CRP 3.3 (GLOBAL RICE SCIENCE PARTNERSHIP) PERFORMANCE MONITORING REPORT 2014 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 2 A. KEY MESSAGES SYNTHESIS Of the two most significant achievements/success stories in the year (gender disaggregated where pertinent), with references to associated evidence and website links for more details. 1. Exciting scientific achievements were made in the fields of genebank operability and serviceability, genomics, prebreeding, and linking these to the development of improved varieties. Genebank capacity has been upgraded through collecting missions (adding 2,500 accessions to the IRRI genebank and 1,426 to the AfricaRice genebank), improved procedures, automation, and upgrading the Genetic Resources Information Management System. Genebank passport and characterization data are now publicly searchable through Genesys. A SNP public-domain database was created to identify new alleles for high-priority traits and accessions carrying trait-associated haplotypes. The Genotyping Services Lab at IRRI successfully processed more than 10,000 samples for SNP genotyping, resulting in more than 32 million SNP marker data points. These SNP data were used for marker-assisted selection, genetic diversity analysis, SNP fingerprinting, QTL mapping, and for calculating genomic- estimated breeding values. The 3K Rice Genomes Project paper published in GigaScience has been accessed 20,571 times since its publication on 28 May 2014, achieving an altmetric score of 83 (putting it in the top 5% of all articles). The SNP-SEEK database is being highly accessed and will change the way the genebank germplasm collection will be used by researchers globally. To further explore phenotypic diversity (with emphasis on yield potential and abiotic stress tolerance), a GRiSP Global Rice Phenotyping Network was established. Gene validation pipelines have been established for the analysis of potential candidate genes, and identified high-impact genes or loci include the blast fungus AvrPi9 avirulence gene; new candidate genes for tungro bacilliform virus resistance; candidate QTLs for sheath blight resistance; candidate QTLs for African rice gall midge resistance; 16 QTLs for tiller number, plant height, biomass, and grain yield under cold stress; seven QTLs related to plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and plant vigor under salt stress; additional drought-tolerance genes at the qDTY12.1 locus; new sources for the semidwarfing gene sd1 uncoupled from drought susceptibility genes; strong putative QTLs for seminal root elongation in response to nitrogen; and genes involved in modifying root and panicle secondary branching and spikelet fertility, respectively. New sources of resistance to major diseases (bacterial blight, sheath blight, rice ragged stunt and grassy stunt viruses) and abiotic stresses (salinity and drought) identified from distantly related wild Oryza species were transferred into elite cultivar backgrounds. The MAGIC (Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross) materials are being used by national programs and the MAGIC approach has influenced the genetic and breeding strategy of other research programs, with an article on rice MAGIC (Bandillao et al 2013) being accessed 9,608 times since its publication in May 2013. 2. Significant achievements were made toward development outcomes within GRiSP and by linking GRiSP to programs of national and international development partners. In Africa, breeder seed of major varieties (or of promising breeding lines about to be released) was produced according to the seed road map (seed production plan) of each variety and each target region. A total of 10 tons of breeder seed of different varieties were produced at AfricaRice and delivered to national seed producers. In Nigeria, as part of the Rice Transformation Agenda, a further 10 tons of breeder seed of NERICA 8 (FARO 59) were produced and delivered to the seed producers of foundation seed, which produced 170 tons of foundation seed. An estimated total of 6 million rice farmers were reached with quality seed of improved varieties through an e-wallet and voucher system. By linking with the Emergency Rice Initiative for Africa, certified seed production increased from 2,155 tons in 2010 to 75,585 tons in 2014. In 2014, 1,613 tons of certified seed were produced for varieties requested by each country and delivered to 109,306 farmers (30,410 are women) in 28 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In South Asia, new stress-tolerant rice varieties are estimated G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 3 to have reached by 2014 about 10.9 million farmers and covered about 4.6 million hectares. In 2014 alone, more than 258,000 tons of seed of stress-tolerant rice varieties were produced and distributed to farmers. In the Philippines, the phone-based Rice Crop Manager decision support tool was used nationally by the extension service, with support from the Department of Agriculture, to provide farmers with 290,000 printed one-page crop management guidelines, each customized for the field-specific needs and conditions of farmers. Of the farmers accessing this, 22% were women. Field trials with farmers revealed that switching from the current farmers’ practice to the Rice Crop Manager recommendation increased yield by an average of 0.4 t/ha and increased income by about US$100 per hectare per crop. In Bangladesh, the Rice Crop Manager was pilot tested by national organizations, with farmers across the country receiving 7,600 crop management guidelines. The use by farmers of the Rice Crop Manager recommendation increased yield by 0.4 t/ha and increased income by US$79 to $97 per hectare per crop. In the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, GRiSP’s improved rice management technologies are integrated into the national “1 Must Do, 5 Reductions” program. The World Bank-funded Agricultural Competitiveness Project in Vietnam considers training on these technologies as an essential prerequisite if farmer cooperatives are to receive assistance for agricultural machinery and infrastructure. Some 240,000 farmers implemented best practices over 300,000 ha, and it is estimated that these farmers will benefit by US$128/ha for each crop. Overall financial summary: actual total spending (from all sources, including bilateral and Window 3) and percentage expended on gender research, compared to expected budget. B. IMPACT PATHWAY AND INTERMEDIATE DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES (IDOS) Provide a web link to the overall CRP Impact Pathway and theory of change (including gender dimension) and list the CRPs’ IDOs and their associated targets and indicators. Provide a web link to the baseline data of the CRP. The GRiSP overall and thematic IPs and ToCs are found here: Impact Pathway and Theory of Change; the gender-specific IPs and ToCs are here: gender-specific Impact Pathways and Theories of Change. Major baseline data (household surveys) can be viewed here. The GRiSP IDOs follow: 1. Increased rice production that meets local and global demand 2. Increased profitability of rice producers and increased rice affordability to rice consumers 3. Increased efficiency and value added along the rice value chain 4. Increased sustainability and reduced environmental footprint of rice production 5. Increased health and nutrition from rice and from diversification 6. Increased capacity and resilience in the rice sector 7. Increased gender equity in the rice sector C. PROGRESS ALONG THE IMPACT PATHWAY GRiSP builds on investments in rice R&D made by AfricaRice, CIAT, and IRRI prior to its start in January 2011. Research, product development, and delivery are long-term processes and GRiSP did not break off previous activities and start from scratch. In addition to initiating new R&D activities, it continues previous lines of research where relevant; actively works with its partners to test, adapt, and disseminate prototype technologies derived from previous investments; and studies adoption and impacts thereof of both previously and currently released and disseminated technologies. In this section, we report on outputs, outcomes, and impacts measured and/or analyzed and published in 2014 except when otherwise indicated (e.g., we sometimes report cumulative data since the inception of GRiSP, and this is clearly indicated). It should be noted that the outputs are those produced in 2014, whereas the outcomes and impacts are measured or derived from analyses that were published in 2014 on the use of products disseminated before the start of GRiSP. There are, however, also outcomes derived from the use of products developed during the past few years of GRiSP itself by G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 4 intermediate users. We have tried to make this clear as much as possible in the text, but it should be recognized that research is a dynamic and continuous process and it is not always possible to define exactly when the development of a certain R&D line began (before or during GRiSP).1 C.1 Progress towards outputs Summarize major successes in producing outputs; provide links to additional descriptions of these achievements. Refer to indicators from Table 1, as relevant. Prebreeding Genebank capacity has been upgraded through collecting missions (adding 2,500 accessions to the IRRI genebank and 1,426 to the AfricaRice genebank), improved procedures, automation, and upgrading the Genetic Resources Information Management System (at IRRI). Genebank passport and characterization data are now publicly searchable through Genesys. A SNP public-domain database was created to identify new alleles for high-priority traits and accessions carrying trait-associated haplotypes. New genetic resources with high recombination frequencies and wide allelic and phenotypic diversity have been developed as bridging resources between the genebank and breeding. To further explore phenotypic diversity (with emphasis on yield potential and abiotic stress tolerance), a GRiSP Global Rice Phenotyping Network was established. At CIAT, the phenomics platform using an aerial NIR-based imaging system with SLR camera demonstrated that vegetation index images indicate that the NIR imaging method can be a surrogate for traditional phenotypic methods in the field. This method is useful for estimating panicle number, grain weight, biomass, and SPAD data under different N regimes. Gene validation pipelines have been established for the analysis of potential candidate genes. High-impact genes or loci identified include the blast fungus AvrPi9 avirulence gene; new candidate genes for tungro bacilliform virus resistance; candidate QTLs for sheath blight resistance; candidate QTLs for African rice gall midge resistance; 16 QTLs for tiller number, plant height, biomass, and grain yield under cold stress; seven QTLs related to plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and plant vigor under salt stress; additional drought-tolerance genes at the qDTY12.1 locus; new sources for the semidwarfing gene sd1 uncoupled from drought susceptibility genes; and genes involved in modifying root and panicle secondary branching and spikelet fertility, respectively. A QTL for tolerance of anaerobic germination (a key trait for direct-seeded rice) was fine-mapped. New sources of resistance to major diseases (bacterial blight, sheath blight, rice ragged stunt and grassy stunt viruses) and abiotic stresses (salinity and drought) identified from distantly related wild Oryza species were transferred into elite cultivar backgrounds and the genes responsible are being mapped. At CIAT, strong putative QTLs for seminal root elongation in response to N on chromosome 1 are being fine- mapped. These QTLs will help to understand the genetic control of seminal root growth and address the goal of defining QTL regions associated with water and nutrient acquisition efficiency for upland rice breeding programs. Two promising gene constructs, ubi:GolS2 and osnac6:OsSCZF2, were identified in Curinga transgenic lines under a rainout shelter and in rainfed drought conditions. In the C4 rice project, key advances were made in the three key mechanisms required for C4 photosynthesis, including genes controlling vein spacing, assembly of a complete C4 cycle in rice involving five genes of the C4 biochemical pathway, and the identification of candidate genes that regulate plastid biogenesis. Variety development Major changes were implemented in IRRI’s irrigated rice breeding program, with key changes aimed at reducing breeding cycle times, introducing enhanced systems for early selection for yield across target environments, making more effective use of marker-assisted selection, and supported by enhanced breeding information tools. The Genotyping Services Lab (GSL) at IRRI successfully processed more than 10,000 samples for SNP genotyping, resulting in more than 32 million SNP marker data points. The SNP data were used for marker-assisted selection, genetic diversity analysis, SNP fingerprinting, 1 This preamble is inserted to clarify the dynamic, long-term nature of the research to impact pathway of GRiSP. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 5 QTL mapping, and for calculating genomic-estimated breeding values. Biofortification via transgenic mechanisms has resulted in lines that produce polished rice with Fe and Zn concentrations exceeding the nutrition target of 30% of the average requirement with no yield penalty and grain quality alteration, and confirmed in field trials at IRRI and CIAT. At CIAT, a novel method of mechanical planting of breeding materials was implemented in soils with high pH that causes iron and zinc deficiency and limits crop growing during the initial stages. With this method, germplasm will be selected with an increase in lodging tolerance as well as in early vigor and better adaptation to zero- tillage planting. Genomic selection was tested on a synthetic population managed through a recurrent population. A set of 343 S2:4 lines conforming a training population (TP) was phenotyped and genotyped with 6,874 SNP markers. The AfricaRice breeding program targeted 54 trait combinations, covering agronomically important traits and grain quality considerations (rainfed lowland: 28, irrigated: 10; upland: 11, and high elevation: 5). The Africa-wide Rice Breeding Task Force enhanced the capacity of NARES scientists in rice breeding as well as improved and accelerated varietal testing and release: 30 drought-tolerant lines were nominated for participatory evaluation trials in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria, and Tanzania; 10 drought-tolerant lines were nominated for participatory advanced testing in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Nigeria; three breeding lines showing tolerance of Fe toxicity and one of salinity were named ARICA 6, 7, 8, and 11, respectively; three cold-tolerant breeding lines were named ARICA 7, 9, and 10; 51 abiotic stress-tolerant and 86 high-yielding breeding lines were nominated for a Multi-Environment Trial for the irrigated lowland ecosystem. Sustainable rice management In the unfavorable rice environments, partnerships with NARES in South Asia (eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Odisha and Bangladesh) developed improved management options for direct- seeded rice for stress-prone rainfed lowlands. In rice-based systems in eastern India, early rice harvests enable farmers to grow a short-duration Brassica crop between rice and late-sown wheat, delivering an additional US$130/ha value. In the coastal saline zones of Bangladesh, early rice harvests enable the establishment of the high-yield/high-value crops sunflower (3 t/ha) and maize (6−9 t/ha). Strategic drainage at low tide enables the production of high-yielding rainy-season rice, early harvest, and intensification into two or three high-yielding crops per year. Guidelines on management practices for new flood-, salt-, and drought-tolerant rice varieties were produced in local languages in India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Myanmar. In Bihar, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, irrigation water productivity can be increased by avoiding puddling, while water use can be reduced by 10−15% by configuring fields to a 0.1% slope without any rice yield penalty. In Bangladesh, changing from puddling to dry seeding of the rainy-season rice crop increased the yield of wheat in a rice-wheat- mungbean system without decreasing rice yield. National recommendations for best practices for rice production were improved in Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand. Household surveys in China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam highlight that the top 10% of farmers have yields 25−45% higher than the mean yields of farmers in the same village. In Africa, the RiceAdvice decision support tool was successfully evaluated and is ready for final validation and out-scaling with a large number of farmers in Senegal. In Nigeria, RiceAdvice gave promising results under irrigated conditions (1 t/ha gain, highly profitable), whereas, in another 10 countries, RiceAdvice was parameterized. Some 676 farmers in 25 hubs in 15 countries tested Integrated Good Agricultural Practice baskets and attended field days. Fertilizer management options combined with salinity-tolerant varieties to mitigate salinity stress were developed. Interactive effects between weed management and bird damage on yield were identified in irrigated lowland. Bird visits to rice plots infested with weeds were more frequent than in rice without weeds at least in the early grain-filling stage. This attraction of birds by weeds resulted in an additional yield loss of 2% to 62%. Bird-inflicted yield losses in irrigated rice could be reduced by keeping the rice free from weeds. Rotary weeders were built and tested in 10 countries: Togo, Niger, Sierra Leone, Benin, Uganda, Tanzania, Madagascar, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, and Cameroon. Technical drawings for fabricators were made at INRAB (Benin) and at CAMARTEC (Tanzania) and posted on the Rice eHub (www.ricehub.org), and an instructional video (“Using the Rotary Weeder in Lowland Rice”) was developed. In Colombia, we conducted multi-environment trials under direct seeding to G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 6 determine the climatic factors limiting yield, and to identify traits that might confer high yield stability. Also, we used data from the high-yielding seasons to propose plant traits that confer high yield to adapted varieties under direct seeding and compare them with traits conferring higher yield under transplanting. Postharvest technologies and value adding In Asia, village-level learning and participatory impact pathway analysis processes were used to engage with farmers in Myanmar (linking to markets, postharvest technologies), Vietnam (environmental sustainability), and Thailand (gathering of ecological indicators). The Solar Bubble Dryer technology was commercially launched and feasibility studies for rice straw conversion technology for energy production were completed. The role of mechanization was supported through demonstration and training and through a market study of combine harvester technology. The genetic basis of grain quality was investigated through genome-wide association studies of key grain quality parameters, including further definition of the genetic basis of chalk in rice. The findings from a rice quality preference survey (preferred rice varieties/types and traits, purchase and consumption habits, and demographic profile) for consumers in 22 key cities in South and Southeast Asia and other value- chain actors in six South and Southeast Asian countries were shared with rice breeding programs. In Africa, experimental auctions involving local rice and imported brands have demonstrated that investment in postharvest activities improved the quality of local rice and that this is important in rice value-chain upgrading. Several improved technologies and management options to improve postharvest efficiency and add value were validated and readied for out-scaling: mini-combine harvesters, motorized thresher-cleaners, and power tillers and associated tools were adapted and tested in eight countries; three improved parboiling vessels were validated and are ready for out- scaling; two improved parboiling stoves that can use wood, charcoal, or briquettes as fuel sources were validated; labor-saving devices for lifting and transporting weights during the parboiling process are under testing and validation; four types of top-lit updraft (TLUD) rice husk gasifier stoves were tested and are being adapted for household use and by parboiling industries; two briquetting machines for compressing ground husks or biochar from rice husks have been fabricated and testing and adaptation studies are ongoing; rice husk briquetting technology that uses a mixture of rice husk, rice bran, and palm press fiber is being tested for thermal and combustion efficiencies; a protocol was developed for using rice milling by-products (husk, straw, and bran) as substrates for growing mushrooms; and six protocols and recipes for rice-based products that add value to low-grade rice were developed in Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria. Protocols were developed for mapping rice consumer preferences using market information, grain quality parameters, and geographic information system. The information was used to generate interactive maps that can be accessed online for Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. Policy and information support Information on global rice prices, supply and demand, and policy was provided throughout the year using popular media such as blogs, Rice Today articles, and a public-domain database. A Global Rice Trade and Market Summit was organized in Bangkok on 27-29 October 2014 that was attended by more than 150 participants from both the private and public sector. We published a compendium of policy notes in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN and the World Bank that aims to contribute to the policy debates about rice and food security in East and Southeast Asia. High-resolution extrapolation domain maps for seven improved cropping systems in the coastal zone of Bangladesh were developed using geo-spatial modeling. A village-level agricultural and socioeconomic database (with more than 70 indicators covering more than 60,000 villages in all 64 districts of Bangladesh) was developed for effective technology targeting. GRiSP efforts in Asia were extremely successful in bringing South Asian neighbors together to discuss and agree on cross-cutting strategies to facilitate sharing of knowledge and germplasm. In November 2014, IRRI was co-signatory to an agreement among India, Bangladesh, and Nepal to fast-track registration of varieties from across the three countries based on common protocols. In Africa, we analyzed the access of farmers to seed G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 7 of improved rice varieties and the sources of access to rice seed in 18 countries using data from 30,568 rice farming households. The informal seed system or farmer-saved seed system is by far the main source of seed for most African rice farmers. Integrating the formal (commercial seed sector) and the informal (farmer-saved seed) systems with knowledgeable and empowered farmer seed customers and managers is recommended. A study was conducted in collaboration with REPAD (Réseau de Recherche pour l’Appui au Développement de l’Afrique) to assess the impact of the common external tariff (CET) on the development of the rice sector in seven West African countries (Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo). Preliminary results obtained indicate that the low CET adopted by ECOWAS may degrade the current situation and destroy the efforts made so far to boost rice production in the region. Certain categories of the rural population, including rice farmers, will see their income decline. However, urban poverty will be more pronounced than rural poverty while intra-regional trade will experience a remarkable increase. Nigeria and Guinea would feel more the negative effects of CET. Based on these results, the fundamental concern is to identify additional measures and direct support to rice farmers to avoid the deteriorating situation in some countries. In Latin America and the Caribbean, we analyzed the critical constraints to the adoption of technologies for improving rice yield: weak national institutions that cannot organize and support technology transfer following the “farmer-to-farmer” model; land tenure that limits tenants in carrying out medium- or long-term investments such as early land preparation; price protection and subsidies providing a disincentive for farmers to adopt new technologies and be more competitive; a weak product chain; government policies that fail to ensure a free market with transparent regulations; and insufficient trained new agronomists to provide assistance in technology transfer. C.2 Progress towards the achievement of research outcomes and IDOs Summarize major successes in the progress towards research outcomes and IDOs. Refer to relevant indicators from Table 1, where relevant, and to the indicators of progress towards the CRP’s IDOs. Adoption of GRiSP products by partners The 3K Rice Genomes Project paper published in GigaScience has been accessed 20,571 times since its publication on 28 May 2014, achieving an altmetric score of 83 (putting it in the top 5% of all articles). The SNP-SEEK database is being highly accessed and will change the way the genebank germplasm collection will be used by researchers globally. The MAGIC (Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter- Cross) materials are being used by national programs and the MAGIC approach has influenced the genetic and breeding strategy of other research programs, with an article on rice MAGIC (Bandillao et al 2013) being accessed 9,608 times since its publication in May 2013. The NGSEP software at CIAT was downloaded 1,485 times by researchers from 38 different countries. Also, the MapDisto software (Lorieux 2012, Molecular Breeding 30:1231), which allows users to compute genetic maps, was used in about 40 publications in peer-reviewed journals in 2014. The CSSL Finder program has been cited in more than 90 different works according to Google Scholar. Additional programs such as SNP Extractor or cM Converter are regularly shared with researchers from different countries. Private companies and national institutes are using protocols for the diagnosis of Burkholderia glumae in rice-associated tissues that have been implemented and improved by CIAT. Highlights of germplasm exchange programs with national partners in Asia include the transfer to NARES of high-yielding elite breeding lines with aroma and resistance to blast, bacterial leaf blight (possessing newly identified Xa genes), and brown planthopper. Two agreements for product testing were signed with Hybrid Rice Development Consortium members, and a total of 5,826 hybrids were tested. Several high-Zn donors provided by IRRI have been successfully used in national high-Zn breeding programs, while advanced high-Zn (20−25 ppm) rice lines are being tested by national partners for release as varieties. A total of 95,153 seed lots were distributed to partners. In Latin America and the Caribbean, a total of 5,179 lines were selected by 47 breeders from 26 institutions that participated in the second GRiSP breeders’ workshop in August 2014. A total of 2,363 lines that were selected in the first GRiSP breeders’ workshop were multiplied and distributed to 26 institutions G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 8 in 11 countries. In 2013-14 and 2014-15, FLAR breeding programs used 24 elite CIAT lines as parents for tropical and temperate regions. A total of 28 GRiSP varieties with IRRI parentage (or directly produced by IRRI) were released by national partners in Asia. In Africa, 21 GRiSP-derived varieties were released for uplands and lowlands, whereas, in Latin America and the Caribbean, six new varieties of GRiSP origin were released. In Africa, breeder seed of major varieties (or of promising breeding lines about to be released) was produced according to the seed road map (seed production plan) of each variety and each target region by AfricaRice and NARES partners. A total of 10 tons of breeder seed of different varieties was produced at AfricaRice and delivered to seed producers. In Nigeria, as part of the Rice Transformation Agenda, a further 10 tons of breeder seed of NERICA 8 (FARO 59) were produced and delivered to the seed producers of foundation seed, which produced 170 tons of foundation seed. In South Asia, more than 258,000 tons of seed of stress-tolerant rice varieties (STRVs) have been produced and distributed to farmers. Public and private sector partners are testing a range of environmental, physiological, and agronomic considerations to achieve ecological intensification. Low-input approaches for crop protection in irrigated rice were tested by India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. In the Philippines and Nepal, the use of clean healthy seeds led to the establishment of