Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture A Compilation of Abstracts International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Km. 39 Aguinaldo Highway IIRR Y.C. James Yen Center Biga 2, Silang, Cavite 4118, Philippines Tel/Fax: (63 46) 419 8600-04 Manila line: (63-2) 249 8600 Website: www.iirr.org Email: philippines@iirr.org This publication has been prepared by the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) as an output for the CGIAR Initiatives on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH) and on Building Systemic Resilience Against Climate Variability and Extremes (ClimBeR) has not been peer reviewed. Any opinions stated herein are those of the editors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of CGIAR or IIRR. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. CITATION Reyes-Sacdalan, N.B., Gonsalves, J.F., Hunter, D., Monville Oro, E., Anunciado, M.S.S., (Eds.). (2025). Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts. Silang, Cavite, Philippines: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction. DISCLAIMER: FEBRUARY 2025 PHOTO CREDITS Cover photo & page 7 – International Institute of Rural Reconstruction / A. Arañaù Preface photo & page 83 – International Institute of Rural Reconstruction / J. Gonsalves Page 90 – International Institute of Rural Reconstruction / M. S. S. Anunciado Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture Tropical Home Gardens: A Compilation of Abstracts CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future dedicated to transforming food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. The CGIAR Research Initiative on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH) aims to use an end-to-end approach to increase fruit and vegetable intake and in turn improve diet quality, nutrition and health outcomes while also improving livelihoods, empowering women and youth and mitigating negative environmental impacts. While the CGIAR Initiative on Climate Resilience (ClimBeR) is one of the Research Initiatives in its new research portfolio that will deliver science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis. ClimBeR aims to transform the climate adaptation capacity of food, land, and water systems in the Philippines and five other countries, ultimately increasing the resilience of smallholder production systems to withstand severe climate change effects like drought, flooding, and high temperatures. For more information, please visit https://www.cgiar.org/ The International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) is a non-governmental organization dedicated to advancing rural development. Through community-led approaches and collaborative partnerships. IIRR generates evidence-based knowledge, fostering learning communities and promoting scalability. Its core focus lies in five thematic programs covering education, livelihoods, environment, food security and nutrition, and health, contributing to the improvement of community lives. As an operational research and training institution, IIRR is registered in the United States of America, headquartered in Silang, Cavite, Philippines. Operating across Eastern Africa and Southeast Asia, IIRR maintains dedicated teams in Ethiopia, Uganda, South Sudan, Kenya, Zimbabwe, the Philippines, and Cambodia, emphasizing its commitment to positively impacting rural development and community well-being. For more information, please visit https://www.iirr.org. About CGIAR, FRESH and ClimBeR About IIRR https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ https://iirr.org/ Scholarly definitions of home gardens and homesteads commonly describe them as traditional operational farm unit located near household dwellings. These spaces typically comprise of fruits, vegetables, and sometimes livestock for household consumption and as a source of income. Homesteads may also be defined as an agroforestry system that maintains the ecological functions of forests while providing socioeconomic needs of households. These spaces are located around homes in rural areas especially in the tropical south. They typically include a wide range of crops, trees and vegetables (annuals, short and long-term perennials) and small livestock. These tropical home gardens are a traditional practice in most of Asia and large parts of the African continent. This land use system contributes significantly to household and local food systems. Dietary diversity is achieved in households that grow home gardens. This higher diversity translates into better uptake of micro nutrients. If small animals are included then better protein uptake is also ensured. There are also economic benefits as well. Food acquisition expenses are significantly slashed in households growing their own food (supplements). Additionally, these gardens often have medicinal plants, recognized for human and animal health care, which are valuable natural resources that need to be conserved. Home gardens also play a role in climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. They can serve as an important adaptation pathway for households. Home gardens in rural areas and along forests can help enhance forest cover and help with carbon sequestration. Traditional tropical home gardens should be acknowledged by policy makers, planners, and development managers for their economical, ecological, and social benefits. This compilation aims to highlight the significance of these land use systems to encourage their recognition, valuation, and promotion. By presenting this initial set of abstracts from published literature, this document seeks to draw attention towards underappreciated local initiatives and their potential contributions to sustainable development. Preface Julian Gonsalves Emilita Monville Oro Danny Hunter Maria Shiela Santos Anunciado Norcelita Reyes Sacdalan This compilation contains 67 abstracts of publications on tropical home gardens mostly in Asia. Desk research was conducted from December 2024- January 2025. Online databases used for this literature review include but are not limited to: https://www.cgiar.org/research/cgiar-portfolio https://www.cgiar.org/initiative/climate-resilience https://scholar.google.com https://www.frontiersin.org/journals https://link.springer.com/search https://journals.sagepub.com These databases were searched for keywords relevant to home garden, homesteads in Asia, particularly Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, India. The first set of terms used were “home gardens”, “homesteads”, “home gardening”, “community gardens”, and “urban gardens”. These terms represented home gardening definitions, structures, interventions and its contribution for increased food production at the household level. The second set of terms searched include multifunctional roles of home gardens. The keywords were “nutrition”, “genetic biodiversity conservation”, “climate change adaptation”, “microclimate regulation”, “food security”, “sustainable forms of food production”, “women empowerment”, “humanitarian food aid”, “cultural significance” and “health and well-being”. Upon addition of “traditional home gardens” as keywords, several countries were found notable for availability of research studies and unique practices. Refining the search to capture relevant literature in Asia, the following keywords were added to the first set of terms: “Bangladesh”, “Cambodia”, “Nepal”, “Indonesia”, “Vietnam”, “Philippines”, “India”, “Sri Lanka”. This document presents key findings and recommendations on traditional home gardening practices and programs to serve as guidance in designing interventions. This also offers guidance on crafting policy using home gardens as a strategy to promote nutrition, education, agriculture, and land use planning. Introduction 7 Abstracts: Selection of Publications on Tropical Home Gardens Long-Term Impacts of Home Gardening on Dietary Diversity and Household Food Security in Low- Income Countries: A Systematic Review (2023) List of Publications 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Why garden? – Attitudes and the perceived health benefits of home gardening (2021) Diversity and distribution of traditional home gardens along different disturbances in a dry tropical region, India (2021) Home gardens for improved food security and livelihoods (2020) Development of home garden model for year round production and consumption for improving resource-poor household food security in Bangladesh (2016) Building sustainable, resilient, and nutritionally enhanced local food systems through home gardens in developing countries (2023) What is good about Sri Lankan homegardens with regards to food security? 