 2003. Associations among twenty years of international bread wheat yield evaluation environments. Crop Science, 43: 1698–1711. Pretorius, Z.A., Singh, R.P., Wagoire, W.W. & Payne. T.S. 2000. Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Disease, 84: 203. Role in the Genebank Platform Genebank manager, Member of Executive Committee of A15 Group and Management Team, Oversee “Frontrunner” position for GRIN-Global development and adoption. Activities in Conservation and Use Modules. 108 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Nicolas ROUX Current position and affiliation Senior scientist, Genetic Resources Group Leader, Bioversity International, Montpellier, France. Profile Main interest in genetic resources and more specifically in the conservation and use of vegetatively propagated crops. 28 years experience in research on bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) from plant to tissue culture, cell culture, cytogenetics and DNA sequences. Employment 2003 to present: Senior scientist, Genetic Resources Group Leader, Bioversity International, Montpellier, France. 2002–2003: Consultant, Musa Genome Resource Centre at the Institute of Experimental Botany (IEB), Olomouc, Czech Republic. 1993–2002: Research Scientist, FAO/IAEA Laboratories in Seibersdorf, Austria. 1990–1993: Laboratory director for Agricar c.a., Hacienda Carabobo, Caracas, Venezuela. Education PhD Plant Botany, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic. MSc Biotechnology, Horticulture, Superior Industrial Institute of State, Gembloux, Belgium Selected publications Kagy, V., Wong, M., Van den Broucke, H., Jenny, C., Dubois, C., Ollivier, B., Cardi, C., Mournet, P., Tuia, V., Roux, N., Dolezel, J. & Perrier, X. 2016. Traditional banana diversity in Oceania: an endangered heritage. PLoS ONE, 11(3): e0151208 [doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151208] Čížková, J., Hřibová, E., Christelová, P., Van den Houwe, I., Häkkinen, M., Roux, N., Swennen, R. & Doezel, J. 2015. Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of wild Musa species. PLoS ONE, 10(8): e0134096. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134096 Cenci, A., Guignon, V., Roux, N. & Rouard, M. 2014. Genomic analysis of NAC transcription factors in banana (Musa acuminata) and definition of NAC orthologous groups for monocots and dicots. Plant Molecular Biology, 85(1-2): 63–80. Hribova, E., Christelova, P., Roux, N. & Dolezel, J. 2013. A simple and robust approach for genotyping in Musaceae. Acta Horticulturae, no. 986: 241–246. D'Hont, A., Denoeud, F., Aury, J.M., Baurens, F.C., Carreel, F., Garsmeur, O., Noel, B., Bocs, S., Droc, G., Rouard, M. & Roux, N. 2012. The banana (Musa acuminata) genome and the evolution of monocotyled- onous plants. Nature, 488(7410): 213–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11241 Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Leading the Musa Genetic Resources Group at Bioversity International, MusaNet Coordinator, GMGC Coordinator, Genetic Resources Theme Leader (Theme 1) of Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) CRP during Phase 1. Role in the Genebank Platform Focal point for Bioversity International. Role in Conservation and Use Modules. Cryopreservation, genomics to genebanks, new methods for virus indexing and sanitation. 109 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Rajan SHARMA Current position and affiliation Senior Scientist Cereals Pathology & Head Plant Quarantine Unit, ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India. Profile Research on diagnostic tools for identification of plant pathogens; seed health tests of accessions for conservation as well as for export; monitoring virulence spectrum of pathogens and identification of resistance sources; development of PCR-compatible markers and their use in genetic diversity assessment and molecular mapping of disease resistance genes; elucidating molecular basis of host- pathogen interaction; identification and characterization of toxigenic Fusaria; chief editor, Indian Journal of Plant Protection. Employment 2011- present Senior Scientist, Cereals Pathology & Head PQU, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. 2010-2011 Senior Scientist, Cereals Pathology, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. 2006-2010 Scientist, Cereals Pathology, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. 2005-2006 Project Scientist, HP Agriculture University, Palampur, India. Education PhD Plant Pathology, H.P. Agricultural University, Palampur, India. MSc Plant Pathology, H.P. Agricultural University, Palampur, India. Selected publications Anitha K, Humayun P, Kumar GS, Chakrabarty SK, Rameash K, Sharma R and Babu BS. 2016. Incidence of blast in exotic finger millet germplasm grown in post-entry quarantine isolation area. Conference on National Priorities in Plant Health Management February 4-5, 2016, Tirupati, pp 134-135. Kishore Babu B and Sharma R. 2015. TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Sclerospora graminicola, the causal agent of pearl millet downy mildew. Eur J Plant Pathol 142:149-158. Sharma R et al. 2015. New Sources of Resistance to Multiple Pathotypes of Sclerospora graminicola in the Pearl Millet Mini Core Germplasm Collection. Crop Science 55:1-10. Sharma R et al. 2014. Identification of blast resistance in a core collection of foxtail millet germplasm. Plant Disease 98:519-524. Sharma R et al. 2013. Pathogenic variation in the pearl millet blast pathogen, Magnaporthe grisea and identification of resistance to diverse pathotypes. Plant Disease 97:189-195. Sharma R et al. 2011. Identification and characterization of toxigenic Fusaria associated with sorghum grain mold complex in India. Mycopathologia 171:223–230. Sharma R et al. 2010. Resistance to grain mold and downy mildew in a mini-core collection of sorghum germplasm. Plant Disease 94:439-444. Role in the Genebank Platform GHU leader. The Plant Quarantine Unit (PQU) caters to the plant quarantine requirements of the ICRISAT scientific community with respect to the germplasm exchange of ICRISAT’s mandate crops and the small millets through National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) of the Indian Council of Agricultural research (ICAR), New Delhi, India. 