community seed banks. Governments provided training on seed health management to maintain community seed banks in upland communities. Partners in northern Vietnam initiated activities to improve rainfed paddy rice production in the uplands using crop rotation and conservation agriculture options together with drought- and/or cold-tolerant rice varieties. Guidelines for dry-seeded rice were developed for various regions of South Asia through collaboration between CSISA and IFAD projects and NARES partners, and were adopted by government and nongovernment organizations (in Tamil Nadu and Bihar in India, in Bangladesh, and in Nepal). In the Philippines, the phone-based Rice Crop Manager decision support tool was used nationally by the extension service, with support from the Department of Agriculture, to provide farmers with 290,000 printed one-page crop management guidelines, each customized for the field- specific needs and conditions of farmers. Of farmers accessing this, 22% were women. In Bangladesh, the Rice Crop Manager was pilot tested by national organizations, with farmers across the country receiving 7,600 crop management guidelines. In India, the beta versions of the following web and mobile-based decision-making tools were developed and field tested with national partners: Rice Crop Manager for Odisha, Rice-Wheat Crop Manager for Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Rice Crop Manager for submergence- and drought-tolerant rice varieties in Bihar. In Africa, the similar tool RiceAdvice has been developed as a free Android-based app that provides farmers with a suggested cropping calendar, fertilizer amount, timing for application and cost, and expected income and return on fertilizer investment. More than 150 farmers have been involved in initial RiceAdvice testing in Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal. Some of them are already adopting the main lessons learned from RiceAdvice, that is, the use of a third split of urea and meticulous timing of fertilizer N application, which has a direct impact on their income and well-being. Many NGOs and development partners such as AGRA and Syngenta Foundation are keen to start using the tool. In Africa, the local construction and dissemination of improved postharvest equipment continue: as of December 2014, 46 ASI axial-flow threshers were built in Nigeria and Benin alone; one paddy cleaner and two light threshers (manual and motorized) were built in Uganda; by the end of 2014, both manual and mechanical weeders were constructed in 10 countries; three parboiling vessels were fabricated in Cameroon, Nigeria, and Benin; four briquetting machines were built by Cameroon, Nigeria, McGill University, and AfricaRice for further testing; and ten thresher-cleaners fabricated in Nigeria and named ATATC were distributed to 10 rice-producing states in Nigeria (Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara, Niger, Jigawa, Ebonyi, Bauchi, Kano, Nasarawa, and Ekiti) for demonstration to rice farmers. The Rice Value Chain of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has organized and carried out the demonstration/market exposure of the ATATC in major rice-producing communities across the ten recipient states. The Federal Department of Agriculture of the FMARD has stopped procurement of threshers from other sources and is planning to procure more than 200 units of G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 9 ATATC from local fabricators. HANIGHA, Kaduna, one of the trained private companies, has already commenced producing 50–100 units of ATATC for rice farmers and private sector clients. ATATC has been approved as the cleaning equipment for Paddy Aggregation Centers (PACs). Adoption of GRiSP products by end users In South Asia, new stress-tolerant rice varieties are estimated to have reached about 10.9 million farmers and covered about 4.6 million hectares. In Africa, through the Emergency Rice Initiative, 1,613 tons of certified seed were produced for varieties requested by each country and delivered to 109,306 farmers (30,410 are women) in 28 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Seed production under the Rice Transformation Agenda program in Nigeria contributed to a significant increase in rice seed production and marketing: certified seed production increased from 2,155 tons in 2010 to 75,585 tons in 2014. An estimated total of 6 million rice farmers were reached with quality seed of improved varieties through an e-wallet and voucher system. In the irrigated zone of the Imbo plain in Burundi, three GRiSP varieties share 90% of the hectares grown. In the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, GRiSP-derived best practices have been promoted by the World Bank as an essential prerequisite if farmer cooperatives are to receive assistance for agricultural machinery and infrastructure. Some 240,000 farmers implemented best practices over 300,000 ha, and it is estimated that these farmers will benefit by US$128/ha for each crop. The SMART-Valleys approach—a participatory approach to develop lowland in inland valleys—has shown high potential for out-scaling in Benin and Togo, that is, spillover effects around the demonstration sites where NGOs and farmers’ groups adopted this methodology by themselves without intervention by AfricaRice. A total of 1,494 rice farmers (673 males and 821 females) adopted the system in 2014 on 336 ha (204 ha in Benin and 132 ha in Togo). The capacity of 79 rice seed growers from both the public and private seed sectors in Nigeria was enhanced with respect to quality seed production and quality control. Paddy derived from seed of FARO 44, 52, 60, and 61 is now being milled by integrated mills and branded into 21 brand names (Mama’s pride, Chef’s choice, Umza Diamond, Ebony Gold, King’s choice, Queen of Niger, Super Champions, Savanna Rice, Eko Rice, Ebony Super, Umza Gold, etc.). Progress toward IDOs GRiSP began the development of a results-based management (RBM) framework through its Consortium-awarded fast-track RBM project “Metrics and Indicators for Tracking in GRiSP (MISTIG).” Annex 4 contains a summary of its achievements. It presents the new GRiSP monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework toward its IDOs, and outlines a draft of the supporting management information system. The summary also includes a description of the activities undertaken under the national rice research and development strategies in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Summaries of the expanded baseline surveys conducted by IRRI, CIAT, and AfricaRice are also presented. C.3 Progress toward impact If/when relevant major contributions towards understanding impact and impact per se should be summarized, with a web link to more detailed documents. In Asia, impact assessment studies were conducted on crop production and managing water use. By using results from a randomized control trial, a study on a stress-tolerant rice variety found that an early-maturing and drought-tolerant rice variety called Sahbhagi Dhan enabled farmers to cultivate crops, such as vegetables, pulses, and wheat, after the harvest of Sahbhagi Dhan in the main agricultural season in India. The double cropping not only helped farmers to increase their annual income but also made farmers less vulnerable because their income source was diversified. A second study on the combined impact of direct-seeded rice (DSR) and early-maturing rice varieties (EMV) found that the combination of DSR and EMV increased annual crop income (by US$625 per ha) of farmers in Bangladesh. The main reasons for the increase in income were a higher rice yield and a reduction in costs because of a decreased labor requirement. The assessment of alternate wetting and G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 10 drying (AWD) water management strategies found that safe AWD water management on a highly permeable soil reduces irrigation input by about 10%. In Bihar, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, studies focused on increasing resource-use efficiency for rice and maize. Irrigation water productivity can be increased by avoiding puddling in rice, and with similar yield (7 t/ha), without puddling, followed by either direct seeding or transplanting. Irrigation water use can also be reduced by 10−15% by configuring fields to a 0.1% slope without any rice yield penalty. In drought-affected areas in Nepal, the cultivation of short-/long-duration leguminous crops or maize in combination with upland rice not only decreased the risk of crop failure but also improved soil fertility. In the Philippines, field trials with farmers revealed that switching from the current farmers’ practice to the Rice Crop Manager recommendation increased yield by an average of 0.4 t/ha and increased income by about US$100 per hectare per crop. In Bangladesh, the use by farmers of the Rice Crop Manager recommendation increased yield by 0.4 t/ha and increased income by US$79 to $97 per hectare per crop. In Africa, we analyzed the adoption and diffusion process of the SMART-valleys system in Benin and Togo, which is an improved land and water development approach in inland valley lowlands that got introduced by AfricaRice and its NARES in 2012. Results show that this system has been widely adopted in both countries. A total of 1494 rice farmers (673 male and 821 female) have adopted the system in 2014 on 337 ha (204 ha in Benin and 132 ha in Togo). Moreover there are significant increases in the adoption over the last three years. For instance in Benin, the area with improved water control using the SMART-valleys approach increased from 110 ha in 2012 to 205 ha in 2014, i.e. an increase of 86%. Close to 70 sites were adopting the SMART-valleys system in 2014. Four main actors are involved in the diffusion of the SMART-valleys system: research institutes, technicians (research, extension and NGO), farmer leaders and rice farmers. Farmer to farmer diffusion has played the most important role in the diffusion of the SMART-valleys system. D. GENDER RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS Explain the significance of the main gender research achievements of the CRP with reference to the CRP’s outputs and outcomes to which they contributed. Describe main successes and challenges encountered in mainstreaming gender research and mitigation actions taken by the CRP. Use the process indicators specified in the CRP Gender Strategy to assess the effectiveness of gender research mainstreaming in 2013. Efforts were continued to mainstream gender in the research and development activities of GRiSP. We worked together with the CGIAR Gender and Agriculture Research Network to develop common indicators for GRiSP’s Gender & Empowerment IDO and undertook a significant research effort to develop appropriate instruments to accurately measure these indicators. The minimum standard guidelines issued by the CGIAR Gender and Agriculture Research Network have been followed (tested) to conduct gender-inclusive surveys and to collect gender-disaggregated data. In addition, we organized a GRiSP Gender Research Network Workshop in June 2014 to showcase key findings of GRiSP research and outreach activities in Asia and Africa. We also identified new priority themes for gender research under GRiSP and outlined the major challenges of mainstreaming gender in agricultural research. One of the significant achievements in 2014 was the mainstreaming of gender in (baseline) household surveys. A comprehensive quantitative gender module was implemented in five countries across South and Southeast Asia. Following the minimum standard guidelines, a gender-inclusive sampling technique was applied to draw 12,000 sample respondents for the survey. A set of innovative data collection techniques was used to gather information about women’s role in agriculture and women’s power to make key agricultural decisions. The findings of this study (to be reported in 2015) will shed light on the status of gender equity and empowerment across countries and regions and thus will help reduce gender gaps through appropriate outreach interventions in the future. The lessons learned from this pioneer initiative will also guide the path for gender mainstreaming in agricultural research across CG centers and the CRPs. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 11 In addition to the large-scale quantitative study, a cross-country qualitative study was undertaken in Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines to evaluate and compare rural women’s status across five domains of women’s empowerment, namely, production, resources, income, leadership, and time use. The study used the data gathered from 22 focus group discussions with female principal farmers, farmers’ wives, and female laborers. Women’s involvement in agricultural decision making was found to be highest in the Philippines, relatively lower in Indonesia, and lowest in Myanmar. In Indonesia, resources are generally owned by both partners and decisions about assets are made jointly. In the Philippines and Myanmar, husbands own the house and land but wives are consulted before making major decisions about asset use. In the Philippines, women fulfill an important role on a community level and have access to information. In Indonesia, women were organized (e.g., small credit groups) but excluded from major farmer group decisions such as variety selection and had no access to information from extension officers. In Myanmar, women had very low access to information and there were very few initiatives among the women to organize themselves. A number of small-scale research projects have been undertaken to assess the outcomes of ensuring women’s access to seeds and seed preservation training. The results of an experiment conducted in western India and southern Bangladesh during 2013-14 suggested that providing women with access to stress-tolerant rice variety (STRV) seeds and training enhanced their knowledge and skills on the use and management of resources, improved their farming practices, increased their decision-making power, improved personal and interpersonal relationships, and helped them in producing quality seeds. A subsequent study was conducted in the northern and southern districts of Bangladesh to understand the impact of access to STRV seeds on women’s empowerment and well- being. A series of focus group discussions conducted separately with men and women farmers in Bagerhat, Khulna, Jessore, Rangpur, and Kurigram districts revealed that the female farmers who received proper seed preservation training were able to earn extra income by selling excess seeds to other farmers. Female participants from Jessore, Rangpur, and Kurigram reported that they have become more confident and empowered after receiving seeds and training as their husbands now value their judgments and opinions more than before. Female farmers from Ajgora Village in Khulna stated that their income has improved as a result of having access to STRV seeds. Currently, they don’t go to the field to help their husbands in farming. Instead, they are now more involved in off-farm income-generation activities. A study titled “Preference heterogeneity of rice traits across gender, location, and abiotic stress environment: evidence from South Asia” was conducted in 2014 to analyze five years of data collected through participatory varietal selection (PVS) activities in the submergence- and salinity- prone areas of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. The study used 172 preference surveys and 49 sensory evaluations, which were attended by 5,987 and 1,677 farmers, respectively, and 34% of the participants in the preference surveys and 46% of the participants in the sensory evaluations were women. The study revealed that male and female farmers have heterogeneous preferences. Male farmers preferred the lines that were short and that had medium duration to fit the cropping system, medium to tall plant height that is suitable for medium and lowland areas, and strong stem, more tillers, uniform compact and long panicles, more grains per panicle, ability to withstand more than 3 weeks of submergence/salinity conditions, and high tolerance of pests and diseases. Female farmers were more concerned about good grain quality (i.e., compact, long, fine, attractive color, and slender), tall plant height (more straw for livestock fodder, thatching material, and farmyard manure; easy to harvest), and competitiveness with weeds. Male farmers preferred the variety of cooked rice that is heavy in the stomach and suitable for other preparations such as brew making in Assam. Women farmers preferred cooked rice with fine/slender grains, requiring less water for cooking and less cooking time, with good keeping quality and suitability for various rice preparations. The study concludes that both male and female farmers’ preferences need to be taken into account to ensure the rapid adoption of a new variety. Understanding the extent of farm mechanization and assessing its gender-disaggregate impacts were important objectives of GRiSP’s gender research program in Asia. A study was conducted in four districts of Bangladesh (Nilphamari, Rangpur, Khulna, and Jessore) to assess the G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 12 conditions of rice-based postharvest practices to design appropriate intervention programs. The results of the study suggested that rice-based postharvest practices in the study areas are highly non- mechanized (or traditional). More than a third (39%) of the sampled respondents had never heard about modern postharvest technologies such as a combine harvester, flatbed dryer, collapsible dryer, moisture meter, and mechanical parboiling. Twenty percent of the sample had heard about the technologies but they could not use them because of a lack of information and training. Thirteen percent of the farmers could not adopt these technologies because of a lack of affordability. Another study was titled “Who benefits from farm mechanization?” The case of the mechanical paddy thresher and postharvest labor allocation in Bangladesh used a nationally representative dataset that included 2,800 farm households from 63 out of the 64 districts of Bangladesh. The study examined the conventional narrative that suggested that postharvest technologies free up the time of unpaid female family labor from agriculture. The results of the study showed that the mechanical paddy thresher freed up men’s time from postharvest activities but kept women’s work burden unchanged. Women remained at the heart of technology delivery models deployed by the CSISA project in 2014. More than 1,000 women farmers in Mayurbhanj District of Odisha used various improved technologies such as better varieties, direct-seeded rice, the mechanical transplanter, and maize line sowing during kharif 2014. More than 2,000 women in Mayurbhanj have undergone training through mass capacity building, technology sensitization, and mobilization programs. The mechanized rice transplanter, a technology promoted by the CSISA project, was introduced through women farmers in Muzaffarpur District of Bihar. A group of women farmers from Bihar became the very first agricultural service providers in India in 2014. In addition to offering women a higher income-earning opportunity, this technology has significantly improved women’s well-being by reducing the drudgery and health hazards associated with 9 to 10 hours of backbreaking manual transplantation. Women farmers in Bihar were also trained to raise a mat nursery. Starting in kharif 2015, these trained women will operate on a commercial basis. Baseline data were collected in 2014 to be able to assess the impact of these women-centric interventions on women’s empowerment and household welfare. Four gender studies were carried out in Africa. The first study was conducted to analyze agricultural innovation uptake, constraints faced by male and female rice-farming households, and decision making in rice-farming households in Nasarawa, Nigeria. About 24% of the surveyed household heads were females. Access to credit, high cost of inputs, and poor soil fertility are the major constraints faced by male-headed households while access to credit, scarcity of labor, and lack of good roads represent the major constraints for the female-headed households. Intra-household decision-making analysis revealed a low level of women’s involvement in household decision making. Only 9% of the households’ rice production decisions are made solely by women and 11% of these decisions are made jointly by both the husband and wife, whereas 80% of the households’ rice production decisions are made solely by men. In terms of distribution and control of households’ outputs and income, 10% of the decisions are made solely by women and 10% are made jointly by both the husband and wife, whereas 80% of these decisions are made solely by men. A poverty profile analysis showed that male-headed households are poorer than female-headed households. The study recommends an increase in knowledge about and access of rice farmers to agricultural innovations, mainly improved rice varieties. Efforts should be made to empower women in order to improve their participation with respect to intra-household decision making. These efforts can include easy access to credit, farm inputs, and the provision of mineral fertilizer. A second gender study was carried out on parboiling in six communities within Mampong Municipality of the Ashanti Region, in the Kumasi hub of Ghana. Parboiling activities are mainly carried out by women and are still rudimentary. Women use inadequate equipment and they lack drying facilities and an improved milling center, and they use stones as stoves, with the associated health hazards. Based on these results, new parboiling vessels developed by AfricaRice and the Ghana Food Research Institute are being introduced and evaluated by women’s groups. The third study involved a baseline survey in two rice sector development hubs, located in Kahama and Kilombero districts in Tanzania. A qualitative approach was adopted to collect information through focus groups and personal interviews. Key informants included extension agents G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 13 and both female and male representatives of 10 rice-growing households from five villages in each hub. Key challenges identified included the limited participation of women in the process of delivery of extension advisory services. Moreover, their empowerment in decision making on key productive assets in the household, including the management of revenue from the sale of the agricultural produce they contributed to, would be an incentive to them to engage in even better farming practices suggested under extension advisory services. Although some basic technologies seem affordable and could easily be applied by the women, the excess drudgery these technologies add to the tasks that women already have to perform may limit their adoption (e.g., planting rice in lines). The fourth study investigated the effects of introducing stress-tolerant varieties in the Sine Saloum area of Senegal. In this region, most of the inland valley areas are prone to severe salinity and are very difficult to use for agriculture. To support the rehabilitation efforts of these lowlands, AfricaRice has recently collaborated with development partners to recover these lands for agriculture, especially for rice production. Diagnostic studies carried out under this program showed that millet and groundnut, which are cash crops, were still preferred by men at the expense of rice production in this part of the country. Rice is traditionally attributed to women. AfricaRice and partners are introducing salt-tolerant varieties and are building capacity among women seed producers. Very few studies have addressed gender perspectives in rice production in Latin America, either in understanding the production system and the value chain or in research for development. In 2014, GRiSP researched women’s and men’s roles and women’s empowerment in rice production in two of its main target populations: medium and small farmers in Ecuador and Bolivia. The research concentrated on the performance indicator “gender inequality targets defined,” by collecting sex- disaggregated social data to diagnose gender-related constraints. We collected and analyzed data with respect to gender roles, gender gaps, and women’s empowerment in rice production systems. The information documented improves our understanding of differences in production, including yield gaps, roles and tasks by gender, decision making by men and women in each agricultural activity, participation in management and land tenure in the adoption of modern varieties, marketing, revenue management, and tasks related to household maintenance (e.g., housework, animal care, and management of other crops). In Bolivia, the nationwide survey included 845 households of small and medium rice producers. In Ecuador, we started with a national sample and with the implementation of qualitative techniques such as semi-structured interviews and focus groups in small rice households in four communities located in two of the major rice-producing provinces representing two different production systems. In total, six focus groups and 59 semi-structured interviews were developed. Also in 2014, results from an earlier study conducted in Peru were analyzed. Several gender differences were identified: fields managed by women have 4.5% less yield than men’s fields, women have individual or joint property rights in 23% of all plots, and women are less prone to manage rice fields. Also, women represent a significant proportion of hired labor (approximately 31% of all hired labor). Women represent a larger proportion in activities such as preparation and sowing of seeds (60%), late weed control using chemicals (50%), and chemical pest and disease control (40%). Although women play an important role in the production systems, they have a small share in receiving credit and extension services. In addition, they use 35% less hired labor than men, and the fields they manage are smaller than the ones managed by men. E. PARTNERSHIPS BUILDING ACHIEVEMENTS Describe partnership building achievements (if any new ones since last year) and associated strategic partnership issues, including public-private partnerships where relevant. Include a brief description of mechanisms designed to align CRP with priorities in national, regional bodies etc... Include a brief analysis of new strategic interactions with other CRPs and their effectiveness. Include a brief commentary on how different key partners are using the CRP’s outputs and outcomes. Details of GRiSPs “regular” partnership arrangements and mechanisms (including public-private sector collaborations, relationships with national and international bodies, interactions with other CRPs) are described in its 2013 annual report and are not repeated here. In addition, in 2014, in Asia, we conducted strategic workshops to validate and align the GRiSP R&D agenda and IDOs with national G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 14 rice research and development strategies of Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam (see details with website references in Annex 5). In Africa, two-to-three-day national partner meetings were held in 24 countries to identify desirable outcomes for each of the ≈70 GRiSP action sites (hubs). A total of 21 countries compiled reports outlining a “vision for the hub” and 5-year “scaling” work plans for the diffusion of validated rice value chain technologies/innovations. In about 50% of the countries, specific work plans were made for each hub with often detailed indicators for each identified outcome. For the other 50%, a work plan was developed for all hubs in the country, without specific outcomes for each hub. In some cases, this led to the identification of a number of outcomes at the national level instead of at the action site/hub level. In Latin America and the Caribbean, GRiSP organized, together with FLAR, stakeholder workshops in Colombia, Panama, and Uruguay. Participants selected and defined 20 indicators for monitoring GRiSP intermediate development outcomes at the national level. Partnerships were forged or strengthened with important national and international development initiatives. In Africa, AfricaRice linked its GRiSP activities to the Emergency Rice Initiative, in which Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) has provided the sum of US$9 million to support the production and distribution of good-quality seed of popular improved high-yielding rice varieties as well as rice production and processing machinery to rice farmers in 27 SSA countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. Among the outcomes of this project, the NARES in each of these countries successfully identified credible potential seed producers and developed a strategy for producing seed (breeder, foundation, and/or certified seed) of popular rice varieties. They also trained seed producers on seed production techniques and provided them with foundation seed for the production of certified seed. Each country produced between 4.5 tons (Gabon) and 151 tons (Niger) of certified seed. The total quantity of certified