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rural women: A Case Study of Saptari, Nepal (2021) Economic evaluation of a novel homestead food production program in rural Cambodia (2016) Smallholder tree growing in Philippine back yards: homegarden characteristics in different environmental settings (2008) The role and impacts of small-scale, homestead agro-forestry systems ("pekarangan") on household prosperity: an analysis of agro-ecological zones of Java, Indonesia (2012) Scientific basis of agroforestry homegardens in Matara District, Sri Lanka: present status and improvement needs (2022) Homegardens as a modern carbon storage: assessment of tree diversity and above-ground biomass of homegardens in Matale District, Sri Lanka (2022) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358535397_Policy_Support_for_Home_Gardens_in_Vietnam_Can_Link_to_Sustainable_Development_Goals https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358535397_Policy_Support_for_Home_Gardens_in_Vietnam_Can_Link_to_Sustainable_Development_Goals 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Practice in Nepal (2008) Enhancing the resilience of food production systems for food and nutritional security under climate change in Nepal (2022) Climate variability and adaptation of homegardens in South Asia: case studies from Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and India (2018) Homegardens as a multi-functional land-use strategy in Sri Lanka with focus on carbon sequestration (2013) Are homegarden ecosystems resilient to climatic change? An analysis of adaptation strategies of homegardeners in Sri Lanka (2012) Microclimate management by traditional farmers (1972) Home food gardening in modern cities: advances, issues, and future perspectives (2024) Landscape character assessment of Pekarangan towards healthy and productive urban village in Bandung City, Indonesia (2022) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10457-014-9780-8 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10457-014-9780-8 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10457-014-9780-8 https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0300361 https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0300361 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01448765.2012.681344 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01448765.2012.681344 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42762064_Home_Garden_A_Traditional_Agroforestry_Practice_in_Nepal https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-013-0299-z https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-013-0299-z https://sljfa.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/sljfa.v4i2.61 https://sljfa.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/sljfa.v4i2.61 https://sljfa.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/sljfa.v4i2.61 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-013-0390-x#citeas https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-013-0390-x#citeas https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-013-0390-x#citeas https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-013-0390-x#citeas https://cswcd.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PJSD-Vol-9-2017_Barrameda.pdf https://cswcd.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PJSD-Vol-9-2017_Barrameda.pdf https://www.apn-gcr.org/publication/are-homegarden-ecosystems-resilient-to-climatic-change-an-analysis-of-adaptation-strategies-of-homegardeners-in-sri-lanka/ 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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367618152_Landscape_Character_Assessment_of_Pekarangan_towards_Healthy_and_Productive_Urban_Village_in_Bandung_City_Indonesia https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367618152_Landscape_Character_Assessment_of_Pekarangan_towards_Healthy_and_Productive_Urban_Village_in_Bandung_City_Indonesia 60 61 62 63 64 65 Changes in homegardens in relocation villages, a case study in the Baiku Yao area in Southern China (2023) Urban gardening in Ho Chi Minh City: class, food safety concerns, and the crisis of confidence in farming (2022) Pekarangan model for supporting food resiliency on household level in transmigration area, East Lampung (2022) Surviving in the city through homegardens: A case study of home gardeners in Barangay UP Campus (2017) Sowing seeds of empowerment: effect of women’s home garden training in Bangladesh (2015) 66 Home gardens can be more important than other urban green infrastructure for mental well-being during COVID-19 pandemics67 Home garden interventions in crisis and emergency settings (2022) The dynamic nature of community gardens through history: A literature review (2022) https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-023-00578-4 https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-023-00578-4 https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-023-00578-4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872203221000998 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15528014.2022.2142753#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15528014.2022.2142753#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15528014.2022.2142753#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15528014.2022.2142753#abstract https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367585899_Pekarangan_Model_for_Supporting_Food_Resiliency_on_Household_Level_in_Transmigration_Area_East_Lampung 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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317040106_What_is_good_about_Sri_Lankan_homegardens_with_regards_to_food_security_A_synthesis_of_the_current_scientific_knowledge_of_a_multifunctional_land-use_system https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.njas.2016.05.006#abstract https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1138558/full https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1138558/full https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367585899_Pekarangan_Model_for_Supporting_Food_Resiliency_on_Household_Level_in_Transmigration_Area_East_Lampung https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367585899_Pekarangan_Model_for_Supporting_Food_Resiliency_on_Household_Level_in_Transmigration_Area_East_Lampung https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367585899_Pekarangan_Model_for_Supporting_Food_Resiliency_on_Household_Level_in_Transmigration_Area_East_Lampung 15 Domestic (home) gardens provide opportunities for psychological and physical health benefits, yet these environments have received less attention in terms of their therapeutic value compared to other urban green spaces. This is despite their ubiquity and the popularity of gardening as a pastime. This research explored why residents engaged with gardening and the extent to which they recognised any health benefits from the activity. A questionnaire was distributed electronically within the UK, with 5,766 gardeners and 249 non- gardeners responding. Data were collated on factors including garden typology, frequency of gardening and individual perceptions of health and well-being. Significant associations were found between improvements in well-being, perceived stress and physical activity and more frequent gardening. Gardening on a frequent basis i.e. at least 2–3 times a week, corresponded with greatest perceived health benefits. Improving health, however, was not the prime motivator to garden, but rather the direct pleasure gardening brought to the participants. There was evidence that satisfaction with one's front garden and the time spent in it increased as the proportion of vegetation was enhanced. The data supports the notion that domestic gardens should be given greater prominence in urban planning debates, due to the role they play in providing health benefits. Chalmin-Pui, Lauriane & Griffiths, Alistair & Roe, Jenny & Heaton, T. & Cameron, Ross. (2021). Why garden? – Attitudes and the perceived health benefits of home gardening. Cities. 112. 103118. 