110 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Hari Deo UPADHYAYA Current position and affiliation Head, Genebank, and Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India Profile Experience: 18 years (1997 to present) as genetic resources specialist and 24 years as groundnut breeder at ICRISAT Patancheru, India. Employment: 2009 to present: Principal Scientist and Head/Director (Genebank), ICRISAT, Patancheru, India 2010–2013: Assistant Director, Grain Legumes Research Program, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India 1991 to present: Senior Groundnut Breeder, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India 1987–1991: Oilseed Breeder, and Head of Oilseed Project, Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad, India Education PhD, Plant Breeding, GB Pant Univ. Agric. Technology, Pantnagar, India MSc, Plant Breeding, GB Pant Univ. Agric. Technology, Pantnagar, India Selected publications Upadhyaya, H.D., Bajaj, D. Naroliya, L. Das, S. Vinod Kumar, C.L.L. Gowda, S. Sharma, A. Tyagi, and S.K. Parida. 2016. Genome-wide scans for delineation of candidate genes regulating seed-protein content in chickpea. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 302. Upadhyaya, H.D., S.L. Dwivedi, S. Singh, K.L. Sahrawat, and S.K. Singh. 2016. Genetic variation and post- flowering drought effects on seed iron and zinc in ICRISAT sorghum mini core collection. Crop Science. 56, 374-384. Lasky, J.R., Upadhyaya, H.D., Ramu, P., Deshpande, S., Hash, C.T., Bonnette, J., Juenger, T.E., Hyma, K., Acharya, C., Mitchell, S.E., Buckler, E.S., Brenton, Z., Kresovich, S. & Morris. G.P. 2015. Genome- environment associations in sorghum landraces predict adaptive traits. Science Advances Kujur, A., Bajaj, D., Upadhyaya, H.D., Das, S., Ranjan, R., Shree, T., Saxena, M., Badoni, S., Kumar, V., Tripathy, S. Gowda, C.L.L. Sharma, S. Singh, S. Tyagi, A. &Parida S. 2015. A genome-wide SNP scan accelerates trait-regulatory genomic loci identification in chickpea. Nature Scientific Reports, 5: 11166 Westengen, O.T., Okongo, M.A. Onek, L.Berg, T. Upadhyaya, H.D. Birkeland, SKhalsa, .S.D.K. Kristoffer, H. K.H. Ring, N.C. Stenseth, and A.K. Brysting. 2014. Ethnolinguistic structuring of sorghum genetic diversity in Africa and the role of local seed systems. PNAS 111: 14100–14105. Upadhyaya, H.D., Dronavalli, N., Dwivedi, S.L., Kashiwagi, J., Krishnamurthy, L., Pande, S., Sharma, H.C., Vadez, V., Singh, S., Varshney, R.K. & Gowda, C.L.L. 2013. Mini-core collection as a resource for identifying new sources of variation. Crop Science, 53: 2506–2517. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery As Assistant Research Program Director, Grain Legumes, provided critical support in managing global research program on Grain Legumes at ICRISAT: Implemented GPG projects and upgraded genebank facility at Patancheru and regional genebanks in Africa; BMZ/GTZ project promoting on-farm conservation and utilization Asia (india) and Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda). Role in the Genebank Platform Head of ICRISAT genebank, implement the activities at the main genebank at Patancheru, India and three regional genebanks in Africa and implement activities of Conservation and Use Modules, assist in management of the Genebank Platform. 111 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Name: Peter WENZL Current position and affiliation Incoming Genetic Resources Program Leader, CIAT, Colombia Profile Characterization of genetic resources to identify and mobilize novel variation that accelerates genetic gains in breeding programs. Genotyping service provision; configuration of genotyping assays for a variety of purposes. Information management at the interface between genebanks and breeding programs. Employment 2015–2016: DivSeek Liaison, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Germany 2010–2014: Leader, Seeds of Discovery (SeeD) Project, CIMMYT, Mexico 2009–2010: Manager, Crop Informatics Team, CIMMYT, Mexico 2002–2009: Principal Scientist, Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) Pty. Ltd., Australia Education PhD, Plant Physiology & Genetics, University of Vienna, Austria MSc, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Vienna, Austria Selected publications Sehgal, D., Vikram, P., Sansaloni, C.P., Ortiz, C., Pierre, C.S., Payne, T., Ellis, M., Amri, A., Petroli, C.D., Wenzl, P. & Singh, S. 2015. Exploring and mobilizing the gene bank biodiversity for wheat improvement. PLoS ONE, 10: e0132112 McCouch, S. et al. 2013. Feeding the future. Nature, 499: 23–24. Bedo, J., Wenzl, P., Kowalczyk, A. & Kilian, A. 2008. Precision-mapping and statistical validation of quantitative trait loci by machine learning. BMC Genetics, 9: 35. Wenzl, P., Raman, H., Wang, J., Zhou, M., Huttner, E. & Kilian, A. 2007. A DArT platform for quantitative bulked segregant analysis. BMC Genomics, 8: 196. Wenzl, P., Carling, J., Kudrna, D., Jaccoud, D., Huttner, E., Kleinhofs, A. & Kilian, A 2004. Diversity arrays technology (DArT) for whole-genome profiling of barley. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101: 9915–9920. Other evidence of leadership, large-program management and delivery Led CIMMYT’s SeeD project team of 15 IRS and ca. 70 staff overall; SeeD systematically identifies and mobilizes useful genetic variation in genebanks into maize and wheat breeding programs. Substantially contributed to the start-up and success of a biotech company that provides high- throughput genotyping and informatics services to plant breeders and researchers. Completed the Emerging Leaders Training Program, Thunderbird School of Global Management, Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA. Role in the Genebank Platform (a) contribute to devising strategies to incorporate genotyping for quality-control purposes in the Conservation Module; (b) contribute to shaping the Use Module, particularly by forming interfaces to ‘genomics-of- genebanks’ projects; (c) act as liaison to the Excellence in Breeding Platform 112 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Annex 4. Interactions between the Genebank Platform, CRPs and other users The tables below summarize the interactions between the Genebank Platform and the Agri-Food System CRPs, Global Integrating CRPs, other Platforms and outside users. Table 1 lists activities of the Genebank Platform that contribute benefits to the CRPs/Platforms/users and benefits received by the Genebank Platform from the activities of the same CRPs/Platforms/users. The table combines information from the shared CRP draft proposals and the Genebank Platform proposal. Table 2 provides more detailed linkages and the mechanisms that will facilitate the achievement of specific outputs in each of the Genebank Platform Modules. Table 1. Generalized description of the interaction (contributing and receiving benefits) between the Genebank Platform and the other Platforms, CRPs and external partners and users Conservation Module: Policy Module: Engage in Support and improve Use Module: Empower CRP effective use of genetic genetic resources policy Comments essential genebank operations resources development and compliance Agrifood Systems