seed produced was 1,687 tons; 1 to 17 varieties per country were produced in the wet season and under irrigation in the dry season. Linking back into the GRiSP action sites, each country identified vulnerable farmers in each Rice Sector Development Hub. Using seed vouchers, the NARES distributed a total of 1,613 tons of certified seed to 109,306 vulnerable farmers (including 30,410 women)—the project targets were 1,701 tons of seed and 67,200 farmers. The quantity of seed given to each farmer ranged from 3 kg to 100 kg, depending on farm size. In addition, 43 extension staff each from Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo were trained at the AfricaRice regional training center, St. Louis, Senegal, on integrated rice management (IRM) practices. Another example of linking up with development programs is the World Bank-funded Agricultural Competitiveness Project in Vietnam, in which GRiSP provides support to the development and delivery of improved rice management technologies that are integrated into the national “1 Must Do, 5 Reductions” program. This project made it an essential prerequisite for farmer cooperatives to receive assistance for agricultural machinery and infrastructure to receive training on these improved practices. As a result, some 240,000 farmers implemented best practices over 300,000 ha. F. CAPACITY BUILDING Provide a summary and highlights of training and its outputs and outcomes. Use indicators from Table 1, as appropriate. We provided degree training (PhD, MSc) to 436 scholars, of which 186 were females. Capacity building involved a large variety of activities, partners, and participants; below follows a non-exhaustive description of a few training activities to provide a “flavor” of the activities. In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, GRiSP partners organized training on best management practices for an estimated 34,500 farmers. In the Philippines, some 400 farmers attended ecological engineering open days. In total, close to 21,000 farmers (of which 22% were females) and more than 7,000 professionals (of which 36% were females) received training (Table 1) on a variety of improved crop management practices such as rice-fish systems, rice-mustard cropping, improved management of water and nutrients, quality seed production, postharvest technologies, etc. Capacity was also enhanced on research G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 15 methodologies such as agricultural statistics, interview techniques, collection and analysis of weather data, participatory approaches to gender analysis, etc. In India, more than 2,000 women in Mayurbhanj have undergone training on rice-related technologies through mass capacity building, technology sensitization, and mobilization programs. In Africa, the training in the construction and dissemination of improved postharvest equipment continued: 15 mechanization experts and equipment fabricators from eight African countries, FARA, IRRI, and AfricaRice visited value chain actors and agricultural equipment manufacturing companies in Brazil; 16 mechanization experts from 11 African countries, FARA, IRRI, and AfricaRice visited rice value chain actors and agricultural equipment manufacturers in Thailand; 108 fabricators from 18 countries were trained in the construction of the ASI axial-flow thresher; 12 light thresher fabricators were trained in Uganda; 21 fabricators from 14 countries were trained in the development of accessories for power tillers, including two types of reapers; and 19 fabricators from 14 countries were trained in the construction of milling equipment, including elevators, paddy cleaners, and rice graders. To facilitate out-scaling in the African hubs, 16 information and knowledge exchange facilitators (IKEF) from 14 countries were trained in 2014 to improve the exchange and dissemination of rice sector information and knowledge and to make use of the Rice eHub facility. Twenty participants from the Mechanization Task Force were also trained in the use of the Rice eHub. In Latin America and the Caribbean, through the agronomy program of FLAR, 62 training events on improved agronomic practices (field days, rice courses, and technical meetings) were organized for some 920 technicians and 2,750 farmers. G. RISK MANAGEMENT List the three major risks that may hinder the expected delivery of results by the CRP and describe the mitigation actions taken to manage these risks. GRiSP maintains a formal risk register that identifies risk type, source, impact, level, likelihood, mitigations, and additional actions to overcome gaps. This register contains risks that pertain to the program as a whole and complements the risk registers of the GRiSP-participating CGIAR institutes. With IRRI being the lead center for GRiSP, the GRiSP risk register becomes part of the IRRI institutional risk register and follows IRRI procedures for risk management and approval processes. This register is annually presented to, and endorsed by, the GRiSP Oversight Committee, before it is submitted for approval to the IRRI Board of Trustees. By late 2014 and early 2015, two major inter-related risks had become extremely critical for the survival of GRiSP: Insufficient W1 and W2 funds for GRiSP implementation. Impact: high; risk likelihood and level: high. Mitigations: continuous advocacy for adequate funding with the Consortium Office and donors; continuous fund raising for W3 and bilateral grants; GRiSP communication strategy (dedicated team with financial resources); raising awareness on GRiSP’s gender strategy, outcome culture, and partnerships. Breakdown of the CGIAR system. Impact: high; risk likelihood and level: high. Mitigation: The GRiSP director will strategically engage at CGIAR level to monitor developments and to contribute to effective decision making and further reform of the system toward restoring confidence and increasing effectiveness. The PPMT will fully support this involvement. In 2014, the outbreak of Ebola affected operations in West Africa, and the risks were managed by AfricaRice: AfricaRice staff were evacuated in August from Liberia and Sierra Leone; several planned workshops and meetings in the region were canceled; an Identification Workshop was organized in December for the “Seeds for Agriculture Recovery in Ebola-Affected Countries Project” (SAR EACP), African Development Bank, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 16 H. LESSONS LEARNED i. Estimate the overall level of confidence/uncertainty of the indicators provided in Table 1. The column “actual 2014” details how each indicator was estimated. Some indicators can easily be measured and are relatively accurate, such as the number of publications and databases maintained, while others are “educated guesses” since they are not measured on a routine basis, such as the number of users of databases and number of adopters of technologies. ii. Description, if relevant, of research avenues that did not produce expected results, and description of actions taken by the CRP, such as new research directions pursued and their expected outputs and outcomes. The development of Golden Rice was reoriented. Following inconsistent yield results from multi-location trials of advanced lines of GR2-R, a new Golden Rice candidate event was selected and its development fast-tracked in 2014, with BC5F2 lines developed in three major genetic backgrounds, IR64 for Indonesia, PSBRc82 for the Philippines, and BRRI dhan29 for Bangladesh. To further leverage the resequence data of the 3K genomes initiative, the International Rice Informatics Consortium was established, providing information and computational services. Together with the launch of the SNP-SEEK database, it is expected that this will provide a great impulse to the discovery of new traits and their use in breeding programs globally to develop rice varieties with unprecedented characteristics. Moreover, it is expected that these developments will change the way genebank germplasm collections will be used by researchers globally. iii. Lessons learned by the CRP from its monitoring of the indicators and from its qualitative analyses of progress. A total of 224 milestones were planned, of which only 67% were fully accomplished (green), 31% partially accomplished (yellow), and 2% not accomplished (red). Overall, the relatively high scores for yellow for most Flagship Projects reflects the consequences of W1,2 budget cuts and the tendency by scientists to “never finish” the research. This latter point will be addressed through continued emphasis on more rigorous assessment of accomplishments of scientific results. The relatively high score of unaccomplished milestones in Flagship Project 4 looks inflated in % terms as it is only four milestones. The percentage scoring over the GRiSP Flagship projects is as follows: Flagship Project Green Yellow Red 1 70 30 0 2 58 43 0 3 64 21 14 4 59 41 0 5 87 13 0 6 69 31 0 Overall, we consider our progress well on track as evidenced by the reported outputs and outcomes. To accelerate the realization of its development outcomes, it is important for GRiSP to forge and strengthen links with large national and international development initiatives (see examples above under E). Also, training of national partners on research and development capacity, specifically gender issues, remains an important task. In September 2014, we were informed of a roughly US$4 million W1,2 budget reduction, but it was too late in the year to implement cost savings of that order of magnitude, so all planned G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 17 activities had been carried out with the centers bearing those costs themselves. For 2015, an additional reduction of $7 million will have to be realized, which will seriously affect the delivery of research outputs and outcomes. As per the examples provided above, the linkage with downstream development programs is extremely important to accelerate the delivery of development outcomes on a large scale. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 18 Annex 1: CRP indicators of progress, with glossary and targets CRPs Indicator Glossary/guidelines for defining and Deviation 2013 2014 2015 concerned measuring the indicator, and description of narrative by this what the CRP includes in the indicator (if actual is indicator measured, based upon the glossary more than 10% away from target) T Actual Target Actual Target KNOWLEDGE, TOOLS, DATA All 1. Number of Glossary: These are frameworks and concepts More 29 29 29 29 flagship that are significant and complete enough to identified “products” have been highlighted on web pages and flagship GRiSP’s flagship products are considered at a higher aggregation level than products produced by publicized through blog stories, press releases, products listed under #18, #23, and #27. In fact, they are more product pipelines such as sets of CRP and/or policy briefs. They are significant in for 2014 genes/QTLs influencing specific traits (such as quality, diseases resistance, tolerance to that they are likely to change the way abiotic stress, etc), new varieties with a targeted profile related to groups of traits (eg stakeholders along the impact pathway disease resistance, submergence tolerance, etc), crop and natural resource management allocate resources and/or implement technologies, and postharvest technologies. Within these product pipelines, a activities. They should be products that continuous stream of improvements is generated; hence, most if not all of these flagship change the way these stakeholders think and products are continuous throughout the lifetime of GRiSP. act. Tools, decision-support tools, guidelines, 1. High-yield genes (large panicle, tillering) and/or training manuals are not included in 2. Submergence-tolerance genes (not only Sub1) this indicator. 3. Phosphorus-deficiency genes (not only PSTOL) Specify what type of products, from above 4. Salinity-tolerance genes (not only Saltol1) glossary, you have included in the number 5. Drought-tolerance genes indicated under 2013; if relevant, specify 6. Genes related to pest and disease resistance geographic locations 7. Genes conferring aroma 8. Genes related to quality “appearance” (e.g., chalkiness, length and width of grains, texture) 9. Stress-prone rice (drought, submergence, salinity) 10. Golden Rice 11. High-zinc rice 12. C4 rice 13. Aerobic rice 14. Hybrid rice 15. Ecological engineering 16. Direct-seeded rice as production system 17. Nutrient management options (such as, but not limited to, site-specific nutrient management) 18. Water-saving technologies 19. Ecologically-based pest control (e.g., insect pests, rodents) 20. Remote sensing and GIS-based rice mapping 21. Improved (hermetic) storage and seed preservation 22. Improved drying technologies 23. Improved parboiling G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 19 24. Rice marketing strategies 25. Conservation agriculture options for rice (including minimum tillage) 26. Mechanization options (laser leveling, mechanized transplanting, mechanized seeding, combine harvesting, etc.) 27. Weed diagnostics and weed control technologies 28. Good Agricultural Practices (integrated, holistic packages of management technologies) 29. Community seed banks All 2. % of Glossary: The web pages, blog stories, press We 22% 38% 38% 38% flagship releases, and policy briefs supporting indicator excluded products #1 must have an explicit focus on women the gene- Not all of the flagship technologies have a gender dimension. Genes under flagship produced that farmers/NRM managers to be counted related technologies 1-8 have no gender implication as such; it’s when these genes get have explicit Provide concrete examples of what you flagship incorporated into new varieties that gender implications become relevant. A number of target of include in this indicator technologi products from Flagship Projects 2-4 have, in certain locations, women farmers or women women es in the entrepreneurs in the rice value chain as explicit target. In some cases, groups of farmers/NRM calculation technologies, such as best management practices that involve multiple crop managers as these do management technologies, explicitly target women farmers and/or entrepreneurs: not have a 1. Rice farming technologies for ex-combatant women in Burundi; addresses # gender 29 above dimension 2. Improved marketing strategies for women’s groups in Africa; addresses # 24 in above themselves 3. Ecological engineering; addresses # 15 above 4. On-farm seed preservation (mainly done by women of the households) ; addresses # 21 above 5. Improved parboiling technologies for women entrepreneurs in Africa; addresses # 23 above 6. Stress-tolerant rice; addresses # 9 above 7. Labor-saving (mechanization) technologies (reducing back-breaking and drudgery work done by women farmers); addresses # 26 above 8. Community seed banks targeted at women farmers (groups); addresses # 29 above Following the logic explained above, these 8 technologies cover 38% of the 21 relevant technologies listed under indicator 1 (excluding the 8 gene-related technologies) All 3. % of Glossary; Reports/papers describing the More 13% 20% 20% 20% flagship products should include a focus on gender- flagship products disaggregated impacts if they are to be projects 1. Improved marketing strategies for women’s groups in Africa; addresses # 24 produced that counted with above have been Provide concrete examples of what you women as 2. Improved parboiling technologies for women entrepreneurs in Africa; assessed for include in this indicator target than addresses # 23 above likely gender- initially 3. Stress-tolerant rice for women farmers; addresses # 9 above disaggregated planned 4. Labor-saving (mechanization) technologies (reducing back-breaking and impact because of drudgery work done by women farmers); addresses # 26 above increased attention to gender Following the logic explained above, these 4 technologies cover 20% of the 21 relevant in the technologies listed under indicator 1 (excluding the 8 gene-related technologies) G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 20 program All 4. Number of Glossary: These are significant decision- Elimination 16 16 20 20 ”tools” support tools, guidelines, and/or training of tools produced by manuals that are significant and complete already Most tools are not “one-shot” events but, after release, are continuously updated and CRP enough to have been highlighted on web reported in improved. Hence, there is repetition with tools reported in 2013: pages and publicized through blog stories, 2012 that 1. 16 Rice Knowledge Banks (14 country-specific, 1 global, 1 CSISA) press releases, and/or policy briefs. They are were not 2. Nutrient Manager on computer and cell phone, Asia significant in that they are likely to change the updated or 3. Crop Manager on computer and cell phone, Asia way stakeholders along the impact pathway improved 4. RiceAdvice on cell phone, Africa allocate resources and/or implement activities in 2013 5. Improved Rice Doctor Based on the glossary, describe the types of 6. Sustainable rice criteria (Sustainable Rice Platform) outputs you include in this indicator 7. Rice management practices for stress-prone environments 8. Rice simulation models (RIDEV, Oryza) 9. International Rice Information System 10. Season-long extension training manual 11. Weed management decision-support tool 12. Large number of technology videos, and videos on community approaches, Digital Green videos 13. FieldLab (Software for data collection using handhold devices) released. 14. STAR (Statistical Tools for Agricultural Research). 15. PBTools (Analytical Tools for Plant Breeding) released. 16. Facilities for high-throughput DNA extraction and SNP genotyping made available for GRiSP partners. 17. Online SNP analysis tools through the IRRI GSL-Galaxy Resource. 18. CSSL Finder, a program for managing introgression lines, and is particularly useful to develop Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines (CSSLs). 19. MapDisto is a program for mapping genetic markers in experimental segregating populations like backcross, F2, doubled haploids, single-seed descent and highly recombinant lines. 20. The NGSEP software, a Next-Generation Sequencing Eclipse Plug-in (NGSEP), a new software tool for integrated, efficient and user-friendly detection of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), indels and copy number variants (CNVs) All 5. % of tools Glossary: The web pages, blog stories, press 0 0 0 0 that have an releases, and policy briefs supporting indicator explicit target #4 must have an explicit focus on women The tools themselves are not specifically targeted at men or women, though some of the of women farmers/NRM managers to be counted information and technologies conveyed by these tools are. These are reported under farmers other indicators and not repeated here to avoid double counting. All 6. % of tools Glossary: Reports/papers describing the 0 0 0 0 assessed for products should include a focus on gender- likely gender- disaggregated impacts if they are to be The tools themselves are not specifically targeted at men or women, though some of the disaggregated counted information and technologies conveyed by these tools are. These are reported under impact other indicators and not repeated here to avoid double counting. All 7. Number of Indicate the type of databases (e.g., More 14 14 15 15 open access socioeconomic survey data; crop yields in field databases databases experiments…) you are reporting on in the identified Databases and their tracked users (when no user numbers are provided, these data are maintained by following columns not currently tracked): CRP 1. International Rice Information System (IRIS) (3811) G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 21 2. Rice SNP seek data base 3. Rice genebank collection Information provided through Genesys 4. World Rice Statistics 5. Farm Household Survey Database 6. Rice Knowledge Bank (393,000 users in 2014) 7. AfricaRice (WARDA) genebank information system 8. Dataverse systems IRRI, AfricaRice, 9. ORYZA2000 simulation model database 10. Rice Google Books: all scanned IRRI books (0.5 million book views, 4.8 million page views, 23,135 full-book downloads in 2014) 11. Flickr rice pictures (3 million views in 2014) 12. Scribe: all IRRI Discussion Papers, Technical Bulletins, reports, Rice Today issues, etc. (100,000 reads in 2014) 13. Rice videos through Youtube – click here and here (290,000 views in 2014; 2,140 total subscribers) 14. Database for SNP marker data and genetic diversity analysis of Multi- Environment Trail (MET) entries. 15. Database for SNP marker data and genetic diversity analysis of International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) entries. All 8. Total 2.2-5.6 2 million  4.3−8.6 million (first included whole-book views, second only page views of number of Million #11 in indicator 7) 4 million users of these open access See above at indicator #7 for details. For many of the open-access databases, the databases number of users is not tracked. Hence, our total number under estimates the true number of users. All 9. Number of Publication 231 225 218 215 publications in s can’t AfricaRice: 49; IRRI: 160; CIAT: 9 ISI journals really be produced by planned Appendix 3 gives the complete list. CRP with 100% accuracy 1,2,3, 4, 6 10. Number of Clearly indicate the type of value chains you 1 1 1 1 strategic value are reporting on in the next columns chains Rice value chain analyzed by CRP 1,5,6,7 11. Number Specify the type of system, using its main NA of targeted products as descriptors (e.g., mixed crop, agro- livestock system; monoculture of XX; ecosystems agroforestry with maize, beans, etc..; mixed analysed/char cropping with upland rice, cassava, etc...) by acterised by geographic location and agroecological zones CRP (FAO typology) 1,5,6,7 12. Estimated NA population of above- mentioned G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 22 agro- ecosystems CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT AND INNOVATION PLATFORMS All 13. Number of Glossary: The number of individuals to whom Compared 68,415 50,000 20,895 25,000 trainees in significant knowledge or skills have been with 2013, short-term imparted through interactions that are a much AfricaRice: 623; IRRI: 17,703; CIAT: 2,569 programs intentional, structured, and purposed for smaller facilitated by imparting knowledge or skills should be number of Trainees include partners in academia, NGOs, the public sector (mainly involved in CRP (male) counted. This includes farmers, ranchers, farmer research and extension), the private sector (seed industry, input suppliers, machine and fishers, and other primary sector producers trainings equipment manufacturers, agro-industry, rural entrepreneurs, processors, millers, and who receive training in a variety of best were other actors along the rice value chain), on topics including biotechnology and breeding practices in productivity, postharvest organized tools/technologies, hybrid rice production, community seed bank development, seed management, linking to markets, etc. It also by our purification, rice quality, survey techniques, database management, statistics, rice insect includes rural entrepreneurs, processors, partners on taxonomy, field-level pest monitoring methodologies, agronomy (land preparation, crop managers, and traders receiving training in our main establishment, weed, water, nutrient, pest, disease, crop, soil management), harvest application of new technologies, business bilateral and postharvest technologies (combine harvesting, drying, milling, storage, parboiling, management, linking to markets, etc., and downstrea etc.), business model development and marketing skills, climate change adaptation and training to extension specialists, researchers, m projects, mitigation strategies, greenhouse gas emission measurement, remote sensing, policymakers, and others who are engaged in whereas it modeling, GIS, phenotyping, and field and laboratory instrumentation. Trainees also the food, feed, and fiber system and natural still include farmers who received training on improved rice husbandry. resources and water management. Include remains training on climate risk analysis, adaptation, problemati Details are available on demand mitigation, and vulnerability assessments, as it c capturing relates to agriculture. Training should include all training food security, water resource events management/IWRM, sustainable agriculture, organized and climate change resilience. by partners Indicate, from the above list, the general subject matters in which training was provided. All 14. Number of (see above, but for females) Compared 25,430 20,000 7,135 10,000 trainees in with 2013, AfricaRice: 204; IRRI: 5,830; CIAT: 1,101 short-term a much programs smaller Details are available on demand facilitated by number of CRP (females) farmer trainings were organized by our partners on our main bilateral downstrea m projects, whereas it G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 23 still remains problemati c capturing all training events organized by partners All 15. Number of Glossary: The number of people who are 238 225 250 225 trainees in currently enrolled in or graduated in the long-term current fiscal year from a bachelor’s, master’s, AfricaRice: 82; IRRI: 165; CIAT: 3 programs or Ph.D. program or are currently participating Details are available on demand facilitated by in or have completed in the current fiscal year CRP (males) a long-term (degree-seeking) advanced training program such as a fellowship program or a postdoctoral studies program. A person completing one long-term training program in the fiscal year and currently participating in another long-term training program should be counted only once. Specify in this cell the number of master’s students and number of PhDs All 16.Number of (see above, but for females) 166 160 186 175 trainees in long-term AfricaRice: 38; IRRI: 145; CIAT: 3 programs facilitated by Details are available on demand CRP (females) 1,5,6,7 17. Number of Glossary: To be counted, a multistakeholder NA multi- platform has to have a clear purpose, stakeholder generally to manage some type of R4D tradeoff/conflict among the different interests innovation of different stakeholders in the targeted agro- platforms ecosystems, and inclusive and clear established governance mechanisms, leading to decisions for the to manage the variety of perspectives of targeted agro- stakeholders in a manner satisfactory to the ecosystems by whole platform. the CRPs Indicate the focus of each platform in this cell, including geographic focus. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 24 TECHNOLOGIES/PRACTICES IN VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT All 18. Number of Glossary: Technologies to be counted here are New way 120 100 184 150 technologies/ agriculture-related and NRM-related of counting NRM practices technologies and innovations including those technologi Flagship Projects 1 and 2 research/develop genes, markers, QTls, etc., and produce a under that address climate change adaptation and es as large number of germplasm materials, pre-breeding lines, elite breeding lines, etc., that research in mitigation. Relevant technologies include but suggested are embodied in GRiSP’s breeding products. Flagship Projects 3-4 develop NRM and the CRP are not limited to: by the post-harvest products. (Phase I) • Mechanical and physical: New land Consortium 1 High-resolution SNP genotypes of diverse accessions preparation, harvesting, processing, and office. See 2 Whole-genome sequencing product handling technologies, including also 3 Specialized genetic stocks and novel populations biodegradable packaging appendix 5 4 Genes for drought-tolerant and aerobic rice • Biological: New germplasm (varieties, for details. 5 Genes for flood-prone environments breeds, etc.) that could be higher-yielding or 6 Genes for nutrient-deficient and problem soils higher in nutritional content and/or more 7 Genes for temperature extremes and grain quality resilient to climate impacts; affordable food- 8 Genes for disease and insect resistance based nutritional supplementation such as 9 Genes for improving the architecture of rice roots and panicles vitamin A-rich sweet potatoes or rice, or high- 10 Transgenic prebreeding events for stress-response genes protein maize, or improved livestock breeds; 11 Gene identification and validation pipeline soil management practices that increase biotic 12 C4 rice activity and soil organic matter levels; and 13 Novel gene sources for breeding livestock health services and products such as 14 Disease-resistant rice vaccines 15 Insect-resistant rice • Chemical: Fertilizers, insecticides, and 16 Population improvement pesticides sustainably and environmentally 17 Drought-tolerant rice applied, and soil amendments that increase 18 Submergence-tolerant and other flood-tolerant rice fertilizer-use efficiencies 19 Improved varieties tolerant of salt stress and other problem soils • Management and cultural practices: 20 Varieties tolerant of cold or hot temperatures sustainable water management practices; 21 New generation of elite inbreds with increased yield potential sustainable land management practices; 22 High-yielding varieties for irrigated systems in Asia sustainable fishing practices; Information 23 High-yielding varieties for irrigated systems in Africa technology, improved/sustainable agricultural 24 High-yielding varieties for irrigated systems in Latin America production and marketing practices, increased 25 Rice varieties for dry seeding in aerobic rice and conservation agriculture systems use of climate information for planning 26 Improved rice varieties for temperate rice environments disaster risk strategies in place, climate change 27 Rice hybrids for Asia mitigation and energy efficiency, and natural 28 Rice hybrids for Africa resource management practices that increase 29 Rice hybrids for Latin America productivity and/or resiliency to climate 30 Pro Vitamin A-enriched rice (Golden Rice) change. IPM, ISFM, and PHH as related to 31 High-Zn rice agriculture should all be included as improved 32 High-Fe rice technologies or management practices. 