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103118. Why garden? – Attitudes and the perceived health benefits of home gardening (2021) 1 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275121000160 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275121000160 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275121000160 16 The government of Bangladesh has long been striving to increase food security and to reduce poverty and malnutrition. In this regard, home gardens can play an important role in providing enhanced food supply and increased diversity of food to some extent. Studies on niche/ecosystem based homestead gardening were carried out at Lahirirhat Farming Systems Research and Development site, Rangpur under the On-Farm Research Division of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute during 2008–2009, resulting in the development of a year round production model, known as the Rangpur (Syedpur) model, for Tista Meander Floodplain agro- ecological region of Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to utilize the homestead resources in scientific ways for producing fresh vegetables and fruits over space and time and to enhance the nutritional supplies for the family throughout the year. A total of 12 households were selected from landless (no cultivable land), marginal (0.2–0.6 ha) and small (0.61–1.0 ha) farmer groups and seven production niches were intervened for round the year production following the Rangpur model. The niches were open sunny place, roof top, trellis, fence, boundary, marshy land and partially shady place. After the intervention, the highest amount of vegetables was produced by the small farmer groups (511 kg/year) followed by marginal (499 kg/year) and landless (422 kg/year) farmers. The yearly vegetable requirements of farmers were largely met by the homestead garden with a supply between 55 and 79 kg/head/year compared with the bench mark level of 21–30 kg/head/year before the intervention. The highest total income (BDT 5030/year) and net income (BDT 4290/year) were obtained from homestead at small farmers followed by marginal and landless farmers. From this study it is evident that the target farmers were able to fulfill their daily requirement of vegetables in most parts of the year by following the Rangpur model. This suggests an increase in food security and a reduction in malnutrition of farm families in the target households of Rangpur region in Bangladesh. The upscaling of the production model based on niche/ecosystem in different poverty stricken regions of Bangladesh is recommended to achieve food security and malnutrition reduction. Ferdous, Z., Datta, A., Anal, A. K., Anwar, M., & Khan, A. S. M. M. R. (2016). Development of home garden model for year round production and consumption for improving resource-poor household food security in Bangladesh. NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 78(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2016.05.006 Development of home garden model for year round production and consumption for improving resource-poor household food security in Bangladesh (2016) 2 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.njas.2016.05.006#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.njas.2016.05.006#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.njas.2016.05.006#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.njas.2016.05.006#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.njas.2016.05.006#abstract 17 Home Gardens for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods demonstrates how home gardens hold particular significance for resource-poor and marginalized communities in developing countries, and how they offer a versatile strategy toward building local and more resilient food systems. With food and nutritional security being a major global challenge, there is an urgent need to find innovative ways to increase food production and diversify food sources while increasing income- generating opportunities for communities faced with hunger and poverty. This book shows that when implemented properly, home gardens can become just such an innovative solution, as well as an integral part of sustainable food security programs. It provides a conceptual overview of social, economic, environmental and nutritional issues related to home gardening in diverse contexts, including gender issues and biodiversity conservation, and presents case studies from Africa, Asia and Latin America highlighting home gardening experiences and initiatives. The volume concludes with a synthesis of key lessons learned and ways forward for further enhancing home gardens for sustainable food security and development. This book will be a useful read for students and scholars working on local food systems, food security, sustainable development and more broadly development strategy. Galhena Dissanayake, D.H., & Maredia, K.M. (Eds.). (2020). Home Gardens for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315471778 Home gardens for improved food security and livelihoods (2020)3 Tropical Home Gardens; Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture: A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315471778/home-gardens-improved-food-security-livelihoods-hashini-galhena-dissanayake-karimbhai-maredia?refId=696106cf-8bde-41a5-976b-fe8169e9f908&context=ubx https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315471778/home-gardens-improved-food-security-livelihoods-hashini-galhena-dissanayake-karimbhai-maredia?refId=696106cf-8bde-41a5-976b-fe8169e9f908&context=ubx 18 Home gardening is an indigenous practice of cultivation that has effectively adapted to local ecological conditions over generations. This study examined the effects of disturbance and garden size on biodiversity to develop a better understanding of vegetation cover and its role in livelihood and provision of forest management in the Vindhyan highlands. Data were collected from 60 gardens which were classified into large (> 650 m2 ), medium (400–650 m2 ), and small (< 400 m2 ), based on size and disturbance gradients viz., high, medium, and low. A total of 133 species from 50 families were recorded, in which trees (47.4%) were dominant followed by shrubs (18%) and herbs (16.5%). With respect to disturbance, the highest number of tree species (39) were found at low disturbance (LD) followed by 33 species in medium disturbance (MD) and 32 species in high disturbhance (HD). The total mean richness of species was greater at LD (20.3 ± 2.3) and lowest at HD (18.5 ± 2.2). Tree density was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher at LD (293.75 ± 16.1 individual ha−1 ) as compared to MD (221 ± 11.5 individual ha−1 ) and HD (210 ± 10.3 individual ha−1 ). However, the results for shrubs and herbs density were considerably different, where shrubs density was highest at HD (70 ± 6.9 individual per 1,000 m2 ) and lowest at LD (62.5 ± 5.8 individual per 1,000 m2 ), while the maximum density of herbs was recorded at MD (466.25 ± 29.8 individual per 100 m2 ) and minimum at LD (370 ± 21.4 individual per 100 m2 ). The summed dominance ratio indicated frequent use of garden plants in bio-fencing, vegetables, ornamental, and ethnomedicine. Diversity (P < 0.01) and species richness (P < 0.05) showed a significant positive correlation with garden size. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the first component (PC1) accounted for 28.6% of variance, whereas the second explained 21.9% of variance in both disturbance and garden size with a cumulative variance of 50.5%. These components depicted the positive association with HD (14.34), SDiv (13.91), TCD (12.47), and HDiv (12.09). We concluded that the diversity of home gardens changed with disturbance, which crucially served as a refuge for native tree species in a degraded landscape. This pattern highlighted the importance of home gardens for plant biodiversity conservation and local livelihood, which must be a viable option for regeneration of deforested dry tropics, while also reducing the burden on dry tropical forest regions. Patel SK, Sharma A, Singh R, Tiwari AK and Singh GS (2022) Diversity and Distribution of Traditional Home Gardens Along Different Disturbances in a Dry Tropical Region, India. Front. For. Glob. Change 5:822320. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2022.822320 Diversity and distribution of traditional home gardens along different disturbances in a dry tropical region, India (2021)4 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.822320/full https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.822320/full https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/forests-and-global-change/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.822320/full 19 Home gardens have been a part of local and global food systems since humans first began domesticating crops and have endured the test of time. They are commonly referred to as kitchen gardens, backyard gardens, garden patches, and garden beds and often have a local or cultural context. Home gardens vary from location to location in terms of organization, structure, size, and composition and are generally influenced by household resources and attributes, socioeconomic aspects, and cultural factors. International organizations and national, regional, and local governments, non- governmental organizations, and grassroots groups have been adopting and utilizing home gardening to reduce hunger and food insecurity and mitigate food risks from various crises and disasters. Drawing on case studies from various regions of the world, this article highlights experiences with home gardening through case studies and their impacts on targeted communities in various areas of the world. The case studies show that low resource use, adaptability to diverse conditions and situations, and resilience are key factors contributing to the widespread adoption of home gardens. Furthermore, they have been a particularly useful development strategy in crisis and post-crisis situations and in improving marginalized and vulnerable communities’ food and nutritional security. This review article summarizes the important contributions of home gardening projects from various countries and identifies major constraints and opportunities. It concludes with recommendations to policy-makers, researchers, development practitioners and other relevant stakeholders to address those challenges. Maredia, K. M., Dissanayake, D. H. G., Freed, R., Madan, S., Mikunthan, G., Attorp, A., Patidar, N., Blanco-Metzler, H., Meka, R.R. and Gonsalves, J.F. (2023). Building sustainable, resilient, and nutritionally enhanced local food systems through home gardens in developing countries. Development in Practice, 33(7), 852–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2023.2218068 Building sustainable, resilient, and nutritionally enhanced local food systems through home gardens in developing countries (2023) 5 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2023.2218068 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614524.2023.2218068#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614524.2023.2218068#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614524.2023.2218068#abstract https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614524.2023.2218068#abstract 20 Background: Food security is a critical global issue, worsened by climate change, economic instability, and unequal resource distribution, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Dietary diversity is a key indicator of food security, directly affecting nutritional quality and health. Home gardening has been identified as a potential strategy to improve dietary diversity and food security by providing nutrient-rich foods and reducing reliance on external food sources. This systematic review aims to assess the long-term impacts of home gardening on dietary diversity and food security, particularly in LMICs. Methodology: The review utilized a systematic search strategy across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using keywords related to home gardening, dietary diversity, and food security. Inclusion criteria focused on studies examining the long-term impacts of home gardening in LMICs, with outcomes measured over at least one year. Data extraction involved collecting details on study design, population characteristics, location, intervention specifics, and outcomes. The synthesis was conducted narratively, identifying patterns and trends, and included a critical appraisal of the evidence. Discussion: The review found that home gardening significantly improves dietary diversity and food security in LMICs. Studies indicated that home gardening promotes the consumption of nutrient-rich foods, reduces dependency on fluctuating food markets, and enhances resilience to economic and environmental shocks. Key factors influencing the sustainability of these benefits include socioeconomic status, climate conditions, and education. However, the review also identified gaps in long-term research and methodological limitations, such as the lack of diverse study populations and consideration of external contextual factors. Conclusion: Home gardening is a viable strategy for improving dietary diversity and food security in LMICs. However, the long-term sustainability of these benefits depends on supportive policies, education, and resources. Future research should address the identified methodological limitations to better estimate the long-term effects of home gardening. Okoye Chinelo U, Jonathan KO, Oluwatoyin EO, Bamidele JA, Caleb KO. Long-Term Impacts of Home Gardening on Dietary Diversity and Household Food Security in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. SciBase Human Nutrition Food Sci. 2024; 1(2): 1006. Long-term impacts of home gardening on dietary diversity and household food security in low-income countries: a systematic review (2024) 6 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://scibasejournals.org/human-nutrition-and-food-science/1006.pdf https://scibasejournals.org/human-nutrition-and-food-science/1006.pdf https://scibasejournals.org/human-nutrition-and-food-science/1006.pdf https://scibasejournals.org/human-nutrition-and-food-science/1006.pdf https://scibasejournals.org/human-nutrition-and-food-science/1006.pdf 21 Recently, there has been growing interest in agroforestry systems due to their great potential to mitigate threats to household food and nutrition security from soaring food prices but also as carbon sinks. In Sri Lanka, smallholder farms such as homegardens constitute a majority of Sri Lanka’s total annual crop and timber production. Despite Sri Lankan homegardens being considered desirable and sustainable land-use systems, their role in food and nutrition security is not yet entirely understood. By synthesising scientific articles and grey literature we sought the link between food security and homegardens by quantifying their products or services and ascertaining whether food security characteristics are assessed as direct or indirect impacts. The results show that 27 % of 92 identified articles directly quantified aspects that are relevant to food security. Another 51 % of the articles quantified indirect aspects that have relevance for food security, including climate, soil, ecosystem services, structural and floristic diversity and economic aspects. Twenty-two percent of the articles were categorised as being qualitative or conceptual and contained no direct assessments or quantification of food security. The presence of significant merits from homegardens includes providing food security throughout the year at low-cost while sustaining numerous ecosystem services. This benefits particularly the poor farmers. However, many studies are descriptive and only provide location-specific information on single research focuses such as plant species, yield and management. There are few comparisons with crop land, forests or other production systems, and there is even less empirical evidence and quantification of the food security and other benefits. Seven areas where more scientific focus would be beneficial are identified. Homegardens are strong in national policies and to reach a greater level of efficiency within these activities our findings suggest more emphasis on a higher degree of inclusiveness of relevant stakeholders and long-term engagements with context specific guidance. Mattsson, Eskil; Ostwald, Madelene; and Nissanka, S.. (2018). What is good about Sri Lankan homegardens with regards to food security? A synthesis of the current scientific knowledge of a multifunctional land-use system. Agroforestry Systems. 92. 