CRPs Contributes: Assistance dealing with genetic resources access and benefit-sharing issues (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya Protocol, etc) Contributes: Source Contributes: Develop and Opportunities for and repository of deliver tools and services for coordinated engagement germplasm and data. users, such as subsets of germplasm based on in international genetic Capacity resources policy making priorities and needs set by Links with FP2 strengthening. processes the primary users (Pre-breeding Receives: Contributes & Receives: and trait Improved data to promote Novel trait and allele use of diversity Specific link with DCL FP3 discovery), FP3 DCL (Variety & hybrid creation (FP2). (Variety & hybrid Receives: development) regarding development) Develop and test Variety deployment access to genetic material and FP4 farmer preferred management systems and and PGR-related (Integrated land varieties (FP3). phenotyping platform (FP3). knowledge and FP 4, water and crop management). SOPs for nursery Innovations to manage regarding the research and seed abiotic and biotic stresses to development of health maintenance facilitate access and use guidelines on restoration (FP4). (FP4). methods based on genetic diversity and locally adapted varieties. Receives: Information on CRP’s experiences under different policy frameworks. Contributes: Source Contributes: Develop and Contributes: Assistance Mainly working FTA and repository of deliver tools and services for dealing with genetic with FP1: Tree germplasm and data. users, such as subsets of resources access and genetic 113 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Conservation Module: licy Module: Engage in CRP Support and improve Use Module: Po Empower genetic resources policy essential genebank effective use of genetic s esources development and Comment operations r compliance Feedback on germplasm based on benefit-sharing issues resources to germplasm evaluation. priorities and needs set by (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya bridge the primary users. Protocol, etc.). production gaps Collaboration on mote collecting where there Improved data to promote Opportunities for and pro resilience. are threats to in situ use of diversity coordinated engagement conserved tree genetic in international genetic Receives: Flowback of resources. information on use of resources policy making Capacity accessions processes. strengthening. Contributes & Receives: Specific linkage with FP1 Receives: which tackles PGR policy Tree genetic resources. issues at local, national and international scales. Receives: Information on CRP’s experiences under different policy frameworks. Contributes: Develop and Contributes: Assistance deliver tools and services for dealing with genetic users, such as subsets of resources access and germplasm based on benefit-sharing issues Contributes: Source priorities and needs set by (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya and repository of the primary users. Protocol, etc.). forage germplasm and data. Improved data to promote Opportunities for Key collaborator use of diversity coordinated engagement Livestock Capacity will be FP3: Framework for enhanced use in international genetic Animal Feeds strengthening. of forage seed material. resources policy making and Forages Receives: Knowledge processes Database & information about utilization of Receives: genetic resources. management. Receives: Flowback of Information on CRP’s information on use of experiences under accessions. different policy Flowback of information on use of access frameworks. Contributes: Source Contributes: Develop and Contributes: Resources and repository of deliver tools and services for and support to deal with germplasm and data. users, such as subsets of genetic resources access Key Capacity germplasm based on and benefit-sharing issues collaborators are strengthening. priorities and needs set by (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya FP 2: Novel the primary users. Protocol, etc.). diversity and Maize Receives: tools to increase Characterization and Improved data to promote Opportunities for exploration of the use of diversity coordinated engagement genetic gains genomic diversity of in international genetic and FP 3: Stress Receives: Tools for maize to identify and phenotyping and genotyping resources policy making tolerant and develop genetic maize germplasm for processes. nutritious maize. diversity for use by unlocking useful traits, and Receives: Information on 114 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Conservation Module: Policy Module: Engage in CRP Support and improve Use Module: Empower genetic resources policy essential genebank effective use of genetic operations resources development and Comments compliance breeding programs utilizing genetic resources in CRP’s experiences under (FP2). breeding for target traits different policy (FP3). frameworks. Database Stronger maize seed management/decision systems (FP3). support systems (FP2). Contributes: Source Contributes: Develop and and repository of deliver tools and services for germplasm and data to Contributes: Assistance users, such as subsets of increase the diversity dealing with genetic used in breeding germplasm based on resources access and activities. priorities and needs set by benefit sharing issues the primary users. (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya Capacity strengthening. Improved data to promote Protocol, etc.). use of diversity Opportunities for Key partners are Receives: Link to the coordinated engagement FP4: Global Rice Rice Receives: Data integration International Rice platform to store and in international genetic Array and FP5: Informatics analyse large dataset resources policy making New rice Consortium (IRIC) (FP5). generated from phenotyping processes. varieties. and genotyping. Receives: Information on Use of stored rice seeds (FP5). Knowledge of traits and CRP’s experiences under genes for different climate different policy Knowledge and advice conditions (FP4) frameworks. about health and Physical phenotyping longevity of stored platform (FP5). seeds (FP5). Contributes: Source and repository of Collaboration healthy clonal genetic Contributes: Develop and mainly through resources and data. deliver tools and services for Contributes: Assistance RTB FP1: Database & users, such as subsets of dealing with genetic Discovery information germplasm based on resources access and research for management. priorities and needs set by benefit-sharing issues enhanced the primary users. (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya utilization of RTB Capacity Protocol, etc.). genetic strengthening. Improved data to promote use of diversity resources; to a RTB Receives: Enhanced lesser extent and characterized Framework for enhanced use Contributes & Receives: FP2: Adapted genetic diversity (FP1). of clonal material. Collaboration to influence productive Methods for more Database & information changes in policy and varieties and efficient, cost – management. regulatory frameworks quality seed of for enhancing RTB crops are effective and secure Receives: Molecular and conservation and safe key methods for ex situ phenotypic characterization exchange of RTB genetic collaborators conservation (FP1). of material, including CWR diversity. (for pre- Marker systems to (FP1). breeding monitor genetic activities). integrity (FP1). 