33 Rice with enhanced folic acid 34 Strategies to improve water-use efficiency New technologies or management practices 35 Principles and tools for site-specific nutrient management under research counted should be only those 36 Management options for pests, weeds, and diseases under research in the current reporting year. 37 Integrated good agricultural practices (GAP) G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 25 Any new technology or management practice 38 Diversified cropping systems in Asia under research in a previous year but not 39 Mechanization and conservation agriculture under research in the reporting year should 40 Management options for drought, submergence, and salinity not be included. 41 Management options for pests, diseases, and weeds Clearly indicate, from the list above, the type 42 Mechanization and conservation agriculture for low-input and upland systems of technology and geographic location that 43 Land and water development options for inland valleys you are reporting on in next columns. 44 Field management technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 45 Strategies to adapt to climate change and increase resilience 46 Improved technologies and management options to increase postharvest yield 47 Business models for postharvest technologies and tools for improved rice market information systems 48 Postharvest practices for reduced mycotoxin contamination of milled rice 49 Institutional and organizational innovations enabling greater access to output markets for smallholder farmers 50 Rice straw with increased digestibility for feeding to livestock 51 Climate change mitigation through renewable, profitable, and sustainable energy production and carbon sequestration options based on rice residues 52 Innovative, profitable, and sustainable processing options for rice husks and rice straw 53 Specialty rice with good eating quality for high-value markets 54 Processing techniques that add value to low-grade rice It is beyond the purpose (and means) to list all qenes, markers, pre-breeding lines, advances in genetic stocks, processes underlying NRM technologies, etc of these products in a Table like this. Each year, around 100,000 germplasm ‘materials’ flow through F1-F7 pedigree nurseries to/through replicated yield trials and advanced yield trials, with around 5,000 being qualified as ‘elite pre-breeding lines’ at the end of the pipeline. Appendix 5 gives details (including quantitative numbers) of concrete progress in 2014 in our breeding pipeline (including work on genes, QTLs, genetic stocks, genome characterization, etc) in 2014, and gives a sense of the size of breeding efforts. In our total count of technologies, we summed the 130 component technologies under research in 2014 listed in appendix 5 and the 54 GRiSP products listed above: 184. All 19. % of The papers, web pages, blog stories, press We 24% 24% 24% 24% technologies releases, and policy briefs supporting indicator excluded under #x must have an explicit focus on women the Not all of the technologies under research have a gender dimension. Technologies research that farmers/NRM managers to be counted Flagship delivered by Flagship Project 1 do not target a specific gender by their very nature. The have an Project 1 discovery of a SNP or the creation of a mutant population, for example, has no gender explicit target technologi implications. It’s when these technologies get incorporated into new varieties that of women es in the gender implications become relevant. A number of products from Flagship Projects 2-4 farmers calculation have, in certain locations, women farmers or women entrepreneurs in the rice value as these do chain as explicit target. In some cases, groups of technologies, such as best management not have a practices that involve multiple crop management technologies, explicitly target women gender farmers and/or entrepreneurs: dimension 1. Rice farming technologies for ex-combatant women in Burundi; addresses # 37 above 2. Improved marketing strategies for women’s groups in Africa; addresses # 49 above G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 26 3. Ecological engineering by women in Vietnam; addresses # 41 above 4. On-farm hermetic storage of rice (mainly done by women of the households); addresses # 46 above 5. Improved parboiling technologies for women entrepreneurs in Africa; addresses # 54 above 6. InfoLady farmers in Bangladesh trained on rice technology transfer; mainly addresses # 37, 47 above 7. Stress-tolerant rice for women farmers; addresses # 17, 18, 19 above 8. Labor-saving (mechanization) technologies (reducing back-breaking and drudgery work done by women farmers); addresses # 39 above 9. Community seed banks targeted at women farmers (groups); addresses # 17, 18, 19 above These products relate to 10 of the 41 technologies listed under indicator 18 (excluding the 13 Flagship Project 1 technologies from the 54): 27% All 20. % of Reports/papers describing the products We 15% 15% 15% 15% technologies should include a focus on gender- excluded under disaggregated impacts if they are to be the The following technologies were assessed on their gender impacts: research that counted Flagship 1. Improved marketing strategies for women’s groups in Africa; addresses # 49 have been Project 1 above assessed for technologi 2. Improved parboiling technologies for women entrepreneurs in Africa; likely gender- es in the addresses # 54 above disaggregated calculation 3. Stress-tolerant rice for women farmers; addresses # 17, 18, 19 above impact as these do 4. Labor-saving (mechanization) technologies (reducing back-breaking and not have a drudgery work done by women farmers); addresses # 39 above gender 5. Community seed banks targeted at women farmers (groups); addresses # 17, dimension. 18, 19 above See Following the logic explained above, these products relate to 6 of the 41 technologies narrative listed under indicator 18 (excluding the 13 Flagship Project 1 technologies from the 54): for under 15% section D for assessment results and hyperlinks 1,5,6,7 21 Number of Use the same classification of agroecosystem NA agro- as for indicator 11 above, including geographic ecosystems location and agroecological zone for which CRP has identified feasible approaches for improving ecosystem services and for establishing G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 27 positive incentives for farmers to improve ecosystem functions as per the CRP’s recommendat ions 1,5,6,7 22. Number Indicate the potential number of both women NA of people and men who will potentially benefit from plans, once finalised, for the scaling up of strategies All, except 23. Number of Glossary; Under “field testing” means that We 1,928 1,900 14,946 10,000- 2 technologies research has moved from focused received a 15,000 /NRM development to broader testing (pilot project better At this stage, we do not include the pre-breeding products of Flagship Project 1 practices field phase) and this testing is underway under estimate (discovered genes, QTLs, breeding populations, etc.) that don’t really get field tested. In tested (Phase conditions intended to duplicate those on Flagship Project 2, we count those lines that are field tested in multi environment testing II) encountered by potential users of the new evaluation trials or in the International Network for the Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER). Many of technology. This might be in the actual of GRiSP the products of Flagship Projects 3-4 are both under research and under field testing by facilities (fields) of potential users or it might derived some of GRiSP’s 900 partners. Many of these products are even at the same time in the be in a facility set up to duplicate those breeding dissemination stage by yet other partners. For example, the technology of alternate conditions. material wetting and drying for saving water is under research for its effects on greenhouse gas Clearly identify in this cell the type of from our emissions and for improved nutrient management (e.g., at IRRI), while it is under field technology and the geographic locations of partners testing under conventional nutrient management with certain partners (e.g., in Africa), the field testing/pilot projects reported in next and released and disseminated with other partners in other countries (e.g., in the columns. Philippines, Vietnam, and Bangladesh). 1 Disease-resistant rice 2 Insect-resistant rice 3 Drought-tolerant rice 4 Submergence-tolerant and other flood-tolerant rice 5 Improved varieties tolerant of salt stress and other problem soils 6 Varieties tolerant of cold or hot temperatures 7 New generation of elite inbreds with increased yield potential 8 High-yielding varieties for irrigated systems in Asia 9 High-yielding varieties for irrigated systems in Africa 10 High-yielding varieties for irrigated systems in Latin America 11 Rice varieties for dry seeding in aerobic rice and conservation agriculture systems 12 Improved rice varieties for temperate rice environments 13 Rice hybrids for Asia 14 Rice hybrids for Africa 15 Rice hybrids for Latin America 16 Pro Vitamin A-enriched rice (Golden Rice) G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 28 17 High-Zn rice 18 Strategies to improve water-use efficiency 19 Principles and tools for site-specific nutrient management 20 Management options for pests, weeds, and diseases 21 Integrated good agricultural practices (GAP) 22 Diversified cropping systems in Asia 23 Mechanization and conservation agriculture 24 Management options for drought, submergence, and salinity 25 Management options for pests, diseases, and weeds 26 Mechanization and conservation agriculture for low-input and upland systems 27 Land and water development options for inland valleys 28 Field management technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 29 Strategies to adapt to climate change and increase resilience 30 Improved technologies and management options to increase postharvest yield 31 Business models for postharvest technologies and tools for improved rice market information systems 32 Innovative, profitable, and sustainable processing options for rice husks and rice straw 33 Specialty rice with good eating quality for high-value markets A total of 14,893 lines were field tested in multi environment testing trials and in the International Network for the Genetic Evaluation of Rice (see Appendix 5 for details). In our total count of technologies, we add this number to the 33 products given above: 14,946 1,5,6,7 24. Number of Clearly identify in this cell the type of NA agro- technology and the geographic location of the ecosystems field testing/pilot projects, and use the same for which classification of agroecosystem as for indicator innovations 11, specifying the type of agroecosystems in (technologies, which field testing is taking place. policies, practices, integrative approaches) and options for improvement at system level have been developed and are being field tested (Phase II) 1,5,6,7 25. % of G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 29 above innovations/a pproaches/op tions that are targeted at decreasing inequality between men and women 1,5,6,7 26. Number of published research outputs from CRP used in targeted agro- ecosystems All, except 27.Number of Glossary: In the case of crop research that After a few 128 120 70 70 2 technologies/ developed a new variety, for example, the The NRM practices variety must have passed through any number of At this stage, we do not include the pre-breeding products of Flagship Project 1 released by required approval process, and seed of the varieties (discovered genes, QTLs, breeding populations, etc). In Flagship Project 2, 47 new rice public and new variety should be available for released varieties were released in 2013 — 6 through CIAT/FLAR, 21 through AfricaRice and private sector multiplication. The technology should have through partners, and 28 through IRRI and partners (see Appendix 4 for a complete listing). partners proven benefits and be as ready for use as it national Products developed under Flagship Projects 3 and 4 are not formally “released”; rather, globally can be as it emerges from the research and systems they are adapted and disseminated by national partners. Many of the products listed (Phase III) testing process. Technologies made available was much under indicator 23 are also under dissemination (in whole or through component for transfer should be only those made lower than technologies) by some partner in some of GRiSP’s target countries. available in the current reporting year. Any in 2013; it 1 Strategies to improve water-use efficiency technology made available in a previous year is quite 2 Principles and tools for site-specific nutrient management should not be included. impossible 3 Management options for pests, weeds, and diseases Clearly identify in this cell the to 4 Integrated good agricultural practices (GAP) technologies/practices thus released (scale-up accurately 5 Diversified cropping systems in Asia phase) and the geographic areas concerned. predict 6 Mechanization and conservation agriculture how many 7 Management options for drought, submergence, and salinity varieties 8 Management options for pests, diseases, and weeds national 9 Mechanization and conservation agriculture for low-input and upland systems systems 10 Land and water development options for inland valleys will decide 11 Field management technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to release 12 Strategies to adapt to climate change and increase resilience any given 13 Improved technologies and management options to increase postharvest yield year. 14 Business models for postharvest technologies and tools for improved rice market information systems 15 Innovative, profitable, and sustainable processing options for rice husks and rice straw The total number of released technologies is 55 varieties plus 15 NRM and post-harvest technologies = 70. POLICIES IN VARIOUS STAGES OF G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 30 DEVELOPMENT All 28. Numbers Number of agricultural enabling environment Requests 1 1 4 1 of policies/ policies/ regulations/administrative for regulations/ procedures in the areas of agricultural involvemen Involvement in developing or improving national rice sector strategies in Myanmar and administrative resource, food, market standards & t of GRiSP Vietnam procedures regulation, public investment, natural partners analyzed resource or water management and climate AfricaRice Continued involvement in a regional initiative to boost the rice sector in West Africa led (Stage 1) change adaptation/mitigation as it relates to and IRRI to by ECOWAS (Regional Rice Offensive in West Africa). agriculture that underwent the first stage of Myanmar the policy reform process, i.e., analysis (review and A study was conducted in collaboration with REPAD (Réseau de Recherche pour l’Appui of existing policy/regulation/ administrative Vietnam au Développement de l’Afrique) to assess the impact of the common external tariff (CET) procedure and/or proposal of new came in on the development of the rice sector in 7 West African countries (Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, policy/regulations/administrative procedures). only in Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo) Please count the highest stage completed 2014 during the reporting year – don't double count for the same policy. Clearly identify in this cell the type of policy, regulations, etc., from the above list. All 29. Number of ….. ……that underwent the second stage of the Not inventoried policies / policy reform process. The second stage regulations / includes public debate and/or consultation administrative with stakeholders on the proposed new or procedures revised policy/regulation/ administrative drafted and procedure. presented for Clearly identify in this cell the type of policy, public/stakeh regulations, and so on, and the geographic older location of the consultations. consultation (Stage 2) All 30. Number of : … underwent the third stage of the policy Not inventoried policies/ reform process (policies were presented for regulations/ legislation/decree to improve the policy administrative environment for smallholder-based procedures agriculture). presented for Clearly identify in this cell the type of policy legislation and the country/region concerned. (Stage 3) All 31. Number of : …underwent the fourth stage of the policy Not inventoried policies/ reform process (official approval regulations/ (legislation/decree) of new or revised administrative policy/regulation/administrative procedure by procedures relevant authority). prepared Clearly identify in this cell the type of policy passed/appro and the country/region concerned. ved (Stage 4) All 32. Number of : …completed the policy reform process Not inventoried policies/ (implementation of new or revised regulations/ policy/regulation/ administrative procedure G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 31 administrative by relevant authority). procedures Clearly identify in this cell the type of policy passed for and the country/region concerned. which implementati on has begun (Stage 5) OUTCOMES ON THE GROUND All 33. Number of Clearly identify in this cell the geographic 4,763,000 4,763,000 4,763,000 4,763,000 hectares locations where this is occurring and whether under the application of technologies is on a new or For lack of a comprehensive system that tracks global adoption of varieties, crop improved continuing area. management, postharvest, and all other technologies generated by GRiSP, we compute technologies an estimate based on a synthesis of pertinent literature and adoption studies (the same or methodology has been employed to derive USAID FtF indicators since 2011): ex post management impact studies show that 70% of Asian rice area is modern varieties, 70% of which have practices as a IRRI germplasm. We assume that the average varietal age is 15 years (replacement rate). result of CRP So, that equals 134,000,000 *0.7*0.7/15 = 4,380,000 (harvested) ha of annual new research adoption of IRRI-derived varieties in Asia. For sub-Saharan Africa, the actual adoption rate of NERICA varieties is about 26% and 24% for other improved varieties. The harvested area of NERICA varieties in 2009 was about 1.1 million ha and 1.7 million ha were under other improved varieties. Assuming a replacement rate of once every 15 years, this gives 187,000 hectares of annual new adoption of AfricaRice-derived varieties in sub-Saharan Africa. For Latin America: No reliable adoption data are available. Assuming the same adoption pattern as in Asia, the following area is obtained: 6,000,000*0.7*0.7/15 = 196,000 ha. We did not make an estimate of the worldwide adoption of improved crop and NRM technologies; mostly, these will overlap with the adoption of improved varieties. All 34. Number of Clearly identify in this cell the geographic 7,741,000 7,741,000 7,741,000 (50% males, 50% females) 7,741,000 farmers and location of these farmers and whether the others who application of technologies is on a new or Asia: Estimating that 70% of the harvested rice area is physical rice area, that the have applied continuing area and indicate: average farm size of rice farmers is 1 hectare, and assuming an average of two farmers new 34 (a) number of women farmers concerned per household, the number of farmers applying new technologies is 1.4 times the area technologies 34(b) number of male farmers concerned under new technologies: thus, the number of farmers is 6,128,000. or In Africa, with farm size of 0.5 ha and assuming three to four farmers per household, this management gives 3.5*187,000/0.5 = 1,309,000 farmers. practices as a For Latin America: Farm sizes in southern LA are large (we assume 20% of total area), result of CRP but we estimate 1 ha again for Central America and northern LA. Assuming again two research farmers per household, we arrive at 0.8*2*196,000 = 313,000 farmers. On average across the globe, about half of the rice farmers are females. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 32 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 33 Annex 2: Performance indicators for gender mainstreaming with targets defined Performance Indicator CRP performance approaches CRP performance meets requirements CRP performance exceeds requirements requirements 1. Gender inequality targets Sex-disaggregated social data are being Sex-disaggregated social data collected and used Sex-disaggregated social data collected and used to diagnose defined collected and used to diagnose important to diagnose important gender-related constraints important gender-related constraints in at least one of the CRP’s gender-related constraints in at least one in at least one of the CRP’s main target main target populations of the CRP’s main target populations populations GRiSP status: Sex-disaggregated social data are collected in all And baseline and monitoring household surveys in Asia and Africa, and are initiated in Latin America and the Caribbean. The CRP has defined and collected baseline data on the main dimensions of gender inequality in And the CRP’s main target populations relevant to its The CRP has defined and collected baseline data on the main expected outcomes (IDOs) dimensions of gender inequality in the CRP’s main target populations relevant to its expected outcomes (IDOs) GRiSP status: see above, plus specialized gender surveys are carried out in case studies. GRiSP has defined a gender-specific IDO (Increased gender equity in the rice sector) and is testing the feasibility and usefulness of its sub-IDOs ( Women’s control over resources; Women’s Participation in Decision Making). Evidence that such data are used to diagnose important gender-related constraints are provided for Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean in section D of this report. And The CRP targets changes in levels of gender inequality to which the CRP is or plans to contribute, with related numbers of men and women beneficiaries in main target populations GRiSP status: targets are set for women participation in training events, survey data collection, and participatory R&D such as Participatory Variety Evaluation and sensory panels. Research is needed to determine the relationship between GRiSP interventions and more overarching indicators such as ‘women empowerment index’ and ‘access to assets’ before any quantitative targets can be set on those. However, GRiSP does target specifically women beneficiaries in a number of activities, such as the development and dissemination of labour-saving technologies, mechanization, post-harvest technologies, and stress-tolerant rice varieties; community seed bank development; Market orientation and improved marketing of rice; parboiling; Ecological engineering G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 34 principles; best management practices for ex-combatant women farmers. 2. Institutional architecture - CRP scientists and managers with - CRP scientists and managers with responsibility CRP scientists and managers with responsibility for gender in the for integration of gender is in responsibility for gender in the CRP’s for gender in the CRP’s outputs are appointed, CRP’s outputs are appointed, and have written TORs and funds place outputs are appointed and have written and have written TORs and funds allocated to allocated to support their interaction TORs support their interaction. GRiSP status: GRiSP has appointed gender experts in all of its three - Procedures defined to report use of - Procedures defined to report use of available centers with written TORs; fund are allocated fore gender research available diagnostic or baseline diagnostic or baseline knowledge on gender – see details in both POWBs and annual financial reports. knowledge on gender routinely for routinely for assessment of the gender equality - Procedures defined to report use of available diagnostic or baseline assessment of the gender equality implications of the CRP’s flagship research knowledge on gender routinely for assessment of the gender implications of the CRP’s flagship products as per the Gender Strategy equality implications of the CRP’s flagship research products as per research products as per the Gender -CRP M&E system has protocol for tracking the Gender Strategy Strategy progress on integration of gender in research GRiSP status: dedicated product line under its Flagship project 5 -CRP M&E system has protocol for And with specified gender-related outputs that are monitored through tracking progress on integration of its own milestones; see also reporting under section D of this gender in research A CRP plan approved for capacity development in report. gender analysis -CRP M&E system has protocol for tracking progress on integration of gender in research GRiSP status: The newly developed M&E system has a dedicated gender module; see MISTIG reports and the reporting under section D of this report. And A CRP plan approved for capacity development in gender analysis GRiSP status: this is incorporated in the GRiSP gender Strategy; several capacity development initiatives have already been undertaken throughout GRiSP’s lifetime And The CRP uses feedback provided by its M&E system to improve its integration of gender into research GRiSP status: the new GRiSP M&E system is still under refinement, but initial data analysis is being undertaken and will be used to provide feedback on gender research. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 35 Annex 3: GRiSP ISI Publication list 2014 1. Afolabi O, B Milan B, Amoussa R, Koebnik R, Poulin L, Szurek B, Habarugira G, Bigirimana J, Silue D. 2014. First report of Xanthomonas Oryzae pv. Oryzicola causing bacterial leaf streak of rice in Burundi. Plant Dis. 98(10):1426. 2. Afolabi O, Milan B, Poulin L, Ongom J, Szurek B, Koebnik R, Silue D. 2014. First report of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola causing bacterial leaf streak of rice in Uganda. Plant Dis. 98(11):1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-14-0745-PDN . 3. Agacka M, Laskowska D, Doroszewska T, Hay FR, Börner A. 2014. Longevity of Nicotiana seeds conserved at low temperatures in ex situ genebanks. Seed Sci. Technol. 423:355-362. 4. Ahmadi N, Audebert A, Bennett MJ, Bishopp A, Costa de Oliveira A, Courtois B, Diedhiou A, Diévart A, Gantet P, Ghesquière A, Guiderdoni E, Henry A, Inukai Y, Kochian L, Laplaze L, Lucas M, Luu DT, Manneh B, Mo X, Muthurajan R, Périn C, Price A, Robin S, Sentenac H, Sine B, Uga Y, Véry AA, Wissuwa M, Wu P, Xu J. 2014. The roots of future rice harvests. Rice 7(29):1-9. 5. Ahmadi N, Audebert A, Bennett MJ, Bishopp A, de Oliveira AC, Courtois B, Diedhiou A, Dievart A, Gantet P, Ghesquiere A, Guiderdoni E, Henry A, Inukai Y, Kochian L, Laplaze L, Lucas M, Luu DT, Manneh B, Mo XR, Muthurajan R, Perin C, Price A, Robin S, Sentenac H, Sine B, Uga Y, Very AA, Wissuwa M, Wu P, Xu JA. 2014. The roots of future rice harvests. Rice 7(29):1-9. 6. Ahmed S, Chauhan BS. 2014. Performance of different herbicides in dry-seeded rice in Bangladesh. Sci. World J. 2014(2014):14p. 7. Ahmed S, Humphreys E, Salim M, Chauhan BS. 2014. Optimizing sowing management for short duration dry seeded aman rice on the High Ganges River Floodplain of Bangladesh. Field Crops Res. 169:77-88. 8. Ahmed S, Salim M, Chauhan BS. 2014. Effect of weed management and seed rate on crop growth under direct dry seeded rice systems in Bangladesh. PLoS One 9(7):e101919. 9. Akator SK, Adjata DK, Drissa S, Awande S, Zadji L, Sangare G, Séré Y, Gumedzoe YMD. 2014. Pathological studies of Pyriculaira oryzae at M’be in Côte D’Ivoire and Ouedeme in Benin. Asian J. Plant Pathol. 8:10-17. 10. Akator SK, Adjata DK, Hode GY, Awande S, Dieng I, Séré Y, Gumedzoe YMD. 2014. Cultural and pathological studies of Pyriculaira oryzae isolates at Abomey Calavi in Benin. Plant Pathol. J. 13:44- 49. 11. Akter S, Basher SA. 2014. The impacts of food price and income shocks on household food security and economic well-being: evidence from rural Bangladesh. Global Environ. Change 25:150-162. 12. Alberto MCR, Quilty JR, Buresh RJ, Wassmann R, Haidar S, Correa Jr. TQ, Sandro JM. 2014. Actual evapotranspiration and dual crop coefficients for dry-seeded rice and hybrid maize grown with overhead sprinkler irrigation. Agric. Water Manage. 136:1-12. 