10.1007/s10457-017-0093-6. What is good about Sri Lankan homegardens with regards to food security? A synthesis of the current scientific knowledge of a multifunctional land-use system (2018) 7 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317040106_What_is_good_about_Sri_Lankan_homegardens_with_regards_to_food_security_A_synthesis_of_the_current_scientific_knowledge_of_a_multifunctional_land-use_system https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317040106_What_is_good_about_Sri_Lankan_homegardens_with_regards_to_food_security_A_synthesis_of_the_current_scientific_knowledge_of_a_multifunctional_land-use_system https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317040106_What_is_good_about_Sri_Lankan_homegardens_with_regards_to_food_security_A_synthesis_of_the_current_scientific_knowledge_of_a_multifunctional_land-use_system https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317040106_What_is_good_about_Sri_Lankan_homegardens_with_regards_to_food_security_A_synthesis_of_the_current_scientific_knowledge_of_a_multifunctional_land-use_system https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317040106_What_is_good_about_Sri_Lankan_homegardens_with_regards_to_food_security_A_synthesis_of_the_current_scientific_knowledge_of_a_multifunctional_land-use_system 22 Southeast Asia is home to both severe over- and under- nutrition. Continued pressures on environmental sustainability and rapid urbanization are also of growing concern in the region. This paper focuses on home and community gardens and is based on examples from various parts of the world. The paper addresses how their risks and benefits may be assessed within a framework of nutrition- sensitive food systems and in the context of sustainable development. Entry points for policy makers in the Southeast Asian region, who wish to support home and community gardens, are identified and the paper concludes with a set of recommendations. Weinberger, K. Home and community gardens in Southeast Asia: potential and opportunities for contributing to nutrition- sensitive food systems. Food Sec. 5, 847–856 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0299-z Home and community gardens in Southeast Asia: potential and opportunities for contributing to nutrition-sensitive food systems (2013) 8 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-013-0299-z https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-013-0299-z https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-013-0299-z https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-013-0299-z https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12571-013-0299-z 23 With the global population expected to reach over 9 billion by 2050, there is a continuous need to increase food production and buffer stocks. In this scenario, countries around the world, especially developing countries where the pervasiveness of hunger and food scarcity is more acute, are resorting to various counter strategies to meet the growing demand and to avert food insecurity and famine. Over the recent years there has been growing interest to strengthen and intensify local food production in order to mitigate the adverse effect of global food shocks and food price volatilities. Consequently, there is much attention towards home gardens as a strategy to enhance household food security and nutrition. Home gardens are an integral part of local food systems and the agricultural landscape of developing countries all over the world and have endured the test of time. Through a rigorous literature review, this paper first examines definitions and characteristics of home gardens and then provides a global review of their social, economic, and environmental contributions to communities in various socio-economic contexts. Many of the compositions on home gardens share research and experiences of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These studies recognize positive impacts of home gardens towards addressing food insecurity and malnutrition as well as providing additional benefits such as income and livelihood opportunities for resource-poor families and delivering a number of ecosystem services. However, only a handful of case studies were found on post-crisis settings. While providing a general overview of some of these studies, this review investigates the home garden experiences of post-conflict Sri Lanka, where home gardening has been practiced for centuries. While emphasizing multiple benefits, we also highlight constraints to home garden food production. In conclusion, we emphasize the need for more research and empirical data to appraise the role of home gardens in crisis and post-crisis situations, as well as assessing their economic value and their impacts on food security, nutrition, economic growth, and gender issues. Galhena, D.H., Freed, R. & Maredia, K.M. Home gardens: a promising approach to enhance household food security and wellbeing. Agric & Food Secur 2, 8 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-2-8 Home gardens: a promising approach to enhance household food security and wellbeing (2013) 9 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2048-7010-2-8#citeas https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2048-7010-2-8#citeas https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2048-7010-2-8#citeas 24 Homegardens in Sri lanka are dynamic sustainable food production systems, and presumably the oldest land use activity, next to shifting cultivation. It is still one of the major forms of land use in the island that has continued to evolve through generations within the Sri Lankan landscape to suit the socio-economic, cultural and ecological needs. In most cases, transferred from one generation to the next, the gardens are maintained as a family property. this land use system has existed in Sri lanka for centuries, and in 1995 accounted for 13.1% of the total land area of the country. However, it started receiving the national recognition only recently. this review summarizes the current status of knowledge on homegardens, their importance to the society and environment, and potential for improving them. In this endeavor, about 90 published documentary evidences were reviewed. As revealed the homegarden research in Sri lanka dates back to 1973 and during the past four decades, the research focus was mainly on providing system description on localized homegarden systems. It was further attempted in this review to highlight the significance of the homegarden land use system and its dominant contribution in maintaining agricultural and environmental sustainability of the country. In this context, the importance of classification of homegardens, present status of homegarden agroforestry in terms of area under homegardens and their distribution, contributions of homegardens to timber and fuelwood production, food and nutritional security of householders, biodiversity conservation, and in managing landscape sustainably through environmental services, are discussed in detail. Further, the critical gaps in available information and way forward in homegarden research are identified. Pushpakumara, D., Marambe, B., Silva, G., Weerahewa, J., & Punyawardena, B.V. (2012). A review of research on homegardens in Sri Lanka: the status, importance and future perspective. Tropical Agriculturist, 160, 55-125. A review of research on homegardens in Sri Lanka: the status, importance and future perspective (2012) 10 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236117466_A_review_research_on_homegardens_in_Sri_Lanka_the_status_importance_and_future_perspective https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236117466_A_review_research_on_homegardens_in_Sri_Lanka_the_status_importance_and_future_perspective https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236117466_A_review_research_on_homegardens_in_Sri_Lanka_the_status_importance_and_future_perspective https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236117466_A_review_research_on_homegardens_in_Sri_Lanka_the_status_importance_and_future_perspective https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236117466_A_review_research_on_homegardens_in_Sri_Lanka_the_status_importance_and_future_perspective 25 Introduction Most reviews of nutrition-sensitive programs assess the evidence base for nutrition outcomes without considering how programs were delivered. Process evaluations can fill this void by exploring how or why impacts were or were not achieved. This mid-term process evaluation examines a home garden intervention implemented in a large-scale, livelihoods improvement program in Odisha, India. The objectives are to understand whether the intervention was operating as planned (fidelity), investigate potential pathways to achieve greater impact, and provide insights to help design future home garden programs. Methodology Data collection and analysis for this theory-driven process evaluation are based on a program impact pathway that shows the flow of inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. Quantitative and qualitative data from focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and a Process Net-Mapping exercise with beneficiaries, frontline workers, and program management staff. Results Despite a mismatch between the design and implementation (low fidelity), the process evaluation identified positive outputs, outcomes, and impacts on home garden production, consumption, income, health and nutritional outcomes, and women’s empowerment. Flexibility led to greater positive