115 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Conservation Module: Policy Module: Engage in CRP Support and improve Use Module: Empower genetic resources policy essential genebank effective use of genetic operations resources development and Comments compliance Strengthened seed production technologies, seed quality control and improved disease diagnostics (FP2). Contributes: Source Contributes: Develop and Contributes: Assistance and repository of deliver tools and services for dealing with genetic germplasm and data. users, such as subsets of resources access and Capacity germplasm based on benefit-sharing issues strengthening. priorities and needs set by (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya Key interaction Protocol, etc.). with FP2: Novel the primary users. Receives: New diversity and knowledge, data per Improved data to promote Opportunities for tools for coordinated engagement Wheat accession (FP2&3). use of diversity improving in international genetic Efficient seed delivery Framework for enhanced use genetic gains resources policy-making systems (FP3). of genetic material. and breeding processes. and FP3: Better Contributes & Database & information Receives: Information on varieties reach Receives: Jointly management. CRP’s experiences under farmers faster. ensure international different policy germplasm exchange Receives: Developing of and use of PGRFA by phenotyping network frameworks. researchers (FP2&3). (FP2&3). Global Integrating CRPs Contributes: Source and repository of germplasm and data. Module 1 will Capacity No direct links; will link link with A4NH strengthening. No direct links. through appropriate AFS FP1: A4NH Receives: Contribution CRPs. Biofortification to the genetic in the genetic characterization of characterization staple crops and of PGR. under-utilized plant genetic resources. Contributes & Receives: Joint case studies, foresight activities, Link specifically No direct links; will link No direct links; will link analyses of global between Policy Module and through appropriate through appropriate AFS movements and uses of CCAFS CCAFS FP1: AFS CRPs. CRPs. genetic resources for ‘Priorities and climate change adaptation and mitigation policies for and related policy climate-smart frameworks, and agriculture’. economic analysis in 116 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Conservation Module: Policy Module: Engage in CRP Support and improve Use Module: Empower genetic resources policy essential genebank effective use of genetic operations resources development and Comments compliance CCAFS CoA 1.3. Interaction mainly through the Policy Module with Provides and Receives: PIM FP1: Research partnership Flagship 1, assessing the impacts of Cluster 1.2 on changes in the global ‘Technological policy landscape innovation and No direct links. No direct links. PIM governing the sustainable conservation, exchange, intensification: and use of genetic Science policy resources for food and and innovation agriculture, particularly systems for for national research sustainable systems. intensification’ and FP5: Governance of Natural Resources WLE No direct links. No direct links. No direct links. Platforms Contributes: Integration of Contributes: Source tool development and Contributes: Assistance and repository of service provision. dealing with genetic germplasm and data. Joint workshops and online resources access and Information on meetings to avoid benefit-sharing issues workflows (GGP M2). duplication of efforts and to (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya enhance cross-compatibility Protocol, etc.). Links provided Contributes & Excellence in of tools. Specifically, Opportunities for through Receives: Interaction Breeding with GGP M3 coordination with GGP coordinated engagement representation (Genotyping / modules 1 (“Breeding in international genetic in the module sequencing tools & program excellence”) and 5 resources policy making expert advisory groups. services) and M4 (“Bioinformatics and data processes (“Phenotyping tools & management tools & Receives: Information on services”) in support of services”). platform’s experiences seed characterization Receives: Tools that facilitate under different policy and automation. germplasm use (from GGP frameworks. M5). Contributes: Contributes: Integration of Contributes: Assistance tool development and TBD dealing with genetic Big Data service provision. resources access and Joint workshops and online benefit-sharing issues Receives: meetings to avoid (under ITPGRFA, Nagoya 117 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Conservation Module: Policy Module: Engage in CRP Support and improve Use Module: Empower genetic resources policy essential genebank effective use of genetic operations resources development and Comments compliance TBD duplication of efforts and to Protocol, etc.) concerning enhance cross-compatibility data. of tools. Opportunities for Receives: TBD coordinated engagement in international genetic resources policy making processes concerning data in particular Receives: Information on Platform’s experiences under different policy frameworks. Users outside CGIAR Contributes: Source and repository of germplasm and data. Safekeeping of safety Contributes: Develop and duplicates. deliver tools and services for Backstopping & users, such as subsets of support for national germplasm based on phytosanitary priorities and needs set by agencies. the primary users. Contributes: Capacity building for compliance Capacity strengthening Improved data to promote and implementation of (phytosanitary use of diversity the ITPGRFA and other There will be procedures, genebank Capacity building (data genetic resources policies representatives NARS, operations, seed management to promote the and laws. of NARS in universities longevity, QMS, data use of diversity, Genesys). Multistakeholder management, Contributes & Receives: PGR Policy Receives: Links will generally collecting). Knowledge exchange. Group. be through AFS CRPs, Capacity