13. Alberto MCR, Wassmann R, Buresh RJ, Quilty JR, Correa Jr. TQ, Sandro JM, Centeno CAR. 2014. Measuring methane flux from irrigated rice fields by eddy covariance method using open-path gas analyzer. Field Crops Res. 160:12-21. 14. Ali H, Hasnain Z, Shahzad AN, Sarwar N, Qureshi MK, Khaliq S, Qayyum MF. 2014. Nitrogen and zinc interaction improves yield and quality of submerged basmati rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobo 42(2):372-379. 15. Angeles-Shim RB, Vinarao RB, Marathi B, Jena KK. 2014. Molecular analysis of Oryza latifolia Desv. (CCDD genome)-derived introgression lines and identification of value-added traits for rice (O. Sativa L.) improvement. J. Hered. 105(5):676-689. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 36 16. Ash GJ, Lang JM, Matsushima R, Triplett LR, Stodart BJ, Verdier V, Vera Cruz C, Rott P, Leach JE. 2014. Development of a genomics-based LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification) assay for detection of Pseudomonas fuscovaginae from rice. Plant Dis. 97(8):909-915. 17. Asilo S, de Bie K, Skidmore A, Nelson A, Barbieri M, Maunahan A. 2014. Complementarity of two rice mapping approaches: characterizing strata mapped by hypertemporal MODIS and rice paddy identification using multitemporal SAR. Remote Sens. 6:12789-12814. 18. Awan MI, Bastiaans L, van Oort P, Ahmad R, Ashraf MY, Meinke H. 2014. Nitrogen use and crop performance of rice under aerobic conditions in a semiarid subtropical environment. Agron. J. 106(1):199-211. 19. Awan MI, van Oort PAJ, Bastiaans L, van der Putten PEL, and Yin A, Meinke H. 2014. A two-step approach to quantify photothermal effects on pre-flowering rice phenology. Field Crops Res. 155:14-22. 20. Awan TH, Chauhan BS, Sta Cruz PC. 2014. Influence of environmental factors on the germination of Urena lobata L. and its response to herbicides. PLoS One 9(3):E90305 (8p.). 21. Awan TH, Chauhan BS, Sta Cruz PC. Physiological and morphological responses of Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. (Wrinkled Grass) to different nitrogen rates and rice seeding rates. PLoS One 9(6):1-13. 22. Awan TH, Chauhan BS, Sta. Cruz PC. 2014. Growth plasticity of Junglerice (Echinochloa colona) for resource use when grown with different rice (Oryza sativa) planting densities and nitrogen rates in dry-seeded conditions. Weed Sci. 62:571-587. 23. Awan TH, Sta Cruz PC, Chauhan BS. 2014. Ecological significance of rice (Oryza sativa) planting density and nitrogen rates in managing the growth and competitive ability of Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) in direct-seeded rice systems. J. Pest Sci. 2014(e-First):12 P. 24. Balagtas JV, Bhandari H, Cabrera ER, Mohanty S, Hossain M. 2014. Did the commodity price spike increase rural poverty? Evidence from a long-run panel in Bangladesh. Agric. Econ. 45:303-312. 25. Baltazar MD, Ignacio JCI, Thomson MJ, Ismail AM, Mendioro MS, Septiningsih EM. QTL mapping for tolerance of anaerobic germination from IR64 and the aus landrace Nanhi using SNP genotyping. Euphytica 197(2):251-260. 26. Bandillo NB, Carpena AL, Ramos JM, Brar DS. 2014. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Tungro resistant introgression lines derived from the cross Oryza sativa L. x Oryza rufipogon Griff. Philipp. J. Crop Sci. 39(1):1-10. 27. Bimpong IK, Manneh B, Diop B, Ghislain K, Sow A, Amoah NKA, Gregorio G, Singh RK, Ortiz R, Wopereis M. 2014. New quantitative trait loci for enhancing adaptation to salinity in rice from Hasawi, a Saudi landrace into three African cultivars at the reproductive stage. Euphytica 200:45- 60. DOI 10.1007/s10681-014-1134-0 28. Bimpong IK, Manneh B, Diop B, Ghislain K, Sow A, Amoah NKA, Gregorio G, Singh RK, Ortiz R, Wopereis M. 2014. New quantitative trait loci for enhancing adaptation to salinity in rice from Hasawi, a Saudi landrace into three African cultivars at the reproductive stage. Euphytica 200(62):45-60. 29. Boschetti M, Nutini F, Manfron G, Brivio PA, Nelson A. 2014. Comparative analysis of normalised difference spectral indices derived from MODIS for detecting surface water in flooded rice cropping systems. PloS One 9(2):1-21. 30. Brévault T, Renou A, Assogba-Komlan F, Huat J, Marnotte P, Menozzi P, Prudent P, Rey J-Y, Sallj D, et al. 2014. DIVECOSYS: Bringing together researchers to design ecologically-based pest management for small-scale farming systems in West Africa. Crop Prot. 66:53-60. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 37 31. Budot BO, Encabo JR, Ambita IDV, Atienza-Grande GA, Satoh K, Kondoh H, Ulat VJ, Mauleon R, Kikuchi S, Choi IR. 2014. Suppression of cell wall-related genes associated with stunting of Oryza glaberrima infected with rice tungro spherical virus. Front. Microbiol. 5(26):1-9. 32. Calingacion M, Laborte A, Nelson A, Resurreccion A, Concepcion JC, Daygon VD, Mumm R, Reinke R, Dipti S, Bassinello PZ, Manful J, Sophany S, KC Lara, Bao JS, Xie LH, Loaiza K, El-hissewy A, Gayin J, Sharma N, Rajeswari S, Manonmani S, Rani NS, Kota S, Indrasari SD, Habibi F, Hosseini M, Tavasoli F, Suzuki K, Umemoto T, Boualaphanh C, Lee HH, Hung YP, Ramli A, Aung PP, Ahmad R, Wattoo JI, Bandonili E, Romero M, Brites CM, Hafeel R, Lur HS, Cheaupun K, Jongdee S, Blanco P, Bryant R, Lang NT, Hall RD, Fitzgerald M. 2014. Diversity of global rice markets and the science required for consumer-targeted rice breeding. PLoS One 9(1):1-12. 33. Calingacion M, Laborte A, Nelson A, Resurreccion A, Concepcion JC, Daygon VD, Mumm R, Reinke R, Dipti S, Bassinello PZ, Manful J, Sophany S, Lara KC, Bao J, Xie L, Loaiza K, El-hissewy A, Gayin J, Sharma N, Rajeswari S, Manonmani S, Rani NS, Kota S, Indrasari SD, Habibi F, Hosseini M, Tavasoli F, Suzuki K, Umemoto T, Boualaphanh C, Lee HH, Hung YP, Ramli A, Aung PP, Ahmad R, Wattoo JI, Bandonill E, Romero M, Brites CM, Hafeel R, Lur HS, Cheaupun K, Jongdee S, Blanco P, Bryant R, Lang NT, Hall RD, Fitzgerald M. 2014. Diversity of global rice markets and the science required for consumer-targeted rice breeding. PLoS ONE 9(1):e85106. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085106. 34. Cantos C, Francisco P, Trijatmiko KR, Slamet-Loedin I, Chadha-Mohanty PK. 2014. Identification of "safe harbor" loci in indica rice genome by harnessing the property of zinc-finger nucleases to induce DNA damage and repair. Front. Plant Sci. 5(302):1-8. 35. Carranza EJM, Laborte AG. 2014. Data-driven predictive mapping of gold prospectivity, Baguio District, Philippines: application of Random Forests algorithm. Ore Geol. Rev.2014(e-First): 11 P. 36. Chauhan BS, Abeysekera ASK, Wickramarathe MS, Kulatunga SD, Wickrama UB. Effect of rice establishment methods on weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) infestation and grain yield of cultivated rice (O. Sativa L.) in Sri Lanka. Crop Prot. 55:42-49. 37. Chauhan BS, De Leon MJ. 2014. Seed germination, seedling emergence, and response to herbicides of wild bushbean (Macroptilium lathyroides). Weed Sci. 62:563-570. 38. Chauhan BS, Kaur P, Mahajan G, Randhawa RK, Singh H, Kang MS. 2014. Global warming and its possible impact on agriculture in India. Adv. Agron. 123: 65-121. 39. Choudhary VK, Dixit A, Kumar PS, Chauhan BS. 2014. Productivity, weed dynamics, nutrient mining, and monetary advantage of maize-legume intercropping in the Eastern Himalayan Region of India. Plant Prod. Sci. 17(4):342-352. 40. Coast O, Ellis RH, Murdoch AJ, Quinones C, Jagadish KSV. High night temperature induces contrasting responses for spikelet fertility, spikelet tissue temperature, flowering characteristics and grain quality in rice. Funct. Plant Biol. 42(2):149-161. 41. de Melo Carvalho MT, de Holanda Nunes Maia A, Madari BE, Bastiaans L, van Oort PAJ, Heinemann AB, Soler da Silva MA, Petter FA, Meinke H. 2014. Biochar increases plant available water in a sandy soil under an aerobic rice cropping system. Solid Earth 6:887-917. www.solid-earth- discuss.net/6/887/2014/, doi:10.5194/sed-6-887-2014 42. De Rouw A, Casagrande M, Phaynaxay K, Soulileuth B, Saito K. 2014. Soil seed banks in shifting cultivation fields of northern Laos. Weed Res. 54:26-37. 43. Demont M, Ndour M. 2014. Upgrading rice value chains: experimental evidence from 11 African markets. Global Food Sec. 2014(e-First): 1-7. 44. Demont M, Ndour M. 2014. Upgrading rice value chains: Experimental evidence from 11 African markets. Global Food Secur. Available online 27 October 2014.DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2014.10.001 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 38 45. Devos Y, Dillen K, Demont M. 2014. How can flexibility be integrated into coexistence regulations? A review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 94:381-387. 46. Dixit S, Huang BE, Sta Cruz MT, Maturan PT, Ontoy JCE, Kumar A. 2014. QTLs for tolerance of drought and breeding for tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress: an integrated approach. PLoS One 9(10):E109574 [15p.]. 47. Djagba JF, Rodenburg J, Zwart SJ, Houndagba CJ, Kiepe P. 2014. Failure and success factors of irrigation system developments – a case study from the Ouémé and Zou valleys in Benin. Irrigation and Drainage 63:328-339. 48. Dona M, Ventura L, Balestrazzi A, Buttafava A, Carbonera D, Confalonieri M, Giraffa G, Macovei A. 2014. Dose-dependent reactive species accumulation and preferential double-strand breaks repair are featured in the-ray response in Medicago truncatula cells. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 32: 129-141. 49. Dufey I, Draye X, Lutts S, Lorieux M, Martinez C, Bertin P, 2015. Novel QTLs in an interspecific backcross Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima for resistance to iron toxicity in rice. Euphytica DOI 10.1007/s10681. 50. Elhaik E, Tatarinova T, Chebotarev D, Piras IS, Calo CM, de. Montis A, Atzori M, Marini M, Tofanelli S, Francalacci P, Pagani L, Tyler-Smith C, Xue YL, Cucca F, Schurr TG, Gaieski JB, Melendez C, Vilar MG, Owings AC, Gomez R, Fujita R, Santos FR, Comas D, Balanovsky O, Balanovsky E, Zalloua P, 51. Estioko LP, Miro B, Baltazar AM, Merca FE, Ismail AM, Johnson DE. 2014. Differences in responses to flooding by germinating seeds of two contrasting rice cultivars and two species of economically important grass weeds. AoB Plants 2014(e-First): 39p. 52. Feldman AB, Murchie EH, Leung H, Baraoidan M, Coe R, Yu SM, Lo SF, Quick WP. 2014. Increasing leaf vein density by mutagenesis: laying the foundations for C4 rice. PLoS One 9(4):E94947(9 P.). 53. Fiamohe R, Nakelse T, Diagne A, Seck PA. 2014. Assessing the effect of consumer purchasing criteria for types of rice in Togo: A choice modeling approach. Agribusiness 00(0):1-20. DOI: 10.1002/agr.21406. 54. Figueroa JY, Almazan MLP, Horgan FC. 2014. Reducing seed-densities in rice seedbeds improves the cultural control of apple snail damage. Crop Prot. 62:23-31. 55. Froese R, Thorson JT, Reyes Jr. RB. 2014. A Bayesian approach for estimating length-weight relationships in fishes. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 30:78-85. 56. Fuwa N. 2014. Pro-girl bias in intra-household allocation in the rural Philippines: revisiting the "Adult Goods" Approach. Rev. Dev. Econ. 18(4):727-740. 57. Gaihre YK, Wassmann R, Tirol-Padre A, Villegas-Pangga G, Aquino E, Kimball BA. 2014. Seasonal assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from irrigated lowland rice fields under infrared warming. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 184:88-100. 58. Gathala MK, Kumar V, Sharma PC, Saharawat VS, Jat HS, Singh M, Kumar A, Jat ML, Humphreys E, Sharma DK, Sharma S, Ladha JK. 2014. Reprint. Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 187:33-46. 59. Gautam RK, Singh YP, Sharma DK, Nayak SK, Mishra VK, Singh R, Verma CL, Singh RK, Mishra B, Sharma SK. 2014. Notification of crop varieties and registration of germplasm: rice- variety CSR43. Indian J. Genet. 74(2):267.. 60. Geering ADW, Maumus F, Copetti D, Choisne N, Zwickl DJ, Zytnicki M, McTaggart AR, Scalabrin S, Vezzulli S, Wing RA, Quesneville H, Teycheney PY. 2014. Endogenous florendoviruses are major components of plant genomes and hallmarks of virus evolution. Nat. Commun. 5(5269):1-11. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 39 61. Gongotchame S, Dieng I, Ahouanton K, Johnson J-M, Alognon AD, Tanaka A, Atta S, Saito K. 2014. Participatory evaluation of mechanical weeders in lowland rice production systems in Benin. Crop Prot. 61:32-37. 62. Gorg C, Spangenberg J, Tekken V, Burkhard B, Truong DT, Escalada M, Heong KL, Arida G, Marquez LV, Bustamante JV, Chein HV, Klotzbucher T, Marxen A, Manh NH, Sinh NV, Villareal S, Settele J. Engaging local knowledge in biodiversity research: experiences from large inter- and transdisciplinary projects. 2014. Interdiscipl. Sci. Rev. 39(4):323-341. 63. Goto S, Sasakura-Shimoda F, Suetsugu M, Selvaraj M, Ishitani M, Shimono M, Sugano S, Matsuhita A, Tanabata T, Takatsuji H. 2014. Development of disease-resistant rice by optimized expression of WRKY45. Plant Biotechnol. J. 10.1111/pbi.12303. 64. Guenha R, Salvador BdV, Rickman J, Goulao LF, Muocha IM, Carvalho MO. 2014. Hermetic storage with plastic sealing to reduce insect infestation and secure paddy seed quality: a powerful strategy for rice farmers in Mozambique. J. Stored Prod. Res. 2014(e-First): 1-7.. 65. Gumma MK, Thenkabail PS, Maunahan A, Islam S, Satoh K, Nelson A. 2014. Mapping seasonal rice cropland extent and area in the high cropping intensity environment of Bangladesh using MODIS 500 m data for the Year 2010. ISPRS J.Photogramm. Remote Sens. 91:98-113. 66. Haefele SM, Bhattachan BK, Adhikari BB, Abon Jr. CC, Shrestha SM. 2014. Spatial variability of fertilizer management and response in rainfed rice of Nepal. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 189:190-198. 67. Haefele SM, Nelson A, Hijmans RJ. 2014. Soil quality and constraints in global rice production. Geoderma 235:250-259. 68. Harshavardhan VT, Setiyono TD, Son LV, Seiler C, Junker A, Weigelt-Fischer K, Klukas C, Altmann T, Sreenivasulu N, Baumlein H, Kuhlmann M. 2014. AtRD22 and AtUSPL1, members of the plant- specific BURP domain family involved in Arabidopsis thaliana drought tolerance. PLoS One 9(10):E110065 [14p.]. 69. Hay FR, Mead A, Bloomberg M. 2014. Modelling seed germination in response to continuous variables: use and limitations of probit analysis and alternative approaches. Seed Sci. Res. 24:165- 186. 70. Hazekamp T, Payne TS, Sackville Hamilton NR. 2014. Assessing rice and wheat germplasm collections using similarity groups. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 61(4):841-851. 71. Heinz E, Kraft P, Buchen C, Frede HS, Aquino E, Breuer L. 2014. Set up of an automatic water quality sampling system in irrigation agriculture. Sensors 14:212-228. 72. Heong KL, Escalada MM, Chien HV, Cuong LQ. 2014. Restoration of rice landscape biodiversity by farmers in Vietnam through education and motivation using media. S.A.P.I.E.N.S. (Survey Perspect. Integrat. Environ. Soc.) 7(2):1-7. 73. Horgan F, Felix MI, Portalanza DE, Sanchez L, Rios WMM, Farah SE, Wither JA, Andrade CI, Espin EB. 2014. Responses by farmers to the apple snail invasion of Ecuador's rice fields and attitudes toward predatory snail kites. Crop Prot. 62:135-143. 74. Horgan FG, Figueroa JY, Almazan MLP. 2014. Seedling broadcasting as a potential method to reduce apple snail damage to rice. Crop Prot. 64:168-176. 75. Horgan FG, Stuart AM, Kudavidanage EP. 2014. Impact of invasive apple snails on the functioning and services of natural and managed wetlands. Acta Oecol. 54:90-100. 76. Hossain MK, Tze OS, Nadarajah K, Jena K, Bhuiyan MAR, Ratnam W. Identification and validation of sheath blight resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars against Rhizoctonia solani. Canadian J. Plant Pathol. 36(4):482-490. 77. Htwe NM, Singleton GR. 2014. Is quantity or quality of food influencing the reproduction of rice- field rats in the Philippines? Wildlife Res. 41:56-63. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 40 78. Hu Y, Cheng JA, Zhu ZR, Heong KL, Fu QA, He JC. 2014. A comparative study on population development patterns of Sogatella furcifera between tropical and subtropical areas. J. Asia-Pacific Entomol. 17:845-851. 79. Huang BE, Raghavan C, Mauleon R, Broman KW, Leung H. 2014. Efficient imputation of missing markers in low-coverage genotyping-by-sequencing data from multi-parental crosses. Genetics 197:401-404. 80. Hudson LN, Newbold T, Contu S, Hill SLL, Lysenko I, De Palma A, Phillips HRP, Senior RA, Bennett DJ, Booth H, Horgan FB. 2014. The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts. Ecol. Evol. 4(24): 4701-4735. 81. Jacob JDC, Rubianes FHC, Johnson-Beebout SE, Buresh RJ. 2014. Zinc fertilizer test kit for semi- quantitative verification of fertilizer quality. J. Plant Nutr. 37:1237-1254. 82. Jagadish SVK, Craufurd P, Shi W, Oane R. 2014. A phenotypic marker for quantifying heat stress impact during microsporogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Func. Plant Biol. 41(1):48-55. 83. Jagadish SVK, Murty MVR, Quick WP. 2014. Rice responses to rising temperatures challenges, perspectives and future directions. Plant Cell Environ. 2014(e-First): 1-13. 84. Jourdain D, Boere E, van den Berg M, Dang QD, Cu TP, Affholder F, Pandey S. 2014. Water for forests to restore environmental services and alleviate poverty in Vietnam: a farm modeling approach to analyze alternative PES programs. Land Use Pol. 41:423-437. 85. Kadam NN, Xiao G, Melgar RJ, Bahuguna RN, Quinones C, Tamilselvan A, Prasad PVV, Jagadish SVK. 2014. Agronomic and physiological responses to high temperature, drought, and elevated CO2 interactions in cereals. Adv. Agron. 127:111-156. 86. Kanfany G, El-Namaky R, Ndiaye K, Traore K, Ortiz R. 2014. Assessment of rice inbred lines and hybrids under low fertilizer levels in Senegal. Sustainability 14(6):1153-1162. doi:10.3390/su6031153 87. Karim MR, Alam MM, Ladha JK, Islam MS, Islam MR. 2014. Effect of different irrigation and tillage methods on yield and resource use efficiency of boro rice (Oryza sativa). Bangladesh J. Agric. Res. 39(1):151-163. 88. Kato Y, Collard BCY, Septiningsih EM, Ismail AM. 2014. Physiological analyses of traits associated with tolerance of long-term partial submergence in rice. AoB plants 6:plu058. 89. Khaliq A, Matloob A, Chauhan BS. 2014. Weed management in dry-seeded fine rice under varying row spacing in the rice-wheat system of Punjab, Pakistan. Plant Prod. Sci. 17(4):321-332. 90. Khanal AR, Mishra AK, Mottaleb KA. 2014. Impact of mergers and acquisitions on stock prices: the U.S. ethanol-based biofuel industry. Biomass Bioenergy 61:38-145. 91. Kijoji AA, Nchimbi-Msollaa S, Kanyeka ZL, Serraj R, Henry A. 2014. Linking root traits and grain yield for rainfed rice in sub-Saharan Africa: response of Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima introgression lines under drought. Field Crops Res. 165:25-35. 92. Kim B, Kim DG, Lee G, Seo J, Choi IY, Choi BS, Yang TJ, Kim KS, Lee J, Chin JH, Koh HJ. 2014. Defining the genome structure of Tongil rice, an important cultivar in the Korean Green Revolution. Rice 7(22):1-9. 93. Kim SK, Suh JP, Lee CK, Lee JH, Kim YG, Jena KK. 2014. QTL mapping and development of candidate gene derived DNA markers associated with seedling cold tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Mol. Genet. Genomics 289:333-343. 94. Kishor K, Polavarau B, Sreenivasulu N. 2014. Is proline accumulation per se correlated with stress tolerance or is proline homeostasis a more critical issue? Plant Cell Environ. 37(2):300-311. 95. Klassen SP, Villa J, Adamchuk V, Serraj R. 2014. Soil mapping for improved phenotyping of drought resistance in lowland rice fields. Field Crops Res. 167:112-118. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 41 96. Klotzbucher T, Marxen A, Vetterlein D, Schneiker J, Turke M, van. Sinh N, Manh NH, van. Chien H, Marquez L, Villareal S, Bustamante JV, Jahn R. 2014. Plant-available silicon in paddy soils as a key factor for sustainable rice production in Southeast Asia. Basic Appl. Ecol. 2014(e-First):9p. 97. Koudamiloro A, Nwilene FE, Silue D, Togola A, Oyetunji O, Sere Y, Akogbeto M. 2014. Identification of insect vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in Benin. J. Entomol. 11(3):153-162. 98. Kumar A, Dixit S, Ram T, Yadaw RB, Mishra KK, Mandal NP. 2014. Breeding high-yielding drought- tolerant rice: genetic variations and conventional and molecular approaches. J. Exp. Bot. 65(21):6265-6278. 99. Laik RJ, Sharma S, Idris M, Singh AK, Singh SS, Bhatt BP, Saharawat Y, Humphreys E, Ladha JK. 2014. Integration of conservation agriculture with best management practices for improving system performance of the rice-wheat rotation in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 195:68-82. 100. Lang JM, Langlois P, Nguyen MHR, Triplett LR, Purdie L, Holton TA, Djikeng A, Vera Cruz CM, Verdier V, Leach JE. 2014. Sensitive detection of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovars oryzae and oryzicola by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80(15):4519-4530. 101. Lauteri M, Haworth M, Serraj R, Monteverdi MC, Centritto M. 2014. Photosynthetic diffusional constraints affect yield in drought stressed rice cultivars during flowering. PLoS One 9(10): E1090541 (12 P.). 102. Lee YJ, Thomson MJ, Chin JH. 2014. Application of indica-japonica single-nucleotide polymorphism markers for diversity analysis of Oryza AA genome species. Plant Genet. Resour. Charact. Util. 12(S1): S36-S40. 103. Li ZK, Fu BY, Gao YM, Wang WS, Xu JL, Zhang F, Zhao XQ, Zheng TQ, Zhou YL, Zhang GY, Tai SS, Xu JB, Hu WS, Yang M, Niu YC, Wang MA, Li YH, Bian LL, Han XL, Li J, Liu X, Wang B, McNally KL, Naredo MEB, Mercado SMQ, Rellosa MC, Reano RA, Capilit GLS, de Guzman FC, Ali J, Hamilton NRS, Mauleon RP, Alexandrov NN, Leung H. 2014. The 3,000 Rice Genomes Project. GigaScience 3(7):1-6. 104. Lu ZX, Zhu PY, Gurr GM, Zheng XS, Read DMY, Heong KL, Xu HX. 2014. Mechanisms for flowering plants to benefit arthropod natural enemies of insect pests: prospects for enhanced use in agriculture. Insect Sci. 21:1-12. 105. Macovei A, Garg B, Raikwar S, Balestrazzi A, Carbonera D, Buttafava A, Bremont JFJ, Gill SS, Tuteja N. 2014. Synergistic exposure of rice seeds to different doses of gamma-ray and salinity stress resulted in increased antioxidant enzyme activities and gene-specific modulation of TC-NER pathway. BioMed Res. Int. 2014(Article ID 676934): 15 P. 106. Maepa MA, Makombe G, Kanjere M. 2014. Is the revitalisation of smallholder irrigation schemes (RESIS) programme in South Africa a viable option for smallholder irrigation development? Water SA 40(3):495-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v40i3.13 107. Mahajan G, Poonia V, Chauhan BS. 2014. Integrated weed management using planting pattern, cultivar, and herbicide in dry-seeded rice in Northwest India. Weed Sci. 62:350-359. 108. Mahajan G, Ramesha MS, Chauhan BS. 2014. Response of rice genotypes to weed competition in dry direct-seeded rice in India. Sci. World J. 2014(Article ID 641589): 8 PP. 109. Malabayabas AJB, Kajisa K, Mazid MA, Palis FG, Johnson DE. 2014. Impacts of direct-seeded and early-maturing varieties of rice on mitigating seasonal hunger for farming communities in northwest Bangladesh. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 12(4):459-470. 110. Manzanilla DO, Paris TR, Tatlonghari GT, Tobias AM, Chi TTN, Phuong NT, Siliphouthone I, Chamarerk V, Bhekasut P, Gandasoemita R. 2014. Social and gender perspectives in rice breeding for submergence tolerance in Southeast Asia. Exp. Agric. 50(20):191-215. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 42 111. Marcaida III M, Li T, Angeles O, Evangelista GK, Fontanilla MA, Xu JL, Gao YM, Li ZK, Ali J. 2014. Biomass accumulation and partitioning of newly developed Green Super Rice (GSR) cultivars under drought stress during the reproductive stage. Field Crops Res. 162:30-38. 112. Martínez CP, Torres EA, Chatel M, Mosquera G, Duitama J, Ishitani M, Selvaraj M, Dedicova B, Tohme J, et al. 2014. Rice Breeding in Latin America. Plant Breed. Rev. 38:187-272. 113. Merritt DJ, Hay FR, Swarts ND, Sommerville KD, Dixon KW. 2014. Ex situ conservation and cryopreservation of orchid germplasm. Int. J. Plant Sci. 175(1):1-14. 114. Merritt DJ, Martyn AJ, Ainsley P, Young RE, Seed LU, Thorpe M, Hay FR, Commander LE, Shackelford RJ, Offord CA, Dixon KW, Probert RJ.2014. A continental-scale study of seed lifespan in experimental storage examining seed, plant, and environmental traits associated with longevity. Biodivers. Conserv. 23:1081-1104. 115. Mo YJ, Jeung JU, Shin WC, Kim KY, Ye CR, Redoña ED, Kim BK. 2014. Effects of allelic variations in starch synthesis-related genes on grain quality traits of Korean nonglutinous rice varieties under different temperature conditions. Breed. Sci. 64:164-175. 116. Mohammadi R, Mendioro MS, Diaz GQ, Gregorio GB, Singh RK. 2014. Genetic analysis of salt tolerance at seedling and reproductive stages in rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Breed. 133:548-559. 117. Mokuwa A, Nuijten E, Okry F, Teeken B, Maat H, Richards P, Struik PC. 2014. Processes underpinning development and maintenance of diversity in rice in West Africa: Evidence from combining morphological and molecular markers. PLoS ONE 9(1):e85106. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085106. 118. Mondoni A, Orsenigo S, Donà M, Balestrazzi A, Probert RJ, Hay FR, Petraglia A, Abeli T. 2014. Environmentally induced transgenerational changes in seed longevity: maternal and genetic influence. Ann. Bot. 113(7):1257-1263. 119. Moreno P, Caetano C, Olaya C, Agrono T, Torres E. 2014. Chromosome elimination in intergeneric hybrid of Oryza sativa x Luziola peruviana. Agric. Sci. 5(13). 120. Morooka K, Ramos MM, Fonseca NN. 2014. A bibliometric approach to interdisciplinarity in Japanese rice research and technology development. Scientometrics 98:73-98. 121. Mottaleb KA, Mohanty S, Nelson A. 2014. Factors influencing hybrid rice adoption: a Bangladesh case. Aust. J. Resource Econ. 58:1-17. 122. Mottaleb KA, Mohanty S, Nelson A. 2014. Strengthening market linkages of farm households in developing countries. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 2014(e-First): 17p. 123. N’cho SA, Mourits M, Rodenburg J, Demont M, Lansink AO. 2014. Determinants of parasitic weed infestation in rainfed lowland rice in Benin. Agric. Syst. 130:105-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2014.07.003 124. Nadimi-Goki M, Washa M, Bini C, Kato Y, Vianello G, Antisari LV. 2014. Assessment of total soil and plant elements in rice-based production systems in NE Italy. J. Geochem. Exploration 147(Part B): 200-214. 125. N'cho SA, Mourits M, Rodenburg J, Demont M, Lansink AO. 2014. Determinants of parasitic weed infestation in rainfed lowland rice in Benin. Agric. Syst. 130:105-115. 126. Nelson A, Setiyono T, Rala AB, Quicho ED, Raviz JV, Abonete PJ, Maunahan AA, Garcia CA, Bhatti HZM, Villano LS, Thongbai P, Holecz F, Barbieri M, Collivignarelli F, Gatti L, Quilang EJP, Mabalay MRO, Mabalot PE, Barroga MI, Bacong AP, Detoito NT, Berja GB, Varquez G, Wahyunto, Kuntjoro D, Murdiyati SR, Pazhanivelan S, Kannan P, Mary PCN, Subramanian E, Rakwatin P, Intrman A, Setapayak T, Lertna S, Minh VQ, Tuan VQ, Duong TH, Quyen NH, Kham DV, Hin S, Veasna T, Yadav M, Chin C, Ninh NH. 2014. Towards an operational SAR-based rice monitoring system in Asia: G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 43 examples from 13 demonstration sites across Asia in the RIICE Project. Remote Sens. 6:10773- 10812. 127. Ngu MS, Thomson MJ, Bhuiyan MAR, Ho C, Wickneswari R. 2014. Fine mapping of a grain weight quantitative trait locus, QGW6, using near isogenic lines derived from Oryza rufipogon IRGC105491 and Oryza sativa cultivar MR219. Genet. Mol. Res. 13(4):9477-88. 128. Nhamo N, Rodenburg J, Zenna N, Makombe G, Luzi-Kihupi A. 2014. Narrowing the rice yield gap in East and Southern Africa: using and adapting existing technologies. Agric. Syst. 131:45-55. 129. Nuruzzaman M, Sharoni AM, Satoh K, Kumar A, Leung H, Kikuchi S. 2014. Comparative transcriptome profiles of the WRKY gene family under control, hormone-treated, and drought conditions in near-isogenic rice lines reveal differential, tissue specific gene activation. J. Plant Physiol. 171:2-13. 130. Obara M, Ishimaru T, Abiko T, Fujita D, Kobayashi N, Yanagihara S, Fukuta Y. 2014. Identification and characterization of quantitative trait loci for root elongation by using introgression lines with genetic background of indica-type rice variety IR64. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 8:267-277. 131. Odjo T, Kawasaki Tanaka A, Noda T, Ahohuendo BC, Sere Y, Kumashiro T, Yanagihara S, Fukuta Y. 2014. Pathogenicity analysis of blast (Pyricularia oryzae cavara) isolates from West Africa. JARQ 48(4):403 - 412. 132. Ogah EO, Nwilene FE. 2014. A review of the biology and ecology of the African rice gall midge Orseolia oryzivora (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Plant Prot. Q. 29(1):16-19. 133. Ogawa S, Milton OV, Ishitani M, Selvaraj MG. 2014. Root system architecture variation in response to different NH4+ concentrations and its association with nitrogen-deficient tolerance traits in rice. Acta Physiol. Plantarum 32(2):355-364. 