outcomes on nutrition, the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and easy-to-understand nutrition models, and the likelihood of the intervention being sustained after the program ends. Ritter, T., Mockshell, J., Garrett, J. et al. (2024). A process evaluation of a home garden intervention. Agriculture & Food Security 13, 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-024-00499-9 A process evaluation of a home garden (2024) 11 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-024-00499-9 26 Micronutrient malnutrition is a serious public health problem among women and children in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and the Philippines. Helen Keller International has been implementing homestead food production (HFP) programs (coupled with nutrition education) in these countries to increase and ensure year-round availability and intake of micronutrient-rich foods in poor households, particularly among women and children. Between 2003 and 2007, the HFP program was implemented among ~30,000 households in these four countries. Data collected from representative samples taken for evaluations of HFP programs in these countries illustrated the benefit of the program for households. Data were collected through interviews with households in villages that had the HFP program and from control households in non-HFP program villages. Blood samples collected from ~1000 children aged 6-59 months and ~1200 non-pregnant women before and after program implementation were analyzed for hemoglobin. The review showed that the HFP program significantly improved dietary diversification. The combined data from all four countries showed improved animal food consumption among program households, with liver consumption increasing from 24% at baseline to 46% at endline and the median number of eggs consumed by families per week increasing from 2 to 5. The sale of HFP products also improved household income. Anemia prevalence among children in program households decreased in all the countries; however, the decrease was only significant in Bangladesh and the Philippines. Although anemia prevalence also decreased among control households in three countries, the magnitude of change was higher in program households compared with control households. Talukder, Aminuzamman & Haselow, Nancy & Osei, Akoto & Villate, E. & Quinn, Victoria & Dhunge, S. & Uddin, A. & Reario, D. & SokHoing, L. & Kroeun, H.. (2000). Homestead food production model contributes to improved household food security and nutrition status of young children and women in poor populations. Field Actions Science Reports. Homestead food production model contributes to improved household food security and nutrition status of young children and women in poor populations: lessons learned from scaling-up programs in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines) (2000) 12 Tropical Home Gardens; Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture: A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41460405_Homestead_food_production_model_contributes_to_improved_household_food_security_and_nutrition_status_of_young_children_and_women_in_poor_populations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41460405_Homestead_food_production_model_contributes_to_improved_household_food_security_and_nutrition_status_of_young_children_and_women_in_poor_populations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41460405_Homestead_food_production_model_contributes_to_improved_household_food_security_and_nutrition_status_of_young_children_and_women_in_poor_populations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41460405_Homestead_food_production_model_contributes_to_improved_household_food_security_and_nutrition_status_of_young_children_and_women_in_poor_populations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41460405_Homestead_food_production_model_contributes_to_improved_household_food_security_and_nutrition_status_of_young_children_and_women_in_poor_populations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41460405_Homestead_food_production_model_contributes_to_improved_household_food_security_and_nutrition_status_of_young_children_and_women_in_poor_populations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh 27 Home gardening has been shown to be an important way to improve the intake of vitamin A-rich foods, particularly for poor households and in countries where plant foods are the main source of vitamin A. The pilot program was initiated to identify ways to improve the existing homestead gardening practices. Following the development of a community-based model, the program was scaled up by forming partnerships with local non government organizations. By implementing the program through NGOs, households continued to receive technical support for homestead gardening and the program could continue to expand without input and resources from HKI. From 1993 to the present the program has been expanded and to date has worked with more than 50 NGO and GO partners and reaches more than 800,000 households. Regular monitoring has demonstrated that the program successfully increases the production and consumption of vitamin A rich foods in the target households in both rural and urban areas. Recent findings from the national vitamin A survey have reconfirmed that children residing in households without a homestead garden are at greater risk of being night blind than are children residing in households without a homestead garden (Kiess et al). Working in collaboration with partner NGOs and the GO, the cost of this gardening approach was significantly decreased from the cost of the pilot project from US$39 per garden to less than US$ 8 per garden. Talukder, Aminuzamman & Pee, Saskia & Taher, Abu & Hall, Andrew & Moench-Pfanner, Regina & Bloem, Martin. (2001). Improving food and nutrition security through homestead gardening in rural, urban and periurban areas in Bangladesh. Improving food and nutrition security through homestead gardening in rural, urban and peri-urban areas in Bangladesh (2001) 13 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh 28 Background: Training women in home gardening and nutrition has been shown to increase household production and consumption of nutritious food and contribute to women’s empowerment, but evidence is limited to short-term effects. Here, we investigate whether home garden support leads to long- term improvements in household nutrition and women’s empowerment. To do this we use four waves of household-level survey data collected over a 7-year period (2013–2019) from an intervention (n = 395) and a control (n = 224) group in four rural districts of Bangladesh. We estimate the intent-to-treat effect using a difference-in-difference estimator. Results: We find an immediate increase in the quantity of vegetables harvested from home gardens (+ 29.6 kg/year;p = 0.01) and this effect is sustained in years three (+ 42.3 kg; p < 0.01) and six (+ 37.0 kg; p < 0.01). The nutrient yield from the gardens also remained positive and significant, but the effect declined due to changes in the composition of vegetables. The effect on per capita vegetable intake, significant in years one and three, turned not significant in year six. Effects on nutrition knowledge, food preparation practices, and women’s empowerment all remained significant in year six. Conclusions: Home garden interventions in Bangladesh create sustained impact on a range of social, economic and nutritional outcomes. Refresher training after 5 or 6 years may help to maintain the full range of impacts observed. Baliki, G., Schreinemachers, P., Brück, T. et al. Impacts of a home garden intervention in Bangladesh after one, three and six years. Agric & Food Secur 11, 48 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00388-z Impacts of a home garden intervention in Bangladesh after one, three and six years (2022) 14 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40066-022-00388-z?fromPaywallRec=true#citeas https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40066-022-00388-z?fromPaywallRec=true#citeas https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40066-022-00388-z?fromPaywallRec=true#citeas 29 Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest per capita consumption of vegetables of all regions in the world. As lowvegetable consumption is associated with poor human health, there is need for effective policies and interventions to increase it. Home garden interventions have proven effective in several countries in Asia, but evidence from large trials is scant in Africa. Using data