building for Receives: Source and although for several Centers implementing the repository of and crops, especially those ITPGRFA. germplasm and data. not covered by AFS CRPs, Partnership in diversity there are direct links with studies, collecting, users in generating capacity development, characterization & certain services (e.g. evaluation data. regeneration, disease- indexing) for some crops. Contributes: Source Contributes: Develop and Direct links with and repository of deliver tools and services for farmers/farmer Farmer germplasm and data. users, such as subsets of Contributes & Receives: groups will likely groups germplasm based on Knowledge exchange. be rare and Receives: Partnerships priorities and needs set by usually through in collecting. the primary users. the CRPs; they 118 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Conservation Module: Policy Module: Engage in CRP Support and improve Use Module: Empower genetic resources policy essential genebank effective use of genetic operations resources development and Comments compliance Source of germplasm Improved data to promote are often the and data. use of diversity result of historical links Some special Receives: Links will generally and projects. relationships linking to be through AFS CRPs, in situ conservation. although for several Centers There will be and crops, especially those farmer not covered by AFS CRPs, representatives there may be direct links in with users in generating Multistakeholder characterization & PGR Policy evaluation data. Group. Links will generally be Contributes: Source through AFS CRPs, although and repository of for several Centers and There will be representatives germplasm. crops, especially those not Private Sector Contributes & Receives: of PS in covered by AFS CRPs, there Knowledge exchange Multistakeholder may be direct links with Receives: Exchange of PGR Policy users in generating PGRFA. characterization &evaluation Group. data. 119 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Table 2 Detailed linkages and mechanisms for interaction for specific Module outputs Conservation Module Linkages CGIAR players Non-CGIAR playes Activity Outputs or Mechanism for suboutputs interaction Genebank Excellence in breeding Big Data AFS CRPs CCAFS ITPGRFA NARS NARS ARIs / genebanks breeders DivSeek Respond to germplasm/health Individual testing requests, interactions including In 1.1.2 Health Disease-free between provision of SMTA testing and germplasm distributing distributed upon genebank/GHU and & additional Potential recipient Major recipient Recipient Major recipient Recipient germplasm request user facilitated by services Genesys/online databases Proactively seeks feedback from user RTB 1.2.2. Step change Researching increase in length RTB only has Focus on seed complementa Collaborators conservation of time component of longevity & ry research to and potential methods germplasm may related activities cryobanking improve conservation providers be stored where funded Consultation process to identify priorities & 1.2.4 Improving datasets for representationan Increased analysis. conservation alysing diversity, identifying gaps, globally. New Survey tools & Lead consultation Key player Priority trait Consultative Key partner in Consultativ identification partner and analysis and e partner Consultative eliminating unique incentives process and involved in the & potential data collecting and data partner duplicates and germplasm with analysis analysis desired traits in Specialist focal data provider provider missions provider collecting collections points to interact with users within genebanks 120 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Activity Outputs or Mechanism for suboutputs interaction Genebank Excellence in breeding Big Data AFS CRPs CCAFS ITPGRFA NARS NARS ARIs / genebanks breeders DivSeek Crop conservation strategy Lead crop 1.2.5 consultation conservation Strengthening strategy Global system for development, key Collaborator Chief Potential capacity in germplasm conservation and Knowledge exchange events partner in GRIN- in prioritizing Partner recipient of recipient for policy health, use of PGRFA is Global capacity capacity strengthened and tools development & needs development implement management and conservation GRIN-Global provider of ation development and capacity development implementation GGP Module 3 Genotypic-based y Advisory Group Lead genotyping Brokers for Uplift tools for qualit service Major Capacity control for quality control building Genesys providers collaborators Use Module Linkages Suboutput: 2.1.1 Promote Develop Digital information Object Identifiers GGP Module 5 integration (DOIs) as Advisory Group between Lead development Engage in Engage in Key partner Engage in standardized of standards and development genebanks and permanent Individual APIs that will of standards; Engage on development and minting Engage development through Engage of standards; breeding unique public interactions facilitate incorporate infrastructure ati DOIs, programs between genebank options implement delivering ITPGRFA and through AFS CRPs incorporate identifiers for on of into GG accessions, manager and AFS assignment of into GG DOIs technologies standards GLIS portal genebanks technologies research CRPs & Center database managers materials and breeding lines Suboutput: Lead Develop Engage in development Engage in Engage Engage in ontologies and GGP Module 5 vocabularies to be Advisory Group development of of standards; incorporate development through development used within web standards into GG of standards AFS CRPs of standards services technologies 121 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Activity Outputs or Mechanism for suboutputs interaction Genebank Excellence in breeding Big Data AFS CRPs CCAFS ITPGRFA NARS NARS ARIs / genebanks breeders DivSeek Coordinate Suboutput: development Develop a toolkit of use cases. of web services, Lead Engage on Co-lead Engage Engage in based on DOIs GGP Module 5 Engage in development of development infrastructure development through development and controlled Advisory Group use cases of options of use cases AFS CRPs of use cases vocabularies, for specifications interoperability , coding, toolkit Suboutput: GGP Module 1 Advisory Group if Harmonize standards for necessary or feed Engage in Lead Engage in Engage through into development management of consultation consultation consultation of best practices by AFS CRPs germplasm GG Engage in consultation Engage in Engage in on best Suboutput: Develop best GGP Module 5 Lead consultation consultation consultation Engage through practices; practices for DOIs Advisory Group on best practices on best on best practices practices