134. Ogawa S, Selvaraj MG, Fernando AJ, Lorieux M, Ishitani M, McCouch S, Arbelaez JD. 2014. N- and P- mediated seminal root elongation response in rice seedlings. Plant Soil. DOI 10.1007/s11104-013- 1955-y. 135. Ogwuike P, Rodenburg J, Diagne A, Agboh-Noameshie AR, Amovin-Assagba E. 2014. Weed management in upland rice in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on labor and crop productivity. Food Secur. 6:327-337. DOI 10.1007/s12571-014-0351-7. 136. Okami M, Kato Y, Kobayashi N, Yamagishi J. 2014. Agronomic performance of an IR64 introgression line with large leaves derived from New Plant Type rice in aerobic culture. Eur. J. Agron. 58:11-17. 137. Oliva N, Chadha-Mohanty P, Poletti S, Abrigo E, Atienza G, Torrizo L, Garcia R, Duenas Jr. C, Poncio MA, Balindong J, Manzanilla M, Montecillo F, Zaidem M, Barry G, Herve P, Shou HX, Slamet-Loedin IH. 2014. Large-scale production and evaluation of marker-free indica rice IR64 expressing Phytoferritin genes. Mol. Breed. 33: 23-37. 138. Oludare A, Afolabi O, Sow M, Pinel-Galzi A, Hébrard E, Silué D. 2014. First report of rice stripe necrosis virus infecting rice in Benin. Plant Dis. "First Look" paper • http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS- 11-14-1126-PDN • Posted online on 16 Dec 2014. 139. Opena JL, Chauhan BS, Baltazar AM. 2014. Seed germination ecology of Echinochloa glabrescens and its implication for management in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 9(3): E92261(1-13). 140. Opena JL, Quilty JR, Correa Jr. TQ, Chauhan BS. 2014. Weed population dynamics, herbicide efficacies, and crop performance in a sprinkler-irrigated maize-rice cropping system. Field Crops Res. 167:119-130. 141. Orjuela J, Sabot F, Chéron S, Vigouroux Y, Adam H, Chrestin H, Sanni K, Lorieux M, Ghesquière A. 2014. An extensive analysis of the African rice genetic diversity. 142. Oyetunji OE, Nwilene FE, Togola A, Adebayo KA. 2014. Antixenotic and antibiotic mechanisms of resistance to African rice gall midge in Nigeria. Trends Appl. Sci. Res. 9(4):174-186. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 44 143. Oyetunji OE, Peluola CO, Nwilene FE, Togola A. 2014. Root and stem damage caused by termite- fungi interaction on rice. J. Appl. Sci. 14(16):1851-1857. ISSN 18125654. DOI: 10.3923/jas.2014. 144. Pamuk H, Bulte E, Adekunle A, Diagne A. 2014. Decentralised innovation systems and poverty reduction: experimental evidence from Central Africa. European Review of Agricultural Economics, : 1–29 doi:10.1093/erae/jbu007. 145. Pariasca-Tanaka J, Chin JH, Drame KN, Dalid C, Heuer S, Wissuwa M. 2014. A novel allele of the P- starvation tolerance gene OsPSTOL1 from African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud) and its distribution in the genus Oryza. Theor. Appl. Genet. 127:1387-1398. 146. Pariasca‑Tanaka J, Chin JH, Dramé KN, Dalid C, Heuer S, Wissuwa M. 2014. A novel allele of the P‑starvation tolerance gene OsPSTOL1 from African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud) and its distribution in the genus Oryza. Theor. Appl. Genet. 127:1387-1398. 147. Partey ST, Preziosi RF, Robson GD. 2014. Improving maize residue use in soil fertility restoration by mixing with residues of low C-to-N ratio: effects on C and N mineralization and soil microbial biomass. J.Soil Sci.Plant Nutr. 14(3):518-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718- 95162014005000041. 148. Pasuquin JM, Pampolino MF, Witt C, Dobermann A, Oberthur T, Fisher MJ, Inubushi K. 2014. Closing yield gaps in maize production in Southeast Asia through site-specific nutrient management. Field Crops Res. 156:219-230. 149. Pede VO, Florax RJGM, Lambert DM. 2014. Spatial econometric STAR models: Lagrange Multiplier Tests, Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical application. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. 49: 118-128. 150. Phong ND, Hoanh CT, Tuong TP, Malano H. 2014. Effective management for acidic pollution in the canal network of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: a modeling approach. J. Environ. Manage. 140:14- 25. 151. Poulin L, Raveloson H, Sester M, Raboin L-M, Silué D, Koebnik R, Szurek B. 2014. Confirmation of bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola on rice in Madagascar. Plant Dis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-14-0132-PDN. 152. Quilty JR, McKinley J, Pede VO, Buresh RJ, Correa TQ, Sandro JM. 2014. Energy efficiency of rice production in farmers’ fields and intensively cropped research fields in the Philippines. Field Crops Res. 168:8-18. 153. Ramkumar G, Madhav MS, Biswal AK, Devi SJSR, Sakthivel K, Mohan MK, Umakanth B, Mangrauthia SK, Sundaram RM, Viraktamath BC. 2014. Genome-wide identification and characterization of transcription factor binding motifs of NBS-LRR genes in rice and Arabidopsis. J. Genomes Exomes 3:1-9. 154. Rebolledo MC, Dingkuhn M, Courtois B, Clément-Vidal A, Cruz D, Duitama J, Lorieux M, Delphine L. Phenotypic and genetic dissection of component traits for early vigour in rice using plant growth modelling, sugar content analyses and association mapping. Submitted on November 2014 to Journal of Experimental Botany for the special issue Phenotyping. 155. Reddy PS, Kishor PBK, Seiler C, Kuhlmann M, Eschen-Lippold L, Lee J, Reddy MK, Sreenivasulu N. 2014. Unraveling regulation of the small heat shock proteins by the heat shock factor HvHsfB2c in barley: its implications in drought stress response and seed development. PloS One 9(3):1-16. 156. Reflinur , Kim BK, Jang SM, Chu SH, Bordiya Y, Akter MB, Lee JH, Chin JH, Koh HJ. 2014. Analysis of segregation distortion and its relationship to hybrid barriers in rice. Rice 7(3):1-12. 157. Regan A, McConnon A, Kuttschreuter M, Rutsaert P, Shan L, Barnett ZJ, Verbeke W, Wall P. 2014. The impact of communicating conflicting risk and benefit messages: an experimental study on red meat information. Food Qual. Prefer. 38:107-114. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 45 158. Rizal G, Karki S, Alcasid M, Montecillo F, Acebron K, Lazaro N, Garcia R, Slamet-Loedin IH, Quick WP. 2014. Shortening the breeding cycle of Sorghum, a model crop for research. Crop Sci. 54:520-529. 159. Rodenburg J, Demont M, Sow A, Dieng I. 2014. Bird, weed and interaction effects on yield of irrigated lowland rice. Crop Prot. 66:46-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2014.08.015. 160. Rodenburg J, Zwart SJ, Kiepe P, Narteh LT, Dogbe W, Wopereis MCS. 2014. Sustainable rice production in African inland valleys: seizing regional potentials through local approaches. Agric. Syst. 123:1-11. 161. Rubia L, Rangan L, Choudhury RR, Kaminek M, Dobrev P, Malbeck J, Fowler M, Slater A, Scott N, Bennett J, Peng SB, Khush GS, Elliott M. 2014. Changes in the chlorophyll content and cytokinin levels in the top three leaves of New Plant Type rice during grain filling. J. Plant Growth Regul. 33:66-76. 162. Rudenberg J, Demont M, Sow A, Dieng I. 2014. Bird, weed and interaction effects on yield of irrigated lowland rice. Crop Prot. 66:46-52. 163. Rutsaert P, Pieniak Z, Kuttschreuter M, Regan A, McCannon A, Lores M, Lozano N, Guzzon A, Santare D, Verbeke W. 2014. Social media as a useful tool in food risk and benefit communication: a strategic orientation approach. Food Policy 46:84-93. 164. Saito K, Dieng I, Toure A, Somado EA, Wopereis MCS. 2014. Rice yield growth analysis for 24 African countries over 1960–2012. Global Food Secur. DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2014.10.006. 165. Saito K, Fukuta Y, Yanagihara S, Ahouanton K, Sokei Y. 2014. Beyond NERICA: Identifying high- yielding rice varieties adapted to rainfed upland conditions in Benin and their plant characteristics. Trop. Agric.Dev. 58:51-57. 166. Saito K, Futakuchi K. 2014. Improving estimation of weed suppressive ability of upland rice varieties using substitute weeds. Field Crops Res. 162:1-5. 167. Saito K. 2014. A screening protocol for developing high-yielding upland rice varieties with superior weed suppressive ability. Field Crops Res. 168:199-125. DOI: 10.1016/J.FCR.2014.07.019 168. Sander BO, Samson M, Buresh RJ. 2014. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from flooded rice fields as affected by water and straw management between rice crops. Geoderma 235/236:355- 362. 169. Sandhu N, Singh A, Dixit S., Sta Cruz MT, Maturan PC, Jain RK, Kumar A. 2014. Identification and mapping of stable QTL with main and epistasis effect on rice grain yield under upland drought stress. BMC Genet. 15(63):1-15. 170. Santos C, Agbangla C, Chougourou D, Togola A, Cisse B, Akintayo I, and Nwilene FE. 2014. Resistance of upland NERICAs and parents to rice weevil and angoumois grain moth. J. Entomol. 11(6):345-354. DOI. 10.3923/je.2014.345.354 171. Sapkota TB, Majumdar K, Jat ML, Kumar A, Bishnoi DK, McDonald AJ, Pampolino M. 2014. Precision nutrient management in conservation agriculture-based wheat production of northwest India: profitability, nutrient use efficiency and environmental footprint. Field Crops Res. 155:233-244. 172. Sarangi SK, Maji B, Singh S, Sharma DK, Burman D, Mandal S, Ismail AM, Haefele SM. 2014. Crop establishment and nutrient management for dry season (boro) rice in coastal areas. Agron. J. 106(6):2013-2023. 173. Sato T. 2014. How India looks: current environmental sustainability and socio-economic status seen via existing indicators. Contemporary India 4:71-88. 174. Schut M, Rodenburg J, Klerkx L, van Ast A, Bastiaans L. 2014. Systems approaches to innovation in crop protection. A systematic literature review. Crop Prot. 56: 98-108. 175. Seiler C, Harshavardhan VT, Reddy PS, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Eschen-Lippold L, Rajesh K, Korzun V, Wobus U, Lee J, Selvaraj G, Sreenivasulu N. 2014. Abscisic acid flux alterations result in differential G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 46 abscisic acid signaling responses and impact assimilation efficiency in barley under terminal drought stress. Plant Physiol. 164:1677-1696. 176. Senthilkumar K, Mollier A, Delmas M, Pellerin S, Nesme T. 2014. Phosphorus recovery and recycling from waste: An appraisal based on a French case study. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 87: 97-108. 177. Shimono H, Ozaki Y, Jagadish KSV, Sakai H, Usui Y, Hasegawa T, Kumagai E, Nakano E, Yoshinaga S. 2014. Planting geometry as a pre-screening technique for identifying CO2 responsive rice genotypes: a case study of panicle number. Physiol. Plant. 152:520-528. 178. Shirsekar GS, Vega-Sanchez ME, Bordeos A, Baraoidan M, Swisshelm A, Fan JB, Park CH, Leung H, Wang GL. 2014. Identification and characterization of suppressor mutants of Spl11-mediated cell death in rice. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 27(6):528-536. 179. Silué D, Afolabi O, Milan B, Koebnik R, Szurek B, Poulin L, Amoussa R, Bigirimana J, Habarugira G. 2014. First report of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola causing bacterial leaf streak of rice in Burundi. Plant Dis. 98(10):1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0504-PDN. 180. Singh B, Eberbach PL, Humphreys E. 2014. Simulation of the evaporation of soil water beneath a wheat crop canopy. Agric. Water Manage. 135:19-26. 181. Singh S, Mackill DJ, Ismail AM. 2014. Physiological basis of tolerance to complete submergence in rice involves genetic factors in addition to the SUB1 gene. AoB plants 6:plu060. 182. Singh YP, Nayak AK, Sharma DK, Gautam RK, Singh RK, Singh R, Mishra VK, Paris T, Ismail AM. 2014. Farmers' participatory varietal selection: a sustainable crop improvement approach for the 21st century. Agroecol. Sustain. Food Syst. 38:427-444. 183. Soodyall H, Pitchappan R, Prasad AKG, Hammer M, Matisoo-Smith L, Wells RS, The Geographic Consortium. 2014. Geographic population structure analysis of worldwide human populations infers their biogeographical origins. Nat. Commun. 5(3513):1-12. 184. Sparks AH, Forbes GA, Hijmans RJ, Garrett KA. 2014. Climate change may have limited effect on global risk of potato late blight. Global Change Biol. 20(12):3621-3631. 185. Stuart AM, Palenzuela AN, Bernal CC, Ramal AF, Horgan FG. 2014. Effects of fertiliser applications on survival and recruitment of the apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck). Crop Prot. 64:78- 87. 186. Stuart AM, Prescott CV, Singleton G. 2014. Habitat manipulation in lowland rice-coconut cropping systems of the Philippines - an effective rodent pest management strategy? Pest Manage. Sci. 70(6):939-945. 187. Stuerz S, Sow A, Muller B, Manneh B, Asch F. 2014. Canopy microclimate and gas-exchange in response to irrigation system in lowland rice in the Sahel. Field Crops Res. 163:64-73. 188. Stuerz S, Sow A, Muller B, Manneh B, Asch F. 2014. Yield components in response to thermal environment and irrigation system in lowland rice in the Sahel. Field Crops Res. 163:47-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.04.004 189. Stuerz S, Sow A, Muller B, Manneh B, Ascha F. 2014. Leaf area development in response to meristem temperature and irrigation system in lowland rice. Field Crops Res. 163:74-80. 190. Sudhir-Yadav, Evangelista G, Faronilo J, Humphreys E, Henry A, Fernandez L. 2014. Establishment method effects on crop performance and water productivity of irrigated rice in the tropics. Field Crops Res. 166:112-127. 191. Sundaram RM, Chatterjee S, Oliva R, Laha GS, Vera Cruz C, Leach JE, Sonti RV. 2014. Update on Bacterial Blight of Rice: Fourth International Conference on Bacterial Blight. Rice 7(12):1-3. 192. Theobald TFH, Mussgnug F, Becker M. 2014. Live fences a hidden resource of soil fertility in West Kenya. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 177:758-765. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 47 193. Thomson M.J. 2014. High-throughput SNP genotyping to accelerate crop improvement. Plant Breed. Biotech. 2(3): 195-212. 194. through a global genotyping. Theor. Appl. Genet. 127(10):2211-2223. DOI 10.1007/s00122-014- 2374-z 195. Tirol-Padre A, Rai M, Gathala M, Sharma S, Kumar V, Sharma PC, Sharma DK, Wassmann R, Ladha JK. 2014. Assessing the performance of the photo-acoustic infrared gas monitor for measuring CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes in two major cereal rotations. Global Change Biol. 20:287-299. 196. Torrion JA, Setiyono TD, Graef GL, Cassman KG, Irmak S, Specht JE. 2014. Soybean irrigation management: agronomic impacts of deferred, deficit, and full-season strategies. Crop Sci. 54:2782- 2795. 197. Touré A, Rodenburg J, Marnotte P, Dieng I, Huat J. 2014. Identifying the problem weeds of rice- based systems along the inland-valley catena in the southern Guinea Savanna, Africa. Weed Biol. Manage. 14(2):121-132. 198. Trijatmiko KR, Supriyanta, Prasetiyono J, Thomson MJ, Vera Cruz CM, Moeljopawiro S, Pereira A. 2014. Meta-analysis of quantitative trait loci for grain yield and component traits under reproductive-stage drought stress in an upland rice population. Mol. Breed. 34:283-295. 199. Tsujimoto Y, Muranaka S, Saito K, Asai H. 2014. Limited Si-nutrient status of rice plants in relation to plant-available Si of soils, nitrogen fertilizer application, and rice-growing environments across Sub- Saharan Africa. Field Crops Res. 155:1-9. 200. Ubukawa T, de Sherbinin A, Onsrud H, Nelson A, Payne K, Cottray O, Maron M. 2014. A review of roads data development methodologies. Data Sci. J. Hyol. 30:78-85. 201. van Oort PAJ, Saito K, Zwart SJ, Shrestha S. 2014. A simple model for simulating heat induced sterility in rice as a function of flowering time and transpirational cooling. Field Crops Res. 156:303- 312. 202. Vasudevan K, Vera Cruz CM, Gruissem W, Bhullar NK. 2014. Large scale germplasm screening for identification of novel rice blast resistance sources. Front. Plant Sci. 5(505): 1-9. 203. Vergara GV, Nugraha Y, Esguerra MQ, Mackill DJ, Ismail AM. 2014. Variation in tolerance of rice to long-term stagnant flooding that submerges most of the shoot will aid in breeding tolerant cultivars. AoB Plants 6(Plu055): 1-16. 204. Vu Q, Quintana R, Fujita D, Bernal CC, Yasui H, Medina CD, Horgan FG. 2014. Responses and adaptation by Nephotettix virescens to monogenic and pyramided rice lines with Grh-resistance genes. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 150:179-190. 205. Wang JM, Wei LJ, Zheng TQ, Zhao XQ, Ali J, Xu JL, Li ZK. 2014. Simple sequence repeat markers reveal multiple loci governing grain-size variations in a japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant induced by cosmic radiation during space flight. Euphytica 196:225-236. 206. Wang K, Qiu FL, Dela Paz MA, Zhuang JY, Xie FM. 2014. Genetic diversity and structure of improved indica rice germplasm. Plant Genet. Resour. Charact. Util. 12(2):248-254. 207. Wang M, Yu Y, Haberer G, Marri PR, Ndjiondjop MN, Sanni K, et al. 2014. The genome sequence of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and evidence for independent domestication. Nature Genet. 46(9):982-991. doi:10.1038/ng.3044. 208. Ward, PS, Pede VO. 2014. Capturing social network effects in technology adoption: the spatial diffusion of hybrid rice in Bangladesh. Aust. J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 58:1-17. 209. Wells NS, Clough TJ, Johnson-Beebout SE, Buresh RJ. 2014. Land management between crops affects soil inorganic nitrogen balance in a tropical rice system. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 100(3):315- 332. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 48 210. Winkel A, Pedersen O, Ella E, Ismail AM, Colmer TD. 2014. Gas film retention and underwater photosynthesis during field submergence of four contrasting rice genotypes. J. Exp. Bot. 65(12):3225-3233. 211. Wu LB, Shhadi MY, Gregorio G, Matthus E, Becker M, Frei M. 2014. Genetic and physiological analysis of tolerance to acute iron toxicity in rice. Rice 7(8):1-12. 212. Xie FM, He ZZ, Esguerra MQ, Qiu FL, Ramanathan V. 2014. Determination of heterotic groups for tropical indica hybrid rice germplasm. Theor. Appl. Genet. 127:407-417. 213. Yegbemey RN, Yabi JA, Dossa CSG, Bauer S. 2014. Novel participatory indicators of sustainability reveal weaknesses of maize cropping in Benin. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 34:909-920. 214. Ying YQ, Zhu HT, Ye GY, Zhang GQ, Li LH, Liu GF. 2014. Detection of QTL on panicle number in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different densities with single segment substitution lines. Euphytica 195:355-368. 215. Zeigler R. 2014. Time to unleash rice. Nature 514:S66. 216. Zhang SH, Zheng JS, Liu B, Peng SB, Leung H, Zhao JL, Wang XF, Yang TF, Huang ZH. 2014. Identification of QTLs for cold tolerance at seedling stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using two distinct methods of cold treatment. Euphytica 195:95-104. 217. Zhang Y, Zhang K, Fang AF, Han YQ, Yang J, Xue MF, Bao JD, Hu DW, Zhou B, Sun XY, Li SJ, Wen M, Yao N, Ma LJ, Liu YF, Zhang M, Huang F, Luo CX, Zhou LG, Li JQ, Chen ZY, Miao JK, Wang S, Lai JS, Xu JR, Hsiang T, Peng YL, Sun WX. Specific adaptation of Ustilaginoidea virens in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics. Nat. Commun. 5(3849):1-12. 218. Zhu PY, Lu ZX, Heong KL, Chen GH, Zeng XS, Xu HX, Yang YJ, Nicol HI, Gurr GM. 2014. Selection of nectar plants for use in ecological engineering to promote biological control of rice pests by the predatory bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, (Heteroptera: Miridae). PLoS One 9(9): E108669[1-12p.]. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 49 Annex 4: MISTIC achievement summary Introduction This annex contains a summary of its achievements. It presents the new GRiSP monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework towards its IDOs, and outlines a draft of the supporting management information system. The summary also includes a description of the activities undertaken under the national rice research and development strategies in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Summaries of the expanded baseline surveys conducted by IRRI, CIAT, and AfricaRice are also presented. Progress on GRiSP results framework Our main focus in 2014 was on developing a robust M&E framework and implementation system for tracking progress along the impact pathway from outputs (rice research products) to intermediate development outcomes (IDOs). The GRiSP results framework consists of IDOs that contribute to CGIAR system development outcomes (SLOs) and United Nations sustainable development outcomes. The IDOs have several indicators that were formulated to be monitored at three levels: global, national, and action sites. In 2014, we started developing monitoring plans for the IDO indicators at the three levels. Emphasis was placed on the national and action site indicators. At the national scale, we identified a set of indicators relevant to the rice sector that would track a country's progress and provide a benchmark for GRiSP. Although most national-level indicators are “owned” by countries (e.g., national rice area, production, yield, etc.) beyond GRiSP's real control, we do show through our impact pathways, theories of change, and a few well-chosen indicators such as “germplasm shared with countries” GRiSP's contribution. At the moment, we monitor most of these country indicators through IRRI's world rice statistics, but we are working with countries and with different technologies (such as remote sensing, crop models, and GIS) to improve those data. We're making especially good progress in mapping actual rice area, rice growth stages, and potential and actual yields of rice “at scale.” Progress on national rice R&D priorities In 2014, the Council for Partnership on Rice Research in Asia (CORRA) and the Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP) conducted two workshops to initiate a systematic inventory of national rice research and development strategies (NRDS) in Asia. The first workshop took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in May 2014 and was attended by eight Southeast Asian countries and one West Asian country: India, Indonesia, Iran, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The second workshop took place in Hyderabad, India, in December 2014 and five South Asian countries participated: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. GRiSP IDOs/indicators and the NRDS of the participating countries were presented, compared, and discussed in group sessions. The discussions focused on five topics: (1) the relevance of the IDOs to countries and coverage in their NRDS, (2) commonalities among country strategies, (3) quantitative targets with a timeline for country development outcomes, (4) the logical link between country rice sector development goals and research objectives, and (5) impact pathways from country rice research to product development to development outcomes. An analysis of the national rice development strategies of the 12 South/Southeast Asian countries is currently being prepared and will be published this year. Country NRDS reports and presentations are also available on the GRiSP website. The MISTIG project was actively implemented by GRiSP member organization CIAT in collaboration with the Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (FLAR in Spanish). Three CIAT/FLAR meetings were held in 2014. The first meeting took place in Uruguay (March 2014), the second in Colombia (September 2014), and the third in Panama (November 2014). Participants at these meetings were FLAR administrative groups and technical steering committee members. They discussed constructively in focus groups and agreed in principle to implement the MISTIG project collaboratively. Participants also selected and defined 20 indicators for monitoring GRiSP intermediate development outcomes at the national level. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 50 AfricaRice, in collaboration with the Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD), already conducted similar workshops on African national rice development strategies in 2009. Progress on action site baseline surveys Action sites are areas within countries where GRiSP flagship projects are actively being implemented. At IRRI in 2014, we designed a computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) questionnaire in Surveybe to collect baseline data to systematically monitor GRiSP IDOs at action sites. The survey, hereby referred to as the Area-Based Farm Household survey, was conducted in five Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam (sample size: 11,800 rice farmers). Some countries are still conducting interviews and the data are currently being quality checked and cleaned. IDO indicators will be analyzed in the coming months. We also started designing a monitoring plan for the action sites, in consultation with IRRI theme leaders and key staff working on the IDOs. We expect to conduct a similar survey every 3 to 5 years. The main activity undertaken at CIAT and FLAR action sites is research on impact assessment. In 2013, a nationally representative survey was conducted in Bolivia and the data were analyzed in 2014. A similar survey with qualitative methods to deepen gender analysis was implemented in late 2014 by CIAT and Ecuador’s national agricultural research institute (INIAP). Analysis of action site (Hub) survey data in Africa In Africa, in 2014, the total number of Hubs (African GRiSP action sites) increased slightly to 70 - representing various agro-ecological zones in 25 countries. Most countries have 2-3 hubs and a few have 4 and above. Next to the comprehensive baseline survey, three surveys were conducted to understand constraints and opportunities faced by farmers and rice value chain actors. Knowledge gained is expected to facilitate proposing good agricultural practices (GAP) and potential prototype technologies that have a good fit with biophysical and socio-economic environmental settings. Below progress made with the surveys and ‘GAP basket’ development is documented. Yield gap survey and GAP baskets In 2014 a comprehensive database on yield gap surveys conducted through the Africa-wide Rice Agronomy Task Force over two years (2012 and 2013) was constructed. The current version of the database includes information on yield, crop management, and soil parameters from a total of 1718 farmers in 33 Rice Sector Development Hubs in 19 counties. Information is gathered about 29 descriptive or quantitative indicators, such as land preparation method, varietal choice etc. Preliminary analysis across the Hubs showed that average yields obtained by farmers growing rice in irrigated lowland, rainfed lowland, and upland environments were 4.0, 2.4, and 1.9 t/ha, respectively, whereas the 90 percentile yields were 6.1, 4.1, and 3.5 t/ha respectively. There is, therefore, scope for improving rice yields across rice production systems. Higher yields were associated with higher N fertilizer application rates, better land leveling, and more intensive weeding. A more detailed analysis will be undertaken in 2015. Hub-specific GAP baskets were identified by farmers and NARS partners and tested in 2013 in 13 Hubs across 9 countries. Based on what was learned, GAP baskets were modified and tested in 2014. Another 11 countries started this process in 2014. In 2015, farmers’ adoption of GAP baskets will be monitored. In addition, in 2014, mechanical weeders and a decision support tool on nutrient management “RiceAdvice” were also tested in 10 countries for future integration in GAP baskets. In Kano state, Nigeria, RiceAdvice recommendations resulted consistently in a profitable 1 t/ha of yield advantage over farmers’ fertilizer practices across 2 seasons. Diagnostic Survey Diagnostic surveys began in 2012 within the framework of the Africa-wide Rice Agronomy Task Force (ATF) to better understand local rice-based production systems in the hubs by: (i) identifying existing knowledge, production practices, technologies, and production constraints/challenges; and (ii) pinpointing bottlenecks G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 51 and opportunities for technology adoption to raise rice productivity. Since the diagnostic survey is primarily a qualitative research activity, this research aims to provide an in-depth analysis of processes related to rice-based production systems and answer why and how such processes exist in the hubs. Therefore, this research is a complement to both the yield gap and baseline surveys as such detailed results constitute a more in-depth analysis of existing knowledge, practices and technologies to better target GAP technology identification and dissemination in the hubs (that is implemented through the yield gap survey). A total of 22 quantitative indicators refer to individual socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (about the participant) and farm-level characteristics related to the individual participant’s agricultural production system. Another 45 qualitative indicators refer to selected detailed descriptive concepts about agricultural production processes (including both rice-based and other cropping systems). The quantitative database for the diagnostic survey is complete and available for fifteen countries (20 hubs) and has been transferred to the AfricaRice Research Data repository website, with a backup on the cloud server. In 2014, with the expansion of the innovation platforms (IPs) to 6 additional countries through support from the SARD-SC project, selected results were used as critical inputs for