from a home garden promotion project in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, this study tests the hypothesis that home garden interventions, offered to rural households with women 14–35 years of age and/or with children under five years of age, increase household production and consumption of vegetables. Three randomized controlled trials collected pre- and post-intervention data (2 years apart) for 1,255 intervention and control households. We report intent-to-treat effects and the treatment effect on the treated and analyze distributional effects using quantile regression. For Tanzania, the results show a 20% increase in households producing vegetables and an additional two months of vegetable harvesting, but no such significant effects were found for Kenya and Uganda. We find no significant effects on diets. Lack of impact may be explained from the fact that many participating households were already producing vegetables (reducing the scope for impact) and a low participation rate of selected households in training events. These results stand in contrast to the positive impacts of home garden interventions in Asia. The results suggest a need to better understand barriers to home garden interventions in the three countries and a need for more careful design, local adaptation and targeting. Lutz Depenbusch, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Ralph Roothaert, Sylvia Namazzi, Charles Onyango, Sophia Bongole, James Mutebi (2021). Impact of home garden interventions in East Africa: Results of three randomized controlled trials, Food Policy, Volume 104, 2021, 102140, ISSN 0306-9192, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102140. Impact of home garden interventions in East Africa: results of three randomized controlled trials (2021) 15 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub 30 Home garden interventions combining training in agriculture and nutrition have the potential to increase vegetable production and consumption in lower-income countries, but there remains a need for better evidence for impact. This study contributes to filling this gap by evaluating the impact and distributional effects of a home garden intervention in Cambodia. We used a cluster randomized controlled trial with before and after data for a sample of 500 rural households with children under five and women 16–49 years old. Impact was estimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and conditional quantile regressions with non-parametric bounds. The results show that the intervention significantly increased the adoption of nearly all promoted gardening methods. More households (+ 35%; p < 0.01) produced vegetables, and the production period was extended by five months on average. One-month recall data show an increase in vegetables harvested (+ 25 kg; p < 0.01) and consumed (+ 10 kg; p <  0.01) from the garden. Quantile regressions confirm these findings and show that nearly all households benefitted, but households that were already doing better at baseline tended to benefit more. Seven-day recall data show an increase in the quantity of vegetables consumed (+ 61 g/day/capita; p < 0.01) and an increased quantity of vitamin A, folate, iron, and zinc contained in these vegetables. Women contributed more to the garden work than men and their time spent in the garden increased by 29 min/day on average. These results add further evidence that integrated home garden interventions can contribute to nutrition outcomes and that almost all participants can benefit. Depenbusch, L., Schreinemachers, P., Brown, S. et al. Impact and distributional effects of a home garden and nutrition intervention in Cambodia. Food Sec. 14, 865–881 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01235-y Impact and distributional effects of a home garden and nutrition intervention in Cambodia (2022) 16 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01235-y 31 Objectives: To review the impact of agriculture interventions on nutritional status in participating households, and to analyse the characteristics of interventions that improved nutrition outcomes. Design: We identified and reviewed reports describing 30 agriculture interventions that measured impact on nutritional status. The interventions reviewed included home gardening, livestock, mixed garden and livestock, cash cropping, and irrigation. We examined the reports for the scientific quality of the research design and treatment of the data. We also assessed whether the projects invested in five types of 'capital' (physical, natural, financial, human and social) as defined in the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, a conceptual map of major factors that affect people's livelihoods. Results: Most agriculture interventions increased food production, but did not necessarily improve nutrition or health within participating households. Nutrition was improved in 11 of 13 home gardening interventions, and in 11 of 17 other types of intervention. Of the 19 interventions that had a positive effect on nutrition, 14 of them invested in four or five types of capital in addition to the agriculture intervention. Of the nine interventions that had a negative or no effect on nutrition, only one invested in four or five types of capital. Conclusions: Those agriculture interventions that invested broadly in different types of capital were more likely to improve nutrition outcomes. Those projects which invested in human capital (especially nutrition education and consideration of gender issues), and other types of capital, had a greater likelihood of effecting positive nutritional change, but such investment is neither sufficient nor always necessary to effect change. Berti PR, Krasevec J, FitzGerald S. A review of the effectiveness of agriculture interventions in improving nutrition outcomes. Public Health Nutr. 2004 Aug;7(5):599-609. doi: 10.1079/PHN2003595. PMID: 15251050. A review of the effectiveness of agriculture interventions in improving nutrition outcomes (2004) 17 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://library.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/phn07599.pdf https://library.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/phn07599.pdf https://library.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/phn07599.pdf https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub 32 Visions of sustainable cities mostly conjure up well tended home and community gardens, where owners and residents plant fruits and vegetables that supply some of their livelihood needs. Indeed, home gardens can contribute to household food security but often fail to do so. Moreover, gardens can provide several additional ecosystem services and impact entire communities. This paper seeks to answer why these gardens often do not provide adequate services to make a substantial contribution to food security and identifies possible solutions. We undertook a case study in South Africa in a low-income former township area. The area is characterized by poverty, high levels of unemployment and food insecurity. We interviewed 140 respondents with home gardens to determine what role their own garden plays in household food security. Only 10% of households were found to be completely food secure. Of the rest, 39% experienced hunger that affected everyone in the household and 51% were at risk of hunger. Despite the fact that 72% of the respondents planted vegetables or fruits, the gardens did not contribute substantially to food security. The respondents mostly bought their food, with subsequent food shortages when they did not have enough money. The dietary diversity and consumption of vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables were very low. The most important constraints inhibiting urban agriculture in the study area were cultural practices, such as the presence of large, bare, open spaces, or “lebala,” the focus of home gardeners on ornamental species and lawns; and a reliance on purchasing of foods. Du Toit MJ, Rendón O, Cologna V, Cilliers SS and Dallimer M (2022). Why Home Gardens Fail in Enhancing Food Security and Dietary Diversity. Front. Ecol. Evol. 10:804523. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.804523 Why home gardens fail in enhancing food security and dietary diversity (2022) 18 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.804523/full https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.804523/full https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.804523/full https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.804523/full 33 There is growing evidence that home vegetable gardening interventions improve food security and nutrition outcomes at the family level. Sustainability of many of these community interventions remain a challenge. This study assessed factors influencing the sustainability of homestead vegetable production intervention in Rufiji district, Tanzania, one year after the cessation of external support. This was a community based cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A total of 247 randomly selected women from households who participated in the homestead vegetable intervention were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The study held four focus group discussions with women from households that participated in the intervention, and four In-Depth interviews with two extension workers, one community health worker, and one agriculture district officer. Multiple logistic regression for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data was conducted. About 20.24% (50/247) of households sustained homestead vegetable production for one year after the intervention phased out. Shortage of seeds (adjusted odds ratio = 0.65: CI = 0.46–0.93, p-value 0.018) and either manure or fertilizers (adjusted odds ratio = 1.62: CI = 1.04–2.46, p- value 0.031) were significant factors influencing the sustainability of homesteads vegetable production. In the Focus Group discussions (FGDs) and In-Depth Interview (IDIs), all participating women and extension workers reported high cost of water, destruction from free-grazing animals, agriculture pests and diseases, poor soil fertility, shortage of seeds, and lack of capital affected homestead vegetable production sustainability. Existing individual, community, and system challenges influence the sustainability of external- funded agriculture and nutrition interventions. The study findings underscore the importance of community authorities, scientists, and policymakers in having a well-thought sustainability plan in all promising external-funded interventions. Mlalama KN, Matemu A, Kosia E, Canavan CR, Bellows AL, Blakstad M, et al. (2022) Factors influencing the sustainability of homestead vegetable production intervention in Rufiji, Tanzania: A cross-sectional mixed methods study. PLOS Glob Public Health 2(9): e0000531. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000531 Factors influencing the sustainability of homestead vegetable production intervention in Rufiji, Tanzania: A cross- sectional mixed methods study (2022) 19 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000531 https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000531 https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000531 https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000531 34 Family food production systems are found in most regions of most countries worldwide. Traditional tropical gardens have a great diversity of crops, are well adapted to local microclimates and require a minimum of purchased inputs. Field crops provide the bulk of energy needed by the household, while the garden supplements the diet with vitamin-rich vegetables and fruits, energy-rich vegetable staples, animal sources of protein and herbs and condiments. The many potential benefits of home gardening have led to numerous gardening projects sponsored by non-governmental organizations, governments and United Nations agencies. Nevertheless, promotion of gardening as a nutrition or community development strategy is controversial. Many believe that disappointing results of gardening projects stem from a failure to understand the existing garden system in the context of changing household objectives. If improved gardens could build upon the characteristics and objectives of traditional gardens, many problems could be avoided. Home gardening contributes to household food security and nutrition by providing direct access to diverse foods that can be harvested, prepared and fed to family members, often on a daily basis. Even very poor and landless people can practice gardening since it may be done with virtually no economic resources. Homestead production is also an important source of supplementary income for poor rural and urban households around the world. The garden may become the principal source of household food and income during periods of stress. Experiences of gardening projects around the world illustrate the importance of building on indigenous knowledge; reducing biophysical, agronomic and economic constraints; integrating nutrition education and social marketing in gardening projects; promoting the economic benefits of gardening; understanding the roles of women and children; and working towards an integrated food security strategy. Marsh, R.R. (1998). Building on traditional gardening to improve household food security. Food, nutrition and agriculture, 4-14. Building on traditional gardening to improve household food security (1998) 20 Tropical Home Gardens; Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture: A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919221001196?via%3Dihub https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290983908_Improving_food_and_nutrition_security_through_homestead_gardening_in_rural_urban_and_periurban_areas_in_Bangladesh 35 The study reports the influence of biophysical and socio-cultural factors on composition, diversity and distribution of plant species in the homegardens of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago of India. The study also examines component interactions and productivity of the system. Four hundred and thirty homegardens were surveyed from six islands, four from Andaman (South Andaman, North Andaman, Middle Andaman and Little Andaman) and two from Nicobar district (Car Nicobar and Nancowry). In Nicobar, an aboriginal tribe, the Nicobari, predominates. The Nicobaries are Christians. However, people from different parts of the Indian subcontinent were rehabilitated in the Andamans in the mid twentieth century. A mixed culture prevails in South Andaman, but in the other Andaman islands either Bengali or Tamil culture predominates. Biophysically, South Andaman is hilly whereas Nicobar is flat. The other islands lie in between the two extremes. All are similar climatically. Twelve to thirty-four plant species were encountered in the homegardens that were planted, cared for and harvested. These plants categorized as palm, fruit, spice and forest trees, formed a three-storey structure in Andaman and a two-storey structure in Nicobar’s homegardens. The floristic similarity between the homegardens of the Andamans was 82–92%. However, it was only 12–18% between the homegardens of Andaman and Nicobar. Compared to Nicobar, species richness was greater in the homegardens of the Andamans. However, diversity was higher and evenness lower in the homegardens of Nicobar. All plant species in the homegardens of Nicobar are spontaneous in regeneration. For the Andamans, the proportion of spice trees was higher in the homegardens of South Andaman, mango and citrus in North Andaman, and pineapple and vegetables in Little Andaman. High plant diversity in these homegardens serves subsistence needs and provides income to most of the households as well. Net income in the homegardens of Andaman was 6.9 times higher compared to that in the homegardens of Nicobar. Pandey, C. B., Rai, R. B., Singh, L., & Singh, A. K. (2007). Homegardens of Andaman and Nicobar, India. Agricultural Systems, 92(1–3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2006.01.009 Homegardens of Andaman and Nicobar, India (2007) 21 Tropical Home Gardens: Biodiverse, Climate-resilient and Nutrition-sensitive Forms of Agriculture; A Compilation of Abstracts https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/forest-trees 36 Homegardens in Kerala have long been important multi-purpose agroforestry systems that combine ecological and socioeconomical sustainability. However, traditional homegardens are subject to different conversion processes linked to socioeconomic changes. These dynamics were studied in a survey of 30 homegardens. On the basis of a cluster analysis of tree/shrub species density and subsequent further grouping using homegarden size as additional characteristic, six homegarden types were differentiated. These were assessed regarding structural, functional, management and dynamics characteristics. Four development stages of homegardens were found along a gradient from traditional to modern homegardens. Fifty percent of the homegardens still displayed traditional features, whereas 33% incorporated modern practices. The process of mo