AFS CRPs white paper on best practices for DOIs Suboutput: Implement interoperability toolkit in relevant databases Implement web Provide Implement Implement support and GGP Module 5 services in guidance for Engage on web services relevant Engage in breeding through Engage Implement in Advisory Group Genesys and other genebank implementati infrastructure options and gene web services in GLIS ITPGRFA and through own AFS CRPs databases databases on of seb discovery portal genebanks services databases 122 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Activity Outputs or Mechanism for suboutputs interaction Genebank Excellence in breeding Big Data AFS CRPs CCAFS ITPGRFA NARS NARS ARIs / genebanks breeders DivSeek Genesys (and where applicable in-house databases) Coordinate available through development Engage in a user-friendly Engage on of search Identify crop- Engage on development 2.1.2 Empower online interface defining use cases algorithms Engage on specific priority Engage of novel genebank clients that facilitates GGP Module 5 for queries; and queries infrastructure with intuitive, custom designed implement in to estimate options and priority traits, traits and Implement use cases in through Engage search through algorithms user-driven query searches of Advisory Group Genesys and other breeding novel targets, use targets for GLIS portal ITPGRFA and cases for climate genebanks AFS CRPs and tools germplasm based genebank value based algorithms? on integration of databases on genotype, queries change estimation of breeding environmental, environment value phenotypic and and pedigree genotypic information 2.1.3 Enrich data Availability and use of data-rich on collections through use of subsets of focal subsets accessions Engage in developing relationships with Suboutput: Genotype user GG Module 3 service providers Broker of genotyping subsets Advisory Group to ensure genebank as well services as breeders' needs are considered Key collaborator Suboutput: Engage in Link and in identifying Phenotype user GG Module 4 coordinate phenotyping Advisory Group phenotyping user phenotyping needs and subsets subsets efforts priorities 123 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Activity Outputs or Mechanism for suboutputs interaction Genebank Excellence in breeding Big Data AFS CRPs CCAFS ITPGRFA NARS NARS ARIs / genebanks breeders DivSeek Individual Key interactions Key collaborator Key between genebank collaborator in collaborato managers and AFS Develop and Suboutput: Use of in use and conservation, r in use and common subsets CRPs distribute user subsets characterizati use and characteriz Promote use of on of use characterizati ation of use subsets through subsets on of use subsets Genesys subsets Policy Module Linkages Contribute s to Platform Policy Lead surveying and synthesizing developme 3.1.1 Monitoring Centers' fully Unit coordinates with relevant needs, monitoring Identifies Identifies areas Identifies nt of areas of of areas of genetic and ensuring compliant with compliance with plant genetic CGIAR networks, and reporting on compliance, concern/unce concern/uncert concern/unce Main resources- international resources policy CRPs and rtainty. Builds ainty. Builds rtainty. Builds collaborator related Platforms; reports develop tools, capacity for capacity for capacity for policies policies and laws obligations to System Office guidelines and provide capacity compliance compliance compliance and Board building practices for DivSeek Platform Policy 3.1.2 Engaging in CGIAR plays Unit coordinates recognized role in with relevant Collate views, Contributes Contributes Partner in Helps identify the processes of developing influencing CGIAR networks, consult and feedback on Contributes feedback on feedback on developing opportunities for research CGIAR inputs to international international CRPs and develop position CGIAR policy Platforms; reports papers position CGIAR position CGIAR position outputs international policies and laws development. to System Office (PIM too) processes Board 3.1.3 Strengthening National partners Partner in Main partner in FAO/Treaty the capacity of have tools and Lead development Resource Resource developing research Secretariat/Biov Recipien CGIAR and mechanisms to Platform Policy persons for persons for national partners support their Unit coordinates of tools and capacity capacity outputs to ersity Joint Recipient of Program to capacity t of to implement and implementation training capacity building efforts strengthening strengthening share with national strengthen building capacity building influence of plant genebank workshops workshops partners capacity to international resources policies implement the policies and law (PIM too) MLS 124 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Activity Outputs or Mechanism for NARS suboutputs interaction Genebank Excellence in breeding Big Data AFS CRPs CCAFS ITPGRFA NARS genebanks breeder ARIs / s DivSeek Represe Sound inputs 3.1.4 Convening guide CGIAR Lead in conveying Representation ntation Represent the Multi- compliance and Multistakeholder stakeholder Participant in in the Multi- in the ation in Recipient Recipient Recipient Multi-stakehold Multi- the Multi- stakeholder PGR engagement in group perspectives to Policy Group international PGR the CGIAR Group stakeholder Group stakehol stakeholde policy-making der r Group Group 125 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Annex 5a. Intellectual Asset management The Platform’s management of genetic resources will comply with the CGIAR Principles on the Management of Intellectual Assets (CGIAR IA Principles) in general, and article 4.2 in particular, which states: “Facilitated access to Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture within the purview of the Treaty shall be provided in accordance with the Treaty and these CGIAR IA Principles. In addition, the acquisition or transfer of any other genetic resources by the Centers shall be conducted in accordance with all applicable laws including those implementing the CBD, as well as these CGIAR IA Principles.” In this quotation, ‘Treaty’ refers to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). The eleven CGIAR Centers hosting international collections of ‘in trust’ PGRFA (pursuant to their 1994 In Trust Agreements with FAO) signed agreements in 2006 with the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA (pursuant to its Article 15) placing those collections under the ITPGRFA’s framework (Full texts of those agreements are available on the ITPGRFA’s website). Following these agreements, which came into force in January 2007, each Center ‘recognizes the authority of the Governing Body to provide policy guidance relating to ex situ collections held by it and subject to the provisions of the Treaty.’ Furthermore, the CGIAR Centers undertake to make ‘in trust’ germplasm available to recipients using the standard material transfer agreement (SMTA) adopted by the Governing Body in 2006. They will also use the SMTA to redistribute materials that they receive after January 2007, under the SMTA or any form of transfer agreement that allows the Center to do so. On occasion, the CGIAR genebanks may transfer germplasm that has been improved by the Centers and which incorporates materials received from the multilateral system (defined as ‘PGRFA under Development’ in Article 2 of SMTA). In such cases, the genebanks will use the SMTA for transferring such materials, though they may add conditions, as permitted under the SMTA paragraph 6.6. Any such additional conditions will also be in conformity with section 6 of the CGIAR IA Principles, which establishes the conditions under which CGIAR Centers may enter into ‘limited exclusivity’, and ‘restrictive use’ agreements for the transfer of Centers’ intellectual assets. The genebanks will report to the Governing Body information on all their SMTA transfers, following instructions provided by the Governing Body. New collecting of genetic resources by the CGIAR Centers will be in compliance with applicable laws, including domestic laws implementing the ITPGRFA, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit sharing. Article 3.2 of the CGIAR IA Principles states that “[t]he CGIAR seeks to be respectful of national and international efforts to protect and promote farmers’ rights as envisaged by the Treaty and support the development of appropriate policies and procedures for their recognition and promotion.” Concerning article 3.2 in particular, the Implementation Guidelines for the CGIAR IA Principles on the Management of Intellectual Assets state that where countries do not have access and benefit sharing laws in place, centres should nonetheless seek to obtain prior informed consent from farmers when collecting PGRFA samples. New collecting coordinated by the Platform will comply with these standards. 126 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Products generated by the Platform will assist its own scientists (and scientists operating in other platforms and CRPs) to manage genetic resources-related intellectual assets in compliance with CGIAR policy and international and national laws. For examples, the Platform will develop guidelines for centres collection, use and distribution of genetic resources and associated information (including traditional knowledge) under the ITPGRFA and the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit sharing. The relevant Module, and the Platform as a whole, will promote the dissemination and use of such guidelines by first engaging CGIAR PGRFA users in their development, and later, raising awareness about of them through direct interactions with scientists, Center IP focal points, CRP leaders and the System Management Board and System Management Office. Each participating Center will enlist the participation of its Intellectual Property Focal Point (IP Focal Point) to make plans for, and monitor, its intellectual asset management practices under the Genebank Platform. The IP Focal Points will report upon those practices in their annual Center Intellectual Assets Report to the Consortium Office, as required under paragraph 10.1.2 of the CGIAR IA Principles. Compliance with the IA Principles will be monitored through the Platform Management Team and linked to the tracking of outputs/deliverables. Where the Platform Management Team has concerns, it will address the Platform scientists and relevant Center IP focal points directly. Where concerns persist, the Platform Coordinator will alert the CGIAR General Legal Counsel and request advice and assistance. Full compliance with the CGIAR IA Principles and the genebanks’ commitments pursuant to their 2006 agreements with the Governing Body will be included in partnership contracts under this Platform. Annex 5b. Open Access management The platform will ensure that all of its information products are made publicly available in conformity with the CGIAR Open Access and Data Management Policy (OA Policy) and also with the expectations under the ITPGRFA (Articles 13.2.a, 17; SMTA 6.9) that non-confidential information about materials in the multilateral system will be made available through a global information system. Research papers, policy briefs, conservation protocols, training materials, written submissions to international policy fora, will be made publicly available through the Platforms’ own website or publication in open access journals. Software and web tools will be made available under open access licenses. All CGIAR genebanks make their data publicly available and searchable, as part of the strategy to promote more effective use. Genesys provides a common portal for access to information on all CGIAR accessions and is recognized as an element of the ITPGRFA’s Global Information System (GLIS). It collates data from international and national genebanks into a single, public, searchable database under a signed agreement with each data provider, which states that providers should only provide data that can be made publicly available globally through Genesys or other databases. Genesys is being managed and developed by the Global Crop Diversity Trust under the guidance of a dedicated Advisory Committee. The ‘Conservation’ and ‘Use’ Modules will contribute to the enhanced functioning of Genesys, and develop new tools and methods for sharing, associating, harvesting and visualizing accession-level data. In light of increasing attention at the meetings of the Conferences of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA concerning potential uses of sequence data that are not regulated by those agreements, the module will monitor developments closely and work closely with Genetic Gain and Big Data platforms and other communities of practice within the CGIAR (e.g., centre IP managers, System Management Office) to develop policies, 127 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 practices and data use agreements that are consistent with the CGIAR mission and respond to direction provided by the international community concerning access and benefit-sharing. Data collected as part of policy-linked research (for example, trends in Centers’ and partners’ acquisitions, distributions, and uses of genetic resources, data, and traditional knowledge, under different policy regimes) will be made available in conformity with the OA Policy. The Platform will institutionalize the same processes for ensuring compliance with open access standards as for intellectual assets standards. The Platform Management Team will assume ultimate responsibility for ensuring that the Platform complies with OA Policy and ITPGRFA-related expectations. Intellectual Property Focal Points of participating Centers will assist in planning, monitoring, and reporting their Centers’ open access practices under the Platform; they will also meet together (virtually) to discuss best practices and identify challenges for the Platform as a whole. The Modules will submit annual reports to the Platform Coordinator concerning their information products and their management of them consistent with their open access obligations. 