IP implementation in countries like Benin, Madagascar and Côte d’Ivoire (i.e., to support the identification of entry points, mapping of rice value chain actors, key challenges and opportunities identification, etc.). NARS collaborators were able to share their preliminary work with the Agronomy Task Force focal points during the 2014 AfricaRice Science Week. Various contributions to the SARD-SC project quarterly reports have been produced for the countries covered by this project. Note: Qualitative research is a very new research area to many of our NARS focal points and several scientists/researchers lack the skills and knowledge in qualitative research methods. This calls for exploring ways to help partners effectively improve qualitative research activities in the hubs. This may include: (i) identification of young scientists in NARS to be thoroughly trained in qualitative research methods to complement and support the on-going research in the rice hubs; (ii) boosting the post-master program for select countries to focus on qualitative research methodological approaches where applicable; and (iii) the establishment of a “Community of Practice (CoP)” dealing with qualitative and innovation systems research with our NARS collaborators and in partnership with other lead research institutes and universities (in this field). Post-Harvest survey Post-harvest surveys started in 2014 in 14 countries with support from the African Development Bank funded SARD-SC project and the Canadian-funded Post-harvest and value addition project. A total of 11 indicators are followed, including indicators of physical grain loss (6) and indicators of quality loss (5). Preliminary analysis show that on average, 11.1 %, 5.8 %, 6.8 %, 6.9 %, 13.6 %, and 10.5 % of grains are lost during harvesting, threshing, drying, parboiling, milling and storage respectively. With respect to grain quality, six parameters have so far been analyzed on milled rice samples (% broken grains, % impurities, chalkiness index, varietal contamination, diseased grain and parboiling process damage). On average local milled rice samples were made up of 40.6 % broken grains, 2.3 % impurities, 16.8 chalkiness index and 10 % varietal contamination (red rice). Percentage broken grains were above 20 % in all countries with Cote d’Ivoire, Niger and Mali recording the highest values (>50 %). Impurities were very high in Senegal, Benin, Mali and Ghana (>3 %) while chalkiness index was highest in Nigeria, Cameroon and Mali (> 20%). Red rice was more pronounced in parboiled samples from countries where parboiling is common (Benin, Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana and Nigeria). In addition, pecks (diseased grains) and grains damaged due to the parboiling process was 6 and 20% on average in these countries. Progress on management information systems (MIS) In 2014, we started developing a management information system (MIS) for managing data and reporting on GRiSP milestones, outputs/products, intermediate development outcomes, and impact assessment. The MIS is a web-based data management tool. One of its general requirements is the ability to store data, analyze, and generate reports for management decision making. Its design is based on the relational database management model. Key features include entities (tables), attributes, and relations. Entities of the MIS include GRiSP themes, product lines, products, milestones, budget, scientists, (proposal) planning, G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 52 reports (semi-annual and annual), development indicators, monitoring data, monitoring reports, evaluation data, evaluation reports, documents (PDF, Excel, Word, picture), geo-reference (maps), and project indicators, etc. Software tools used for application development are MySQL, PhPMyAdmin, and PhP. The MIS has modules for planning, budgeting, monitoring, evaluation, and impact assessment. The planning and budgeting modules will reside in IRRI’s One Corporate System (OCS). The system is currently being developed. GRiSP centers (IRRI, AfricaRice, and CIAT) and partners will be able to log in and enter data online. Data on IDO indicators at global, national, and action site levels will be displayed online for public viewing, searching, and downloading. We also started designing and developing modules for managing GRiSP flagship project data within the MIS. Our pilot project is STRASA (Stress-Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia). We will include other IRRI flagship projects when we have successfully implemented the first round of the pilot test. AfricaRice also developed an offline web-based M&E application called MLAX. The system is designed to provide data on AfricaRice and project implementation progress and effectiveness in Africa. It can document and generate information on CRPs, projects, task forces, and hub outputs/products and outcomes. Tablets and smartphones are used to automate data collection. The system is stored in a cloud server that is accessible anywhere in the world, with backup at AfricaRice. The following key training events were organized: 1. Introduction of the automated M&E System of AfricaRice to NARS partners during the 2014 Science Week to get their feedback on structure and functionality of the system. 2. Introduction of the automated M&E system to AfricaRice staff during the 2014 Science Week and training for AfricaRice staff based in Benin and Senegal. The training sessions enabled participants to understand the importance of an automated M&E system, the components of the system, and roles and responsibilities of various actors using the system and provide feedback. Further improvement of the M&E system was designed based on feedback received during the 2014 Science Week. Given that many centers have their own management information systems, the emphasis is now on interoperability. That is the ability of the databases to exchange information seamlessly. In our case, it means harmonizing the key tables, fields, and data types for transferring only required GRiSP data from the partner databases to the central MIS database at IRRI. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 53 Annex 5: Details on GRiSP’s breeding pipeline (indicators 18, 23, and 27 of Table 1). 5.1. Indicator 18: number of technologies (pre-breeding products) under research (phase I) The numbers refer to GRiSP product number P 1.1.1: Sustained management of the CGIAR rice collections 1. The basic operations of the genebanks excluding additional costs of handling genetic stocks and all improvements to the genebank, is funded by the Genebank CRP but contributes to GRiSP objectives. Through joint efforts, te following were achieved: 2. A total of 19,975 accessions are stored in medium term storage (MTS) in Cotonou. 3. A total of 8,316 accessions are conserved in long term storage (LTS) in Ibadan. 4. Over 42,000 samples have been distributed to GRiSP partners in Asia, in 385 batches for prebreeding, breeding and direct use 5. Over 50,000 germination tests have been conducted to ensure accessions remain alive; and 4,500 accessions have been multiplied either to replace stocks given away or to rejuvenate aging seeds. 6. Funded by GRiSP, an additional 2,500 accessions and specialized genetic stocks have been incorporated into the genebank and made available to users. Collecting missions to collect landraces and wild relatives of rice have been undertaken in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Bangladesh 7. By changing post-harvest seed management we have been able to increase seed longevity (e.g. by up to 300% by changing the post-harvest drying regime) in storage beyond that achieved by following current international “best practices”. 8. We have improved our ability to predict seed longevity in storage through dissecting the wide range of genetic and management factors that affect it. Ongoing efforts to improve throughput capacity and quality through automating key genebank processes have focused on seed sorting through individual seed image analysis and seed characterization using a multispectral analyzer. 9. We have further upgraded the Genetic Resources Information Management System to include new functionality for phenotypic characterization and for handling incoming and outgoing seeds. We have enhanced the workflow and software for controlling outgoing shipments of germplasm, including the generation and reporting of the associated material transfer agreements. 10. We have developed a new procedure to publish data on genebank accessions using web services to update data in Genesys; all available passport data and characterization data on genebank accessions are now publicly visible and searchable through Genesys. P 1.1.2: Enhanced conservation of the global rice gene-pool 11. A total of 563 accessions from Tanzania were introduced into the genebank 12. A total of 125 rice cultivars were collected in Burundi, 53 in Cameroun, 108 in Democratic Republic of Congo and 20 in Central African Republic. 13. A total of 3,100 accessions in MTS were characterized for morphological traits at Ibadan. 14. 104 landraces were received from Senegal and Gambia, 289 from Togo, 15 varieties from Sierra Leone, 149 from Burkina Faso 15. A total of 24 landraces from Guinea were regenerated in Cotonou 16. Wild rice accessions including 133 accessions of O. barthii, 3 of O. brachyantha, 1 of O. eichingeri, 3 of O. punctata and 12 of O. longistaminata were characterized for morphological traits in Cotonou. P 1.1.4: Data management for quality assurance 17. Passport data of accessions in MTS checked and corrected. 18. ARGIS desktop application developed for automation of genebank activities. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 54 20. Modules of viability testing results analysis and alert system for quantity and viability level are now ready for use. P 1.2.1: High-resolution SNP genotypes of diverse accessions (Rice SNP Consortium) 21. In collaboration with CIAT and IRRI, 94 popular rice varieties that are widely used by breeders at AfricaRice, CIAT and IRRI were genotyped with 2015 SNPs. The data from this study was useful in identifying a subset of SNPs that could be used for discriminating O. glaberrima from O. sativa varieties for routine quality control analysis. 22. In collaboration with BGI-Shenzhen (previously the Beijing Genomics Institute) and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), we have completed the re-sequencing of 3,000 Genbank accessions (The 3000 Rice Genomes Project 2014. GigaScience 3:7). 23. From the 3K genomes, a SNP database (SNP Seek, 2014 NAR) was created as an easy-access platform to identify new alleles for high-priority traits and accessions carrying trait-associated SNP haplotypes. It presents a public database for targeted phenotyping of rare variants from sequenced accessions to extract high-value agronomic traits for breeding. 24. In parallel to the analysis of the 3K data, we have initiated the International Rice Informatics Consortium (IRIC). IRIC aims at providing information and computational tools to facilitate discovery of new gene-trait associations and accelerated breeding. IRIC has three major objectives: a) organize available genotyping, phenotyping, expression and other available data for rice germplasm into a linked, consistent and reliable source of information for the global research community, b) provide user-friendly access to browse, search and analyze the data through a single portal, and c) support information sharing, public awareness and capacity building. The IRIC concept is well received by the research community and broad collaborations are being established. 25. A genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) protocol and bioinformatics tools developed at Yale University were used in order to generate a high-resolution map of about 45,000 SNP markers on the population (IR64 × Azucena). 26. At CIAT, a total of 184,000 data points were produced using the Fluidigm platform; this represents an increase of 2.6 times the number of data points produced in 2013 P 1.2.2: Global phenotyping network for key agronomic traits and responses to major stresses 27. A wide range of protocols and standard operating procedures were developed and used for various purposes both in the field and laboratories. 28. The drought screening facility at Ikenne, Nigeria continues to generate highly reliable results. 29. A field-based high-throughput multi-trait screening capabilities has been established at IRRI. Mechanized, non-intrusive field phenotyping methods were used to measure leaf area, biomass, canopy N content, canopy height, and canopy temperature during plant development on hundreds of plots. 30. The phenomics platform using an aerial NIR-based imaging system with SLR camera demonstrated that vegetation index (VI) images indicate that the NIR imaging method can be a surrogate for traditional phenotypic methods in the field. 31. The evaluation of a large recombinant inbred population and panels of diverse germplasm, showed high genetic correlation between HTP phenotype data and manually collected trait measurements. Results suggest the HTP traits will be useful for association mapping of QTL’s for biomass and yield and provide rapid assessment of a large number of breeding lines. 32. At CIAT, a set of 343 S2:4 lines conforming a training population (TP) was phenotyped and genotyped with 6,874 SNP markers P 1.2.3: Whole genome sequencing of unique germplasm accessions in global rice genebanks 33. AfricaRice benefited from the International re-sequencing effort of 3000 rice genomes by IRRI, in collaboration with BGI and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). 225 accessions from 25 countries in Africa were included in the 3000 rice accessions. The sequence data are publically available at (http://www.oryzasnp.org/iric-portal/). G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 55 P 1.2.4: Specialized genetic stocks and novel populations (cultivated and wild gene pools) 34. AfricaRice evaluated 300 indica-based MAGIC populations for salt tolerance and yield at AfricaRice, Senegal. P 1.3.1: Genes for drought tolerance 35. Three bi-parental populations were developed and evaluated within a partnership network comprising AfricaRice (Ibadan and Cotonou using a rainout shelter), IRRI, CIAT and three African NARS countries (Nigeria, Burkina and Mali) for yield under both well-watered and drought conditions. 36. The populations were also genotyped by SNP markers. A total of 76 QTLs were detected of which 20 are linked to grain yield. Six minor QTLs from POP1 IR64 x B6144F-MR-6-0-0 and related to grain yield were detected under both well watered and drought stress conditions, consistent across locations. 37. For improving the architecture of rice roots and panicle, two genes i.e. the transcription factor ‘no apical meristem’ (OsNAM12.1) and a germin-like protein (OsGLP8-2) were identified earlier as having roles in affecting roots and spikelets. The OsNAM12.1 affects root and panicle secondary branching, while OsGLP8-2 affects spikelet fertility. 38. Strong putative QTLs for seminal root elongation in response to N were detected on chromosome 1 and are being fine-mapped using SSR and SNP markers. This QTL will help to understand the genetic control of seminal root growth and address the goal of defining QTL regions associated with water and nutrient acquisition efficiency for upland rice breeding programs. 39. Two promising gene constructs, ubi:GolS2 and osnac6:OsSCZF2, were identified in Curinga transgenic lines under a rainout shelter and in rainfed drought conditions. Promising lines belonging to events 3135, 3474, and 3480 of osnac6::OsSCFZF2 and 580, 590, and 788 of obi::Gols2 showed a 20−25% yield advantage over nontransgenic Curinga under severe drought stress in Santa Rosa P 1.3.1: Genes for flood-prone environments 40. A QTL for tolerance to anaerobic germination, qAG-9-2 (AG1), was fine-mapped to a region of 46.5 kb. This region contained only four genes, paving the path to isolate the gene that can enhance germination and early seedling vigor under anaerobic conditions. This will have high impact for the direct seeded rice system in the mega-delta environment. P 1.3.3: Genes for nutrient deficiency and problem soils 41. The search for a new QTL related to salinity tolerance at the vegetative stage continued using 300 RILs derived from a cross between IR29 x Hassawi and with 384 SNPs. 42. At the vegetative stage, 7 QTLs related to 4 different traits (plant height, fresh weight, dry weight and plant vigor) that explained 10.6 and 42.3% of the phenotypic variance under salt stress were identified. P 1.3.4: Genes for tolerance to temperature extremes and grain quality 43. For cold tolerance, using the mapping populations between cold tolerant japonica (Hwanghaezo and Skau 382), tolerant indica (IR 59471-2B-20-2-1, IR 57257-34-1-2-1) and sensitive japonica (Dourado Aguilha, Skau 339) and sensitive indica (Sahel 108, Sahel 201) and with SSR markers, 16 QTLs were identified for tiller number, plant height, biomass and grain yield under cold stress in two F2:3 mapping populations (7 in Hwanghaezo/ Sahel108 and 9 in Hwanghaezo/ IR 57257-34-1- 2-1). P 1.3.5: Genes for disease and insect resistance 44. QTL mapping is ongoing to identify QTLs associated with African Rice Gall Midge (AfRGM) resistance in three bi-parental populations. Initial QTL mapping analyses across these populations led to identification of major genomic regions associated with AfRGM resistance. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 56 45. One of the major QTLs with the highest LOD scores was uncovered in the ITA306 x TOS14519 population. Fine mapping of this major QTL is ongoing. 46. We identified the AvrPi9 gene (called avirulence effector) in the blast fungus that is recognized by the corresponding resistance gene Pi9 that trigger resistance in rice plant. The presence of AvrPi9 correlates well with the avirulent strains of blast isolates from the Philippines and China, consistent with the observed broad-spectrum resistance conferred by Pi9 in different rice growing areas. 47. New candidate genes underlying tungro baciliform virus resistance (RTBV) have been identified. Markers for selecting tungro resistance will be important to address the growing problem in South India and Bangladesh 48. QTL analysis for discrete traits allowed ultra-fine mapping of a major QTL Striga resistance, and very precise mapping of QTLs for bacterial leaf blight resistance. 49. Markers for rice hoja blanca virus were validated. 50. Markers for blast resistance genes Pi9 and Pi40 as well as for restoring ability were determined and primers designed, and these are being validated P 1.4: C4 Rice 51. Identification of a new brassinosteroid gene that alters vein spacing in rice 52. Assembly of a complete C4 cycle in rice involving 5 genes of the C4 biochemical pathway 53. Identification of 20 candidate genes that regulate plastid biogenesis that are being tested in rice, 54. We have successfully transformed a total of 6 C4 metabolite transporters tagged with AcV5, a peptide sequence, recognized by commercially available antibodies into rice. PPT-AcV5, OMT-AcV5, MEP1-AcV5, and DiT1-AcV5 have been established as homozygous lines and are at the T2 or T3 generation. The lines with single copy of MEP2-AcV5 and DiT2-AcV5 have been selected and are in the T1 generation. Single copy homozygous with three events each of PPT-AcV5, OMT-AcV5, MEP1- AcV5 were grown and sampled for RNAseq analysis at Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhe. 55. Leaf phenotyping of T0 events from 4 constructs is completed. Out of the 4, only one gene construct has a phenotype that differs from the wildtype. Eight T0 events showed some changes in Kranz anatomy related traits. This will be confirmed in T1 generation. 56. High-throughput screening of novel germplasm is progressing with the development of a new robotic screening platform in collaboration with CSIRO. The facility will be tested at IRRI in 2015. P 2.1.1: Integrated breeding platform 57. New modules for GGEBiplot, linkage mapping and breeding value prediction using pedigree and marker-based genetic relatedness are added to the PBTools software. 58. A set of R functions are developed for genomic selection using 7 most commonly used statistical models. 59. A Web-based data management and analysis tool for genetic analysis using chromosome substitution lines are developed. P 2.1.2: Global rice germplasm information system to support rice breeding 60. The Breeding Task Force database was updated and now contains data on breeding lines developed since 2010 61. A “Breeding plan” application facilitating tracking of breeding plans was developed and introduced to AfricaRice staff involved in varietal improvement. P 2.1.3: High-throughput SNP genotyping platform for breeding applications 62. Variety specific SSR markers developed for popular varieties in Africa are being replaced with SNP markers. P 2.1.4: Multi-environment testing and international germplasm evaluation (INGER) G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 57 63. The Africa-wide Rice Breeding Task Force has been fully operational since 2010. Through the testing network, 11 ARICAs were named and 6 ARICAs were released in at least one county. The network is contributing to capacity development of NARS scientists in rice breeding as well as accelerating varietal release. P 2.2.1: Novel gene sources for breeding 64. 29 lines, interspecific (O. sativa x O. barthii) progenies from WAB56-104 and IRGC106176, selected for 2014 PET trials, were evaluated for resistance to root knot and root lesion nematode (18 resistant line), and for root weevil (11 resistant lines). 65. Fine mapping for AfRGM resistance ongoing with 383 recombinant lines within 13cM region. 66. Two QTLs related to panicle size were found in the population CT21375/IR64. We performed bulk segregant analysis of an F2 population screened for length and number of primary branches and found two traits related to high yield potential. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the bulks of superior and inferior segregants for each trait. Bioinformatics analysis predicted two QTLs on chromosome 2 and chromosome 3 for length of primary branches and two additional QTLs, both on chromosome 6, for number of primary branches. P 2.2.2: Disease-resistant rice 67. Pb1 and pi21, gene-based markers of blast resistance and Xa4, xa5, Xa21 markers for BLB resistance are incorporated up to BC2F3, and BC4F2, along with validation of their efficacy in Africa. 68. New bacterial diseases (Pantoea and Sphingomonas) resembling BLB were identified to be widespread in Africa. Resistant germplasm for these new diseases is needed. 69. Multiple disease and insect resistance genes, Pi40, Xa21, Xa4 and xa5, Bph18 were successfully pyramided into two elite cultivars, IR72 and NSIC Rc222. 70. IR24 near isogenic lines (NILs) possessing 13 major BPH resistance genes (bph2, Bph3, bph4, Bph9, Bph10, Bph17, Bph18, Bph20, Bph21, Bph25, Bph26, Qbph4 and Qbph6) were developed for monitoring virulence of BPH biotypes in South and Southeast Asian countries toward production of suitable BPH resistant cultivars. 71. 42 BC1F5 and 3 (8-3 way crosses) breeding lines in a japonica cultivar background were selected for photoperiod-insensitivity and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) resistance by marker-assisted selection (MAS). 72. Genetic relationship between resistance to green leaf hopper (GLH) and RTSV was determined in the flanking region of 1.7 – 6.4 Mb on the chromosome 4. Our results indicated that GLH and RTSV resistance were independently controlled and RTSV resistance is more effective to control tungro disease. 73. Pathotyping and Avr-based genotyping of 80 blast isolates in Bohol, Philippines revealed a good correlation of existence of Avr genes with pathotypes in rice blast population. 74. Three blast genes, Pi2, Pi9 and Pi40 were identified as most effective leaf blast resistance sources at four sites of Southern Africa and IRRI-ESA hub. The Pi40 gene conferred panicle blast resistance in ESA. Breeding work to transfer these blast resistance genes into local cultivars of ESA is in progress. P 2.2.4: Population improvement 75. A second recombination cycle using marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS) was accomplished for drought tolerance and high yielding ability at AfricaRice, Benin. 76. A first round of marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS) was completed for the population of Giza178/NL20 and WITA4/IR64-Sub1, aiming to enhance yield potential at AfricaRice, Senegal. 77. More than 400 advanced lines from the narrow-base populations and 300 early generation lines from the broad-base populations are provided to the irrigated variety development pipelines. More than 2000 lines are developed using outstanding individuals from various recurrent selection populations. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 58 78. Two broad-base populations (30 parental lines) are developed using male sterile lines developed by this product. The populations developed by manual crossing are advanced to the third cycle. P 2.3.1: Drought- tolerant rice 79. Drought screening sites (Ikenne and Cotonou) are fully utilized, confirming high repeatability. 80. 30 drought tolerant lines were nominated for participatory evaluation trials (PET) in the Africa-wide Rice Breeding Task Force in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria and Tanzania 81. 10 drought tolerant lines nominated for participatory advanced testing (PAT) in the Rice Breeding Task Force in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Nigeria. 82. Drought tolerant MARS lines are being evaluated in Mali. P 2.3.2: Submergence and other flood- tolerant rice 83. Introduction of sub1 in WITA4 completed, ready for multi-environment testing (MET) through the Rice Breeding Task Force in 2015. 84. 35 varieties released in 11 countries based on materials tested through the STRASA project. 85. Three promising advanced breeding lines tolerant to AG+Sub1 stresses and 4 lines tolerant to AG were selected in irrigated OYT trial in 2014WS, and will be further evaluated in 2015 DS irrigated PYT. A set of promising lines was sent to partners in south and southeast Asia for further evaluation. One AG2 NIL (IR42-AG2) has been tested in the lab having significantly longer coleoptyle and higher amylase activity under AG stress compared with IR42, and will be tested in the field in 2015DS. Pyramided Ciherang-Sub1-AG1+AG2 plants are currently being grown in a screen house for seed production and subsequent evaluation. 86. Over 600 lines were evaluated for stagnant flood (SF) tolerance and 18 landraces and breeding lines were selected. Tolerant lines should have moderate elongation (2 cm/d), with ability to produce sufficient biomass and leaf area above water and sufficient tillers that bear fertile large panicles (Vergara et al., 2014; Kato et al., 2014). 87. Two RILs developed for mapping of SF tolerance were multiplied in the field in 2014: IR09436/IR10F365 and IR119/IR10F379. Yield, yield components and other agronomic traits were gathered from SF and normal conditions from the first RIL population in 2014WS for further analysis. 88. A set of 20-30 promising lines combining Sub1+SF tolerance were sent to partners in SA (India, Bangladesh, Nepal) and SEA (Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and Indonesia) in 2014 for further evaluation the target regions. 89. A set of BC3F6 promising lines of Swarna-Sub1+BB (bacterial blight) with good yield and agronomic traits and having different combination of 4 Xa genes (Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21) have been developed and ready for further evaluation. 90. At least 10 promising breeding lines derived from Swarna-Sub1/Supa were selected for further evaluation 91. Three new Sub1 varieties released in South Asia, Samba Mahsuri-Sub1 and Ciherang-Sub1 in Bangladesh in late 2013 and CR1009-Sub1 in India in 2014. P 2.3.3: Improved varieties tolerant of salt stress and other problem soils 92. Through multi-environment trials (MET) conducted within the Africa-wide Rice Breeding Task Force, three breeding lines showing tolerance to Fe toxicity and one with tolerance to salinity were named as ARICA 6, 7, 8 and ARICA 11, respectively. Salinity tolerant ARICA 11 was released in Gambia, and Fe toxicity tolerant ARICA8 in Burkina Faso. 93. Salt tolerant lines IR 83140-B-28-B (released variety name: NSIC Rc390; local name: Salinas 19) and IR 84675-58-4-1-B-B (released variety name NSIC Rc 392; local name Salinas 20) were released for Philippines and IR55179-3B-11-3 (Gozaba 5) was released for State of West Bengal, India. Another salt tolerant rice variety CSR43 (CSR-89IR-8) was released for sodic soils of UP-India through collaborative research program. This variety matures almost three weeks ahead of other existing sodicity tolerant rice varieties. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 59 94. Of the 50 BC3F2 introgression lines tested at EC20 (200 mM NaCl), 15 lines showed seedling stage salt tolerance inherited from O. coarctata compared to Pokali. 95. Four promising elite "two in one" lines or combined tolerance to salinity and submergence were in the last stage of evaluation at the National Cooperative Trials in Philippines. IR 86384-55-2-1-B is being dispersed to salt affected areas in Myanmar. More than 150 kg seeds from IRRI were exported to Myanmar in 2014WS. 96. Eleven elite lines with combined tolerance to salinity and iron toxicity are in the advance stage of yield trial. Two iron (Fe) toxicity tolerant lines IR 85891-B-B-AJY1-3-2-B and IR 85891-B-B-AJYB are currently on-farm trials and as stop gap variety in severe iron toxic rice areas in Visayas and Mindanao Philippines. IR 85891-B-B-AJY1-3-2-B and IR 85891-B-B-AJYB are also utilized as tolerant donors to integrate Fe toxicity tolerance to develop multiple abiotic stress tolerant populations. 97. Identified four new generation of salt tolerant lines with high yield potential of 7-8 tons/ha in non- stress condition. These lines IR12T266, IR13T135, IR12T125 and IR11T219 has an average yield of more than 7 tons/ha across four locations of MET. Their average yield under salinity stress with EC level of 14-16dS/m is 3.8 to 4.5 tons/ha. 98. Fifteen more promising salt tolerant lines were evaluated through PVS at nine locations in the delta areas of Myanmar out of which 13 were IRRI-elite materials. Four elite lines are proposed for release in salt-affected delta regions of Myanmar. 99. Two lines introgressesed with Saltol and Sub1 in IR64 background were identified and being further evaluated. 100. Markers for two more QTLs validated for introgression with Saltol 101. Genome-wide association study using a diversity panel consisting of 307 lines evaluated for 15 traits related to salinity tolerance. Analysis was performed using TASSEL-GLM. Nine major gene families associated with salinity tolerance identified. Candidate genes at most significant associations are being assessed for further validation and for use in breeding. 102. In a preliminary metabolomic study, NSIC222 (sensitive) and FL478 (tolerant) were used to assess changes in selected metabolites in response to salt stress of 100 mM NaCl using GC-MS and 24 h of salt stress. Unlike NSIC222, FL478 accumulated less Na, more K and had lower amino acid profile, indicating less damage than the sensitive genotype. It also had higher level of metabolites especially those associated with osmotic adjustment. P 2.3.4: Varieties tolerant to cold and hot temperatures 103. Through multi-environment trials (MET) conducted within the Africa-wide Rice Breeding Task Force, three cold tolerant breeding lines were named: ARICA 7, 9 and 10. 104. QTL pyramiding line with heat tolerance and early morning flowering in IR64 background was developed. 105. A heat tolerance MAGIC population with 1000 S5 lines was developed. 106. Evaluation of 100 BC1F4 lines from Unkwang*2/N22 . Top performing entries were HR29753-B-10, HR29753-B-20, and IR105118:35-1 with percent spikelet fertilities of 91.4, 88.7, and 86.4 respectively. 107. Near isogenic line with qHTSF4.1 in IR64 background was developed. Backcross populations for qHTSF1.1 was damaged by typhoon, need to backcross again in 2015. 108. The current heat tolerance pedigree nursery consists of 681 F4 lines; 639 F5 lines; and 486 F6 lines. Being characterized for early morning flowering characters. Elite lines were submitted for testing in MET (10 lines) and The International Rice heat tolerance nursery of INGER (17 lines)and five elite lines to Pakistan. 109. High temperature screening during 2014 dry season. Best performing entries were IR13C209, IR13C158, and IR13C178 with percent spikelet fertilities of 91.3, 85.8, and 85.4 respectively. P 2.4.2: High-yielding varieties for irrigated systems in Asia 110. 1,635 advanced backcross generation progenies (F4, F5, BC2F3 and BC3F3) expressing 1-4 yield enhancing genes (Gn1a, SPL14, SCM2, GS5 and TGW6) linked to SNP/Indel markers were selected toward development of ideal plant architecture with high yield potential G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 60 111. Blast disease screening changed from IRRI’s blast nursery to field testing in a blast “hot spot” in Bohol (Philippines). This location now represents a site for the irrigated preliminary yield trial (PYT) stage. During the dry season when blast pressure was high, 4 entries (IR10N148, IR11A193, IR12N142, IR12A181) were the top 4 ranked entries and slightly better than IRRI 154 (rank 5th). A total of 54 elite lines performed better than the next check variety IRRI 168 (Rank 56). Trait data of blast phenotypes for 392 key elite breeding lines was compiled. 112. Of the 443 PYT entries tested in 2014, 406 lines were resistant to race 1 of bacterial leaf blight (PXO61), and 195 were resistant to race 2 (PXO86). A total of 178 lines were resistant to both races, of which 19 ranked higher for yield compared to IRRI 154. Trait data of BLB phenotypes (both races) for 392 key elite breeding lines was compiled. 113. For Module 1 (early maturity group), a total of 223 entries were screened for both BPH and GLH. For BPH, 116 breeding lines were resistant (score 1 or 3) and 47 were moderately resistant (score 5). For GLH, 56 were resistant (score 3) and 97 were moderately resistant (score 5). A total of 141 were resistant/moderately resistant to both BPH and GLH. For Module 2 (medium/late maturity group), a total of 207 entries were screened for both BPH and GLH. For BPH, 23 breeding lines were resistant (score 3) and 87 were moderately resistant (score 5). For GLH, 10 were resistant (score 3) and 131 were moderately resistant (score 5). A total of 87 were resistant/moderately resistant to both BPH and GLH. Trait data of BPH and GLH phenotypes for 392 key elite breeding lines was compiled. 114. A new aromatic variety (IRRI 174 or NSICRc344) was released in 2014. A total of 6 new elite breeding lines (IR10A134, IR10A135, IR10A136, IR10A196, IR13A109, IR13A148) performed well during the 2014 PYT and were promoted to the advanced yield trial (AYT) in 2015. These lines have an aromatic parent and will be tested for aroma in 2015. A challenge for breeding for aroma is the lack of low-cost screening for this trait. P 2.4.3: High-yielding varieties for irrigated systems in Africa 115. Benin, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ethiopia and Uganda released 28 varieties tolerant to salinity, cold, iron toxicity and drought. 116. A total of 51 abiotic stress tolerant breeding lines were nominated for MET testing in the Breeding Task Force for the irrigated lowland ecology. 117. A total of 86 high yielding breeding lines were nominated for MET testing in the Breeding Task Force for the irrigated ecology after on-station evaluation in 2014. 118. A total of 10 new high yielding breeding lines were identified for evaluation in observational yield trials under irrigated lowland conditions. P 2.4.6: Improved rice varieties for temperate rice environments 119. A total of 97 advanced irrigated lowland breeding lines developed during STRASA phase 1 were evaluated for yield and salt tolerance at AfricaRice, Senegal and will be evaluated for seedling cold tolerance. 120. Completed second season of phenotyping the IRRI japonica MAGIC population in Korea for agronomic traits including maturity, height, grain quality and cold tolerance, and pest and disease resistance including blast, BLB, BPH and RYMV 121. Seedling stage cold tolerance QTLs (SCT1 and SCT11) backcrossed into BR29 background and BC3F3 lines tested 122. QTLs for anaerobic germination transferred into three temperate japonica backgrounds to improve seedling establishment of direct-seeded rice 123. Two additional QTLs for anaerobic germination from Vietnamese traditional variety Tai Nguyen were detected on chromosomes 1 and 11. P 2.5.1: Rice hybrids for Asia 124. A major QTL (qSTGL8-1) for long exerted stigma from O. longistaminata was mapped on the chromosome 8 and the trait has been transferred into IR58025A and IR68897A for increasing the rate of out-crossing and hybrid seed production. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 61 125. About 10,000 breeding lines are being evaluated and in each crop season; 126. 3,974 breeding lines and hybrid rice germplasm were shared with partners P 2.5.2: Rice hybrids for Africa 127. Three AfricaRice developed hybrids yielded 11-13 t/ha during the 2014 dry season in Nigeria and Senegal. Selected hybrids were under re-evaluation in the same countries during the wet season. 128. 20 restorers and maintainer lines were developed. 129. Seeds of 300 hybrids were produced. 130. Seed of 20 cytoplasmic male sterile lines and two environmentally induced genic male sterile lines were multiplied. Each year, some 80.000-100.000 germplasm materials move through the F1-F7 to Replicated yield Trials and Advanced Yield Trials pipeline – with the largest number of material present at the F2 stage. Out of this, some 5.000 lines might be labeled elite pre-breeding lines further down the pipeline. 5.2. Indicator 23: number of technologies (breeding products) field tested (phase II)  Implemented Stages 0, 1 and 2 of the IRRI irrigated lowland rice MET at 5, 6, and 12 locations, respectively, in the Philippines and 5 other Southeast Asian countries with 472, 220, and 74 promising and elite breeding lines, respectively, as entries. Initiated Stages 0 and 2 of the IRRI rainfed lowland rice MET at 2 and 5 locations, respectively, in the Philippines and 3 other Southeast Asian countries with 144 and 44 elite breeding lines, respectively, as entries.  Selected the following MET2 entries for the National Cooperative Tests of the Philippines and for possible release as new varieties: IR 10G104, IR 10A323, IR 11A257, HHZ 5-SAL14-SAL2-Y2, IR 07N128, IR 08A172, IR 09N261, IR 10F364, IR 11A108, IR 11A294, and IR 10N396.  Organized 571 breeding lines from 17 NARES, Africa Rice, CIAT, and IRRI into 10 types of international nurseries for evaluation under irrigated, rainfed lowland, and upland conditions and for resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses with 411 nursery sets sent to 26 countries.  Identified from 108 INGER trials conducted in 12 countries the best entries as HHZ 1-Y4-Y1, SAGC- 02, PSB Rc68, and IR05N170 for irrigated lowland, IR08L216 and IR10L357 for rainfed lowland, and IR08L152, IR82635-B-B-143-1, and IR 10L388 for upland conditions.  Some 79 breeding lines were used as parents in hybridization in India, Philippines and Surinam. R1812084-1-1 from Iran was used to develop varieties in all three countries.  5,826 new hybrids were evaluated in 2014 in various yield trials through the Asian HRRDC  311 advanced breeding lines were selected for the multi environment testing network under Africa-wide Breeding Task Force; 86 lines in irrigated, 96 lines in rainfed lowland, 70 lines in upland, and 59 lines in high elevation in 29 countries in Africa.  In Latin America and the Caribbean, 2,363 lines were selected by national partners in the first GRiSP breeders’ workshop for field testing, while 5,179 lines were selected by 47 breeders from 26 institutions in the second GRiSP breeders’ workshop. 5.3. Indicator 27: number of technologies (breeding products) released (phase III) In 2014, a total of 28 varieties were officially released, through national systems, with IRRI ancestry: G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 62 Ecosystem, Stress Country Designation Local Name Released Name Parents Condition Philippines IR 82635-B-B-47-2 (IRRI 176) Katihan 2 NSIC Rc25 IR78875-176-B-2/IR78875-207-B-3 Upland IR 86857-101-2-1-3 (IRRI 177) Katihan 3 NSIC Rc27 IR80461-B-7-1/IR80508-B-57-3-B Upland IR 83140-B-36-B (IRRI 178) Katihan 4 NSIC Rc29 IR82969-11/IR82870-48 Upland IR 80694-44-1-2-2 (IRRI 179) Tubigan 27 NSIC Rc352 IR 73008-138-2-2-2/IR 68544-29-2-1-3-1-2//IR 72870-19-2-2-3 Irrigated (Inbred) IR 78585-98-2-2-1 (IRRI 180) Tubigan 29 NSIC Rc356 IR 73718-1-2-1-3/PSB RC 10 (IR 50404-57-2-2-3) Irrigated (Inbred) IR 80894-18-2-2-3 (IRRI 181) Tubigan 31 NSIC Rc360 IR02A127/JANAKI Irrigated (Inbred) IR 81955H (IRRI 182) Mestiso 56 NSIC Rc370H IR 70369 A/IR 72998-93-3-3-2 R Irrigated (Hybrid) IR 81265H (IRRI 183) Mestiso 61 NSIC Rc380H IR 75589-31-27-8-33 (TGMS)/IR 73885-1-4-3-2-1-6 (MATATAG 9) Irrigated (Hybrid) IR 83140-B-28-B (IRRI 184) Salinas 19 NSIC Rc390 IR 82869-11/IR 82870-11 Saline IR 84675-58-4-1-B-B (IRRI 185) Salinas 20 NSIC Rc392 IR 64*3/MADHUKAR//IR 64*3/BINAM Saline PR37294-6-33-9-1-2 NSIC Rc354 NSIC Rc106/AR32-11-63-3 Irrigated PR 3647H NSIC 368H IR79128A/PR31559-AR32-4-3-2 Irrigated(hybrid) Bangladesh OM1490 BRRI dhan65 OM606/IR44592-62-1-1-3 Saline; Irrigated IR 82635-B-B-75-2 BRRI dhan 66 IR 78875-176-B-2/IR 78875-207-B-3 Drought BR 7100-R-6-6 BRRI dhan69 IR61247-3B-8-2-1/ BRRI dhan36 Saline; Irrigated India IR 55179-3B-11-3 Gosaba 5 IR 4630-22-2-5-1-3/NONA BOKRA Saline CSR 89IR-8 CSR 43 KDML 105/IR 4630-22-2-5-1-3//IR 20925-33-3-1-28. Sodic IR 83380-B-B-124-1 CR dhan 201 IR 72022-46-2-3-3-2/PSB RC 18 (IR 51672-62-2-1-1-2-3) Upland IR 84899-B-154 CR dhan 202 IR 78877-208-B-1-1/IR 55423-01 (NSIC RC 9) Upland IR 84899-B-185 CR dhan 203 IR 78877-208-B-1-1/IR 55423-01 (NSIC RC 9) Upland IR 83927-B-B-279 CR Dhan 204 IR 78888-208-B-1-2/ CT6510-24-1-2 Upland, Drought IR 86931-B-578 CR dhan 205 N 22/SWARNA Upland, Drought IR 87707-445-B-B-B DRR dhan 42 IR 77298-14-1-2-10/IR 77298-5-6-11 Drought IR 83876-B-R DRR dhan 43 Drought IR 93376-B-B-130 DRR dhan 44 IR 93329/IR 93334 Upland, Drought IET 17713 (CN 1039-9) CN1039-9 Rajdeep IR57540-8/Sabita Rainfed Lowland, Drought Nepal IR 87707-446-B-B-B Sukha dhan 4 IR 77298-14-1-2-10/IR 77298-5-6-11 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 63 IR 83388-B-B-108-3 Sukha dhan 5 IR 72022-46-2-3-3-2/SWARNA IR 83383-B-B-129-4 Sukha dhan 6 IR 72022-46-2-3-3-2/IR 57514-PMI 5-B-1-2 Rainfed Lowland, Drought Sri Lanka BG251 BG 34-8*3/IR 20 Drought Gambia IR 63275-B-1-1-1-3-3-2 IR 68/TCCP 266-2-49-B-B-3 Saline Kenya IR 05N221 Komboka IR 74052-297-2-1/IR 71700-247-1-1-2 Uganda GSR-I-0057 Okile ZGY 1 IR 09A136 Agoro IR 75000-69-2-1-2 / IR 71684-36-3-3-2 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 64 In 2014, a total of 21 release events for 19 varieties have taken place with AfricaRice ancestry or derived through the Africa-wide Rice Breeding Task Force Overview of varietal releases in 2014 (need further update as of January 17, 2015) Growth environment Released Variety Countries Upland NERICA 2 Burkina Faso NERICA 8 Burkina Faso ART3-7 L9P8-3-B B 2 1 Nigeria Lowland T2 Taiwan/DPGC/INERA (FKR64) Burkina Faso WAS21-B-B-20-4-3-3 (ARICA 7) Burkina Faso WAT1046 B43 (ARICA 8) Burkina Faso F6 36 Taiwan DGPV(FKR 76) Burkina Faso F6 41 Taiwan DGPV (FKR 78) Burkina Faso F6 49 Taiwan DGPV (FKR 80) Burkina Faso WAS21-B-B-20-4-3-3 (ARICA 7) Ghana WAT1046-B-43-2-2-2 (ARICA 8) Guinea WITA-9 Uganda GSR-I-0057 (Okille) Uganda NERICA 9 Uganda Komboka Uganda IR-09A136 ( Agoro) Uganda Irrigated WAB 2066-6-FKR4-WAC1-TGR1-B-WAT-B18 Burundi WAB 2099-WAC1-TGR5-B Burundi High elevation Scrid 006-2-4-2-3 Burundi HR 17570-21-5-2-5-2-2-1-5 Burundi Mangrove IR63275-B-1-1-1-3-3-2 (ARICA 11) Gambia In Latin America and the Caribbean, six new varieties of GRiSP origin were released: INIA 511 “La Victoria” released by the national program INIA-Peru, HP 101 “Plazas” released from Hacienda El Potrero (a Peruvian seed company), Pazquiel 2 Fl, Jhohicui FL, and Bu Cup FL by SENUMISA in Costa Rica, and Fedearroz 68 by Fedearroz in Colombia. G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 65 Annex 6. Acronyms and abbreviations A4HN CGIAR research program on agriculture for nutrition and health ADB Asian Development Bank AfricaRice Africa Rice Center AfDB African Development Bank AMAF ASEAN Ministers on Agriculture and Forestry APAARI Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program CARD Coalition for African Rice Development CCAFS CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CIAT International Center for Agriculture in the Tropics CGIAR CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food secure future. Cirad Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development) CORAF Conseil Ouest et Centre Africain pour la Recherche et le Développement Agricoles – West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development CORRA Council for Partnership on Rice Research in Asia CRP CGIAR Research program CSISA Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia CURE Consortium for Unfavorable Rice Environments ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FARA Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa FLAR Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice FORAGRO Foro de las Américas para la Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Agropecuaro (Forum of the Americas for Agricultural research and technology Development) GRiSP Global Rice Science Partnership IFAD International Foundation for Agricultural Research INGER International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement (French research institute for development) IRRC Irrigated Rice Research Consortium IRRI International Rice Research Institute JIRCAS Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences LAC Latin America and the Caribbean NARES National agricultural research and extension system NEC National Experts Committee (24 AfricaRice member countries) NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development PIM CGIAR research program on policies, Institutions and Markets QTL Quantitative Trait Loci SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SKEP Scientific Knowledge and Exchange Program SNP Single Nucleotid Polymorphism SRP Sustainable Rice Platform STRASA Stress-Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia UEMOA West African Economic and Monetary Union G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 66 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 67 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 68 2014 Actual Funding Bilateral Windows 1&2 Window 3 Total Funding Funding 38 JAPAN - 4,685 1,558 6,244 39 Jircas - - 1 22 1 22 40 KELLOG'S - - 38 38 41 KOREA - - 7 52 7 52 42 MADR - - 2 33 2 33 43 MARS - - 47 47 44 OTHERS - - 2,217 2,217 45 PHILIPPINES - - 1,988 1,988 46 PIONEER - - 2 2 47 PORTUGAL - 53 3 28 3 81 48 Rice Tec. - - 52 52 49 ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION - - 8 71 8 71 50 SWITZERLAND - - 1,657 1,657 51 SYNGENTA - - 1,014 1,014 52 TURKEY - 27 - 27 53 UNEP - - 0 0 54 University Sheffield - - 55 55 55 USA - 4,933 2 54 5,187 56 VIETNAM - - 46 46 57 Yale University - - 2 53 2 53 Total for CRP 3.3 3 5,186 2 3,642 3 5,071 9 3,900 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 69 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 70 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 71 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 72 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 73 Approved Current Year Actual Current Year Actual Budget Expenditures Expenditures (0) 0 AFRICA RICE Theme 1: Harnessing genetic diversity to chart new productivity, quality, and health horizons 1 ,698 1,418 280 Theme 2: Accelerating the development, delivery, and adoption of improved rice varieties 6 ,908 5,754 1 ,154 Theme 3: Ecological and sustainable management of rice-based production systems 3 ,572 4,745 (1,173) Theme 4: Extracting more value from rice harvests through improved quality, processing, market systems and new products 1 ,539 1,176 363 Theme 5: Technology evaluations, targeting and policy options for enhanced impact 1 ,123 1,463 ( 340) Theme 6: Supporting the growth of the global rice sector 2 ,402 2,147 255 Gender Strategies 2 ,620 2,879 ( 258) Institutional Capacity 742 6 97 4 4 Program Coordination and Capacity Building 474 5 29 (56) New Frontier 553 5 53 (0) MISTIG: Metrics & Indicators for Tracking in GRiSP 127 1 27 - Total - All Costs 21,757 2 1,488 269 CIAT Theme 1: Harnessing genetic diversity to chart new productivity, quality, and health horizons 2 ,113 1,947 166 Theme 2: Accelerating the development, delivery, and adoption of improved rice varieties 3 ,370 2,960 410 Theme 3: Ecological and sustainable management of rice-based production systems 6 6 64 2 Theme 4: Extracting more value from rice harvests through improved quality, processing, market systems and new products 3 7 42 (4) Theme 5: Technology evaluations, targeting and policy options for enhanced impact - - - Theme 6: Supporting the growth of the global rice sector 274 3 09 (35) Gender Strategies 279 2 49 3 0 Institutional Capacity - - - Program Coordination and Capacity Building 240 2 25 1 5 New Frontier 208 2 07 1 MISTIG: Metrics & Indicators for Tracking in GRiSP 5 2 52 - Total - All Costs 6 ,639 6,054 585 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 74 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 75 Approved Current Year Actual Current Year Actual Budget Expenditures Expenditures CIAT Theme 1: Harnessing genetic diversity to chart new productivity, quality, and health horizons - - - Theme 2: Accelerating the development, delivery, and adoption of improved rice varieties 216 1 86 30 Theme 3: Ecological and sustainable management of rice-based production systems 7 7 0 Theme 4: Extracting more value from rice harvests through improved quality, processing, market systems and new products 4 5 ( 0) Theme 5: Technology evaluations, targeting and policy options for enhanced impact - - - Theme 6: Supporting the growth of the global rice sector - - - Cross-cutting gender work and participation in the CGIAR Gender Network 5 2 52 - Institutional Capacity - - - Total - All Costs 279 2 49 30 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 76 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 77 TOTAL FOR CRP 3.3 Actual Expenses - This Year Windows Center Item Institute Acronym Institute Name Country Window 3 Bilateral TOTAL 1 & 2 Funds 6 6 UARK Universite of ARKANSAS USA 4 - - - 4 6 7 UAC/FSA University de Calavi/Faculte des Sciences AgronomiqBueensin 39 - - - 39 6 8 UoC University of Cambridge United Kingdom - 216 - - 2 16 6 9 UFS University of Free State South Africa - 4 - - 4 7 0 UM University of Milan Italy 45 - - - 45 7 1 UoP University of Parakou Benin 31 - - - 31 7 2 Uni Penn University of Pennsylvania U.S.A - 110 - - 1 10 7 3 UoT University of Toronto Canada - 6 3 59 - 1 22 7 4 WUR Wagenigen University The Netherlands 49 4 6 - - 95 7 5 Worldfish Worldfish Malaysia - 1 ,268 - - 1,268 7 6 Others Other NARES various 4 45 1 ,207 2,081 - 3,732 Total for CRP 1 4,613 10,414 5,359 - 3 0,387 0 0 0 - 0 Amounts for each participating center below: 0 - (0) IRRI Actual Expenses - This Year Windows Center Item Institute Acronym Institute Name Country Window 3 Bilateral TOTAL 1 & 2 Funds 1 AST Academia Sinica Taiwan Total Taiwan - 101 - - 1 01 2 Africa Rice Africa Rice Benin 9,395 2 ,880 - - 1 2,275 3 ALUF Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg Total Germany - - 121 - 1 21 4 CARDI Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development ICnasmtitbuotdei aTotal - - 188 - 1 88 5 CTU Can Tho University Total Vietnam - - 261 - 2 61 6 CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche FArgarnocneomique pour le D é v e l o p p e m1 7e2nt T o t a l - - - 1 72 7 CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y TrigoMexico - 2 ,088 - - 2,088 8 CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrAguanstirzaltiiaon Total - 358 - - 3 58 9 CLDRRI Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute Total Vietnam - - 103 - 1 03 10 DFC Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Total USA - 216 - - 2 16 11 HKI Helen Keller International Total USA - - 106 - 1 06 12 ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research Total India - 5 2 139 - 1 90 13 ISAP Indian Society of Agribusiness Professionals Total India - - 267 - 2 67 14 ICRR Indonesian Center for RIce Reasearch Total Indonesia - - 149 - 1 49 15 IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement Total France 1 70 - - - 1 70 16 CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture Colombia 3,478 - - - 3,478 17 JIRCAS Japan International Research Center for Agricultural JSacpieances Total 1 46 - - - 1 46 18 MPI Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology ToGtearlmany - - 114 - 1 14 19 UoO Oxford University Total United Kingdom - 381 - - 3 81 20 PICB Partner Institute for Computational Biology Total China - 284 - - 2 84 21 PhilRice Philippine Rice Research Institute Total Philippines 4 - 163 - 1 66 22 RRAPL Rice Research Australia Pty Ltd. Total Australia - - 133 - 1 33 23 SFIP SPRUSON & FERGUSON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TotaAlustralia - 148 - - 1 48 24 DDPSC The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Total USA - - 149 - 1 49 25 UoC University of Cambridge Total United Kingdom - 216 - - 2 16 26 UoT University of Toronto Total Canada - 6 3 59 - 1 22 27 Worldfish Worldfish Malaysia - 1 ,268 - - 1,268 28 OTHERS Other NARES 4 45 1 ,207 2,079 - 3,731 Total IRRI 1 3,809 9 ,261 4,030 - 2 7,100 G R i S P - 2 0 1 4 - A n n u a l R e p o r t - A p r i l 2 0 1 5 _Final Page | 78 Africa Rice Actual Expenses - This Year Windows Center Item Institute Acronym Institute Name Country Window 3 Bilateral TOTAL 1 & 2 Funds 1 ARI-KATRIN Agricultural Research Institute Tanzania - - 25 - 25 2 Bonn Bonn University Germany - - 31 - 31 3 CARI Central Agricultural Research Institute Liberia 15 - - - 15 4 CBF-DGR Cellule Bas-Fonds de la Direction du Génie Rurale Benin - - 3 - 3 5 CIRAD Centre de Cooperation International en Recherche AFgrraonncoemique pour le D e v e l o p p e m e 6n8t 5 2 11 - 1 30 6 CNRA Centre National de Recherche Agronomique Cote D'Ivoire 4 1 3 59 - 76 7 CNRADA Centre National de Recherche Agronomique et de DeMvaeuloriptapneima ent Agricol e 45 1 3 - - 58 8 CRI Crops Research Institute Ghana - - 10 - 10 9 CRS Catholic Relief Services Nigeria ( 3) - 0 - ( 3) 10 CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Ghana 29 1 42 - 72 11 CU Cornell University USA - 142 - - 1 42 12 DRD Department of Research and Development Tanzania 2 1 3 29 - 45 13 EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Ethiopia 2 1 0 44 - 57 14 Farm Radio Farm Radio International Mali - 2 5 - - 25 15 FOFIFA Centre National de Recherche Appliquee au DevelopMpaedmaegnast cRaurral 6 7 161 - 1 74 16 ICRA International Centre for Development Oriented ReseTahrec hN ient hAegrliacunldtsure 23 - - - 23 17 IER Institut d'Economie Rurale Mali 54 111 211 - 3 77 18 IIAM Institute of Agricultural Research Mozambique 25 - - - 25 19 IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Nigeria - 127 - - 1 27 20 INERA/BF Institut de l'Environnement et des Recherches AgricoBluerskina Faso 25 - 146 - 1 71 21 INERA/CONGO Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche AgronoCmoinqguoe 18 1 7 20 - 55 22 INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Agraria Guinea Bissau 35 1 3 - - 48 23 INRAB Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du BeBneinin 11 3 0 140 - 1 80 24 INRAN Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du NiNgeigrer 26 - 78 - 1 05 25 IRAD Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le DeveloppemeCnatmeroun 15 1 3 - - 28 26 IRAG Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinee Guinea Conakry 8 2 3 25 - 56 27 IRRI International Rice Research Institute Philippines - 111 - - 1 11 28 ISABU Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi Burundi - 2 5 - - 25 29 ISRA Institut Senegalais de Recherche Agricoles Senegal 0 7 4 39 - 1 13 30 ITRA Institut Togolais de Recherche Agricole Togo 29 1 6 8 - 53 31 ITRAD Institut Tchadien de Recherche Agronomique pour leT cDheavdeloppement 68 - - - 68 32 JIRCAS Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural SJacpieannces JIRCAS Japan 4 - - - 4 33 KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizatiKoennya - 7 - - 7 34 NaCCRI National Crop Resources Research Institute - NamuloUnggaen da - - 1 - 1 35 NACGRAB National Centre for Genetic Resources and BiotechnoNlioggeyria 1 - - - 1 36 NARI National Agricultural Research Institute The Gambia 30 - 37 - 67 37 NARO National Agricultural Research Organisation Uganda 22 - 56 - 78 38 NCRI National Cereals Research Institute Nigeria 5 - 45 - 50 39 NIAS The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Japan - 130 - - 1 30 40 ONADER Office National du Developpement Rural Gabon 25 - - - 25 41 Others Other NARS various - - 1 - 1 42 RAB Rwanda Agricultural Board Rwanda 24 4 42 - 70 43 Sakha Sakha and Gemmiza Egypt 7 - 7 - 13 44 SLARI Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute Sierra Leone 15 1 8 2 - 35 45 Uni Penn University of Pennsylvania U.S.A - 110 - - 1 10 46 UAC/FSA University de Calavi/Faculte des Sciences AgronomiqBueensin 39 - - - 39 47 UARK Universite of ARKANSAS USA 4 - - - 4 48 UFS University of Free State South Africa - 4 - - 4 49 UM University of Milan Italy 45 - - - 45 50 UP University of Parakou Benin 31 - - - 31 51 WUR Wagenigen University The Netherlands 49 4 6 - - 95 Total Africa Rice 8 04 1 ,154 1,275 - 3,232 CIAT Actual Expenses - This Year Windows Center Item Institute Acronym Institute Name Country Window 3 Bilateral TOTAL 1 & 2 Funds 1 INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria Perú - - 54 - 54 Total CIAT - - 54 - 54 TOTAL FOR CRP 3.3 Actual Expenses - This Year Windows Center Window 3 Bilateral TOTAL 1 & 2 Funds 1. AFRICA RICE 8 04 1 ,154 1,275 - 3,232 3. CIAT - - 54 - 54 13. IRRI 1 3,809 9 ,261 4,030 - 2 7,100 Total for CRP 1 4,613 10,414 5,359 - 3 0,387