128 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Annex 6. References Bantilan, M.C.S. & Joshi, P.K. 1996. Returns to research and diffusion investments on wilt resistance in Pigeonpea. ICRISAT Impact Series, no. 1. Brush, S.B. (2004) Farmers’ Bounty: Locating Crop Diversity in the Contemporary World. Yale University Press. FAO. 2014. Genebank Standards for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rev.ed. Rome. Galluzzi, G., Halewood, M., Noriega, I.L. & Vernooy, R. 2016. Twenty-five years of international exchanges of plant genetic resources facilitated by the CGIAR genebanks: a case study on international interdependence. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25(8), 1421-1446, DOI: 10.1007/s10531-016-1109-7 Halewood, M., Sood, R., Sackville Hamilton, R., Amri, A., Van den Houwe, I., Roux, N., Dumet, D., Hanson, J., Upadhyaya, H.D., Jorge, A. & Tay, D. 2013. Changing rates of acquisition of plant genetic resources by international genebanks: setting the scene to monitor an impact of the International Treaty. In: M. Halewood, I. Lopez Noriega and S. Louafi. (eds). Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons: Challenges in international governance and law. Routledge, Oxon, UK. Heisey, P. & Day-Rubenstein, K. 2015. Using Crop Genetic Resources to Help Agriculture Adapt to Climate Change: Economics and Policy. USDA-ERS Economic Information Bulletin, No. 139. Khoury, C. 2016. Pers comm. López Noriega, I., Halewood, M., Galluzzi, G., Vernooy, R., Bertacchini, E., Gauchan, D. & Welch, E. 2013. How Policies affect the use of plant genetic resources: The experience of the CGIAR. Resources, 2(3): 231–269. McCouch, S.R., McNally, K.L., Wang, W. & Sackville Hamilton, R. 2012. Genomics of gene banks: a case study in rice. American Journal of Botany, 99(2): 407–423. Johnson, N.L., Pachico, D. & Wortmann, C.S. 2003. The impact of CIAT’s genetic improvement research on beans. In: Crop Variety Improvement and Its Effect on Productivity; The Impact of International Agricultural Research. CABI Publishing. Robinson, J. & Srinivasan, C. 2013. Case-studies on the impact of germplasm collection, conservation, characterization and evaluation (GCCCE). SPIA-CGIAR. 129 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Annex 7. Abbreviations A15 Article 15 Group of genebank managers A4NH Agriculture for Nutrition and Health CRP ABS access and benefit sharing AFS CRP Agri-food System CRP API application programming interface AVRDC The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan Bioversity Bioversity International, Rome CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CRP CGN Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands CGRFA Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, FAO CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Colombia CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico CIP International Potato Center, Peru CLIPNet Centers’ IP Focal Points Network CoP community of practice CRISPR clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats CRISPR/cas9 CRISPR-associated endonuclease Crop Trust Global Crop Diversity Trust CRP CGIAR research program CWR crop wild relative(s) DOI digital object identifiers EB Executive Board EMBRAPA Empresa Brasiliera de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brazil FAC Finance and Administration Committee, Crop Trust FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FC Fund Council, CGIAR FIGS Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy FTA Forests, Trees and Agroforestry CRP G×E genetic by environment [interaction] GFAR Global Forum on Agricultural Research, Rome GHU germplasm health unit GIS geographical information system GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Gmbh., 130 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 Germany GLIS Global Information System of the ITPGRFA GOAL genebank operations and advance learning GOBII Genomic and Opensource Breeding Informatics Initiative GPG2 Global Public Goods project 2nd phase (Bioversity International coordinated) GRIN Genetic Resources Information Network GRPC Genetic Resources Policy Committee GWAS genome-wide association study IA intellectual asset(s) IAC Independent Advisory Committee, Genebank Platform ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Lebanon ICRAF World Agroforestry Center, Kenya ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India IDO intermediate development outcome IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria ILRI International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya IP intellectual property IPPC International Plant Protection Convention, FAO IPK Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Germany IPR intellectual property right IRRI International Rice Research Institute, the Philippines ITPGRFA International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, FAO MSB Millennium Seed Bank, UK MT Management Team, Genebank Platform NARS national agricultural research system(s) NBPGR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, India NGO non-governmental organization OA open access ORT online reporting tool PGR plant genetic resources PGRFA plant genetic resources for food and agriculture PUI persistent unique identifier RDA Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea 131 Genebanks Full Proposal: 2017-2022 QMS quality management system SGRP Systemwide Genetic Resources Program SGSV Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Norway SINGER Systemwide Information Network on Genetic Resources SLO system level outcome SMTA standard material transfer agreement SNP Single-nucleotide polymorphism SOP standard operating procedure SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community, New Caledonia SRF Strategy and Results Framework, CGIAR UPOV International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Switzerland USDA United States Department of Agriculture 132 +49 228 85427 122 www.croptrust.org Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7 +49 228 85427 144 info@croptrust.org 53113 Bonn, Germany